Datasets:
BrightData
/
Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
url
stringlengths
31
184
title
stringlengths
1
146
⌀
table_of_contents
stringlengths
2
24.4k
raw_text
stringlengths
16
424k
⌀
cataloged_text
stringlengths
2
1.2M
images
stringlengths
2
86.9k
see_also
stringlengths
2
149k
⌀
references
stringlengths
2
542k
external_links
stringlengths
2
292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Michiel
Domenico Michiel
["1 References"]
Domenico MichielPainting of the Doge Domenico Michiel, located in the Great Council Room, of the Ducal Palace in Venice (Table No. 7).Doge of VeniceIn office1116/117–1129/1130 Personal detailsBornUnknownDiedc. 1130San Giorgio Maggiore, VeniceResting placeSan Giorgio Maggiore, Venice Domenico Michiel (died c. 1130) was the 35th Doge of Venice from 1116 or 1117 to his resignation in late 1129 or early 1130. In August 1122 Domenico Michiel led a Venetian fleet of 100 vessels and around 15,000 men for the campaign in the Holy Land. The fleet sailed under the flag of St. Peter, which the Pope had sent to Michiel. Over the winter the fleet set siege to the Byzantine island of Corfu. The siege was cancelled in the spring when news arrived that King Baldwin II of Jerusalem had been captured by the Artuqids, and that the Kingdom of Jerusalem had subsequently been invaded by the Fatimids of Egypt. The Venetian fleet went to the defence of Jerusalem and defeated the Egyptian fleet off of the Syrian coast. The Venetians then landed at Acre; from there Michiel went to Jerusalem, where the Pactum Warmundi was signed granting Venice privileged trade concessions, tax freedoms, and even partial ownership of some cities within the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On the return journey to Venice, the fleet looted Rhodes, attacked the islands Samos and Lesbos, and destroyed the city of Modon in the Peloponnese. Domenico Michiel triumphantly returned to Venice in June 1125. He had helped the Christians in the Holy Land and weakened the hostile Greeks. The inscription on Michiel's tomb does not describe him as a religious crusader, but rather as a terror Graecorum...et laus Venetorum ("A horror to the Greeks...and praise from the Venetians"). His dogaressa was Alicia. References ^ Pozza, Marco (2010). "MICHIEL, Domenico". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 74. Treccani. Political offices Preceded byOrdelafo Faliero Doge of Venice 1116/1117–1129/1130 Succeeded byPietro Polani vte Doges of VeniceByzantine period (697–737) Paolo Lucio Anafesto Marcello Tegalliano Orso Ipato Regime of the magistri militum (738–742) Domenico Leoni Felice Cornicola Teodato Ipato Jovian Ceparius John Fabriacus Ducal period (742–1148)8th century Teodato Ipato* Galla Lupanio* Domenico Monegario* Maurizio Galbaio Giovanni Galbaio* 9th century Obelerio degli Antenori*† Agnello Participazio Giustiniano Participazio Giovanni I Participazio* Pietro Tradonico† Orso I Participazio Giovanni II Participazio♦ Pietro I Candiano‡ Pietro Tribuno 10th century Orso II Participazio Pietro II Candiano Pietro Participazio Pietro III Candiano Pietro IV Candiano† Pietro I Orseolo♦ Vitale Candiano♦ Tribuno Memmo Pietro II Orseolo 11th century Otto Orseolo* Pietro Centranico* Domenico Flabanico Domenico I Contarini Domenico Selvo* Vitale Faliero Vitale I Michiel 12th century Ordelafo Faliero Domenico Michiel Pietro Polani * deposed     † executed or assassinated     ‡ killed in battle     ♦ abdicatedRepublican period (1148–1797)12th century Domenico Morosini Vitale II Michiel Sebastiano Ziani Orio Mastropiero Enrico Dandolo 13th century Pietro Ziani Jacopo Tiepolo Marino Morosini Reniero Zeno Lorenzo Tiepolo Jacopo Contarini Giovanni Dandolo Pietro Gradenigo 14th century Marino Zorzi Giovanni Soranzo Francesco Dandolo Bartolomeo Gradenigo Andrea Dandolo Marino Faliero† Giovanni Gradenigo Giovanni Dolfin Lorenzo Celsi Marco Cornaro Andrea Contarini Michele Morosini Antonio Venier 15th century Michele Steno Tommaso Mocenigo Francesco Foscari* Pasquale Malipiero Cristoforo Moro Nicolò Tron Nicolò Marcello Pietro Mocenigo Andrea Vendramin Giovanni Mocenigo Marco Barbarigo Agostino Barbarigo 16th century Leonardo Loredan Antonio Grimani Andrea Gritti Pietro Lando Francesco Donato Marcantonio Trivisan Francesco Venier Lorenzo Priuli Girolamo Priuli Pietro Loredan Alvise I Mocenigo Sebastiano Venier Nicolò da Ponte Pasquale Cicogna Marino Grimani 17th century Leonardo Donato Marcantonio Memmo Giovanni Bembo Nicolò Donato Antonio Priuli Francesco Contarini Giovanni I Cornaro Nicolò Contarini Francesco Erizzo Francesco Molin Carlo Contarini Francesco Cornaro Bertuccio Valiero Giovanni Pesaro Domenico II Contarini Nicolò Sagredo Alvise Contarini Marcantonio Giustinian Francesco Morosini Silvestro Valiero Alvise II Mocenigo 18th century Giovanni II Cornaro Alvise III Mocenigo Carlo Ruzzini Alvise Pisani Pietro Grimani Francesco Loredan Marco Foscarini Alvise IV Mocenigo Paolo Renier Ludovico Manin* † Marino Faliero (1354–55) was convicted of treason, executed and condemned to damnatio memoriae* Francesco Foscari (1423–57) was forced to abdicate by the Council of Ten* Ludovico Manin (1789–97) was forced to abdicate by Napoleon leading to the Fall of the Republic of Venice Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Italian People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Baldwin II of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Artuqids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuqids"},{"link_name":"Fatimids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimids"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Pactum Warmundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pactum_Warmundi"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos_Island"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"Modon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Alicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogaressa_Alicia"}],"text":"Domenico Michiel (died c. 1130) was the 35th Doge of Venice from 1116 or 1117 to his resignation in late 1129 or early 1130.[1]In August 1122 Domenico Michiel led a Venetian fleet of 100 vessels and around 15,000 men for the campaign in the Holy Land. The fleet sailed under the flag of St. Peter, which the Pope had sent to Michiel. Over the winter the fleet set siege to the Byzantine island of Corfu. The siege was cancelled in the spring when news arrived that King Baldwin II of Jerusalem had been captured by the Artuqids, and that the Kingdom of Jerusalem had subsequently been invaded by the Fatimids of Egypt. The Venetian fleet went to the defence of Jerusalem and defeated the Egyptian fleet off of the Syrian coast. The Venetians then landed at Acre; from there Michiel went to Jerusalem, where the Pactum Warmundi was signed granting Venice privileged trade concessions, tax freedoms, and even partial ownership of some cities within the Kingdom of Jerusalem.On the return journey to Venice, the fleet looted Rhodes, attacked the islands Samos and Lesbos, and destroyed the city of Modon in the Peloponnese. Domenico Michiel triumphantly returned to Venice in June 1125. He had helped the Christians in the Holy Land and weakened the hostile Greeks. The inscription on Michiel's tomb does not describe him as a religious crusader, but rather as a terror Graecorum...et laus Venetorum (\"A horror to the Greeks...and praise from the Venetians\"). His dogaressa was Alicia.","title":"Domenico Michiel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Pozza, Marco (2010). \"MICHIEL, Domenico\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 74. Treccani.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-michiel_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","url_text":"\"MICHIEL, Domenico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani","url_text":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani","url_text":"Treccani"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-michiel_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","external_links_name":"\"MICHIEL, Domenico\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/172303554","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1013433920","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-michiel_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1013433920.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdiagonal
Diagonal
["1 Non-mathematical uses","2 Polygons","2.1 Regions formed by diagonals","2.2 Intersections of diagonals","2.3 Regular polygons","3 Polyhedrons","4 Higher dimensions","4.1 N-Cube","5 Matrices","6 Geometry","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
In geometry a line segment joining two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon or polyhedron For the avenue in Barcelona, see Avinguda Diagonal. For the Spanish newspaper, see Diagonal (newspaper). The diagonals of a cube with side length 1. AC' (shown in blue) is a space diagonal with length 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}} , while AC (shown in red) is a face diagonal and has length 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} . In geometry, a diagonal is a line segment joining two vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, when those vertices are not on the same edge. Informally, any sloping line is called diagonal. The word diagonal derives from the ancient Greek διαγώνιος diagonios, "from angle to angle" (from διά- dia-, "through", "across" and γωνία gonia, "angle", related to gony "knee"); it was used by both Strabo and Euclid to refer to a line connecting two vertices of a rhombus or cuboid, and later adopted into Latin as diagonus ("slanting line"). In matrix algebra, the diagonal of a square matrix consists of the entries on the line from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. There are also many other non-mathematical uses. Non-mathematical uses A stand of basic scaffolding on a house construction site, with diagonal braces to maintain its structure In engineering, a diagonal brace is a beam used to brace a rectangular structure (such as scaffolding) to withstand strong forces pushing into it; although called a diagonal, due to practical considerations diagonal braces are often not connected to the corners of the rectangle. Diagonal pliers are wire-cutting pliers defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or "on a diagonal", hence the name. A diagonal lashing is a type of lashing used to bind spars or poles together applied so that the lashings cross over the poles at an angle. In association football, the diagonal system of control is the method referees and assistant referees use to position themselves in one of the four quadrants of the pitch. Polygons As applied to a polygon, a diagonal is a line segment joining any two non-consecutive vertices. Therefore, a quadrilateral has two diagonals, joining opposite pairs of vertices. For any convex polygon, all the diagonals are inside the polygon, but for re-entrant polygons, some diagonals are outside of the polygon. Any n-sided polygon (n ≥ 3), convex or concave, has n ( n − 3 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {n(n-3)}{2}}} total diagonals, as each vertex has diagonals to all other vertices except itself and the two adjacent vertices, or n − 3 diagonals, and each diagonal is shared by two vertices. In general, a regular n-sided polygon has ⌊ n − 2 2 ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor {\frac {n-2}{2}}\rfloor } distinct diagonals in length, which follows the pattern 1,1,2,2,3,3... starting from a square. Sides Diagonals 3 0 4 2 5 5 6 9 7 14 8 20 9 27 10 35 Sides Diagonals 11 44 12 54 13 65 14 77 15 90 16 104 17 119 18 135 Sides Diagonals 19 152 20 170 21 189 22 209 23 230 24 252 25 275 26 299 Sides Diagonals 27 324 28 350 29 377 30 405 31 434 32 464 33 495 34 527 Sides Diagonals 35 560 36 594 37 629 38 665 39 702 40 740 41 779 42 819 Regions formed by diagonals In a convex polygon, if no three diagonals are concurrent at a single point in the interior, the number of regions that the diagonals divide the interior into is given by ( n 4 ) + ( n − 1 2 ) = ( n − 1 ) ( n − 2 ) ( n 2 − 3 n + 12 ) 24 . {\displaystyle {\binom {n}{4}}+{\binom {n-1}{2}}={\frac {(n-1)(n-2)(n^{2}-3n+12)}{24}}.} For n-gons with n=3, 4, ... the number of regions is 1, 4, 11, 25, 50, 91, 154, 246... This is OEIS sequence A006522. Intersections of diagonals If no three diagonals of a convex polygon are concurrent at a point in the interior, the number of interior intersections of diagonals is given by ( n 4 ) {\displaystyle {\binom {n}{4}}} . This holds, for example, for any regular polygon with an odd number of sides. The formula follows from the fact that each intersection is uniquely determined by the four endpoints of the two intersecting diagonals: the number of intersections is thus the number of combinations of the n vertices four at a time. Regular polygons See also: Quadrilateral § Diagonals, Hexagon § Convex equilateral hexagon, and Heptagon § Diagonals and heptagonal triangle Although the number of distinct diagonals in a polygon increases as its number of sides increases, the length of any diagonal can be calculated. In a regular n-gon with side length a, the length of the xth shortest distinct diagonal is: sin ⁡ ( π ( x + 1 ) n ) csc ⁡ ( π n ) ∗ a {\displaystyle \sin({\frac {\pi (x+1)}{n}})\csc({\frac {\pi }{n}})*a} This formula shows that as the number of sides approaches infinity, the xth shortest diagonal approaches the length (x+1)a. Additionally, the formula for the shortest diagonal simplifies in the case of x = 1: sin ⁡ ( 2 π n ) csc ⁡ ( π n ) ∗ a = 2 cos ⁡ ( π n ) ∗ a {\displaystyle \sin({\frac {2\pi }{n}})\csc({\frac {\pi }{n}})*a=2\cos({\frac {\pi }{n}})*a} If the number of sides is even, the longest diagonal will be equivalent to the diameter of the polygon's circumcircle because the long diagonals all intersect each other at the polygon's center. Special cases include: A square has two diagonals of equal length, which intersect at the center of the square. The ratio of a diagonal to a side is 2 ≈ 1.414. {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.414.} A regular pentagon has five diagonals all of the same length. The ratio of a diagonal to a side is the golden ratio, 1 + 5 2 ≈ 1.618. {\displaystyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\approx 1.618.} A regular hexagon has nine diagonals: the six shorter ones are equal to each other in length; the three longer ones are equal to each other in length and intersect each other at the center of the hexagon. The ratio of a long diagonal to a side is 2, and the ratio of a short diagonal to a side is 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}} . A regular heptagon has 14 diagonals. The seven shorter ones equal each other, and the seven longer ones equal each other. The reciprocal of the side equals the sum of the reciprocals of a short and a long diagonal. Polyhedrons See also: Face diagonal and Space diagonal A polyhedron (a solid object in three-dimensional space, bounded by two-dimensional faces) may have two different types of diagonals: face diagonals on the various faces, connecting non-adjacent vertices on the same face; and space diagonals, entirely in the interior of the polyhedron (except for the endpoints on the vertices). Higher dimensions N-Cube The lengths of an n-dimensional hypercube's diagonals can be calculated by mathematical induction. The longest diagonal of an n-cube is n {\displaystyle {\sqrt {n}}} . Additionally, there are 2 n − 1 ( n x + 1 ) {\displaystyle 2^{n-1}{\binom {n}{x+1}}} of the xth shortest diagonal. As an example, a 5-cube would have the diagonals: Diagonal length Number of diagonals 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} 160 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}} 160 2 80 5 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {5}}} 16 Its total number of diagonals is 416. In general, an n-cube has a total of 2 n − 1 ( 2 n − n − 1 ) {\displaystyle 2^{n-1}(2^{n}-n-1)} diagonals. This follows from the more general form of v ( v − 1 ) 2 − e {\displaystyle {\frac {v(v-1)}{2}}-e} which describes the total number of face and space diagonals in convex polytopes. Here, v represents the number of vertices and e represents the number of edges. Matrices For a square matrix, the diagonal (or main diagonal or principal diagonal) is the diagonal line of entries running from the top-left corner to the bottom-right corner. For a matrix A {\displaystyle A} with row index specified by i {\displaystyle i} and column index specified by j {\displaystyle j} , these would be entries A i j {\displaystyle A_{ij}} with i = j {\displaystyle i=j} . For example, the identity matrix can be defined as having entries of 1 on the main diagonal and zeroes elsewhere: ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}} The trace of a matrix is the sum of the diagonal elements. The top-right to bottom-left diagonal is sometimes described as the minor diagonal or antidiagonal. The off-diagonal entries are those not on the main diagonal. A diagonal matrix is one whose off-diagonal entries are all zero. A superdiagonal entry is one that is directly above and to the right of the main diagonal. Just as diagonal entries are those A i j {\displaystyle A_{ij}} with j = i {\displaystyle j=i} , the superdiagonal entries are those with j = i + 1 {\displaystyle j=i+1} . For example, the non-zero entries of the following matrix all lie in the superdiagonal: ( 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}0&2&0\\0&0&3\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}}} Likewise, a subdiagonal entry is one that is directly below and to the left of the main diagonal, that is, an entry A i j {\displaystyle A_{ij}} with j = i − 1 {\displaystyle j=i-1} . General matrix diagonals can be specified by an index k {\displaystyle k} measured relative to the main diagonal: the main diagonal has k = 0 {\displaystyle k=0} ; the superdiagonal has k = 1 {\displaystyle k=1} ; the subdiagonal has k = − 1 {\displaystyle k=-1} ; and in general, the k {\displaystyle k} -diagonal consists of the entries A i j {\displaystyle A_{ij}} with j = i + k {\displaystyle j=i+k} . A banded matrix is one for which its non-zero elements are restricted to a diagonal band. A tridiagonal matrix has only the main diagonal, superdiagonal, and subdiagonal entries as non-zero. Geometry By analogy, the subset of the Cartesian product X×X of any set X with itself, consisting of all pairs (x,x), is called the diagonal, and is the graph of the equality relation on X or equivalently the graph of the identity function from X to X. This plays an important part in geometry; for example, the fixed points of a mapping F from X to itself may be obtained by intersecting the graph of F with the diagonal. In geometric studies, the idea of intersecting the diagonal with itself is common, not directly, but by perturbing it within an equivalence class. This is related at a deep level with the Euler characteristic and the zeros of vector fields. For example, the circle S1 has Betti numbers 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, and therefore Euler characteristic 0. A geometric way of expressing this is to look at the diagonal on the two-torus S1xS1 and observe that it can move off itself by the small motion (θ, θ) to (θ, θ + ε). In general, the intersection number of the graph of a function with the diagonal may be computed using homology via the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem; the self-intersection of the diagonal is the special case of the identity function. See also Jordan normal form Main diagonal Diagonal functor Notes ^ Online Etymology Dictionary ^ Strabo, Geography 2.1.36–37 ^ Euclid, Elements book 11, proposition 28 ^ Euclid, Elements book 11, proposition 38 ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Polygon Diagonal." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonDiagonal.html ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A006522". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. ^ Poonen, Bjorn; Rubinstein, Michael. "The number of intersection points made by the diagonals of a regular polygon". SIAM J. Discrete Math. 11 (1998), no. 1, 135–156; link to a version on Poonen's website ^ , beginning at 2:10 ^ "Counting Diagonals of a Polyhedron – the Math Doctors". ^ Bronson (1970, p. 2) ^ Herstein (1964, p. 239) ^ Nering (1970, p. 38) ^ Herstein (1964, p. 239) ^ Nering (1970, p. 38) ^ Bronson (1970, pp. 203, 205) ^ Herstein (1964, p. 239) ^ Cullen (1966, p. 114) References Bronson, Richard (1970), Matrix Methods: An Introduction, New York: Academic Press, LCCN 70097490 Cullen, Charles G. (1966), Matrices and Linear Transformations, Reading: Addison-Wesley, LCCN 66021267 Herstein, I. N. (1964), Topics In Algebra, Waltham: Blaisdell Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1114541016 Nering, Evar D. (1970), Linear Algebra and Matrix Theory (2nd ed.), New York: Wiley, LCCN 76091646 External links Look up diagonal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Diagonals of a polygon with interactive animation Polygon diagonal from MathWorld. Diagonal of a matrix from MathWorld.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avinguda Diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinguda_Diagonal"},{"link_name":"Diagonal (newspaper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_(newspaper)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cube_diagonals.svg"},{"link_name":"cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"link_name":"space diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_diagonal"},{"link_name":"face diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_diagonal"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"line segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment"},{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon"},{"link_name":"polyhedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron"},{"link_name":"edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Euclid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rhombus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombus"},{"link_name":"cuboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"matrix algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_algebra"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(math)"}],"text":"For the avenue in Barcelona, see Avinguda Diagonal. For the Spanish newspaper, see Diagonal (newspaper).The diagonals of a cube with side length 1. AC' (shown in blue) is a space diagonal with length \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n, while AC (shown in red) is a face diagonal and has length \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n.In geometry, a diagonal is a line segment joining two vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, when those vertices are not on the same edge. Informally, any sloping line is called diagonal. The word diagonal derives from the ancient Greek διαγώνιος diagonios,[1] \"from angle to angle\" (from διά- dia-, \"through\", \"across\" and γωνία gonia, \"angle\", related to gony \"knee\"); it was used by both Strabo[2] and Euclid[3] to refer to a line connecting two vertices of a rhombus or cuboid,[4] and later adopted into Latin as diagonus (\"slanting line\").In matrix algebra, the diagonal of a square matrix consists of the entries on the line from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. There are also many other non-mathematical uses.","title":"Diagonal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2512-%C3%A9chafaudage-R%C3%A9union.jpg"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"scaffolding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding"},{"link_name":"Diagonal pliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_pliers"},{"link_name":"diagonal lashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_lashing"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_(football)"}],"text":"A stand of basic scaffolding on a house construction site, with diagonal braces to maintain its structureIn engineering, a diagonal brace is a beam used to brace a rectangular structure (such as scaffolding) to withstand strong forces pushing into it; although called a diagonal, due to practical considerations diagonal braces are often not connected to the corners of the rectangle.Diagonal pliers are wire-cutting pliers defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or \"on a diagonal\", hence the name.A diagonal lashing is a type of lashing used to bind spars or poles together applied so that the lashings cross over the poles at an angle.In association football, the diagonal system of control is the method referees and assistant referees use to position themselves in one of the four quadrants of the pitch.","title":"Non-mathematical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon"},{"link_name":"line segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment"},{"link_name":"quadrilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral"},{"link_name":"convex polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_polygon"},{"link_name":"re-entrant polygons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-entrant_polygon"},{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_polygon"},{"link_name":"concave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concave_polygon"}],"text":"As applied to a polygon, a diagonal is a line segment joining any two non-consecutive vertices. Therefore, a quadrilateral has two diagonals, joining opposite pairs of vertices. For any convex polygon, all the diagonals are inside the polygon, but for re-entrant polygons, some diagonals are outside of the polygon.Any n-sided polygon (n ≥ 3), convex or concave, has \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n n\n −\n 3\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {n(n-3)}{2}}}\n \n total diagonals, as each vertex has diagonals to all other vertices except itself and the two adjacent vertices, or n − 3 diagonals, and each diagonal is shared by two vertices.In general, a regular n-sided polygon has \n \n \n \n ⌊\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n ⌋\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lfloor {\\frac {n-2}{2}}\\rfloor }\n \n distinct diagonals in length, which follows the pattern 1,1,2,2,3,3... starting from a square.","title":"Polygons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convex polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_polygon"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_lines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEIS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Regions formed by diagonals","text":"In a convex polygon, if no three diagonals are concurrent at a single point in the interior, the number of regions that the diagonals divide the interior into is given by(\n \n \n n\n 4\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n −\n 2\n )\n (\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 3\n n\n +\n 12\n )\n \n 24\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\binom {n}{4}}+{\\binom {n-1}{2}}={\\frac {(n-1)(n-2)(n^{2}-3n+12)}{24}}.}For n-gons with n=3, 4, ... the number of regions is[5]1, 4, 11, 25, 50, 91, 154, 246...This is OEIS sequence A006522.[6]","title":"Polygons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube-8"},{"link_name":"regular polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon"}],"sub_title":"Intersections of diagonals","text":"If no three diagonals of a convex polygon are concurrent at a point in the interior, the number of interior intersections of diagonals is given by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 4\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\binom {n}{4}}}\n \n.[7][8] This holds, for example, for any regular polygon with an odd number of sides. The formula follows from the fact that each intersection is uniquely determined by the four endpoints of the two intersecting diagonals: the number of intersections is thus the number of combinations of the n vertices four at a time.","title":"Polygons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quadrilateral § Diagonals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral#Diagonals"},{"link_name":"Hexagon § Convex equilateral hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon#Convex_equilateral_hexagon"},{"link_name":"Heptagon § Diagonals and heptagonal triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptagon#Diagonals_and_heptagonal_triangle"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square"},{"link_name":"regular pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_pentagon"},{"link_name":"golden ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon"},{"link_name":"heptagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptagon"}],"sub_title":"Regular polygons","text":"See also: Quadrilateral § Diagonals, Hexagon § Convex equilateral hexagon, and Heptagon § Diagonals and heptagonal triangleAlthough the number of distinct diagonals in a polygon increases as its number of sides increases, the length of any diagonal can be calculated.In a regular n-gon with side length a, the length of the xth shortest distinct diagonal is:sin\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n \n π\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n )\n \n n\n \n \n )\n csc\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n π\n n\n \n \n )\n ∗\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sin({\\frac {\\pi (x+1)}{n}})\\csc({\\frac {\\pi }{n}})*a}This formula shows that as the number of sides approaches infinity, the xth shortest diagonal approaches the length (x+1)a. Additionally, the formula for the shortest diagonal simplifies in the case of x = 1:sin\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n n\n \n \n )\n csc\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n π\n n\n \n \n )\n ∗\n a\n =\n 2\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n \n π\n n\n \n \n )\n ∗\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sin({\\frac {2\\pi }{n}})\\csc({\\frac {\\pi }{n}})*a=2\\cos({\\frac {\\pi }{n}})*a}If the number of sides is even, the longest diagonal will be equivalent to the diameter of the polygon's circumcircle because the long diagonals all intersect each other at the polygon's center.Special cases include:A square has two diagonals of equal length, which intersect at the center of the square. The ratio of a diagonal to a side is \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≈\n 1.414.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}\\approx 1.414.}A regular pentagon has five diagonals all of the same length. The ratio of a diagonal to a side is the golden ratio, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≈\n 1.618.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1+{\\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\\approx 1.618.}A regular hexagon has nine diagonals: the six shorter ones are equal to each other in length; the three longer ones are equal to each other in length and intersect each other at the center of the hexagon. The ratio of a long diagonal to a side is 2, and the ratio of a short diagonal to a side is \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n.A regular heptagon has 14 diagonals. The seven shorter ones equal each other, and the seven longer ones equal each other. The reciprocal of the side equals the sum of the reciprocals of a short and a long diagonal.","title":"Polygons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Face diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_diagonal"},{"link_name":"Space diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_diagonal"},{"link_name":"polyhedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron"},{"link_name":"solid object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_object"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"two-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(geometry)"}],"text":"See also: Face diagonal and Space diagonalA polyhedron (a solid object in three-dimensional space, bounded by two-dimensional faces) may have two different types of diagonals: face diagonals on the various faces, connecting non-adjacent vertices on the same face; and space diagonals, entirely in the interior of the polyhedron (except for the endpoints on the vertices).","title":"Polyhedrons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Higher dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypercube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube"},{"link_name":"mathematical induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"N-Cube","text":"The lengths of an n-dimensional hypercube's diagonals can be calculated by mathematical induction. The longest diagonal of an n-cube is \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {n}}}\n \n. Additionally, there are \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n \n x\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n-1}{\\binom {n}{x+1}}}\n \n of the xth shortest diagonal. As an example, a 5-cube would have the diagonals:Its total number of diagonals is 416. In general, an n-cube has a total of \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n −\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n-1}(2^{n}-n-1)}\n \n diagonals. This follows from the more general form of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n (\n v\n −\n 1\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {v(v-1)}{2}}-e}\n \n which describes the total number of face and space diagonals in convex polytopes.[9] Here, v represents the number of vertices and e represents the number of edges.","title":"Higher dimensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"square matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_matrix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"identity matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix"},{"link_name":"trace of a matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"diagonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"banded matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_matrix"},{"link_name":"tridiagonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix"}],"text":"For a square matrix, the diagonal (or main diagonal or principal diagonal) is the diagonal line of entries running from the top-left corner to the bottom-right corner.[10][11][12] For a matrix \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n with row index specified by \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n and column index specified by \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n, these would be entries \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{ij}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n i\n =\n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=j}\n \n. For example, the identity matrix can be defined as having entries of 1 on the main diagonal and zeroes elsewhere:(\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\\\0&1&0\\\\0&0&1\\end{pmatrix}}}The trace of a matrix is the sum of the diagonal elements.The top-right to bottom-left diagonal is sometimes described as the minor diagonal or antidiagonal.The off-diagonal entries are those not on the main diagonal. A diagonal matrix is one whose off-diagonal entries are all zero.[13][14]A superdiagonal entry is one that is directly above and to the right of the main diagonal.[15][16] Just as diagonal entries are those \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{ij}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n j\n =\n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j=i}\n \n, the superdiagonal entries are those with \n \n \n \n j\n =\n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j=i+1}\n \n. For example, the non-zero entries of the following matrix all lie in the superdiagonal:(\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}0&2&0\\\\0&0&3\\\\0&0&0\\end{pmatrix}}}Likewise, a subdiagonal entry is one that is directly below and to the left of the main diagonal, that is, an entry \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{ij}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n j\n =\n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j=i-1}\n \n.[17] General matrix diagonals can be specified by an index \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n measured relative to the main diagonal: the main diagonal has \n \n \n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=0}\n \n; the superdiagonal has \n \n \n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=1}\n \n; the subdiagonal has \n \n \n \n k\n =\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=-1}\n \n; and in general, the \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n-diagonal consists of the entries \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{ij}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n j\n =\n i\n +\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j=i+k}\n \n.A banded matrix is one for which its non-zero elements are restricted to a diagonal band. A tridiagonal matrix has only the main diagonal, superdiagonal, and subdiagonal entries as non-zero.","title":"Matrices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_relation"},{"link_name":"equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"identity function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_function"},{"link_name":"fixed points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"equivalence class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_class"},{"link_name":"Euler characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic"},{"link_name":"vector fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_field"},{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"link_name":"Betti numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti_number"},{"link_name":"torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"link_name":"Lefschetz fixed-point theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz_fixed-point_theorem"}],"text":"By analogy, the subset of the Cartesian product X×X of any set X with itself, consisting of all pairs (x,x), is called the diagonal, and is the graph of the equality relation on X or equivalently the graph of the identity function from X to X. This plays an important part in geometry; for example, the fixed points of a mapping F from X to itself may be obtained by intersecting the graph of F with the diagonal.In geometric studies, the idea of intersecting the diagonal with itself is common, not directly, but by perturbing it within an equivalence class. This is related at a deep level with the Euler characteristic and the zeros of vector fields. For example, the circle S1 has Betti numbers 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, and therefore Euler characteristic 0. A geometric way of expressing this is to look at the diagonal on the two-torus S1xS1 and observe that it can move off itself by the small motion (θ, θ) to (θ, θ + ε). In general, the intersection number of the graph of a function with the diagonal may be computed using homology via the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem; the self-intersection of the diagonal is the special case of the identity function.","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Online Etymology Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diagonal&searchmode=none"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonDiagonal.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonDiagonal.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Sloane, N. J. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane"},{"link_name":"\"Sequence A006522\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oeis.org/A006522"},{"link_name":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"link to a version on Poonen's website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//math.mit.edu/~poonen/papers/ngon.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-youtube_8-0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8P8uFahAgc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Counting Diagonals of a Polyhedron – the Math Doctors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.themathdoctors.org/counting-diagonals-of-a-polyhedron/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Bronson (1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBronson1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Herstein (1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHerstein1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Nering (1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNering1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Herstein (1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHerstein1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Nering (1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNering1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Bronson (1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBronson1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Herstein (1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHerstein1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Cullen (1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCullen1966"}],"text":"^ Online Etymology Dictionary\n\n^ Strabo, Geography 2.1.36–37\n\n^ Euclid, Elements book 11, proposition 28\n\n^ Euclid, Elements book 11, proposition 38\n\n^ Weisstein, Eric W. \"Polygon Diagonal.\" From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonDiagonal.html\n\n^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006522\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.\n\n^ Poonen, Bjorn; Rubinstein, Michael. \"The number of intersection points made by the diagonals of a regular polygon\". SIAM J. Discrete Math. 11 (1998), no. 1, 135–156; link to a version on Poonen's website \n\n^ [1], beginning at 2:10\n\n^ \"Counting Diagonals of a Polyhedron – the Math Doctors\".\n\n^ Bronson (1970, p. 2)\n\n^ Herstein (1964, p. 239)\n\n^ Nering (1970, p. 38)\n\n^ Herstein (1964, p. 239)\n\n^ Nering (1970, p. 38)\n\n^ Bronson (1970, pp. 203, 205)\n\n^ Herstein (1964, p. 239)\n\n^ Cullen (1966, p. 114)","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The diagonals of a cube with side length 1. AC' (shown in blue) is a space diagonal with length \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n, while AC (shown in red) is a face diagonal and has length \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cube_diagonals.svg/220px-Cube_diagonals.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A stand of basic scaffolding on a house construction site, with diagonal braces to maintain its structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2512-%C3%A9chafaudage-R%C3%A9union.jpg/200px-2512-%C3%A9chafaudage-R%C3%A9union.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Jordan normal form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_normal_form"},{"title":"Main diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_diagonal"},{"title":"Diagonal functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_functor"}]
[{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A006522\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A006522","url_text":"\"Sequence A006522\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"\"Counting Diagonals of a Polyhedron – the Math Doctors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themathdoctors.org/counting-diagonals-of-a-polyhedron/","url_text":"\"Counting Diagonals of a Polyhedron – the Math Doctors\""}]},{"reference":"Bronson, Richard (1970), Matrix Methods: An Introduction, New York: Academic Press, LCCN 70097490","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press","url_text":"Academic Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70097490","url_text":"70097490"}]},{"reference":"Cullen, Charles G. (1966), Matrices and Linear Transformations, Reading: Addison-Wesley, LCCN 66021267","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley","url_text":"Addison-Wesley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66021267","url_text":"66021267"}]},{"reference":"Herstein, I. N. (1964), Topics In Algebra, Waltham: Blaisdell Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1114541016","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blaisdell_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Blaisdell Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1114541016","url_text":"978-1114541016"}]},{"reference":"Nering, Evar D. (1970), Linear Algebra and Matrix Theory (2nd ed.), New York: Wiley, LCCN 76091646","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"Wiley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/76091646","url_text":"76091646"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=diagonal&searchmode=none","external_links_name":"Online Etymology Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonDiagonal.html","external_links_name":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonDiagonal.html"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A006522","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A006522\""},{"Link":"https://math.mit.edu/~poonen/papers/ngon.pdf","external_links_name":"link to a version on Poonen's website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8P8uFahAgc","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.themathdoctors.org/counting-diagonals-of-a-polyhedron/","external_links_name":"\"Counting Diagonals of a Polyhedron – the Math Doctors\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70097490","external_links_name":"70097490"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66021267","external_links_name":"66021267"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/76091646","external_links_name":"76091646"},{"Link":"http://www.mathopenref.com/polygondiagonal.html","external_links_name":"Diagonals of a polygon"},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolygonDiagonal.html","external_links_name":"Polygon diagonal"},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Diagonal.html","external_links_name":"Diagonal"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Italian_local_elections
2018 Italian local elections
["1 Voting System","2 Municipal elections","2.1 Overall results","2.2 Mayoral election results","3 References"]
Part of the Politics seriesPolitics of Italy Constitution Constitutional laws Lateran Treaty Head of state President (list) Sergio Mattarella Executive Prime Minister (list) Giorgia Meloni Council of Ministers Current Cabinet Undersecretaries Ministries Legislature Parliament (list) Senate of the Republic Chamber of Deputies Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Cassation Court of Assizes Code of Criminal Procedure Constitutional institutions National Council for Economics and Labour Council of State Court of Audit High Council of the Judiciary High Council of Defence Constituent entities Regions Aosta Valley Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino-South Tyrol Friuli-Venezia Giulia Emilia-Romagna Liguria Tuscany Umbria Marche Molise Lazio Abruzzo Campania Apulia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardinia Provinces Municipalities Elections, referendums Recent general elections 20062008201320182022 Recent referendums 2005 (fertility law) 2006 (Constitution) 2009 (electoral law) 2011 (multiple issues) April 2016 (oil drilling) December 2016 (Constitution) 2020 (Constitution) 2022 (multiple issues) Constituencies Foreign relations United Nations OSCE NATO Council of Europe European Union Related topics Government Taxation Gazzetta Ufficiale(government journal) Politics portalvte The 2018 Italian local elections were held on different dates; most on 10 June, with a second round on 24 June. In Italy, direct elections were held in 720 municipalities: in each comune were chosen mayor and members of the City Council. Of the 783 municipalities, 21 were provincial capitals and only 112 had a population higher than 15,000 inhabitants (10,000 for Sicily). In Friuli-Venezia Giulia the elections were held on 29 April with a second ballot on 13 May; while in Aosta Valley they were held on 20 May, and in Trentino Alto-Adige on 27 May. Voting System All mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 use the same voting system. Under this system voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. This gives a result whereby the winning candidate may be able to claim majority support, although it is not guaranteed. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally. Municipal elections Overall results Majority of each coalition in the 112 municipalities (comuni) with a population higher than 15,000: Coalition Comuni Centre-right coalition 43 Centre-left coalition 27 Five Star Movement 5 Independents and others 35 By party Party results in the main municipalities: Party % Democratic Party 13.6% Five Star Movement 11.5% League 10.9% Forza Italia 6.0% Brothers of Italy 3.6% Free and Equal 0.9% Centre-right civic lists 13.6% Centre-left civic lists 12.4% Mayoral election results   Centre-left coalition   Centre-right coalition   Five Star Movement   Civic lists   Right-wing coalition   Left-wing coalition   Prefectural commissioner Region City Population Incumbent mayor Elected mayor 1st round 2nd round Seats Source Votes % Votes % Lombardy Brescia 196,745 Emilio Del Bono (PD) Emilio Del Bono (PD) 44,237 53,86% — — 20 / 32 Sondrio 21,558 Alcide Molteni (PD) Marco Scaramellini (Ind.) 4,923 46.80% 5,437 60.37% 20 / 32 Veneto Treviso 84.669 Giovanni Manildo (PD) Mario Conte (LSP) 21,836 54.48% — — 20 / 32 Vicenza 111.980 Achille Variati (PD) Francesco Rucco (Ind.) 24,271 50.63% — — 20 / 32 Friuli-Venezia Giulia Udine 99,242 Furio Honsell (Ind.) Pietro Fontanini (LSP) 18,619 41.49% 18,830 50.37% 24 / 40 Liguria Imperia 42.328 Carlo Capacci (Ind.) Claudio Scajola (Ind.) 7,397 35.28% 8,136 52.05% 20 / 32 Tuscany Massa 68.946 Alessandro Volpi (PD) Francesco Persiani (LSP) 9,916 28.18% 17,830 56.62% 20 / 32 Pisa 90.408 Marco Filippeschi (PD) Michele Conti (Ind.) 13,795 33.36% 20,692 52.29% 20 / 32 Siena 53.772 Bruno Valentini (PD) Luigi De Mossi (Ind.) 6,400 24.23% 12,065 50.80% 20 / 32 Umbria Terni 111.317 Antonino Cufalo Leonardo Latini (LSP) 25,531 49.22% 26,185 63.42% 20 / 32 Marche Ancona 100,861 Valeria Mancinelli (PD) Valeria Mancinelli (PD) 20,738 47.92% 21,152 62.78% 20 / 32 Lazio Viterbo 67.619 Leonardo Michelini (Ind.) Giovanni Arena (FI) 13,022 40.22% 12,377 51.09% 20 / 32 Abruzzo Teramo 54,436 Luigi Pizzi Gianguido D'Alberto (Ind.) 6,492 21.13% 12,205 53.26% 20 / 32 Campania Avellino 54.515 Paolo Foti (PD) Vincenzo Ciampi (M5S) 6,535 20.22% 13,694 59.54% 5 / 32 Apulia Barletta 94,489 Pasquale Cascella (PD) Cosimo Cannito (Ind.) 26,587 53.03% — — 20 / 32 Brindisi 87,534 Santi Giuffrè Riccardo Rossi (Ind.) 10,253 23.49% 16,658 56.61% 20 / 32 Sicily Catania 311,763 Enzo Bianco (PD) Salvo Pogliese (FI) 69,029 52.33% — — 23 / 35 Messina 234,758 Renato Accorinti (Ind.) Cateno De Luca (SV) 23,616 19.81% 47,835 65.28% 0 / 32 Ragusa 73.631 Federico Piccitto (M5S) Giuseppe Cassì (Ind.) 7,295 20.83% 13,492 53.07% 14 / 24 Syracuse 121,933 Giancarlo Garozzo (PD) Francesco Italia (Ind.) 10,626 19.62% 18,210 52.99% 9 / 32 Trapani 68,370 Francesco Messineo Giacomo Tranchida (PD) 24,052 70.68% — — 19 / 24 ^ Prefectural commissioner replacing mayor Leopoldo Di Girolamo (Democratic Party) since 22 February 2018 ^ Prefectural commissioner replacing mayor Maurizio Brucchi (Forza Italia) since 4 December 2017 ^ Prefectural commissioner replacing mayor Angela Carluccio (CoR) since 26 May 2017 ^ Prefectural commissioner since July 2017, as the quorum was not reached at 2017 municipal election. References ^ Elezioni comunali – I comuni al voto ^ Ballottaggi: vince il centrodestra ^ "Bilancio del primo turno: chi ha vinto (e chi ha perso) le Comunali 2018?". www.youtrend.it. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018. vte Elections and referendums in ItalyGeneral 1861 1865 1867 1870 1874 1876 1880 1882 1886 1890 1892 1895 1897 1900 1904 1909 1913 1919 1921 1924 1929 1934 1946 1948 1953 1958 1963 1968 1972 1976 1979 1983 1987 1992 1994 1996 2001 2006 2008 2013 2018 2022 Next European 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Regional 1947 1949 1951 1953 1954 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Local 1946 1947 1948 1949 1951 1952 1953 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Referendums 1946 1974 1978 1981 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2016 (Apr) 2016 (Dec) 2020 2022 By-elections 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 See also: Elections in Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"Trentino Alto-Adige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino_Alto-Adige"}],"text":"The 2018 Italian local elections were held on different dates; most on 10 June, with a second round on 24 June. In Italy, direct elections were held in 720 municipalities: in each comune were chosen mayor and members of the City Council. Of the 783 municipalities, 21 were provincial capitals and only 112 had a population higher than 15,000 inhabitants (10,000 for Sicily).[1]In Friuli-Venezia Giulia the elections were held on 29 April with a second ballot on 13 May; while in Aosta Valley they were held on 20 May, and in Trentino Alto-Adige on 27 May.","title":"2018 Italian local elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 use the same voting system. Under this system voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. This gives a result whereby the winning candidate may be able to claim majority support, although it is not guaranteed.The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.","title":"Voting System"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Municipal elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Overall results","text":"Majority of each coalition in the 112 municipalities (comuni) with a population higher than 15,000:[2]By partyParty results in the main municipalities:[3]","title":"Municipal elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre-left coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Centre-right coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Five Star Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Star_Movement"},{"link_name":"Civic lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_list_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Right-wing coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"Left-wing coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Di Girolamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Di_Girolamo"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Brucchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Brucchi"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Angela Carluccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Carluccio"},{"link_name":"CoR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatives_and_Reformists_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"2017 municipal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Italian_local_elections"}],"sub_title":"Mayoral election results","text":"Centre-left coalition\n  Centre-right coalition\n  Five Star Movement\n  Civic listsRight-wing coalition\n  Left-wing coalition\n  Prefectural commissioner^ Prefectural commissioner replacing mayor Leopoldo Di Girolamo (Democratic Party) since 22 February 2018\n\n^ Prefectural commissioner replacing mayor Maurizio Brucchi (Forza Italia) since 4 December 2017\n\n^ Prefectural commissioner replacing mayor Angela Carluccio (CoR) since 26 May 2017\n\n^ Prefectural commissioner since July 2017, as the quorum was not reached at 2017 municipal election.","title":"Municipal elections"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bilancio del primo turno: chi ha vinto (e chi ha perso) le Comunali 2018?\". www.youtrend.it. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtrend.it/2018/06/12/bilancio-del-primo-turno-chi-ha-vinto-e-chi-ha-perso-le-comunali-2018/","url_text":"\"Bilancio del primo turno: chi ha vinto (e chi ha perso) le Comunali 2018?\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=3&levsut1=1&lev2=15&levsut2=2&lev3=260&levsut3=3&ne1=3&ne2=15&ne3=150260&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=3&levsut1=1&lev2=77&levsut2=2&lev3=610&levsut3=3&ne1=3&ne2=77&ne3=770610&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=5&levsut1=1&lev2=84&levsut2=2&lev3=850&levsut3=3&ne1=5&ne2=84&ne3=840850&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=5&levsut1=1&lev2=90&levsut2=2&lev3=1160&levsut3=3&ne1=5&ne2=90&ne3=901160&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://elezionistorico.regione.fvg.it/elezioni2018/000522_Com/Coalizioni/000387.html","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=7&levsut1=1&lev2=37&levsut2=2&lev3=290&levsut3=3&ne1=7&ne2=37&ne3=370290&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=9&levsut1=1&lev2=46&levsut2=2&lev3=100&levsut3=3&ne1=9&ne2=46&ne3=460100&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=9&levsut1=1&lev2=62&levsut2=2&lev3=250&levsut3=3&ne1=9&ne2=62&ne3=620250&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=9&levsut1=1&lev2=75&levsut2=2&lev3=320&levsut3=3&ne1=9&ne2=75&ne3=750320&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=10&levsut1=1&lev2=80&levsut2=2&lev3=320&levsut3=3&ne1=10&ne2=80&ne3=800320&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[10]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=11&levsut1=1&lev2=3&levsut2=2&lev3=20&levsut3=3&ne1=11&ne2=3&ne3=30020&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[11]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=12&levsut1=1&lev2=91&levsut2=2&lev3=580&levsut3=3&ne1=12&ne2=91&ne3=910580&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[12]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=13&levsut1=1&lev2=79&levsut2=2&lev3=400&levsut3=3&ne1=13&ne2=79&ne3=790400&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[13]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=15&levsut1=1&lev2=8&levsut2=2&lev3=80&levsut3=3&ne1=15&ne2=8&ne3=80080&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[14]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=16&levsut1=1&lev2=106&levsut2=2&lev3=20&levsut3=3&ne1=16&ne2=106&ne3=1060020&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[15]"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=10/06/2018&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=16&levsut1=1&lev2=16&levsut2=2&lev3=10&levsut3=3&ne1=16&ne2=16&ne3=160010&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"[16]"},{"Link":"http://www.elezioni.regione.sicilia.it/comunali2018/primoTurno/CT/ReportSeggiCT95.html","external_links_name":"[17]"},{"Link":"http://www.elezioni.regione.sicilia.it/comunali2018/ME/ReportSeggiME194.html","external_links_name":"[18]"},{"Link":"http://www.elezioni.regione.sicilia.it/comunali2018/RG/ReportSeggiRG271.html","external_links_name":"[19]"},{"Link":"http://www.elezioni.regione.sicilia.it/comunali2018/primoTurno/TP/ReportSeggiTP362.html","external_links_name":"[20]"},{"Link":"https://www.tuttitalia.it/elezioni-italiane/elezioni-comunali-2018/","external_links_name":"Elezioni comunali – I comuni al voto"},{"Link":"http://www.youtrend.it/2018/06/25/ballottaggi-vince-il-centrodestra/","external_links_name":"Ballottaggi: vince il centrodestra"},{"Link":"https://www.youtrend.it/2018/06/12/bilancio-del-primo-turno-chi-ha-vinto-e-chi-ha-perso-le-comunali-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Bilancio del primo turno: chi ha vinto (e chi ha perso) le Comunali 2018?\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_Held_by_ZnaToKi
Investigation Led by Experts
["1 Original Cast Members","1.1 Non-constant cast","2 TV episodes","3 External links"]
TV series or program Investigation Led by ExpertsAlso known asInvestigation Led by ZnaToKiStarringGeorgy MartyniukLeonid KanevskyElza LezhdeyCountry of originSoviet UnionRussiaOriginal languageRussianNo. of episodes24Original releaseRelease1971 (1971) –2003 (2003) Investigation Led by ZnaToKi, or Investigation Led by Experts (Russian: Следствие ведут ЗнаТоКи, translit. Sledstvie vedut ZnaToKi) was a popular 1971-1989 Soviet detective TV-series with two Russian series (2002 and 2003). Total episodes released — 24. Main characters — investigator Pavel Znamenski, detective Alexandr Tomin and laboratory analyst Zinaida Kibrit were acting together under a group name ZnaToKi (translated as "Experts"). Song by Mark Minkov based on the lyrics Invisible Battle (Nezrimiy Boi - Our mission is both dangerous and difficult, and most invisible at first glance...) by Anatoly Gorokhov features in almost all series. It became an unofficial hymn of the Soviet Militia. This series was the soviet version of the East German Polizeiruf 110, which also premiered in 1971. Original Cast Members Georgy Martyniuk as Pavel Znamenski, Senior investigator Leonid Kanevsky as Aleksandr Tomin, Senior Inspector-detective Elza Lezhdey as Zinaida Kibrit, laboratory analyst Lidia Velezheva as Kitaeva, laboratory analyst (since 2002, after Elza Lezhdey's death) Vera Vasilyeva as Margarita Nikolayevna Znamenskaya, Znamenski's mother Semen Sokolovskiy as Colonel Skopin, Chief of Investigation department, Znamenski's boss Lev Durov as Afanasiy Filippov, Senior Inspector of GAI (traffic police) Anatoly Grachov as Mikhail Tokarev, Senior Inspector of OBKhSS (financial police) Non-constant cast Boris Ivanov Yuri Katin-Yartsev Leonid Bronevoy Grigory Lampe Georgy Menglet Valery Nosik Stanislav Chekan Nikolai Karachentsov Leonid Markov Iya Savvina Leonid Kuravlyov Armen Dzhigarkhanyan Alexander Kaidanovsky TV episodes Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #1: Black Broker / Chyornyy makler (1971) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #2: What Is Your True Name / Vashe podlinnoe imya (1971) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #3: Red-handed / S polichnym (1971) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #4: A Fault Confessed... / Povinnuyu golovu... (1971) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #5: Dinosaur / Dinozavr (1972) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #6: Blackmail / Shantazh (1972) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #7: Accident / Neschastnyy sluchay (1972) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #8: The Escape / Pobeg (1973) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #9: Witness / Svidetel (1974) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #10: Strike Back / Otvetnyy udar (1975) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #11: At Any Price / Lyuboy tsenoy (1977) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #12: 'Bouquet' Is Standing By / 'Buket' na priyome (1977) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #13: Before The Third Gunshot / Do tretyego vystrela (1978) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #14: Herdsboy With A Cucumber / Podpasok s ogurtsom (1979) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #15: Went And Never Returned / Ushel i ne vernulsya (1980) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #16: From The Life Of A Fruits / Iz zhizni fruktov (1981) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #17: He's Somewhere Here / On gde-to zdes' (1982) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #18: Midday Thief / Poludennyy vor (1985) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #19: The Fire / Pozhar (1985) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #20: Boomerang / Bumerang (1987) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #21: Without The Knife And A Knuckleduster / Bez nozha i kasteta (1988) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #22: Mafia / Mafiya (1989) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #23: Arbitrator / Treteyskiy sudiya (2002) Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #24: Pood Of Gold / Pud zolota (2003) External links Episode 01, Episode 02, Episode 03, Episode 04, Episode 05, Episode 06, Episode 07, Episode 08, Episode 09, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 12, Episode 13, Episode 14, Episode 15, Episode 16, Episode 17, Episode 18, Episode 19, Episode 20, Episode 21, Episode 22, Episode 23 at IMDb Wikiquote has quotations related to Investigation Led by Experts.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"translit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Mark Minkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Minkov"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Gorokhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Gorokhov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Militia"},{"link_name":"Polizeiruf 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizeiruf_110"}],"text":"Investigation Led by ZnaToKi, or Investigation Led by Experts (Russian: Следствие ведут ЗнаТоКи, translit. Sledstvie vedut ZnaToKi) was a popular 1971-1989 Soviet detective TV-series with two Russian series (2002 and 2003). Total episodes released — 24.Main characters — investigator Pavel Znamenski, detective Alexandr Tomin and laboratory analyst Zinaida Kibrit were acting together under a group name ZnaToKi (translated as \"Experts\").Song by Mark Minkov based on the lyrics Invisible Battle (Nezrimiy Boi - Our mission is both dangerous and difficult, and most invisible at first glance...) by Anatoly Gorokhov features in almost all series. It became an unofficial hymn of the Soviet Militia.This series was the soviet version of the East German Polizeiruf 110, which also premiered in 1971.","title":"Investigation Led by Experts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgy Martyniuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Martyniuk"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kanevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kanevsky"},{"link_name":"Elza Lezhdey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elza_Lezhdey"},{"link_name":"Lidia Velezheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lidia_Velezheva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vera Vasilyeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Vasilyeva"},{"link_name":"Semen Sokolovskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semen_Sokolovskiy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lev Durov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Durov"},{"link_name":"GAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAI"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Grachov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Grachov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"OBKhSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBKhSS"}],"text":"Georgy Martyniuk as Pavel Znamenski, Senior investigator\nLeonid Kanevsky as Aleksandr Tomin, Senior Inspector-detective\nElza Lezhdey as Zinaida Kibrit, laboratory analyst\nLidia Velezheva as Kitaeva, laboratory analyst (since 2002, after Elza Lezhdey's death)\nVera Vasilyeva as Margarita Nikolayevna Znamenskaya, Znamenski's mother\nSemen Sokolovskiy as Colonel Skopin, Chief of Investigation department, Znamenski's boss\nLev Durov as Afanasiy Filippov, Senior Inspector of GAI (traffic police)\nAnatoly Grachov as Mikhail Tokarev, Senior Inspector of OBKhSS (financial police)","title":"Original Cast Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boris Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Ivanov_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Leonid Bronevoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bronevoy"},{"link_name":"Georgy Menglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgy_Menglet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valery Nosik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Nosik"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Chekan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Chekan"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Karachentsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Karachentsov"},{"link_name":"Leonid Markov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Markov"},{"link_name":"Iya Savvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iya_Savvina"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kuravlyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kuravlyov"},{"link_name":"Armen Dzhigarkhanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Dzhigarkhanyan"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kaidanovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kaidanovsky"}],"sub_title":"Non-constant cast","text":"Boris Ivanov\nYuri Katin-Yartsev\nLeonid Bronevoy\nGrigory Lampe\nGeorgy Menglet\nValery Nosik\nStanislav Chekan\nNikolai Karachentsov\nLeonid Markov\nIya Savvina\nLeonid Kuravlyov\nArmen Dzhigarkhanyan\nAlexander Kaidanovsky","title":"Original Cast Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pood"}],"text":"Sledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #1: Black Broker / Chyornyy makler (1971)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #2: What Is Your True Name / Vashe podlinnoe imya (1971)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #3: Red-handed / S polichnym (1971)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #4: A Fault Confessed... / Povinnuyu golovu... (1971)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #5: Dinosaur / Dinozavr (1972)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #6: Blackmail / Shantazh (1972)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #7: Accident / Neschastnyy sluchay (1972)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #8: The Escape / Pobeg (1973)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #9: Witness / Svidetel (1974)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #10: Strike Back / Otvetnyy udar (1975)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #11: At Any Price / Lyuboy tsenoy (1977)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #12: 'Bouquet' Is Standing By / 'Buket' na priyome (1977)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #13: Before The Third Gunshot / Do tretyego vystrela (1978)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #14: Herdsboy With A Cucumber / Podpasok s ogurtsom (1979)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #15: Went And Never Returned / Ushel i ne vernulsya (1980)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #16: From The Life Of A Fruits / Iz zhizni fruktov (1981)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #17: He's Somewhere Here / On gde-to zdes' (1982)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #18: Midday Thief / Poludennyy vor (1985)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #19: The Fire / Pozhar (1985)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #20: Boomerang / Bumerang (1987)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #21: Without The Knife And A Knuckleduster / Bez nozha i kasteta (1988)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #22: Mafia / Mafiya (1989)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #23: Arbitrator / Treteyskiy sudiya (2002)\nSledstvie vedut znatoki. Case #24: Pood Of Gold / Pud zolota (2003)","title":"TV episodes"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0272043/","external_links_name":"Episode 01"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0272340/","external_links_name":"Episode 02"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0272282/","external_links_name":"Episode 03"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274733/","external_links_name":"Episode 04"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274464/","external_links_name":"Episode 05"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274833/","external_links_name":"Episode 06"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274687/","external_links_name":"Episode 07"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274726/","external_links_name":"Episode 08"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0284531/","external_links_name":"Episode 09"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274700/","external_links_name":"Episode 10"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0281977/","external_links_name":"Episode 11"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0292463/","external_links_name":"Episode 12"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0281813/","external_links_name":"Episode 13"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282070/","external_links_name":"Episode 14"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0230924/","external_links_name":"Episode 15"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0236905/","external_links_name":"Episode 16"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251911/","external_links_name":"Episode 17"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0163956/","external_links_name":"Episode 18"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0265764/","external_links_name":"Episode 19"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0292464/","external_links_name":"Episode 20"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0261563/","external_links_name":"Episode 21"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093471/","external_links_name":"Episode 22"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0434343/","external_links_name":"Episode 23"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Stock_Exchange
B3 (stock exchange)
["1 History","2 Hours","3 Tickers and trade names","4 Indices","4.1 Broad indices","4.2 Sector indices","4.3 Corporate governance indices","4.4 Sustainability indices","4.5 Other indices","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 23°32′47″S 46°38′03″W / 23.54639°S 46.63417°W / -23.54639; -46.63417Brazilian stock exchange and OTC market B3TypeStock exchangeLocationSão Paulo, BrazilCoordinates23°32′47″S 46°38′03″W / 23.54639°S 46.63417°W / -23.54639; -46.63417FoundedAugust 23, 1890; 133 years ago (1890-08-23)OwnerB3 S.A. - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3: B3SA3)Key peopleGilson Finkelsztain (CEO)Antonio Carlos Quintella (Chairman)CurrencyBrazilian realNo. of listings475 (October 2022)Market capUS$$977.21 billion (February 2024)IndicesIbovespaWebsiteb3.com.br/en_us B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (in English, B3 – Brazil Stock Exchange and Over-the-Counter Market), formerly BM&FBOVESPA, is a stock exchange located in São Paulo, Brazil, and the second oldest of the country. Its current form can be traced back to May 8, 2008, when the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) and the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F) merged, creating BM&FBOVESPA. On March 30, 2017, BM&FBOVESPA merged with CETIP, creating B3. The benchmark indicator of B3 is the Índice Bovespa, more commonly known as Ibovespa. There were 475 companies traded at Bovespa as of October 2022. On June 7, 2021, the Ibovespa index reached its record market closing above 130,776 points. B3 also has offices in Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai, and London. History Stock Exchange trading, mid-twentieth century Trading Panel Founded on August 23, 1890, by Emilio Rangel Pestana, the "Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo" (São Paulo Stock Exchange, in English) has had a long history of services provided to the stock market and the Brazilian economy. Until the mid-1960s, Bovespa and the other Brazilian stock markets were state-owned companies, tied with the Secretary of Finances of the states they belonged to, and brokers were appointed by the government. After the reforms of the national financial system and the stock market implemented in 1965/1966, Brazilian stock markets assumed a more institutional role. In 2007, the Exchange demutualized and became a for-profit company. Through self-regulation, Bovespa operates under the supervision of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM), analogous to the American SEC. Since the 1960s, it has constantly evolved with the help of technology such as the introduction of computer-based systems, mobile phones and the internet. In 1972, Bovespa was the first Brazilian stock market to implement an automated system for the dissemination of information online and in real-time, through an ample network of computer terminals. At the end of the 1970s, Bovespa also introduced a telephone trading system in Brazil; the "Sistema Privado de Operações por Telefone" or "SPOT" (Private System of Telephone Trading, in English). At the same time, Bovespa developed a system of fungible safekeeping and online services for brokerage firms. In 1990, the negotiations through the Sistema de Negociação Electrônica - CATS (Computer Assisted Trading System) was simultaneously operated with the traditional system of "Pregão Viva Voz" (open outcry). Currently, BM&FBOVESPA is a fully electronic exchange. In 1997, a new system of electronic trading, known as the Mega Bolsa, was implemented successfully. The Mega Bolsa extends the potential volume of processing of information and allows the Exchange to increase its overall volume of activities. With the goal to increase popular access to the stock markets, Bovespa introduced in 1999 the "Home Broker", an internet-based trading systems that allows individual investors to trade stocks. The system enables users to execute buy and sell orders online. In 2000, Bovespa created three new listing segments, the Novo Mercado (New Market), Level 2 and Level 1 of Corporate Governance Standards, allowing companies to accede voluntarily to more demanding disclosure, governance and compliance obligations. The new listing segments mostly languished until 2004, when a growing number of newly public companies began to list on the Novo Mercado and other segments as part of a capital-raising effort. From 2004 to 2010, the vast majority of new listings on the Bovespa were made by Novo Mercado, Level 2 and Level 1 companies. The Novo Mercado, Level 2 and Level 1 segments are based on a contractual agreement of the listed company, its controlling shareholder, and its management to comply with specified regulations. In addition, listed companies must submit to arbitration as a method of resolving disputes. The set of protections entailed by a Novo Mercado listing is apparently deemed by market participants to increase the attractiveness of companies. The stock market index of Novo Mercado listed companies (the IGC) has consistently outperformed the broader Ibovespa index since its launch. The recent success of the Brazilian equity capital markets is attributed to a significant extent to the credibility engendered by the Novo Mercado regulations. In 2007, only the United States and China equity markets had a greater number of initial public offerings. The availability of a "market exit" has also encouraged the development of a private equity industry, a growing Brazilian investment banking market and a thriving asset management industry. Another side benefit of a thriving equity market has been access to equity financing for the international expansion of Brazilian business. Brazilian multinational companies have used the proceeds of equity offerings to fund a growing number of international acquisitions. Vale, Embraer, Gerdau, Brazil Foods, Marfrig Alimentos and JBS have acquired businesses outside Brazil using the proceeds from equity offerings. Attractive valuations of Brazilian subsidiaries have led international companies to list their Brazilian subsidiaries, as was the case of Banco Santander Brasil. On May 8, 2008, Bovespa Holding announced the merger of the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) and the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F), creating the world's second largest stock exchange. As a result of an early 2008 stock swap, Chicago's CME Group owns a 5% stake in BM&FBovespa, and in turn, BM&FBovespa owns a 5% stake in CME Group. The agreement has also created an order routing trading system between both exchanges. On June 18, 2012, BM&FBovespa became a founding member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative on the eve of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). On June 16, 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil has approved the change to the corporate name of BM&FBOVESPA S.A. – Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros to B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão, which must be used in all formal communications and references to the company. The merger of Cetip S.A. – Mercados Organizados into B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão was approved both at the Extraordinary Shareholders Meeting held on June 14, 2017, and by CVM, and that the action shall occur on July 3, 2017. Hours The exchange has a pre-market session from 09:45am to 10:00am, a normal trading session from 10:00am to 5:30pm and a post-market session from 6:00pm to 7:30pm weekdays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. Tickers and trade names In the cash market, tickers are composed by four letters, a number, and a suffix in some cases. The letters stand for the listed company and the number disclosed the equity type, as follows: Number Class Trade name indication 1 subscription right to common share DO (direito a ordinária) 2 subscription right to preferred share DP (direito a preferencial) 3 common share ON (ordinária nominativa) 4 preferred share PN (preferencial nominativa) 5 preferred share class A PNA 6 preferred share class B PNB 7 preferred share class C PNC 8 preferred share class D PND 9 subscription receipt to common share ON REC 10 subscription receipt to preferred share PN REC 11 and onward, codes may represent many situations, most commonly units (UNT, a certificate meshing different equities together. For instance, SULA11 is a unit comprising one common stock and two preferred stocks issued by Sul América S.A.), exchange-traded funds, real estate investment funds (known as FII, REIT in English) and Brazilian Depositary Receipts (BDRs). Nevertheless, they may state other conditions, as debenture subscription rights, special situations, and so on. It is important to note that "classified" preferred stocks (A, B, C, D and furthermore) do not have an implicit meaning, i.e., each issuer may attribute different rights and restrictions for a given class. This means it is mandatory to learn individually their characteristics as they are not directly comparable among companies. The suffix B after the ticker means the equity is traded at the over-the-counter (OTC) market. Here are some examples: VALE5 = Vale PNA shares CSNA3 = Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional common shares CTNM4 = Companhia de Tecidos Norte de Minas - Coteminas preferred shares ABCB2 = Banco ABC Brasil preferred shares subscription rights ETER9 = Eternit S.A. ordinary shares receipts SANB11 = Banco Santander Brasil units FAMB11B = Fundo de Investimento Imobiliário Ed. Almirante Barroso, OTC MILA11 = iShares MidLarge Cap ETF AVON11B = Avon Products, Inc. BDRs, OTC Ex rights conditions are indicated in the equity trade name as a suffix composed by the letter E (for ex condition) and a letter or a combination of letters depending on the corporate actions involved: Letter Signification D Dividend (Dividendo) J Interest on own capital (Juros sobre capital próprio) S Subscription (Subscrição) R Income (Rendimento), for instance inflation adjustment for a dividend, yields from funds or a capital refund (Restituição de Capital) B Bonus stocks (Bonificação) or stock split (Desdobramento) G Reverse split (Grupamento) C Company split (Cisão) Trade names may carry another symbols depending on their corporate governance. BM&FBOVESPA has four distinctive listing segments for companies that agree to undertake voluntary corporate rules on each segment: Symbol Signification MA BOVESPA Mais (Bovespa Plus). Over-the-counter market for companies who desire to gradually access the stock market N1 Level 1 of Corporate Governance N2 Level 2 of Corporate Governance. It appends more obligations to the companies, to those required for Level 1 NM Novo Mercado (New Market). It is the topmost level of distinctive corporate governance practices Equities' trade names are composed by the issuer's name, brand name or abbreviation (as it is limited to 12 characters), equity type, corporate governance level when pertinent and ex rights indication when appropriate. Here are some examples (please note some equities listed here, such as subscription rights, do not exist anymore due to its own finite nature. The same apply to ex rights indication by the same reason): Ticker Company name Class Governance Ex status Description BBAS3 BRASIL ON NM EJ Banco do Brasil common stock, New market listed, ex interest FTRX4 FAB C RENAUX PN Fábrica de Tecidos Carlos Renaux preferred stock JBDU10 J B DUARTE PN REC Indústrias J.B. Duarte preferred stocks subscription receipts BEEF3 MINERVA ON NM Minerva S.A. common stocks, new market listed LATM11 LATAM AIRLN DR3 LATAM Airlines BDR class 3 BISA1 BROOKFIELD DO 3,06 NM Brookfield Incorporações S.A. common stocks subscription rights to be exercised for BRL 3.06. New market listed company TRPL4 TRAN PAULIST PN N1 EDJ CTEEP - Compahia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista, preferred share, Level 1 listed, ex dividends and interest Indices BOVESPA calculates and discloses several indices: Broad indices IBOVESPA: Total return index comprising the most representative companies in the market, both by market cap and traded volume. It is the benchmark index of São Paulo Stock Exchange. It is the oldest BOVESPA index, and it is being broadcast since 1968. IBRX 50: Also called Brasil 50, it comprises the 50 most traded equities at BOVESPA. IBRX: It has the same purpose of IBRX 50, but embracing the 100 most traded equities. IBRA: Brazil Broad-Based Index, it comprises a wider range of companies, aiming to embrace 99% of all companies already selected for any other exchange indices. Its main goal is to represent the most relevant companies in the stock exchange. MLCX: The Midlarge Cap Index shows the performance of the most relevant companies at the exchange, responding for at least 85% its total market value. SMLL: The Small Cap Index comprises relevant companies who don't apply for the MLCX listing, i.e., heavily traded companies which does not fill the 85% market share criteria. IVBX: It was conceived as an index to trail the 2nd tier companies, defined as those which trading ranking is from 11th and beneath, therefore not to be classified as blue chips. Nevertheless, most of its members are highly relevant companies, needing to comply with high traded volume and market capitalization. IDIV: The Dividend Yield index, it comprises companies which show the highest dividend yields values in the market, along with a strong trading session participation. Sector indices IEE: Electric Power Index INDX: Industrial Index ICON: Consumption Index IMOB: Real estate Index IFNC: Financial Index (comprising banks, credit card processors, insurance companies, etc.) IMAT: Basic Materials Index (representing raw materials, pulp & paper, packaging, steel, etc.) UTIL: Public Utilities Index (electric power, water & sewage, gas, etc.) Corporate governance indices IGC: Corporate Governance Index comprises all companies listed in any of the distinctive governance levels, irrespectively of its market cap. IGCT: Corporate Governance Trade index filters the IGC components by trading liquidity. IGNM: The New Market Index congregates all listed companies in the New Market portion of the BOVESPA. ITAG: The Tag Along Index is composed of equities that offer to his bearer privileged tag along rights compared to those granted by Brazilian law and a minimum trading volume. Sustainability indices ICO2: Efficient Carbon Index is granted to companies who complies with efficient efforts to control greenhouse gas emissions and are eligible for IBRX 50. ISE: Corporate Sustaintability Index is comparable to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, to join companies tied to environmental, social and accountability goals. Other indices IFIX: Real State Investment Funds measure the listed REIT's return at BOVESPA. Unlike other indices, it can be composed of OTC equities. BDRX: Unsponsored Brazilian Depositary Receipt Index reflects the valuation of those equities which are not freely distributed at the stock exchange but limited to qualified investors, as defined by Brazilian regulations. See also Índice Bovespa (Bovespa Index) List of companies traded at Bovespa Economy of São Paulo References ^ a b "B3 tem 475 empresas listadas" . Monitor Mercantil (in Portuguese). 2022-10-18. ^ "30 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World". Yahoo. 2024-04-15. ^ BM&F Bovespa: About us Archived 2010-09-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ "De 354 ações da B3, só 21 estão no azul – e é mais sorte que oportunidade". www.cnnbrasil.com.br. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. ^ "Bovespa fecha em alta pelo 8º pregão seguido e renova máxima com impulso de bancos" (in Brazilian Portuguese). g1. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2022-02-06. ^ "B3 | Sustainable Stock Exchanges". Retrieved 2023-03-08. ^ "São Paulo Stock Exchange - Bovespa Communication on Progress – 2007" (PDF). ^ Regulatory Dualism as a Development Strategy: Corporate Reform in Brazil, the U.S., and the EU by Ronald J. Gilson, Henry Hansmann and Mariana Pargendler, March 1, 2010 ^ Brazilian Transnational Companies ^ "Banco Santander's Brazil Unit Raises $8 Billion in I.P.O." International Herald Tribune. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2016 – via The New York Times. ^ BM&F Bovespa: About us - the new exchange Archived 2008-06-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ "CME Group, BM&FBOVESPA Announce February 9 Start Date for Order Routing CME Group Products on BM&FBOVESPA's GTS Platform - Feb 06, 2009". Retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ "Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges listing over 4,600 companies commit to promoting sustainability". Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative. Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2014. ^ "CVM approves B3's Corporate Name and the Merger of Cetip". BM&FBOVESPA – Securities, Commodities and Futures Exchange. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "Equities Market Trading Hours | BM&FBOVESPA". Archived from the original on 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2013-03-14. ^ "Title III, Chapter I, p.1" (PDF). B3's Trading Procedures Manual. ^ "Corporate Governance | BM&FBOVESPA". Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2012-09-23. ^ Indices Equity Indexes at BM&F Bovespa webpage External links B3's Official Home Page (in English) About BM&FBOVESPA List of all companies listed on B3 vte Ibovespa companies of Brazil 3R Petroleum Aliansce Sonae Alpargatas Ambev Arezzo & Co Assaí S.A. Azul Airlines B3 Banco do Brasil BB Seguridade Bradesco Bradespar Braskem BRF BTG Pactual Carrefour Brasil CCR CEMIG Cielo Cogna Copel Cosan CPFL Energia CSN CSN Mineração CVC Brasil Cyrela Brazil Realty Dexco EcoRodovias EDP - Energias do Brasil Eletrobras Embraer Energisa Eneva ENGIE Brasil Equatorial Eztec Fleury S.A Gerdau Gol GPA Grupo Soma Hapvida Hypera Pharma Iguatemi IRB Brasil RE Itaú Unibanco Itaúsa JBS Klabin Localiza Locaweb Lojas Renner Magazine Luiza Marfrig Méliuz Metalúrgica Gerdau Minerva Foods MRV Multiplan Natura & Co Petrobras Petrorio Petz Qualicorp RD Rede D'Or Rumo Sabesp Santander Brasil São Martinho S.A. SLC Agrícola Suzano Taesa Telefônica Brasil TIM Brasil TOTVS Ultrapar Usiminas Vale Via Vibra Energia WEG YDUQS vteFinancial marketsTypes of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker Floor broker Inter-dealer broker Broker-dealer Market maker Trader Floor trader Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Investor Hedger Speculator Arbitrager Scalper Regulator Trading venues Exchange List of stock exchanges Trading hours Over-the-counter (off-exchange) Alternative Trading System (ATS) Multilateral trading facility (MTF) Electronic communication network (ECN) Direct market access (DMA) Straight-through processing (STP) Dark pool (private exchange) Crossing network Liquidity aggregator Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) Beta Buffett indicator (Cap-to-GDP) Book value (BV) Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) Capital market line (CML) Dividend discount model (DDM) Dividend yield Earnings yield EV/EBITDA Fed model Net asset value (NAV) Security characteristic line Security market line (SML) T-model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Dollar cost averaging Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory (MPT) Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT) Random walk hypothesis (RMH) Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value averaging Value investing Related terms Bid–ask spread Block trade Cross listing Dividend Dual-listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Financial law Flight-to-quality Government bond Greenspan put Haircut Initial public offering (IPO) Long Mandatory offer Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Order book Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns-based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Squeeze-out Stock dilution Stock exchange Stock market index Stock split Stock swap Trade Tender offer Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield vteLargest stock exchanges by market capitalization   New York Stock Exchange   Nasdaq   Shanghai Stock Exchange   Euronext   Tokyo Stock Exchange   Hong Kong Stock Exchange   Shenzhen Stock Exchange   Bombay Stock Exchange   National Stock Exchange of India   London Stock Exchange   Toronto Stock Exchange   Deutsche Börse   Tadawul   Nasdaq Nordic   Korea Exchange   SIX Swiss Exchange   Taiwan Stock Exchange   Australian Securities Exchange   Tehran Stock Exchange   B3   JSE Limited   BME Spanish Exchanges   Singapore Exchange   Moscow Exchange   Stock Exchange of Thailand vteWorld Federation of ExchangesMembers Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange Amman Stock Exchange Athens Stock Exchange Australian Securities Exchange Bahrain Bourse BATS Global Markets Bermuda Stock Exchange BM&F Bovespa BME Spanish Exchanges Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago Bolsa de Valores de Colombia Bolsa de Valores de Lima Bolsa Mexicana de Valores Borsa Istanbul Bourse de Casablanca BSE India Limited Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia Bursa Malaysia Cboe Global Markets China Financial Futures Exchange CME Group Colombo Stock Exchange Cyprus Stock Exchange Dalian Commodity Exchange Deutsche Börse Dubai Financial Market Egyptian Exchange Euronext Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Indonesia Stock Exchange Intercontinental Exchange New York Stock Exchange Japan Exchange Group JSE Limited Kazakhstan Stock Exchange Korea Exchange London Stock Exchange Group Luxembourg Stock Exchange Malta Stock Exchange Moscow Exchange (suspended) Muscat Securities Market NASDAQ OMX International Securities Exchange National Stock Exchange of India Nigerian Stock Exchange NZX Limited Oslo Børs Philippine Stock Exchange Qatar Exchange Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) Shanghai Futures Exchange Shanghai Stock Exchange Shenzhen Stock Exchange Singapore Exchange SIX Swiss Exchange Stock Exchange of Mauritius Stock Exchange of Thailand Taipei Exchange Taiwan Futures Exchange Taiwan Stock Exchange Tel Aviv Stock Exchange TMX Group Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange Associates Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation Options Clearing Corporation Affiliates Beirut Stock Exchange Bourse de Tunis BRVM Bucharest Stock Exchange Cayman Islands Stock Exchange Chittagong Stock Exchange Dhaka Stock Exchange Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange Hanoi Stock Exchange Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Nairobi Securities Exchange Namibian Stock Exchange Nepal Stock Exchange Palestine Exchange Port Moresby Stock Exchange The International Stock Exchange Ukrainian Exchange Correspondents Barbados Stock Exchange Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario Boursa Kuwait Canadian Securities Exchange Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange Ghana Stock Exchange Jamaica Stock Exchange PFTS Stock Exchange Sydney Stock Exchange vte Visitor attractions in São PauloMonuments andlandmarks Bandeirantes TV Tower Beco do Pinto Latin America Memorial Marco Zero Monument to the Bandeiras Monument to the Independence of Brazil Monument to Ramos de Azevedo Obelisk of São Paulo Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge Buildings Altino Arantes Building Brazil Stock Exchange Butantã's House Centro Comercial Aricanduva Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas Conjunto Nacional Copan Building Itália Building Iguatemi São Paulo Júlio Prestes Station Luz Station Mappin Building Martinelli Building Matarazzo Building Municipal Market Bandeirantes Palace São Pedro Theater Municipal Theater List of tallest buildings Churches andreligious sites Basilica of the Most Blessed Sacrament Imaculado Coração de Maria Church Nossa Senhora da Consolação Church Nossa Senhora do Brasil Church Ordem Terceira do Carmo Church Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral Pátio do Colégio Santo Antônio Church São Bento Monastery São Cristóvão Church São Paulo Brazil Temple São Paulo Cathedral Temple of Solomon Museums andcultural institutions CAIXA Cultural São Paulo Carmo Planetarium Casa das Rosas Bank of Brazil Cultural Center Centro Cultural da Penha Centro Cultural e de Estudos Superiores Aúthos Pagano Ema Gordon Klabin Cultural Foundation Football Museum Immigration Museum Butantan Institute Mário de Andrade Library Memória do Bixiga Museum Museu Afro Brasil Museu Lasar Segall Museu Paulista (Ipiranga) São Paulo Museum of Art Museum of Art of the Parliament Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Image and Sound Museum of Modern Art Museum of Sacred Art Museum of the Portuguese Language Oca Pavilion Industries Palace Pinacoteca do Estado Professor Aristóteles Orsini Planetarium Sala São Paulo Stadiums Allianz Parque Anhembi Convention Center Anhembi Sambadrome Arena Corinthians Canindé Stadium Morumbi Stadium Ícaro de Castro Melo Stadium Nicolau Alayon Stadium Parque São Jorge Stadium Rua Javari Stadium Estádio Universitário São Paulo Ibirapuera Auditorium Pacaembu Stadium Via Funchal Vibra São Paulo Neighborhoodsand districts Aclimação Alto de Santana Bixiga Bom Retiro Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue Brooklin Novo Central Zone Japão Jardins Liberdade Paulista Avenue Rua 25 de Março Rua Augusta Rua Oscar Freire University of São Paulo (USP) Vila Madalena Vila Olímpia Parks andpublic squares Albert Löfgren State Park Beco do Batman Botanical Garden Cantareira State Park Cemitério da Consolação Ibirapuera Park Independence Park Jardim da Luz Largo da Batata Largo da Memória Parque do Carmo Parque Trianon People's Park Pico do Jaraguá Praça da República Praça da Sé Praça Roosevelt São Paulo Zoo Vale do Anhangabaú Viaduto do Chá Villa-Lobos State Park Events Anima Mundi Brazilian Grand Prix Electronic Language International Festival March for Jesus Saint Silvester Road Race São Paulo Art Biennial São Paulo Fashion Week São Paulo Gay Pride Parade São Paulo Indy 300 São Paulo International Film Festival São Paulo International Motor Show Virada Cultural Authority control databases ISNI VIAF 23°32′47″S 46°38′03″W / 23.54639°S 46.63417°W / -23.54639; -46.63417
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stock exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Índice Bovespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnb-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recordhigh-5"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Brazilian stock exchange and OTC marketB3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (in English, B3 – Brazil Stock Exchange and Over-the-Counter Market), formerly BM&FBOVESPA, is a stock exchange located in São Paulo, Brazil, and the second oldest of the country.Its current form can be traced back to May 8, 2008, when the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) and the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F) merged, creating BM&FBOVESPA.[3] On March 30, 2017, BM&FBOVESPA merged with CETIP, creating B3.The benchmark indicator of B3 is the Índice Bovespa, more commonly known as Ibovespa. There were 475 companies traded at Bovespa as of October 2022.[1][4]On June 7, 2021, the Ibovespa index reached its record market closing above 130,776 points.[5]B3 also has offices in Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai, and London.[6]","title":"B3 (stock exchange)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Werner_Haberkorn_-_Vista_interna_de_Preg%C3%A3o_de_Bolsa_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Comissão de Valores Mobiliários","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiss%C3%A3o_de_Valores_Mobili%C3%A1rios"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"CATS (Computer Assisted Trading System)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATS_(trading_system)"},{"link_name":"open outcry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_outcry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"CME Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CME_Group"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Stock_Exchanges_Initiative"},{"link_name":"United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Stock Exchange trading, mid-twentieth centuryTrading PanelFounded on August 23, 1890, by Emilio Rangel Pestana, the \"Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo\" (São Paulo Stock Exchange, in English) has had a long history of services provided to the stock market and the Brazilian economy. Until the mid-1960s, Bovespa and the other Brazilian stock markets were state-owned companies, tied with the Secretary of Finances of the states they belonged to, and brokers were appointed by the government.After the reforms of the national financial system and the stock market implemented in 1965/1966, Brazilian stock markets assumed a more institutional role. In 2007, the Exchange demutualized and became a for-profit company.[7]Through self-regulation, Bovespa operates under the supervision of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM), analogous to the American SEC. Since the 1960s, it has constantly evolved with the help of technology such as the introduction of computer-based systems, mobile phones and the internet. In 1972, Bovespa was the first Brazilian stock market to implement an automated system for the dissemination of information online and in real-time, through an ample network of computer terminals.At the end of the 1970s, Bovespa also introduced a telephone trading system in Brazil; the \"Sistema Privado de Operações por Telefone\" or \"SPOT\" (Private System of Telephone Trading, in English). At the same time, Bovespa developed a system of fungible safekeeping and online services for brokerage firms.In 1990, the negotiations through the Sistema de Negociação Electrônica - CATS (Computer Assisted Trading System) was simultaneously operated with the traditional system of \"Pregão Viva Voz\" (open outcry). Currently, BM&FBOVESPA is a fully electronic exchange.In 1997, a new system of electronic trading, known as the Mega Bolsa, was implemented successfully. The Mega Bolsa extends the potential volume of processing of information and allows the Exchange to increase its overall volume of activities.With the goal to increase popular access to the stock markets, Bovespa introduced in 1999 the \"Home Broker\", an internet-based trading systems that allows individual investors to trade stocks. The system enables users to execute buy and sell orders online.In 2000, Bovespa created three new listing segments, the Novo Mercado (New Market), Level 2 and Level 1 of Corporate Governance Standards, allowing companies to accede voluntarily to more demanding disclosure, governance and compliance obligations. The new listing segments mostly languished until 2004, when a growing number of newly public companies began to list on the Novo Mercado and other segments as part of a capital-raising effort. From 2004 to 2010, the vast majority of new listings on the Bovespa were made by Novo Mercado, Level 2 and Level 1 companies. The Novo Mercado, Level 2 and Level 1 segments are based on a contractual agreement of the listed company, its controlling shareholder, and its management to comply with specified regulations. In addition, listed companies must submit to arbitration as a method of resolving disputes. The set of protections entailed by a Novo Mercado listing is apparently deemed by market participants to increase the attractiveness of companies. The stock market index of Novo Mercado listed companies (the IGC) has consistently outperformed the broader Ibovespa index since its launch.The recent success of the Brazilian equity capital markets is attributed to a significant extent to the credibility engendered by the Novo Mercado regulations. In 2007, only the United States and China equity markets had a greater number of initial public offerings. The availability of a \"market exit\" has also encouraged the development of a private equity industry, a growing Brazilian investment banking market and a thriving asset management industry. Another side benefit of a thriving equity market has been access to equity financing for the international expansion of Brazilian business.[8] Brazilian multinational companies have used the proceeds of equity offerings to fund a growing number of international acquisitions. Vale, Embraer, Gerdau, Brazil Foods, Marfrig Alimentos and JBS have acquired businesses outside Brazil using the proceeds from equity offerings.[9] Attractive valuations of Brazilian subsidiaries have led international companies to list their Brazilian subsidiaries, as was the case of Banco Santander Brasil.[10]On May 8, 2008, Bovespa Holding announced the merger of the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) and the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F), creating the world's second largest stock exchange.[11]As a result of an early 2008 stock swap, Chicago's CME Group owns a 5% stake in BM&FBovespa, and in turn, BM&FBovespa owns a 5% stake in CME Group. The agreement has also created an order routing trading system between both exchanges.[12]On June 18, 2012, BM&FBovespa became a founding member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative on the eve of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).[13]On June 16, 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil has approved the change to the corporate name of BM&FBOVESPA S.A. – Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros to B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão, which must be used in all formal communications and references to the company.The merger of Cetip S.A. – Mercados Organizados into B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão was approved both at the Extraordinary Shareholders Meeting held on June 14, 2017, and by CVM, and that the action shall occur on July 3, 2017.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The exchange has a pre-market session from 09:45am to 10:00am, a normal trading session from 10:00am to 5:30pm and a post-market session from 6:00pm to 7:30pm weekdays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.[15]","title":"Hours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_account"},{"link_name":"common stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_stock"},{"link_name":"exchange-traded funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund"},{"link_name":"REIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REIT"},{"link_name":"debenture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debenture"},{"link_name":"preferred stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_stock"},{"link_name":"over-the-counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_(mining_company)"},{"link_name":"Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhia_Sider%C3%BArgica_Nacional"},{"link_name":"iShares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShares"},{"link_name":"Avon Products, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Products,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the cash market, tickers are composed by four letters, a number, and a suffix in some cases. The letters stand for the listed company and the number disclosed the equity type, as follows:[16]11 and onward, codes may represent many situations, most commonly units (UNT, a certificate meshing different equities together. For instance, SULA11 is a unit comprising one common stock and two preferred stocks issued by Sul América S.A.), exchange-traded funds, real estate investment funds (known as FII, REIT in English) and Brazilian Depositary Receipts (BDRs). Nevertheless, they may state other conditions, as debenture subscription rights, special situations, and so on.It is important to note that \"classified\" preferred stocks (A, B, C, D and furthermore) do not have an implicit meaning, i.e., each issuer may attribute different rights and restrictions for a given class. This means it is mandatory to learn individually their characteristics as they are not directly comparable among companies.The suffix B after the ticker means the equity is traded at the over-the-counter (OTC) market.Here are some examples:VALE5 = Vale PNA shares\nCSNA3 = Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional common shares\nCTNM4 = Companhia de Tecidos Norte de Minas - Coteminas preferred shares\nABCB2 = Banco ABC Brasil preferred shares subscription rights\nETER9 = Eternit S.A. ordinary shares receipts\nSANB11 = Banco Santander Brasil units\nFAMB11B = Fundo de Investimento Imobiliário Ed. Almirante Barroso, OTC\nMILA11 = iShares MidLarge Cap ETF\nAVON11B = Avon Products, Inc. BDRs, OTCEx rights conditions are indicated in the equity trade name as a suffix composed by the letter E (for ex condition) and a letter or a combination of letters depending on the corporate actions involved:Trade names may carry another symbols depending on their corporate governance. BM&FBOVESPA has four distinctive listing segments for companies that agree to undertake voluntary corporate rules on each segment:[17]Equities' trade names are composed by the issuer's name, brand name or abbreviation (as it is limited to 12 characters), equity type, corporate governance level when pertinent and ex rights indication when appropriate.Here are some examples (please note some equities listed here, such as subscription rights, do not exist anymore due to its own finite nature. The same apply to ex rights indication by the same reason):","title":"Tickers and trade names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"BOVESPA calculates and discloses several indices:[18]","title":"Indices"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Broad indices","text":"IBOVESPA: Total return index comprising the most representative companies in the market, both by market cap and traded volume. It is the benchmark index of São Paulo Stock Exchange. It is the oldest BOVESPA index, and it is being broadcast since 1968.\nIBRX 50: Also called Brasil 50, it comprises the 50 most traded equities at BOVESPA.\nIBRX: It has the same purpose of IBRX 50, but embracing the 100 most traded equities.\nIBRA: Brazil Broad-Based Index, it comprises a wider range of companies, aiming to embrace 99% of all companies already selected for any other exchange indices. Its main goal is to represent the most relevant companies in the stock exchange.\nMLCX: The Midlarge Cap Index shows the performance of the most relevant companies at the exchange, responding for at least 85% its total market value.\nSMLL: The Small Cap Index comprises relevant companies who don't apply for the MLCX listing, i.e., heavily traded companies which does not fill the 85% market share criteria.\nIVBX: It was conceived as an index to trail the 2nd tier companies, defined as those which trading ranking is from 11th and beneath, therefore not to be classified as blue chips. Nevertheless, most of its members are highly relevant companies, needing to comply with high traded volume and market capitalization.\nIDIV: The Dividend Yield index, it comprises companies which show the highest dividend yields values in the market, along with a strong trading session participation.","title":"Indices"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sector indices","text":"IEE: Electric Power Index\nINDX: Industrial Index\nICON: Consumption Index\nIMOB: Real estate Index\nIFNC: Financial Index (comprising banks, credit card processors, insurance companies, etc.)\nIMAT: Basic Materials Index (representing raw materials, pulp & paper, packaging, steel, etc.)\nUTIL: Public Utilities Index (electric power, water & sewage, gas, etc.)","title":"Indices"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Corporate governance indices","text":"IGC: Corporate Governance Index comprises all companies listed in any of the distinctive governance levels, irrespectively of its market cap.\nIGCT: Corporate Governance Trade index filters the IGC components by trading liquidity.\nIGNM: The New Market Index congregates all listed companies in the New Market portion of the BOVESPA.\nITAG: The Tag Along Index is composed of equities that offer to his bearer privileged tag along rights compared to those granted by Brazilian law and a minimum trading volume.","title":"Indices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones Sustainability Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Index"}],"sub_title":"Sustainability indices","text":"ICO2: Efficient Carbon Index is granted to companies who complies with efficient efforts to control greenhouse gas emissions and are eligible for IBRX 50.\nISE: Corporate Sustaintability Index is comparable to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, to join companies tied to environmental, social and accountability goals.","title":"Indices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"REIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REIT"}],"sub_title":"Other indices","text":"IFIX: Real State Investment Funds measure the listed REIT's return at BOVESPA. Unlike other indices, it can be composed of OTC equities.\nBDRX: Unsponsored Brazilian Depositary Receipt Index reflects the valuation of those equities which are not freely distributed at the stock exchange but limited to qualified investors, as defined by Brazilian regulations.","title":"Indices"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/B3_logo.png/220px-B3_logo.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Stock_Exchange_Bovespa_Building.jpg/150px-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Stock_Exchange_Bovespa_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stock Exchange trading, mid-twentieth century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Werner_Haberkorn_-_Vista_interna_de_Preg%C3%A3o_de_Bolsa_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Werner_Haberkorn_-_Vista_interna_de_Preg%C3%A3o_de_Bolsa_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trading Panel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Índice Bovespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa"},{"title":"List of companies traded at Bovespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_traded_at_Bovespa"},{"title":"Economy of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"}]
[{"reference":"\"B3 tem 475 empresas listadas\" [B3 has 475 listed companies]. Monitor Mercantil (in Portuguese). 2022-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://monitormercantil.com.br/b3-tem-475-empresas-listadas/#:~:text=Atualmente%2C%20a%20B3%20tem%20475,elevados%20padr%C3%B5es%20de%20governan%C3%A7a%20corporativa.","url_text":"\"B3 tem 475 empresas listadas\""}]},{"reference":"\"30 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World\". Yahoo. 2024-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/30-largest-stock-exchanges-world-031445008.html","url_text":"\"30 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"De 354 ações da B3, só 21 estão no azul – e é mais sorte que oportunidade\". www.cnnbrasil.com.br. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006152758/http://www.bovespa.com.br/InstDados/Negociacao/bursdiai.asp","url_text":"\"De 354 ações da B3, só 21 estão no azul – e é mais sorte que oportunidade\""},{"url":"https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/business/2020/03/31/de-354-acoes-da-b3-so-21-estao-no-azul-e-e-mais-sorte-que-oportunidade","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bovespa fecha em alta pelo 8º pregão seguido e renova máxima com impulso de bancos\" (in Brazilian Portuguese). g1. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2022-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2021/06/07/bovespa.ghtml","url_text":"\"Bovespa fecha em alta pelo 8º pregão seguido e renova máxima com impulso de bancos\""}]},{"reference":"\"B3 | Sustainable Stock Exchanges\". Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://sseinitiative.org/stock-exchange/b3/","url_text":"\"B3 | Sustainable Stock Exchanges\""}]},{"reference":"\"São Paulo Stock Exchange - Bovespa Communication on Progress – 2007\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://ungc-production.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/attachments/4208/original/COP.pdf?1262614955","url_text":"\"São Paulo Stock Exchange - Bovespa Communication on Progress – 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banco Santander's Brazil Unit Raises $8 Billion in I.P.O.\" International Herald Tribune. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2016 – via The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/08/business/global/08santander.html","url_text":"\"Banco Santander's Brazil Unit Raises $8 Billion in I.P.O.\""}]},{"reference":"\"CME Group, BM&FBOVESPA Announce February 9 Start Date for Order Routing CME Group Products on BM&FBOVESPA's GTS Platform - Feb 06, 2009\". Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://cmegroup.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2799","url_text":"\"CME Group, BM&FBOVESPA Announce February 9 Start Date for Order Routing CME Group Products on BM&FBOVESPA's GTS Platform - Feb 06, 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges listing over 4,600 companies commit to promoting sustainability\". Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative. Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121207112223/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/18/idUS166113+18-Jun-2012+HUG20120618","url_text":"\"Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges listing over 4,600 companies commit to promoting sustainability\""},{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/18/idUS166113+18-Jun-2012+HUG20120618","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CVM approves B3's Corporate Name and the Merger of Cetip\". BM&FBOVESPA – Securities, Commodities and Futures Exchange. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en_us/news/b3s-corporate-name-and-the-merger-of-cetip.htm","url_text":"\"CVM approves B3's Corporate Name and the Merger of Cetip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equities Market Trading Hours | BM&FBOVESPA\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2013-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815104328/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/rules/trading-hours/equities.aspx?idioma=en-us","url_text":"\"Equities Market Trading Hours | BM&FBOVESPA\""},{"url":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/rules/trading-hours/equities.aspx?idioma=en-us","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Title III, Chapter I, p.1\" (PDF). B3's Trading Procedures Manual.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b3.com.br/data/files/73/F2/F5/33/8BFE961023208E96AC094EA8/B3%20S%20Trading%20Procedures%20Manual%20-%20Version%2004082019.pdf","url_text":"\"Title III, Chapter I, p.1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Governance | BM&FBOVESPA\". Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2012-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913070931/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/markets/equities/companies/corporate-governance.aspx?Idioma=en-us","url_text":"\"Corporate Governance | BM&FBOVESPA\""},{"url":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/markets/equities/companies/corporate-governance.aspx?Idioma=en-us","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B3_(stock_exchange)&params=23_32_47_S_46_38_03_W_source:kolossus-ptwiki","external_links_name":"23°32′47″S 46°38′03″W / 23.54639°S 46.63417°W / -23.54639; -46.63417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B3_(stock_exchange)&params=23_32_47_S_46_38_03_W_","external_links_name":"23°32′47″S 46°38′03″W / 23.54639°S 46.63417°W / -23.54639; -46.63417"},{"Link":"http://br.advfn.com/p.php?pid=qkquote&symbol=B3SA3","external_links_name":"B3SA3"},{"Link":"http://b3.com.br/en_us","external_links_name":"b3.com.br/en_us"},{"Link":"https://monitormercantil.com.br/b3-tem-475-empresas-listadas/#:~:text=Atualmente%2C%20a%20B3%20tem%20475,elevados%20padr%C3%B5es%20de%20governan%C3%A7a%20corporativa.","external_links_name":"\"B3 tem 475 empresas listadas\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/30-largest-stock-exchanges-world-031445008.html","external_links_name":"\"30 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/intros/intro-about-us.aspx?idioma=en-us","external_links_name":"BM&F Bovespa: About us"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100921212113/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/intros/intro-about-us.aspx?idioma=en-us","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006152758/http://www.bovespa.com.br/InstDados/Negociacao/bursdiai.asp","external_links_name":"\"De 354 ações da B3, só 21 estão no azul – e é mais sorte que oportunidade\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/business/2020/03/31/de-354-acoes-da-b3-so-21-estao-no-azul-e-e-mais-sorte-que-oportunidade","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2021/06/07/bovespa.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Bovespa fecha em alta pelo 8º pregão seguido e renova máxima com impulso de bancos\""},{"Link":"https://sseinitiative.org/stock-exchange/b3/","external_links_name":"\"B3 | Sustainable Stock Exchanges\""},{"Link":"https://ungc-production.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/attachments/4208/original/COP.pdf?1262614955","external_links_name":"\"São Paulo Stock Exchange - Bovespa Communication on Progress – 2007\""},{"Link":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=1541226","external_links_name":"Regulatory Dualism as a Development Strategy: Corporate Reform in Brazil, the U.S., and the EU"},{"Link":"http://www.kpmg.de/docs/080402_Brazilian_Transnational_Companies_08_ingles_032008.pdf","external_links_name":"Brazilian Transnational Companies"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/08/business/global/08santander.html","external_links_name":"\"Banco Santander's Brazil Unit Raises $8 Billion in I.P.O.\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/English/NewExchange.asp","external_links_name":"BM&F Bovespa: About us - the new exchange"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080605040305/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/English/NewExchange.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cmegroup.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2799","external_links_name":"\"CME Group, BM&FBOVESPA Announce February 9 Start Date for Order Routing CME Group Products on BM&FBOVESPA's GTS Platform - Feb 06, 2009\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121207112223/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/18/idUS166113+18-Jun-2012+HUG20120618","external_links_name":"\"Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges listing over 4,600 companies commit to promoting sustainability\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/18/idUS166113+18-Jun-2012+HUG20120618","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en_us/news/b3s-corporate-name-and-the-merger-of-cetip.htm","external_links_name":"\"CVM approves B3's Corporate Name and the Merger of Cetip\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815104328/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/rules/trading-hours/equities.aspx?idioma=en-us","external_links_name":"\"Equities Market Trading Hours | BM&FBOVESPA\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/rules/trading-hours/equities.aspx?idioma=en-us","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.b3.com.br/data/files/73/F2/F5/33/8BFE961023208E96AC094EA8/B3%20S%20Trading%20Procedures%20Manual%20-%20Version%2004082019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Title III, Chapter I, p.1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913070931/http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/markets/equities/companies/corporate-governance.aspx?Idioma=en-us","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Governance | BM&FBOVESPA\""},{"Link":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/en-us/markets/equities/companies/corporate-governance.aspx?Idioma=en-us","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bmfbovespa.com.br/indices/BuscarIndices.aspx?idioma=en-us","external_links_name":"Indices"},{"Link":"http://www.b3.com.br/en_us/","external_links_name":"B3's Official Home Page (in English)"},{"Link":"http://www.b3.com.br/en_us/b3/about/who-we-are/","external_links_name":"About BM&FBOVESPA"},{"Link":"http://www.b3.com.br/en_us/products-and-services/trading/equities/listed-companies.htm","external_links_name":"List of all companies listed on B3"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121541699","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140951741","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B3_(stock_exchange)&params=23_32_47_S_46_38_03_W_source:kolossus-ptwiki","external_links_name":"23°32′47″S 46°38′03″W / 23.54639°S 46.63417°W / -23.54639; -46.63417"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_World_Badminton_Grand_Prix_Finals
1995 World Badminton Grand Prix Finals
["1 Final results","2 References"]
Badminton tournament1995 World Badminton Grand Prix FinalsTournament detailsDates29 November–3 DecemberEdition13Total prize moneyUS$325,000LocationSingapore ← 1994 1996 → The 1995 World Badminton Grand Prix was the 13th edition of the World Badminton Grand Prix finals. It was held in Singapore, from November 29 to December 3, 1995. Final results Category Winners Runners-up Score Men's singles Joko Suprianto Ardy B. Wiranata 15–3, 6–15, 15–6 Women's singles Ye Zhaoying Lim Xiaoqing 12–10, 8–11, 11–8 Men's doubles Cheah Soon Kit & Yap Kim Hock Rudy Gunawan & Bambang Suprianto 13–18, 15–2, 15–12 Women's doubles Ge Fei & Gu Jun Gil Young-ah & Jang Hye-ock 15–7, 15–12 Mixed doubles Trikus Heryanto & Minarti Timur Simon Archer & Julie Bradbury 15–8, 15–8 References Smash: World Grand Prix Finals, Singapore 1995 vteInternational badminton BWF Thomas Cup Uber Cup Sudirman Cup World Championships Para World Championships World Junior Championships World Senior Championships Olympics Youth Olympic Paralympics World University Badminton Championships World Cup (defunct) World Grand Prix Finals (defunct) World Ranking World Junior Ranking Hall of Fame Teams Africa BCA – African Championships Team Championships African Para Championships Asia BA – Asia Championships (Individual, Team, Mixed Team) Junior Championships Asian Para Championships Europe BE – European Championships Men's and Women's Team Championships Mixed Team Championships Junior Championships Senior Championships European Para Championships Oceania BO – Oceania Championships Oceania Para Championships Americas BPA – Pan Am Championships Junior Championships Pan Am Para Championships Games African Games Arab Games Asian Games Commonwealth Games Deaflympics East Asian Games European Games Island Games Pan American Games SEA Games South Asian Games World University Games World Games (defunct) vteWorld Badminton Grand Prix Finals Jakarta 1983 Kuala Lumpur 1984 Tokyo 1985 Kuala Lumpur 1986 Hong Kong 1987 Hong Kong 1988 Singapore 1989 Bali 1990 Kuala Lumpur 1991 Kuala Lumpur 1992 Kuala Lumpur 1993 Bangkok 1994 Singapore 1995 Bali 1996 Jakarta 1997 Brunei 1998 Brunei 1999 Brunei 2000 This article relating to a badminton competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Badminton Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Badminton_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"}],"text":"The 1995 World Badminton Grand Prix was the 13th edition of the World Badminton Grand Prix finals. It was held in Singapore, from November 29 to December 3, 1995.","title":"1995 World Badminton Grand Prix Finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final results"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307031619/http://tangkis.tripod.com/prix/final/prix95.htm","external_links_name":"Smash: World Grand Prix Finals, Singapore 1995"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995_World_Badminton_Grand_Prix_Finals&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_O%27_Bill
Bubble O' Bill
["1 Composition","2 History","3 Popular culture","4 References","5 External links"]
Bubble O' BillA Bubble O' Bill with a yellow gumballTypeIce creamInception1985 (1985)ManufacturerStreetsAvailableYesWebsitestreetsicecream.com.au/brands/bubble-o-bill.html Bubble O' BillNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy1,030 kJ (250 kcal)Carbohydrates28 gSugars23 g Fat13 g Protein4.0 g MineralsQuantity %DV†Potassium6% 169 mgSodium0% 0.04 mg †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.Source: Streets websiteBubble O' Bill is a brand of packaged frozen dessert sold in Australia and New Zealand, manufactured under Unilever's Streets brand, and formerly available in the United States and United Kingdom under sister brands Good Humor and Wall's respectively. The name Bubble O' Bill is form of wordplay based on Old West figure Buffalo Bill, the ice cream resembles a cowboy, distinctive for having a gumball in place of a nose. Composition The Bubble O' Bill is a moulded ice cream on a stick, resembling a cowboy with a large hat, "Bill". Three flavours of ice cream are used to form the details of a Bubble O' Bill, strawberry for the face, caramel moustache details, and a chocolate hat, with a hole resembling a bullet hole. The reverse of the ice cream is coated with a layer of dark chocolate. In the place of a nose, a gumball is used, giving the product its name. While its packaging depicts the Bubble O' Bill character with a pink nose, and most marketing shows the product with a green gumball, a variety of colours can be found. The gumball also formerly featured printed "wild west" sayings, such as "Go for your guns" and, "It's a hoe-down". History The Bubble O' Bill was first introduced into the US market in 1985 by New Jersey company Good Humor, but achieved particular success in Australia, where it continues to be available, popular for its unique shape and bubblegum nose. For a period of time, a similar product depicting popular television character Agro with a bubblegum nose was produced by Pauls. Popular culture Australian musical comedy trio Tripod have performed a song suggesting Bubble O' Bill's possible hero status. References ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. ^ Trying harder to tempt the cooling consumer Archived 22 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine - Australian Convenience Store News, Sep/Oct 2006 ^ "Streets unveils new ads from campaign featuring cheeky Gaytime and Bubble O'Bill ad - mUmBRELLA". mUmBRELLA. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016. ^ Lacter, M. "The Hot New Ice Cream Craze", The San Francisco Chronicle, 19 June 1985. ^ "ALF and Agro Ice Creams". Toltoys Kid. 26 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2016. ^ "Releases". 3pod.com.au. Retrieved 7 February 2016. External links Bubble O' Bill on the Streets Australia website Bubble O' Bill on Facebook
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frozen dessert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_dessert"},{"link_name":"Unilever's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_(ice_cream)"},{"link_name":"Good Humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Humor"},{"link_name":"Wall's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%27s_(ice_cream)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill"},{"link_name":"cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy"},{"link_name":"gumball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_gum"}],"text":"Bubble O' Bill is a brand of packaged frozen dessert sold in Australia and New Zealand, manufactured under Unilever's Streets brand, and formerly available in the United States and United Kingdom under sister brands Good Humor and Wall's respectively.[3]The name Bubble O' Bill is form of wordplay based on Old West figure Buffalo Bill, the ice cream resembles a cowboy, distinctive for having a gumball in place of a nose.","title":"Bubble O' Bill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream"},{"link_name":"cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy"},{"link_name":"strawberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_ice_cream"},{"link_name":"caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_ice_cream"},{"link_name":"dark chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_chocolate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Bubble O' Bill is a moulded ice cream on a stick, resembling a cowboy with a large hat, \"Bill\". Three flavours of ice cream are used to form the details of a Bubble O' Bill, strawberry for the face, caramel moustache details, and a chocolate hat, with a hole resembling a bullet hole. The reverse of the ice cream is coated with a layer of dark chocolate.In the place of a nose, a gumball is used, giving the product its name. While its packaging depicts the Bubble O' Bill character with a pink nose, and most marketing shows the product with a green gumball,[4] a variety of colours can be found. The gumball also formerly featured printed \"wild west\" sayings, such as \"Go for your guns\" and, \"It's a hoe-down\".","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Good Humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Humor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Agro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agro_(puppet)"},{"link_name":"Pauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauls_(dairy)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Bubble O' Bill was first introduced into the US market in 1985 by New Jersey company Good Humor,[5] but achieved particular success in Australia, where it continues to be available, popular for its unique shape and bubblegum nose.For a period of time, a similar product depicting popular television character Agro with a bubblegum nose was produced by Pauls.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tripod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Australian musical comedy trio Tripod have performed a song suggesting Bubble O' Bill's possible hero status.[7]","title":"Popular culture"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). \"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\". Retrieved 28 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"United States Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels","url_text":"\"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\""}]},{"reference":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/","url_text":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1","url_text":"978-0-309-48834-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154","url_text":"30844154"}]},{"reference":"\"Streets unveils new ads from campaign featuring cheeky Gaytime and Bubble O'Bill ad - mUmBRELLA\". mUmBRELLA. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mumbrella.com.au/streets-aussie-ice-cream-ads-337640","url_text":"\"Streets unveils new ads from campaign featuring cheeky Gaytime and Bubble O'Bill ad - mUmBRELLA\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALF and Agro Ice Creams\". Toltoys Kid. 26 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toltoys.com/2009/09/licensed-australian-ice-creams-update/","url_text":"\"ALF and Agro Ice Creams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Releases\". 3pod.com.au. Retrieved 7 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://3pod.com.au/site/discography-2/","url_text":"\"Releases\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://streetsicecream.com.au/brands/bubble-o-bill.html","external_links_name":"streetsicecream.com.au/brands/bubble-o-bill.html"},{"Link":"http://www.streets.com.au/f_index.asp?sid=172Dp0F2Es088Am3E16p018BDA22&m1=01&m2=00&m3=&url=icebox%2Fin%5Fyour%5Fhand%2Fdetail%2Easp","external_links_name":"Streets website"},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels","external_links_name":"\"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/","external_links_name":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154","external_links_name":"30844154"},{"Link":"http://www.c-store.com.au/magazine/article_view.php?id=95","external_links_name":"Trying harder to tempt the cooling consumer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080722095544/http://www.c-store.com.au/magazine/article_view.php?id=95","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mumbrella.com.au/streets-aussie-ice-cream-ads-337640","external_links_name":"\"Streets unveils new ads from campaign featuring cheeky Gaytime and Bubble O'Bill ad - mUmBRELLA\""},{"Link":"http://www.toltoys.com/2009/09/licensed-australian-ice-creams-update/","external_links_name":"\"ALF and Agro Ice Creams\""},{"Link":"http://3pod.com.au/site/discography-2/","external_links_name":"\"Releases\""},{"Link":"https://www.streetsicecream.com.au/brands/bubble-o-bill.html","external_links_name":"Bubble O' Bill"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/StreetsBubbleOBill","external_links_name":"Bubble O' Bill"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan%C3%A7ay
Chançay
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 47°27′10″N 0°52′28″E / 47.4528°N 0.8744°E / 47.4528; 0.8744 Commune in Centre-Val de Loire, FranceChançayCommuneChateau of Valmer Coat of armsLocation of Chançay ChançayShow map of FranceChançayShow map of Centre-Val de LoireCoordinates: 47°27′10″N 0°52′28″E / 47.4528°N 0.8744°E / 47.4528; 0.8744CountryFranceRegionCentre-Val de LoireDepartmentIndre-et-LoireArrondissementToursCantonVouvrayGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) François LalotArea115.04 km2 (5.81 sq mi)Population (2021)1,127 • Density75/km2 (190/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code37052 /37210Elevation54–115 m (177–377 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Chançay (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 579—    1975 603+0.58%1982 814+4.38%1990 894+1.18%1999 947+0.64%2007 999+0.67%2012 1,126+2.42%2017 1,137+0.19%Source: INSEE The inhabitants are called Chancéens in French. See also Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chançay. vteCommunes of the Indre-et-Loire department Abilly Ambillou Amboise Anché Antogny-le-Tillac Artannes-sur-Indre Assay Athée-sur-Cher Autrèche Auzouer-en-Touraine Avoine Avon-les-Roches Avrillé-les-Ponceaux Azay-le-Rideau Azay-sur-Cher Azay-sur-Indre Ballan-Miré Barrou Beaulieu-lès-Loches Beaumont-en-Véron Beaumont-Louestault Beaumont-Village Benais Berthenay Betz-le-Château Bléré Bossay-sur-Claise Bossée Le Boulay Bourgueil Bournan Boussay Braslou Braye-sous-Faye Braye-sur-Maulne Brèches Bréhémont Bridoré Brizay Bueil-en-Touraine Candes-Saint-Martin Cangey La Celle-Guenand La Celle-Saint-Avant Céré-la-Ronde Cerelles Chambon Chambourg-sur-Indre Chambray-lès-Tours Champigny-sur-Veude Chançay Chanceaux-près-Loches Chanceaux-sur-Choisille Channay-sur-Lathan La Chapelle-aux-Naux La Chapelle-Blanche-Saint-Martin La Chapelle-sur-Loire Charentilly Chargé Charnizay Château-la-Vallière Château-Renault Chaumussay Chaveignes Chédigny Cheillé Chemillé-sur-Dême Chemillé-sur-Indrois Chenonceaux Chezelles Chinonsubpr Chisseaux Chouzé-sur-Loire Cigogné Cinais Cinq-Mars-la-Pile Ciran Civray-de-Touraine Civray-sur-Esves Cléré-les-Pins Continvoir Cormery Coteaux-sur-Loire Couesmes Courçay Courcelles-de-Touraine Courcoué Couziers Cravant-les-Côteaux Crissay-sur-Manse La Croix-en-Touraine Crotelles Crouzilles Cussay Dame-Marie-les-Bois Descartes Dierre Dolus-le-Sec Draché Druye Épeigné-les-Bois Épeigné-sur-Dême Esves-le-Moutier Esvres Faye-la-Vineuse La Ferrière Ferrière-Larçon Ferrière-sur-Beaulieu Fondettes Francueil Genillé Gizeux Le Grand-Pressigny La Guerche Les Hermites Hommes Huismes L'Île-Bouchard Jaulnay Joué-lès-Tours Langeais Larçay Lémeré Lerné Le Liège Lignières-de-Touraine Ligré Ligueil Limeray Lochessubpr Loché-sur-Indrois Louans Le Louroux Lublé Lussault-sur-Loire Luynes Luzé Luzillé Maillé Manthelan Marçay Marcé-sur-Esves Marcilly-sur-Maulne Marcilly-sur-Vienne Marigny-Marmande Marray Mazières-de-Touraine La Membrolle-sur-Choisille Mettray Monnaie Montbazon Monthodon Montlouis-sur-Loire Montrésor Montreuil-en-Touraine Monts Morand Mosnes Mouzay Nazelles-Négron Neuil Neuillé-le-Lierre Neuillé-Pont-Pierre Neuilly-le-Brignon Neuville-sur-Brenne Neuvy-le-Roi Noizay Notre-Dame-d'Oé Nouans-les-Fontaines Nouâtre Nouzilly Noyant-de-Touraine Orbigny Panzoult Parçay-Meslay Parçay-sur-Vienne Paulmy Pernay Perrusson Le Petit-Pressigny Pocé-sur-Cisse Pont-de-Ruan Ports-sur-Vienne Pouzay Preuilly-sur-Claise Pussigny Razines Reignac-sur-Indre Restigné Reugny La Riche Richelieu Rigny-Ussé Rillé Rilly-sur-Vienne Rivarennes Rivière La Roche-Clermault Rochecorbon Rouziers-de-Touraine Saché Saint-Antoine-du-Rocher Saint-Aubin-le-Dépeint Saint-Avertin Saint-Benoît-la-Forêt Saint-Branchs Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine Saint-Épain Saint-Étienne-de-Chigny Saint-Flovier Saint-Genouph Saint-Germain-sur-Vienne Saint-Hippolyte Saint-Jean-Saint-Germain Saint-Laurent-de-Lin Saint-Laurent-en-Gâtines Saint-Martin-le-Beau Saint-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil Saint-Nicolas-des-Motets Saint-Ouen-les-Vignes Saint-Paterne-Racan Saint-Pierre-des-Corps Saint-Quentin-sur-Indrois Saint-Règle Saint-Roch Saint-Senoch Saunay Savigné-sur-Lathan Savigny-en-Véron Savonnières Sazilly Semblançay Sennevières Sepmes Seuilly Sonzay Sorigny Souvigné Souvigny-de-Touraine Sublaines Tauxigny-Saint-Bauld Tavant Theneuil Thilouze Thizay Tournon-Saint-Pierre Tourspref La Tour-Saint-Gelin Trogues Truyes Vallères Varennes Veigné Véretz Verneuil-le-Château Verneuil-sur-Indre Vernou-sur-Brenne Villaines-les-Rochers Villandry La Ville-aux-Dames Villebourg Villedômain Villedômer Villeloin-Coulangé Villeperdue Villiers-au-Bouin Vou Vouvray Yzeures-sur-Creuse pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Indre-et-Loire geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʃɑ̃sɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Chan%C3%A7ay.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Chan%C3%A7ay.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-Chan%C3%A7ay.wav"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Indre-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Centre-Val de Loire, FranceChançay (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃sɛ] ⓘ) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.","title":"Chançay"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The inhabitants are called Chancéens in French.","title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Indre-et-Loire_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-37052","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chan%C3%A7ay&params=47.4528_N_0.8744_E_type:city(1127)_region:FR-CVL","external_links_name":"47°27′10″N 0°52′28″E / 47.4528°N 0.8744°E / 47.4528; 0.8744"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chan%C3%A7ay&params=47.4528_N_0.8744_E_type:city(1127)_region:FR-CVL","external_links_name":"47°27′10″N 0°52′28″E / 47.4528°N 0.8744°E / 47.4528; 0.8744"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-37052","external_links_name":"37052"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-37052","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-37052#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chan%C3%A7ay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_WL_Caprice
Holden Caprice
["1 Etymology","2 Statesman (HQ–WB; 1971–1984)","3 First generation (1990–1999)","3.1 VQ","3.2 VR","3.3 VS","4 Second generation (1999–2006)","4.1 WH","4.2 WK","4.3 WL","5 Third generation (2006–2017)","5.1 WM","5.2 WN","6 HSV Grange","7 Sales","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Not to be confused with Chevrolet Caprice. For automobiles built by General Motors–Holden's Ltd from 1971 to 1984 under the Statesman marque, see Statesman (automobile). Motor vehicle Holden Caprice/StatesmanHolden Caprice (WN II)OverviewManufacturerHolden (General Motors)Also calledHolden StatesmanHSV GrangeBuick Park AvenueBuick RoyaumChevrolet CapriceDaewoo VeritasDaewoo StatesmanProduction1990–2017AssemblyElizabeth, South AustraliaBody and chassisClassFull-size (E) Executive carBody style4-door sedanLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drivePlatformGM V (1990–2006)GM Zeta (2006–2017)RelatedHolden CommodoreBitter VeroBuick Park AvenueCSV La ClasseChronologyPredecessorStatesmanSuccessorHolden Caprice (WM) The Holden Caprice is a full-size car which was produced by Holden in Australia from 1990 to October 2017. The similar Holden Statesman, which was also introduced in 1990 as a model below the Caprice, was discontinued in September 2010. Between 1971 and 1984, Holden marketed their long-wheelbase sedans under the Statesman marque. Statesman and Caprice are essentially long-wheelbase variants of the Commodore range, and as of 2006, were the largest rear-wheel drive sedans offered by GM. Internationally, Statesmans and Caprices have been rebadged as the Buick Royaum, Daewoo Statesman, and Chevrolet Caprice. In addition, these cars have formed the basis of the Chinese-built Buick Park Avenue and the Bitter Vero, a rebodied version from Germany. The main difference between the Statesman and the Caprice lies within their equipment packages. Moreover, Caprices are commonly powered by V8 engines rather than V6s and, whilst modern Caprices may be mistaken as fully specified versions of the cheaper Statesman, the two were separate Holden models in the past. In appearance, Caprices can be distinguished by their unique interior and exterior trim such as the grille insert. In addition to the large V8 engine, in latter years, the Caprice suspension was often more sport-oriented (from the 2003 WK series). Traditionally in Australia, the Statesman and Caprice have been direct rivals to the Ford Fairlane and LTD, respectively. However, Ford's decision to discontinue these models in 2007 left Holden with the Chrysler 300C as the only direct competition at pricing point occupied, at least until the launch of the Hyundai Genesis in 2015. As announced by Holden in 2014, its entire Australian production comprising the Caprice ceased in 2017. Etymology The word "caprice" means impulsive, unpredictable or sudden condition, or series of changes or a brief romance. Statesman (HQ–WB; 1971–1984) Main article: Statesman (automobile) 1980–1983 Statesman WB Caprice It was the right car at the wrong time. A few years later people woke up to the fact that the WB was one of the best big Holdens of all time, and the values of used examples took off with a lion's roar. Tony Davis and John Wright, 1994. Prior to the introduction of the Holden Statesman and Caprice models in 1990, Holden marketed its long-wheelbase sedan range through a separate Statesman marque, absent of all "Holden" branding. These original vehicles, were sold through the General Motors-Holden's dealership channel, and were based on the mainstream Holden range (Belmont, Kingswood, Monaro and Premier), offering more luxury, additional length than the Holden sedan and coupe models (the Statesman shared the same wheelbase as the Holden Wagon, Utility and Panel Van), and styling to differentiate it from the smaller Holden sedans. The first of such cars were introduced in 1971 as the HQ series Statesman, replacing the short-lived Holden Brougham. Although designed specifically for the Australian market, front end styling of the Statesman Caprice bears a strong resemblance to the 1971 North American Chevrolet Caprice. Subsequent HJ, HX and HZ models were updates to the original HQ bodywork, as was the final WB series which introduced a new six-window glasshouse. WB represented the most significant update yet, with only the front doors and bonnet common with the HZ sheetmetal. Notwithstanding these alterations, the WB fell short of great market success, that is, until 1984 when production cessation was announced, generating a rapid sales ascent. For Holden, the decision had been made—the line's discontinuance was irreversible. First generation (1990–1999) VQ Main article: Holden Caprice (VQ) 1990–1991 Holden Statesman (VQ) 1991-1993 Holden Statesman (VQ II) In March 1990, after a six-year hiatus since the WB Statesman's dismissal, demand for a long-wheelbase luxury sedan in Australia saw Holden resurrect the Statesman and Caprice names. Given the model designation VQ, these new luxury models utilised the long-wheelbase chassis taken from the VN Commodore station wagon, as opposed to the VN sedan's short-wheelbase. These VN models were in turn heavily revised and enlarged versions of the Opel Omega A. In comparison to the regular Commodore sedan, VQs added an additional 110 mm (4.3 in) of length, and were still 64 mm (2.5 in) longer than the VN wagon. Holden made many efforts to distinguish the Statesman from the Commodore, on which it is based. These features include a formal grille and a very different glasshouse reminiscent of contemporary GM products such as the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme (see image), and the rear license plate repositioned to the bumper, while incorporating the doors and headlights from the Commodore station wagon. Both Statesman and Caprice models were offered and equipped with independent rear suspension—a feature introduced one year later on high-end VP Commodores. Also in 1991, Holden introduced the VQ Series II models. The Series II Caprice ushered anti-lock brakes as standard, however it was optional on the Statesman. The Commodore's 127 kW (170 hp) 3.8-litre 3800 V6 engine was now optional on the Statesman only, with the old 5.0-litre V8 remaining standard across the range. Both powerplants were mated with a four-speed THM700R4 automatic transmission. Holden Special Vehicles offered several different versions of the VQ Statesman and Caprice, with enhanced performance and appearance. These vehicles were designated as HSV Statesman 5000i, SV90 and SV93. VR See also: Holden Commodore (VR) 1994–1995 Holden Caprice (VR) 1994–1995 Holden Statesman (VR) The VR followed in March 1994, mirroring the model change of the standard VR Commodore, incorporating engineering improvements as well as sheet metal changes. The updated running gear included a new electronically controlled version of the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, and the latest revision of the Buick 3.8-litre V6 engine. The engine now featured rolling-element bearings in the valve rocker arms, increasing compression ratios from the VQ II series engine. The revised V6 was now standard on the Statesman and available for the very first time as an option on the Caprice. These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kW (174 hp) and further improvement in noise, vibration, and harshness levels. In terms of equipment, a driver's airbag became standard on both the Statesman and Caprice. For the VR series, Holden no longer used separate model designations for its Statesman and Caprice. Instead, they adopted the same two-letter title as the Commodore. This same principle applied for the VS models, but not for those succeeding it. VS See also: Holden Commodore (VS) 1995-1996 Holden Caprice (VS)1996–1998 Holden Caprice (VS II) 1996-1998 Holden Statesman (VS II) The VS, launched in April 1995, saw the introduction of the updated Ecotec (Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of the Buick V6 engine which coincided with the changes to the engine in the United States. The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power, an increase of 17 kilowatts (23 hp) over the VR. Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, bringing improved throttle response and smoother changes between gears. Series II and III revisions came in September 1996 and June 1998, mainly consisting of a more rounded rear treatment and new alloy wheel designs. The Series II also heralded the introduction of the L67 Supercharged V6. This engine slotted in between the existing V6 and V8 engines and was officially rated at 165 kW (221 hp), just 3 kW (4.0 hp) below the V8, though a 185 kW (248 hp) HSV option for the 5.0-litre V8 was available. A special edition Statesman International was briefly offered in October 1995 and again as a Series II in February 1997. For the Statesman, Holden included the ten-stack CD changer from the VR Caprice as standard. A new two-stage door remote was also made standard across the range. The remote, located on the key fob allows for just the driver's door to be unlocked. Safety-wise, a passenger airbag was introduced as standard in the VS range, following the introduction of a driver's airbag on the VR series. The Used Car Safety Ratings, undertaken by the Monash University Accident Research Centre, found that first generation Statesmans (VQ–VS) provide an "average level" of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident. HSV released the HSV Grange model in October 1996 (as part of VS II) as a sports variant of the Caprice. Manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia, and finished by HSV at Clayton, Victoria, the Grange was available in 185i and 215i variants, powered by 5.0- and stroked 5.7-litre V8 engines, respectively. The VS Grange was the first Grange produced by HSV, having previously produced Statesman and Caprice models under its own brand. Standard features for the VS II Grange included 17-inch alloy wheels, a ten-speaker sound system with a ten-disc CD stacker, climate control air conditioning, a power adjustable driver's seat (with memory settings), leather upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, telescopic steering wheel adjustment, a trip computer, power sunroof, woodgrain interior trim, an alarm and immobiliser. The 215i variants were also fitted with a Hydratrak limited slip differential. Second generation (1999–2006) WH See also: Holden Commodore (VT) and Holden Commodore (VX) The next model came in June 1999, two years after the launch of the all-new VT Commodore from which the new WH was initially based. The WH series saw Holden return to a standalone model designation, rather than adopting the same used by the short-wheelbase Commodore. Models followed much the same pattern as the previous car: a standard Statesman, a special edition Statesman International, and the Caprice as flagship. The doors and front windscreen were again shared with the mainstream Commodore while wheelbase was increased to 2,939 mm (116 in). WH Series I cars built between 1999 and 2000 had more in common with VT II Commodore, while 2000 onwards bore more resemblance to the updated VX Commodore in parts and finish. 1999–2001 Holden Statesman (WH) Engines were as per the Commodore, so a 3.8-litre V6 Ecotec unit, a supercharged version of the same, and a new 5.7-litre Generation III V8, rated at 220 kW (295 hp). A Series II revision in August 2001 brought a 5 kW (6.7 hp) power increase for the Ecotec V6 bringing it up to 152 kW (204 hp). Since the WH, which was engineered for both right- and left-hand drive, the Statesman has been exported to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Caprice, following the same model changes as the Holden. 1999–2001 Holden Caprice (WH) Compared to the previous model, stability improved through the use of wider tracks a longer wheelbase and four-channel ABS disc brakes with traction control. Usable boot space increased to 541 litres. Cornering lights were provided integrated into the front fog light assembly- these cornering lights were illuminated whenever the indicator was operating on that side of the car, illuminating a turning path for the driver. Electrochromatic rear view mirror sensed headlight glare from vehicles travelling behind, and automatically adjusts mirror glass tint level to reduce driver glare. Dual zone climate control was a standard feature across the WH range, as was 12-mode trip computer integrated into the instrument cluster. Caprice including rear roof mounted climate control and stereo controls for rear passengers- rear passengers were also provided with two headphone jacks in the rear parcel shelf and could listen to a different audio source to the front occupants. A rear flip down table was incorporated into the rear armrest, complete with storage pocket and cup holders. The exclusive-to-Caprice options included standard Howe leather seats, 260-watt 12-speaker DSP audio system, individual ignition key memory (not available in Statesman- stereo settings, seating position) for three drivers, upright Holden crest logo on the bonnet, chrome exterior door handles, as well as heated side view mirrors and auto dipping passenger side view mirror to avoid alloy wheel damage when reversing. Headlights could be set to automatically sense low light levels and turn on without driver input. Caprice featured a fine chrome vertical bar grille, while Statesman used a chrome matrix style front grille design, and lacked chrome exterior door handles. HSV branded special order options included electric tilt and slide glass sunroof, VDO MS5000 satellite navigation system in place of front console ashtray, HSV alloy pedals, limited slip differential, rear deck spoiler and choice of two 17-inch alloy wheel styles. Vehicles specially ordered with any HSV optional extras received a Holden-by-Design individually numbered build plate in the engine bay. The use of self-levelling rear air suspension available in Caprice brought advantages when hauling heavy loads and improved vehicle dynamics when towing. Safety in the WH model was also enhanced, with the addition of side impact head & torso airbags and pyrotechnic seat belt pretensioners along with drivers steering wheel and passenger dashboard airbags all as standard. If the seat belt pretensioners trigger, the doors automatically unlock, both engine and fuel pump shut down and all interior lights will switch on. Also new to the WH are the electric wing mirrors, which when reversing, the passenger mirror faces downwards to assist the driver when parking, thus preventing kerbside wheel damage. Released in June 1999, the HSV Grange (WH) received modifications to the Statesman's specification (Statesman VINs begin with "6H8WHY", whereas the VIN of a Caprice is "6H8WHZ"; the Grange shares the "Y" digit in its VIN with Statesman). Again, the Grange was finished by HSV in Clayton, Victoria. It was available with the 3.8-litre supercharged V6 and 5.7-litre V8 engines. The WH Grange had HSV's "Prestige" suspension tune, specially-developed Monroe Sensatrac shock absorbers, a front anti-roll bar, a rear anti-roll bar and a self-levelling function for the rear suspension (shared with Caprice). Standard features for the WH Grange included 18-inch ten-spoke alloy wheels, a 260-watt sound system with ten speakers and a six-disc CD changer, climate control air conditioning, eight-way power adjustable front seats, leather upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, driver seat and mirror memory settings, an electrochromatic rear view mirror, trip computer and an immobiliser. The Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential as well as a choice of two higher performance brake packages, increased diameter front and rear swaybars and an exclusive-to-Grange HSV body kit consisting of front bumper with enlarged cooling intake, unique stainless steel meshed intake grille with HSV logo in the centre, flared deep side skirts, deep skirted three-piece rear bumper, rear decklid spoiler and rear HSV badging. WK See also: Holden Commodore (VY) 2003–2004 Holden Caprice (WK)Interior (WK Statesman) 2003–2004 Holden Statesman (WK) A revised WK series was launched in May 2003, with a facelift. The curvaceous front and rear end styling of the WH was abandoned in favour of angular lines, starting with the headlights borrowed from the VY Calais. From the rear, the redesigned taillights were now separated by sheet metal, rather than being joined with a horizontal strip of plastic. The redesign had the after effect of lowering the WK's drag coefficient to 0.30. Other changes came in the form of revised bumpers, wheel trims, with the interior dashboard and centre console receiving a major overhaul. Powertrains carried over from the previous model, but the Generation III V8 engine was now rated at 235 kW (315 hp) for the Statesman and 245 kW (329 hp) for the Caprice. Other engineering changes were made to the structural integrity of the car. The reinforced front flooring and sills gives the upshot of a 70 percent reduction in lower limb injuries in offset frontal crash tests at 60 km/h (37 mph). Feature wise, the Statesman now offered standard rear parking sensors and optional satellite navigation, with the Caprice receiving a dual screen DVD entertainment system for the rear passengers. The Used Car Safety Ratings found that WH/WK Statesmans provide a "significantly better than average" level of occupant protection in the event of an accident. Standard features for the HSV Grange (WK) included 18-inch alloy wheels, a twelve speaker Blaupunkt sound system with a 430-watt amplifier, subwoofer and a six-stack CD player, dual-zone climate control air conditioning, leather seats and trim, eight-way power adjustable front seats, cruise control with speed alert, driver's seat and mirror memory settings, DVD player with twin seven-inch rear seat LCD screens and remote control, rear parking sensors, a leather-wrapped multi-function steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, an electrochromatic rear view mirror, trip computer, cargo net and an immobiliser. As standard, the Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential, larger front & rear sway bars, larger performance brakes and an HSV exclusive-to-Grange body kit consisting of front bumper, side skirts, rear bumper and deck lid spoiler. WL See also: Holden Commodore (VZ) 2004–2006 Holden Caprice (WL)2005–2006 Holden Statesman International (WL) 2005–2006 Buick Royaum (China)2005–2006 Daewoo Statesman (South Korea)2005-2006 Chevrolet Caprice SS (Middle East) Released in August 2004, the WL brought with it an all-new 3.6-litre Alloytec V6 engine, succeeding the WK's Ecotec unit. Power and torque figures were rated at 190 kW (255 hp) and 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft), respectively. The Statesman's optional V8 was the 245 kW (329 hp) version from the WK Caprice, with the WL Caprice's engine obtaining a further 5 kW (6.7 hp). The V8s received a stronger GM 4L65-E automatic transmission, while the Alloytec V6 versions received a new five-speed GM 5L40-E automatic. Several new safety features were added to the WL line-up. Such include brake assist, electronic brakeforce distribution, Electronic Stability Program and LED tail lamps. The new LED lamps give an additional 5 metres (16 ft) of warning to trailing motorists travelling at 110 km/h (68 mph) because they illuminate in 60 nanoseconds, compared to 1,000 for conventional incandescent light bulbs. In 2005, General Motors began exporting the Statesman to China, where it was badged as the Buick Royaum and sold through the GM-SAIC Network. The Royaum was initially equipped with the 3.6-litre Alloytec engine fitted to the Statesman, however the 155 kW (208 hp) 2.8-litre LP1 engine followed later in the year. Both engines were paired to a 5 speed automatic gearbox. Trims levels were known as 2.8 GL Deluxe, 2.8 GL Comfort and 3.6 GS Deluxe. The 3.6 trim level was changed to 3.6 Luxury Sports for 2005 and was priced at CN¥498,000 (US$74,190). The Royaum was not a sales success, tallying 2,008 sales in 2005 and 3,631 sales in 2006. Production ended in the same year as it was replaced by the new GM Omega platform WM/WN Caprice Statesman-based Buick Park Avenue assembled in Shanghai by GM Shanghai. An additional export programme to South Korea was announced on 12 April 2005 under the Daewoo Statesman name. During 2005, Holden exported almost 2,000 units of the Daewoo to South Korea. With an identical powertrain to the Buick, the South Korean export model was sold through the GM Daewoo network. Standard features for the WL series HSV Grange included 19-inch alloy wheels, a 430-watt Blaupunkt sound system with twelve speakers and a six-stack CD player, dual-zone climate control air conditioning, Nappa leather seats, eight-way power adjustable front seats, driver's seat and mirror memory settings, cruise control with speed alert, front fog lamps, a front and rear parking sensors, DVD player with twin seven-inch rear seat LCD screens and remote control, leather-wrapped multi-function steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and heated mirrors, automatically dipping mirrors when reversing, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, an electrochromatic rear vision mirror, tyre pressure sensors, a trip computer and an immobiliser. As standard, the Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential as well as larger diameter front and rear sway bars, performance brakes and an exclusive body kit consisting of more aggressive front bumper, side skirts, rear bumper and deck lid spoiler. Third generation (2006–2017) Holden Caprice (WM)Holden Statesman (WM) WM Main article: Holden Caprice (WM) The third generation WM was launched alongside the VE Commodore on 16 July 2006 at the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre. With the Statesman's export plans, it was decided that its launch should be simultaneous with that of the Commodore, rather than months later, as had been the convention. The WM development programme reportedly cost General Motors A$190 million with another $1.04 billion devoted to the VE Commodore model which the Statesman is based upon. The WM series utilises the GM Zeta platform developed by Holden. Unlike previous models, the WM no longer shares its architecture with an Opel sedan, and has rear doors different from those found on the Commodore. Previously, it had to share the doors, or at least the lower parts, with the lesser Commodore. This is just one of the ways Holden has tried to create greater differentiation between the Statesman and the Commodore on which it is based. Holden Caprice (WM II)Interior (WM Caprice) Like the second generation model, the WM is exported to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Caprice. In China, the sister model had been produced as the Buick Park Avenue from 2007, mainly using locally sourced parts and sharing some globally sourced parts. The Park Avenue was discontinued in 2012. In 2008, Holden recommenced Caprice exports to South Korea as the Daewoo Veritas after showcasing a pre-production Daewoo L4X in 2007. Compared to the Australian-specification model, the Veritas is V6-powered only and has a modified rear floorpan to accommodate the electrically adjustable rear seats incorporating a massage function. The head restraints are also electrically adjustable, with the Caprice's dual headrest-mounted LCD screens orphaned in favour of a single, ceiling-mounted unit. GM Daewoo announced an updated Veritas on 31 March 2009 to take effect from 1 April. The update, which was yet to be seen in other markets, comprised a revised powertrain combination, featuring a new direct injection version of the 3.6-litre Alloytec engine. This new engine results in a power increase from 185 kW (248 hp) to 204 kW (274 hp) together with more torque and a reduced fuel consumption figure. These efficiency improvements have been enough to satisfy the government of South Korea's "Korea Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle" (KULEV) requirements. In place of the five-speed automatic transmission previously, these revised models ship with a six-speed GM 6L50 unit, featuring Active Select. The update to the Veritas in South Korea was adopted in the Holden versions for the 2010 model year (MY10). This update was announced on 4 August 2009, and released in September. The now direct-injected 3.6-litre V6, labelled Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) by Holden, is rated at 210 kW (282 hp) and 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft) of torque. Gains in efficiency have been achieved via the implementation of direct fuel injection, improvements to the fuel cutout during coasting, the addition of a more efficient alternator and voltage regulator, a 50 rpm lower idle speed (to 550 rpm), and a new "turbine damper" for the automatic transmission that works to suppress vibrations at low rpm, thus enabling earlier upshifts. In 2010 the Veritas was discontinued after GM phased out the Daewoo brand in South Korea in favour of Chevrolet. In 2010, Holden made the decision to discontinue the Statesman nameplate. To replace this gap in their lineup, Holden reduced the price of the V6 Caprice and removed equipment so it roughly mirrored the equipment levels found in the Statesman. This coincided with the release of the "Series II" versions of the Caprice (non V) which was only available in V6 form and was intended to replace the Statesman in price and equipment, and the introduction of the "Series II" Caprice V which was only available in V8 guise and roughly followed the feature set found in the "Series I" Caprice. Between 2011 and 2017, a rebadged version of the Holden Caprice was sold in North America as a police cruiser, called the Chevrolet Caprice PPV (Police Patrol Vehicle). It uses the interior and dashboard of the lower-end Commodore Omega, and is marketed as an alternative to the Chevrolet Impala (produced in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) for heavy-duty fleet use. WN Holden Caprice (WN) Holden Caprice (WN II) In 2013, Holden released the WN series, being the final Australian-made Caprice. It consisted of new alloy wheels and upgraded dashboard and electronics, both inherited from short-wheelbase Calais V (VF). It was also the most advanced, safest Caprice model produced, fitted with an eight-inch touch screen in the centre console, keyless entry and auto-park assist standard. Other features include a heads-up display on the windscreen, forward and rear collision warning systems, blind spot monitors and a lane departure warning system. There are two engine options, the V6 LPG engine or the 6.0-litre L77 V8 engine rated at 260 kW (349 hp) coupled with the six-speed 6L80E automatic transmission. Both drivetrains are inherited from their Commodore equivalents. Since the WN Series II in 2015, the Caprice received an upgrade to the 6.2-litre LS3 V8 engine producing 304 kW (408 hp), like the donor Commodore model. No BiModal exhaust option with LS3 engine. HSV Grange See also: Holden Caprice (WM) HSV Grange (VS)HSV Grange (E Series) From the arrival of the VS series, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) modified the Statesman, equipping it with higher performance V8s and sold as the HSV Grange, replacing the previous HSV Statesman 5000i, SV90 and SV93 from the VQ series. Starting from WM and WN series, the Grange has been based on the Caprice, due to the demise of the Statesman. The last series (WN) of HSV Grange was equipped with the 340 kW (456 hp) version of the 6.2-litre LS3 V8 engine. Sales Sales in Australia Variant 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Statesman 1,836 2,125 1,350 3,991 4,461 4,409 3,857 3,806 4,222 Caprice 309 367 193 879 740 607 530 534 687 Variant 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Statesman 5,566 4,971 4,347 4,363 3,640 2,832 1,986 2,143 1,804 584 Caprice 804 547 611 1,061 30,000 741 1,090 2,611 1,641 1,455 Variant 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Statesman 284 2 Caprice 1,715 1,892 1,460 1,113 1,218 1,324 954 551 Notes ^ Newton, Bruce (23 April 2003). "First drive: New WK Statesman and Caprice more sporty". GoAuto. Retrieved 12 May 2016. ^ "Bad News From Oz: No More Holden Caprice After 2017". gmauthority.com. ^ Davis, Wright (1994), p. 9. ^ Luck (1971), p. 62. ^ Wright (1998), p. 336. "Back in 1971 when the HQ Statesman was launched, the name Holden was not even applied. Ridiculously, GM-H's marketing people wanted to convince the public that somehow 'Statesman' was a marque rather than a model." ^ Wright (1998), p. 209. "...although the ineffective Brougham luxury model was replaced by the Statesman, which used a longer wheelbase and featured styling that set it more clearly apart from the smaller models." ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 40. "The all-new HQ series Holden was GM-H's most important new model range to date. The Brougham was replaced by the all-new Statesman...". ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 52. "GM-H released the HZ series in October 1977, this being the fourth version of the HQ/HJ/HX body style." ^ Robinson (1980), p. 25. "...the WB has gained an extra windows in the C-pillar...". ^ Bebbington (1998), p. 56. " Statesmans were more than minor facelift of the HZ. They had virtually all-new exterior sheetmetal, with only the front doors and bonnet carrying over from their predecessors." ^ Davis, Wright (1994), p. 10–11. "...the days of the big Holden were short numbered. Late in 1984 GM-H announced it was vacating the big car field... Incredibly, sales of Statesman were on the rapid ascendent when production was stopped in 1984. However, GM-H was already irreversibly locked into the decision to discontinue the model line." ^ Robinson (2006), p. 26 ^ Morely, David (23 September 2005). "Holden Statesman 1990–1994". Drive. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2007. ^ Jeeves (2008), p. 78–79, 134 ^ a b Morley, David (2 October 2007). "Holden Statesman". Drive. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2008. ^ HSV Statesman 5000i Specifications sheet ^ "NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VR". NRMA. October 1994. Retrieved 19 December 2007. ^ "Holden Commodore VR". MyHolden.com.au. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2007. ^ Smith, Graham (6 September 2002). "1993 Holden VR Commodore". Herald Sun. Retrieved 19 December 2007. ^ a b "NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VS". NRMA. October 1995. Retrieved 22 December 2007. ^ "Holden Commodore VS". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 19 December 2007. ^ "Holden Commodore VS". MyHolden.com.au. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2007. ^ "Holden Statesman / Caprice VS Series 1995 – June 1999". The Unofficial Holden Commodore Archive. Retrieved 19 December 2007. ^ a b "Used Car Safety Ratings 2007" (PDF). Monash University. Retrieved 9 August 2007. ^ a b John, Wright (7 November 2003). "Playing the long game". Drive. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007. ^ "Limited Edition Statesman International Has Exclusive Appeal". AutoWeb. Web Publications. 26 May 2000. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2007. ^ "Compare Two Vehicles: 1999 Holden Statesman and 2001 Holden Statesman". Red Book. Retrieved 3 February 2008. ^ "Holden Announces Next Stage Of $1 Billion Export Drive". AutoWeb. Web Publications. 8 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007. ^ "NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman WH". NRMA. August 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2007. ^ "Car review – Holden Statesman V8 sedan". GoAuto. John Mellor. 2 April 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2008. ^ a b "Holden launches new 2003 Statesman". WebWombat. Retrieved 3 February 2008. ^ a b Bulmer, Ged (May 2003). "245 kW Caprice". Wheels. p. 17. ^ Butler, Glenn (1 August 2003). "Holden WK Statesman/Caprice (2003–2004)". CarPoint. ninemsn. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2008. ^ Hawley, Jonathan (September 2004). "WL Statesman & Caprice". Wheels. pp. 61–62. ^ Newton, Bruce (20 December 2004). "Holden's China deal confirmed". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 3 February 2008. ^ "Buick Royaum range". Retrieved 31 December 2021. ^ Pettendy, Marton (12 April 2005). "Holden: Made in Korea!". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 31 December 2021. ^ "The Statesman Goes To South Korea". Next Car Pty Ltd. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 31 December 2021. ^ a b Mathioudakis, Bryon (5 September 2008). "First look: Veritas a veritable Statesman". GoAuto. John Mellor. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008. ^ "Minister introduces flagship Holden to South Korea". GM Holden. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008. ^ Robinson (2006), p. 13 ^ McCarthy, McKay, Newton, Robinson (2006), p. 117 ^ Robinson (2006), p. 34–35 ^ McCarthy, McKay, Newton, Robinson (2006), p. 118 ^ Alina, Simona (4 September 2006). "2007 Holden WM Statesman". TopSpeed. Retrieved 5 October 2007. ^ "Holden Secures Chinese Export Deal: Local Large Car Industry Fights On". WebWombat. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2008. ^ Twomey, David (5 September 2008). "Holden exports to Korea GM-Daewoo Veritas". Australian Car Advice. Retrieved 5 September 2008. ^ Gratton, Ken (4 August 2009). "Direct-injection power, efficiency for Commodore". CarPoint. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009. ^ "GM Daewoo Introduces New Veritas Large Sedan" (Press release). General Motors. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009. ^ Hagon, Toby (4 August 2009). "Holden Commodore MY10: New engines, more frugal". Drive. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009. ^ Pettendy, Marton (4 August 2009). "Holden cuts Commodore consumption". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 4 August 2009. ^ Mathioudakis, Bryon (8 September 2009). "First drive: Holden V6 keeps evolving". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 8 September 2009. ^ Mathioudakis, Byron (31 August 2010). "Holden kills off Statesman". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 31 August 2010. ^ "Chevrolet Caprice PPV Joins Canadian Police Ranks". ^ "Viewing Gallery : 2016 Caprice Police Vehicle" (Press release). Canada: General Motors. Retrieved 31 August 2022. ^ "HSV VQ Statesman SV90 SV93 5000i". The HSV Database. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ Fallah, Alborz (7 January 2014). "New Car Sales Figures 2013 Total". CarAdvice. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ Costello, Mike (5 January 2017). "2016 VFACTS wrap: New sales record set, winners and losers detailed". CarAdvice. Retrieved 7 May 2017. References Books Bebbington, Terry (1998). 50 Years of Holden. Hornsby, New South Wales: Clockwork Media. ISBN 0-947216-59-6. Davis, Tony; Wright, John (1994). Holden Commodore: 1978–1988 including HSV and Statesman WB. Blakehurst, New South Wales: Marque Publishing. ISBN 0-947079-44-0. Jeeves, Kay, ed. (July 2008). The Holden Heritage 14th Edition (PDF). Port Melbourne, Victoria: GM Holden. ISBN 978-0-646-49587-3. Robinson, Peter (2006). AutoBiography: The inside story of Holden's all-new VE Commodore. Woolloomooloo, New South Wales: Focus Publishing. ISBN 1-921156-10-4. Wright, John (1998). Heart of the Lion: The 50 Year History of Australia's Holden. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-744-5. Magazines Luck, Rob (September 1971). "Bold New Breed". Modern Motor. Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Modern Magazines (Holdings). McCarthy, Mike; McKay, Peter; Newton, Bruce; Robinson, Peter (October 2006). "2006 Collector's Edition VE Commodore: The Full Story". Wheels. Robinson, Peter, ed. (May 1980). "WB Statesman Twins". Wheels. Sydney, New South Wales: Murray Publishers. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holden Caprice. Official sites: Australia • New Zealand Unofficial sites: Holden Statesman at the Internet Movie Cars Database vteHolden, a marque of General Motors, automobile timeline, 1948–2021 Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Type 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 Subcompact Barina Spark (MJ) Spark (MP) Subcompact Barina (MB/ML) Barina (MF/MH) Barina (SB) Barina (XC) Barina (TK) Barina (TM) Compact Astra (LB/LC) Astra (LD) Nova (LE/LF) Nova (LG) Astra (TR) Astra (TS) Viva (JF) Cruze (JG/JH) Astra (BL) Compact Torana (HB) Torana (LC/LJ/TA) Gemini (TX/TC/TD/TE/TF/TG) Gemini (RB) Astra (AH) Volt (EV) Astra (PJ) Astra (BK) Mid-size Sunbird/Torana (LH/LX/UC) Camira (JB/JD/JE) Apollo (JK/JL) Apollo (JM/JP) Vectra (JR/JS) Vectra (ZC) Epica (EP) Malibu (EM) Commodore/Calais (ZB) Mid-size Standard/Business/Special (48/FJ) Standard/Business/Special (FE/FC) Standard/Special (FB/EK) Standard/Special/Premier (EJ/EH) Standard/Special/Premier (HD/HR) Belmont/Kingswood/Premier (HK/HT/HG) Commodore/Calais (VB/VC/VH/VK/VL) Insignia (GA) Full-size Brougham (HK/HT/HG) Belmont/Kingswood/Premier/GTS (HQ/HJ/HX/HZ) Commodore/Berlina/Calais (VN/VP/VR/VS) Commodore/Berlina/Calais/Adventra (VT/VX/VY/VZ) Commodore/Berlina/Calais (VE/VF) Full-size Statesman† (HQ/HJ/HX/HZ/WB) Statesman/Caprice (VQ/VR/VS) Statesman/Caprice (WH/WK/WL) Statesman/Caprice (WM/WN) Sports Tigra (XC) Sports Piazza (YB) Calibra (YE) Astra (TS) Astra (AH) Cascada (CJ) Monaro (HK/HT/HG) Monaro/Limited Edition (HQ/HJ/HX) Monaro (V2/VZ) Utility Rodeo (KB) Rodeo (TF) Rodeo/Colorado (RA/RC) Colorado (RG) Utility Utility (50/FJ) Utility (FE/FC) Utility (FB/EK) Utility (EJ/EH) Utility (HD/HR) Belmont/Kingswood (HK/HT/HG) Belmont/Kingswood/Utility/One Tonner (HQ/HJ/HX/HZ/WB) Utility/Commodore (VG/VP/VR/VS) Ute/One Tonner/Crewman (VU/VY/VZ) Ute (VE/VF) Van Gemini (TD/TE/TF/TG) Scurry (NB) Combo (SB) Combo (XC) Van Panel van (FJ) Panel van (FE/FC) Panel van (FB/EK) Panel van (EJ/EH) Panel van (HD/HR) Belmont (HK/HT/HG) Belmont/Kingswood/Panel van (HQ/HJ/HX/HZ/WB) Shuttle (WFR) Zafira (TT) Subcompact SUV Drover (QB) Cruze (YG) Trax (TJ) Subcompact SUV Compact SUV Frontera (UT) Frontera (UE) Captiva MaXX/Captiva 5 (CG) Equinox (EQ) Compact SUV Mid-size SUV Captiva/Captiva 7 (CG) Acadia (AC) Mid-size SUV Jackaroo (UBS-1) Jackaroo/Monterey (UBS-2) Colorado 7/Trailblazer (RG) Full-size SUV Suburban (K8) Full-size SUV List of Holden vehicles† HQ–WB Statesmans not marketed under the "Holden" brand, but rather the separate "Statesman" brand. vteDaewoo Motors and GM Daewoo automobile timeline, 1980s–2011 Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 City car Tico Matiz Matiz Creative Subcompact Lanos Kalos Gentra Compact Maepsy-Na LeMans Cielo Nubira Lacetti Lacetti Premiere Mid-size Polonez Kombi Espero Leganza Royale Series Prince & Brougham Magnus Tosca Imperial Arcadia Alpheon Full-size Chairman Statesman Veritas Roadster G2X Microvan Damas & Labo Compact MPV Tacuma Mini SUV Korando Compact SUV Honker Winstorm MaXX Mid-size SUV Musso Winstorm Van Istana Lublin
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevrolet Caprice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Caprice"},{"link_name":"Statesman (automobile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesman_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"full-size car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-size_car"},{"link_name":"Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden"},{"link_name":"Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesman_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"wheelbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore"},{"link_name":"rear-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"sedans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Caprice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Caprice#Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Buick Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Park_Avenue#Shanghai-GM_Buick_Park_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Bitter Vero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Cars#Vero"},{"link_name":"V8 engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"V6s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_engine"},{"link_name":"grille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(car)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ford Fairlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fairlane_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"LTD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fairlane_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Chrysler 300C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_300"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chevrolet Caprice.For automobiles built by General Motors–Holden's Ltd from 1971 to 1984 under the Statesman marque, see Statesman (automobile).Motor vehicleThe Holden Caprice is a full-size car which was produced by Holden in Australia from 1990 to October 2017. The similar Holden Statesman, which was also introduced in 1990 as a model below the Caprice, was discontinued in September 2010. Between 1971 and 1984, Holden marketed their long-wheelbase sedans under the Statesman marque.Statesman and Caprice are essentially long-wheelbase variants of the Commodore range, and as of 2006, were the largest rear-wheel drive sedans offered by GM. Internationally, Statesmans and Caprices have been rebadged as the Buick Royaum, Daewoo Statesman, and Chevrolet Caprice. In addition, these cars have formed the basis of the Chinese-built Buick Park Avenue and the Bitter Vero, a rebodied version from Germany.The main difference between the Statesman and the Caprice lies within their equipment packages. Moreover, Caprices are commonly powered by V8 engines rather than V6s and, whilst modern Caprices may be mistaken as fully specified versions of the cheaper Statesman, the two were separate Holden models in the past. In appearance, Caprices can be distinguished by their unique interior and exterior trim such as the grille insert. In addition to the large V8 engine, in latter years, the Caprice suspension was often more sport-oriented (from the 2003 WK series).[1]Traditionally in Australia, the Statesman and Caprice have been direct rivals to the Ford Fairlane and LTD, respectively. However, Ford's decision to discontinue these models in 2007 left Holden with the Chrysler 300C as the only direct competition at pricing point occupied, at least until the launch of the Hyundai Genesis in 2015. As announced by Holden in 2014, its entire Australian production comprising the Caprice ceased in 2017.[2]","title":"Holden Caprice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caprice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caprice"}],"text":"The word \"caprice\" means impulsive, unpredictable or sudden condition, or series of changes or a brief romance.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1983_Statesman_WB_Caprice_sedan_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wheelbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbase"},{"link_name":"Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesman_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_HQ"},{"link_name":"Holden Brougham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Brougham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Caprice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Caprice"},{"link_name":"HJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_HJ"},{"link_name":"HX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_HX"},{"link_name":"HZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_HZ"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_WB"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"1980–1983 Statesman WB CapriceIt was the right car at the wrong time. A few years later people woke up to the fact that the WB was one of the best big Holdens of all time, and the values of used examples took off with a lion's roar.\n\n\nTony Davis and John Wright, 1994.[3]Prior to the introduction of the Holden Statesman and Caprice models in 1990, Holden marketed its long-wheelbase sedan range through a separate Statesman marque, absent of all \"Holden\" branding.[4][5] These original vehicles, were sold through the General Motors-Holden's dealership channel, and were based on the mainstream Holden range (Belmont, Kingswood, Monaro and Premier), offering more luxury, additional length than the Holden sedan and coupe models (the Statesman shared the same wheelbase as the Holden Wagon, Utility and Panel Van), and styling to differentiate it from the smaller Holden sedans.[6] The first of such cars were introduced in 1971 as the HQ series Statesman, replacing the short-lived Holden Brougham.[7] Although designed specifically for the Australian market, front end styling of the Statesman Caprice bears a strong resemblance to the 1971 North American Chevrolet Caprice. Subsequent HJ, HX and HZ models were updates to the original HQ bodywork,[8] as was the final WB series which introduced a new six-window glasshouse.[9] WB represented the most significant update yet, with only the front doors and bonnet common with the HZ sheetmetal.[10] Notwithstanding these alterations, the WB fell short of great market success, that is, until 1984 when production cessation was announced, generating a rapid sales ascent. For Holden, the decision had been made—the line's discontinuance was irreversible.[11]","title":"Statesman (HQ–WB; 1971–1984)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First generation (1990–1999)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990-1991_Holden_VQ_Statesman_sedan_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990-1991_Holden_VQ_Statesman_sedan_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1992_Holden_Statesman_(VQ_II)_sedan_(2015-07-09)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1992_Holden_Statesman_(VQ_II)_sedan_(2015-07-09)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holden_Statesman_(1991-1994_VQ_II_series)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"WB Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesman_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"VN Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VN)"},{"link_name":"station wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"Opel Omega A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Omega#Omega"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"grille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(car)"},{"link_name":"Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_Cutlass_Supreme"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oldsmobile-Cutlass-Supreme-rear.jpg"},{"link_name":"independent rear suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_suspension"},{"link_name":"VP Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VP)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"anti-lock brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system"},{"link_name":"3800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_V6_engine#L27_Naturally_Aspirated"},{"link_name":"V6 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V6_engine"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"THM700R4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-Hydramatic"},{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden_Statesman-15"},{"link_name":"Holden Special Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"VQ","text":"1990–1991 Holden Statesman (VQ)1991-1993 Holden Statesman (VQ II)In March 1990, after a six-year hiatus since the WB Statesman's dismissal, demand for a long-wheelbase luxury sedan in Australia saw Holden resurrect the Statesman and Caprice names. Given the model designation VQ, these new luxury models utilised the long-wheelbase chassis taken from the VN Commodore station wagon, as opposed to the VN sedan's short-wheelbase. These VN models were in turn heavily revised and enlarged versions of the Opel Omega A.[12] In comparison to the regular Commodore sedan, VQs added an additional 110 mm (4.3 in) of length, and were still 64 mm (2.5 in) longer than the VN wagon.Holden made many efforts to distinguish the Statesman from the Commodore, on which it is based. These features include a formal grille and a very different glasshouse reminiscent of contemporary GM products such as the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme (see image), and the rear license plate repositioned to the bumper, while incorporating the doors and headlights from the Commodore station wagon. Both Statesman and Caprice models were offered and equipped with independent rear suspension—a feature introduced one year later on high-end VP Commodores.[13] Also in 1991, Holden introduced the VQ Series II models. The Series II Caprice ushered anti-lock brakes as standard, however it was optional on the Statesman. The Commodore's 127 kW (170 hp) 3.8-litre 3800 V6 engine was now optional on the Statesman only, with the old 5.0-litre V8 remaining standard across the range.[14] Both powerplants were mated with a four-speed THM700R4 automatic transmission.[15]Holden Special Vehicles offered several different versions of the VQ Statesman and Caprice, with enhanced performance and appearance. These vehicles were designated as HSV Statesman 5000i,[16] SV90 and SV93.","title":"First generation (1990–1999)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holden Commodore (VR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VR)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1994-1995_Holden_Caprice_(VR)_sedan_(2010-10-02).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1994_Holden_Caprice_(VR)_sedan_(2011-11-18)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1994_Holden_Statesman_(VR)_sedan_(2010-06-29).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holden_Statesman_(1994-1995_VR_series)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"VR Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VR)"},{"link_name":"GM 4L60-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_4L60-E_transmission"},{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"Buick 3.8-litre V6 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_V6_engine#L27_Naturally_Aspirated"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"rolling-element bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling-element_bearing"},{"link_name":"rocker arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocker_arm"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"noise, vibration, and harshness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise,_vibration,_and_harshness"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"airbag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbag"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden_Statesman-15"}],"sub_title":"VR","text":"See also: Holden Commodore (VR)1994–1995 Holden Caprice (VR)1994–1995 Holden Statesman (VR)The VR followed in March 1994, mirroring the model change of the standard VR Commodore, incorporating engineering improvements as well as sheet metal changes. The updated running gear included a new electronically controlled version of the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, and the latest revision of the Buick 3.8-litre V6 engine.[17] The engine now featured rolling-element bearings in the valve rocker arms, increasing compression ratios from the VQ II series engine.[18] The revised V6 was now standard on the Statesman and available for the very first time as an option on the Caprice. These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kW (174 hp) and further improvement in noise, vibration, and harshness levels.[19] In terms of equipment, a driver's airbag became standard on both the Statesman and Caprice.[15]For the VR series, Holden no longer used separate model designations for its Statesman and Caprice. Instead, they adopted the same two-letter title as the Commodore. This same principle applied for the VS models, but not for those succeeding it.","title":"First generation (1990–1999)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holden Commodore (VS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VS)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1995-1996_Holden_VS_Caprice_sedan_(2011-06-15)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1995-1996_Holden_VS_Caprice_sedan_(2011-06-15)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1998_Holden_Caprice_(VS_II)_sedan_(2015-07-09)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1998_Holden_Caprice_(VS_II)_sedan_(2015-07-09)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_Holden_VS_II_Statesman_International_sedan_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_Holden_VS_II_Statesman_International_sedan_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ecotec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotec"},{"link_name":"Buick V6 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_V6_engine#L36_Naturally_Aspirated"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden_Statesman_VS-20"},{"link_name":"GM 4L60-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_4L60-E_transmission"},{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"alloy wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_wheel"},{"link_name":"L67 Supercharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_V6_engine#L67_Supercharged"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"HSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"special edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_edition"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"CD changer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_changer"},{"link_name":"key fob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_fob"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden_Statesman_VS-20"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"safety protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_safety"},{"link_name":"accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accident"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Used_Car_Safety_Ratings-24"},{"link_name":"Clayton, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Victoria"}],"sub_title":"VS","text":"See also: Holden Commodore (VS)1995-1996 Holden Caprice (VS)1996–1998 Holden Caprice (VS II)1996-1998 Holden Statesman (VS II)The VS, launched in April 1995, saw the introduction of the updated Ecotec (Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of the Buick V6 engine which coincided with the changes to the engine in the United States.[20] The Ecotec engine packed 13 percent more power, an increase of 17 kilowatts (23 hp) over the VR. Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of the GM 4L60-E automatic transmission, bringing improved throttle response and smoother changes between gears.[21] Series II and III revisions came in September 1996 and June 1998, mainly consisting of a more rounded rear treatment and new alloy wheel designs. The Series II also heralded the introduction of the L67 Supercharged V6. This engine slotted in between the existing V6 and V8 engines and was officially rated at 165 kW (221 hp), just 3 kW (4.0 hp) below the V8,[22] though a 185 kW (248 hp) HSV option for the 5.0-litre V8 was available.[citation needed] A special edition Statesman International was briefly offered in October 1995 and again as a Series II in February 1997.[23]For the Statesman, Holden included the ten-stack CD changer from the VR Caprice as standard. A new two-stage door remote was also made standard across the range. The remote, located on the key fob allows for just the driver's door to be unlocked. Safety-wise, a passenger airbag was introduced as standard in the VS range, following the introduction of a driver's airbag on the VR series.[20] The Used Car Safety Ratings, undertaken by the Monash University Accident Research Centre, found that first generation Statesmans (VQ–VS) provide an \"average level\" of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident.[24]HSV released the HSV Grange model in October 1996 (as part of VS II) as a sports variant of the Caprice. Manufactured at Elizabeth, South Australia, and finished by HSV at Clayton, Victoria, the Grange was available in 185i and 215i variants, powered by 5.0- and stroked 5.7-litre V8 engines, respectively. The VS Grange was the first Grange produced by HSV, having previously produced Statesman and Caprice models under its own brand. Standard features for the VS II Grange included 17-inch alloy wheels, a ten-speaker sound system with a ten-disc CD stacker, climate control air conditioning, a power adjustable driver's seat (with memory settings), leather upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, telescopic steering wheel adjustment, a trip computer, power sunroof, woodgrain interior trim, an alarm and immobiliser. The 215i variants were also fitted with a Hydratrak limited slip differential.","title":"First generation (1990–1999)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second generation (1999–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holden Commodore (VT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VT)"},{"link_name":"Holden Commodore (VX)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VX)"},{"link_name":"VT Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VT)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Playing_the_long_game-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"windscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windscreen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999_Holden_Statesman_(WH)_sedan_(2015-06-25)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999_Holden_Statesman_(WH)_sedan_(2015-06-25)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Generation III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_LS_engine#LS1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Playing_the_long_game-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"right- and left-hand drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_directionality"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Caprice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Caprice"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999_Holden_Caprice_(WH)_sedan_(20124393268).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999_Holden_Caprice_(WH)_sedan_(2015-12-07)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999_Holden_Caprice_(WH)_sedan_(16665281054).jpg"},{"link_name":"vehicle dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"pyrotechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnics"},{"link_name":"seat belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt"},{"link_name":"fuel pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_pump_(engine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"wing mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_mirror"},{"link_name":"kerbside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_(road)"}],"sub_title":"WH","text":"See also: Holden Commodore (VT) and Holden Commodore (VX)The next model came in June 1999, two years after the launch of the all-new VT Commodore from which the new WH was initially based.[25] The WH series saw Holden return to a standalone model designation, rather than adopting the same used by the short-wheelbase Commodore. Models followed much the same pattern as the previous car: a standard Statesman, a special edition Statesman International, and the Caprice as flagship.[26] The doors and front windscreen were again shared with the mainstream Commodore while wheelbase was increased to 2,939 mm (116 in). WH Series I cars built between 1999 and 2000 had more in common with VT II Commodore, while 2000 onwards bore more resemblance to the updated VX Commodore in parts and finish.1999–2001 Holden Statesman (WH)Engines were as per the Commodore, so a 3.8-litre V6 Ecotec unit, a supercharged version of the same, and a new 5.7-litre Generation III V8, rated at 220 kW (295 hp).[25] A Series II revision in August 2001 brought a 5 kW (6.7 hp) power increase for the Ecotec V6 bringing it up to 152 kW (204 hp).[27] Since the WH, which was engineered for both right- and left-hand drive, the Statesman has been exported to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Caprice, following the same model changes as the Holden.[28]1999–2001 Holden Caprice (WH)Compared to the previous model, stability improved through the use of wider tracks a longer wheelbase and four-channel ABS disc brakes with traction control. Usable boot space increased to 541 litres. Cornering lights were provided integrated into the front fog light assembly- these cornering lights were illuminated whenever the indicator was operating on that side of the car, illuminating a turning path for the driver. Electrochromatic rear view mirror sensed headlight glare from vehicles travelling behind, and automatically adjusts mirror glass tint level to reduce driver glare.Dual zone climate control was a standard feature across the WH range, as was 12-mode trip computer integrated into the instrument cluster. Caprice including rear roof mounted climate control and stereo controls for rear passengers- rear passengers were also provided with two headphone jacks in the rear parcel shelf and could listen to a different audio source to the front occupants. A rear flip down table was incorporated into the rear armrest, complete with storage pocket and cup holders. The exclusive-to-Caprice options included standard Howe leather seats, 260-watt 12-speaker DSP audio system, individual ignition key memory (not available in Statesman- stereo settings, seating position) for three drivers, upright Holden crest logo on the bonnet, chrome exterior door handles, as well as heated side view mirrors and auto dipping passenger side view mirror to avoid alloy wheel damage when reversing. Headlights could be set to automatically sense low light levels and turn on without driver input. Caprice featured a fine chrome vertical bar grille, while Statesman used a chrome matrix style front grille design, and lacked chrome exterior door handles.HSV branded special order options included electric tilt and slide glass sunroof, VDO MS5000 satellite navigation system in place of front console ashtray, HSV alloy pedals, limited slip differential, rear deck spoiler and choice of two 17-inch alloy wheel styles. Vehicles specially ordered with any HSV optional extras received a Holden-by-Design individually numbered build plate in the engine bay.The use of self-levelling rear air suspension available in Caprice brought advantages when hauling heavy loads and improved vehicle dynamics when towing.[29] Safety in the WH model was also enhanced, with the addition of side impact head & torso airbags and pyrotechnic seat belt pretensioners along with drivers steering wheel and passenger dashboard airbags all as standard. If the seat belt pretensioners trigger, the doors automatically unlock, both engine and fuel pump shut down and all interior lights will switch on.[30] Also new to the WH are the electric wing mirrors, which when reversing, the passenger mirror faces downwards to assist the driver when parking, thus preventing kerbside wheel damage.Released in June 1999, the HSV Grange (WH) received modifications to the Statesman's specification (Statesman VINs begin with \"6H8WHY\", whereas the VIN of a Caprice is \"6H8WHZ\"; the Grange shares the \"Y\" digit in its VIN with Statesman). Again, the Grange was finished by HSV in Clayton, Victoria. It was available with the 3.8-litre supercharged V6 and 5.7-litre V8 engines. The WH Grange had HSV's \"Prestige\" suspension tune, specially-developed Monroe Sensatrac shock absorbers, a front anti-roll bar, a rear anti-roll bar and a self-levelling function for the rear suspension (shared with Caprice). Standard features for the WH Grange included 18-inch ten-spoke alloy wheels, a 260-watt sound system with ten speakers and a six-disc CD changer, climate control air conditioning, eight-way power adjustable front seats, leather upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, driver seat and mirror memory settings, an electrochromatic rear view mirror, trip computer and an immobiliser. The Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential as well as a choice of two higher performance brake packages, increased diameter front and rear swaybars and an exclusive-to-Grange HSV body kit consisting of front bumper with enlarged cooling intake, unique stainless steel meshed intake grille with HSV logo in the centre, flared deep side skirts, deep skirted three-piece rear bumper, rear decklid spoiler and rear HSV badging.","title":"Second generation (1999–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holden Commodore (VY)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VY)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2003_Holden_Caprice_(WK)_sedan_(2011-10-26)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Holden_Statesman_(WK)_sedan_(2008-12-31).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2003_Holden_Statesman_(WK)_sedan_(2016-01-04)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2003_Holden_Statesman_(WK)_sedan_(2016-01-04)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"VY Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VY)#Calais"},{"link_name":"sheet metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_metal"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2003_Statesman-31"},{"link_name":"drag coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245_kW_Caprice-32"},{"link_name":"bumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"dashboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard"},{"link_name":"centre console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_console_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Powertrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powertrain"},{"link_name":"Generation III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_LS1_engine#LS1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2003_Statesman-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245_kW_Caprice-32"},{"link_name":"parking sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_sensors"},{"link_name":"satellite navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Navigation_Satellite_System"},{"link_name":"DVD entertainment system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accident"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Used_Car_Safety_Ratings-24"}],"sub_title":"WK","text":"See also: Holden Commodore (VY)2003–2004 Holden Caprice (WK)Interior (WK Statesman)2003–2004 Holden Statesman (WK)A revised WK series was launched in May 2003, with a facelift. The curvaceous front and rear end styling of the WH was abandoned in favour of angular lines, starting with the headlights borrowed from the VY Calais. From the rear, the redesigned taillights were now separated by sheet metal, rather than being joined with a horizontal strip of plastic.[31] The redesign had the after effect of lowering the WK's drag coefficient to 0.30.[32] Other changes came in the form of revised bumpers, wheel trims, with the interior dashboard and centre console receiving a major overhaul. Powertrains carried over from the previous model, but the Generation III V8 engine was now rated at 235 kW (315 hp) for the Statesman and 245 kW (329 hp) for the Caprice.[31] Other engineering changes were made to the structural integrity of the car. The reinforced front flooring and sills gives the upshot of a 70 percent reduction in lower limb injuries in offset frontal crash tests at 60 km/h (37 mph).[32]Feature wise, the Statesman now offered standard rear parking sensors and optional satellite navigation, with the Caprice receiving a dual screen DVD entertainment system for the rear passengers.[33] The Used Car Safety Ratings found that WH/WK Statesmans provide a \"significantly better than average\" level of occupant protection in the event of an accident.[24]Standard features for the HSV Grange (WK) included 18-inch alloy wheels, a twelve speaker Blaupunkt sound system with a 430-watt amplifier, subwoofer and a six-stack CD player, dual-zone climate control air conditioning, leather seats and trim, eight-way power adjustable front seats, cruise control with speed alert, driver's seat and mirror memory settings, DVD player with twin seven-inch rear seat LCD screens and remote control, rear parking sensors, a leather-wrapped multi-function steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and mirrors, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, an electrochromatic rear view mirror, trip computer, cargo net and an immobiliser. As standard, the Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential, larger front & rear sway bars, larger performance brakes and an HSV exclusive-to-Grange body kit consisting of front bumper, side skirts, rear bumper and deck lid spoiler.","title":"Second generation (1999–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holden Commodore (VZ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VZ)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004-2006_Holden_Caprice_(WL)_sedan_(2017-01-22)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004-2006_Holden_Caprice_(WL)_sedan_(2017-01-22)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005-2006_Holden_WL_Statesman_International_sedan_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buick_Royaum_China_2012-05-20.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20100801_daewoo_statesman_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chevrolet_Caprice_SS_(WL)_2006_(Front,_Saudi_Arabia).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alloytec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_High_Feature_engine"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"N⋅m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-metre"},{"link_name":"lb⋅ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"GM 4L65-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_4L65-E_transmission"},{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"GM 5L40-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_5L40-E_transmission"},{"link_name":"brake assist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_assist"},{"link_name":"electronic brakeforce distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution"},{"link_name":"Electronic Stability Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_stability_control"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"incandescent light bulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"GM-SAIC Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAIC-GM"},{"link_name":"Alloytec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloytec"},{"link_name":"LP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_High_Feature_engine#LP1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"GM Omega platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Omega_platform"},{"link_name":"WM/WN Caprice Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Caprice_(WM)"},{"link_name":"Buick Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Park_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"GM Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_look:_Veritas_a_veritable_Statesman-39"},{"link_name":"powertrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powertrain"},{"link_name":"GM Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Daewoo"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"WL","text":"See also: Holden Commodore (VZ)2004–2006 Holden Caprice (WL)2005–2006 Holden Statesman International (WL)2005–2006 Buick Royaum (China)2005–2006 Daewoo Statesman (South Korea)2005-2006 Chevrolet Caprice SS (Middle East)Released in August 2004, the WL brought with it an all-new 3.6-litre Alloytec V6 engine, succeeding the WK's Ecotec unit. Power and torque figures were rated at 190 kW (255 hp) and 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft), respectively. The Statesman's optional V8 was the 245 kW (329 hp) version from the WK Caprice, with the WL Caprice's engine obtaining a further 5 kW (6.7 hp). The V8s received a stronger GM 4L65-E automatic transmission, while the Alloytec V6 versions received a new five-speed GM 5L40-E automatic. Several new safety features were added to the WL line-up. Such include brake assist, electronic brakeforce distribution, Electronic Stability Program and LED tail lamps. The new LED lamps give an additional 5 metres (16 ft) of warning to trailing motorists travelling at 110 km/h (68 mph) because they illuminate in 60 nanoseconds, compared to 1,000 for conventional incandescent light bulbs.[34]In 2005, General Motors began exporting the Statesman to China, where it was badged as the Buick Royaum and sold through the GM-SAIC Network. The Royaum was initially equipped with the 3.6-litre Alloytec engine fitted to the Statesman, however the 155 kW (208 hp) 2.8-litre LP1 engine followed later in the year.[35] Both engines were paired to a 5 speed automatic gearbox. Trims levels were known as 2.8 GL Deluxe, 2.8 GL Comfort and 3.6 GS Deluxe. The 3.6 trim level was changed to 3.6 Luxury Sports for 2005 and was priced at CN¥498,000 (US$74,190).[36] The Royaum was not a sales success, tallying 2,008 sales in 2005 and 3,631 sales in 2006. Production ended in the same year as it was replaced by the new GM Omega platform WM/WN Caprice Statesman-based Buick Park Avenue assembled in Shanghai by GM Shanghai.An additional export programme to South Korea was announced on 12 April 2005 under the Daewoo Statesman name.[37][38] During 2005, Holden exported almost 2,000 units of the Daewoo to South Korea.[39] With an identical powertrain to the Buick, the South Korean export model was sold through the GM Daewoo network.[40]Standard features for the WL series HSV Grange included 19-inch alloy wheels, a 430-watt Blaupunkt sound system with twelve speakers and a six-stack CD player, dual-zone climate control air conditioning, Nappa leather seats, eight-way power adjustable front seats, driver's seat and mirror memory settings, cruise control with speed alert, front fog lamps, a front and rear parking sensors, DVD player with twin seven-inch rear seat LCD screens and remote control, leather-wrapped multi-function steering wheel, remote central locking, power windows and heated mirrors, automatically dipping mirrors when reversing, a height and reach adjustable steering wheel, an electrochromatic rear vision mirror, tyre pressure sensors, a trip computer and an immobiliser. As standard, the Grange was also fitted with a limited slip rear differential as well as larger diameter front and rear sway bars, performance brakes and an exclusive body kit consisting of more aggressive front bumper, side skirts, rear bumper and deck lid spoiler.","title":"Second generation (1999–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006-2008_Holden_WM_Caprice_sedan_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006-2008_Holden_WM_Caprice_sedan_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Holden_Statesman_(WM_MY08)_sedan_(2015-07-03)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Holden_Statesman_(WM_MY08)_sedan_(2015-07-03)_02.jpg"}],"text":"Holden Caprice (WM)Holden Statesman (WM)","title":"Third generation (2006–2017)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VE Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VE)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Convention_%26_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"GM Zeta platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Zeta_platform"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Holden_Caprice_(WM_II)_V_sedan_(18108557482)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-2011_Holden_WM_II_Caprice_(MY11)_sedan_(2011-05-25).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008_Holden_WM_Caprice_(MY08.5)_sedan_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buick Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Park_Avenue#Shanghai-GM_Buick_Park_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_look:_Veritas_a_veritable_Statesman-39"},{"link_name":"floorpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorpan"},{"link_name":"electrically adjustable rear seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_seat"},{"link_name":"head restraints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_restraint"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"GM Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Daewoo"},{"link_name":"powertrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powertrain"},{"link_name":"direct injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection"},{"link_name":"Alloytec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_High_Feature_engine"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_consumption_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"government of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"GM 6L50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_6L50_transmission"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Active Select","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiptronic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"model year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_year"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"coasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy-maximizing_behaviors"},{"link_name":"alternator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator"},{"link_name":"voltage regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator"},{"link_name":"idle speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idle_speed"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Oshawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"WM","text":"The third generation WM was launched alongside the VE Commodore on 16 July 2006 at the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre. With the Statesman's export plans, it was decided that its launch should be simultaneous with that of the Commodore, rather than months later, as had been the convention.[41] The WM development programme reportedly cost General Motors A$190 million with another $1.04 billion devoted to the VE Commodore model which the Statesman is based upon.[42] The WM series utilises the GM Zeta platform developed by Holden. Unlike previous models, the WM no longer shares its architecture with an Opel sedan,[43] and has rear doors different from those found on the Commodore.[44] Previously, it had to share the doors, or at least the lower parts, with the lesser Commodore. This is just one of the ways Holden has tried to create greater differentiation between the Statesman and the Commodore on which it is based.[45]Holden Caprice (WM II)Interior (WM Caprice)Like the second generation model, the WM is exported to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Caprice. In China, the sister model had been produced as the Buick Park Avenue from 2007, mainly using locally sourced parts and sharing some globally sourced parts.[46] The Park Avenue was discontinued in 2012.In 2008, Holden recommenced Caprice exports to South Korea as the Daewoo Veritas after showcasing a pre-production Daewoo L4X in 2007.[39] Compared to the Australian-specification model, the Veritas is V6-powered only and has a modified rear floorpan to accommodate the electrically adjustable rear seats incorporating a massage function. The head restraints are also electrically adjustable, with the Caprice's dual headrest-mounted LCD screens orphaned in favour of a single, ceiling-mounted unit.[47] GM Daewoo announced an updated Veritas on 31 March 2009 to take effect from 1 April. The update, which was yet to be seen in other markets, comprised a revised powertrain combination, featuring a new direct injection version of the 3.6-litre Alloytec engine. This new engine results in a power increase from 185 kW (248 hp) to 204 kW (274 hp) together with more torque and a reduced fuel consumption figure. These efficiency improvements have been enough to satisfy the government of South Korea's \"Korea Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle\" (KULEV) requirements. In place of the five-speed automatic transmission previously, these revised models ship with a six-speed GM 6L50[48] unit, featuring Active Select.[49]The update to the Veritas in South Korea was adopted in the Holden versions for the 2010 model year (MY10). This update was announced on 4 August 2009, and released in September.[50] The now direct-injected 3.6-litre V6, labelled Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) by Holden, is rated at 210 kW (282 hp) and 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft) of torque.[51] Gains in efficiency have been achieved via the implementation of direct fuel injection, improvements to the fuel cutout during coasting, the addition of a more efficient alternator and voltage regulator, a 50 rpm lower idle speed (to 550 rpm), and a new \"turbine damper\" for the automatic transmission that works to suppress vibrations at low rpm, thus enabling earlier upshifts.[52] In 2010 the Veritas was discontinued after GM phased out the Daewoo brand in South Korea in favour of Chevrolet.In 2010, Holden made the decision to discontinue the Statesman nameplate. To replace this gap in their lineup, Holden reduced the price of the V6 Caprice and removed equipment so it roughly mirrored the equipment levels found in the Statesman.[53] This coincided with the release of the \"Series II\" versions of the Caprice (non V) which was only available in V6 form and was intended to replace the Statesman in price and equipment, and the introduction of the \"Series II\" Caprice V which was only available in V8 guise and roughly followed the feature set found in the \"Series I\" Caprice.Between 2011 and 2017, a rebadged version of the Holden Caprice was sold in North America as a police cruiser, called the Chevrolet Caprice PPV (Police Patrol Vehicle).[54][55] It uses the interior and dashboard of the lower-end Commodore Omega, and is marketed as an alternative to the Chevrolet Impala (produced in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) for heavy-duty fleet use.","title":"Third generation (2006–2017)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-2015_Holden_Caprice_(WN)_V_sedan_(2018-10-01)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-2015_Holden_Caprice_(WN)_V_sedan_(2018-10-01)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Holden_Caprice_(WN_II)_V_sedan_(2018-03-26)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Holden_Caprice_(WN_II)_V_sedan_(2018-03-26)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calais V (VF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VF)"},{"link_name":"lane departure warning system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system"},{"link_name":"6L80E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6L80E&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"WN","text":"Holden Caprice (WN)Holden Caprice (WN II)In 2013, Holden released the WN series, being the final Australian-made Caprice. It consisted of new alloy wheels and upgraded dashboard and electronics, both inherited from short-wheelbase Calais V (VF). It was also the most advanced, safest Caprice model produced, fitted with an eight-inch touch screen in the centre console, keyless entry and auto-park assist standard. Other features include a heads-up display on the windscreen, forward and rear collision warning systems, blind spot monitors and a lane departure warning system.There are two engine options, the V6 LPG engine or the 6.0-litre L77 V8 engine rated at 260 kW (349 hp) coupled with the six-speed 6L80E automatic transmission. Both drivetrains are inherited from their Commodore equivalents. Since the WN Series II in 2015, the Caprice received an upgrade to the 6.2-litre LS3 V8 engine producing 304 kW (408 hp), like the donor Commodore model. No BiModal exhaust option with LS3 engine.","title":"Third generation (2006–2017)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holden Caprice (WM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Caprice_(WM)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSV_VS_Grange.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008_HSV_Grange_(E_Series_MY09)_sedan_(2010-07-22).jpg"},{"link_name":"Holden Special Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Special_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"WM and WN series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Caprice_(WM)#HSV_Grange"}],"text":"See also: Holden Caprice (WM)HSV Grange (VS)HSV Grange (E Series)From the arrival of the VS series, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) modified the Statesman, equipping it with higher performance V8s and sold as the HSV Grange, replacing the previous HSV Statesman 5000i, SV90 and SV93 from the VQ series.[56] Starting from WM and WN series, the Grange has been based on the Caprice, due to the demise of the Statesman. The last series (WN) of HSV Grange was equipped with the 340 kW (456 hp) version of the 6.2-litre LS3 V8 engine.","title":"HSV Grange"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"First drive: New WK Statesman and Caprice more sporty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/CC5A8E948A97D124CA256D110002D4A8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Bad News From Oz: No More Holden Caprice After 2017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gmauthority.com/blog/2014/08/bad-news-from-oz-no-more-holden-caprice-after-2017/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Davis, Wright (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Davis,_Wright_(1994)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Luck (1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Luck_(1971)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Wright (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wright_(1998)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Wright (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wright_(1998)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Bebbington (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bebbington_(1998)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Bebbington (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bebbington_(1998)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Robinson (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Robinson_(1980)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Bebbington (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bebbington_(1998)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Davis, Wright (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Davis,_Wright_(1994)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Statesman 1990–1994\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120311003521/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-19901994-20050923-14s7q.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-19901994-20050923-14s7q.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holden_Statesman_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holden_Statesman_15-1"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Statesman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120311003526/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-20070929-14srv.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-20070929-14srv.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1994_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-6F437253"},{"link_name":"NRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRMA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Commodore VR\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080921030837/http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vr.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vr.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"1993 Holden VR Commodore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heraldsun.com.au/news/holden-vr-commodore/story-e6frfj7f-1111112104526"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holden_Statesman_VS_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holden_Statesman_VS_20-1"},{"link_name":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1995_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-B865B25F"},{"link_name":"NRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRMA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Commodore VS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car_info_holden_commodore_vs.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Commodore VS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080908023435/http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vs.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vs.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Statesman / Caprice VS Series 1995 – June 1999\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.users.on.net/~nweber/commodore/vs/vs-state.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Used_Car_Safety_Ratings_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Used_Car_Safety_Ratings_24-1"},{"link_name":"\"Used Car Safety Ratings 2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2005/pdf/Car_Safety_Ratings07.pdf"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Playing_the_long_game_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Playing_the_long_game_25-1"},{"link_name":"\"Playing the long game\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110722055139/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/playing-the-long-game-20100824-13nof.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/playing-the-long-game-20100824-13nof.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Limited Edition Statesman International Has Exclusive Appeal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120310000321/http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_52522/cms/newsarticle.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.autoweb.com.au/A_52522/cms/newsarticle.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Compare Two Vehicles: 1999 Holden Statesman and 2001 Holden Statesman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.redbookasiapacific.com/au/vehicle/comparespecs.php?id2=65152&id=70306"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Announces Next Stage Of $1 Billion Export Drive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111002153424/http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_51613/cms/newsarticle.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.autoweb.com.au/A_51613/cms/newsarticle.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman WH\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1999_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-C7C734BE"},{"link_name":"NRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRMA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Car review – Holden Statesman V8 sedan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/BA1E909ACC1C6E3CCA2569F2001C6857"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2003_Statesman_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2003_Statesman_31-1"},{"link_name":"\"Holden launches new 2003 Statesman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.webwombat.com.au/motoring/news_reports/wkstater.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-245_kW_Caprice_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-245_kW_Caprice_32-1"},{"link_name":"Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Holden WK Statesman/Caprice (2003–2004)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090721074512/http://www.carpoint.com.au/reviews/2003/large-passenger/holden/caprice/holden-wk-statesman-caprice-20032004-4779"},{"link_name":"ninemsn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninemsn"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.carpoint.com.au/reviews/2003/large-passenger/holden/caprice/holden-wk-statesman-caprice-20032004-4779"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Holden's China deal confirmed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/62D009E7F704D25BCA256F70000261F7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Buick Royaum range\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//car.autohome.com.cn/price/series-344-0-3-0-0-0-0-1.html#pvareaid=100144"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"Holden: Made in Korea!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goauto.com.au/news/holden/holden-made-in-korea/2005-04-12/21762.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"The Statesman Goes To South Korea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nextcar.com.au/n.daewoo.statesman.05apr.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-First_look:_Veritas_a_veritable_Statesman_39-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-First_look:_Veritas_a_veritable_Statesman_39-1"},{"link_name":"\"First look: Veritas a veritable Statesman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081121022541/http://goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/33C93160FDBC876FCA2574BB000FD46F"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/33C93160FDBC876FCA2574BB000FD46F"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Minister introduces flagship Holden to South Korea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080321015149/http://www.holden.com.au/www-holden/action/news?categoryID=6&articleID=1343&navCategoryId=6"},{"link_name":"GM Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.holden.com.au/www-holden/action/news?categoryID=6&articleID=1343&navCategoryId=6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"2007 Holden WM Statesman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.topspeed.com/cars/holden/holden-wm-statesman-ar13092.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Secures Chinese Export Deal: Local Large Car Industry Fights On\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.webwombat.com.au/motoring/news_reports/holden-gm-exports.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"Holden exports to Korea GM-Daewoo Veritas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.caradvice.com.au/16233/holden-exports-to-korea-gm-daewoo-veritas/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"Direct-injection power, efficiency for Commodore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090808124714/http://www.carpoint.com.au/news/2009/large-passenger/holden/commodore/directinjection-power-efficiency-for-commodore-16104"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.carpoint.com.au/news/2009/large-passenger/holden/commodore/directinjection-power-efficiency-for-commodore-16104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"GM Daewoo Introduces New Veritas Large Sedan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.gmdaewoo.co.kr/content/media/kr/en/news/news_detail.brand_gmdaewoo.html/content/Pages/news/kr/en/2009/20090331"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"Holden Commodore MY10: New engines, more frugal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110722055205/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/holden-commodore-my10-new-engines-more-frugal-20090804-149ty.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/holden-commodore-my10-new-engines-more-frugal-20090804-149ty.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"\"Holden cuts Commodore consumption\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/58272F2DCFD03416CA2576080011BDA2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"First drive: Holden V6 keeps evolving\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/0B18063C8ADB2EF8CA25762A0011B13C"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"Holden kills off Statesman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/9FDF1F824D607A27CA25778F00312C69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"Chevrolet Caprice PPV Joins Canadian Police Ranks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bluetoad.com/publication/?i=60937&article_id=637574&view=articleBrowser&ver=html5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Viewing Gallery : 2016 Caprice Police Vehicle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//media.gm.ca/media/ca/en/gm/photos.detail.html/content/Pages/galleries/us/en/vehicles/chevrolet/2016/16-caprice-police-vehicle.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"HSV VQ Statesman SV90 SV93 5000i\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hsvdatabase.com.au/hsv-vq-statesman/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"New Car Sales Figures 2013 Total\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.caradvice.com.au/265398/new-car-sales-figures-2013-total/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"2016 VFACTS wrap: New sales record set, winners and losers detailed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.caradvice.com.au/511197/2016-vfacts-wrap-new-sales-record-set-winners-and-losers-detailed/"}],"text":"^ Newton, Bruce (23 April 2003). \"First drive: New WK Statesman and Caprice more sporty\". GoAuto. Retrieved 12 May 2016.\n\n^ \"Bad News From Oz: No More Holden Caprice After 2017\". gmauthority.com.\n\n^ Davis, Wright (1994), p. 9.\n\n^ Luck (1971), p. 62.\n\n^ Wright (1998), p. 336. \"Back in 1971 when the HQ Statesman was launched, the name Holden was not even applied. Ridiculously, GM-H's marketing people wanted to convince the public that somehow 'Statesman' was a marque rather than a model.\"\n\n^ Wright (1998), p. 209. \"...although the ineffective Brougham luxury model was replaced by the Statesman, which used a longer wheelbase and featured styling that set it more clearly apart from the smaller models.\"\n\n^ Bebbington (1998), p. 40. \"The all-new HQ series Holden was GM-H's most important new model range to date. [...] The Brougham was replaced by the all-new Statesman...\".\n\n^ Bebbington (1998), p. 52. \"GM-H [...] released the HZ series in October 1977, this being the fourth version of the HQ/HJ/HX body style.\"\n\n^ Robinson (1980), p. 25. \"...the WB has gained an extra windows in the C-pillar...\".\n\n^ Bebbington (1998), p. 56. \"[WB] Statesmans were more than minor facelift of the HZ. They had virtually all-new exterior sheetmetal, with only the front doors and bonnet carrying over from their predecessors.\"\n\n^ Davis, Wright (1994), p. 10–11. \"...the days of the big Holden were short numbered. Late in 1984 GM-H announced it was vacating the big car field... Incredibly, sales of Statesman were on the rapid ascendent when production was stopped in 1984. However, GM-H was already irreversibly locked into the decision to discontinue the model line.\"\n\n^ Robinson (2006), p. 26\n\n^ Morely, David (23 September 2005). \"Holden Statesman 1990–1994\". Drive. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2007.\n\n^ Jeeves (2008), p. 78–79, 134\n\n^ a b Morley, David (2 October 2007). \"Holden Statesman\". Drive. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2008.\n\n^ HSV Statesman 5000i Specifications sheet\n\n^ \"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VR\". NRMA. October 1994. Retrieved 19 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Holden Commodore VR\". MyHolden.com.au. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2007.\n\n^ Smith, Graham (6 September 2002). \"1993 Holden VR Commodore\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 19 December 2007.\n\n^ a b \"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VS\". NRMA. October 1995. Retrieved 22 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Holden Commodore VS\". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 19 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Holden Commodore VS\". MyHolden.com.au. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2007.\n\n^ \"Holden Statesman / Caprice VS Series 1995 – June 1999\". The Unofficial Holden Commodore Archive. Retrieved 19 December 2007.\n\n^ a b \"Used Car Safety Ratings 2007\" (PDF). Monash University. Retrieved 9 August 2007.\n\n^ a b John, Wright (7 November 2003). \"Playing the long game\". Drive. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Limited Edition Statesman International Has Exclusive Appeal\". AutoWeb. Web Publications. 26 May 2000. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Compare Two Vehicles: 1999 Holden Statesman and 2001 Holden Statesman\". Red Book. Retrieved 3 February 2008.[dead link]\n\n^ \"Holden Announces Next Stage Of $1 Billion Export Drive\". AutoWeb. Web Publications. 8 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007.\n\n^ \"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman WH\". NRMA. August 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2007.\n\n^ \"Car review – Holden Statesman V8 sedan\". GoAuto. John Mellor. 2 April 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2008.\n\n^ a b \"Holden launches new 2003 Statesman\". WebWombat. Retrieved 3 February 2008.\n\n^ a b Bulmer, Ged (May 2003). \"245 kW Caprice\". Wheels. p. 17.\n\n^ Butler, Glenn (1 August 2003). \"Holden WK Statesman/Caprice (2003–2004)\". CarPoint. ninemsn. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2008.\n\n^ Hawley, Jonathan (September 2004). \"WL Statesman & Caprice\". Wheels. pp. 61–62.\n\n^ Newton, Bruce (20 December 2004). \"Holden's China deal confirmed\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 3 February 2008.\n\n^ \"Buick Royaum range\". Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\n^ Pettendy, Marton (12 April 2005). \"Holden: Made in Korea!\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\n^ \"The Statesman Goes To South Korea\". Next Car Pty Ltd. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\n^ a b Mathioudakis, Bryon (5 September 2008). \"First look: Veritas a veritable Statesman\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.\n\n^ \"Minister introduces flagship Holden to South Korea\". GM Holden. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008.\n\n^ Robinson (2006), p. 13\n\n^ McCarthy, McKay, Newton, Robinson (2006), p. 117\n\n^ Robinson (2006), p. 34–35\n\n^ McCarthy, McKay, Newton, Robinson (2006), p. 118\n\n^ Alina, Simona (4 September 2006). \"2007 Holden WM Statesman\". TopSpeed. Retrieved 5 October 2007.\n\n^ \"Holden Secures Chinese Export Deal: Local Large Car Industry Fights On\". WebWombat. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2008.\n\n^ Twomey, David (5 September 2008). \"Holden exports to Korea GM-Daewoo Veritas\". Australian Car Advice. Retrieved 5 September 2008.\n\n^ Gratton, Ken (4 August 2009). \"Direct-injection power, efficiency for Commodore\". CarPoint. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.\n\n^ \"GM Daewoo Introduces New Veritas Large Sedan\" (Press release). General Motors. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009. [dead link]\n\n^ Hagon, Toby (4 August 2009). \"Holden Commodore MY10: New engines, more frugal\". Drive. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009.\n\n^ Pettendy, Marton (4 August 2009). \"Holden cuts Commodore consumption\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 4 August 2009.\n\n^ Mathioudakis, Bryon (8 September 2009). \"First drive: Holden V6 keeps evolving\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 8 September 2009.\n\n^ Mathioudakis, Byron (31 August 2010). \"Holden kills off Statesman\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 31 August 2010.\n\n^ \"Chevrolet Caprice PPV Joins Canadian Police Ranks\".\n\n^ \"Viewing Gallery : 2016 Caprice Police Vehicle\" (Press release). Canada: General Motors. Retrieved 31 August 2022.\n\n^ \"HSV VQ Statesman SV90 SV93 5000i\". The HSV Database. Retrieved 10 October 2020.\n\n^ Fallah, Alborz (7 January 2014). \"New Car Sales Figures 2013 Total\". CarAdvice. Retrieved 17 January 2014.\n\n^ Costello, Mike (5 January 2017). \"2016 VFACTS wrap: New sales record set, winners and losers detailed\". CarAdvice. Retrieved 7 May 2017.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"1980–1983 Statesman WB Caprice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1983_Statesman_WB_Caprice_sedan_01.jpg/220px-1983_Statesman_WB_Caprice_sedan_01.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Newton, Bruce (23 April 2003). \"First drive: New WK Statesman and Caprice more sporty\". GoAuto. Retrieved 12 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/CC5A8E948A97D124CA256D110002D4A8","url_text":"\"First drive: New WK Statesman and Caprice more sporty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bad News From Oz: No More Holden Caprice After 2017\". gmauthority.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://gmauthority.com/blog/2014/08/bad-news-from-oz-no-more-holden-caprice-after-2017/","url_text":"\"Bad News From Oz: No More Holden Caprice After 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Morely, David (23 September 2005). \"Holden Statesman 1990–1994\". Drive. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311003521/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-19901994-20050923-14s7q.html","url_text":"\"Holden Statesman 1990–1994\""},{"url":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-19901994-20050923-14s7q.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morley, David (2 October 2007). \"Holden Statesman\". Drive. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311003526/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-20070929-14srv.html","url_text":"\"Holden Statesman\""},{"url":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-20070929-14srv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VR\". NRMA. October 1994. Retrieved 19 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1994_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-6F437253","url_text":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRMA","url_text":"NRMA"}]},{"reference":"\"Holden Commodore VR\". MyHolden.com.au. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080921030837/http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vr.php","url_text":"\"Holden Commodore VR\""},{"url":"http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vr.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Graham (6 September 2002). \"1993 Holden VR Commodore\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 19 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/holden-vr-commodore/story-e6frfj7f-1111112104526","url_text":"\"1993 Holden VR Commodore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VS\". NRMA. October 1995. Retrieved 22 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1995_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-B865B25F","url_text":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRMA","url_text":"NRMA"}]},{"reference":"\"Holden Commodore VS\". Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 19 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car_info_holden_commodore_vs.htm","url_text":"\"Holden Commodore VS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holden Commodore VS\". MyHolden.com.au. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908023435/http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vs.php","url_text":"\"Holden Commodore VS\""},{"url":"http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vs.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Holden Statesman / Caprice VS Series 1995 – June 1999\". The Unofficial Holden Commodore Archive. Retrieved 19 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.users.on.net/~nweber/commodore/vs/vs-state.html","url_text":"\"Holden Statesman / Caprice VS Series 1995 – June 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Used Car Safety Ratings 2007\" (PDF). Monash University. Retrieved 9 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2005/pdf/Car_Safety_Ratings07.pdf","url_text":"\"Used Car Safety Ratings 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University","url_text":"Monash University"}]},{"reference":"John, Wright (7 November 2003). \"Playing the long game\". Drive. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722055139/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/playing-the-long-game-20100824-13nof.html","url_text":"\"Playing the long game\""},{"url":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/playing-the-long-game-20100824-13nof.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Limited Edition Statesman International Has Exclusive Appeal\". AutoWeb. Web Publications. 26 May 2000. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120310000321/http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_52522/cms/newsarticle.html","url_text":"\"Limited Edition Statesman International Has Exclusive Appeal\""},{"url":"http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_52522/cms/newsarticle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Compare Two Vehicles: 1999 Holden Statesman and 2001 Holden Statesman\". Red Book. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redbookasiapacific.com/au/vehicle/comparespecs.php?id2=65152&id=70306","url_text":"\"Compare Two Vehicles: 1999 Holden Statesman and 2001 Holden Statesman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holden Announces Next Stage Of $1 Billion Export Drive\". AutoWeb. Web Publications. 8 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002153424/http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_51613/cms/newsarticle.html","url_text":"\"Holden Announces Next Stage Of $1 Billion Export Drive\""},{"url":"http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_51613/cms/newsarticle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman WH\". NRMA. August 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1999_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-C7C734BE","url_text":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman WH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRMA","url_text":"NRMA"}]},{"reference":"\"Car review – Holden Statesman V8 sedan\". GoAuto. John Mellor. 2 April 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/BA1E909ACC1C6E3CCA2569F2001C6857","url_text":"\"Car review – Holden Statesman V8 sedan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holden launches new 2003 Statesman\". WebWombat. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webwombat.com.au/motoring/news_reports/wkstater.htm","url_text":"\"Holden launches new 2003 Statesman\""}]},{"reference":"Bulmer, Ged (May 2003). \"245 kW Caprice\". Wheels. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(magazine)","url_text":"Wheels"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Glenn (1 August 2003). \"Holden WK Statesman/Caprice (2003–2004)\". CarPoint. ninemsn. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090721074512/http://www.carpoint.com.au/reviews/2003/large-passenger/holden/caprice/holden-wk-statesman-caprice-20032004-4779","url_text":"\"Holden WK Statesman/Caprice (2003–2004)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninemsn","url_text":"ninemsn"},{"url":"http://www.carpoint.com.au/reviews/2003/large-passenger/holden/caprice/holden-wk-statesman-caprice-20032004-4779","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hawley, Jonathan (September 2004). \"WL Statesman & Caprice\". Wheels. pp. 61–62.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(magazine)","url_text":"Wheels"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Bruce (20 December 2004). \"Holden's China deal confirmed\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/62D009E7F704D25BCA256F70000261F7","url_text":"\"Holden's China deal confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buick Royaum range\". Retrieved 31 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://car.autohome.com.cn/price/series-344-0-3-0-0-0-0-1.html#pvareaid=100144","url_text":"\"Buick Royaum range\""}]},{"reference":"Pettendy, Marton (12 April 2005). \"Holden: Made in Korea!\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 31 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goauto.com.au/news/holden/holden-made-in-korea/2005-04-12/21762.html","url_text":"\"Holden: Made in Korea!\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Statesman Goes To South Korea\". Next Car Pty Ltd. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 31 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nextcar.com.au/n.daewoo.statesman.05apr.html","url_text":"\"The Statesman Goes To South Korea\""}]},{"reference":"Mathioudakis, Bryon (5 September 2008). \"First look: Veritas a veritable Statesman\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121022541/http://goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/33C93160FDBC876FCA2574BB000FD46F","url_text":"\"First look: Veritas a veritable Statesman\""},{"url":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/33C93160FDBC876FCA2574BB000FD46F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minister introduces flagship Holden to South Korea\". GM Holden. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321015149/http://www.holden.com.au/www-holden/action/news?categoryID=6&articleID=1343&navCategoryId=6","url_text":"\"Minister introduces flagship Holden to South Korea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden","url_text":"GM Holden"},{"url":"http://www.holden.com.au/www-holden/action/news?categoryID=6&articleID=1343&navCategoryId=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alina, Simona (4 September 2006). \"2007 Holden WM Statesman\". TopSpeed. Retrieved 5 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topspeed.com/cars/holden/holden-wm-statesman-ar13092.html","url_text":"\"2007 Holden WM Statesman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holden Secures Chinese Export Deal: Local Large Car Industry Fights On\". WebWombat. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webwombat.com.au/motoring/news_reports/holden-gm-exports.htm","url_text":"\"Holden Secures Chinese Export Deal: Local Large Car Industry Fights On\""}]},{"reference":"Twomey, David (5 September 2008). \"Holden exports to Korea GM-Daewoo Veritas\". Australian Car Advice. Retrieved 5 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/16233/holden-exports-to-korea-gm-daewoo-veritas/","url_text":"\"Holden exports to Korea GM-Daewoo Veritas\""}]},{"reference":"Gratton, Ken (4 August 2009). \"Direct-injection power, efficiency for Commodore\". CarPoint. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090808124714/http://www.carpoint.com.au/news/2009/large-passenger/holden/commodore/directinjection-power-efficiency-for-commodore-16104","url_text":"\"Direct-injection power, efficiency for Commodore\""},{"url":"http://www.carpoint.com.au/news/2009/large-passenger/holden/commodore/directinjection-power-efficiency-for-commodore-16104","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GM Daewoo Introduces New Veritas Large Sedan\" (Press release). General Motors. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.gmdaewoo.co.kr/content/media/kr/en/news/news_detail.brand_gmdaewoo.html/content/Pages/news/kr/en/2009/20090331","url_text":"\"GM Daewoo Introduces New Veritas Large Sedan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors","url_text":"General Motors"}]},{"reference":"Hagon, Toby (4 August 2009). \"Holden Commodore MY10: New engines, more frugal\". Drive. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722055205/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/holden-commodore-my10-new-engines-more-frugal-20090804-149ty.html","url_text":"\"Holden Commodore MY10: New engines, more frugal\""},{"url":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/holden-commodore-my10-new-engines-more-frugal-20090804-149ty.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pettendy, Marton (4 August 2009). \"Holden cuts Commodore consumption\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 4 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/58272F2DCFD03416CA2576080011BDA2","url_text":"\"Holden cuts Commodore consumption\""}]},{"reference":"Mathioudakis, Bryon (8 September 2009). \"First drive: Holden V6 keeps evolving\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 8 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/0B18063C8ADB2EF8CA25762A0011B13C","url_text":"\"First drive: Holden V6 keeps evolving\""}]},{"reference":"Mathioudakis, Byron (31 August 2010). \"Holden kills off Statesman\". GoAuto. John Mellor. Retrieved 31 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/9FDF1F824D607A27CA25778F00312C69","url_text":"\"Holden kills off Statesman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chevrolet Caprice PPV Joins Canadian Police Ranks\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bluetoad.com/publication/?i=60937&article_id=637574&view=articleBrowser&ver=html5","url_text":"\"Chevrolet Caprice PPV Joins Canadian Police Ranks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viewing Gallery : 2016 Caprice Police Vehicle\" (Press release). Canada: General Motors. Retrieved 31 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.gm.ca/media/ca/en/gm/photos.detail.html/content/Pages/galleries/us/en/vehicles/chevrolet/2016/16-caprice-police-vehicle.html","url_text":"\"Viewing Gallery : 2016 Caprice Police Vehicle\""}]},{"reference":"\"HSV VQ Statesman SV90 SV93 5000i\". The HSV Database. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hsvdatabase.com.au/hsv-vq-statesman/","url_text":"\"HSV VQ Statesman SV90 SV93 5000i\""}]},{"reference":"Fallah, Alborz (7 January 2014). \"New Car Sales Figures 2013 Total\". CarAdvice. Retrieved 17 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/265398/new-car-sales-figures-2013-total/","url_text":"\"New Car Sales Figures 2013 Total\""}]},{"reference":"Costello, Mike (5 January 2017). \"2016 VFACTS wrap: New sales record set, winners and losers detailed\". CarAdvice. Retrieved 7 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/511197/2016-vfacts-wrap-new-sales-record-set-winners-and-losers-detailed/","url_text":"\"2016 VFACTS wrap: New sales record set, winners and losers detailed\""}]},{"reference":"Bebbington, Terry (1998). 50 Years of Holden. Hornsby, New South Wales: Clockwork Media. ISBN 0-947216-59-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsby,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Hornsby, New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947216-59-6","url_text":"0-947216-59-6"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Tony; Wright, John (1994). Holden Commodore: 1978–1988 including HSV and Statesman WB. Blakehurst, New South Wales: Marque Publishing. ISBN 0-947079-44-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakehurst,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Blakehurst, New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947079-44-0","url_text":"0-947079-44-0"}]},{"reference":"Jeeves, Kay, ed. (July 2008). The Holden Heritage 14th Edition (PDF). Port Melbourne, Victoria: GM Holden. ISBN 978-0-646-49587-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.media.gm.com/aus/holden/en/company/history/heritagebook_2008.pdf","url_text":"The Holden Heritage 14th Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Melbourne,_Victoria","url_text":"Port Melbourne, Victoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden","url_text":"GM Holden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-49587-3","url_text":"978-0-646-49587-3"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Peter (2006). AutoBiography: The inside story of Holden's all-new VE Commodore. Woolloomooloo, New South Wales: Focus Publishing. ISBN 1-921156-10-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolloomooloo,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Woolloomooloo, New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-921156-10-4","url_text":"1-921156-10-4"}]},{"reference":"Wright, John (1998). Heart of the Lion: The 50 Year History of Australia's Holden. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-744-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows_Nest,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Crows Nest, New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-744-5","url_text":"1-86448-744-5"}]},{"reference":"Luck, Rob (September 1971). \"Bold New Breed\". Modern Motor. Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Modern Magazines (Holdings).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_(Australian_magazine)","url_text":"Modern Motor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushcutters_Bay,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Mike; McKay, Peter; Newton, Bruce; Robinson, Peter (October 2006). \"2006 Collector's Edition VE Commodore: The Full Story\". Wheels.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(magazine)","url_text":"Wheels"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Peter, ed. (May 1980). \"WB Statesman Twins\". Wheels. Sydney, New South Wales: Murray Publishers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(magazine)","url_text":"Wheels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district","url_text":"Sydney, New South Wales"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/CC5A8E948A97D124CA256D110002D4A8","external_links_name":"\"First drive: New WK Statesman and Caprice more sporty\""},{"Link":"http://gmauthority.com/blog/2014/08/bad-news-from-oz-no-more-holden-caprice-after-2017/","external_links_name":"\"Bad News From Oz: No More Holden Caprice After 2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311003521/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-19901994-20050923-14s7q.html","external_links_name":"\"Holden Statesman 1990–1994\""},{"Link":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-19901994-20050923-14s7q.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311003526/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-20070929-14srv.html","external_links_name":"\"Holden Statesman\""},{"Link":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/holden-statesman-20070929-14srv.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1994_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-6F437253","external_links_name":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080921030837/http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vr.php","external_links_name":"\"Holden Commodore VR\""},{"Link":"http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vr.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/holden-vr-commodore/story-e6frfj7f-1111112104526","external_links_name":"\"1993 Holden VR Commodore\""},{"Link":"http://www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1995_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-B865B25F","external_links_name":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman VS\""},{"Link":"http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/car_info_holden_commodore_vs.htm","external_links_name":"\"Holden Commodore VS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908023435/http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vs.php","external_links_name":"\"Holden Commodore VS\""},{"Link":"http://www.myautomotiveforum.com.au/commodores/vs.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.users.on.net/~nweber/commodore/vs/vs-state.html","external_links_name":"\"Holden Statesman / Caprice VS Series 1995 – June 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2005/pdf/Car_Safety_Ratings07.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Used Car Safety Ratings 2007\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722055139/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/playing-the-long-game-20100824-13nof.html","external_links_name":"\"Playing the long game\""},{"Link":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/used-car-reviews/playing-the-long-game-20100824-13nof.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120310000321/http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_52522/cms/newsarticle.html","external_links_name":"\"Limited Edition Statesman International Has Exclusive Appeal\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_52522/cms/newsarticle.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.redbookasiapacific.com/au/vehicle/comparespecs.php?id2=65152&id=70306","external_links_name":"\"Compare Two Vehicles: 1999 Holden Statesman and 2001 Holden Statesman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002153424/http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_51613/cms/newsarticle.html","external_links_name":"\"Holden Announces Next Stage Of $1 Billion Export Drive\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoweb.com.au/A_51613/cms/newsarticle.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/holden_statesman_1999_car_review.htm?cpssessionid=SID-3F5768EC-C7C734BE","external_links_name":"\"NRMA Car Review – Holden Statesman WH\""},{"Link":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/BA1E909ACC1C6E3CCA2569F2001C6857","external_links_name":"\"Car review – Holden Statesman V8 sedan\""},{"Link":"http://www.webwombat.com.au/motoring/news_reports/wkstater.htm","external_links_name":"\"Holden launches new 2003 Statesman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090721074512/http://www.carpoint.com.au/reviews/2003/large-passenger/holden/caprice/holden-wk-statesman-caprice-20032004-4779","external_links_name":"\"Holden WK Statesman/Caprice (2003–2004)\""},{"Link":"http://www.carpoint.com.au/reviews/2003/large-passenger/holden/caprice/holden-wk-statesman-caprice-20032004-4779","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/62D009E7F704D25BCA256F70000261F7","external_links_name":"\"Holden's China deal confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://car.autohome.com.cn/price/series-344-0-3-0-0-0-0-1.html#pvareaid=100144","external_links_name":"\"Buick Royaum range\""},{"Link":"https://www.goauto.com.au/news/holden/holden-made-in-korea/2005-04-12/21762.html","external_links_name":"\"Holden: Made in Korea!\""},{"Link":"http://www.nextcar.com.au/n.daewoo.statesman.05apr.html","external_links_name":"\"The Statesman Goes To South Korea\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121022541/http://goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/33C93160FDBC876FCA2574BB000FD46F","external_links_name":"\"First look: Veritas a veritable Statesman\""},{"Link":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/33C93160FDBC876FCA2574BB000FD46F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321015149/http://www.holden.com.au/www-holden/action/news?categoryID=6&articleID=1343&navCategoryId=6","external_links_name":"\"Minister introduces flagship Holden to South Korea\""},{"Link":"http://www.holden.com.au/www-holden/action/news?categoryID=6&articleID=1343&navCategoryId=6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.topspeed.com/cars/holden/holden-wm-statesman-ar13092.html","external_links_name":"\"2007 Holden WM Statesman\""},{"Link":"http://www.webwombat.com.au/motoring/news_reports/holden-gm-exports.htm","external_links_name":"\"Holden Secures Chinese Export Deal: Local Large Car Industry Fights On\""},{"Link":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/16233/holden-exports-to-korea-gm-daewoo-veritas/","external_links_name":"\"Holden exports to Korea GM-Daewoo Veritas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090808124714/http://www.carpoint.com.au/news/2009/large-passenger/holden/commodore/directinjection-power-efficiency-for-commodore-16104","external_links_name":"\"Direct-injection power, efficiency for Commodore\""},{"Link":"http://www.carpoint.com.au/news/2009/large-passenger/holden/commodore/directinjection-power-efficiency-for-commodore-16104","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://media.gmdaewoo.co.kr/content/media/kr/en/news/news_detail.brand_gmdaewoo.html/content/Pages/news/kr/en/2009/20090331","external_links_name":"\"GM Daewoo Introduces New Veritas Large Sedan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722055205/http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/holden-commodore-my10-new-engines-more-frugal-20090804-149ty.html","external_links_name":"\"Holden Commodore MY10: New engines, more frugal\""},{"Link":"http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/holden-commodore-my10-new-engines-more-frugal-20090804-149ty.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/58272F2DCFD03416CA2576080011BDA2","external_links_name":"\"Holden cuts Commodore consumption\""},{"Link":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/0B18063C8ADB2EF8CA25762A0011B13C","external_links_name":"\"First drive: Holden V6 keeps evolving\""},{"Link":"http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/9FDF1F824D607A27CA25778F00312C69","external_links_name":"\"Holden kills off Statesman\""},{"Link":"https://bluetoad.com/publication/?i=60937&article_id=637574&view=articleBrowser&ver=html5","external_links_name":"\"Chevrolet Caprice PPV Joins Canadian Police Ranks\""},{"Link":"https://media.gm.ca/media/ca/en/gm/photos.detail.html/content/Pages/galleries/us/en/vehicles/chevrolet/2016/16-caprice-police-vehicle.html","external_links_name":"\"Viewing Gallery : 2016 Caprice Police Vehicle\""},{"Link":"https://hsvdatabase.com.au/hsv-vq-statesman/","external_links_name":"\"HSV VQ Statesman SV90 SV93 5000i\""},{"Link":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/265398/new-car-sales-figures-2013-total/","external_links_name":"\"New Car Sales Figures 2013 Total\""},{"Link":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/511197/2016-vfacts-wrap-new-sales-record-set-winners-and-losers-detailed/","external_links_name":"\"2016 VFACTS wrap: New sales record set, winners and losers detailed\""},{"Link":"http://archives.media.gm.com/aus/holden/en/company/history/heritagebook_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"The Holden Heritage 14th Edition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211054554/http://www.holden.com.au/vehicles/Statesman","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810120106/http://holden.co.nz/vehicle/statesman/","external_links_name":"New Zealand"},{"Link":"http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles_make-Holden_model-Statesman&sortBy=4.html","external_links_name":"Holden Statesman"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_transplant
Transplantable organs and tissues
["1 Major organs, tissues or cells","1.1 Heart","1.2 Lung","1.3 Heart-lung","1.4 Kidney","1.5 Liver","1.6 Pancreas","1.7 Intestine","1.8 Cornea","1.9 Skin","1.10 Blood","1.11 Hematopoietic stem cells","2 Non-major organs, tissues or cells","2.1 Penis","2.2 Uterus","2.3 Thymus","2.4 Heart valve","2.5 Bone","3 Experimental transplants","3.1 Face","3.2 Hands","3.3 Leg","3.4 Ovary","3.5 Islets of Langerhans","4 See also","5 References"]
Tissue or organ used in transplantation For organ transplantation in general, see Organ transplant. Transplantable organs and tissues may refer to both organs and tissues that are relatively often transplanted (here "major organs and tissues"), as well as organs and tissues which are relatively seldom transplanted (here "non-major organs and tissues"). In addition to this it may also refer to possible-transplants which are still in the experimental stage. Major organs, tissues or cells Heart Main article: Heart transplantation (Diagram illustrating the placement of a donor heart in an orthotopic procedure. Notice how the back of the patient's left atrium and great vessels are left in place). Heart transplantation is performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. The most common procedure is to take a working heart from a recently deceased organ donor (allograft) and implant it into the patient. The patient's own heart may either be removed (orthotopic procedure) or, less commonly, left in to support the donor heart (heterotopic procedure). It is also possible to take a heart from another species (xenograft), or implant a man-made artificial one, although the outcome of these two procedures has been less successful in comparison to the far more commonly performed allografts. Lung Main article: Lung transplantation While lung transplants carry certain associated risks, they can also extend life expectancy and enhance the quality of life for end-stage pulmonary patients. While the precise details of surgery will depend on the exact type of transplant, there are many steps which are common to all of these procedures. Prior to operating on the recipient, the transplant surgeon inspects the donor lung(s) for signs of damage or disease. If the lung or lungs are approved, then the recipient is connected to an IV line and various monitoring equipment, including pulse oximetry. The patient will be given general anesthesia, and a machine will breathe for them. It takes about one hour for the pre-operative preparation of the patient. A single lung transplant takes about four to eight hours, while a double lung transplant takes about six to twelve hours to complete. A history of prior chest surgery may complicate the procedure and require additional time. Heart-lung Main article: Heart-lung transplant A heart-lung transplant is a procedure carried out to replace both heart and lungs in a single operation. Due to a shortage of suitable donors, it is a rare procedure; only about a hundred such transplants are performed each year in the United States. The patient is anesthetised. When the donor organs arrive, they are checked for fitness; if any organs show signs of damage, they are discarded and the operation cancelled. In order to avoid removal of recipient organs when donor organs are not viable, it is standard procedure that the patient is not operated on until the donor organs arrive and are judged suitable, despite the time delay this involves. Once suitable donor organs are present, the surgeon makes an incision starting above and finishing below the sternum, cutting all the way to the bone. The skin edges are retracted to expose the sternum. Using a bone saw, the sternum is cut down the middle. Rib spreaders are inserted in the cut, and spread the ribs to give access to the heart and lungs of the patient. The patient is connected to a heart-lung machine, which circulates and oxygenates blood. The surgeon removes the failing heart and lungs. Most surgeons endeavour to cut blood vessels as close as possible to the heart to leave room for trimming, especially if the donor heart is of a different size than the original organ. The donor heart and lungs are positioned and sewn into place. As the donor organs warm up to body temperature, the lungs begin to inflate. The heart may fibrillate at first - this occurs because the cardiac muscle fibres are not contracting synchronously. Internal paddles can be used to apply a small electric shock to the heart to restore proper rhythm. Once the donor organs are functioning normally, the heart-lung machine is withdrawn, and the chest is closed. Kidney Main article: Kidney transplantation The donor kidney is typically placed inferior of the normal anatomical location. Kidney transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the recipient organ. Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient. Liver Main article: Liver transplantation Liver transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy liver allograft. The most commonly used technique is orthotopic transplantation, in which the native liver is removed and the donor organ is placed in the same anatomic location as the original liver. Liver transplantation nowadays is a well accepted treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure. Pancreas Main article: Pancreas transplantation A pancreas transplant involves implanting a healthy pancreas (one that can produce insulin) into a person who has diabetes. Because the pancreas performs functions necessary in the digestion process, the recipient's native pancreas is left in place, and the donated pancreas attached in a different location. In the event of rejection of the new pancreas, the recipient could not survive without the native pancreas still in place. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or it may be a partial pancreas from a living donor. Whole pancreas transplants from living donors are not possible, again because the pancreas is a necessary organ for digestion. At present, pancreas transplants are usually performed in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes who have severe complications. Intestine Main article: Intestine transplantation Currently, approximately half are pediatric recipients. The most common indications in adults are ischemia (22%), Crohn's disease (13%), trauma (12%), and desmoid tumor (10%); and in pediatrics, gastroschisis (21%), volvulus (18%), and necrotizing enterocolitis (12%). Higher graft and patient survival rates are seen at the more experienced transplant programs. Within the last few years, 1-year graft and patient survival at more experienced centers have reached 60% to 70% and 65% to 80%, respectively. Cornea Main article: Corneal transplantation Cornea transplant. Corneal transplantation is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by donated corneal tissue which has been removed from a recently deceased individual having no known diseases which might affect the viability of the donated tissue. The cornea is the clear part of eye in front of the iris and pupil. The surgical procedure is performed by ophthalmologists, medical doctors who specialize in eyes, and are often done on an outpatient basis (the patient goes home following surgery). Skin Main article: Skin grafting Walter Yeo, a British soldier, is assumed to be the first person to be benefited from plastic surgery employing tubed pedicle flaps, performed by Sir Harold Gillies in 1917. Before (left) and after (right) the operation. Skin grafting is often used to treat: Extensive wounding or trauma Burns Areas of prior infection with extensive skin loss Specific surgeries that may require skin grafts for healing to occur Skin grafts are often employed after serious injuries when some of the body's skin is damaged. Surgical removal (excision or debridement) of the damaged skin is followed by skin grafting. The grafting serves two purposes: it can reduce the course of treatment needed (and time in the hospital), and it can improve the function and appearance of the area of the body which receives the skin graft. Blood Main article: Blood transfusion Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People with hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions used Whole Blood, but modern medical practice is to use only components of the blood. Hematopoietic stem cells Main article: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of blood stem cells derived from the bone marrow (that is, bone marrow transplantation) or blood. Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure in the fields of hematology and oncology, most often performed for people with diseases of the blood, bone marrow, or certain types of cancer. Stem cell transplantation was pioneered using bone-marrow-derived stem cells by a team at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center from the 1950s through the 1970s led by E. Donnall Thomas, whose work was later recognized with a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Thomas' work showed that bone marrow cells infused intravenously could repopulate the bone marrow and produce new blood cells. His work also reduced the likelihood of developing a life-threatening complication called graft-versus-host disease. The first physician to perform a successful human bone marrow transplant was Robert A. Good. With the availability of the stem cell growth factors GM-CSF and G-CSF, most hematopoietic stem cell transplantation procedures are now performed using stem cells collected from the peripheral blood, rather than from the bone marrow. Collecting peripheral blood stem cells provides a bigger graft, does not require that the donor be subjected to general anesthesia to collect the graft, results in a shorter time to engraftment, and may provide for a lower long-term relapse rate. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a risky procedure with many possible complications; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases. While occasionally used experimentally in nonmalignant and nonhematologic indications such as severe disabling auto-immune disease and cardiovascular disease, the risk of fatal complications appears too high to gain wider acceptance. Non-major organs, tissues or cells Penis Main article: Penis transplantation The penis may be an allograft from a human donor, or it may be grown artificially, though the latter is untested in humans. Uterus Main article: Uterine transplant A uterine transplant is the replacement of a uterus which has undergone necrosis. Though the procedure has significant potential, it has been performed only a few times. Thymus Main article: Thymus transplantation Thymus transplantation can be used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or hypoplastic thymus, in turn causing problems with the immune system's T-cell mediated response. It is exclusively used in people with complete DiGeorge anomaly, which are entirely athymic. This subgroup represents less than 1% of DiGeorge syndrome patients. Heart valve Further information: Artificial heart valve § Biological valves Biological valves are valves of animals, like pigs, which undergo several chemical procedures in order to make them suitable for implantation in the human heart. The porcine (or pig) heart is most similar to the human heart, and therefore represents the best anatomical fit for replacement. Implantation of a porcine valve is a type of Xenotransplantation, or Xenograft, which means a transplant from one species (in this case a pig) to another. There are some risks associated with a Xenograft such as the human body's tendency to reject foreign material. Medication can be used to delay this effect, but is not always successful. Bone Main article: Bone grafting Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone with material from the patient's own body, an artificial, synthetic, or natural substitute. Bone grafting is used to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly. Experimental transplants The following is a list of possible-transplantations which are still in the experimental and research stage or have only been partially successful. Face Main article: Face transplant A face transplant is a still-experimental procedure. In addition to skin, the transplant optimally includes bones, along with muscle, skin, blood vessels and nerves. Hands Main article: Hand transplantation The operation is carried out in the following order: bone fixation, tendon repair, artery repair, nerve repair, then vein repair. The operation typically lasts 8 to 12 hours. By comparison, a typical heart transplant operation lasts 6 to 8 hours. The recipient of a hand transplant needs to take immunosuppressive drugs, as the body's natural immune system will try to reject, or destroy, the hand. These drugs cause the recipient to have a weak immune system and react severely even from minor infections. In 2008, surgeons in Munich transplanted two whole arms. The long-term results remain to be seen. According to legend, in the third century AD, Saints Cosmas and Damian miraculously transplanted the black leg of a dead slave onto an elderly servant. Leg In ischiopagic conjoined twins, a healthy leg was transplanted from a dying conjoined twin to her sister. There is no need for immunosuppression because of the identical genetic make-up of the donor and recipient. The first leg transplant between genetically different people was performed in 2011, led by surgeon Pedro Cavadas. The procedure provided two legs to a double amputee, and recovery went well for about eight months. By then the man was able to stand up in a swimming pool. However, due to an unrelated illness, immunosuppressants had to be stopped, and the legs consequently needed to be amputated. Ovary Ovary transplantation, giving rise to successful pregnancies, will result in children who will have the genetic inheritance of the organ donor and not the recipient. It has so far only been carried out on identical twins, since the use of an ovarian transplant from a genetically identical donor prevents rejection of the donated organ. This bypasses the need for immune suppressants to maintain the function of the donated ovary, which is not vital for survival. More significantly, many immunosuppressants, such as mycophenolate mofetil, may cause birth defects. Ovary transplants in non-genetically identical individuals have been attempted, however they have ultimately failed. One example of this is Lili Elbe who received an ovary transplant in the early 1930s but died shortly thereafter due to various complications. Islets of Langerhans Main article: Islets of Langerhans § Transplantation Islet cell transplantation has the possibility of restoring beta cells and curing diabetes. The Chicago Project headed at University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center is investigating ways to regenerate beta cells in vivo. With that being said, beta cells experience apoptosis early and thus are destroyed within a normal-functioning pancreas. The source of this seems to come from the transfer of Pander, a gene that works by attaching to RNA. Pander, when active, causes the beta cells to be blocked at S phase, which induces apoptosis. This loss of beta cell mass eventually leads to a loss of most of the transplanted beta cells. See also Organ transplant References ^ a b "What Is the Surgical Procedure?". American College of Chest Physicians. October 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2006-09-29. ^ "diabetes FAQ: treatment (part 3 of 5)Section - Type 1 cures -- pancreas transplants". www.faqs.org. ^ View Data Reports > National Data > Transplant, Intestine, & Transplant by Recipient Age] Retrieved 1 October 2010 ^ "Intestine Transplantation". www.medscape.com. Retrieved 1 October 2010. ^ Thomas ED, Lochte HL, Lu WC, et al. (1957). "Intravenous infusion of bone marrow in patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy". New England Journal of Medicine. 257 (11): 491–496. doi:10.1056/NEJM195709122571102. PMID 13464965. ^ Cutler C, Antin JH (2001). "Peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review". Stem Cells. 19 (2): 108–17. doi:10.1634/stemcells.19-2-108. PMID 11239165. ^ Tyndall A, Fassas A, Passweg J, et al. (1999). "Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplants for autoimmune disease--feasibility and transplant-related mortality. Autoimmune Disease and Lymphoma Working Parties of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the European League Against Rheumatism and the International Stem Cell Project for Autoimmune Disease". Bone Marrow Transplant. 24 (7): 729–34. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701987. PMID 10516675. ^ Burt RK, Loh Y, Pearce W, et al. (2008). "Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases". JAMA. 299 (8): 925–36. doi:10.1001/jama.299.8.925. PMID 18314435. ^ Markert ML, Devlin BH, Alexieff MJ, et al. (May 2007). "Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants". Blood. 109 (10): 4539–47. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-048652. PMC 1885498. PMID 17284531. ^ Tuffs, A. (2008). "Munich surgeons perform world's first transplantation of whole arms". British Medical Journal. 337 (aug05 22à): a1162. doi:10.1136/bmj.a1162. PMID 18682483. S2CID 35791291. Retrieved 2009-03-30. ^ Zuker, Ronald M.; Redett, Rick; Alman, Ben; Coles, John G.; Timoney, Norma; Ein, Sigmund H. (2006). "First Successful Lower-Extremity Transplantation: Technique and Functional Result". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 22 (4): 239–44. doi:10.1055/s-2006-939928. PMID 16783680. ^ Woman to give birth after first ovary transplant pregnancy by James Randerson, science correspondent. guardian.co.uk, Sunday November 9, 2008 12.52 GMT. ^ McKay DB, Josephson MA (2005). "Reproduction and Transplantation: Report on the AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues and Transplantation". American Journal of Transplantation. 5 (7): 1592–1599. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00969.x. PMID 15943616. S2CID 32259645. ^ Vaia Tsolas, Christine Anzieu-Premmereur, A Psychoanalytic Exploration of the Body in Today's World: On The Body (2017, ISBN 1351660284), page 234. ^ "Lili Elbe Biography". Biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved December 11, 2015. ^ Harrod, Horatia (8 December 2015). "The tragic true story behind The Danish Girl". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 December 2015. ^ Cao X, Gao Z, Robert CE, et al. (2003). "Pancreatic-derived factor (FAM3B), a novel islet cytokine, induces apoptosis of insulin-secreting beta-cells". Diabetes. 52 (9): 2296–303. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2296. PMID 12941769. vteOrgan transplantationTypes Allotransplantation ABOi Autotransplantation Xenotransplantation Organs and tissues Bone Bone marrow Brain Corneal Eye Face Hand Head Heart Heart–lung Intestine Kidney Liver Lung Pancreas islet cell Penis Skin Spleen Thymus Uterus Vagina Medical grafting Bone grafting Skin grafting Vascular bypass Organ donation Non-heart-beating donation Organ procurement Organ trade Complications Graft-versus-host disease Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder Transplant rejection Transplant networksand government departments BC Transplant Society Eurotransplant Gift of Life Marrow Registry Human Tissue Authority LifeSharers National Marrow Donor Program NOD-Lb National Transplant Organization NHS Blood and Transplant Trillium Gift of Life Network United Network for Organ Sharing Advocacy organizations Anthony Nolan Blood Cancer UK DKMS Halachic Organ Donor Society Kidney Foundation of Canada National Kidney Foundation ORGANIZE Joint societies American Society of Nephrology American Society of Transplantation Canadian Society of Transplantation Countries Organ transplantation in China Organ donation in India Gurgaon kidney scandal Organ transplantation in Israel Organ transplantation in Japan PeopleHeart Christiaan Barnard James D. Hardy Adrian Kantrowitz Richard Lower Norman Shumway Kidney J. Hartwell Harrison John P. Merrill Joseph Murray Elizabeth Ward Michael Woodruff Liver Fikri Alican James D. Hardy Thomas Starzl Lung Fikri Alican Joel D. Cooper Vladimir Demikhov James D. Hardy Pancreas Richard C. Lillehei Penis André van der Merwe Other Alexis Carrel Jean-Michel Dubernard Donna Mansell Bruce Reitz List of organ transplant donors and recipients Related topics Biomedical tissue Edmonton protocol Eye bank Immunosuppressive drugs Lung allocation score Machine perfusion Total body irradiation Frankenstein's monster
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Organ transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For organ transplantation in general, see Organ transplant.Transplantable organs and tissues may refer to both organs and tissues that are relatively often transplanted (here \"major organs and tissues\"), as well as organs and tissues which are relatively seldom transplanted (here \"non-major organs and tissues\"). In addition to this it may also refer to possible-transplants which are still in the experimental stage.[citation needed]","title":"Transplantable organs and tissues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_transplant.jpg"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"left atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atrium"},{"link_name":"great vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_vessels"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"coronary artery disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"organ donor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_donor"},{"link_name":"allograft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allograft"},{"link_name":"orthotopic procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_transplantation#Orthotopic_procedure"},{"link_name":"heterotopic procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_transplantation#Heterotopic_procedure"},{"link_name":"xenograft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenograft"},{"link_name":"artificial one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart"},{"link_name":"allografts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allograft"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Heart","text":"(Diagram illustrating the placement of a donor heart in an orthotopic procedure. Notice how the back of the patient's left atrium and great vessels are left in place).Heart transplantation is performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. The most common procedure is to take a working heart from a recently deceased organ donor (allograft) and implant it into the patient. The patient's own heart may either be removed (orthotopic procedure) or, less commonly, left in to support the donor heart (heterotopic procedure). It is also possible to take a heart from another species (xenograft), or implant a man-made artificial one, although the outcome of these two procedures has been less successful in comparison to the far more commonly performed allografts.[citation needed]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"end-stage pulmonary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_failure"},{"link_name":"IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy"},{"link_name":"pulse oximetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry"},{"link_name":"anesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lung5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lung5-1"}],"sub_title":"Lung","text":"While lung transplants carry certain associated risks, they can also extend life expectancy and enhance the quality of life for end-stage pulmonary patients.While the precise details of surgery will depend on the exact type of transplant, there are many steps which are common to all of these procedures. Prior to operating on the recipient, the transplant surgeon inspects the donor lung(s) for signs of damage or disease. If the lung or lungs are approved, then the recipient is connected to an IV line and various monitoring equipment, including pulse oximetry. The patient will be given general anesthesia, and a machine will breathe for them.[1]It takes about one hour for the pre-operative preparation of the patient. A single lung transplant takes about four to eight hours, while a double lung transplant takes about six to twelve hours to complete. A history of prior chest surgery may complicate the procedure and require additional time.[1]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"anesthetised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"heart-lung machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass"},{"link_name":"fibrillate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillation"},{"link_name":"cardiac muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_muscle"}],"sub_title":"Heart-lung","text":"A heart-lung transplant is a procedure carried out to replace both heart and lungs in a single operation. Due to a shortage of suitable donors, it is a rare procedure; only about a hundred such transplants are performed each year in the United States.[citation needed]The patient is anesthetised. When the donor organs arrive, they are checked for fitness; if any organs show signs of damage, they are discarded and the operation cancelled. In order to avoid removal of recipient organs when donor organs are not viable, it is standard procedure that the patient is not operated on until the donor organs arrive and are judged suitable, despite the time delay this involves.Once suitable donor organs are present, the surgeon makes an incision starting above and finishing below the sternum, cutting all the way to the bone. The skin edges are retracted to expose the sternum. Using a bone saw, the sternum is cut down the middle. Rib spreaders are inserted in the cut, and spread the ribs to give access to the heart and lungs of the patient.The patient is connected to a heart-lung machine, which circulates and oxygenates blood. The surgeon removes the failing heart and lungs. Most surgeons endeavour to cut blood vessels as close as possible to the heart to leave room for trimming, especially if the donor heart is of a different size than the original organ.The donor heart and lungs are positioned and sewn into place. As the donor organs warm up to body temperature, the lungs begin to inflate. The heart may fibrillate at first - this occurs because the cardiac muscle fibres are not contracting synchronously. Internal paddles can be used to apply a small electric shock to the heart to restore proper rhythm.Once the donor organs are functioning normally, the heart-lung machine is withdrawn, and the chest is closed.","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kidtransplant.svg"},{"link_name":"inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Superior_and_inferior"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"end-stage renal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-stage_renal_disease"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Kidney","text":"The donor kidney is typically placed inferior of the normal anatomical location.Kidney transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the recipient organ. Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient.[citation needed]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"allograft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allograft"},{"link_name":"end-stage liver disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Liver","text":"Liver transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy liver allograft. The most commonly used technique is orthotopic transplantation, in which the native liver is removed and the donor organ is placed in the same anatomic location as the original liver. Liver transplantation nowadays is a well accepted treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure.[citation needed]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pancreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pancreas","text":"A pancreas transplant involves implanting a healthy pancreas (one that can produce insulin) into a person who has diabetes. Because the pancreas performs functions necessary in the digestion process, the recipient's native pancreas is left in place, and the donated pancreas attached in a different location. In the event of rejection of the new pancreas, the recipient could not survive without the native pancreas still in place. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or it may be a partial pancreas from a living donor.[2] Whole pancreas transplants from living donors are not possible, again because the pancreas is a necessary organ for digestion. At present, pancreas transplants are usually performed in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes who have severe complications.[citation needed]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDHHS_[http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/_US_Dept_of_Health_and_Human_Services,_Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration,_Organ_Procurement_and_Transplantation_Network-3"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"Crohn's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"desmoid tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoid_Tumor"},{"link_name":"gastroschisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroschisis"},{"link_name":"volvulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulus"},{"link_name":"necrotizing enterocolitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medscape-4"}],"sub_title":"Intestine","text":"Currently, approximately half are pediatric recipients.[3] The most common indications in adults are ischemia (22%), Crohn's disease (13%), trauma (12%), and desmoid tumor (10%); and in pediatrics, gastroschisis (21%), volvulus (18%), and necrotizing enterocolitis (12%). Higher graft and patient survival rates are seen at the more experienced transplant programs. Within the last few years, 1-year graft and patient survival at more experienced centers have reached 60% to 70% and 65% to 80%, respectively.[4]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornea_transplant800.jpg"},{"link_name":"surgical procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_procedure"},{"link_name":"cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"pupil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupil"},{"link_name":"ophthalmologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Cornea","text":"Cornea transplant.Corneal transplantation is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by donated corneal tissue which has been removed from a recently deceased individual having no known diseases which might affect the viability of the donated tissue. The cornea is the clear part of eye in front of the iris and pupil. The surgical procedure is performed by ophthalmologists, medical doctors who specialize in eyes, and are often done on an outpatient basis (the patient goes home following surgery).[citation needed]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Yeo_skin_graft.jpg"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(surgery)"},{"link_name":"Harold Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gillies"},{"link_name":"wounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(injury)"}],"sub_title":"Skin","text":"Walter Yeo, a British soldier, is assumed to be the first person to be benefited from plastic surgery employing tubed pedicle flaps, performed by Sir Harold Gillies in 1917. Before (left) and after (right) the operation.Skin grafting is often used to treat:Extensive wounding or trauma\nBurns\nAreas of prior infection with extensive skin loss\nSpecific surgeries that may require skin grafts for healing to occurSkin grafts are often employed after serious injuries when some of the body's skin is damaged. Surgical removal (excision or debridement) of the damaged skin is followed by skin grafting. The grafting serves two purposes: it can reduce the course of treatment needed (and time in the hospital), and it can improve the function and appearance of the area of the body which receives the skin graft.","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"circulatory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"anaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemia"},{"link_name":"thrombocytopenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopenia"},{"link_name":"blood disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_disease"},{"link_name":"hemophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophilia"},{"link_name":"sickle-cell disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease"},{"link_name":"Whole Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Blood"}],"sub_title":"Blood","text":"Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People with hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions used Whole Blood, but modern medical practice is to use only components of the blood.","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluripotential_hemopoietic_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"bone marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"bone marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"E. Donnall Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_cell"},{"link_name":"graft-versus-host disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Good"},{"link_name":"GM-CSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM-CSF"},{"link_name":"G-CSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-CSF"},{"link_name":"peripheral blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_blood"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"general anesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_anesthesia"},{"link_name":"auto-immune disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-immune_disease"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Hematopoietic stem cells","text":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of blood stem cells derived from the bone marrow (that is, bone marrow transplantation) or blood. Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure in the fields of hematology and oncology, most often performed for people with diseases of the blood, bone marrow, or certain types of cancer.Stem cell transplantation was pioneered using bone-marrow-derived stem cells by a team at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center from the 1950s through the 1970s led by E. Donnall Thomas, whose work was later recognized with a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Thomas' work showed that bone marrow cells infused intravenously could repopulate the bone marrow and produce new blood cells. His work also reduced the likelihood of developing a life-threatening complication called graft-versus-host disease.[5]The first physician to perform a successful human bone marrow transplant was Robert A. Good.With the availability of the stem cell growth factors GM-CSF and G-CSF, most hematopoietic stem cell transplantation procedures are now performed using stem cells collected from the peripheral blood, rather than from the bone marrow. Collecting peripheral blood stem cells[6] provides a bigger graft, does not require that the donor be subjected to general anesthesia to collect the graft, results in a shorter time to engraftment, and may provide for a lower long-term relapse rate.Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a risky procedure with many possible complications; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases. While occasionally used experimentally in nonmalignant and nonhematologic indications such as severe disabling auto-immune disease and cardiovascular disease, the risk of fatal complications appears too high to gain wider acceptance.[7][8]","title":"Major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allograft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allograft"}],"sub_title":"Penis","text":"The penis may be an allograft from a human donor, or it may be grown artificially, though the latter is untested in humans.","title":"Non-major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"}],"sub_title":"Uterus","text":"A uterine transplant is the replacement of a uterus which has undergone necrosis. Though the procedure has significant potential, it has been performed only a few times.","title":"Non-major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thymus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus"},{"link_name":"DiGeorge syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"T-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Markert2007-9"}],"sub_title":"Thymus","text":"Thymus transplantation can be used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or hypoplastic thymus, in turn causing problems with the immune system's T-cell mediated response. It is exclusively used in people with complete DiGeorge anomaly, which are entirely athymic. This subgroup represents less than 1% of DiGeorge syndrome patients.[9]","title":"Non-major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artificial heart valve § Biological valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart_valve#Biological_valves"},{"link_name":"Xenotransplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotransplantation"}],"sub_title":"Heart valve","text":"Further information: Artificial heart valve § Biological valvesBiological valves are valves of animals, like pigs, which undergo several chemical procedures in order to make them suitable for implantation in the human heart. The porcine (or pig) heart is most similar to the human heart, and therefore represents the best anatomical fit for replacement. Implantation of a porcine valve is a type of Xenotransplantation, or Xenograft, which means a transplant from one species (in this case a pig) to another. There are some risks associated with a Xenograft such as the human body's tendency to reject foreign material. Medication can be used to delay this effect, but is not always successful.","title":"Non-major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bone","text":"Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone with material from the patient's own body, an artificial, synthetic, or natural substitute. Bone grafting is used to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly.","title":"Non-major organs, tissues or cells"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a list of possible-transplantations which are still in the experimental and research stage or have only been partially successful.","title":"Experimental transplants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Face","text":"A face transplant is a still-experimental procedure. In addition to skin, the transplant optimally includes bones, along with muscle, skin, blood vessels and nerves.","title":"Experimental transplants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve"},{"link_name":"heart transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_transplant"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressive drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"reject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplant_rejection"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuffs2008-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_064.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saints Cosmas and Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian"}],"sub_title":"Hands","text":"The operation is carried out in the following order: bone fixation, tendon repair, artery repair, nerve repair, then vein repair. The operation typically lasts 8 to 12 hours. By comparison, a typical heart transplant operation lasts 6 to 8 hours.The recipient of a hand transplant needs to take immunosuppressive drugs, as the body's natural immune system will try to reject, or destroy, the hand. These drugs cause the recipient to have a weak immune system and react severely even from minor infections.In 2008, surgeons in Munich transplanted two whole arms.[10] The long-term results remain to be seen.According to legend, in the third century AD, Saints Cosmas and Damian miraculously transplanted the black leg of a dead slave onto an elderly servant.","title":"Experimental transplants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ischiopagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischiopagi"},{"link_name":"conjoined twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pedro Cavadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Cavadas_(surgeon)"}],"sub_title":"Leg","text":"In ischiopagic conjoined twins, a healthy leg was transplanted from a dying conjoined twin to her sister.[11] There is no need for immunosuppression because of the identical genetic make-up of the donor and recipient.The first leg transplant between genetically different people was performed in 2011, led by surgeon Pedro Cavadas. The procedure provided two legs to a double amputee, and recovery went well for about eight months. By then the man was able to stand up in a swimming pool. However, due to an unrelated illness, immunosuppressants had to be stopped, and the legs consequently needed to be amputated.","title":"Experimental transplants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"identical twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identical_twins"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"mycophenolate mofetil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolate_mofetil"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcckay2005-13"},{"link_name":"Lili Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Elbe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography.com,_2015-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrod,_2015-16"}],"sub_title":"Ovary","text":"Ovary transplantation, giving rise to successful pregnancies, will result in children who will have the genetic inheritance of the organ donor and not the recipient. It has so far only been carried out on identical twins, since the use of an ovarian transplant from a genetically identical donor prevents rejection of the donated organ. This bypasses the need for immune suppressants to maintain the function of the donated ovary, which is not vital for survival.[12] More significantly, many immunosuppressants, such as mycophenolate mofetil, may cause birth defects.[13]Ovary transplants in non-genetically identical individuals have been attempted, however they have ultimately failed. One example of this is Lili Elbe who received an ovary transplant in the early 1930s but died shortly thereafter due to various complications.[14][15][16]","title":"Experimental transplants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"Pander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM3B"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12941769-17"},{"link_name":"S phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phase"}],"sub_title":"Islets of Langerhans","text":"Islet cell transplantation has the possibility of restoring beta cells and curing diabetes.The Chicago Project headed at University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center is investigating ways to regenerate beta cells in vivo. With that being said, beta cells experience apoptosis early and thus are destroyed within a normal-functioning pancreas. The source of this seems to come from the transfer of Pander, a gene that works by attaching to RNA.[17] Pander, when active, causes the beta cells to be blocked at S phase, which induces apoptosis. This loss of beta cell mass eventually leads to a loss of most of the transplanted beta cells.","title":"Experimental transplants"}]
[{"image_text":"(Diagram illustrating the placement of a donor heart in an orthotopic procedure. Notice how the back of the patient's left atrium and great vessels are left in place).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Heart_transplant.jpg/275px-Heart_transplant.jpg"},{"image_text":"The donor kidney is typically placed inferior of the normal anatomical location.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kidtransplant.svg/150px-Kidtransplant.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cornea transplant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cornea_transplant800.jpg/300px-Cornea_transplant800.jpg"},{"image_text":"Walter Yeo, a British soldier, is assumed to be the first person to be benefited from plastic surgery employing tubed pedicle flaps, performed by Sir Harold Gillies in 1917. Before (left) and after (right) the operation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Walter_Yeo_skin_graft.jpg/220px-Walter_Yeo_skin_graft.jpg"},{"image_text":"According to legend, in the third century AD, Saints Cosmas and Damian miraculously transplanted the black leg of a dead slave onto an elderly servant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fra_Angelico_064.jpg/300px-Fra_Angelico_064.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Organ transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"}]
[{"reference":"\"What Is the Surgical Procedure?\". American College of Chest Physicians. October 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2006-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060925183104/http://www.chestnet.org/patients/guides/lung_trans/p9.php","url_text":"\"What Is the Surgical Procedure?\""},{"url":"http://www.chestnet.org/patients/guides/lung_trans/p9.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"diabetes FAQ: treatment (part 3 of 5)Section - Type 1 cures -- pancreas transplants\". www.faqs.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part3/section-14.html","url_text":"\"diabetes FAQ: treatment (part 3 of 5)Section - Type 1 cures -- pancreas transplants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intestine Transplantation\". www.medscape.com. Retrieved 1 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436543_2","url_text":"\"Intestine Transplantation\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas ED, Lochte HL, Lu WC, et al. (1957). \"Intravenous infusion of bone marrow in patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy\". New England Journal of Medicine. 257 (11): 491–496. doi:10.1056/NEJM195709122571102. PMID 13464965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM195709122571102","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM195709122571102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13464965","url_text":"13464965"}]},{"reference":"Cutler C, Antin JH (2001). \"Peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review\". Stem Cells. 19 (2): 108–17. doi:10.1634/stemcells.19-2-108. PMID 11239165.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1634%2Fstemcells.19-2-108","url_text":"\"Peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_Cells","url_text":"Stem Cells"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1634%2Fstemcells.19-2-108","url_text":"10.1634/stemcells.19-2-108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11239165","url_text":"11239165"}]},{"reference":"Tyndall A, Fassas A, Passweg J, et al. (1999). \"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplants for autoimmune disease--feasibility and transplant-related mortality. Autoimmune Disease and Lymphoma Working Parties of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the European League Against Rheumatism and the International Stem Cell Project for Autoimmune Disease\". Bone Marrow Transplant. 24 (7): 729–34. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701987. PMID 10516675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bmt.1701987","url_text":"10.1038/sj.bmt.1701987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10516675","url_text":"10516675"}]},{"reference":"Burt RK, Loh Y, Pearce W, et al. (2008). \"Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases\". JAMA. 299 (8): 925–36. doi:10.1001/jama.299.8.925. PMID 18314435.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.299.8.925","url_text":"\"Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.299.8.925","url_text":"10.1001/jama.299.8.925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18314435","url_text":"18314435"}]},{"reference":"Markert ML, Devlin BH, Alexieff MJ, et al. (May 2007). \"Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants\". Blood. 109 (10): 4539–47. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-048652. PMC 1885498. PMID 17284531.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885498","url_text":"\"Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2006-10-048652","url_text":"10.1182/blood-2006-10-048652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885498","url_text":"1885498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17284531","url_text":"17284531"}]},{"reference":"Tuffs, A. (2008). \"Munich surgeons perform world's first transplantation of whole arms\". British Medical Journal. 337 (aug05 22à): a1162. doi:10.1136/bmj.a1162. PMID 18682483. S2CID 35791291. Retrieved 2009-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/337/aug05_2/a1162","url_text":"\"Munich surgeons perform world's first transplantation of whole arms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a1162","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.a1162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18682483","url_text":"18682483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35791291","url_text":"35791291"}]},{"reference":"Zuker, Ronald M.; Redett, Rick; Alman, Ben; Coles, John G.; Timoney, Norma; Ein, Sigmund H. (2006). \"First Successful Lower-Extremity Transplantation: Technique and Functional Result\". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 22 (4): 239–44. doi:10.1055/s-2006-939928. PMID 16783680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-939928","url_text":"10.1055/s-2006-939928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16783680","url_text":"16783680"}]},{"reference":"McKay DB, Josephson MA (2005). \"Reproduction and Transplantation: Report on the AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues and Transplantation\". American Journal of Transplantation. 5 (7): 1592–1599. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00969.x. PMID 15943616. S2CID 32259645.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-6143.2005.00969.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00969.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15943616","url_text":"15943616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32259645","url_text":"32259645"}]},{"reference":"\"Lili Elbe Biography\". Biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved December 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biography.com/people/lili-elbe-090815","url_text":"\"Lili Elbe Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Harrod, Horatia (8 December 2015). \"The tragic true story behind The Danish Girl\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/the-danish-girl/true-story-lili-elbe-transgender/","url_text":"\"The tragic true story behind The Danish Girl\""}]},{"reference":"Cao X, Gao Z, Robert CE, et al. (2003). \"Pancreatic-derived factor (FAM3B), a novel islet cytokine, induces apoptosis of insulin-secreting beta-cells\". Diabetes. 52 (9): 2296–303. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2296. PMID 12941769.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.52.9.2296","url_text":"\"Pancreatic-derived factor (FAM3B), a novel islet cytokine, induces apoptosis of insulin-secreting beta-cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.52.9.2296","url_text":"10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12941769","url_text":"12941769"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060925183104/http://www.chestnet.org/patients/guides/lung_trans/p9.php","external_links_name":"\"What Is the Surgical Procedure?\""},{"Link":"http://www.chestnet.org/patients/guides/lung_trans/p9.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part3/section-14.html","external_links_name":"\"diabetes FAQ: treatment (part 3 of 5)Section - Type 1 cures -- pancreas transplants\""},{"Link":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436543_2","external_links_name":"\"Intestine Transplantation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM195709122571102","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJM195709122571102"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13464965","external_links_name":"13464965"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1634%2Fstemcells.19-2-108","external_links_name":"\"Peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic transplantation: a review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1634%2Fstemcells.19-2-108","external_links_name":"10.1634/stemcells.19-2-108"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11239165","external_links_name":"11239165"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bmt.1701987","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.bmt.1701987"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10516675","external_links_name":"10516675"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.299.8.925","external_links_name":"\"Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.299.8.925","external_links_name":"10.1001/jama.299.8.925"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18314435","external_links_name":"18314435"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885498","external_links_name":"\"Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2006-10-048652","external_links_name":"10.1182/blood-2006-10-048652"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885498","external_links_name":"1885498"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17284531","external_links_name":"17284531"},{"Link":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/337/aug05_2/a1162","external_links_name":"\"Munich surgeons perform world's first transplantation of whole arms\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a1162","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.a1162"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18682483","external_links_name":"18682483"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35791291","external_links_name":"35791291"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-939928","external_links_name":"10.1055/s-2006-939928"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16783680","external_links_name":"16783680"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/nov/09/health","external_links_name":"Woman to give birth after first ovary transplant pregnancy"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-6143.2005.00969.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00969.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15943616","external_links_name":"15943616"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32259645","external_links_name":"32259645"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ulQ7DwAAQBAJ&q=Lili+Elbe+ovarian+transplant&pg=PT234","external_links_name":"page 234"},{"Link":"http://www.biography.com/people/lili-elbe-090815","external_links_name":"\"Lili Elbe Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/the-danish-girl/true-story-lili-elbe-transgender/","external_links_name":"\"The tragic true story behind The Danish Girl\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.52.9.2296","external_links_name":"\"Pancreatic-derived factor (FAM3B), a novel islet cytokine, induces apoptosis of insulin-secreting beta-cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiabetes.52.9.2296","external_links_name":"10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2296"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12941769","external_links_name":"12941769"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Morgan
Gillian Morgan
["1 Professional career","1.1 Healthcare","1.2 Welsh Assembly Government","2 Offices held","3 References"]
British civil servant Dame Gillian Morgan DBE (born 1953 in Llwynypia) is a British civil servant. She was Permanent Secretary to the Welsh Assembly Government between May 2008 and August 2012. She has also worked in healthcare and healthcare management and is currently the independent chair of the One Gloucestershire integrated care system. Labour Party conference 2007 Professional career Healthcare Morgan's career has been mainly in healthcare, both in medicine and management, and includes a period as Chief Executive of North and East Devon Health Authority. She has worked as a doctor in hospitals, in general practice and in public health medicine, working both as a consultant and as the Director of Public Health for Leicestershire. She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the Faculty of Public Health and a member of the Royal College of General Practitioners. She was President of the Institute of Health Services Management in 1997–98 and is a past President of the International Hospital Federation. At the turn of the century, Morgan was chief executive of the North & East Devon Health Authority, based in Exeter where her husband taught at Exeter School. She was chief executive of the NHS Confederation from 2002 to 2008, chair of NHS Providers from 2014 to December 2019, and since January 2020 is the independent chair of the One Gloucestershire integrated care system. While working in healthcare, Morgan served on a number of national committees and working groups and was a member of the NHS Stakeholder Forum. She was one of the three members of the review team led by Sir Jeremy Beecham, set up in 2006 to advise the Welsh Assembly Government on the reform of public services in Wales. She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in June 2004 and was awarded Honorary Doctor of Science by The City University, London, in May 2006. Welsh Assembly Government Morgan was appointed as Permanent Secretary (head of the civil service) to the Welsh Assembly Government on 1 May 2008. She retired from the post in August 2012. Offices held Government offices Preceded bySir Jon Shortridge Permanent Secretary to the Welsh Assembly Government 2008–2012 Succeeded byDerek Jones References ^ a b Permanent Secretary "Welsh Assembly Government website". Welsh Assembly Government. Retrieved 20 February 2008. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^ "Appointment of Dame Gill Morgan to Gloucestershire ICS Independent Chair role – OneGloucestershire.net". Retrieved 16 April 2020. ^ Hignett, Katherine (23 December 2019). "Former NHS Providers chair to lead ICS". Health Service Journal. Retrieved 16 April 2020. ^ "Profiles". NHS Confederation. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-27. ^ "New top civil servant appointed". BBC News: Wales. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008. ^ Shipton, Martin (21 March 2014). "Civil service pay-off: Why did former Permanent Secretary leave with an exit package worth almost £200,000?". WalesOnline. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Llwynypia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llwynypia"},{"link_name":"Permanent Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Welsh Assembly Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"integrated care system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_care_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gill_Morgan.JPG"}],"text":"Dame Gillian Morgan DBE (born 1953 in Llwynypia) is a British civil servant. She was Permanent Secretary to the Welsh Assembly Government between May 2008 and August 2012.[1] She has also worked in healthcare and healthcare management and is currently the independent chair of the One Gloucestershire integrated care system.Labour Party conference 2007","title":"Gillian Morgan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitals"},{"link_name":"general practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practice"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"Royal College of General Practitioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_General_Practitioners"},{"link_name":"International Hospital Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hospital_Federation"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Exeter School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_School"},{"link_name":"NHS Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Confederation"},{"link_name":"NHS Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Providers"},{"link_name":"integrated care system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_care_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Jeremy Beecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Beecham"},{"link_name":"Welsh Assembly Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Honorary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"City University, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University,_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Healthcare","text":"Morgan's career has been mainly in healthcare, both in medicine and management, and includes a period as Chief Executive of North and East Devon Health Authority. She has worked as a doctor in hospitals, in general practice and in public health medicine, working both as a consultant and as the Director of Public Health for Leicestershire. She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the Faculty of Public Health and a member of the Royal College of General Practitioners.She was President of the Institute of Health Services Management in 1997–98 and is a past President of the International Hospital Federation. At the turn of the century, Morgan was chief executive of the North & East Devon Health Authority, based in Exeter where her husband taught at Exeter School. She was chief executive of the NHS Confederation from 2002 to 2008, chair of NHS Providers from 2014 to December 2019, and since January 2020 is the independent chair of the One Gloucestershire integrated care system.[2][3]While working in healthcare, Morgan served on a number of national committees and working groups and was a member of the NHS Stakeholder Forum. She was one of the three members of the review team led by Sir Jeremy Beecham, set up in 2006 to advise the Welsh Assembly Government on the reform of public services in Wales.She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in June 2004 and was awarded Honorary Doctor of Science by The City University, London, in May 2006.[4]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Permanent Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Welsh Assembly Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Welsh Assembly Government","text":"Morgan was appointed as Permanent Secretary (head of the civil service) to the Welsh Assembly Government on 1 May 2008.[1][5] She retired from the post in August 2012.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offices held"}]
[{"image_text":"Labour Party conference 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gill_Morgan.JPG/220px-Gill_Morgan.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Permanent Secretary \"Welsh Assembly Government website\". Welsh Assembly Government. Retrieved 20 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://new.wales.gov.uk/news/presreleasearchive/200208permasa/?lang=en","url_text":"Permanent Secretary \"Welsh Assembly Government website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appointment of Dame Gill Morgan to Gloucestershire ICS Independent Chair role – OneGloucestershire.net\". Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onegloucestershire.net/appointment-of-dame-gill-morgan-to-gloucestershire-ics-independent-chair-role/","url_text":"\"Appointment of Dame Gill Morgan to Gloucestershire ICS Independent Chair role – OneGloucestershire.net\""}]},{"reference":"Hignett, Katherine (23 December 2019). \"Former NHS Providers chair to lead ICS\". Health Service Journal. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hsj.co.uk/integration/former-nhs-providers-chair-to-lead-ics/7026607.article","url_text":"\"Former NHS Providers chair to lead ICS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profiles\". NHS Confederation. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070228230655/http://www.nhsconfed.org/about/about-1930.cfm","url_text":"\"Profiles\""},{"url":"http://www.nhsconfed.org/about/about-1930.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New top civil servant appointed\". BBC News: Wales. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7254720.stm","url_text":"\"New top civil servant appointed\""}]},{"reference":"Shipton, Martin (21 March 2014). \"Civil service pay-off: Why did former Permanent Secretary leave with an exit package worth almost £200,000?\". WalesOnline. Retrieved 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/civil-service-pay-off-former-permanent-6858693","url_text":"\"Civil service pay-off: Why did former Permanent Secretary leave with an exit package worth almost £200,000?\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://new.wales.gov.uk/news/presreleasearchive/200208permasa/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Permanent Secretary \"Welsh Assembly Government website\""},{"Link":"https://www.onegloucestershire.net/appointment-of-dame-gill-morgan-to-gloucestershire-ics-independent-chair-role/","external_links_name":"\"Appointment of Dame Gill Morgan to Gloucestershire ICS Independent Chair role – OneGloucestershire.net\""},{"Link":"https://www.hsj.co.uk/integration/former-nhs-providers-chair-to-lead-ics/7026607.article","external_links_name":"\"Former NHS Providers chair to lead ICS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070228230655/http://www.nhsconfed.org/about/about-1930.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhsconfed.org/about/about-1930.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7254720.stm","external_links_name":"\"New top civil servant appointed\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/civil-service-pay-off-former-permanent-6858693","external_links_name":"\"Civil service pay-off: Why did former Permanent Secretary leave with an exit package worth almost £200,000?\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_in_Rodanthe
Nights in Rodanthe
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Post-production","4 Reception","4.1 Box office","4.2 Critical reception","5 Accolades","6 Home media","7 References","8 External links"]
2008 film by George C. Wolfe Nights in RodantheTheatrical release posterDirected byGeorge C. WolfeScreenplay by Ann Peacock John Romano Based onNights in Rodantheby Nicholas SparksProduced byDenise Di NoviStarring Richard Gere Diane Lane Scott Glenn Christopher Meloni Viola Davis CinematographyAffonso BeatoEdited byBrian A. KatesMusic byJeanine TesoriProductioncompanies Village Roadshow Pictures Di Novi Pictures Distributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date September 26, 2008 (2008-09-26) Running time97 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$84.4 million Nights in Rodanthe is a 2008 American romantic drama film. It is an adaptation of Nicholas Sparks' 2002 novel of the same name. The film stars Richard Gere and Diane Lane in their third screen collaboration after The Cotton Club (1984) and Unfaithful (2002). It was filmed in the small seaside village of Rodanthe, the northernmost village of the inhabited areas of Hatteras Island as well as North Topsail Beach, North Carolina. Plot Adrienne Willis is in the process of getting a divorce from her husband Jack after he left her for another woman. Their separation has caused a rift between her and their rebellious teenage daughter, Amanda. One morning, when picking up Amanda and their son Danny for a weekend visit, Jack tells Adrienne he still loves her and wants to move back home. She tells him she needs time and space to think. Adrienne drives to Rodanthe, North Carolina to look after a friend's bed-and-breakfast for a few days. It is a house right on the beach, partially in the surf at high tide. The only guest for the weekend is surgeon Paul Flanner. He suffers from flashbacks of a surgery that ended tragically, which has made him cold and frustrated. The family of the patient who died lives in Rodanthe and is suing for wrongful death. As a storm arrives, Paul and Adrienne work together to protect the inn. They dine together, share stories, and eventually turn to each other for emotional support. A genuine romance begins and they fall in love. With Adrienne's advice and moral support, Paul finds the courage to visit the deceased patient's widower. He also feels guilty for passing up a relationship with his son Mark in favor of his career. He plans to visit Ecuador, where Mark is working as a physician in an impoverished community. During their separation, Adrienne and Paul exchange numerous letters expressing their longing to be together again. On the evening that Adrienne and Paul are to reunite, he does not show up. Soon thereafter, Mark arrives at Adrienne's door with a box of Paul's personal belongings. He had been killed in a flash mudslide while attempting to save medical supplies. Mark thanks Adrienne for "giving him back the father he knew when he was a child". Over the following weeks, Adrienne struggles with the grief of losing Paul. Eventually, Amanda coaxes the story from her mother. A turning point for their relationship, Adrienne begins to deal with her loss. She tells her daughter the story of the very special type of love she found with Paul, and encourages her to seek that out for herself someday. Adrienne returns to Rodanthe and sees a small herd of wild horses on the beach by the inn. She, her children, and her best friend walk down to the dock where Adrienne and Paul once danced. Cast Diane Lane as Adrienne Willis Richard Gere as Dr. Paul Flanner James Franco as Dr. Mark Flanner Scott Glenn as Robert Torrelson Christopher Meloni as Jack Willis Carolyn McCormick as Jenny Viola Davis as Jean Pablo Schreiber as Charlie Torrelson Mae Whitman as Amanda Willis Charlie Tahan as Danny Willis Post-production The house was damaged in a hurricane after the movie was filmed. New owners bought the house and relocated it to another part of the Outer Banks. Tourists to the area can rent portions of the house and stay in specific rooms that have been remodeled to appear as they did in the film (actual interior scenes were filmed on sound stages). The name of the house is Serendipity. Reception Box office Nights in Rodanthe has grossed $41.9 million in North America and $42.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $84.4 million. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $13.4 million, finishing second at the box office behind Eagle Eye ($59.6 million). It became Warner Bros.' thirteenth highest-grossing release of 2008. Critical reception According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the critical consensus holds that the film is "derivative and schmaltzy" and "strongly mottled by contrivances that even the charisma of stars Diane Lane and Richard Gere can't repair". The site rates the movie as "rotten", with a score of 30% based on 132 reviews. Metacritic scored the film with a 39/100, or "generally unfavorable", based on 26 critics' reviews. Although the movie was panned, it grossed $84.4 million worldwide. The Times included Nights in Rodanthe on its 100 Worst Films of 2008 list. In 2010, Time magazine named it one of the 10 worst chick flicks ever made. Accolades Year Award Category Recipient(s) Result 2009 AARP Movies for Grownups Awards Best Grownup Love Story Diane Lane and Richard Gere Nominated Home media Nights in Rodanthe was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 10, 2009. References ^ a b c d "Nights in Rodanthe (2008) - Box Office Mojo". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ "The Inn from "Nights in Rodanthe:" Rescued and Renovated". July 25, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ "Rodanthe R-51 - Outer Banks Vacation Rentals". Sunrealtync.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ Finke, Nikki (September 27, 2008). "Shia's Political Thriller 'Eagle Eye' No. 1: 'Nights In Rodanthe' #2; U.S. Presidential Debate Dampened Weekend Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "Warner Bros. Box Office Receipts by Calendar Gross". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 14, 2018. ^ "Nights in Rodanthe". Rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ "Nights in Rodanthe". Metacritic. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ Naughton, Philippe. "Worst Films". The Times. London. ^ Suddath, Claire (May 26, 2010). "Top 10 Worst Chick Flicks - Nights in Rodanthe". Time. Retrieved March 28, 2012. External links Nights in Rodanthe at IMDb Nights in Rodanthe at AllMovie Nights in Rodanthe at Box Office Mojo Nights in Rodanthe at Rotten Tomatoes vteNicholas SparksNovels The Notebook (1996) Message in a Bottle (1998) A Walk to Remember (1999) The Rescue (2000) A Bend in the Road (2001) Nights in Rodanthe (2002) The Guardian (2003) The Wedding (2003) True Believer (2005) At First Sight (2005) Dear John (2006) The Choice (2007) The Lucky One (2008) The Last Song (2009) Safe Haven (2010) The Best of Me (2011) The Longest Ride (2013) See Me (2015) Two by Two (2016) Every Breath (2018) The Return (2020) The Wish (2021) Dreamland (2022) Counting Miracles (2024) Non-fiction Wokini: A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self-Understanding (1990) Three Weeks with My Brother (2004) Film/TV adaptations Message in a Bottle (1999) A Walk to Remember (2002) The Notebook (2004) Nights in Rodanthe (2008) Dear John (2010) The Last Song (2010) The Lucky One (2012) Safe Haven (2013) The Best of Me (2014) Deliverance Creek (2014) The Longest Ride (2015) The Choice (2016) vteFilms directed by George C. Wolfe Lackawanna Blues (2005) Nights in Rodanthe (2008) You're Not You (2014) The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2017) Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (2020) Rustin (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Sparks"},{"link_name":"2002 novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_in_Rodanthe_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Richard Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gere"},{"link_name":"Diane Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Lane"},{"link_name":"The Cotton Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cotton_Club_(film)"},{"link_name":"Unfaithful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfaithful_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Rodanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodanthe,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hatteras Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatteras_Island"},{"link_name":"North Topsail Beach, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Topsail_Beach,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Nights in Rodanthe is a 2008 American romantic drama film. It is an adaptation of Nicholas Sparks' 2002 novel of the same name. The film stars Richard Gere and Diane Lane in their third screen collaboration after The Cotton Club (1984) and Unfaithful (2002).It was filmed in the small seaside village of Rodanthe, the northernmost village of the inhabited areas of Hatteras Island as well as North Topsail Beach, North Carolina.","title":"Nights in Rodanthe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"wild horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker_horse"}],"text":"Adrienne Willis is in the process of getting a divorce from her husband Jack after he left her for another woman. Their separation has caused a rift between her and their rebellious teenage daughter, Amanda. One morning, when picking up Amanda and their son Danny for a weekend visit, Jack tells Adrienne he still loves her and wants to move back home. She tells him she needs time and space to think.Adrienne drives to Rodanthe, North Carolina to look after a friend's bed-and-breakfast for a few days. It is a house right on the beach, partially in the surf at high tide. The only guest for the weekend is surgeon Paul Flanner. He suffers from flashbacks of a surgery that ended tragically, which has made him cold and frustrated. The family of the patient who died lives in Rodanthe and is suing for wrongful death.As a storm arrives, Paul and Adrienne work together to protect the inn. They dine together, share stories, and eventually turn to each other for emotional support. A genuine romance begins and they fall in love. With Adrienne's advice and moral support, Paul finds the courage to visit the deceased patient's widower. He also feels guilty for passing up a relationship with his son Mark in favor of his career. He plans to visit Ecuador, where Mark is working as a physician in an impoverished community.During their separation, Adrienne and Paul exchange numerous letters expressing their longing to be together again. On the evening that Adrienne and Paul are to reunite, he does not show up. Soon thereafter, Mark arrives at Adrienne's door with a box of Paul's personal belongings. He had been killed in a flash mudslide while attempting to save medical supplies. Mark thanks Adrienne for \"giving him back the father he knew when he was a child\".Over the following weeks, Adrienne struggles with the grief of losing Paul. Eventually, Amanda coaxes the story from her mother. A turning point for their relationship, Adrienne begins to deal with her loss. She tells her daughter the story of the very special type of love she found with Paul, and encourages her to seek that out for herself someday.Adrienne returns to Rodanthe and sees a small herd of wild horses on the beach by the inn. She, her children, and her best friend walk down to the dock where Adrienne and Paul once danced.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diane Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Lane"},{"link_name":"Richard Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gere"},{"link_name":"James Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco"},{"link_name":"Scott Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Christopher Meloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Meloni"},{"link_name":"Carolyn McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Viola Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Davis"},{"link_name":"Pablo Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Schreiber"},{"link_name":"Mae Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Charlie Tahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Tahan"}],"text":"Diane Lane as Adrienne Willis\nRichard Gere as Dr. Paul Flanner\nJames Franco as Dr. Mark Flanner\nScott Glenn as Robert Torrelson\nChristopher Meloni as Jack Willis\nCarolyn McCormick as Jenny\nViola Davis as Jean\nPablo Schreiber as Charlie Torrelson\nMae Whitman as Amanda Willis\nCharlie Tahan as Danny Willis","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Outer Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The house was damaged in a hurricane after the movie was filmed.[2] New owners bought the house and relocated it to another part of the Outer Banks. Tourists to the area can rent portions of the house and stay in specific rooms that have been remodeled to appear as they did in the film (actual interior scenes were filmed on sound stages). The name of the house is Serendipity.[3]","title":"Post-production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-1"},{"link_name":"Eagle Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Eye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Nights in Rodanthe has grossed $41.9 million in North America and $42.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $84.4 million.[1]In its opening weekend, the film grossed $13.4 million, finishing second at the box office behind Eagle Eye ($59.6 million).[1][4] It became Warner Bros.' thirteenth highest-grossing release of 2008.[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-1"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"chick flicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_flick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the critical consensus holds that the film is \"derivative and schmaltzy\" and \"strongly mottled by contrivances that even the charisma of stars Diane Lane and Richard Gere can't repair\". The site rates the movie as \"rotten\", with a score of 30% based on 132 reviews.[6] Metacritic scored the film with a 39/100, or \"generally unfavorable\", based on 26 critics' reviews.[7] Although the movie was panned, it grossed $84.4 million worldwide.[1]The Times included Nights in Rodanthe on its 100 Worst Films of 2008 list.[8] In 2010, Time magazine named it one of the 10 worst chick flicks ever made.[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"}],"text":"Nights in Rodanthe was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 10, 2009.","title":"Home media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nights in Rodanthe (2008) - Box Office Mojo\". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nightsinrodanthe.htm","url_text":"\"Nights in Rodanthe (2008) - Box Office Mojo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Inn from \"Nights in Rodanthe:\" Rescued and Renovated\". July 25, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hookedonhouses.net/2011/07/25/the-inn-from-nights-in-rodanthe-rescued-and-renovated/","url_text":"\"The Inn from \"Nights in Rodanthe:\" Rescued and Renovated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rodanthe R-51 - Outer Banks Vacation Rentals\". Sunrealtync.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunrealtync.com/house/r-51","url_text":"\"Rodanthe R-51 - Outer Banks Vacation Rentals\""}]},{"reference":"Finke, Nikki (September 27, 2008). \"Shia's Political Thriller 'Eagle Eye' No. 1: 'Nights In Rodanthe' #2; U.S. Presidential Debate Dampened Weekend Box Office\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2008/09/friday-box-office-analaysis-coming/","url_text":"\"Shia's Political Thriller 'Eagle Eye' No. 1: 'Nights In Rodanthe' #2; U.S. Presidential Debate Dampened Weekend Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Warner Bros. Box Office Receipts by Calendar Gross\". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/studio/chart/?view=company&view2=calendar&yr=2008&timeframe=yty&sort=&order=&debug=0&studio=warnerbros.htm","url_text":"\"Warner Bros. Box Office Receipts by Calendar Gross\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nights in Rodanthe\". Rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nights_in_rodanthe","url_text":"\"Nights in Rodanthe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nights in Rodanthe\". Metacritic. Retrieved September 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/nightsinrodanthe","url_text":"\"Nights in Rodanthe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Naughton, Philippe. \"Worst Films\". The Times. London.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article5245052.ece?token=null&offset=24&page=3","url_text":"\"Worst Films\""}]},{"reference":"Suddath, Claire (May 26, 2010). \"Top 10 Worst Chick Flicks - Nights in Rodanthe\". Time. Retrieved March 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.time.com/2010/05/26/top-10-worst-chick-flicks/?slide=nights-in-rodanthe#nights-in-rodanthe","url_text":"\"Top 10 Worst Chick Flicks - Nights in Rodanthe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nightsinrodanthe.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nights in Rodanthe (2008) - Box Office Mojo\""},{"Link":"http://hookedonhouses.net/2011/07/25/the-inn-from-nights-in-rodanthe-rescued-and-renovated/","external_links_name":"\"The Inn from \"Nights in Rodanthe:\" Rescued and Renovated\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunrealtync.com/house/r-51","external_links_name":"\"Rodanthe R-51 - Outer Banks Vacation Rentals\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2008/09/friday-box-office-analaysis-coming/","external_links_name":"\"Shia's Political Thriller 'Eagle Eye' No. 1: 'Nights In Rodanthe' #2; U.S. Presidential Debate Dampened Weekend Box Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/studio/chart/?view=company&view2=calendar&yr=2008&timeframe=yty&sort=&order=&debug=0&studio=warnerbros.htm","external_links_name":"\"Warner Bros. Box Office Receipts by Calendar Gross\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nights_in_rodanthe","external_links_name":"\"Nights in Rodanthe\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/nightsinrodanthe","external_links_name":"\"Nights in Rodanthe\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article5245052.ece?token=null&offset=24&page=3","external_links_name":"\"Worst Films\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.time.com/2010/05/26/top-10-worst-chick-flicks/?slide=nights-in-rodanthe#nights-in-rodanthe","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Worst Chick Flicks - Nights in Rodanthe\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956038/","external_links_name":"Nights in Rodanthe"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v387784","external_links_name":"Nights in Rodanthe"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=nightsinrodanthe.htm","external_links_name":"Nights in Rodanthe"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nights_in_rodanthe","external_links_name":"Nights in Rodanthe"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_Zone
Gurage Zone
["1 Overview","2 Demographics","3 Notes","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 8°10′N 38°15′E / 8.167°N 38.250°E / 8.167; 38.250Zone in Central Ethiopia Regional State Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia Gurage is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. The region is home to the Gurage people. Gurage is bordered on the southeast by Hadiya and Yem Zone, on the northwest by Kebena Special Woreda, north and east by the Oromia Region, and on the southeast by Silt'e. Its highest point is Mount Gurage. Welkite is the administrative centre of the Region; Butajira is the largest city in this zone and the former administrative centre. Overview Most parts of this region are heavily eroded, which required farmers to protect their enset fields with stone and soil bunds. During the 1930s, about 20% of the land in Gurage was covered with natural forests, which has since been almost completely cut down; the removal was especially fast during the years 1991 and 1992. As of 1996 one of the largest natural forests is Ziarem forest (also known as Forehina), about 800 hectares in size. On the other hand, beginning in the early 1960s the inhabitants started to grow eucalyptus on an increasing scale, which has increased the amount of land being covered with trees. This region has 783 kilometers of all-weather roads and 281 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 182 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 7,624 tons of coffee were produced in Gurage, Hadiya and Kembata Tembaro combined in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represented 7.6% of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR)'s output and 3.36% of Ethiopia's total output. Following a referendum held between 18 and 26 April 2001, the Silt'e unanimously voted to form their own region, Silt'e. Demographics Based on the 2007 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Gurage has a total population of 1,280,483. The six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Gurage people (82%), the Mareqo or Libido (4.28%), the Amhara (3.36%), the Kebena (3.34%), the Silt'e people (2.71%), and the Oromo (1.69%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.62% of the population. Gurage languages are spoken as a first language by 80.54% of the population, 5.28% spoke Amharic, 4.09% spoke Libido, 3.2% spoke Kebena, 2.98% spoke Silt'e, and 1.06% spoke Oromo; the remaining 2.85% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 41.02% of the population reporting that belief, while 51.91% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 5.79% were Protestants, and 1.12% Catholic. According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Sebat Bet Gurage (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the Soddo Gurage (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the Amhara (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. Sebat Bet Gurage is spoken as a first language by 39.93%, 35.04% Silt'e, 10.06% spoke Soddo Gurage, 3.93% spoke Amharic, 2.16% spoke Libido, and 1.93% spoke Kebena; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 33.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 62.97% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 1.9% were Protestants, and 0.95% Catholic. According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 3% of the inhabitants of Gurage have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 95.4 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers, the average rural household has 0.5 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 0.89 for the SNNPR) the equivalent of 0.2 heads of livestock. 18.9% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 32%. 79% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 12% in secondary schools. 18% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and 38% to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 319. Notes ^ "Ethiopian Village Studies: Imbdibir" Archived 2009-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for the Study of African Economies (accessed 5 July 2009) ^ "Detailed statistics on roads" Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, SNNPR Bureau of Finance and Economic Development website (accessed 3 September 2009) ^ CSA 2005 National Statistics Archived 2006-09-05 at the Wayback Machine, Table D.2 ^ Sarah Vaughan, "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia" Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (University of Edinburgh: Ph.D. Thesis, 2003), p. 265 ^ Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. "Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ Census 2007 Tables: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region Archived 2012-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4. ^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.11, 2.14, 2.17 (accessed 30 December 2008). ^ Comparative national and regional figures comes from the World Bank publication, Klaus Deininger et al. "Tenure Security and Land Related Investment", WP-2991 Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 23 March 2006) ^ World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization (accessed 23 March 2006). External links Gurage Zone Government web page 8°10′N 38°15′E / 8.167°N 38.250°E / 8.167; 38.250 vteZones and Woredas of the Central Ethiopia Regional State List of districts in the Central Ethiopia Regional StateEast Gurage Zone Buee (town) Butajira (town) East Meskane Enseno (town) Meskane North Soddo South Soddo Gurage Zone Abeshge Cheha Endegagn Enemorina Eaner Ezha Geta Gumer Kokir Gedebano Muhor Na Aklil Wolkite (town) Hadiya Zone Ana Lemo Duna Gibe Gomibora Hosaena (town) Lemo Mirab Badawacho Misha Misraq Badawacho Shashogo Soro Halaba Zone Atoti Ullo Kulito (town) Wera Kembata Zone Adilo Zuria Angacha Damboya Doyogena Durame Town Hadero Tunto Kacha Bira Kedida Gamela Siltʼe Zone Alicho Werero Dalocha Lanfro Mirab Azernet Berbere Misraq Azernet Berbere Sankurra Silti Worabe (town) Wulbareg Yem Zone Saja (town) Deri Saja Zuria Special woredas Kebena Special Woreda Mareko Special Woreda Tembaro Special Woreda Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg"},{"link_name":"zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Central Ethiopia Regional State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ethiopia_Regional_State"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gurage people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people"},{"link_name":"Hadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_Zone"},{"link_name":"Yem Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem_Zone"},{"link_name":"Kebena Special Woreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebena_Special_Woreda"},{"link_name":"Oromia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"Silt'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_Zone"},{"link_name":"Mount Gurage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gurage"},{"link_name":"Welkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welkite"},{"link_name":"Butajira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butajira"}],"text":"Zone in Central Ethiopia Regional StateMap of the regions and zones of EthiopiaGurage is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. The region is home to the Gurage people. Gurage is bordered on the southeast by Hadiya and Yem Zone, on the northwest by Kebena Special Woreda, north and east by the Oromia Region, and on the southeast by Silt'e. Its highest point is Mount Gurage. Welkite is the administrative centre of the Region; Butajira is the largest city in this zone and the former administrative centre.","title":"Gurage Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enset"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurage_Zone&action=edit"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Kembata Tembaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembata_Tembaro_Zone"},{"link_name":"Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities_and_Peoples%27_Region"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Silt'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Most parts of this region are heavily eroded, which required farmers to protect their enset fields with stone and soil bunds. During the 1930s, about 20% of the land in Gurage was covered with natural forests, which has since been almost completely cut down; the removal was especially fast during the years 1991 and 1992. As of 1996[update] one of the largest natural forests is Ziarem forest (also known as Forehina), about 800 hectares in size. On the other hand, beginning in the early 1960s the inhabitants started to grow eucalyptus on an increasing scale, which has increased the amount of land being covered with trees.[1] This region has 783 kilometers of all-weather roads and 281 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 182 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers.[2]The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 7,624 tons of coffee were produced in Gurage, Hadiya and Kembata Tembaro combined in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represented 7.6% of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR)'s output and 3.36% of Ethiopia's total output.[3]Following a referendum held between 18 and 26 April 2001, the Silt'e unanimously voted to form their own region, Silt'e.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gurage people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Silt'e people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_people"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people"},{"link_name":"Gurage languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_languages"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Libido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido_language"},{"link_name":"Kebena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebena_language"},{"link_name":"Silt'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silte_language"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27ent%27ay"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sebat Bet Gurage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language"},{"link_name":"Soddo Gurage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soddo_language"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Sebat Bet Gurage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language"},{"link_name":"Silt'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silte_language"},{"link_name":"Soddo Gurage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soddo_language"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Libido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido_language"},{"link_name":"Kebena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebena_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27ent%27ay"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Tsetse fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Based on the 2007 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Gurage has a total population of 1,280,483.[5] The six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Gurage people (82%), the Mareqo or Libido (4.28%), the Amhara (3.36%), the Kebena (3.34%), the Silt'e people (2.71%), and the Oromo (1.69%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.62% of the population. Gurage languages are spoken as a first language by 80.54% of the population, 5.28% spoke Amharic, 4.09% spoke Libido, 3.2% spoke Kebena, 2.98% spoke Silt'e, and 1.06% spoke Oromo; the remaining 2.85% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 41.02% of the population reporting that belief, while 51.91% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 5.79% were Protestants, and 1.12% Catholic.[6]According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Sebat Bet Gurage (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the Soddo Gurage (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the Amhara (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. Sebat Bet Gurage is spoken as a first language by 39.93%, 35.04% Silt'e, 10.06% spoke Soddo Gurage, 3.93% spoke Amharic, 2.16% spoke Libido, and 1.93% spoke Kebena; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 33.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 62.97% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 1.9% were Protestants, and 0.95% Catholic.[7]According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 3% of the inhabitants of Gurage have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 95.4 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers, the average rural household has 0.5 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 0.89 for the SNNPR)[8] the equivalent of 0.2 heads of livestock. 18.9% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 32%. 79% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 12% in secondary schools. 18% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and 38% to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 319.[9]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ethiopian Village Studies: Imbdibir\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csae.ox.ac.uk/evstudies/pdfs/imdibir/imdibir-nophotos.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091216060224/http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/evstudies/pdfs/imdibir/imdibir-nophotos.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Detailed statistics on roads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.snnprbofed.gov.et/Reports/Roads.xls"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110720151415/http://www.snnprbofed.gov.et/Reports/Roads.xls"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"CSA 2005 National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.statsethiopia.org/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060905135128/http://www.statsethiopia.org/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ihasa.org/documents/special-reports/ethnicity-in-ethiopia.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110813043308/http://www.ihasa.org/documents/special-reports/ethnicity-in-ethiopia.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121113220306/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081119232405/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070310150244/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETHIOPIA/Resources/PREM/FourEthiopiasrev6.7.5.May24.pdf"}],"text":"^ \"Ethiopian Village Studies: Imbdibir\" Archived 2009-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for the Study of African Economies (accessed 5 July 2009)\n\n^ \"Detailed statistics on roads\" Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, SNNPR Bureau of Finance and Economic Development website (accessed 3 September 2009)\n\n^ CSA 2005 National Statistics Archived 2006-09-05 at the Wayback Machine, Table D.2\n\n^ Sarah Vaughan, \"Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia\" Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (University of Edinburgh: Ph.D. Thesis, 2003), p. 265\n\n^ Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. \"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007\" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2021.\n\n^ Census 2007 Tables: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region Archived 2012-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.\n\n^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.11, 2.14, 2.17 (accessed 30 December 2008).\n\n^ Comparative national and regional figures comes from the World Bank publication, Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991 Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 23 March 2006)\n\n^ World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization (accessed 23 March 2006).","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/220px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. \"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007\" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007\""},{"url":"http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gurage_Zone&params=8_10_N_38_15_E_type:adm2nd_region:ET","external_links_name":"8°10′N 38°15′E / 8.167°N 38.250°E / 8.167; 38.250"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurage_Zone&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/evstudies/pdfs/imdibir/imdibir-nophotos.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopian Village Studies: Imbdibir\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091216060224/http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/evstudies/pdfs/imdibir/imdibir-nophotos.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.snnprbofed.gov.et/Reports/Roads.xls","external_links_name":"\"Detailed statistics on roads\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720151415/http://www.snnprbofed.gov.et/Reports/Roads.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statsethiopia.org/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm","external_links_name":"CSA 2005 National Statistics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060905135128/http://www.statsethiopia.org/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ihasa.org/documents/special-reports/ethnicity-in-ethiopia.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813043308/http://www.ihasa.org/documents/special-reports/ethnicity-in-ethiopia.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220306/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232405/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520","external_links_name":"Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310150244/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETHIOPIA/Resources/PREM/FourEthiopiasrev6.7.5.May24.pdf","external_links_name":"World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070329130403/http://www.guragezone.gov.et/","external_links_name":"Gurage Zone Government web page"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gurage_Zone&params=8_10_N_38_15_E_type:adm2nd_region:ET","external_links_name":"8°10′N 38°15′E / 8.167°N 38.250°E / 8.167; 38.250"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147986646","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010022610","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Parodi
Luciano Parodi
["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Hebraica Macabi (2009–2017)","2.2 Bahía Blanca (2017–2018)","2.3 Be'er Sheva / Sassari (2018)","2.4 Corinthians (2018–2019)","2.5 Franca (2019–2020)","2.6 Minas (2020–2021)","2.7 s.Oliver Würzburg (2021–present)","3 National team career","4 References","5 External links"]
Uruguayan basketball player Luciano ParodiNo. 21 – Hebraica MacabiPositionPoint guardLeagueUruguayan LeaguePersonal informationBorn (1994-02-16) February 16, 1994 (age 30)Paysandú, UruguayNationalityUruguayanListed height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Listed weight180 lb (82 kg)Career informationNBA draft2016: undraftedPlaying career2009–presentCareer history2009Paysandú2009–2017Hebraica Macabi2017–2018Bahía Blanca2018Dinamo Sassari2018–2019Corinthians2019–2020Franca2020–2021Minas2021–2022s.Oliver Würzburg2022–presentHebraica Macabi Career highlights and awards 3× Uruguayan League champion (2012, 2016, 2017) Uruguayan League MVP (2016) Uruguayan League Finals MVP (2016) Luciano Parodi González (born February 16, 1994) is a Uruguayan professional basketball player for Hebraica Macabi of the Uruguayan League. A three-time Uruguayan League champion with Hebraica Macabi. Parodi was named Uruguayan League MVP and Finals MVP in 2016. Early life Parodi was born in Paysandú, Uruguay. He played for Paysandú and Hebraica Macabi youth teams. Professional career Hebraica Macabi (2009–2017) After starting his career in 2009 with Paysandú, Parodi moved to Hebraica Macabi, later that same year. Parodi helped Hebraica to win the 2016 Uruguayan League championship, and he was named the Uruguayan League MVP. In his next season, Parodi averaged 12.8 points, 3.5 rebounds, 6.6 assists and 2.3 steals per game and helped Hebraica to win the title two years in a row. Bahía Blanca (2017–2018) On June 14, 2017, Parodi signed a one-year deal with the Argentine League team Bahía Blanca. On January 31, 2018, Parodi recorded a career-high 27 points, shooting 8-of-15 from the field, along with four rebounds and six assists in a 93–90 win over Boca Juniors. Be'er Sheva / Sassari (2018) On July 14, 2018, Parodi signed with the Israeli League team Hapoel Be'er Sheva for the 2018–19 season. However, on September 16, 2018, Parodi parted ways with Be'er Sheva before appearing in a game for them. On September 27, 2018, Parodi signed a one-year deal with the Italian League team Dinamo Sassari. On November 26, 2018, Parodi parted ways with Sassari after appearing in six games. Corinthians (2018–2019) On December 3, 2018, Parodi signed with Corinthians Paulista of the NBB. Franca (2019–2020) On June 28, 2019 Parodi signed with Franca for the 2019–20 NBB season. Minas (2020–2021) In summer 2020, he has signed with Minas of the NBB. s.Oliver Würzburg (2021–present) On June 23, 2021, he has signed with s.Oliver Würzburg of the German Basketball Bundesliga. National team career Parodi is a member of Uruguayan national basketball team, he participated in the 2013, 2015 and 2017 FIBA AmeriCup tournaments, as well as the 2019 FIBA World Cup qualification games. References ^ "Repasamos el camino que llevó a Hebraica Macabi a coronarse campeón de la Liga Uruguaya". futbol.com.uy (in Spanish). May 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ "Refuerzos de Bahía". webasketball.com.ar (in Spanish). June 14, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ "Weber Bahia Estudiantes 93 at Boca Juniors 90 - Box Score". RealGM.com. January 31, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018. ^ מאורוגוואי לנגב: פארודי חתם בבאר שבע. basket.co.il (in Hebrew). July 15, 2018. ^ "מצאתי כאן משהו שונה". hb7.co.il (in Hebrew). September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018. ^ "Luciano Parodi signs with Dinamo Sassari". Sportando.basketball. September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018. ^ "Luciano Parodi, Dinamo Sassari part ways". Sportando.basketball. November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018. ^ "Parodi y otro cambio de club". ovaciondigital.com.uy (in Spanish). December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018. ^ "Dono de ótimas atuações pelo Corinthians na última temporada, armador uruguaio Luciano Parodi, ex-Corinthians, é a primeira contratação do time paulista". lnb.com.br (in Portuguese). 28 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ "s.Oliver Würzburg ink Luciano Parodi". Sportando. June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021. External links FIBA Profile Eurobasket.com Profile Italian League Profile (in Italian) RealGM Profile vteWürzburg Baskets current roster 0 Livingston 1 Seljaas 4 Böhmer 5 Klassen 6 Ugrai 10 Perry 12 Ndi 34 Hoffmann Head coach: Filipovski Assistant coaches: Mihevc Links to related articles vteLUB MVP 2003: Castrillón 2005: Silveira 2006: Bouzout 2007: Martínez 2008: García Morales 2009: García Morales 2010: Barrera 2011: Newsome 2012: Aguiar 2013: García Morales 2014: Fitipaldo 2015: Calfani 2016: Parodi 2017: García Morales 2018: Souberbielle vteLUB Finals MVP 2003: Castrillón 2005: Silveira 2006: Bouzout 2007: Martínez 2008: García Morales 2009: García Morales 2010: Collum 2011: Newsome 2012: Aguiar 2013: García Morales 2014: Fitipaldo 2015: Calfani 2016: Parodi 2017: García Morales 2018: Mazzarino 2019: Feeley
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Hebraica Macabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraica_Macabi"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Hebraica Macabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraica_Macabi"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan League MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Basketball_League_MVP"},{"link_name":"Finals MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Basketball_League_Finals_MVP"}],"text":"Luciano Parodi González (born February 16, 1994) is a Uruguayan professional basketball player for Hebraica Macabi of the Uruguayan League. A three-time Uruguayan League champion with Hebraica Macabi. Parodi was named Uruguayan League MVP and Finals MVP in 2016.","title":"Luciano Parodi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paysandú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysand%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Hebraica Macabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraica_Macabi"}],"text":"Parodi was born in Paysandú, Uruguay. He played for Paysandú and Hebraica Macabi youth teams.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paysandú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paysand%C3%BA_BBC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hebraica Macabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraica_Macabi"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Uruguaya_de_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan League MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Basketball_League_MVP"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Hebraica Macabi (2009–2017)","text":"After starting his career in 2009 with Paysandú, Parodi moved to Hebraica Macabi, later that same year. Parodi helped Hebraica to win the 2016 Uruguayan League championship, and he was named the Uruguayan League MVP.[1] In his next season, Parodi averaged 12.8 points, 3.5 rebounds, 6.6 assists and 2.3 steals per game and helped Hebraica to win the title two years in a row.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Bahía Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Bahía Blanca (2017–2018)","text":"On June 14, 2017, Parodi signed a one-year deal with the Argentine League team Bahía Blanca.[2] On January 31, 2018, Parodi recorded a career-high 27 points, shooting 8-of-15 from the field, along with four rebounds and six assists in a 93–90 win over Boca Juniors.[3]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israeli League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Be'er Sheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Be%27er_Sheva_B.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Italian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Dinamo Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamo_Sassari"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Be'er Sheva / Sassari (2018)","text":"On July 14, 2018, Parodi signed with the Israeli League team Hapoel Be'er Sheva for the 2018–19 season.[4] However, on September 16, 2018, Parodi parted ways with Be'er Sheva before appearing in a game for them.[5] On September 27, 2018, Parodi signed a one-year deal with the Italian League team Dinamo Sassari.[6] On November 26, 2018, Parodi parted ways with Sassari after appearing in six games.[7]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corinthians Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"NBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Basquete_Brasil"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Corinthians (2018–2019)","text":"On December 3, 2018, Parodi signed with Corinthians Paulista of the NBB.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Basquetebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBB_season"},{"link_name":"NBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Basquete_Brasil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Franca (2019–2020)","text":"On June 28, 2019 Parodi signed with Franca for the 2019–20 NBB season.[9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_T%C3%AAnis_Clube"},{"link_name":"NBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Basquete_Brasil"}],"sub_title":"Minas (2020–2021)","text":"In summer 2020, he has signed with Minas of the NBB.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"s.Oliver Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.Oliver_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Basketball Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"s.Oliver Würzburg (2021–present)","text":"On June 23, 2021, he has signed with s.Oliver Würzburg of the German Basketball Bundesliga.[10]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uruguayan national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIBA_Americas_Championship"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Americas_Championship"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_AmeriCup"},{"link_name":"FIBA AmeriCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_AmeriCup"},{"link_name":"2019 FIBA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup_qualification_(Americas)"}],"text":"Parodi is a member of Uruguayan national basketball team, he participated in the 2013, 2015 and 2017 FIBA AmeriCup tournaments, as well as the 2019 FIBA World Cup qualification games.","title":"National team career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Repasamos el camino que llevó a Hebraica Macabi a coronarse campeón de la Liga Uruguaya\". futbol.com.uy (in Spanish). May 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.futbol.com.uy/Deportes/Repasamos-el-camino-que-llevo-a-Hebraica-Macabi-a-coronarse-campeon-de-la-Liga-Uruguaya-uc307259","url_text":"\"Repasamos el camino que llevó a Hebraica Macabi a coronarse campeón de la Liga Uruguaya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Refuerzos de Bahía\". webasketball.com.ar (in Spanish). June 14, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://webasketball.com.ar/2017/06/14/14062017340386/#.W0tsltUzZ1s","url_text":"\"Refuerzos de Bahía\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weber Bahia Estudiantes 93 at Boca Juniors 90 - Box Score\". RealGM.com. January 31, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://basketball.realgm.com/international/boxscore/2018-01-31/Weber-Bahia-Estudiantes-at-Boca-Juniors/294660","url_text":"\"Weber Bahia Estudiantes 93 at Boca Juniors 90 - Box Score\""}]},{"reference":"מאורוגוואי לנגב: פארודי חתם בבאר שבע. basket.co.il (in Hebrew). July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://basket.co.il/news.asp?id=19163","url_text":"מאורוגוואי לנגב: פארודי חתם בבאר שבע"}]},{"reference":"\"מצאתי כאן משהו שונה\". hb7.co.il (in Hebrew). September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hb7.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99-%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%95-%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94/","url_text":"\"מצאתי כאן משהו שונה\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luciano Parodi signs with Dinamo Sassari\". Sportando.basketball. September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie-a/289935/luciano-parodi-signs-with-dinamo-sassari.html","url_text":"\"Luciano Parodi signs with Dinamo Sassari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luciano Parodi, Dinamo Sassari part ways\". Sportando.basketball. November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/luciano-parodi-dinamo-sassari-part-ways/","url_text":"\"Luciano Parodi, Dinamo Sassari part ways\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parodi y otro cambio de club\". ovaciondigital.com.uy (in Spanish). December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ovaciondigital.com.uy/basquetbol/parodi-cambio-club.html","url_text":"\"Parodi y otro cambio de club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dono de ótimas atuações pelo Corinthians na última temporada, armador uruguaio Luciano Parodi, ex-Corinthians, é a primeira contratação do time paulista\". lnb.com.br (in Portuguese). 28 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://lnb.com.br/noticias/parodi-e-anunciado-como-reforco-do-franca/","url_text":"\"Dono de ótimas atuações pelo Corinthians na última temporada, armador uruguaio Luciano Parodi, ex-Corinthians, é a primeira contratação do time paulista\""}]},{"reference":"\"s.Oliver Würzburg ink Luciano Parodi\". Sportando. June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/s-oliver-wurzburg-ink-luciano-parodi/","url_text":"\"s.Oliver Würzburg ink Luciano Parodi\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.futbol.com.uy/Deportes/Repasamos-el-camino-que-llevo-a-Hebraica-Macabi-a-coronarse-campeon-de-la-Liga-Uruguaya-uc307259","external_links_name":"\"Repasamos el camino que llevó a Hebraica Macabi a coronarse campeón de la Liga Uruguaya\""},{"Link":"http://webasketball.com.ar/2017/06/14/14062017340386/#.W0tsltUzZ1s","external_links_name":"\"Refuerzos de Bahía\""},{"Link":"https://basketball.realgm.com/international/boxscore/2018-01-31/Weber-Bahia-Estudiantes-at-Boca-Juniors/294660","external_links_name":"\"Weber Bahia Estudiantes 93 at Boca Juniors 90 - Box Score\""},{"Link":"http://basket.co.il/news.asp?id=19163","external_links_name":"מאורוגוואי לנגב: פארודי חתם בבאר שבע"},{"Link":"https://hb7.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99-%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%95-%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94/","external_links_name":"\"מצאתי כאן משהו שונה\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/italy/serie-a/289935/luciano-parodi-signs-with-dinamo-sassari.html","external_links_name":"\"Luciano Parodi signs with Dinamo Sassari\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/luciano-parodi-dinamo-sassari-part-ways/","external_links_name":"\"Luciano Parodi, Dinamo Sassari part ways\""},{"Link":"https://www.ovaciondigital.com.uy/basquetbol/parodi-cambio-club.html","external_links_name":"\"Parodi y otro cambio de club\""},{"Link":"http://lnb.com.br/noticias/parodi-e-anunciado-como-reforco-do-franca/","external_links_name":"\"Dono de ótimas atuações pelo Corinthians na última temporada, armador uruguaio Luciano Parodi, ex-Corinthians, é a primeira contratação do time paulista\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/s-oliver-wurzburg-ink-luciano-parodi/","external_links_name":"\"s.Oliver Würzburg ink Luciano Parodi\""},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Luciano%20Parodi/pid//_//players.html","external_links_name":"FIBA Profile"},{"Link":"https://basketball.latinbasket.com/player/Luciano-Parodi/Argentina/Weber-Bahia-Blanca-Basket/179346","external_links_name":"Eurobasket.com Profile"},{"Link":"http://web.legabasket.it/player/?id=PAR-LUC-94","external_links_name":"Italian League Profile"},{"Link":"https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Luciano-Parodi-Gonzalez/Summary/26350","external_links_name":"RealGM Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Dwyer
Hilary Dwyer
["1 Early life","2 Acting career","3 Duncan Heath Associates, marriage and children","4 Producing career","5 Addiction counselling","6 Death and legacy","7 Filmography","7.1 Feature films","7.2 Television (incomplete)","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
British actress (1945–2020) Hilary DwyerDwyer in 2009Born(1945-05-06)6 May 1945Liverpool, EnglandDied30 March 2020(2020-03-30) (aged 74)Other namesHilary HeathAlma materRoyal Central School of Speech and DramaOccupation(s)Actress, businessperson, film producer, addiction counsellorYears active1965–2014Spouse Duncan Heath ​ ​(m. 1974; div. 1989)​Children2 Hilary Dwyer (6 May 1945 – 30 March 2020), also known as Hilary Heath, was an English actress, businessperson, and film producer. She was best known for her acting roles in films such as Witchfinder General (1968) and Wuthering Heights (1970). She also performed on the London stage. In 1974, she married the talent agent Duncan Heath, with whom she had two children, and helped to found Duncan Heath Associates, which was later bought by ICM Partners. They divorced in 1989. Later in her career, under her married name, "Hilary Heath", she produced the feature film An Awfully Big Adventure (1995), as well as TV remakes of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca (1997) and Tennessee Williams's The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003). Her final producing role was the 2014 miniseries Jamaica Inn. Early life Born on 6 May 1945, in Liverpool, England, Hilary Dwyer was the daughter of Frederick Dwyer, a South African-born orthopaedic surgeon noted for his pioneering calcaneal osteotomy, who married Norah Eileen Milroy in 1940. They had two daughters, Hilary and Patricia, the latter of whom would later marry the philosopher Bernard Williams. As a youth, Hilary practised ballet and became a talented pianist, winning a music scholarship to Lowther College in North Wales. At age 16 she attended the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art (now part of the Central School of Speech and Drama) in London. She trained in repertory theatres and appeared on stage at the Bristol Old Vic. Acting career Vincent Price Dwyer is best known for appearing in several horror films distributed by American International Pictures in the late 1960s and early 1970s, most notably her first feature film, Michael Reeves' Witchfinder General (1968), starring Vincent Price, in which she played Sara Lowes, and gave a "sensitive performance...intelligent and articulate". Of the role, Dwyer later recalled "I don't think that I realised I was the star." Dwyer enjoyed working with Reeves, describing him as "terrific, we became really good friends". In a 2010 interview at the Southend Film Festival, Dwyer described her interview for Witchfinder General as her "first casting call", in which she was "absolutely terrified" because she "knew no-one". Dwyer also appeared in The Oblong Box (1969) and Cry of the Banshee (1970), both again featuring Price. Of working with Price, she said "I adored Vincent...I played his mistress, his daughter and his wife. And he said, 'if you ever play my mother, I'll marry you'." Dwyer also performed in Robert Fuest's Wuthering Heights (1970). Cry of the Banshee was her final feature film appearance. Her many television roles included The Prisoner, The Avengers, Hadleigh, Z-Cars, and Van der Valk. Her last TV appearance was in a 1976 episode of Space: 1999. Dwyer also had a successful career on the stage. In 1970 she appeared in The Importance of Being Earnest and in Arms and the Man at the Theatre Royal, Bath, and later on tour with the Bristol Old Vic. In 1978 Dwyer performed in the play Whose Life Is It Anyway? alongside Tom Conti at the Mermaid Theatre in London, and later at the Savoy. Duncan Heath Associates, marriage and children Duncan Heath In 1973, she helped set up the talent agency Duncan Heath Associates with her then husband-to-be, Duncan Heath, working long hours to set up the business and even taking business calls on her wedding day. Duncan Heath Associates became a successful talent agency, and was later bought by ICM Partners. Today, Duncan Heath is co-chairman of the Independent Talent Group Ltd. In a 2002 interview in the Financial Times, Heath said of Dwyer "She introduced me to a lot of people – if it wasn't for her it wouldn't have happened." Dwyer married Heath in 1974; they had two children, Laura and Daniel. However, working with her husband was not always easy. The relationship was later described by Duncan Heath as "a nightmare", in part because of her strong personality and also because she had begun to drink heavily. Producing career She began a career as a producer in the mid-1980s under her married name Hilary Heath. In 1988 she won a CableAce Award for the TV movie The Worst Witch (1986). Unfortunately her marriage did not prosper and she and her husband Duncan separated, and were divorced in 1989. Despite the divorce, she retained a relationship with her ex-husband, which continued to be the most important in her life, and the two continued to speak and meet regularly. She also embraced sobriety, giving up alcohol. Heath is credited as either producer or executive producer for a number of feature films, including Criminal Law (1988) and An Awfully Big Adventure (1995), starring Hugh Grant and Alan Rickman. She co-produced Gary Oldman's 1997 film Nil by Mouth. She also produced TV-remakes of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca (1997) and Tennessee Williams's The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003). In 2014 she executive produced the miniseries Jamaica Inn. As a producer, she was skilled at managing talent. Jonathan Powell, former controller of BBC 1, said of her: "Everybody knew Hilary. And if they didn't, they couldn't stop her from getting to know them. She had a complete incapacity to understand what the word 'no' meant". Addiction counselling In her mid 60s Dywer returned to education, studying cognitive behaviour therapy for a master's degree at the University of Oxford, and forging a new career as an addiction counsellor. She was reportedly a good counsellor, thanks to her frankness, and her openness about her own past struggles with addiction. Death and legacy Dwyer died on 30 March 2020, aged 74, from complications related to COVID-19. The health crisis caused by the virus meant that Dwyer's funeral did not take place as she had hoped or planned. The only individuals present were her daughter Laura and the presiding vicar. She was survived by her two children, Laura and Daniel. Laura Heath founded the Hope-Martin Animal Foundation in Barbados. Daniel Heath is a Los Angeles-based film composer, writing songs for artists such as Lana Del Rey. Filmography Feature films Year Film Role Director 1968 Witchfinder General Sara Lowes Michael Reeves 1969 The Body Stealers Julie Slade Gerry Levy The Oblong Box Lady Elizabeth Markham Gordon Hessler The File of the Golden Goose Ann Marlowe Sam Wanamaker Two Gentlemen Sharing Ethne Burrows Ted Kotcheff 1970 Wuthering Heights Isabella Linton Robert Fuest Cry of the Banshee Maureen Whitman Gordon Hessler Television (incomplete) Year TV show Role Director 1965 About Religion Gladys 1967 ITV Play of the Week Anthea Christopher Hodson The Avengers Hilary Robert Asher The Prisoner Number Seventy-Three Pat Jackson 1968 Z-Cars Rita Pearson John Glenister 1969 Callan Jenny Lauther Robert Tronson Special Branch Sarah Landring Jonathan Alwyn 1972 Van der Valk Nana Schneers 1973 Hadleigh Jennifer Caldwell 1976 Space 1999 Laura Adams Ray Austin Notes ^ a b "Hilary Heath, née Dwyer". Daily Express. 18 April 2020. p. 38. Actress and producer BORN MAY 6, 1945 – DIED MARCH 30, 2020, AGED 74 ^ a b Royal College of Surgeons Obiturary Retrieved 19 April 2020 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Times, Obituary, 18 April 2020 ^ "The Avengers – Press Releases – Murdersville – Page One". deadline.theavengers.tv. ^ a b c Savoy Theatre Programme No 37, October 1978 ^ a b c d e f g "Hilary Heath, Actress in 'Witchfinder General,' Dies of COVID-19 Complications at 74". The Hollywood Reporter. 10 April 2020. ^ Hutchings, Peter, Hammer and Beyond: The British Horror Film, p.149 Retrieved 28 March 2020 ^ Halligan, Benjamin, Michael Reeves, p.134 Retrieved 28 march 2020 ^ Witchfinder General recalled at www.bbc.co.uk Retrieved 30 March 2020 ^ a b Hilary Dwyer interviewed about 'Witchfinder General' at the Southend Film Festival, May 2010 Retrieved 28 March 2020 ^ Hilary Dwyer at theatricalia.com Retrieved 30 March 2020 ^ Whose Life is it Anyway? at theatricalia.com Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ January 2002 article on Duncan Heath at www.ft.com Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 29 August 2010 ^ a b c Article on Duncan and Laura Heath in 'Relative Values' in the Sunday Times, 2009 Retrieved 29 August 2010 ^ Haring, Bruce (10 April 2020). "Hilary Heath Dies: Horror Film Actress, Producer And Agency Founder Had COVID-19 Complications, Was 74". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 10 April 2020. ^ How covid-19 is changing funerals at www.economist.com Retrieved 14 April 2020 References Savoy Theatre Programme No 37, October 1978 The Times, Obituary Saturday 18 April 2020 External links Hilary Dwyer at IMDb Retrieved 29 March 2020 Hilary Dwyer at BFI Retrieved 29 March 2020 Hilary Heath at BFI Retrieved 29 March 2020 Hilary Dwyer interviewed about 'Witchfinder General' at the Southend Film Festival, May 2010 Retrieved 29 March 2020 Hilary Dwyer at theatricalia.com Retrieved 30 March 2020 Obituary at hollywoodreporter.com Retrieved 11 April 2020 Obituary at deadline.com Retrieved 11 April 2020 News Item at www.mirror.co.uk Retrieved 11 April 2020 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Poland Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Witchfinder General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchfinder_General_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wuthering Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"talent agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_agent"},{"link_name":"Duncan Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Heath"},{"link_name":"ICM Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICM_Partners"},{"link_name":"An Awfully Big Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Awfully_Big_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Daphne du Maurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier"},{"link_name":"Rebecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roman_Spring_of_Mrs._Stone_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(2014_TV_series)"}],"text":"Hilary Dwyer (6 May 1945 – 30 March 2020), also known as Hilary Heath, was an English actress, businessperson, and film producer. She was best known for her acting roles in films such as Witchfinder General (1968) and Wuthering Heights (1970). She also performed on the London stage. In 1974, she married the talent agent Duncan Heath, with whom she had two children, and helped to found Duncan Heath Associates, which was later bought by ICM Partners. They divorced in 1989. Later in her career, under her married name, \"Hilary Heath\", she produced the feature film An Awfully Big Adventure (1995), as well as TV remakes of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca (1997) and Tennessee Williams's The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003). Her final producing role was the 2014 miniseries Jamaica Inn.","title":"Hilary Dwyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"calcaneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"link_name":"osteotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteotomy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCSObit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"Bernard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Williams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCSObit-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lowther College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowther_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webber_Douglas_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Central School of Speech and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavoyProgramme-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"repertory theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertory_theatre"},{"link_name":"Bristol Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-6"}],"text":"Born on 6 May 1945, in Liverpool, England, Hilary Dwyer was the daughter of Frederick Dwyer, a South African-born orthopaedic surgeon noted for his pioneering calcaneal osteotomy, who married Norah Eileen Milroy in 1940.[2][3] They had two daughters, Hilary and Patricia, the latter of whom would later marry the philosopher Bernard Williams.[2] As a youth, Hilary practised ballet and became a talented pianist,[4] winning a music scholarship to Lowther College in North Wales.[3] At age 16 she attended the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art (now part of the Central School of Speech and Drama) in London.[5][3] She trained in repertory theatres and appeared on stage at the Bristol Old Vic.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_Price_in_House_on_Haunted_Hill_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"American International Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Michael Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Reeves_(director)"},{"link_name":"Witchfinder General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchfinder_General_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-southend-10"},{"link_name":"The Oblong Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oblong_Box_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cry of the Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_of_the_Banshee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-southend-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Fuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fuest"},{"link_name":"Wuthering Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hadleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadleigh_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Z-Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Cars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavoyProgramme-5"},{"link_name":"Van der Valk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Valk_(1972_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Space: 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space:_1999"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-6"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"Arms and the Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Bath"},{"link_name":"Bristol Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Whose Life Is It Anyway?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whose_Life_Is_It_Anyway%3F_(play)"},{"link_name":"Tom Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Conti"},{"link_name":"Mermaid Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavoyProgramme-5"}],"text":"Vincent PriceDwyer is best known for appearing in several horror films distributed by American International Pictures in the late 1960s and early 1970s, most notably her first feature film, Michael Reeves' Witchfinder General (1968), starring Vincent Price, in which she played Sara Lowes, and gave a \"sensitive performance...intelligent and articulate\".[7] Of the role, Dwyer later recalled \"I don't think that I realised I was the star.\"[8] Dwyer enjoyed working with Reeves, describing him as \"terrific, we became really good friends\".[9] In a 2010 interview at the Southend Film Festival, Dwyer described her interview for Witchfinder General as her \"first casting call\", in which she was \"absolutely terrified\" because she \"knew no-one\".[10]Dwyer also appeared in The Oblong Box (1969) and Cry of the Banshee (1970), both again featuring Price.[6] Of working with Price, she said \"I adored Vincent...I played his mistress, his daughter and his wife. And he said, 'if you ever play my mother, I'll marry you'.\"[10][6] Dwyer also performed in Robert Fuest's Wuthering Heights (1970). Cry of the Banshee was her final feature film appearance.Her many television roles included The Prisoner, The Avengers, Hadleigh, Z-Cars,[5] and Van der Valk. Her last TV appearance was in a 1976 episode of Space: 1999.[6]Dwyer also had a successful career on the stage. In 1970 she appeared in The Importance of Being Earnest and in Arms and the Man at the Theatre Royal, Bath, and later on tour with the Bristol Old Vic.[11] In 1978 Dwyer performed in the play Whose Life Is It Anyway? alongside Tom Conti at the Mermaid Theatre in London, and later at the Savoy.[12][5]","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duncan_Heath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duncan Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Heath"},{"link_name":"Duncan Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Heath"},{"link_name":"ICM Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICM_Partners"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relativevalues-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"}],"text":"Duncan HeathIn 1973, she helped set up the talent agency Duncan Heath Associates with her then husband-to-be, Duncan Heath, working long hours to set up the business and even taking business calls on her wedding day. Duncan Heath Associates became a successful talent agency, and was later bought by ICM Partners.[3] Today, Duncan Heath is co-chairman of the Independent Talent Group Ltd.[3] In a 2002 interview in the Financial Times, Heath said of Dwyer \"She introduced me to a lot of people – if it wasn't for her it wouldn't have happened.\"[13] Dwyer married Heath in 1974; they had two children, Laura and Daniel.[3][14][6] However, working with her husband was not always easy. The relationship was later described by Duncan Heath as \"a nightmare\", in part because of her strong personality and also because she had begun to drink heavily.[3]","title":"Duncan Heath Associates, marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CableAce Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CableAce_Award"},{"link_name":"The Worst Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Worst_Witch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relativevalues-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Law_(film)"},{"link_name":"An Awfully Big Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Awfully_Big_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Hugh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Grant"},{"link_name":"Alan Rickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rickman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-6"},{"link_name":"Nil by Mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_by_Mouth_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-6"},{"link_name":"Daphne du Maurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier"},{"link_name":"Rebecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roman_Spring_of_Mrs._Stone_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Powell_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"}],"text":"She began a career as a producer in the mid-1980s under her married name Hilary Heath. In 1988 she won a CableAce Award for the TV movie The Worst Witch (1986). Unfortunately her marriage did not prosper and she and her husband Duncan separated, and were divorced in 1989.[14] Despite the divorce, she retained a relationship with her ex-husband, which continued to be the most important in her life, and the two continued to speak and meet regularly.[3] She also embraced sobriety, giving up alcohol.[3]Heath is credited as either producer or executive producer for a number of feature films, including Criminal Law (1988) and An Awfully Big Adventure (1995), starring Hugh Grant and Alan Rickman.[6] She co-produced Gary Oldman's 1997 film Nil by Mouth.[6] She also produced TV-remakes of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca (1997) and Tennessee Williams's The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003). In 2014 she executive produced the miniseries Jamaica Inn.As a producer, she was skilled at managing talent. Jonathan Powell, former controller of BBC 1, said of her: \"Everybody knew Hilary. And if they didn't, they couldn't stop her from getting to know them. She had a complete incapacity to understand what the word 'no' meant\".[3]","title":"Producing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cognitive behaviour therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behaviour_therapy"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"}],"text":"In her mid 60s Dywer returned to education, studying cognitive behaviour therapy for a master's degree at the University of Oxford, and forging a new career as an addiction counsellor.[3] She was reportedly a good counsellor, thanks to her frankness, and her openness about her own past struggles with addiction.[3]","title":"Addiction counselling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyExpress-1"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relativevalues-14"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-3"}],"text":"Dwyer died on 30 March 2020, aged 74,[1] from complications related to COVID-19.[15] The health crisis caused by the virus meant that Dwyer's funeral did not take place as she had hoped or planned. The only individuals present were her daughter Laura and the presiding vicar.[16] She was survived by her two children, Laura and Daniel. Laura Heath founded the Hope-Martin Animal Foundation in Barbados.[14]\nDaniel Heath is a Los Angeles-based film composer, writing songs for artists such as Lana Del Rey.[3]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television (incomplete)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DailyExpress_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DailyExpress_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Hilary Heath, née Dwyer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-express/20200418/282454236125907"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RCSObit_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RCSObit_2-1"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons Obiturary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:379424/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E007241%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times_3-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Avengers – Press Releases – Murdersville – Page One\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//deadline.theavengers.tv/murderv1.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SavoyProgramme_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SavoyProgramme_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SavoyProgramme_5-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HollywoodReporter_6-6"},{"link_name":"\"Hilary Heath, Actress in 'Witchfinder General,' Dies of COVID-19 Complications at 74\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hilary-heath-dead-actress-witchfinder-general-dies-covid-19-complications-at-74-1289887"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Hutchings, Peter, Hammer and Beyond: The British Horror Film, p.149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nUC8AAAAIAAJ&dq=hilary+dwyer&pg=PA149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Halligan, Benjamin, Michael Reeves, p.134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qQPNCIkmnsYC&dq=hilary+dwyer&pg=PA134"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Witchfinder General recalled at www.bbc.co.uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-44541056"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-southend_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-southend_10-1"},{"link_name":"Hilary Dwyer interviewed about 'Witchfinder General' at the Southend Film Festival, May 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vE7wZHMmXs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Hilary Dwyer at theatricalia.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//theatricalia.com/person/108p/hilary-dwyer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Whose Life is it Anyway? at theatricalia.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//theatricalia.com/play/52r/whose-life-is-it-anyway/production/b4m"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"January 2002 article on Duncan Heath at www.ft.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//specials.ft.com/creativebusiness/jan292002/FT3Z198C0XC.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101207064339/http://specials.ft.com/creativebusiness/jan292002/FT3Z198C0XC.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-relativevalues_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-relativevalues_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-relativevalues_14-2"},{"link_name":"Article on Duncan and Laura Heath in 'Relative Values' in the Sunday Times, 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article6371953.ece"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Hilary Heath Dies: Horror Film Actress, Producer And Agency Founder Had COVID-19 Complications, Was 74\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deadline.com/2020/04/hilary-heath-dies-horror-actress-producer-agency-founder-covid-19-obituary-1202906205/"},{"link_name":"Deadline Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"How covid-19 is changing funerals at www.economist.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.economist.com/britain/2020/04/11/how-covid-19-is-changing-funerals"}],"text":"^ a b \"Hilary Heath, née Dwyer\". Daily Express. 18 April 2020. p. 38. Actress and producer BORN MAY 6, 1945 – DIED MARCH 30, 2020, AGED 74\n\n^ a b Royal College of Surgeons Obiturary Retrieved 19 April 2020\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Times, Obituary, 18 April 2020\n\n^ \"The Avengers – Press Releases – Murdersville – Page One\". deadline.theavengers.tv.\n\n^ a b c Savoy Theatre Programme No 37, October 1978\n\n^ a b c d e f g \"Hilary Heath, Actress in 'Witchfinder General,' Dies of COVID-19 Complications at 74\". The Hollywood Reporter. 10 April 2020.\n\n^ Hutchings, Peter, Hammer and Beyond: The British Horror Film, p.149 Retrieved 28 March 2020\n\n^ Halligan, Benjamin, Michael Reeves, p.134 Retrieved 28 march 2020\n\n^ Witchfinder General recalled at www.bbc.co.uk Retrieved 30 March 2020\n\n^ a b Hilary Dwyer interviewed about 'Witchfinder General' at the Southend Film Festival, May 2010 Retrieved 28 March 2020\n\n^ Hilary Dwyer at theatricalia.com Retrieved 30 March 2020\n\n^ Whose Life is it Anyway? at theatricalia.com Retrieved 29 March 2020.\n\n^ January 2002 article on Duncan Heath at www.ft.com Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 29 August 2010\n\n^ a b c Article on Duncan and Laura Heath in 'Relative Values' in the Sunday Times, 2009 Retrieved 29 August 2010\n\n^ Haring, Bruce (10 April 2020). \"Hilary Heath Dies: Horror Film Actress, Producer And Agency Founder Had COVID-19 Complications, Was 74\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 10 April 2020.\n\n^ How covid-19 is changing funerals at www.economist.com Retrieved 14 April 2020","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Vincent Price","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vincent_Price_in_House_on_Haunted_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Vincent_Price_in_House_on_Haunted_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Duncan Heath","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Duncan_Heath.jpg/220px-Duncan_Heath.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hilary Heath, née Dwyer\". Daily Express. 18 April 2020. p. 38. Actress and producer BORN MAY 6, 1945 – DIED MARCH 30, 2020, AGED 74","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-express/20200418/282454236125907","url_text":"\"Hilary Heath, née Dwyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Avengers – Press Releases – Murdersville – Page One\". deadline.theavengers.tv.","urls":[{"url":"http://deadline.theavengers.tv/murderv1.htm","url_text":"\"The Avengers – Press Releases – Murdersville – Page One\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hilary Heath, Actress in 'Witchfinder General,' Dies of COVID-19 Complications at 74\". The Hollywood Reporter. 10 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hilary-heath-dead-actress-witchfinder-general-dies-covid-19-complications-at-74-1289887","url_text":"\"Hilary Heath, Actress in 'Witchfinder General,' Dies of COVID-19 Complications at 74\""}]},{"reference":"Haring, Bruce (10 April 2020). \"Hilary Heath Dies: Horror Film Actress, Producer And Agency Founder Had COVID-19 Complications, Was 74\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 10 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/04/hilary-heath-dies-horror-actress-producer-agency-founder-covid-19-obituary-1202906205/","url_text":"\"Hilary Heath Dies: Horror Film Actress, Producer And Agency Founder Had COVID-19 Complications, Was 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-express/20200418/282454236125907","external_links_name":"\"Hilary Heath, née Dwyer\""},{"Link":"https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:379424/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E007241%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier","external_links_name":"Royal College of Surgeons Obiturary"},{"Link":"http://deadline.theavengers.tv/murderv1.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Avengers – Press Releases – Murdersville – Page One\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hilary-heath-dead-actress-witchfinder-general-dies-covid-19-complications-at-74-1289887","external_links_name":"\"Hilary Heath, Actress in 'Witchfinder General,' Dies of COVID-19 Complications at 74\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nUC8AAAAIAAJ&dq=hilary+dwyer&pg=PA149","external_links_name":"Hutchings, Peter, Hammer and Beyond: The British Horror Film, p.149"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qQPNCIkmnsYC&dq=hilary+dwyer&pg=PA134","external_links_name":"Halligan, Benjamin, Michael Reeves, p.134"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-44541056","external_links_name":"Witchfinder General recalled at www.bbc.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vE7wZHMmXs","external_links_name":"Hilary Dwyer interviewed about 'Witchfinder General' at the Southend Film Festival, May 2010"},{"Link":"https://theatricalia.com/person/108p/hilary-dwyer","external_links_name":"Hilary Dwyer at theatricalia.com"},{"Link":"https://theatricalia.com/play/52r/whose-life-is-it-anyway/production/b4m","external_links_name":"Whose Life is it Anyway? at theatricalia.com"},{"Link":"http://specials.ft.com/creativebusiness/jan292002/FT3Z198C0XC.html","external_links_name":"January 2002 article on Duncan Heath at www.ft.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101207064339/http://specials.ft.com/creativebusiness/jan292002/FT3Z198C0XC.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article6371953.ece","external_links_name":"Article on Duncan and Laura Heath in 'Relative Values' in the Sunday Times, 2009"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/04/hilary-heath-dies-horror-actress-producer-agency-founder-covid-19-obituary-1202906205/","external_links_name":"\"Hilary Heath Dies: Horror Film Actress, Producer And Agency Founder Had COVID-19 Complications, Was 74\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/britain/2020/04/11/how-covid-19-is-changing-funerals","external_links_name":"How covid-19 is changing funerals at www.economist.com"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0245495/","external_links_name":"Hilary Dwyer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160213194923/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ff25ba0","external_links_name":"Hilary Dwyer at BFI"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329121113/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba5139587","external_links_name":"Hilary Heath at BFI"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vE7wZHMmXs","external_links_name":"Hilary Dwyer interviewed about 'Witchfinder General' at the Southend Film Festival, May 2010"},{"Link":"https://theatricalia.com/person/108p/hilary-dwyer","external_links_name":"Hilary Dwyer at theatricalia.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hilary-heath-dead-actress-witchfinder-general-dies-covid-19-complications-at-74-1289887","external_links_name":"Obituary at hollywoodreporter.com"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/04/hilary-heath-dies-horror-actress-producer-agency-founder-covid-19-obituary-1202906205/","external_links_name":"Obituary at deadline.com"},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/breaking-hilary-heath-dies-coronavirus-21850423","external_links_name":"News Item at www.mirror.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000001002308","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49432722","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7YK8hwCB3B7p3KbXfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1622939","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14174203w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14174203w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007345172705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00018513","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810676275905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gb30rm","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/243357966","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_N._James
Louis N. James
["1 1902 U.S. Amateur","2 Death","3 References"]
"Louis James" redirects here. For the Australian painter, see Louis Robert James. American golfer Louis N. JamesPersonal informationBornSeptember 1883Chicago, IllinoisDiedJune 7, 1935 (aged 51)Chicago, IllinoisSporting nationality United StatesCareerStatusAmateurBest results in major championships(wins: 1)PGA ChampionshipDNPThe Open ChampionshipDNPU.S. AmateurWin: 1902 Louis N. James (September 1882 – June 7, 1935) was an American amateur golfer. 1902 U.S. Amateur James won the 1902 U.S. Amateur at Glen View Club, defeating Eben Byers in the final, 4 and 2. Heavy rain flooded part of the course, and the final four rounds, including the final, were played on the first nine, 36-hole matches requiring four circuits of the first nine. James, whose family lived on the grounds of Glen View, was the first teenager to win the U.S. Amateur, at age 19 years, 10 months. Death James died on June 7, 1935, aged 51, in Chicago, Illinois. References ^ a b Elliott, Len; Kelly, Barbara (1976). Who's Who in Golf. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House. pp. 102–3. ISBN 0-87000-225-2. ^ a b "U.S. Amateur – Past Champions – 1902". United States Golf Association. Retrieved January 8, 2014. ^ "Travis Out Of The Race". New York Tribune. July 18, 1902. p. 5. Retrieved May 20, 2015. ^ "Finals Played Today: Byers and James to Meet in Amateur Championship". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City, Utah. July 19, 1902. p. 5. ^ Morrill, Stanley (August 17, 2012). "From the Golf Journal Archives - From Out of the Past: 1902 Amateur Championship". USGA. Retrieved January 8, 2014. vteU.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H. J. Whigham 1897 H. J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr. 1911 Harold Hilton† 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917–18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max Marston† 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Jimmy Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 Johnny Fischer† 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942–1945 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop† 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta† 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr. 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan† 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods† 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney† 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan† 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong-hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox† 2013 Matt Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman 2018 Viktor Hovland 2019 Andy Ogletree 2020 Tyler Strafaci 2021 James Piot 2022 Sam Bennett 2023 Nick Dunlap † indicates the event was won in extra holes. This biographical article relating to American golf is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Robert James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Robert_James"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-1"},{"link_name":"golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"}],"text":"\"Louis James\" redirects here. For the Australian painter, see Louis Robert James.American golferLouis N. James (September 1882 – June 7, 1935)[1] was an American amateur golfer.","title":"Louis N. James"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"},{"link_name":"Glen View Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_View_Club"},{"link_name":"Eben Byers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben_Byers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usa1902-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1902_US_Amateur-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usa1902-2"}],"text":"James won the 1902 U.S. Amateur at Glen View Club, defeating Eben Byers in the final, 4 and 2.[2][3] Heavy rain flooded part of the course, and the final four rounds, including the final, were played on the first nine, 36-hole matches requiring four circuits of the first nine.[4][5] James, whose family lived on the grounds of Glen View, was the first teenager to win the U.S. Amateur, at age 19 years, 10 months.[1][2]","title":"1902 U.S. Amateur"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"James died on June 7, 1935, aged 51, in Chicago, Illinois.","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Elliott, Len; Kelly, Barbara (1976). Who's Who in Golf. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House. pp. 102–3. ISBN 0-87000-225-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/102","url_text":"Who's Who in Golf"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/102","url_text":"102–3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87000-225-2","url_text":"0-87000-225-2"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Amateur – Past Champions – 1902\". United States Golf Association. Retrieved January 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usamateur.org/2002/history/champions/1902.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Amateur – Past Champions – 1902\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travis Out Of The Race\". New York Tribune. July 18, 1902. p. 5. Retrieved May 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1902-07-18/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1902&index=5&rows=20&words=Herbert+Tweedie&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1902&proxtext=Herbert+Tweedie&y=9&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","url_text":"\"Travis Out Of The Race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finals Played Today: Byers and James to Meet in Amateur Championship\". Deseret Evening News. Salt Lake City, Utah. July 19, 1902. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19020719&id=tHQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MUoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4574,5057783","url_text":"\"Finals Played Today: Byers and James to Meet in Amateur Championship\""}]},{"reference":"Morrill, Stanley (August 17, 2012). \"From the Golf Journal Archives - From Out of the Past: 1902 Amateur Championship\". USGA. Retrieved January 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usgamuseum.com/about_museum/news_events/news_article.aspx?newsid=315","url_text":"\"From the Golf Journal Archives - From Out of the Past: 1902 Amateur Championship\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/102","external_links_name":"Who's Who in Golf"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingolf00elli/page/102","external_links_name":"102–3"},{"Link":"http://www.usamateur.org/2002/history/champions/1902.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Amateur – Past Champions – 1902\""},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1902-07-18/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1902&index=5&rows=20&words=Herbert+Tweedie&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1902&proxtext=Herbert+Tweedie&y=9&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","external_links_name":"\"Travis Out Of The Race\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19020719&id=tHQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MUoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4574,5057783","external_links_name":"\"Finals Played Today: Byers and James to Meet in Amateur Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.usgamuseum.com/about_museum/news_events/news_article.aspx?newsid=315","external_links_name":"\"From the Golf Journal Archives - From Out of the Past: 1902 Amateur Championship\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_N._James&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montego_Bay_railway_station
Montego Bay railway station
["1 Architecture","2 Track layout","3 Fares","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 18°28′07″N 77°55′19″W / 18.468583°N 77.922029°W / 18.468583; -77.922029Montego BayMontego Bay railway station c1905General informationCoordinates18°28′07″N 77°55′19″W / 18.468583°N 77.922029°W / 18.468583; -77.922029Owned byJamaica Railway CorporationLine(s)Kingston to Montego Bay main linePlatforms1TracksSingle with sidings and branches to piers, works, sheds, etc.HistoryOpenedc1894Closed1992-10LocationMontego BayLocation within Jamaica Montego Bay railway station opened in 1894 and closed in 1992 when all passenger services in Jamaica abruptly ceased. It served the Kingston to Montego Bay main line with branches from May pen to Frankfield, Spanish Town to Ewarton, Bog Walk to Port Antonio and Linstead to New Works. It was 112.75 miles (181.45 km) from the Kingston terminus. Architecture The station was a simple two story timber building with a gable end zinc roof partially supported by timber posts with finger-like timber brackets. Solid recessed panel doors and sash windows were used throughout the building. In 2003 it was reported as being in "deplorable condition" and "in need of major repairs". Track layout In addition to the station with its single platform there were freight sidings, an engine shed, two short branch lines to piers and (almost certainly) a turn table. Fares In 1910 the third class fare from Montego Bay to Kingston was 8/- (eight shillings); first class was about double. See also Railway stations in Jamaica References ^ a b Road map of Jamaica, Montego Bay insert, Texaco, 1972. ^ a b The rise and fall of railways in Jamaica, 1845-1975 - Pg18 Journal of Transport History - March 2003. ^ Table 3.5 Mileage for JRC Stations, Halts & Sidings in relation to the Kingston Railway Terminus Archived 2013-03-15 at the Wayback Machine, Annual Transport Statistics Report: Jamaica in Figures 2003-2004, Ministry of Transport and Works, July 2005. ^ File:Montego Bay railway station c1905.jpg ^ a b Montego Bay Railway Station Archived 2009-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, Jamaica National Heritage Trust. ^ Table 3.4 Location and Condition of Railway Stations Archived 2013-03-15 at the Wayback Machine, Annual Transport Statistics Report: Jamaica in Figures 2003-2004, Ministry of Transport and Works, July 2005. ^ 1910 Directory, Jamaican Family Search Genealogy Research Library, 2006. External links Aerial view. Photos: . vte Railways of Jamaica Passenger lines Kingston to Montego Bay Spanish Town to Ewarton Bog Walk to Port Antonio Linstead to New Works May Pen to Frankfield Jamaica portalStations List of railway stations in Jamaica Ailford's halt Albany Anchovy Angels halt Annotto Bay Appleton Appleton Tourist halt Balaclava Baughs halt Belfield halt Bog Walk Breadnut Walk halt Bryan's Hill Buff Bay Bushy Park halt Cambridge Catadupa Chapelton Clarendon Park Comfort Hall halt Crawle halt Crescent halt Crooked River Cross Roads/Ivy Store Darling Spring halt Duck Pond halt Esher Ewarton Fort George halt Fort Stewart halt Four Paths Frankfield Gordon’s halt Grange Lane Grays Inn halt Greenvale Greenwich Town halt Gregory Park Grove Place halt Harewood halt Hartlands halt Highgate Hope Bay Horizon Park halt Hunts Bay halt Ipswich Jacob’s Hut Kendal Kingston Linstead Longville halt Maggotty Marcus Garvey Drive halt May Pen Michleton halt Montego Bay Montpelier Morgans New Works Norwich halt Old Harbour Orange Bay Oxford halt Passley Gardens halt Port Antonio Porus Richmond Riversdale Robertson's halt Rock halt Saint Margaret's Bay Scott's Pass halt Siloah halt Snow Hill halt Spanish Town Spring Garden halt St. John's Road halt Sterling Castle halt Stonehenge Suttons Taja halt Troja Trout Hall Williamsfield Windsor Castle halt Other infrastructure List of railway tunnels in Jamaica Bauxite lines Alcan Bodies to Port Esquiville (Alcan) Woodside mines to Rocky Point Port (Alcoa) Nain to Port Kaiser (Alpart) Upper Saint Ann to Discovery Bay (Kaiser) (Reynolds) Estate lines Appleton (sugar) Bowden (bananas) Military lines Logans Junction to Fort Simmonds Notable personnel H R Fox David Smith (railway promoter) William Smith (railway promoter) Notable incidents Balaclava rail disaster Kendal rail disaster This article about a Jamaican building or structure related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTH18-2"},{"link_name":"Kingston to Montego Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Kingston_to_Montego_Bay"},{"link_name":"May pen to Frankfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_May_Pen_to_Frankfield"},{"link_name":"Spanish Town to Ewarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Spanish_Town_to_Ewarton"},{"link_name":"Bog Walk to Port Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Bog_Walk_to_Port_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Linstead to New Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_Jamaica:_Linstead_to_New_Works"},{"link_name":"Kingston terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_railway_station,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSR3.5-3"}],"text":"Montego Bay railway station opened in 1894 and closed in 1992 when all passenger services in Jamaica abruptly ceased.[2] It served the Kingston to Montego Bay main line with branches from May pen to Frankfield, Spanish Town to Ewarton, Bog Walk to Port Antonio and Linstead to New Works. It was 112.75 miles (181.45 km) from the Kingston terminus.[3]","title":"Montego Bay railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photo-4"},{"link_name":"zinc roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_(roof)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jnht-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jnht-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSR-6"}],"text":"The station was a simple two story[4] timber building with a gable end zinc roof partially supported by timber posts with finger-like timber brackets.[5] Solid recessed panel doors and sash windows were used throughout the building.[5]In 2003 it was reported as being in \"deplorable condition\" and \"in need of major repairs\".[6]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Texaco-1"}],"text":"In addition to the station with its single platform there were freight sidings, an engine shed, two short branch lines to piers and (almost certainly) a turn table.[1]","title":"Track layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shillings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1910 the third class fare from Montego Bay to Kingston was 8/- (eight shillings); first class was about double.[7]","title":"Fares"}]
[]
[{"title":"Railway stations in Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Jamaica"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montego_Bay_railway_station&params=18.468583_N_77.922029_W_region:JM-08_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"18°28′07″N 77°55′19″W / 18.468583°N 77.922029°W / 18.468583; -77.922029"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montego_Bay_railway_station&params=18.468583_N_77.922029_W_region:JM-08_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"18°28′07″N 77°55′19″W / 18.468583°N 77.922029°W / 18.468583; -77.922029"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200303/ai_n9209497/pg_18","external_links_name":"The rise and fall of railways in Jamaica, 1845-1975 - Pg18"},{"Link":"http://www.mtw.gov.jm/general_information/reports/TransportStatisticsReport2003_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"Table 3.5 Mileage for JRC Stations, Halts & Sidings in relation to the Kingston Railway Terminus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130315174612/http://www.mtw.gov.jm/general_information/reports/TransportStatisticsReport2003_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=208","external_links_name":"Montego Bay Railway Station"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090908182550/http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=208","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mtw.gov.jm/general_information/reports/TransportStatisticsReport2003_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"Table 3.4 Location and Condition of Railway Stations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130315174612/http://www.mtw.gov.jm/general_information/reports/TransportStatisticsReport2003_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jamaicanfamilysearch.com/Samples/1910d36.htm","external_links_name":"1910 Directory"},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/#lat=18.4685834&lon=-77.9220289&z=18&l=0&m=b&v=8","external_links_name":"Aerial view"},{"Link":"http://www.bwiphilately.com/jamrwy/MoBayPhotos.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008084837/http://images.travelpod.com/users/kris/nostophobia.1185647940.mobays-abandoned-train-station.jpg","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montego_Bay_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rototoms
Rototom
["1 Description","1.1 Tuning","1.2 Sizes","2 Applications","3 Repertoire","4 References","5 External links"]
Type of drum For the reggae festival, see Rototom Sunsplash. Rototom on a standard mounting bar The rototom is a shell-less drum developed by Al Payson and Michael Colgrass that is able to change pitch by rotating its drumhead around a threaded metal ring. Unlike many types of drums, rototoms are designed to have a variable definite pitch leading composers to write specific notes for them as pitched percussion instruments. They are also often used to extend the tom range of a standard drum kit. Description Tuning Rototoms can be tuned quickly by rotating the drumhead, which sits in a threaded metal ring. Rotation raises or lowers the tension hoop relative to the rim, which increases or decreases the pitch of the drum by increasing or decreasing the tension of the drumhead. Sizes Drum company Remo has historically offered rototoms in seven diameters: 6 inches (15 cm), 8 inches (20 cm), 10 inches (25 cm), 12 inches (30 cm), 14 inches (36 cm), 16 inches (41 cm), and 18 inches (46 cm). However, as of 2023, Remo only offers rototoms ranging from a 6 to 10 inch diameter as part of a set that includes a mounting rail and stand. All other sizes have been discontinued. Each one is tunable over an octave's range or more, although the company notes that the practical range is approximately a sixth. Applications Three small rototoms on a mounting bar Rototoms can replace more specialized drums such as tenor timpani owing to their clear, pitched nature. Jazz, rock and studio performers use rototoms both as a solo voice and as conventional tom-toms; they can be rapidly tuned to produce glissando effects and can be arrayed for a virtual percussion keyboard. For concert and marching band programs, rototoms combine rapid tuning with portability and sound quality, working both as concert tom-toms and as practice timpani. For stage bands and jazz ensembles, drum kits are fitted out with batter heads. When tuned to the mid-range, they have an indefinite pitch with fewer harmonic overtones than conventional tom-toms; tuned to the high range, they produce a sound not unlike timbales. Rototoms can assist students in ear training and in developing their timpani techniques and— because of their portability, storability and relatively low cost— are often used by professional performers as practice instruments. They are also used as definite-pitched instruments in elementary music programs, such as Orff Schulwerk, where their sound quality, pitch stability and rapid tuning are assets. Repertoire English composer Michael Tippett used a total of 38 rototoms— tuned chromatically, spanning across three octaves— in his last large-scale orchestral work, The Rose Lake (1993), based on a lake he spotted suddenly transforming from light green to translucent pink while on holiday in Senegal. In 1979, percussionist William Kraft published Encounters VI, a concertino for rototoms and percussion quartet. References ^ Strain, James Allen (2017). A Dictionary for the Modern Percussionist and Drummer. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8108-8693-3. OCLC 974035735. ^ Remo Inc. (1981). "Remo RotoToms" (PDF). p. 2. ^ Beck, John H. (2007). Encyclopedia of Percussion (Second ed.). Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-415971-23-2. OCLC 939052116. ^ Remo RotoToms, Remo Inc., 1981. Accessed 11 December 2018. ^ Holland, James (2005). Practical Percussion: A Guide to the Instruments and Their Sources (Revised ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4616-7063-6. OCLC 681550519. ^ Holland, James (August 1979). "Percussion Ensembles–Reviewed Works: Encounters VI, Concertino for RotoToms and Percussion Quartet by William Kraft; Rota for Percussion Quartet by Robert Capanna; Patterns for Percussion Op.44 by Robert Keys Clark". The Musical Times. 120 (1638): 665–666. doi:10.2307/962500. JSTOR 962500. External links Official websitevtePercussion instrumentsList of percussion instrumentsList of percussion instruments by typePitched percussionKeyboard percussion Carillon Crotales Glockenspiel Marimba Tubular bells Vibraphone Xylophone Handbell Handpan Steelpan Tabla Timpani Unpitched percussion Bass drum Bodhrán Bongos Cabasa Cajón Castanets Claves Conga Cowbell Cymbals Djembe Maracas Mark tree Parai Snare drum Taiko Tambourine Tam-tam Temple blocks Timbales Triangle Wood block Electronic percussion Drum machine Electronic drum Octapad Percussion groupings Drum kit Marching percussion Front ensemble Indoor percussion ensemble Percussion section Percussion ensemble Drum circle Other Classification of percussion instruments Drum stick Percussion mallet List of cymbal manufacturers List of drum manufacturers List of marimba manufacturers List of vibraphone manufacturers List of timpani manufacturers Authority control databases MusicBrainz instrument
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rototom Sunsplash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rototom_Sunsplash"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rototom_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"Michael Colgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Colgrass"},{"link_name":"drumhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"definite pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_pitch"},{"link_name":"notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_note"},{"link_name":"pitched percussion instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_drum"},{"link_name":"drum kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"For the reggae festival, see Rototom Sunsplash.Rototom on a standard mounting barThe rototom is a shell-less drum developed by Al Payson and Michael Colgrass that is able to change pitch by rotating its drumhead around a threaded metal ring.[1] Unlike many types of drums, rototoms are designed to have a variable definite pitch leading composers to write specific notes for them as pitched percussion instruments. They are also often used to extend the tom range of a standard drum kit.","title":"Rototom"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tuning","text":"Rototoms can be tuned quickly by rotating the drumhead, which sits in a threaded metal ring. Rotation raises or lowers the tension hoop relative to the rim, which increases or decreases the pitch of the drum by increasing or decreasing the tension of the drumhead.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)#Main_intervals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Sizes","text":"Drum company Remo has historically offered rototoms in seven diameters: 6 inches (15 cm), 8 inches (20 cm), 10 inches (25 cm), 12 inches (30 cm), 14 inches (36 cm), 16 inches (41 cm), and 18 inches (46 cm). However, as of 2023, Remo only offers rototoms ranging from a 6 to 10 inch diameter as part of a set that includes a mounting rail and stand. All other sizes have been discontinued. Each one is tunable over an octave's range or more, although the company notes that the practical range is approximately a sixth.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_days_ross_royce.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"glissando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glissando"},{"link_name":"concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band"},{"link_name":"marching band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_band"},{"link_name":"jazz ensembles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_band"},{"link_name":"drum kits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"timbales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbales"},{"link_name":"ear training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_training"},{"link_name":"Orff Schulwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orff_Schulwerk"},{"link_name":"pitch stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)"},{"link_name":"rapid tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remo-4"}],"text":"Three small rototoms on a mounting barRototoms can replace more specialized drums such as tenor timpani owing to their clear, pitched nature.[3] Jazz, rock and studio performers use rototoms both as a solo voice and as conventional tom-toms; they can be rapidly tuned to produce glissando effects and can be arrayed for a virtual percussion keyboard. For concert and marching band programs, rototoms combine rapid tuning with portability and sound quality, working both as concert tom-toms and as practice timpani. For stage bands and jazz ensembles, drum kits are fitted out with batter heads. When tuned to the mid-range, they have an indefinite pitch with fewer harmonic overtones than conventional tom-toms; tuned to the high range, they produce a sound not unlike timbales.Rototoms can assist students in ear training and in developing their timpani techniques and— because of their portability, storability and relatively low cost— are often used by professional performers as practice instruments. They are also used as definite-pitched instruments in elementary music programs, such as Orff Schulwerk, where their sound quality, pitch stability and rapid tuning are assets.[4]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Tippett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tippett"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kraft"},{"link_name":"concertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertino_(composition)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"English composer Michael Tippett used a total of 38 rototoms— tuned chromatically, spanning across three octaves— in his last large-scale orchestral work, The Rose Lake (1993), based on a lake he spotted suddenly transforming from light green to translucent pink while on holiday in Senegal.[5] In 1979, percussionist William Kraft published Encounters VI, a concertino for rototoms and percussion quartet.[6]","title":"Repertoire"}]
[{"image_text":"Rototom on a standard mounting bar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rototom_1.jpg/220px-Rototom_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three small rototoms on a mounting bar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Early_days_ross_royce.jpg/200px-Early_days_ross_royce.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Strain, James Allen (2017). A Dictionary for the Modern Percussionist and Drummer. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8108-8693-3. OCLC 974035735.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8693-3","url_text":"978-0-8108-8693-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974035735","url_text":"974035735"}]},{"reference":"Remo Inc. (1981). \"Remo RotoToms\" (PDF). p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drumarchive.com/Remo/Remo_Roto_Toms.pdf","url_text":"\"Remo RotoToms\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, John H. (2007). Encyclopedia of Percussion (Second ed.). Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-415971-23-2. OCLC 939052116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Beck","url_text":"Beck, John H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415971-23-2","url_text":"978-0-415971-23-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/939052116","url_text":"939052116"}]},{"reference":"Holland, James (2005). Practical Percussion: A Guide to the Instruments and Their Sources (Revised ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4616-7063-6. OCLC 681550519.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7063-6","url_text":"978-1-4616-7063-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681550519","url_text":"681550519"}]},{"reference":"Holland, James (August 1979). \"Percussion Ensembles–Reviewed Works: Encounters VI, Concertino for RotoToms and Percussion Quartet by William Kraft; Rota for Percussion Quartet by Robert Capanna; Patterns for Percussion Op.44 by Robert Keys Clark\". The Musical Times. 120 (1638): 665–666. doi:10.2307/962500. JSTOR 962500.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/962500","url_text":"\"Percussion Ensembles–Reviewed Works: Encounters VI, Concertino for RotoToms and Percussion Quartet by William Kraft; Rota for Percussion Quartet by Robert Capanna; Patterns for Percussion Op.44 by Robert Keys Clark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times","url_text":"The Musical Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F962500","url_text":"10.2307/962500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/962500","url_text":"962500"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974035735","external_links_name":"974035735"},{"Link":"http://www.drumarchive.com/Remo/Remo_Roto_Toms.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Remo RotoToms\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/939052116","external_links_name":"939052116"},{"Link":"http://www.drumarchive.com/Remo/Remo_Roto_Toms.pdf","external_links_name":"Remo RotoToms"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681550519","external_links_name":"681550519"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/962500","external_links_name":"\"Percussion Ensembles–Reviewed Works: Encounters VI, Concertino for RotoToms and Percussion Quartet by William Kraft; Rota for Percussion Quartet by Robert Capanna; Patterns for Percussion Op.44 by Robert Keys Clark\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F962500","external_links_name":"10.2307/962500"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/962500","external_links_name":"962500"},{"Link":"https://remo.com/products/product/rototom/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/104b6bfb-d695-4214-9ea7-1117857065c3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz instrument"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Algeria
Cabinet of Algeria
["1 Role","1.1 Juridical competence","2 Composition and presidency","3 Functioning","3.1 Convocation","3.2 Preparation","3.3 Process","4 Other boards and meetings","4.1 Restricted Councils","4.2 Interministerial committtees","5 Current Cabinet","6 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cabinet of Algeria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Council of Ministers of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeriaمجلس وزراء الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبيةOverviewEstablished1958 Provisional Government of AlgeriaStateAlgeriaLeaderPrime MinisterAppointed byPresident of the RepublicResponsible toPeople's National AssemblyHeadquartersEl Mouradia Palace, AlgiersWebsitewww.premier-ministre.gov.dz The Council of Ministers is an Algerian government body established by the Algerian Constitution to discuss and adopt some of the main acts of executive power, such as the tabling of government bills or the appointment of senior officials. It is chaired by the President of the Republic and brings together the Prime Minister, all full-service ministers and, depending on the government, all or some of the lower-ranking ministers. Only a very summary report of the meetings being published, it is also supposed to allow the ministers to freely discuss the policy of the Government. It traditionally meets at El Mouradia Palace, the official residence of the President, although it can be summoned anywhere and at any time by the President. The Council is one of the elements allowing the President of the Republic to direct the executive power despite the great role theoretically assigned to the Prime Minister by the Constitution. It enables it to control the development and implementation of Government policy and to give or refuse its agreement to a certain number of important decisions, and, more generally, to mark its views on discussions involving the whole of the Government. The Council of Ministers is the only formal meeting of all members of the executive branch of the Government. The President may also chair restricted councils comprising certain ministers. Role Juridical competence The Constitution, laws and regulations provide that a number of government decisions must be referred to the Council of Ministers to be valid. Government bills (the only ones called "bills", private members' bills simply being called "private bills") must be introduced in Council before being introduced in Parliament. Certain regulatory acts must also be presented to the Council of Ministers before being adopted. These acts are the ordinances, taken in the field of the law by virtue of a temporary authorization, and a certain number of decrees, which are then called "decrees in the Council of Ministers", and concern: Unlike other regulatory acts which are only signed by the Prime Minister and the ministers responsible for their execution, these acts must also be signed by the President of the Republic and give the President a right of veto over these texts. A decree in the Council of Ministers, even if no text provided for its inclusion on the agenda, can only be amended by another decree in the Council of Ministers, unless its final provisions or a legislative provision only allows it is modified by simple decree. In addition, the Prime Minister must consult the Council before committing the responsibility of his Government on his program or a declaration of general policy. Composition and presidency The Council of Ministers brings together the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, full-service ministers and, sometimes, lower-ranking ministers (delegate minister and secretaries of state) or some of them. The Council is chaired by the President of the Republic. He can "exceptionally" be replaced by the Prime Minister, "by virtue of an express delegation and for a specific agenda". This procedure is extremely rare. The Secretary General of the Presidency of the Republic and the Secretary General of the Government, who prepare the reports of the meetings, also attend the Council, without taking part in it. Functioning Convocation It is up to the President of the Republic, who chairs the Council, to determine the date and place of its meetings. The Palace of El Mouradia, the official residence of the President of the Republic, is the normal meeting place of the Council. The Council meets on the ground floor. Ministers are seated in the order of protocol determined by the decree of appointment. The President of the Republic can however convene the Council elsewhere, for symbolic reasons. Preparation For the meeting, the Secretary General of the Government sends a draft agenda to the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister and the ministers. The agenda is set during a meeting between the president and the secretary general, and sent to ministers. Before the meeting, the President, the Prime Minister, the Secretary General of the Presidency and the Secretary General of the Government have a brief meeting. During this time, the director of the cabinet of the Secretary General of the Government prepares the final version of the press release and has the ministers sign the acts which will be presented to the President during the Council. Process Meetings follow a strict agenda that leaves little room for improvisation. The President of the Republic can, on certain particularly important or controversial questions, lead a tour de table so that the ministers express their opinion; he is always the last to speak. Discussions in the Council of Ministers are supposed to remain confidential. The press release issued after the Council contains only brief and evasive indications. Other boards and meetings Other councils bringing together members of the Government exist in parallel with the Council of Ministers and supplement it in a restricted field or with a reduced number of participants, the restricted meetings are called "councils" when they are chaired by the President of the Republic. and “committees” when they are chaired by the Prime Minister. Restricted Councils Restricted Councils can be held at El Mouradia Palace with the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, several ministers and senior officials. Although their operation shares many features with the Council of Ministers, they are less solemn and more concrete and are meant to be working meetings. Interministerial committtees Small government meetings, called interministerial committees, may be held without the presence of the President. They are chaired by the Prime Minister or by a minister appointed to replace him, and bring together certain ministers concerned by a particular problem, and sometimes senior officials.. Current Cabinet The government of President Tebboune was made up of 39 members after he took office in January 2020. The following table includes those appointees by Tebboune and other Algerian government offices appointed in previous administrations: Portrait Incumbent Office Website Government of Nadir Larbaoui Prime Minister Prime Minister's website Tebboune Abdelmadjid Tebboune President, Minister of Defence www.mdn.dz/site_principal/accueil_an.php Tebboune Brahim Merad Minister of Interior and Local Government www.interieur.gov.dz Tebboune Ahmed Attaf Minister of Foreign Affairs www.mae.gov.dz/default_en.aspx Tebboune Abderrachid Tabbi Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals www.mjustice.dz Tebboune Laaziz Fayed Minister of Finance www.mf.gov.dz Tebboune Mohamed Arkab Minister of Energy and Mines www.energy.gov.dz Tebboune Laid Rebiga Minister of War Veterans (Moudjahidine) and Rights Holders www.m-moudjahidine.dz Tebboune Youcef Belmehdi Minister of Religious Affairs and Endowments (Wakfs) www.marw.dz Tebboune Abdelhakim Belabed Minister of National Education www.m-education.gov.dz Tebboune Kamel Bidari Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research www.mesrs.dz/accueil Tebboune Yacine Merabi Minister of Vocational Education and Training Professionals www.mfep.gov.dz Tebboune Soraya Mouloudji Ministry of Culture and Arts www.m-culture.gov.dz Tebboune Abderrahmane Hammad Minister of Youth and Sports www.mjs.gov.dz Tebboune Meriem Benmiloud Minister of Digitization and Statistics www.mns.gov.dz Tebboune Karim Bibi Triki Minister of Post and Telecommunications www.mpt.gov.dz/en Tebboune Kaoutar Krikou Minister of National Solidarity, Family and Women's Affairs www.msnfcf.gov.dz Tebboune Youcef Chorfa Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development madr.gov.dz Tebboune Mohamed Tarek Belaribi Minister of Housing, Urban Planning and the City www.mhuv.gov.dz/Pages/IndexFr.aspx Tebboune Tayeb Zitouni Minister of Trade and Export Promotion www.commerce.gov.dz// Tebboune Mohamed Laagab Minister of Communications www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz Tebboune Lakhdar Rakhroukh Minister of Public Works and Basic Infrastructure www.mtp.gov.dz Tebboune Mohamed El Habib Zahana Minister of Transport www.ministere-transports.gov.dz Tebboune Taha Derbal Minister of Irrigation www.mh.gov.dz Tebboune Mokhtar Didouche Minister of Tourism and Craftsmanship www.mtatf.gov.dz Tebboune Abdelhak Saihi Minister of Health, Population and Hospital Reform www.sante.gov.dz Tebboune Fayçal Bentaleb Minister of Labor, Employment and Social Security www.mtess.gov.dz Tebboune Basma Azouar Minister of Relations with Parliament www.mcrp.gov.dz Tebboune Fazia Dahleb Minister of Environment and Renewable Energy www.meer.gov.dz/a/ Tebboune Ahmed Bidani Minister of Fishing and Fishery Productions www.mpeche.gov.dz Tebboune Ali Aoun Minister of Industry and Pharmaceutical Production www.miph.gov.dz Tebboune Yacine Oualid Minister of Knowledge Economy, Start-ups and Micro-enterprises Tebboune Yahia Boukhari Secretary General of the government Tebboune References ^ a b c d "Algerian constitution in English" (PDF). Constitution Project. Retrieved February 3, 2021. ^ a b c d e "President Tebboune appoints new government members". Algerian Press Service. January 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021. ^ a b c "Algerian Leaders and Cabinet Members". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved February 3, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Ministries of the Algerian Government". Prime Minister. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ "Algeria appoints a new prime minister to prepare for President Tebboune's second term". Le Monde.fr. 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-11-22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Saci, Yasmine (September 8, 2022). "President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022. ^ Nemoura, Farid (March 18, 2023). "Attaf takes office as Minister of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ a b c d e f Mostafa, Amr (2023-03-16). "Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister". The National. Retrieved 2023-03-24. ^ "Merabi kicks off vocational training year 2021-2022". Algeria Press Service. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-10-13. Retrieved 26 October 2021. ^ Nemoura, Farid (March 18, 2023). "Abderrahmane Hammad takes office as Minister of Youth and Sports". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ Sidhoum, Samira (March 18, 2023). "Meriem Benmouloud takes office as Minister of Digitization and Statistics". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ admin007 (2016-01-05). "Minister's Biography". MPTTN. Retrieved 2021-08-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Bibi Triki takes office as minister of Post and Telecommunications". Algerian Press Service. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ "Algeria will not be affected by statements attempting to besmirch its history". Algeria Press Service. 4 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-10-04. Retrieved 26 October 2021. ^ Mostafa, Amr (2023-03-16). "Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister". The National. Retrieved 2023-04-25. ^ Nemoura, Farid (March 18, 2023). "Fayçal Bentaleb takes office as Minister of Labor, Employment and Social Security". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ Sidhoum, Samira (March 18, 2023). "Ali Aoun takes office as Minister of Industry and Pharmaceutical Production". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ "Services du Premier Ministre | Composition du Gouvernement". premier-ministre.gov.dz. Retrieved 2023-06-21. "The official site of the Prime Minister of Algeria". Prime Minister. Retrieved February 3, 2021. "Algeria". CIA list of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. vteAlgeria articlesHistory Prehistory Classical period (Antiquity) Medieval Muslim Algeria Ottoman rule French rule Nationalism and resistance War of Independence 1965 coup d'état 1962–1999 Civil War 2000s Arab Spring Hirak Movement Geography Borders Cities Districts Earthquakes Ecoregions Municipalities (communes) National parks Provinces Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Politics Cabinet Constitution Council of the Nation Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military People's National Assembly Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Bank of Algeria Companies Dinar (currency) Energy Health Mining Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Demographics Education Ethnic groups Languages List of Algerians Public holidays Squatting Women Culture Cuisine Cinema Flag Football Literature Media films Music Religion Sport Symbols OutlineIndex Category Portal vte Government ministries of Algeria, Cabinet Prime Minister, President Agriculture Commerce Culture Economy and Trade Energy and Mining Environment Finance Foreign Affairs Higher Education and Scientific Research Industry and Mines Information Interior and local communities Justice Labour and Social Protection Mujahideen National Defense National Education Post and Communications Public Health, Population and Hospital Reform Public Works and Transport Religious Affairs and Endowments Social Affairs Tourism Youth and Sports Water Resources and Environment vteNational cabinets of AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algerian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Constitution_of_1996"},{"link_name":"executive power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"senior officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"President of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"full-service ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"El Mouradia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mouradia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution-1"}],"text":"The Council of Ministers is an Algerian government body established by the Algerian Constitution to discuss and adopt some of the main acts of executive power, such as the tabling of government bills or the appointment of senior officials. It is chaired by the President of the Republic and brings together the Prime Minister, all full-service ministers and, depending on the government, all or some of the lower-ranking ministers. Only a very summary report of the meetings being published, it is also supposed to allow the ministers to freely discuss the policy of the Government. It traditionally meets at El Mouradia Palace, the official residence of the President, although it can be summoned anywhere and at any time by the President.[1]The Council is one of the elements allowing the President of the Republic to direct the executive power despite the great role theoretically assigned to the Prime Minister by the Constitution. It enables it to control the development and implementation of Government policy and to give or refuse its agreement to a certain number of important decisions, and, more generally, to mark its views on discussions involving the whole of the Government.[1]The Council of Ministers is the only formal meeting of all members of the executive branch of the Government. The President may also chair restricted councils comprising certain ministers.[1]","title":"Cabinet of Algeria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitution-1"}],"sub_title":"Juridical competence","text":"The Constitution, laws and regulations provide that a number of government decisions must be referred to the Council of Ministers to be valid.[1]Government bills (the only ones called \"bills\", private members' bills simply being called \"private bills\") must be introduced in Council before being introduced in Parliament.Certain regulatory acts must also be presented to the Council of Ministers before being adopted. These acts are the ordinances, taken in the field of the law by virtue of a temporary authorization, and a certain number of decrees, which are then called \"decrees in the Council of Ministers\", and concern:Unlike other regulatory acts which are only signed by the Prime Minister and the ministers responsible for their execution, these acts must also be signed by the President of the Republic and give the President a right of veto over these texts.A decree in the Council of Ministers, even if no text provided for its inclusion on the agenda, can only be amended by another decree in the Council of Ministers, unless its final provisions or a legislative provision only allows it is modified by simple decree.In addition, the Prime Minister must consult the Council before committing the responsibility of his Government on his program or a declaration of general policy.","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Council of Ministers brings together the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, full-service ministers and, sometimes, lower-ranking ministers (delegate minister and secretaries of state) or some of them.The Council is chaired by the President of the Republic. He can \"exceptionally\" be replaced by the Prime Minister, \"by virtue of an express delegation and for a specific agenda\". This procedure is extremely rare.The Secretary General of the Presidency of the Republic and the Secretary General of the Government, who prepare the reports of the meetings, also attend the Council, without taking part in it.","title":"Composition and presidency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Functioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of El Mouradia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mouradia_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Convocation","text":"It is up to the President of the Republic, who chairs the Council, to determine the date and place of its meetings.The Palace of El Mouradia, the official residence of the President of the Republic, is the normal meeting place of the Council. The Council meets on the ground floor. Ministers are seated in the order of protocol determined by the decree of appointment.The President of the Republic can however convene the Council elsewhere, for symbolic reasons.","title":"Functioning"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Preparation","text":"For the meeting, the Secretary General of the Government sends a draft agenda to the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister and the ministers. The agenda is set during a meeting between the president and the secretary general, and sent to ministers.Before the meeting, the President, the Prime Minister, the Secretary General of the Presidency and the Secretary General of the Government have a brief meeting. During this time, the director of the cabinet of the Secretary General of the Government prepares the final version of the press release and has the ministers sign the acts which will be presented to the President during the Council.","title":"Functioning"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Process","text":"Meetings follow a strict agenda that leaves little room for improvisation. The President of the Republic can, on certain particularly important or controversial questions, lead a tour de table so that the ministers express their opinion; he is always the last to speak.Discussions in the Council of Ministers are supposed to remain confidential. The press release issued after the Council contains only brief and evasive indications.","title":"Functioning"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Other councils bringing together members of the Government exist in parallel with the Council of Ministers and supplement it in a restricted field or with a reduced number of participants, the restricted meetings are called \"councils\" when they are chaired by the President of the Republic. and “committees” when they are chaired by the Prime Minister.","title":"Other boards and meetings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Mouradia Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mouradia_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Restricted Councils","text":"Restricted Councils can be held at El Mouradia Palace with the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, several ministers and senior officials. Although their operation shares many features with the Council of Ministers, they are less solemn and more concrete and are meant to be working meetings.","title":"Other boards and meetings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Interministerial committtees","text":"Small government meetings, called interministerial committees, may be held without the presence of the President. They are chaired by the Prime Minister or by a minister appointed to replace him, and bring together certain ministers concerned by a particular problem, and sometimes senior officials..","title":"Other boards and meetings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM-4"}],"text":"The government of President Tebboune was made up of 39 members after he took office in January 2020. The following table includes those appointees by Tebboune and other Algerian government offices appointed in previous administrations:[2][3][4]","title":"Current Cabinet"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Algerian constitution in English\" (PDF). Constitution Project. Retrieved February 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Algeria_2008.pdf?lang=en","url_text":"\"Algerian constitution in English\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Tebboune appoints new government members\". Algerian Press Service. January 2, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/32555-president-tebboune-appoints-new-government-members","url_text":"\"President Tebboune appoints new government members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Algerian Leaders and Cabinet Members\". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved February 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/resources/government/algeria/","url_text":"\"Algerian Leaders and Cabinet Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministries of the Algerian Government\". Prime Minister. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/gouvernement/liens_utiles/","url_text":"\"Ministries of the Algerian Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria appoints a new prime minister to prepare for President Tebboune's second term\". Le Monde.fr. 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/11/13/algeria-appoints-a-new-prime-minister-to-prepare-for-president-tebboune-s-second-term_6249854_124.html","url_text":"\"Algeria appoints a new prime minister to prepare for President Tebboune's second term\""}]},{"reference":"Saci, Yasmine (September 8, 2022). \"President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle\". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle","url_text":"\"President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_Press_Service","url_text":"Algeria Press Service"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220908220915/https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nemoura, Farid (March 18, 2023). \"Attaf takes office as Minister of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad\". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/47050-attaf-takes-office-as-minister-of-foreign-affairs-and-national-community-abroad","url_text":"\"Attaf takes office as Minister of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315014315/https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/47050-attaf-takes-office-as-minister-of-foreign-affairs-and-national-community-abroad","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mostafa, Amr (2023-03-16). \"Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister\". The National. Retrieved 2023-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/","url_text":"\"Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merabi kicks off vocational training year 2021-2022\". Algeria Press Service. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-10-13. Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/41211-merabi-kicks-off-vocational-training-year-2021-2022","url_text":"\"Merabi kicks off vocational training year 2021-2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211013113921/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/41211-merabi-kicks-off-vocational-training-year-2021-2022","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nemoura, Farid (March 18, 2023). \"Abderrahmane Hammad takes office as Minister of Youth and Sports\". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/47046-abderrahmane-hammad-takes-office-as-minister-of-youth-and-sports","url_text":"\"Abderrahmane Hammad takes office as Minister of Youth and Sports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030106/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/47046-abderrahmane-hammad-takes-office-as-minister-of-youth-and-sports","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sidhoum, Samira (March 18, 2023). \"Meriem Benmouloud takes office as Minister of Digitization and Statistics\". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47043-meriem-benmouloud-takes-office-as-minister-of-digitization-and-statistics","url_text":"\"Meriem Benmouloud takes office as Minister of Digitization and Statistics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230318180508/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47043-meriem-benmouloud-takes-office-as-minister-of-digitization-and-statistics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"admin007 (2016-01-05). \"Minister's Biography\". MPTTN. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mpt.gov.dz/en/content/ministers-biography","url_text":"\"Minister's Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bibi Triki takes office as minister of Post and Telecommunications\". Algerian Press Service. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/health-science-technology/40050-bibi-triki-takes-office-as-minister-of-post-and-telecommunications","url_text":"\"Bibi Triki takes office as minister of Post and Telecommunications\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210710014017/https://www.aps.dz/en/health-science-technology/40050-bibi-triki-takes-office-as-minister-of-post-and-telecommunications","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria will not be affected by statements attempting to besmirch its history\". Algeria Press Service. 4 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-10-04. Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/41084-algeria-will-not-be-affected-by-statements-that-besmirch-its-history","url_text":"\"Algeria will not be affected by statements attempting to besmirch its history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211004165014/https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/41084-algeria-will-not-be-affected-by-statements-that-besmirch-its-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mostafa, Amr (2023-03-16). \"Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister\". The National. Retrieved 2023-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/","url_text":"\"Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister\""}]},{"reference":"Nemoura, Farid (March 18, 2023). \"Fayçal Bentaleb takes office as Minister of Labor, Employment and Social Security\". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47044-faycal-bentaleb-takes-office-as-minister-of-labor-employment-and-social-security","url_text":"\"Fayçal Bentaleb takes office as Minister of Labor, Employment and Social Security\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315025648/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47044-faycal-bentaleb-takes-office-as-minister-of-labor-employment-and-social-security","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sidhoum, Samira (March 18, 2023). \"Ali Aoun takes office as Minister of Industry and Pharmaceutical Production\". Algeria Press Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47045-ali-aoun-takes-office-as-minister-of-industry-and-pharmaceutical-production","url_text":"\"Ali Aoun takes office as Minister of Industry and Pharmaceutical Production\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315023813/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47045-ali-aoun-takes-office-as-minister-of-industry-and-pharmaceutical-production","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Services du Premier Ministre | Composition du Gouvernement\". premier-ministre.gov.dz. Retrieved 2023-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/gouvernement/composition","url_text":"\"Services du Premier Ministre | Composition du Gouvernement\""}]},{"reference":"\"The official site of the Prime Minister of Algeria\". Prime Minister. Retrieved February 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=320&Itemid=177","url_text":"\"The official site of the Prime Minister of Algeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria\". CIA list of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629182659/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/algeria.html","url_text":"\"Algeria\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/algeria.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cabinet+of+Algeria%22","external_links_name":"\"Cabinet of Algeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cabinet+of+Algeria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cabinet+of+Algeria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cabinet+of+Algeria%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cabinet+of+Algeria%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cabinet+of+Algeria%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.premier-ministre.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"Prime Minister's website"},{"Link":"https://www.mdn.dz/site_principal/accueil_an.php","external_links_name":"www.mdn.dz/site_principal/accueil_an.php"},{"Link":"https://www.interieur.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.interieur.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mae.gov.dz/default_en.aspx","external_links_name":"www.mae.gov.dz/default_en.aspx"},{"Link":"http://www.mjustice.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mjustice.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mf.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mf.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://www.energy.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.energy.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.m-moudjahidine.dz/","external_links_name":"www.m-moudjahidine.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.marw.dz/","external_links_name":"www.marw.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.m-education.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.m-education.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://www.mesrs.dz/accueil","external_links_name":"www.mesrs.dz/accueil"},{"Link":"http://www.mfep.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mfep.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.m-culture.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.m-culture.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mjs.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mjs.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mns.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mns.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://www.mpt.gov.dz/en","external_links_name":"www.mpt.gov.dz/en"},{"Link":"https://www.msnfcf.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.msnfcf.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://madr.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"madr.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mhuv.gov.dz/Pages/IndexFr.aspx","external_links_name":"www.mhuv.gov.dz/Pages/IndexFr.aspx"},{"Link":"https://www.commerce.gov.dz//","external_links_name":"www.commerce.gov.dz//"},{"Link":"http://www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mtp.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mtp.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.ministere-transports.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.ministere-transports.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://www.mh.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mh.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://www.mtatf.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mtatf.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.sante.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.sante.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mtess.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mtess.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.mcrp.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mcrp.gov.dz"},{"Link":"http://www.meer.gov.dz/a/","external_links_name":"www.meer.gov.dz/a/"},{"Link":"http://www.mpeche.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.mpeche.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://miph.gov.dz/","external_links_name":"www.miph.gov.dz"},{"Link":"https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Algeria_2008.pdf?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Algerian constitution in English\""},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/32555-president-tebboune-appoints-new-government-members","external_links_name":"\"President Tebboune appoints new government members\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/resources/government/algeria/","external_links_name":"\"Algerian Leaders and Cabinet Members\""},{"Link":"http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/gouvernement/liens_utiles/","external_links_name":"\"Ministries of the Algerian Government\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/11/13/algeria-appoints-a-new-prime-minister-to-prepare-for-president-tebboune-s-second-term_6249854_124.html","external_links_name":"\"Algeria appoints a new prime minister to prepare for President Tebboune's second term\""},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle","external_links_name":"\"President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220908220915/https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/47050-attaf-takes-office-as-minister-of-foreign-affairs-and-national-community-abroad","external_links_name":"\"Attaf takes office as Minister of Foreign Affairs and National Community Abroad\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315014315/https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/47050-attaf-takes-office-as-minister-of-foreign-affairs-and-national-community-abroad","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/","external_links_name":"\"Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister\""},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/41211-merabi-kicks-off-vocational-training-year-2021-2022","external_links_name":"\"Merabi kicks off vocational training year 2021-2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211013113921/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/41211-merabi-kicks-off-vocational-training-year-2021-2022","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/47046-abderrahmane-hammad-takes-office-as-minister-of-youth-and-sports","external_links_name":"\"Abderrahmane Hammad takes office as Minister of Youth and Sports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030106/https://www.aps.dz/en/sports/47046-abderrahmane-hammad-takes-office-as-minister-of-youth-and-sports","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47043-meriem-benmouloud-takes-office-as-minister-of-digitization-and-statistics","external_links_name":"\"Meriem Benmouloud takes office as Minister of Digitization and Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230318180508/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47043-meriem-benmouloud-takes-office-as-minister-of-digitization-and-statistics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mpt.gov.dz/en/content/ministers-biography","external_links_name":"\"Minister's Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/health-science-technology/40050-bibi-triki-takes-office-as-minister-of-post-and-telecommunications","external_links_name":"\"Bibi Triki takes office as minister of Post and Telecommunications\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210710014017/https://www.aps.dz/en/health-science-technology/40050-bibi-triki-takes-office-as-minister-of-post-and-telecommunications","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/41084-algeria-will-not-be-affected-by-statements-that-besmirch-its-history","external_links_name":"\"Algeria will not be affected by statements attempting to besmirch its history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211004165014/https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/41084-algeria-will-not-be-affected-by-statements-that-besmirch-its-history","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/","external_links_name":"\"Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister\""},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47044-faycal-bentaleb-takes-office-as-minister-of-labor-employment-and-social-security","external_links_name":"\"Fayçal Bentaleb takes office as Minister of Labor, Employment and Social Security\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315025648/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47044-faycal-bentaleb-takes-office-as-minister-of-labor-employment-and-social-security","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47045-ali-aoun-takes-office-as-minister-of-industry-and-pharmaceutical-production","external_links_name":"\"Ali Aoun takes office as Minister of Industry and Pharmaceutical Production\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315023813/https://www.aps.dz/en/economy/47045-ali-aoun-takes-office-as-minister-of-industry-and-pharmaceutical-production","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/gouvernement/composition","external_links_name":"\"Services du Premier Ministre | Composition du Gouvernement\""},{"Link":"http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=320&Itemid=177","external_links_name":"\"The official site of the Prime Minister of Algeria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629182659/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/algeria.html","external_links_name":"\"Algeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/algeria.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Gabon
Chronology of Gabon
["1 Prehistory, protohistory","2 Before colonization","3 Colonial period","4 Since independence","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
See also: History of Gabon This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chronology of Gabon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The African nation of Gabon has had human inhabitants for perhaps 400,000 years. Bantu peoples settled here from the 11th century. The coastline first became known to Europeans through Portuguese and Dutch sailors. Colonised by the French in the 19th century, Gabon became independent in 1960. Prehistory, protohistory Part of a series on the History of Gabon Bantu expansion American settlement French colonization French Equatorial Africa Independence Jean-Hilaire Aubame Leon M'ba Politics Timeline -400 000 years: shaped stones found near Otoumbi in the middle of the country, attest to inhabitation beginning in this period. -12 000 years: axes and arrow heads dating to this period are found in Moyen-Ogooué province and in the southern part of the country. -8 000 years: rock drawings dating to this period found near Cap Lopez. -5 000: The first pygmies people the territory of the current Gabon. Iron Age: iron metallurgy in Gabon, attested to by traces found in several sites. 11th century: Bantu migrations, coming from the north. Little by little the Bantu begin to outnumber the pygmies. Before colonization 1472: Portuguese sailors are the first Europeans to enter the Komo estuary. 1480: the Portuguese navigator Fernan Vaz explores the lagoon which today is named for him in the south of the Ogooué delta. 1600: the Dutch build a small fort on the island of Corisco, destroyed shortly thereafter by the Mpongwè. 1609: shipwreck of the Mauritius, a ship of the Dutch East India Company, off Cape Lopez. 1698: Dutch sailors destroy several Mpongwé villages in the Gabon estuary. 1722: the pirate captain Bartholomew Roberts is killed by the English navy off Cape Lopez. Colonial period 1839: the Mpongwe chief Denis Rapontchombo authorizes the French to settle on the left bank of the Komo estuary. 1841: the "king" Louis Dowe in turn authorises the French to settle the right bank of the estuary. 1843: construction of Fort-d'Aumale, first permanent French settlement on the Komo estuary. 1849: Louis-Édouard Bouët-Willaumetz founds Libreville and settles slaves freed from a slave transport there. 1862: treaty establishing French sovereignty over Cap Lopez. 1873: Alfred Marche and the marquis Victor de Compiègne try to follow the course of the Ogooué upstream. 1875–1878: first expedition of Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in the Ogooué basin. 1886: Gabon becomes a French colony. 1889: the Woermann company exports the first okoumé to Hamburg. 1896: Awandji took the Lastourville outpost and kill the French administrator. 1898: The concessionary companies are allocated vast territories which they put in regulated sections. 1899: André Raponda-Walker is the first Gabonese ordained as a priest. 1899: concession system spreads across all of Gabon. Almost the entire country allocated to French logging companies 1900: determination of the border between Gabon and Spanish Guinea. 1900: death in captivity, in Gabon, of Samory Touré. 1903–1908: Mitsogo revolt against French implantation in Ngounié. 1908: pacification of Haut-Ivindo by capitain Fabiani. who founds the Makokou outpost. 1911: France cedes Woleu-Ntem to Germany, which attaches it to Cameroon. 1911: surrender of the Bakaya chief, Maruvulu, after several years of guerilla warfare. 1913: Albert Schweitzer founds a hospital in Lambaréné. 1913: the Mitsogo chief Mbombé dies in prison at Mouila. 1914–1915: fighting in Woleu-Ntem between Senegalese sharpshooters and German troops from the Cameroon. Collapse of okoumé market, which had primarily been exported to Germany. Gabonese forced to harvest rubber or palm kernels to pay head tax, men also forcibly recruited to serve as porters in military campaigns. 1922: the administrator Montespan signs a peace treaty with Chief Wongo, halting the guerilla actions of the Awandji. 1925: Haut-Ogooué is attached to Moyen-Congo. 1929: the surrender of chief Wongo ends the uprising of the Awandji of l'Ogooué-Lolo. 1933: Léon Mba is exiled in Oubangui-Chari. 1940: the colony of Gabon rallies to the Free French (France libre) after several battles between Vichyste and Gaullistes. 1946: Jean-Hilaire Aubame, founder of the Union Démocratique et Sociale du Gabon, is the first Gabonese elected to the French National Assembly. 1946: Haut-Ogooué is definitively attached to Gabon. 1946: Abolition of forced labor 1956: Léon Mba is elected mayor of Libreville. 1956: first oil wells, at Ozouri, by the la Société des Pétroles d'Afrique Équatoriale, the future Elf-Gabon. 1958: Gabon becomes an autonomous state within the framework of the Communauté française. Since independence 1960: the Republic of Gabon becomes an independent state. 1961: Léon Mba is elected president of the Republic. 1962: COMILOG (Compagnie Minière de l'Ogooué) begins mining manganese. 1964: attempted military coup d'état against Léon Mba fails due to French military intervention. 1967: death of Léon Mba. Albert-Bernard Bongo succeeds him as president of the Republic. 1968: president Bongo installs a single-party régime. 1970: the first buildings open at the university of Libreville. 1971: assassination in Libreville of opposition politician Germain Mba  by two mercenaries. 1973: Albert-Bernard Bongo converts to Islam and becomes Omar Bongo. 1975: Gabon becomes a member of OPEC. 1976: construction of the omnisport stadium in Libreville, which hosts the first Central African Games. 1977: assassination of the Gabonese poet Ndouna Depenaud. 1977: Omar Bongo initiates a series of infrastructure projects in Libreville. 1977: creation of the state-owned compagny Air Gabon. 1977: summit meeting of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in Libreville. 1978: the Gabonese government expels thousands of nationals of Benin. 1981: founding of MORENA (MOuvement de REdressement NAtional), unsanctioned opposition party. 1981: Gabon expels several thousand nationals of Cameroon. 1981: Omar Bongo is received by Ronald Reagan in Washington. 1982: official visit of pope Pope John Paul II to Gabon. 1983: official visit of François Mitterrand, president of the French republic. 1983: creation in Libreville of the CICIBA (Centre International des CIvilisations BAntoues, International Center of Bantu Civilizations). 1985: capital execution of captain Alexandre Mandja Ngokouta in Libreville. 1986: inauguration of the Libreville-Franceville railway line (le Transgabonais). 1990: after a period of political unrest, re-establishment of multipartisme. 1990: French military intervention at Port-Gentil and at Libreville to evacuate foreign nationals (opération Requin). 1993: presidential election; Omar Bongo wins beating father Paul Mba Abessole. 1994: devaluation of the CFA franc triggers a price increase for imported goods and a drop in the buying power of the Gabonese. Also logging increases and concessions greatly expanded. 1994: Gabon leaves OPEC. 1995: Gabonese police expel thousands of undocumented foreigners ("sans-papiers"). 1996: le père Paul Mba Abessole est élu maire de Libreville. 1996: an epidemic of Ebola kills several dozen people in Ogooué-Ivindo (Mayibout village). 1997: Omar Bongo supports the return to power of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in Congo-Brazzaville. 1998: re-election of Omar Bongo to the presidency. 2001: Omar Bongo, Denis Sassou-Nguesso et Idriss Déby lose the lawsuit they initiated in French courts against the writer François-Xavier Verschave for "offense to a foreign head of state". 2002: Paul Mba Abessole becomes minister of human rights of president Bongo. 2005: unsurprising reelection of Omar Bongo Ondimba to the presidency. 2006: liquidation of the state compagny Air Gabon, which had been struggling for years with financial difficulties. 2007: creation of the private company Gabon Airlines. 2009: death of Omar Bongo 7 June. 2009: election of Ali Bongo Ondimba, minister of defense et son of Omar Bongo Ondimba (30 August). 2013: liquidation of Gabon Airlines. See also Timeline of Libreville References ^ a b c Philippe Lemarchand (1994). 'Afrique et l'Europe: atlas du XXe siècle (in French). Éditions Complexe. p. 180. ISBN 978-2870275184 – via Google Books. ^ a b Liz Alden Wily (2012). "Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present" (PDF). FERN. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ Liz Alden Wily (April 2012). "Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present" (PDF). FERN. p. 102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ Loic Ntoutoume (29 July 2015). "Ces assassinats jamais élucidés" (in French). Gabon Review. ^ a b "Que retenir du règne des Bongo après "un demi-siècle" de pouvoir sans partage ?" (in French). Info241. 17 November 2014. ^ POLITIQUE AFRICAINE N-115. Fin de règne au Gabon (in French). Karthala Editions. 2009. p. 82. ISBN 978-2811132040 – via Google Books. ^ "PÈLERINAGE APOSTOLIQUE AU NIGERIA, AU BÉNIN, AU GABON ET EN GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE: DISCOURS DE JEAN-PAUL II À L'ARRIVÉE EN GABON". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 17 February 1982. Bibliography Institut für Afrika-Kunde; Rolf Hofmeier, eds. (1990). "Gabun". Afrika Jahrbuch 1989 (in German). Germany: Leske + Budrich. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-92639-5. ISBN 978-3-8100-0831-2. OCLC 19093344. Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Afrika südlich der Sahara "Gabon". Political Chronology of Africa. Political Chronologies of the World. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 181+. ISBN 978-0203409954. Douglas A. Yates (2013). "Gabon". In Andreas Mehler; et al. (eds.). Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. Vol. 9. Koninklijke Brill. p. 261+. ISBN 9789004256002. ISSN 1871-2525. External links "Gabon Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 15 January 2019. vte Years in Gabon (1960–present) Pre-1960s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Years vteGabon articlesHistory Timeline Battle of Gabon French Congo French Equatorial Africa Kingdom of Orungu West Africa Campaign (World War II) 1964 coup d'état 2019 coup attempt 2023 coup d'état Geography Cities Departments Ecoregions National parks Places Provinces Wildlife Politics Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Parliament National Assembly Senate Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Economy Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups Films Flag LGBT rights Health Languages Media Music Religion OutlineIndex Category vteTimelines of African countriesNorth Sudan West Cape Verde Ghana Nigeria Central Gabon East Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania South Botswana South Africa
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gabon"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Bantu peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples"}],"text":"See also: History of GabonThe African nation of Gabon has had human inhabitants for perhaps 400,000 years. Bantu peoples settled here from the 11th century. The coastline first became known to Europeans through Portuguese and Dutch sailors. Colonised by the French in the 19th century, Gabon became independent in 1960.","title":"Chronology of Gabon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moyen-Ogooué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen-Ogoou%C3%A9_Province"},{"link_name":"-8 000 years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"Cap Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lopez"},{"link_name":"-5 000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_expansion"}],"text":"-400 000 years: shaped stones found near Otoumbi in the middle of the country, attest to inhabitation beginning in this period.-12 000 years: axes and arrow heads dating to this period are found in Moyen-Ogooué province and in the southern part of the country.-8 000 years: rock drawings dating to this period found near Cap Lopez.-5 000: The first pygmies people the territory of the current Gabon.Iron Age: iron metallurgy in Gabon, attested to by traces found in several sites.11th century: Bantu migrations, coming from the north. Little by little the Bantu begin to outnumber the pygmies.","title":"Prehistory, protohistory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komo_Department"},{"link_name":"estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"Fernan Vaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernan_Vaz"},{"link_name":"Ogooué delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoou%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Corisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corisco"},{"link_name":"Mpongwè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpongwe_people"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Cape Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Mpongwé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpongwe_people"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts"}],"text":"1472: Portuguese sailors are the first Europeans to enter the Komo estuary.1480: the Portuguese navigator Fernan Vaz explores the lagoon which today is named for him in the south of the Ogooué delta.1600: the Dutch build a small fort on the island of Corisco, destroyed shortly thereafter by the Mpongwè.1609: shipwreck of the Mauritius, a ship of the Dutch East India Company, off Cape Lopez.1698: Dutch sailors destroy several Mpongwé villages in the Gabon estuary.1722: the pirate captain Bartholomew Roberts is killed by the English navy off Cape Lopez.","title":"Before colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlas-1"},{"link_name":"Louis-Édouard Bouët-Willaumetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Bou%C3%ABt-Willaumez"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Cap Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Alfred Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Alfred_Marche"},{"link_name":"Victor de Compiègne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"Ogooué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoou%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza"},{"link_name":"Ogooué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoou%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"okoumé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucoumea"},{"link_name":"Lastourville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastoursville"},{"link_name":"André Raponda-Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Raponda_Walker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlas-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Samory Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samori_Ture"},{"link_name":"Mitsogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Gabon#Mitsogho_People"},{"link_name":"Ngounié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngouni%C3%A9_Province"},{"link_name":"Makokou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makokou"},{"link_name":"Woleu-Ntem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleu-Ntem_Province"},{"link_name":"Albert Schweitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer"},{"link_name":"Lambaréné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar%C3%A9n%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mouila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouila"},{"link_name":"Woleu-Ntem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleu-Ntem_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Awandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awandji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut-Ogooué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Ogoou%C3%A9_Province"},{"link_name":"Moyen-Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Congo"},{"link_name":"Ogooué-Lolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoou%C3%A9-Lolo_Province"},{"link_name":"Léon Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_M%27ba"},{"link_name":"Oubangui-Chari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubangi-Shari"},{"link_name":"France libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France"},{"link_name":"Jean-Hilaire Aubame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Hilaire_Aubame"},{"link_name":"Haut-Ogooué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Ogoou%C3%A9_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlas-1"},{"link_name":"Léon Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_M%27ba"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Communauté française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community"}],"text":"1839: the Mpongwe chief Denis Rapontchombo authorizes the French to settle on the left bank of the Komo estuary.1841: the \"king\" Louis Dowe in turn authorises the French to settle the right bank of the estuary.1843: construction of Fort-d'Aumale, first permanent French settlement on the Komo estuary.[1]1849: Louis-Édouard Bouët-Willaumetz founds Libreville and settles slaves freed from a slave transport there.1862: treaty establishing French sovereignty over Cap Lopez.1873: Alfred Marche and the marquis Victor de Compiègne try to follow the course of the Ogooué upstream.1875–1878: first expedition of Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in the Ogooué basin.1886: Gabon becomes a French colony.1889: the Woermann company exports the first okoumé to Hamburg.1896: Awandji took the Lastourville outpost and kill the French administrator.1898: The concessionary companies are allocated vast territories which they put in regulated sections.1899: André Raponda-Walker is the first Gabonese ordained as a priest.1899: concession system spreads across all of Gabon.[1] Almost the entire country allocated to French logging companies[2]1900: determination of the border between Gabon and Spanish Guinea.1900: death in captivity, in Gabon, of Samory Touré.1903–1908: Mitsogo revolt against French implantation in Ngounié.1908: pacification of Haut-Ivindo by capitain Fabiani. who founds the Makokou outpost.1911: France cedes Woleu-Ntem to Germany, which attaches it to Cameroon.1911: surrender of the Bakaya chief, Maruvulu, after several years of guerilla warfare.1913: Albert Schweitzer founds a hospital in Lambaréné.1913: the Mitsogo chief Mbombé dies in prison at Mouila.1914–1915: fighting in Woleu-Ntem between Senegalese sharpshooters and German troops from the Cameroon. Collapse of okoumé market, which had primarily been exported to Germany. Gabonese forced to harvest rubber or palm kernels to pay head tax, men also forcibly recruited to serve as porters in military campaigns.[3]1922: the administrator Montespan signs a peace treaty with Chief Wongo, halting the guerilla actions of the Awandji.1925: Haut-Ogooué is attached to Moyen-Congo.1929: the surrender of chief Wongo ends the uprising of the Awandji of l'Ogooué-Lolo.1933: Léon Mba is exiled in Oubangui-Chari.1940: the colony of Gabon rallies to the Free French (France libre) after several battles between Vichyste and Gaullistes.1946: Jean-Hilaire Aubame, founder of the Union Démocratique et Sociale du Gabon, is the first Gabonese elected to the French National Assembly.1946: Haut-Ogooué is definitively attached to Gabon.1946: Abolition of forced labor[1]1956: Léon Mba is elected mayor of Libreville.1956: first oil wells, at Ozouri, by the la Société des Pétroles d'Afrique Équatoriale, the future Elf-Gabon.1958: Gabon becomes an autonomous state within the framework of the Communauté française.","title":"Colonial period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Léon Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_M%27ba"},{"link_name":"Léon Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_M%27ba"},{"link_name":"Léon Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_M%27ba"},{"link_name":"Albert-Bernard Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Germain Mba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germain_Mba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Mba"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-que-5"},{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Central African Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Games"},{"link_name":"Ndouna Depenaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ndouna_Depenaud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-que-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Air Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Gabon"},{"link_name":"Organisation of African Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"CICIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_International_des_Civilisations_Bantu"},{"link_name":"Transgabonais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Gabon_Railway"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Paul Mba Abessole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mba_Abessole"},{"link_name":"CFA franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA_franc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f-2"},{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"Paul Mba Abessole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mba_Abessole"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus"},{"link_name":"Ogooué-Ivindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoou%C3%A9-Ivindo_Province"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Denis Sassou-Nguesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso"},{"link_name":"Congo-Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Denis Sassou-Nguesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso"},{"link_name":"Idriss Déby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by"},{"link_name":"François-Xavier Verschave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Verschave"},{"link_name":"Paul Mba Abessole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mba_Abessole"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo Ondimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Air Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Gabon"},{"link_name":"Gabon Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Omar Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Ali Bongo Ondimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Bongo_Ondimba"},{"link_name":"Gabon Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_Airlines"}],"text":"1960: the Republic of Gabon becomes an independent state.1961: Léon Mba is elected president of the Republic.1962: COMILOG (Compagnie Minière de l'Ogooué) begins mining manganese.1964: attempted military coup d'état against Léon Mba fails due to French military intervention.1967: death of Léon Mba. Albert-Bernard Bongo succeeds him as president of the Republic.1968: president Bongo installs a single-party régime.1970: the first buildings open at the university of Libreville.1971: assassination in Libreville of opposition politician Germain Mba [fr] by two mercenaries.[4]1973: Albert-Bernard Bongo converts to Islam and becomes Omar Bongo.[5]1975: Gabon becomes a member of OPEC.1976: construction of the omnisport stadium in Libreville, which hosts the first Central African Games.1977: assassination of the Gabonese poet Ndouna Depenaud.[5][6]1977: Omar Bongo initiates a series of infrastructure projects in Libreville.1977: creation of the state-owned compagny Air Gabon.1977: summit meeting of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in Libreville.1978: the Gabonese government expels thousands of nationals of Benin.1981: founding of MORENA (MOuvement de REdressement NAtional), unsanctioned opposition party.1981: Gabon expels several thousand nationals of Cameroon.1981: Omar Bongo is received by Ronald Reagan in Washington.1982: official visit of pope Pope John Paul II to Gabon.[7]1983: official visit of François Mitterrand, president of the French republic.1983: creation in Libreville of the CICIBA (Centre International des CIvilisations BAntoues, International Center of Bantu Civilizations).1985: capital execution of captain Alexandre Mandja Ngokouta in Libreville.1986: inauguration of the Libreville-Franceville railway line (le Transgabonais).1990: after a period of political unrest, re-establishment of multipartisme.1990: French military intervention at Port-Gentil and at Libreville to evacuate foreign nationals (opération Requin).1993: presidential election; Omar Bongo wins beating father Paul Mba Abessole.1994: devaluation of the CFA franc triggers a price increase for imported goods and a drop in the buying power of the Gabonese. Also logging increases and concessions greatly expanded.[2]1994: Gabon leaves OPEC.1995: Gabonese police expel thousands of undocumented foreigners (\"sans-papiers\").1996: le père Paul Mba Abessole est élu maire de Libreville.1996: an epidemic of Ebola kills several dozen people in Ogooué-Ivindo (Mayibout village).1997: Omar Bongo supports the return to power of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in Congo-Brazzaville.1998: re-election of Omar Bongo to the presidency.2001: Omar Bongo, Denis Sassou-Nguesso et Idriss Déby lose the lawsuit they initiated in French courts against the writer François-Xavier Verschave for \"offense to a foreign head of state\".2002: Paul Mba Abessole becomes minister of human rights of president Bongo.2005: unsurprising reelection of Omar Bongo Ondimba to the presidency.2006: liquidation of the state compagny Air Gabon, which had been struggling for years with financial difficulties.2007: creation of the private company Gabon Airlines.2009: death of Omar Bongo 7 June.2009: election of Ali Bongo Ondimba, minister of defense et son of Omar Bongo Ondimba (30 August).2013: liquidation of Gabon Airlines.","title":"Since independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institut für Afrika-Kunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Institute_of_Global_and_Area_Studies"},{"link_name":"\"Gabun\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=k-PRBgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-322-92639-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-322-92639-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8100-0831-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8100-0831-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19093344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19093344"},{"link_name":"\"Gabon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0O86sZdHfHUC"},{"link_name":"Europa Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0203409954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203409954"},{"link_name":"Douglas A. Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Yates"},{"link_name":"\"Gabon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Af9AAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004256002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004256002"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1871-2525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1871-2525"}],"text":"Institut für Afrika-Kunde; Rolf Hofmeier, eds. (1990). \"Gabun\". Afrika Jahrbuch 1989 (in German). Germany: Leske + Budrich. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-92639-5. ISBN 978-3-8100-0831-2. OCLC 19093344. Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Afrika südlich der Sahara\n\"Gabon\". Political Chronology of Africa. Political Chronologies of the World. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 181+. ISBN 978-0203409954.\nDouglas A. Yates (2013). \"Gabon\". In Andreas Mehler; et al. (eds.). Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. Vol. 9. Koninklijke Brill. p. 261+. ISBN 9789004256002. ISSN 1871-2525.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Timeline of Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Libreville"}]
[{"reference":"Philippe Lemarchand (1994). 'Afrique et l'Europe: atlas du XXe siècle (in French). Éditions Complexe. p. 180. ISBN 978-2870275184 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pFcWhCyU8C","url_text":"'Afrique et l'Europe: atlas du XXe siècle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2870275184","url_text":"978-2870275184"}]},{"reference":"Liz Alden Wily (2012). \"Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present\" (PDF). FERN. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152627/http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present\""},{"url":"http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liz Alden Wily (April 2012). \"Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present\" (PDF). FERN. p. 102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152627/http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present\""},{"url":"http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loic Ntoutoume (29 July 2015). \"Ces assassinats jamais élucidés\" (in French). Gabon Review.","urls":[{"url":"http://gabonreview.com/blog/ces-assassinats-jamais-elucides/","url_text":"\"Ces assassinats jamais élucidés\""}]},{"reference":"\"Que retenir du règne des Bongo après \"un demi-siècle\" de pouvoir sans partage ?\" (in French). Info241. 17 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://info241.com/que-retenir-du-regne-des-bongo-apres-un-demi-siecle-de-pouvoir,561","url_text":"\"Que retenir du règne des Bongo après \"un demi-siècle\" de pouvoir sans partage ?\""}]},{"reference":"POLITIQUE AFRICAINE N-115. Fin de règne au Gabon (in French). Karthala Editions. 2009. p. 82. ISBN 978-2811132040 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H_yggXgb9-cC&pg=PA82","url_text":"POLITIQUE AFRICAINE N-115. Fin de règne au Gabon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2811132040","url_text":"978-2811132040"}]},{"reference":"\"PÈLERINAGE APOSTOLIQUE AU NIGERIA, AU BÉNIN, AU GABON ET EN GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE: DISCOURS DE JEAN-PAUL II À L'ARRIVÉE EN GABON\". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 17 February 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/fr/speeches/1982/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19820217_arrivo-gabon.html","url_text":"\"PÈLERINAGE APOSTOLIQUE AU NIGERIA, AU BÉNIN, AU GABON ET EN GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE: DISCOURS DE JEAN-PAUL II À L'ARRIVÉE EN GABON\""}]},{"reference":"Institut für Afrika-Kunde; Rolf Hofmeier, eds. (1990). \"Gabun\". Afrika Jahrbuch 1989 (in German). Germany: Leske + Budrich. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-92639-5. ISBN 978-3-8100-0831-2. OCLC 19093344. Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Afrika südlich der Sahara","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Institute_of_Global_and_Area_Studies","url_text":"Institut für Afrika-Kunde"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k-PRBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Gabun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-322-92639-5","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-322-92639-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8100-0831-2","url_text":"978-3-8100-0831-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19093344","url_text":"19093344"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabon\". Political Chronology of Africa. Political Chronologies of the World. Europa Publications. 2001. p. 181+. ISBN 978-0203409954.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0O86sZdHfHUC","url_text":"\"Gabon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Publications","url_text":"Europa Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203409954","url_text":"978-0203409954"}]},{"reference":"Douglas A. Yates (2013). \"Gabon\". In Andreas Mehler; et al. (eds.). Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. Vol. 9. Koninklijke Brill. p. 261+. ISBN 9789004256002. ISSN 1871-2525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Yates","url_text":"Douglas A. Yates"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Af9AAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Gabon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004256002","url_text":"9789004256002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1871-2525","url_text":"1871-2525"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabon Profile: Timeline\". BBC News. 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376514","url_text":"\"Gabon Profile: Timeline\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chronology+of+Gabon%22","external_links_name":"\"Chronology of Gabon\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chronology+of+Gabon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chronology+of+Gabon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chronology+of+Gabon%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chronology+of+Gabon%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chronology+of+Gabon%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pFcWhCyU8C","external_links_name":"'Afrique et l'Europe: atlas du XXe siècle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152627/http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present\""},{"Link":"http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152627/http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Land Rights in Gabon: Facing Up to the Past – and Present\""},{"Link":"http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/fern_gabon_LR_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gabonreview.com/blog/ces-assassinats-jamais-elucides/","external_links_name":"\"Ces assassinats jamais élucidés\""},{"Link":"http://info241.com/que-retenir-du-regne-des-bongo-apres-un-demi-siecle-de-pouvoir,561","external_links_name":"\"Que retenir du règne des Bongo après \"un demi-siècle\" de pouvoir sans partage ?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H_yggXgb9-cC&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"POLITIQUE AFRICAINE N-115. Fin de règne au Gabon"},{"Link":"https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/fr/speeches/1982/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19820217_arrivo-gabon.html","external_links_name":"\"PÈLERINAGE APOSTOLIQUE AU NIGERIA, AU BÉNIN, AU GABON ET EN GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE: DISCOURS DE JEAN-PAUL II À L'ARRIVÉE EN GABON\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k-PRBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Gabun\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-322-92639-5","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-322-92639-5"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19093344","external_links_name":"19093344"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0O86sZdHfHUC","external_links_name":"\"Gabon\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Af9AAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Gabon\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1871-2525","external_links_name":"1871-2525"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376514","external_links_name":"\"Gabon Profile: Timeline\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bisang
Bruno Bisang
["1 Career","2 Solo exhibitions","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]
Swiss fashion photographer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Bruno Bisang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bruno Bisang (born 1952 in Ascona, Switzerland) is a Swiss fashion photographer. His photography has been seen in features of many international magazines, such as Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Max, GQ and Amica, and he has shot advertising campaigns for various major fashion and beauty labels, including Chanel, Wolford, Guerlain, Palmers and Givenchy. Career Bisang studied photography at the School of Applied Arts in Zurich. After an apprenticeship, he started to work as a freelance photographer in 1979, first in Zurich, later also in Milan and Munich. Throughout his career, he has been able to shoot in: Germany, South Africa, the Caribbean, South America, Miami, New York, and Asia. Today he lives and works in Zurich, Milan, Paris and New York City. Solo exhibitions Espace Picto Bastille, Paris, 2005 Pandora Gallery, Marbella, Spain, 2005 Camerawork, Hamburg, 2005 Kaune, Sudendorf Gallery, Cologne, 2011 Young Gallery, Brussels, 2004 and 2011 The Little Black Gallery, London, 2012 Kaune, Posnik, Spohr Gallery, Cologne, 2014 Publications Photographs, 2000, teNeues Verlag, ISBN 3-8238-5451-8 Exposure, 2004, teNeues Verlag, ISBN 3-8238-4598-5 30 Years of Polaroids, 2011, teNeues Verlag ISBN 978-3-8327-9530-6 References ^ "Bruno Bisang/Biography". Photographers Limited Editions. Retrieved 30 November 2010. ^ Davies, L. (2013, January). Bruno Bisang: the Polaroid-loving fashion photographer. The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ Zimmermann, Damian. Bruno Bisang in der Galerie Kaune, Sudendorf, May 3rd, 2011. External links Bruno Bisang - Official Website photographers limited editions - Online Gallery Bruno Bisang at Kaune, Sudendorf Gallery, Cologne Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Artists Photographers' Identities SIKART ULAN Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ascona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascona"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(German_magazine)"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"Amica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amica_(Italy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel"},{"link_name":"Wolford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolford"},{"link_name":"Guerlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerlain"},{"link_name":"Palmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmers_Textil_AG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Givenchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bruno Bisang (born 1952 in Ascona, Switzerland) is a Swiss fashion photographer. His photography has been seen in features of many international magazines, such as Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Max, GQ and Amica, and he has shot advertising campaigns for various major fashion and beauty labels, including Chanel, Wolford, Guerlain, Palmers and Givenchy.[1]","title":"Bruno Bisang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Bisang studied photography at the School of Applied Arts in Zurich. After an apprenticeship, he started to work as a freelance photographer in 1979, first in Zurich, later also in Milan and Munich. [2] Throughout his career, he has been able to shoot in: Germany, South Africa, the Caribbean, South America, Miami, New York, and Asia. Today he lives and works in Zurich, Milan, Paris and New York City.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Espace Picto Bastille, Paris, 2005\nPandora Gallery, Marbella, Spain, 2005\nCamerawork, Hamburg, 2005\nKaune, Sudendorf Gallery, Cologne, 2011[3]\nYoung Gallery, Brussels, 2004 and 2011\nThe Little Black Gallery, London, 2012\nKaune, Posnik, Spohr Gallery, Cologne, 2014","title":"Solo exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8238-5451-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8238-5451-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8238-4598-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8238-4598-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8327-9530-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8327-9530-6"}],"text":"Photographs, 2000, teNeues Verlag, ISBN 3-8238-5451-8\nExposure, 2004, teNeues Verlag, ISBN 3-8238-4598-5\n30 Years of Polaroids, 2011, teNeues Verlag ISBN 978-3-8327-9530-6","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bruno Bisang/Biography\". Photographers Limited Editions. Retrieved 30 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.photographerslimitededitions.com/index.php?cPath=1_83&bio=1","url_text":"\"Bruno Bisang/Biography\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bruno+Bisang%22","external_links_name":"\"Bruno Bisang\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bruno+Bisang%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bruno+Bisang%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bruno+Bisang%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bruno+Bisang%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bruno+Bisang%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.photographerslimitededitions.com/index.php?cPath=1_83&bio=1","external_links_name":"\"Bruno Bisang/Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.damianzimmermann.de/blog/?p=5769:","external_links_name":"Zimmermann, Damian. Bruno Bisang in der Galerie Kaune, Sudendorf"},{"Link":"http://www.brunobisang.com/","external_links_name":"Bruno Bisang"},{"Link":"http://www.photographerslimitededitions.com/index.php?cat=c83_BRUNO-BISANG.html&XTCsid=aab5c14b71ae9f2f7f603ad2cb70c54f/","external_links_name":"photographers limited editions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130707045834/http://www.ks-contemporary.com/","external_links_name":"Bruno Bisang at Kaune, Sudendorf Gallery"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/462326/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078447065","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/61806467","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4B8wM4pPVRKfRKvRkDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14642799w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14642799w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122146042","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001034263","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p375506527","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/378727","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=12779827&lng=en","external_links_name":"SIKART"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500345348","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/164283293","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathanayakudu_(2008_film)
Kathanayakudu (2008 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting and crew","3.3 Filming","4 Soundtrack","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]
For the 1969 film, see Kathanayakudu (1969 film). 2008 Indian filmKathanayakuduMovie PosterDirected byP. VasuWritten byMarudhuri Raja (dialogues)Screenplay byP. VasuStory bySreenivasanProduced byC. Aswani DuttG. P. VjaykumarStarringJagapati BabuMeenaRajinikanthCinematographyArvind KrishnaEdited bySaravanaMusic byG. V. Prakash KumarProductioncompanyVyjayanthi MoviesDistributed byAyngaran (Worldwide)Pyramid Saimira (U.S.)Release date 1 August 2008 (2008-08-01) Running time146 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTelugu Kathanayakudu (transl. Hero) is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language drama film produced by Aswani Dutt and G. P. Vijayakumar. It is directed by P. Vasu. The film is a remake of the Malayalam film Kadha Parayumbol (2007) and stars Rajinikanth in an extended guest appearance along with Jagapati Babu and Meena. Sunil and Dharmavarapu play pivotal roles. The film was a commercial success and received positive reviews. It was simultaneously made in Tamil as Kuselan, which was released to negative reviews and was a flop. The film explores the pressures of friendship, and revolves around a villager who had shared a strong friendship with a popular cinema actor while they were in their youth. However, due to their different career routes, they are eventually forced to part ways; one becoming a national figure, the other becoming a village barber. Decades later, the actor returns to the village to participate in his film's shooting. Whilst the entire village becomes excited about the prospect of seeing the actor, the barber fears that his old friend would have forgotten him and eventually neglected him. Plot The plot tells the story of two childhood friends: Balakrishna and Ashok Kumar. Balu stops at nothing to make his friend happy. As time passes by, they take different paths, and Balu becomes a barber in a small village called Siricilla. He marries Devi and has three children and leads a happy life. However, his finances are poor and he is often led to the door of Dharmaraju, the financier. He has tough competition from the smarter and more clever Shanmugam, who has a salon opposite his shop. Balu is a man with self-respect and honesty. His life continues the same until one day there is news that a film shooting is going to happen in a place near their village and the hero of the film is superstar Ashok Kumar. The news spreads rapidly, but Balu hesitates to reveal himself to be a friend of Ashok Kumar. However, people around Balu learn about their friendship, and suddenly those who have been ridiculing him start doing favors for him—only to meet Ashok Kumar, or at least watch him from outside. Balu is hesitant to do what they want, and soon people start shunning him. Balu faces poor treatment even from his children. At last, Ashok Kumar publicly acknowledges Balu as his childhood friend who made him a superstar, and he meets Balu. Cast Jagapathi Babu as Balakrishna "Balu" Meena as Sreedevi, Balu's wife Rajinikanth as Ashok Kumar (extended guest appearance; voice dubbed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam) Sunil as Shanmugam Dharmavarapu as Dharmaraju Shafna as Balu's elder daughter Revathy Sivakumar as Balu's younger daughter Ali M. S. Narayana as Dharmaraju's assistant Duvvasi Mohan as Dharmaraju's assistant Narsing Yadav as Dharmaraju's assistant Venu Madhav Tanikella Bharani as School teacher R. Sundarrajan as Srinivas Manobala as Constable Chinni Jayanth as Tribal Kondavalasa Rallapalli as R. Ramesh Vijayaranga Raju Venu Yeldandi Rajababu Chitti Babu Gundu Hanumantha Rao Gautam Raju Ananth Mohan Raman as Ashok Kumar's PA Thalapathi Dinesh Aajam Potti Rambabu Visweswara Rao Geetha as Headmistress Rajitha Fathima Babu as Sister Maria Sona as Sona Guest appearances Nayanthara as herself Brahmanandam as Koya Dora Prabhu as Sub-Inspector Satya Nizhalgal Ravi as himself Vijayakumar as himself Madhan Bob as himself Mamta Mohandas as Assistant director Special appearances in the song "Cinema Cinema" (in order of appearance; reused footage from Kuselan) Suriya Khushbu Sneha G. V. Prakash Kumar Soundarya Rajinikanth P. Vasu Production Development Following P. Vasu and Rajinikanth's film Chandramukhi in 2005, Vasu had been keen to cast Rajinikanth in another role. Before signing Kathanayakudu, he had narrated a story titled Vettaiyan, which would have been a sequel of a character featured in Chandramukhi. Kathanayakudu was launched on 15 March 2008 at Hotel Novotel in Hyderabad. P. Vasu signed up Rajinikanth and Jagapathi Babu to portray the lead roles, while Aswani Dutt agreed to produce the film in Telugu. The film is a remake of the Malayalam film Kadha Parayumbol, which was written by Sreenivasan, who also played the lead role in that film. Casting and crew Vasu made it clear that Rajinikanth would not perform an honorary role in the film, which Mammooty had portrayed in the original, but would play a full role, stating that, "the whole story revolves around him ". In the Telugu version, comedy actors Sunil, Brahmanandam, Tanikella Bharani and Venu Madhav all signed up to play the roles of Jagapati Babu's fellow villagers. Ileana D'Cruz turned down an offer to act in the film, citing scheduling conflicts. Like the Tamil version, it was said that several prominent Telugu actors had been approached to be a part of a song in the project, but none were selected. Technicians were common in both versions in the two films. with G. V. Prakash Kumar operating as the music composer and Arvind Krishna as the cinematographer. Filming The film's launch was on 7 March 2008 at the AVM Studios in Chennai with the leading artists present. P. Vasu said that the shooting lasted 82 days, with the versions being shot simultaneously and that most of the movie was shot inside the Ramoji Rao film city, with other destinations including Kerala and Pollachi. Some of Rajinikanth's scenes were reused from Kuselan. Soundtrack KathanayakuduFilm score by G. V. Prakash KumarReleased30 June 2008Recorded2008GenreSoundtrackLength29:43LanguageTeluguLabelBig MusicProducerG. V. Prakash KumarG. V. Prakash Kumar chronology Ullasamga Utsahamga(2008) Kathanayakudu(2008) Ananda Thandavam(2008) The soundtrack of Kathanayakudu was released on 30 June 2008. The soundtrack consists of five songs. The song Cinema Cinema commemorates the 75th anniversary of Telugu cinema. Footage of Suriya, Khushbu, and Sneha and archival footage of famous superstar actors N. T. Rama Rao (popularly "NTR"), Akkineni Nageswara Rao ("ANR"), M. G. Ramachandran ("MGR"), and Rajkumar are shown with each chorus of this song. The verse alternates between clips shot of an actual movie crew filming on location, intercut with real-life superstar actor Rajinikanth — who plays a fictional superstar actor in this film — spoofing blockbuster movies such as Zorro, Lawrence of Arabia, House of Flying Daggers, and the James Bond series. No. Song Singers Length (m:ss) 1 "Cinema Cinema" Shankar Mahadevan 6:08 2 "Challe Challe" Hariharan, Sujatha Mohan, Baby Rajini, Baby Pooja 6:13 3 "Om Zaarare" K. S. Chithra, Daler Mehndi 7:12 4 "Vatche Vatche" Shreya Ghoshal 4:34 5 "Ra Ra Ra Ramayanna" Kailash Kher, V Prasanna 5:36 Reception Rediff.com gave the film a rating of 2+1⁄2 out of 5 stars and wrote: "P Vasu conceives everything in a larger than life canvas keeping in sync with the image of the superstar he is directing. And while he seems to have gone overboard by moving away from the original, Kathanayakudu is worth a watch for the touching last moments." Jeevi of Idlebrain.com rated the film three out of five and wrote that "The plus points of the film are Rajnikant, Jagapati Babu and a heart touching climax. On a flip side, a better screenplay and a faster narration would have helped the film tremendously". A critic from 123telugu also rated the film three out of five and wrote that "Go to the movie, if you want to see a film with a good script, good performances and a sentimental climax which will definitely bring a tear to your eye. Another very good family outing". References ^ Shankar, Settu (2007). "P Vasu's version of Vettaiyan". OneIndia.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2007. ^ "Muhurat - Rajnikant's new film". Idlebrain.com. 15 March 2008. ^ "Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu". Oniondosa.net. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu". Oniondosa.net. 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008. ^ "Ileana refuses Rajini's Kuselan". Chennai365.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2008. ^ Shankar, Settu (2008). "Kamal, Ajith and Vijay dance with Rajini!!". OneIndia.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2008. ^ "Big star cast in Kuselan?". BharatStudent.com. 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2008. ^ "Jegapathy Babu in 'Kuselan'". Cinesouth. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2008. ^ "Kuselan pooja held". Sify. 2008. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008. ^ "P Vasu Interview". Behindwoods. 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008. ^ "Music launch - Katha Nayakudu". Idlebrain.com. 30 June 2008. ^ "NonStopMp3 - Kathanayakudu (2008) Songs". www.nonstopmp3.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2008. ^ "Review: Kathanayakudu". Rediff.com. 1 August 2008. ^ jeevi (1 August 2008). "Telugu Movie review - Kathanayakudu". Idlebrain.com. ^ "Kathanayakudu – a leader for sure!". 123telugu. 1 August 2008. External links Kathanayakudu at IMDb vteFilms directed by P. VasuWith Santhana Bharathi Panneer Pushpangal (1981) Madhu Malar (1982) Mella Pesungal (1983) Sahasame Jeevitham (1984) Needhiyin Nizhal (1985) Tamil films En Thangachi Padichava (1988) Pillaikkaga (1989) Ponmana Selvan (1989) Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai (1989) Velai Kidaichuduchu (1990) Panakkaran (1990) Nadigan (1990) Kizhakku Karai (1991) Chinna Thambi (1991) Adhikari (1991) Mannan (1992) Rickshaw Mama (1992) Senthamizh Paattu (1992) Idhu Namma Bhoomi (1992) Amma Vandhachu (1992) Udan Pirappu (1993) Walter Vetrivel (1993) Uzhaippali (1993) Sethupathi IPS (1994) Saadhu (1994) Coolie (1995) Kattumarakaran (1995) Mr. Madras (1995) Love Birds (1996) Paththini (1997) Vaimaye Vellum (1997) Malabar Police (1999) Ponnu Veetukkaran (1999) Suyamvaram (1999) Seenu (2000) Vanna Thamizh Pattu (2000) Kakkai Siraginilae (2000) Asathal (2001) Kadhal Kisu Kisu (2003) Chandramukhi (2005) Paramasivan (2006) Thottal Poo Malarum (2007) Kuselan (2008) Puli Vesham (2011) Shivalinga (2017) Chandramukhi 2 (2023) Kannada films Kathanayaka (1985) Guri (1986) Jayasimha (1987) Jeevana Jyothi (1987) Daada (1988) Hrudayavantha (2003) Apthamitra (2005) Aptharakshaka (2010) Arakshaka (2012) Drishya (2014) Shivalinga (2016) Ayushman Bhava (2019) Drishya 2 (2021) Telugu films Prudhvi Narayana (2002) Maharathi (2007) Krishnarjuna (2008) Kathanayakudu (2008) Nagavalli (2010) Hindi films Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet (1999)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathanayakudu (1969 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathanayakudu_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Aswani Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswani_Dutt"},{"link_name":"P. Vasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Vasu"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Kadha Parayumbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadha_Parayumbol"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"Jagapati Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagapati_Babu"},{"link_name":"Meena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sunil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dharmavarapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmavarapu_Subramanyam"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Kuselan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuselan"},{"link_name":"flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-office_bomb"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"}],"text":"For the 1969 film, see Kathanayakudu (1969 film).2008 Indian filmKathanayakudu (transl. Hero) is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language drama film produced by Aswani Dutt and G. P. Vijayakumar. It is directed by P. Vasu. The film is a remake of the Malayalam film Kadha Parayumbol (2007) and stars Rajinikanth in an extended guest appearance along with Jagapati Babu and Meena. Sunil and Dharmavarapu play pivotal roles. The film was a commercial success and received positive reviews. It was simultaneously made in Tamil as Kuselan, which was released to negative reviews and was a flop.The film explores the pressures of friendship, and revolves around a villager who had shared a strong friendship with a popular cinema actor while they were in their youth. However, due to their different career routes, they are eventually forced to part ways; one becoming a national figure, the other becoming a village barber. Decades later, the actor returns to the village to participate in his film's shooting. Whilst the entire village becomes excited about the prospect of seeing the actor, the barber fears that his old friend would have forgotten him and eventually neglected him.","title":"Kathanayakudu (2008 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siricilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sircilla"}],"text":"The plot tells the story of two childhood friends: Balakrishna and Ashok Kumar. Balu stops at nothing to make his friend happy. As time passes by, they take different paths, and Balu becomes a barber in a small village called Siricilla. He marries Devi and has three children and leads a happy life. However, his finances are poor and he is often led to the door of Dharmaraju, the financier. He has tough competition from the smarter and more clever Shanmugam, who has a salon opposite his shop. Balu is a man with self-respect and honesty. His life continues the same until one day there is news that a film shooting is going to happen in a place near their village and the hero of the film is superstar Ashok Kumar. The news spreads rapidly, but Balu hesitates to reveal himself to be a friend of Ashok Kumar. However, people around Balu learn about their friendship, and suddenly those who have been ridiculing him start doing favors for him—only to meet Ashok Kumar, or at least watch him from outside. Balu is hesitant to do what they want, and soon people start shunning him. Balu faces poor treatment even from his children. At last, Ashok Kumar publicly acknowledges Balu as his childhood friend who made him a superstar, and he meets Balu.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jagapathi Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagapathi_Babu"},{"link_name":"Meena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"Sunil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dharmavarapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmavarapu_Subramanyam"},{"link_name":"Shafna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafna"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_(actor)"},{"link_name":"M. S. Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Narayana"},{"link_name":"Duvvasi Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvvasi_Mohan"},{"link_name":"Narsing Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsing_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Venu Madhav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_Madhav_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tanikella Bharani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanikella_Bharani"},{"link_name":"R. Sundarrajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Sundarrajan"},{"link_name":"Manobala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala"},{"link_name":"Chinni Jayanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinni_Jayanth"},{"link_name":"Kondavalasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondavalasa_Lakshmana_Rao"},{"link_name":"Rallapalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallapalli_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Venu Yeldandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_Yeldandi"},{"link_name":"Chitti Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitti_Babu_Punyamurthula"},{"link_name":"Gundu Hanumantha Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundu_Hanumantha_Rao"},{"link_name":"Gautam Raju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautam_Raju"},{"link_name":"Ananth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananth_Babu"},{"link_name":"Mohan Raman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Raman"},{"link_name":"Thalapathi Dinesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalapathi_Dinesh"},{"link_name":"Visweswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visweswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Geetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geetha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Rajitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajitha"},{"link_name":"Fathima Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathima_Babu"},{"link_name":"Sona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona_Heiden"},{"link_name":"Nayanthara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanthara"},{"link_name":"Brahmanandam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanandam"},{"link_name":"Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nizhalgal Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhalgal_Ravi"},{"link_name":"Vijayakumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayakumar_(Tamil_actor)"},{"link_name":"Madhan Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhan_Bob"},{"link_name":"Mamta Mohandas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamta_Mohandas"},{"link_name":"Kuselan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuselan"},{"link_name":"Suriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Khushbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushbu_Sundar"},{"link_name":"Sneha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"G. V. Prakash Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._V._Prakash_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Soundarya Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundarya_Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"P. Vasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Vasu"}],"text":"Jagapathi Babu as Balakrishna \"Balu\"\nMeena as Sreedevi, Balu's wife\nRajinikanth as Ashok Kumar (extended guest appearance; voice dubbed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)\nSunil as Shanmugam\nDharmavarapu as Dharmaraju\nShafna as Balu's elder daughter\nRevathy Sivakumar as Balu's younger daughter\nAli\nM. S. Narayana as Dharmaraju's assistant\nDuvvasi Mohan as Dharmaraju's assistant\nNarsing Yadav as Dharmaraju's assistant\nVenu Madhav\nTanikella Bharani as School teacher\nR. Sundarrajan as Srinivas\nManobala as Constable\nChinni Jayanth as Tribal\nKondavalasa\nRallapalli as R. Ramesh\nVijayaranga Raju\nVenu Yeldandi\nRajababu\nChitti Babu\nGundu Hanumantha Rao\nGautam Raju\nAnanth\nMohan Raman as Ashok Kumar's PA\nThalapathi Dinesh\nAajam\nPotti Rambabu\nVisweswara Rao\nGeetha as Headmistress\nRajitha\nFathima Babu as Sister Maria\nSona as SonaGuest appearancesNayanthara as herself\nBrahmanandam as Koya Dora\nPrabhu as Sub-Inspector Satya\nNizhalgal Ravi as himself\nVijayakumar as himself\nMadhan Bob as himself\nMamta Mohandas as Assistant directorSpecial appearances in the song \"Cinema Cinema\"(in order of appearance; reused footage from Kuselan)Suriya\nKhushbu\nSneha\nG. V. Prakash Kumar\nSoundarya Rajinikanth\nP. Vasu","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. Vasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Vasu"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"Chandramukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandramukhi"},{"link_name":"Chandramukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandramukhi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vasua-1"},{"link_name":"Novotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novotel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aswani Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswani_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kadha Parayumbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadha_Parayumbol"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Following P. Vasu and Rajinikanth's film Chandramukhi in 2005, Vasu had been keen to cast Rajinikanth in another role. Before signing Kathanayakudu, he had narrated a story titled Vettaiyan, which would have been a sequel of a character featured in Chandramukhi.[1] Kathanayakudu was launched on 15 March 2008 at Hotel Novotel in Hyderabad.[2] P. Vasu signed up Rajinikanth and Jagapathi Babu to portray the lead roles, while Aswani Dutt agreed to produce the film in Telugu.[3] The film is a remake of the Malayalam film Kadha Parayumbol, which was written by Sreenivasan, who also played the lead role in that film.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mammooty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammooty"},{"link_name":"Sunil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Brahmanandam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanandam"},{"link_name":"Tanikella Bharani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanikella_Bharani"},{"link_name":"Venu Madhav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_Madhav_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jagapati Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagapati_Babu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teluguo-4"},{"link_name":"Ileana D'Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileana_D%27Cruz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ileanafuss-5"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specialcasttwo-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specialcastthree-7"},{"link_name":"G. V. Prakash Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._V._Prakash_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Arvind Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Krishna_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-detail-8"}],"sub_title":"Casting and crew","text":"Vasu made it clear that Rajinikanth would not perform an honorary role in the film, which Mammooty had portrayed in the original, but would play a full role, stating that, \"the whole story revolves around him [Rajnikanth]\". In the Telugu version, comedy actors Sunil, Brahmanandam, Tanikella Bharani and Venu Madhav all signed up to play the roles of Jagapati Babu's fellow villagers.[4] Ileana D'Cruz turned down an offer to act in the film, citing scheduling conflicts.[5] Like the Tamil version, it was said that several prominent Telugu actors had been approached to be a part of a song in the project, but none were selected.[6][7] Technicians were common in both versions in the two films. with G. V. Prakash Kumar operating as the music composer and Arvind Krishna as the cinematographer.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVM_Productions"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poojadfd-9"},{"link_name":"Ramoji Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramoji_Rao"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Pollachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollachi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pvasuint-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The film's launch was on 7 March 2008 at the AVM Studios in Chennai with the leading artists present.[9] P. Vasu said that the shooting lasted 82 days, with the versions being shot simultaneously and that most of the movie was shot inside the Ramoji Rao film city, with other destinations including Kerala and Pollachi.[10] Some of Rajinikanth's scenes were reused from Kuselan.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Telugu cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Suriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya"},{"link_name":"Khushbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushbu_Sundar"},{"link_name":"Sneha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"N. T. Rama Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"},{"link_name":"Akkineni Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"Rajkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorro"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)"},{"link_name":"House of Flying Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Flying_Daggers"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The soundtrack of Kathanayakudu was released on 30 June 2008.[11] The soundtrack consists of five songs. The song Cinema Cinema commemorates the 75th anniversary of Telugu cinema. Footage of Suriya, Khushbu, and Sneha and archival footage of famous superstar actors N. T. Rama Rao (popularly \"NTR\"), Akkineni Nageswara Rao (\"ANR\"), M. G. Ramachandran (\"MGR\"), and Rajkumar are shown with each chorus of this song. The verse alternates between clips shot of an actual movie crew filming on location, intercut with real-life superstar actor Rajinikanth — who plays a fictional superstar actor in this film — spoofing blockbuster movies such as Zorro, Lawrence of Arabia, House of Flying Daggers, and the James Bond series.[12]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Idlebrain.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlebrain.com"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"123telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123telugu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Rediff.com gave the film a rating of 2+1⁄2 out of 5 stars and wrote: \"P Vasu conceives everything in a larger than life canvas keeping in sync with the image of the superstar he is directing. And while he seems to have gone overboard by moving away from the original, Kathanayakudu is worth a watch for the touching last moments.\"[13] Jeevi of Idlebrain.com rated the film three out of five and wrote that \"The plus points of the film are Rajnikant, Jagapati Babu and a heart touching climax. On a flip side, a better screenplay and a faster narration would have helped the film tremendously\".[14] A critic from 123telugu also rated the film three out of five and wrote that \"Go to the movie, if you want to see a film with a good script, good performances and a sentimental climax which will definitely bring a tear to your eye. Another very good family outing\".[15]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Shankar, Settu (2007). \"P Vasu's version of Vettaiyan\". OneIndia.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130217233428/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/p-vasu-vettaiyan-170807.html","url_text":"\"P Vasu's version of Vettaiyan\""},{"url":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/p-vasu-vettaiyan-170807.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Muhurat - Rajnikant's new film\". Idlebrain.com. 15 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-rajnikant-vj.html","url_text":"\"Muhurat - Rajnikant's new film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlebrain.com","url_text":"Idlebrain.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu\". Oniondosa.net. Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oniondosa.net/news/2008/1/Aswani-Dutt-producing-Rajinis-Kuselan-in-Telugu.htm","url_text":"\"Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu\". Oniondosa.net. 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oniondosa.net/news/2008/1/Aswani-Dutt-producing-Rajinis-Kuselan-in-Telugu.htm","url_text":"\"Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ileana refuses Rajini's Kuselan\". Chennai365.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304002230/http://chennai365.com/news/ileana-refuses-rajinis-kuselan/","url_text":"\"Ileana refuses Rajini's Kuselan\""},{"url":"http://chennai365.com/news/ileana-refuses-rajinis-kuselan/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shankar, Settu (2008). \"Kamal, Ajith and Vijay dance with Rajini!!\". OneIndia.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709075951/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/kamal-rajini-kuselan-ajith-vijay-040208.html","url_text":"\"Kamal, Ajith and Vijay dance with Rajini!!\""},{"url":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/kamal-rajini-kuselan-ajith-vijay-040208.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big star cast in Kuselan?\". BharatStudent.com. 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Tamil-News%20and%20Gossips-3,18098.php","url_text":"\"Big star cast in Kuselan?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jegapathy Babu in 'Kuselan'\". Cinesouth. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130102100611/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012008-4.shtml","url_text":"\"Jegapathy Babu in 'Kuselan'\""},{"url":"http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012008-4.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kuselan pooja held\". Sify. 2008. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080310111530/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14618571","url_text":"\"Kuselan pooja held\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14618571","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"P Vasu Interview\". Behindwoods. 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-03/kuselan-19-06-08.html","url_text":"\"P Vasu Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music launch - Katha Nayakudu\". Idlebrain.com. 30 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-kathanayakudu.html","url_text":"\"Music launch - Katha Nayakudu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlebrain.com","url_text":"Idlebrain.com"}]},{"reference":"\"NonStopMp3 - Kathanayakudu (2008) Songs\". www.nonstopmp3.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080714130233/http://www.nonstopmp3.com/music/Telugu+-+Movies/albums/Kathanayakudu+(2008)","url_text":"\"NonStopMp3 - Kathanayakudu (2008) Songs\""},{"url":"http://www.nonstopmp3.com/music/Telugu+-+Movies/albums/Kathanayakudu+(2008)","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Kathanayakudu\". Rediff.com. 1 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/01ssk2.htm","url_text":"\"Review: Kathanayakudu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com","url_text":"Rediff.com"}]},{"reference":"jeevi (1 August 2008). \"Telugu Movie review - Kathanayakudu\". Idlebrain.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kathanayakudu.html","url_text":"\"Telugu Movie review - Kathanayakudu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlebrain.com","url_text":"Idlebrain.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Kathanayakudu – a leader for sure!\". 123telugu. 1 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/K/Kathanayakudu/Kathanayakudu_review.html","url_text":"\"Kathanayakudu – a leader for sure!\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130217233428/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/p-vasu-vettaiyan-170807.html","external_links_name":"\"P Vasu's version of Vettaiyan\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/p-vasu-vettaiyan-170807.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-rajnikant-vj.html","external_links_name":"\"Muhurat - Rajnikant's new film\""},{"Link":"http://www.oniondosa.net/news/2008/1/Aswani-Dutt-producing-Rajinis-Kuselan-in-Telugu.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu\""},{"Link":"http://www.oniondosa.net/news/2008/1/Aswani-Dutt-producing-Rajinis-Kuselan-in-Telugu.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aswani Dutt producing Rajinis Kuselan in Telugu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304002230/http://chennai365.com/news/ileana-refuses-rajinis-kuselan/","external_links_name":"\"Ileana refuses Rajini's Kuselan\""},{"Link":"http://chennai365.com/news/ileana-refuses-rajinis-kuselan/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120709075951/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/kamal-rajini-kuselan-ajith-vijay-040208.html","external_links_name":"\"Kamal, Ajith and Vijay dance with Rajini!!\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/kamal-rajini-kuselan-ajith-vijay-040208.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Tamil-News%20and%20Gossips-3,18098.php","external_links_name":"\"Big star cast in Kuselan?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130102100611/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012008-4.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Jegapathy Babu in 'Kuselan'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23012008-4.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080310111530/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14618571","external_links_name":"\"Kuselan pooja held\""},{"Link":"http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14618571","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-03/kuselan-19-06-08.html","external_links_name":"\"P Vasu Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-kathanayakudu.html","external_links_name":"\"Music launch - Katha Nayakudu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080714130233/http://www.nonstopmp3.com/music/Telugu+-+Movies/albums/Kathanayakudu+(2008)","external_links_name":"\"NonStopMp3 - Kathanayakudu (2008) Songs\""},{"Link":"http://www.nonstopmp3.com/music/Telugu+-+Movies/albums/Kathanayakudu+(2008)","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/01ssk2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Review: Kathanayakudu\""},{"Link":"https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kathanayakudu.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu Movie review - Kathanayakudu\""},{"Link":"https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/K/Kathanayakudu/Kathanayakudu_review.html","external_links_name":"\"Kathanayakudu – a leader for sure!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1273218/","external_links_name":"Kathanayakudu"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leighton_(film_editor)
Robert Leighton (film editor)
["1 Filmography","2 Awards and nominations","3 See also","4 References"]
This article is about the English film editor. For other people with the same name, see Robert Leighton (disambiguation). Robert LeightonBornUnited KingdomAlma materLondon Film SchoolOccupationfilm editor Robert Leighton is a British film and television editor with more than 30 feature film credits since 1980. He has edited nearly all of the films by film director Rob Reiner, commencing with This Is Spinal Tap in 1984. He has also edited three films with Christopher Guest. His work includes hit comedies and mockumentaries such as This Is Spinal Tap, Best in Show and When Harry Met Sally... as well as classic dramas such as Stand by Me and the Stephen King thriller, Misery, which garnered actress Kathy Bates a "Best Actress" Oscar. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the feature film, A Few Good Men (1992). Leighton is an alumnus of London Film School. Filmography Leighton's filmography is based on the listing at the Internet Movie Database. The director for each film is indicated in parentheses. A Dog's Purpose (Hallström-2017) The Intern (Meyers-2015) Chef (Favreau-2014) Now You See Me (Leterrier-2013) People Like Us (Kurtzman-2012) The Details (Estes-2011) (Consulting Editor, with Sarah Boyd) Flipped (Reiner-2010) Gone with the Pope (Mitchell-2010). Filming was completed in 1976, and Leighton and Robert Florio did some editing. The film was left unfinished at Mitchell's death in 1981. Bob Murawski acquired the film in the 1990s. Over the next fifteen years, he edited it with Jody Fedele and Paul Hart; the film was finally released in 2010. The Bucket List (Reiner-2007) For Your Consideration (Guest-2006) Rumor Has It (Reiner-2005) Shall We Dance? (Chelsom-2004) A Mighty Wind (Guest-2003) Alex & Emma (Reiner-2003) Best in Show (Guest-2000). Christopher Guest had starred in This is Spinal Tap, which Leighton edited. The films that Guest has directed are also "mockumentaries", and involve extensive improvisation during filming and extending editing to develop the story. The Story of Us (Reiner-1999) Hush (Darby-1998) Ghosts of Mississippi (Reiner-1996) Courage Under Fire (Zwick-1996) (Additional Editor, with Steven Rosenblum) The American President (Reiner-1995) North (Reiner-1994) Life with Mikey (Lapine-1993) A Few Good Men (Reiner-1992) Late for Dinner (Richter-1991) Misery (Reiner-1990). Leighton's editing of the film has been used as a textbook example of "time expansion". Blaze (Shelton-1989) When Harry Met Sally... (Reiner-1989) Bull Durham (Shelton-1988) The Princess Bride (Reiner-1987) Stand by Me (Reiner-1986) The Sure Thing (Reiner-1985) This is Spinal Tap (Reiner-1984) (Supervising Editor; Kent Beyda and Kim Secrist are credited as the editors.) Wavelength (Gray-1983) Blood Tide (Jefferies-1982) (Supervising Editor) Kill and Kill Again (Hall-1981) Delusion (Beattie-1981) (Also known as The House Where Death Lives) Stunt Rock (Trenchard-Smith-1979) (credited as Robert H. Money) Fantastic Animation Festival (Berko/Padilla-1977) (Trailer Editor) Mastermind (March-1969) Awards and nominations This list is based on the Internet Movie Database. 2001 - Best in Show - (Nominated) - ACE Eddie Award - Best Editing - Feature Film - Comedy or Musical 1993 - A Few Good Men - (Nominated) - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ("Oscar") - Best Film Editing 1993 - A Few Good Men - (Nominated) - ACE Eddie Award - Best Film Editing See also List of film director and editor collaborations References ^ a b Robert Leighton at IMDb ^ Longworth, Karina (1 June 2010). "History According to Gone With the Pope". The Village Voice. ^ Muir, John Kenneth (2004). Best in Show: The Films of Christopher Guest and Company. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 77. ISBN 9781557836090. ^ Hurbis-Cherrier, Mick (2007). Voice & Vision: A Creative Approach to Narrative Film and DV Production. Taylor & Francis. p. 404. ISBN 9780240807737. ^ "Robert Leighton - Awards - IMDb". Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Leighton (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leighton_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"film and television editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editor"},{"link_name":"Rob Reiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Reiner"},{"link_name":"This Is Spinal Tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Spinal_Tap"},{"link_name":"Christopher Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Guest"},{"link_name":"mockumentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentaries"},{"link_name":"This Is Spinal Tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Spinal_Tap"},{"link_name":"Best in Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_Show_(film)"},{"link_name":"When Harry Met Sally...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Harry_Met_Sally..."},{"link_name":"Stand by Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Misery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kathy Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Bates"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-1"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Film Editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Film_Editing"},{"link_name":"A Few Good Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Few_Good_Men"},{"link_name":"London Film School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Film_School"}],"text":"This article is about the English film editor. For other people with the same name, see Robert Leighton (disambiguation).Robert Leighton is a British film and television editor with more than 30 feature film credits since 1980. He has edited nearly all of the films by film director Rob Reiner, commencing with This Is Spinal Tap in 1984. He has also edited three films with Christopher Guest. His work includes hit comedies and mockumentaries such as This Is Spinal Tap, Best in Show and When Harry Met Sally... as well as classic dramas such as Stand by Me and the Stephen King thriller, Misery, which garnered actress Kathy Bates a \"Best Actress\" Oscar.[1] He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the feature film, A Few Good Men (1992).Leighton is an alumnus of London Film School.","title":"Robert Leighton (film editor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-1"},{"link_name":"A Dog's Purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dog%27s_Purpose_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hallström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"The Intern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intern_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Meyers"},{"link_name":"Chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Favreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Favreau"},{"link_name":"Now You See Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_You_See_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"Leterrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leterrier"},{"link_name":"People Like Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Like_Us_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Kurtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kurtzman"},{"link_name":"The Details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Details_(film)"},{"link_name":"Estes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Aaron_Estes"},{"link_name":"Flipped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipped_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Pope"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Bob Murawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Murawski"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Bucket List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bucket_List"},{"link_name":"For Your Consideration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Consideration_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rumor Has It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumor_Has_It_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shall We Dance?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shall_We_Dance%3F_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Chelsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chelsom"},{"link_name":"A Mighty Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mighty_Wind"},{"link_name":"Alex & Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_%26_Emma"},{"link_name":"Best in Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_Show_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Story of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Us_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hush_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Ghosts of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Courage Under Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_Under_Fire"},{"link_name":"Zwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Zwick"},{"link_name":"Steven Rosenblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rosenblum"},{"link_name":"The American President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_President"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Life with Mikey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_with_Mikey"},{"link_name":"Lapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lapine"},{"link_name":"A Few Good Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Few_Good_Men"},{"link_name":"Late for Dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_for_Dinner"},{"link_name":"Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Richter"},{"link_name":"Misery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"When Harry Met Sally...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Harry_Met_Sally..."},{"link_name":"Bull Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Durham"},{"link_name":"Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Shelton"},{"link_name":"The Princess Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_Bride_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stand by Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Sure Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sure_Thing"},{"link_name":"This is Spinal Tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_is_Spinal_Tap"},{"link_name":"Kent Beyda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Beyda"},{"link_name":"Wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gray"},{"link_name":"Blood Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Tide"},{"link_name":"Jefferies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jefferies_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Kill and Kill Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_and_Kill_Again"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Delusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Stunt Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_Rock"},{"link_name":"Trenchard-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Trenchard-Smith"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Animation Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Animation_Festival"},{"link_name":"Mastermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastermind_(1976_film)"}],"text":"Leighton's filmography is based on the listing at the Internet Movie Database.[1] The director for each film is indicated in parentheses.A Dog's Purpose (Hallström-2017)\nThe Intern (Meyers-2015)\nChef (Favreau-2014)\nNow You See Me (Leterrier-2013)\nPeople Like Us (Kurtzman-2012)\nThe Details (Estes-2011) (Consulting Editor, with Sarah Boyd)\nFlipped (Reiner-2010)\nGone with the Pope (Mitchell-2010). Filming was completed in 1976, and Leighton and Robert Florio did some editing. The film was left unfinished at Mitchell's death in 1981. Bob Murawski acquired the film in the 1990s. Over the next fifteen years, he edited it with Jody Fedele and Paul Hart; the film was finally released in 2010.[2]\nThe Bucket List (Reiner-2007)\nFor Your Consideration (Guest-2006)\nRumor Has It (Reiner-2005)\nShall We Dance? (Chelsom-2004)\nA Mighty Wind (Guest-2003)\nAlex & Emma (Reiner-2003)\nBest in Show (Guest-2000). Christopher Guest had starred in This is Spinal Tap, which Leighton edited. The films that Guest has directed are also \"mockumentaries\", and involve extensive improvisation during filming and extending editing to develop the story.[3]\nThe Story of Us (Reiner-1999)\nHush (Darby-1998)\nGhosts of Mississippi (Reiner-1996)\nCourage Under Fire (Zwick-1996) (Additional Editor, with Steven Rosenblum)\nThe American President (Reiner-1995)\nNorth (Reiner-1994)\nLife with Mikey (Lapine-1993)\nA Few Good Men (Reiner-1992)\nLate for Dinner (Richter-1991)\nMisery (Reiner-1990). Leighton's editing of the film has been used as a textbook example of \"time expansion\".[4]\nBlaze (Shelton-1989)\nWhen Harry Met Sally... (Reiner-1989)\nBull Durham (Shelton-1988)\nThe Princess Bride (Reiner-1987)\nStand by Me (Reiner-1986)\nThe Sure Thing (Reiner-1985)\nThis is Spinal Tap (Reiner-1984) (Supervising Editor; Kent Beyda and Kim Secrist are credited as the editors.)\nWavelength (Gray-1983)\nBlood Tide (Jefferies-1982) (Supervising Editor)\nKill and Kill Again (Hall-1981)\nDelusion (Beattie-1981) (Also known as The House Where Death Lives)\nStunt Rock (Trenchard-Smith-1979) (credited as Robert H. Money)\nFantastic Animation Festival (Berko/Padilla-1977) (Trailer Editor)\nMastermind (March-1969)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb.com-5"},{"link_name":"Best in Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_Show_(film)"},{"link_name":"ACE Eddie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinema_Editors#Eddie_Award"},{"link_name":"A Few Good Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Few_Good_Men"},{"link_name":"A Few Good Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Few_Good_Men"}],"text":"This list is based on the Internet Movie Database.[5]2001 - Best in Show - (Nominated) - ACE Eddie Award - Best Editing - Feature Film - Comedy or Musical\n1993 - A Few Good Men - (Nominated) - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (\"Oscar\") - Best Film Editing\n1993 - A Few Good Men - (Nominated) - ACE Eddie Award - Best Film Editing","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of film director and editor collaborations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_director_and_editor_collaborations"}]
[{"reference":"Longworth, Karina (1 June 2010). \"History According to Gone With the Pope\". The Village Voice.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-01/film/history-according-to-gone-with-the-pope/","url_text":"\"History According to Gone With the Pope\""}]},{"reference":"Muir, John Kenneth (2004). Best in Show: The Films of Christopher Guest and Company. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 77. ISBN 9781557836090.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sR1im3kKJ-YC&pg=PA77","url_text":"Best in Show: The Films of Christopher Guest and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557836090","url_text":"9781557836090"}]},{"reference":"Hurbis-Cherrier, Mick (2007). Voice & Vision: A Creative Approach to Narrative Film and DV Production. Taylor & Francis. p. 404. ISBN 9780240807737.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X_ZIihJ_WpMC&pg=PA404","url_text":"Voice & Vision: A Creative Approach to Narrative Film and DV Production"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780240807737","url_text":"9780240807737"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Leighton - Awards - IMDb\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0500371/awards","url_text":"\"Robert Leighton - Awards - IMDb\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0500371/","external_links_name":"Robert Leighton"},{"Link":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-01/film/history-according-to-gone-with-the-pope/","external_links_name":"\"History According to Gone With the Pope\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sR1im3kKJ-YC&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"Best in Show: The Films of Christopher Guest and Company"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X_ZIihJ_WpMC&pg=PA404","external_links_name":"Voice & Vision: A Creative Approach to Narrative Film and DV Production"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0500371/awards","external_links_name":"\"Robert Leighton - Awards - IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14167021645852871969","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011945964605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_(comics)
Grasshopper (character)
["1 Doug Taggert","1.1 Fictional character biography","1.2 Powers and abilities","1.3 Significant Issues","2 Neil Shelton","2.1 Publication history","2.2 Fictional character biography","2.3 Significant Issues","3 \"The All-New Grasshopper\"","3.1 Significant issues","4 Skrull imposter","4.1 Significant issues","5 Fifth Grasshopper","5.1 Significant issues","6 References","7 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Grasshopper" character – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Grasshopper" character – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Grasshopper is the name of multiple humorous fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, all created by Dan Slott. No Grasshopper to date has survived past the issue in which they first appeared. The Grasshoppers are a simultaneous homage to and satire of stereotypical superheroes and Marvel's tendency towards animal-themed characters. They are also a lampoon of the tendency of superhero team books to introduce new, hastily developed characters only to dramatically kill them off within a few issues. The complicated romantic troubles of the first Grasshopper recall many characters with similar subplots (Spider-Man, for instance), as does the unlikely family background of the second. Doug Taggert Comics character GrasshopperPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearance(Out of continuity):GLA #1 (June 2005)(In continuity):GLA #2 (July 2005)Created byDan SlottPaul PelletierIn-story informationAlter egoDoug TaggertSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsGreat Lakes AvengersRoxxon CorporationNotable aliasesThe Ever-Gregarious GrasshopperAbilitiesArmored suit grants:Superhuman leaping via robotic grasshopper legsInsectroid SensorsZoom LensesMinimal protection from attacks Grasshopper is a fictional superhero in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of the GLA miniseries of 2005. The character was created by Dan Slott and Paul Pelletier. He was a member of the Great Lakes Avengers for 5.8 seconds. Fictional character biography Although first appearing when he joined in a fourth wall breaking out-of-continuity prequel presented by Squirrel Girl, he did not appear in continuity until the next issue. It is revealed that Grasshopper is in fact Doug Taggert, an employee of Roxxon Oil who pines after fellow Roxxon researcher Cindy Shelton, who in turn only has eyes for the "ever-gregarious Grasshopper" (thus setting up a classic comic-book style love triangle). Later, it is clarified that Grasshopper is "part-time Roxxon security" who does "some super heroing on the side". Though it is never so stated, the implication is that Roxxon designed and built the gear which is the source of Grasshopper's powers. Soon, Grasshopper meets up with the GLA as they both try to stop a robbery being committed by Batroc's Brigade. During the battle, Grasshopper agrees to join up with the GLA and then, almost immediately, is killed by a sai thrown by the supervillain Zaran after it passed through teammate Doorman. As team sidekick Monkey Joe comments off-panel, "Five points eight seconds. A new record for shortest membership on ANY team". Later, Doug Taggert briefly appears in a limbo-like afterlife, playing cards with the other deceased GLA members. Though not particularly cheery in demeanor, he did not seem too upset about his unfortunate fate either. Powers and abilities The first Grasshopper's powers are derived entirely from a powered suit, metallic green in color and with an appearance reminiscent of his namesake. The suit's primary ability is that of a fantastic vertical leap, powered by long robotic grasshopper legs. These legs can also deliver devastating kicks. Its secondary abilities include "Insectroid Sensors", which work as an early warning system, and Zoom Lenses, which provide long range sight. Voice activated commands can be used to initiate some of the suit's powers. A notable fault of the suit seems to be that, despite its stiff and sturdy appearance, it offers little to no armor protection to the wearer (thus allowing a simple hand-thrown weapon to pierce the head, normally one of the most heavily defended areas on a suit of armor). It is unknown whether Taggart's suit had the "Maximum Jump" ability his successor Neil Shelton had while using the suit. Significant Issues GLA #2 GLA #4 Neil Shelton Comics character GrasshopperPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceGLX-Mas Special #1 (December 2005)Created byDan SlottTy TempletonIn-story informationAlter egoNeil SheltonSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsRoxxon CorporationNotable aliasesThe Ever-Gregarious GrasshopperAbilitiesArmored suit grants:Superhuman leaping via robotic grasshopper legsInsectroid SensorsZoom LensesMaximum JumpMinimal protection from attacks The second Grasshopper is a fictional, corporate superhero in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of GLX-Mas Special #1, a Marvel Comics one-shot, in 2005. The character was created by Dan Slott and artist Ty Templeton, who based his design on Paul Pelletier's design for the original Grasshopper. It was not made clear if he was a member of the Great Lakes X-Men (as the GLA were called at the time) before he, like Doug Taggart, was killed in action. Publication history This Grasshopper is a combined homage to Iron Man and Spider-Man, borrowing many aspects of each's histories. Like Taggart before him, Shelton did not live more than one issue. Fictional character biography Neil Shelton was a security guard for Roxxon who gained use of the Grasshopper suit some time after Doug Taggert's death. As the second Grasshopper, he used a powered armor similar to that of Iron Man. The suit's primary ability is that of a fantastic vertical leap, which is powered by robotic grasshopper legs. Its secondary abilities include Insectroid Sensors, which work as an early warning system, and Zoom Lenses, which provide long range sight. Voice activated commands can be used to initiate some of the suit's powers. While patrolling outside of Roxxon Labs on Christmas Day, Shelton defeated Killer Shrike (himself a former employee of Roxxon) during the villain's attempt to steal "Project Z". Dr. Cindy Shelton shows up to recover the "Project Z" device and, unaware that this is a new wearer of the suit, invites Grasshopper to dinner. Via thought balloon, Neil states that he is secretly Cindy's long lost brother and must deny her feelings. This revelation makes the previous Grasshopper/Cindy Shelton love triangle even more bizarre. To escape Cindy's amorous advances, Neil initiates a "Maximum Jump", rocketing heroically into the air. However, it is later revealed (when Doorman, in his new role as an angel of death, shows up to pick up his spirit) that the jump propelled Grasshopper into space, killing him. His sacrifice was not completely in vain, as Grasshopper's body re-entered the Earth's atmosphere to become a beautiful Christmas shooting star. Significant Issues GLX-Mas Special #1 "The All-New Grasshopper" Comics character GrasshopperPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceDeadpool/GLI Summer Fun Spectacular #1 (September 2007)Created byDan SlottKieron DwyerIn-story informationSpeciesHumanNotable aliasesThe All-New GrasshopperAbilitiesArmored suit grants:Superhuman leaping via robotic grasshopper legsInsectroid SensorsZoom LensesMaximum JumpMinimal protection from attacks The third Grasshopper is a fictional superhero in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of the one-shot Deadpool/GLI Summer Fun Spectacular #1 in 2007. He was created by writer Dan Slott and artist Kieron Dwyer, who based his design on Paul Pelletier's design for the original Grasshopper. Virtually no information was revealed about him other than his status as "The All-New Grasshopper" before a disgruntled Deadpool killed him by snapping his neck after being kicked out of the Great Lakes Initiative. Grasshopper is later shown in Hell when Deadpool and Thanos venture there in search of the missing Death. Significant issues Deadpool/GLI Summer Fun Spectacular #1 Skrull imposter Comics character GrasshopperPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceAvengers: The Initiative #19 (December 2008)Created byDan SlottChristos GageIn-story informationSpeciesSkrullTeam affiliationsGreat Lakes InitiativeAbilitiesShapeshiftingArmored suit grants:Superhuman leaping via robotic grasshopper legsInsectroid SensorsZoom LensesMaximum JumpMinimal protection from attacks The fourth Grasshopper is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of Avengers: The Initiative #19 in 2008. He was created by writers Dan Slott and Christos Gage. This Grasshopper turned out to be a Skrull impostor as part of the Secret Invasion. While Mr. Immortal was shocked to find that he was an imposter, Big Bertha thought it was ridiculously obvious. After the invasion is over, the real Grasshopper is not shown in a support group meeting with the others that had been replaced by Skrulls. Significant issues Avengers: The Initiative #19 Fifth Grasshopper Comics character GrasshopperPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceFantastic Four Vol. 6 #43Created byDan SlottRachael StottAndrea Di VitoIn-story informationSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsGreat Lakes AvengersAbilitiesArmored suit grants:Superhuman leaping via robotic grasshopper legsInsectroid SensorsZoom LensesMaximum JumpMinimal protection from attacks The fifth Grasshopper is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of Fantastic Four Vol. 6 #43 in 2022. He was created by Dan Slott, Rachael Stott and Andrea Di Vito. Somehow, this Grasshopper ended up joining the Great Lakes Avengers, alongside a returning Squirrel Girl who had initially left after being relied on too much, and was defeated alongside the rest of his teammates against Cormorant. Oddly enough, unlike the previous Grasshoppers, this one actually survives his battle against the sinister alien forces, though he is still badly beaten. Significant issues Fantastic Four Vol. 6 #43 References ^ G.L.A. #1 ^ a b G.L.A. #2 ^ G.L.A. #4 ^ GLX-Mas Special #1 ^ Dan Slott post on his messageboard regarding writing on GLI/Deadpool ^ Deadpool/GLI Summer Fun Spectacular (2007) ^ Tim Seeley (w), Elmo Bondoc (p), Elmo Bondoc (i), Ruth Redmond (col), VC's Joe Sabino (let), Jordan D. White (ed). "Part Three" Deadpool vs. Thanos, vol. 1, no. 3 (14 October 2015). United States: Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #19 ^ Avengers: The Initiative #20 ^ I Am An Avenger #1 ^ Age of Heroes #3 ^ Fantastic Four Vol. 6 #43 External links Great Lakes Avengers MDP: Grasshopper (Doug Taggert) (Marvel Database Project) Grasshopper at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe vteGreat Lakes AvengersJohn ByrneFounding Members Mr. Immortal Dinah Soar Big Bertha Flatman Doorman Recruits Squirrel Girl Monkey Joe Tippy-Toe Grasshopper Gravity Supporting characters Deadpool Hawkeye Mockingbird Enemies Asbestos Man Batroc the Leaper Grasshopper IV Leather Boy Maelstrom Related articles New Warriors (TV pilot)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dan Slott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Slott"},{"link_name":"homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(arts)"},{"link_name":"satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"subplots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subplot"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"}],"text":"The Grasshopper is the name of multiple humorous fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, all created by Dan Slott. No Grasshopper to date has survived past the issue in which they first appeared. The Grasshoppers are a simultaneous homage to and satire of stereotypical superheroes and Marvel's tendency towards animal-themed characters. They are also a lampoon of the tendency of superhero team books to introduce new, hastily developed characters only to dramatically kill them off within a few issues. The complicated romantic troubles of the first Grasshopper recall many characters with similar subplots (Spider-Man, for instance), as does the unlikely family background of the second.","title":"Grasshopper (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"GLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Dan Slott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Slott"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelletier"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Avengers"}],"text":"Comics characterGrasshopper is a fictional superhero in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of the GLA miniseries of 2005. The character was created by Dan Slott and Paul Pelletier. He was a member of the Great Lakes Avengers for 5.8 seconds.","title":"Doug Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"Squirrel Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.L.A._#2-2"},{"link_name":"Roxxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxxon"},{"link_name":"love triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_triangle"},{"link_name":"Batroc's Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batroc_the_Leaper"},{"link_name":"sai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Zaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaran"},{"link_name":"Doorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.L.A._#2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Fictional character biography","text":"Although first appearing when he joined in a fourth wall breaking out-of-continuity prequel presented by Squirrel Girl,[1] he did not appear in continuity until the next issue.[2]It is revealed that Grasshopper is in fact Doug Taggert, an employee of Roxxon Oil who pines after fellow Roxxon researcher Cindy Shelton, who in turn only has eyes for the \"ever-gregarious Grasshopper\" (thus setting up a classic comic-book style love triangle). Later, it is clarified that Grasshopper is \"part-time Roxxon security\" who does \"some super heroing on the side\". Though it is never so stated, the implication is that Roxxon designed and built the gear which is the source of Grasshopper's powers. Soon, Grasshopper meets up with the GLA as they both try to stop a robbery being committed by Batroc's Brigade. During the battle, Grasshopper agrees to join up with the GLA and then, almost immediately, is killed by a sai thrown by the supervillain Zaran after it passed through teammate Doorman. As team sidekick Monkey Joe comments off-panel, \"Five points eight seconds. A new record for shortest membership on ANY team\".[2]Later, Doug Taggert briefly appears in a limbo-like afterlife, playing cards with the other deceased GLA members. Though not particularly cheery in demeanor, he did not seem too upset about his unfortunate fate either.[3]","title":"Doug Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Powers and abilities","text":"The first Grasshopper's powers are derived entirely from a powered suit, metallic green in color and with an appearance reminiscent of his namesake. The suit's primary ability is that of a fantastic vertical leap, powered by long robotic grasshopper legs. These legs can also deliver devastating kicks. Its secondary abilities include \"Insectroid Sensors\", which work as an early warning system, and Zoom Lenses, which provide long range sight. Voice activated commands can be used to initiate some of the suit's powers. A notable fault of the suit seems to be that, despite its stiff and sturdy appearance, it offers little to no armor protection to the wearer (thus allowing a simple hand-thrown weapon to pierce the head, normally one of the most heavily defended areas on a suit of armor). It is unknown whether Taggart's suit had the \"Maximum Jump\" ability his successor Neil Shelton had while using the suit.","title":"Doug Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Significant Issues","text":"GLA #2\nGLA #4","title":"Doug Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Ty Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Templeton"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelletier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"GLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Avengers"}],"text":"Comics characterThe second Grasshopper is a fictional, corporate superhero in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of GLX-Mas Special #1, a Marvel Comics one-shot, in 2005. The character was created by Dan Slott and artist Ty Templeton, who based his design on Paul Pelletier's design for the original Grasshopper.[citation needed]It was not made clear if he was a member of the Great Lakes X-Men (as the GLA were called at the time) before he, like Doug Taggart, was killed in action.","title":"Neil Shelton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"}],"sub_title":"Publication history","text":"This Grasshopper is a combined homage to Iron Man and Spider-Man, borrowing many aspects of each's histories. Like Taggart before him, Shelton did not live more than one issue.","title":"Neil Shelton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Killer Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Shrike"},{"link_name":"Doorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"shooting star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Fictional character biography","text":"Neil Shelton was a security guard for Roxxon who gained use of the Grasshopper suit some time after Doug Taggert's death. As the second Grasshopper, he used a powered armor similar to that of Iron Man. The suit's primary ability is that of a fantastic vertical leap, which is powered by robotic grasshopper legs. Its secondary abilities include Insectroid Sensors, which work as an early warning system, and Zoom Lenses, which provide long range sight. Voice activated commands can be used to initiate some of the suit's powers.While patrolling outside of Roxxon Labs on Christmas Day, Shelton defeated Killer Shrike (himself a former employee of Roxxon) during the villain's attempt to steal \"Project Z\". Dr. Cindy Shelton shows up to recover the \"Project Z\" device and, unaware that this is a new wearer of the suit, invites Grasshopper to dinner. Via thought balloon, Neil states that he is secretly Cindy's long lost brother and must deny her feelings. This revelation makes the previous Grasshopper/Cindy Shelton love triangle even more bizarre. To escape Cindy's amorous advances, Neil initiates a \"Maximum Jump\", rocketing heroically into the air. However, it is later revealed (when Doorman, in his new role as an angel of death, shows up to pick up his spirit) that the jump propelled Grasshopper into space, killing him. His sacrifice was not completely in vain, as Grasshopper's body re-entered the Earth's atmosphere to become a beautiful Christmas shooting star.[4]","title":"Neil Shelton"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Significant Issues","text":"GLX-Mas Special #1","title":"Neil Shelton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool"},{"link_name":"GLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Dan Slott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Slott"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slott_post-5"},{"link_name":"Kieron Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieron_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelletier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Avengers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"Thanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Comics characterThe third Grasshopper is a fictional superhero in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of the one-shot Deadpool/GLI Summer Fun Spectacular #1 in 2007. He was created by writer Dan Slott[5] and artist Kieron Dwyer, who based his design on Paul Pelletier's design for the original Grasshopper.[citation needed]Virtually no information was revealed about him other than his status as \"The All-New Grasshopper\" before a disgruntled Deadpool killed him by snapping his neck after being kicked out of the Great Lakes Initiative.[6] Grasshopper is later shown in Hell when Deadpool and Thanos venture there in search of the missing Death.[7]","title":"\"The All-New Grasshopper\""},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Significant issues","text":"Deadpool/GLI Summer Fun Spectacular #1","title":"\"The All-New Grasshopper\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dan Slott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Slott"},{"link_name":"Christos Gage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos_Gage"},{"link_name":"Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"Secret Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Invasion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Comics characterThe fourth Grasshopper is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of Avengers: The Initiative #19 in 2008. He was created by writers Dan Slott and Christos Gage.This Grasshopper turned out to be a Skrull impostor as part of the Secret Invasion. While Mr. Immortal was shocked to find that he was an imposter, Big Bertha thought it was ridiculously obvious.[8] After the invasion is over, the real Grasshopper is not shown in a support group meeting with the others that had been replaced by Skrulls.[9]","title":"Skrull imposter"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Significant issues","text":"Avengers: The Initiative #19","title":"Skrull imposter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Squirrel Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Comics characterThe fifth Grasshopper is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe who first appeared in the pages of Fantastic Four Vol. 6 #43 in 2022. He was created by Dan Slott, Rachael Stott and Andrea Di Vito.Somehow, this Grasshopper ended up joining the Great Lakes Avengers, alongside a returning Squirrel Girl who had initially left after being relied on too much,[10][11] and was defeated alongside the rest of his teammates against Cormorant. Oddly enough, unlike the previous Grasshoppers, this one actually survives his battle against the sinister alien forces, though he is still badly beaten.[12]","title":"Fifth Grasshopper"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Significant issues","text":"Fantastic Four Vol. 6 #43","title":"Fifth Grasshopper"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character","external_links_name":"\"Grasshopper\" character"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grasshopper%22+character","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grasshopper%22+character&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character","external_links_name":"\"Grasshopper\" character"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grasshopper%22+character+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grasshopper%22+character","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grasshopper%22+character&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper_(character)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.606studios.com/bendisboard/showpost.php?p=3349505&postcount=9","external_links_name":"Dan Slott post on his messageboard regarding writing on GLI/Deadpool"},{"Link":"http://www.greatlakesavengers.com/","external_links_name":"Great Lakes Avengers"},{"Link":"http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/grasshoppergladp.htm","external_links_name":"Grasshopper"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nixons
The Nixons
["1 History","1.1 Early years and success: 1989–1996","1.2 Subsequent albums and disbanding: 1997–2000","1.3 Huver and solo projects: 2001–2016","1.4 Reforming and new music: 2017–present","2 Band members","3 Discography","3.1 Independent albums","3.2 Studio albums","3.3 EPs","3.4 Singles","3.5 Music videos","4 References","5 External links"]
American rock band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Nixons" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is about the band. For other uses, see Nixon (disambiguation). The NixonsOriginOklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.GenresAlternative rock, post-grungeYears active1989–20002017–presentLabels Dragon Street Rainmaker MCA KOCH Members Zac Maloy Jesse Davis Ricky Brooks John Humphrey Past members Tye Robison Ricky Wolking Ray Luzier Scott "Scooby" Bush Websitethenixonsofficial.com The Nixons are an American alternative rock band formed in 1989. They found commercial success during the mid-1990s, releasing two albums through MCA Records in 1995–1997. The band is best known for the hit singles "Sister" and "Wire" from their album Foma. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Nixons" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Early years and success: 1989–1996 The Nixons were founded in Oklahoma City by singer and guitarist Zac Maloy, guitarist Jesse Davis, bassist Ricky Brooks, and drummer Tye Robison. According to Maloy, the band's name has no political meaning: "'The Nixons' was short, sweet and I always tell people it had an 'x' in the middle so it looked cool on t-shirts and stickers. That's about it." The group independently released a self-titled album in 1990 and followed it with the EP Six in 1992, both on Dragon Street Records. John Humphrey replaced Robison on drums, and the Nixons issued Halo in 1994 on Dallas-based Rainmaker Records. This album featured several songs also included on Foma, their official debut LP, released in May 1995 on MCA Records. Foma included the radio hits "Sister", "Wire", "Happy Song", and "Passion". The group capitalized on their success with big tours, including dates with KISS, Sevendust, Slash's Snakepit, Brother Cane, Soul Asylum, Radiohead, and Toadies. Foma eventually peaked at No. 77 on the Billboard 200. Subsequent albums and disbanding: 1997–2000 The band replaced Ricky Brooks with Ricky Wolking and released The Nixons in June 1997 on MCA/Universal. The record featured three singles: "The Fall", "Miss USA", and "Baton Rouge". It eventually peaked at No. 188 on the Billboard 200. They departed MCA Records following the release of the self-titled album. Consistent gigging ensured a strong cult audience for 1998's Scrapbook EP (featuring b-sides, live and acoustic performances, including covers of Elton John's "Rocket Man" and Cheap Trick's "Heaven Tonight"), which saw the band return to Rainmaker. Their third full-length album, Latest Thing, was released by Koch in early 2000. It featured songs co-written by Marti Frederiksen and Jack Blades of Night Ranger fame. Davis and Humphrey left the band after the album release. The band continued touring, replacing them with Scott Bush and Ray Luzier (of Korn and Army of Anyone fame), respectively. However, when the tour supporting the album concluded, they quietly disbanded. Huver and solo projects: 2001–2016 Davis, Brooks, and Humphrey reformed in early 2001 as Huver, with a new lead singer, Garin Murdock. The band gigged heavily and reportedly signed a recording contract with Epic Records, but broke up in mid-2002 after independently releasing one EP. John Humphrey went on to play drums in the band Seether. Zac Maloy released several albums as a solo artist, and later relocated to Nashville to work as a songwriter and producer with artists including Carrie Underwood, Skillet, Our Lady Peace, Halestorm, Hanson, Chris Daughtry, David Cook, and Bowling for Soup. Jesse Davis formed roots rock band 4 Points West in 2002, which released an EP titled Lonesome Demise..., and a full-length album, Insomnia Suite. Davis played in Anchor the Girl and released music produced by Grammy-nominated musician Wes Sharon. Ricky Wolking went on to play bass for the rock band Edgewater and later recorded a solo album as Honky Mofo. Original drummer Robison is a co-owner of January Sound Studio in Dallas, and has worked as a producer/engineer with Drowning Pool, Cas Haley, and Dennis DeYoung. Reforming and new music: 2017–present In January 2017, the band announced two reunion shows with the classic Foma lineup (Maloy, Davis, Brooks, and Humphrey), playing in their native Oklahoma and also as part of the KDGE "The Edge" Edgefest 25th Anniversary lineup in Frisco, Texas. At the same time, the band launched official Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter social media pages. In June 2017, a newly recorded song titled "Song of the Year" was released on iTunes, Google Play, and Spotify. The band released the brand new Song of the Year EP along with the re-release of their debut album, Halo, on vinyl for the first time, newly remastered by original producer Kerry Crafton. Both albums were supported by touring in late 2017. In October 2018, they performed in Oklahoma City, Dallas, and Houston, TX as part of the lineup of Buzzfest festival. Jaxon Humphrey, son of drummer John, performed with the band during these shows, as his father had prior commitments with Seether. In 2019, the band entered the studio and re-recorded three of their fan favorites: "Wire", "Baton Rouge", and "Sister", each with the year 2020 added to the title to distinguish them from the original recordings. In addition to the three newly re-recorded songs, the band also recorded new music. "Crutch" was released digitally on July 2, 2019, and "Favorite Lies" was released on November 15, 2019. Both new songs received positive reviews throughout US radio markets and were noted as "a reminder that rock music was still alive". After touring in late 2018 and throughout 2019, including with rock band Sponge, the Nixons released the three previously re-recorded songs on April 22, 2020, and also officially announced the forthcoming issue of a new EP, titled Sonic Boom. This was released digitally on May 22, 2020, and contained all new music recorded since the band's reunion. Band members Current Zac Maloy – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, trumpet (1989–2000, 2017–present) Jesse Davis – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2000, 2017–present) Ricky Brooks – bass guitar, backing vocals, acoustic guitar (1989–1997, 2017–present) John Humphrey – drums, percussion (1992–2000, 2017–present) Former Tye Robison – drums, backing vocals, programming (1989–1992) Ricky Wolking – bass guitar, backing vocals (1997–2000) Ray Luzier – drums (2000) Scott "Scooby" Bush – lead guitar, backing vocals (2000) Touring musicians Jaxon Humphrey – drums, percussion (2017) Jaret Reddick – backing vocals (2017) Discography Independent albums Year Title Label 1990 The Nixons (Green Album) Independent, on cassette only 2017 Halo (Remastered) Independent, on vinyl only Studio albums Year Title Label Chart positions Billboard 200 1994 Halo Rainmaker Records — 1995 Foma MCA Records 77 1997 The Nixons 188 2000 Latest Thing KOCH Records — EPs Year Title Label Chart positions 1992 Six Dragon Street Records — 1998 Scrapbook Rainmaker Records — 2017 Song of the Year — — 2020 Sonic Boom — — 2022 Kaleidoscope — — Singles Year Title Chart positions Album US Hot 100 US Mainstream Rock US Modern Rock US Mainstream Top 40 AUS 1996 "Sister" 48 6 11 39 53 Foma "Wire" — 27 — — — 1997 "Baton Rouge" — 9 — — — The Nixons "The Fall" — 22 — — — 2000 "First Trip" — 32 — — — Latest Thing 2017 "Song of the Year" — — — — — Song of the Year EP 2019 "Crutch" — — — — — Sonic Boom EP "Favorite Lies" — — — — — 2020 "Ghost of an Angel" — — — — — 2022 "Kaleidoscope" — — — — — Kaleidoscope EP Music videos Year Title Album 1995 "Head" Foma "Wire" "Sister" 1996 "Happy Song" 1997 "Baton Rouge" The Nixons 2000 "Blackout" Latest Thing 2017 "Song of the Year" Song of the Year EP 2019 "Crutch" Sonic Boom EP 2019 "Favorite Lies" Sonic Boom EP 2020 "Ghost of an Angel" Sonic Boom EP 2022 "Kaleidoscope" Kaleidoscope EP References ^ Phares, Heather. "The Nixons Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ Smerilson Carson, Lori (June 1, 2020). "The Nixons". SFL Music Magazine. Retrieved March 15, 2023. ^ "City Roots Feed Band's Success". oklahoman.com. July 4, 1997. Retrieved July 17, 2021. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 204. ^ "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 06 Oct 1996". ARIA. Retrieved June 10, 2024 – via Imgur.com. N.B. The HP column displays the highest position reached. External links Official website Nixons' AllMusic page Tye Robison's studio in Dallas Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nixon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Foma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foma_(album)"}],"text":"This article is about the band. For other uses, see Nixon (disambiguation).The Nixons are an American alternative rock band formed in 1989. They found commercial success during the mid-1990s, releasing two albums through MCA Records in 1995–1997. The band is best known for the hit singles \"Sister\" and \"Wire\" from their album Foma.","title":"The Nixons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Dragon Street Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Street_Records"},{"link_name":"Foma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foma_(album)"},{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sevendust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevendust"},{"link_name":"Slash's Snakepit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash%27s_Snakepit"},{"link_name":"Brother Cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Cane"},{"link_name":"Soul Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"Toadies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toadies"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early years and success: 1989–1996","text":"The Nixons were founded in Oklahoma City by singer and guitarist Zac Maloy, guitarist Jesse Davis, bassist Ricky Brooks, and drummer Tye Robison.[1] According to Maloy, the band's name has no political meaning: \"'The Nixons' was short, sweet and I always tell people it had an 'x' in the middle so it looked cool on t-shirts and stickers. That's about it.\"[2] The group independently released a self-titled album in 1990 and followed it with the EP Six in 1992, both on Dragon Street Records. John Humphrey replaced Robison on drums, and the Nixons issued Halo in 1994 on Dallas-based Rainmaker Records. This album featured several songs also included on Foma, their official debut LP, released in May 1995 on MCA Records. Foma included the radio hits \"Sister\", \"Wire\", \"Happy Song\", and \"Passion\". The group capitalized on their success with big tours, including dates with KISS, Sevendust, Slash's Snakepit, Brother Cane, Soul Asylum, Radiohead, and Toadies. Foma eventually peaked at No. 77 on the Billboard 200.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Nixons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nixons_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"\"Rocket Man\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Man_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cheap Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick"},{"link_name":"Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1_Music"},{"link_name":"Marti Frederiksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_Frederiksen"},{"link_name":"Jack Blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Blades"},{"link_name":"Night Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Ray Luzier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Luzier"},{"link_name":"Korn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn"},{"link_name":"Army of Anyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Anyone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent albums and disbanding: 1997–2000","text":"The band replaced Ricky Brooks with Ricky Wolking and released The Nixons in June 1997 on MCA/Universal. The record featured three singles: \"The Fall\", \"Miss USA\", and \"Baton Rouge\". It eventually peaked at No. 188 on the Billboard 200.[citation needed]They departed MCA Records following the release of the self-titled album. Consistent gigging ensured a strong cult audience for 1998's Scrapbook EP (featuring b-sides, live and acoustic performances, including covers of Elton John's \"Rocket Man\" and Cheap Trick's \"Heaven Tonight\"), which saw the band return to Rainmaker. Their third full-length album, Latest Thing, was released by Koch in early 2000. It featured songs co-written by Marti Frederiksen and Jack Blades of Night Ranger fame. Davis and Humphrey left the band after the album release. The band continued touring, replacing them with Scott Bush and Ray Luzier (of Korn and Army of Anyone fame), respectively. However, when the tour supporting the album concluded, they quietly disbanded.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seether"},{"link_name":"Carrie Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Underwood"},{"link_name":"Skillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillet_(band)"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_Peace"},{"link_name":"Halestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halestorm"},{"link_name":"Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chris Daughtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Daughtry"},{"link_name":"David Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cook_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Bowling for Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_for_Soup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wes Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Edgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_(band)"},{"link_name":"Drowning Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_Pool"},{"link_name":"Cas Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_Haley"},{"link_name":"Dennis DeYoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_DeYoung"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Huver and solo projects: 2001–2016","text":"Davis, Brooks, and Humphrey reformed in early 2001 as Huver, with a new lead singer, Garin Murdock. The band gigged heavily and reportedly signed a recording contract with Epic Records, but broke up in mid-2002 after independently releasing one EP. John Humphrey went on to play drums in the band Seether. Zac Maloy released several albums as a solo artist, and later relocated to Nashville to work as a songwriter and producer with artists including Carrie Underwood, Skillet, Our Lady Peace, Halestorm, Hanson, Chris Daughtry, David Cook, and Bowling for Soup.[citation needed]Jesse Davis formed roots rock band 4 Points West in 2002, which released an EP titled Lonesome Demise..., and a full-length album, Insomnia Suite. Davis played in Anchor the Girl and released music produced by Grammy-nominated musician Wes Sharon. Ricky Wolking went on to play bass for the rock band Edgewater and later recorded a solo album as Honky Mofo. Original drummer Robison is a co-owner of January Sound Studio in Dallas, and has worked as a producer/engineer with Drowning Pool, Cas Haley, and Dennis DeYoung.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foma_(album)"},{"link_name":"KDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDGE"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Buzzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzfest#Buzzfest_in_Nashville"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Reforming and new music: 2017–present","text":"In January 2017, the band announced two reunion shows with the classic Foma lineup (Maloy, Davis, Brooks, and Humphrey), playing in their native Oklahoma and also as part of the KDGE \"The Edge\" Edgefest 25th Anniversary lineup in Frisco, Texas. At the same time, the band launched official Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter social media pages.[citation needed]In June 2017, a newly recorded song titled \"Song of the Year\" was released on iTunes, Google Play, and Spotify. The band released the brand new Song of the Year EP along with the re-release of their debut album, Halo, on vinyl for the first time, newly remastered by original producer Kerry Crafton. Both albums were supported by touring in late 2017.[citation needed]In October 2018, they performed in Oklahoma City, Dallas, and Houston, TX as part of the lineup of Buzzfest festival. Jaxon Humphrey, son of drummer John, performed with the band during these shows, as his father had prior commitments with Seether. In 2019, the band entered the studio and re-recorded three of their fan favorites: \"Wire\", \"Baton Rouge\", and \"Sister\", each with the year 2020 added to the title to distinguish them from the original recordings. In addition to the three newly re-recorded songs, the band also recorded new music. \"Crutch\" was released digitally on July 2, 2019, and \"Favorite Lies\" was released on November 15, 2019. Both new songs received positive reviews throughout US radio markets and were noted as \"a reminder that rock music was still alive\".[citation needed]After touring in late 2018 and throughout 2019, including with rock band Sponge, the Nixons released the three previously re-recorded songs on April 22, 2020, and also officially announced the forthcoming issue of a new EP, titled Sonic Boom. This was released digitally on May 22, 2020, and contained all new music recorded since the band's reunion.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ray Luzier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Luzier"},{"link_name":"Jaret Reddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaret_Reddick"}],"text":"Current\n\nZac Maloy – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, trumpet[3] (1989–2000, 2017–present)\nJesse Davis – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2000, 2017–present)\nRicky Brooks – bass guitar, backing vocals, acoustic guitar (1989–1997, 2017–present)\nJohn Humphrey – drums, percussion (1992–2000, 2017–present)\n\n\nFormer\n\nTye Robison – drums, backing vocals, programming (1989–1992)\nRicky Wolking – bass guitar, backing vocals (1997–2000)\nRay Luzier – drums (2000)\nScott \"Scooby\" Bush – lead guitar, backing vocals (2000)\nTouring musicians\n\nJaxon Humphrey – drums, percussion (2017)\nJaret Reddick – backing vocals (2017)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Independent albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"The Nixons Biography\". Allmusic. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-nixons-mn0000892356","url_text":"\"The Nixons Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Smerilson Carson, Lori (June 1, 2020). \"The Nixons\". SFL Music Magazine. Retrieved March 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sflmusic.com/the-nixons/","url_text":"\"The Nixons\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Roots Feed Band's Success\". oklahoman.com. July 4, 1997. Retrieved July 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/article/2584975/city-roots-feed-bands-success","url_text":"\"City Roots Feed Band's Success\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 204.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 06 Oct 1996\". ARIA. Retrieved June 10, 2024 – via Imgur.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/meax62d.jpeg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 06 Oct 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Nixons%22","external_links_name":"\"The Nixons\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Nixons%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Nixons%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Nixons%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Nixons%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Nixons%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://thenixonsofficial.com/","external_links_name":"thenixonsofficial.com"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Nixons%22","external_links_name":"\"The Nixons\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Nixons%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Nixons%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Nixons%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Nixons%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Nixons%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-nixons-mn0000892356","external_links_name":"\"The Nixons Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.sflmusic.com/the-nixons/","external_links_name":"\"The Nixons\""},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/article/2584975/city-roots-feed-bands-success","external_links_name":"\"City Roots Feed Band's Success\""},{"Link":"https://i.imgur.com/meax62d.jpeg","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 06 Oct 1996\""},{"Link":"http://thenixonsofficial.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p40657","external_links_name":"Nixons' AllMusic page"},{"Link":"http://www.januarysound.com/","external_links_name":"Tye Robison's studio in Dallas"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000010730235X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157324973","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14030265g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14030265g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003083103","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b66325fe-3993-4eb9-83ac-051c2b00c2b8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Love_(Hank_Snow_album)
Hello Love (Hank Snow album)
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 References"]
1974 studio album by Hank SnowHello LoveStudio album by Hank SnowReleased1974GenreCountryLabelRCA Victor Hello Love is a studio album by country music singer Hank Snow. It was released in 1974 by RCA Victor (catalog APL1-0441). The album debuted on Billboard magazine's country album chart on April 13, 1974, peaked at No. 4, and remained on the chart for a total of 15 weeks. It included the No. 1 hit "Hello Love". It was Snow's last album to break into the Top 25. Track listing Side A "Hello Love" "I've Got to Give It All to You" "Today I Started Loving You Again" "The Last Thing on My Mind" "It Just Happened That Way" Side B "Daisy a Day" "I Have You and That's Enough for Me" "Somewhere My Love" "I Washed My Hands in Muddy Water" "Why Me, Lord" Charts Weekly charts Chart (1974) Peakposition US Top Country Albums (Billboard) 4 Year-end charts Chart (1974) Position US Top Country Albums (Billboard) 39 References ^ "Hank Snow - Hello Love". Discogs. Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ "Hello Love". AllMusic. Retrieved December 17, 2020. ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Country Albums 1964-1997. Record Research Inc. 1997. p. 164. ISBN 0898201241. ^ "Hank Snow Chart History (Top Country Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved July 22, 2021. ^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 1974". Billboard. Retrieved July 22, 2021. vteHank SnowStudio albums Railroad Man (1963) Songs of Tragedy (1964) C. B. Atkins & C. E. Snow by Special Request (1969) Hello Love (1974) Compilation albums Hank Snow's Souvenirs (1961) More Hank Snow Souvenirs (1964) The Hits Of Hank Snow (1978) Collaboration albums Reminiscing (1964) Notable singles "I'm Moving On" "The Golden Rocket" "The Rhumba Boogie" "Down the Trail of Achin' Hearts" "Bluebird Island" "The Gold Rush Is Over" "Lady's Man" "I Went to Your Wedding" "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I" "I Don't Hurt Anymore" "Let Me Go, Lover!" "Yellow Roses" "I've Been Everywhere" "Ninety Miles an Hour (Down a Dead End Street)" "Hula Love" "The Name of the Game Was Love" "(The Seashores) Of Old Mexico" "Hello Love" Related articles Discography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Hank Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Snow"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hello Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hello Love is a studio album by country music singer Hank Snow. It was released in 1974 by RCA Victor (catalog APL1-0441).[1][2]The album debuted on Billboard magazine's country album chart on April 13, 1974, peaked at No. 4, and remained on the chart for a total of 15 weeks. It included the No. 1 hit \"Hello Love\". It was Snow's last album to break into the Top 25.[3]","title":"Hello Love (Hank Snow album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hello Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"Today I Started Loving You Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_I_Started_Loving_You_Again"},{"link_name":"The Last Thing on My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Thing_on_My_Mind"},{"link_name":"Daisy a Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_a_Day"},{"link_name":"Somewhere My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_My_Love"},{"link_name":"I Washed My Hands in Muddy Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Washed_My_Hands_in_Muddy_Water"},{"link_name":"Why Me, Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Me_(Kris_Kristofferson_song)"}],"text":"Side A\"Hello Love\"\n\"I've Got to Give It All to You\"\n\"Today I Started Loving You Again\"\n\"The Last Thing on My Mind\"\n\"It Just Happened That Way\"Side B\"Daisy a Day\"\n\"I Have You and That's Enough for Me\"\n\"Somewhere My Love\"\n\"I Washed My Hands in Muddy Water\"\n\"Why Me, Lord\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello_Love_(Hank_Snow_album)&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Top Country Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Country_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCountry_Hank_Snow-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello_Love_(Hank_Snow_album)&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1974)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[4]\n\n4\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1974)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[5]\n\n39","title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hank Snow - Hello Love\". Discogs. Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Hank-Snow-Hello-Love/release/3546988","url_text":"\"Hank Snow - Hello Love\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hello Love\". AllMusic. Retrieved December 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hello-love-mw0001075997","url_text":"\"Hello Love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Joel Whitburn's Top Country Albums 1964-1997. Record Research Inc. 1997. p. 164. ISBN 0898201241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898201241","url_text":"0898201241"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 1974\". Billboard. Retrieved July 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1974/top-country-albums","url_text":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 1974\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Hank-Snow-Hello-Love/release/3546988","external_links_name":"\"Hank Snow - Hello Love\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hello-love-mw0001075997","external_links_name":"\"Hello Love\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Hank-Snow/chart-history/CLP","external_links_name":"\"Hank Snow Chart History (Top Country Albums)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1974/top-country-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Country Albums – Year-End 1974\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vredenburg
Vredenburg
["1 History","2 Famous people","3 References"]
Coordinates: 32°54′23″S 17°59′45″E / 32.90639°S 17.99583°E / -32.90639; 17.99583For other uses, see Vredenburg (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Vredenburg Castle. Place in Western Cape, South AfricaVredenburgA landscape in VredenburgVredenburgShow map of Western CapeVredenburgShow map of South AfricaCoordinates: 32°54′23″S 17°59′45″E / 32.90639°S 17.99583°E / -32.90639; 17.99583CountrySouth AfricaProvinceWestern CapeDistrictWest CoastMunicipalitySaldanha BayEstablished1875Area • Total13.75 km2 (5.31 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total38,382 • Density2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)Racial makeup (2011) • Black African28.7% • Coloured55.7% • Indian/Asian0.6% • White13.8% • Other1.1%First languages (2011) • Afrikaans68.7% • Xhosa19.3% • English5.0% • Sotho2.3% • Other4.8%Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)Postal code (street)7380PO box7380Area code022 Vredenburg (Afrikaans: ) is a town of the Cape West Coast in the Western Cape province of South Africa. "Vrede" is Afrikaans for peace. It is the transportation and commercial hub of the West Coast area and administrative centre of the Saldanha Bay Local Municipality. It is located 12 kilometres inland from the coast at Saldanha Bay on the Cape Columbine Peninsula 138 km north of Cape Town. History The town was established in 1875 initially as a Dutch Reformed Church congregation to serve the surrounding communities, as the closest church was in Hopefield. The town's original name was "Twisfontein", which from Afrikaans can be translated as "dispute fountain". This name came about when two competing farmers fought over the only available freshwater spring in the area. The town's name was later changed to "Prosesfontein". The town was renamed as they were discussing the matter of the freshwater spring and were trying to come to an agreement. When this agreement was settled and they have achieved a sense of peace among one another, the name "Vredenburg" was chosen. The town's population in 2011 was 38,382. The city should not be confused with the ancient Vredenburg in the Limpopo Province. Famous people Christiaan Bakkes Stedman Gans Lizaad Williams References ^ a b c d e "Main Place Vredenburg". Census 2011. ^ "Vredenburg, West Coast | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2024-06-07. vteMunicipalities and communities of West Coast District Municipality, Western CapeDistrict seat: MoorreesburgMatzikama Bitterfontein Doringbaai Ebenhaeser Klawer Kliprand Koekenaap Lutzville Nuwerus Papendorp Rietpoort Strandfontein Vanrhynsdorp Vredendal West Coast District within South AfricaCederberg Citrusdal Clanwilliam Elands Bay Graafwater Lambert's Bay Leipoldtville Wupperthal Bergrivier Aurora Dwarskersbos Eendekuil Goedverwacht Piketberg Porterville Redelinghuys Velddrif Wittewater Saldanha Bay Britannia Bay Hopefield Jacobsbaai Langebaan Langebaanweg Paternoster Saldanha St Helena Bay Stompneus Bay Vredenburg Swartland Abbotsdale Chatsworth Darling Grotto Bay Jakkalsfontein Kalbaskraal Koringberg Malmesbury Moorreesburg Riebeek-Kasteel Riebeek West Yzerfontein Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vredenburg (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vredenburg_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Vredenburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vredenburg_Castle"},{"link_name":"['frɪədənbœrχ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Saldanha Bay Local Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanha_Bay_Local_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Saldanha Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanha_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"}],"text":"For other uses, see Vredenburg (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Vredenburg Castle.Place in Western Cape, South AfricaVredenburg (Afrikaans: ['frɪədənbœrχ]) is a town of the Cape West Coast in the Western Cape province of South Africa. \"Vrede\" is Afrikaans for peace. It is the transportation and commercial hub of the West Coast area and administrative centre of the Saldanha Bay Local Municipality. It is located 12 kilometres inland from the coast at Saldanha Bay on the Cape Columbine Peninsula 138 km north of Cape Town.","title":"Vredenburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Hopefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopefield,_Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"Vredenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potgietersrus"},{"link_name":"Limpopo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo_Province"}],"text":"The town was established in 1875 initially as a Dutch Reformed Church congregation to serve the surrounding communities, as the closest church was in Hopefield. The town's original name was \"Twisfontein\", which from Afrikaans can be translated as \"dispute fountain\".[2] This name came about when two competing farmers fought over the only available freshwater spring in the area. The town's name was later changed to \"Prosesfontein\". The town was renamed as they were discussing the matter of the freshwater spring and were trying to come to an agreement. When this agreement was settled and they have achieved a sense of peace among one another, the name \"Vredenburg\" was chosen. The town's population in 2011 was 38,382.[1] The city should not be confused with the ancient Vredenburg in the Limpopo Province.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christiaan Bakkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Bakkes"},{"link_name":"Stedman Gans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedman_Gans"},{"link_name":"Lizaad Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizaad_Williams"}],"text":"Christiaan Bakkes\nStedman Gans\nLizaad Williams","title":"Famous people"}]
[{"image_text":"West Coast District within South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_of_South_Africa_with_West_Coast_highlighted_%282011%29.svg/150px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_West_Coast_highlighted_%282011%29.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Main Place Vredenburg\". Census 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/163004","url_text":"\"Main Place Vredenburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vredenburg, West Coast | South African History Online\". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2024-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/vredenburg-west-coast","url_text":"\"Vredenburg, West Coast | South African History Online\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vredenburg&params=32_54_23_S_17_59_45_E_region:ZA_type:city(38382)","external_links_name":"32°54′23″S 17°59′45″E / 32.90639°S 17.99583°E / -32.90639; 17.99583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vredenburg&params=32_54_23_S_17_59_45_E_region:ZA_type:city(38382)","external_links_name":"32°54′23″S 17°59′45″E / 32.90639°S 17.99583°E / -32.90639; 17.99583"},{"Link":"http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/163004","external_links_name":"\"Main Place Vredenburg\""},{"Link":"https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/vredenburg-west-coast","external_links_name":"\"Vredenburg, West Coast | South African History Online\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135215938","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1159593426","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007494388605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003088130","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire_Cup
Stirlingshire Cup
["1 Format","2 History","3 Performance by club","4 References"]
Football tournamentStirlingshire CupFounded1883RegionStirlingshireNumber of teams6Current championsStenhousemuir F.C.Most successful club(s)Falkirk (32 titles) The Stirlingshire Cup is an association football cup competition for clubs in the counties of Stirlingshire, Clackmannanshire & Dunbartonshire, Scotland. The competition was founded in 1883 and is contested annually by senior member clubs of the Stirlingshire Football Association. The current champions are Stenhousemuir F.C. who defeated East Stirlingshire in the 2014–15 tournament final. Format Previously the competition was a knock-out tournament contested by the six member clubs of the Stirlingshire Football Association. In the first round draw, two teams receive byes into the semi-final with the remaining four clubs paired against each other. The winners of the two first round matches progress to the semi-final and the losers are eliminated from the tournament. In season 2024/25 a group stage was introduced with the winners of group 1 (Alloa Athletic, East Stirlingshire & Stirling Albion) playing the winners of group 2 (Dumbarton, Falkirk & Stenhousemuir) in the final. Participating teams (2024–25) Alloa Athletic Dumbarton East Stirlingshire Falkirk Stenhousemuir Stirling Albion History The Stirlingshire Cup tournament commenced in the 1883–84 football season as a competition for member clubs of the newly created Stirlingshire Football Association which was founded on 25 December 1883. The original meeting to form the organisation was held in Larbert and was attended by representatives from seven football clubs: Campsie, Dunipace, East Stirlingshire, Falkirk, King's Park, Stenhousemuir and Tayavalla. The first tournament began in January 1884 and was contested by the seven original attendees of the meeting as well as seven other clubs from Stirlingshire: Comely Park, Grahamston, Grasshoppers, Milngavie, Ochil Rangers, Strathblane and Vale of Bannock. The inaugural tournament was won by Falkirk who defeated East Stirlingshire 3–1 in a final replay after an initial 1–1 draw. Performance by club Final appearances Club Winners Last final won Runners-up Last final lost Falkirk 32 2013–14 17 2012–13 East Stirlingshire 21 2000–01 17 2014–15 Dumbarton 16 2012–13 6 2011–12 Stirling Albion 14 2005–06 12 2013–14 Alloa Athletic 14 1996–97 20 2000–01 Stenhousemuir 11 2014–15 20 2009–10 King's Park 4 1914–15 5 1938–39 Clydebank 2 1979–80 8 1996–97 Camelon 2 1897–98 4 1901–02 Campsie 1 1891–92 1 1884–85 Gairdoch 0 — 2 1893–94 Kilsyth Wanderers 0 — 2 1895–96 Bo'ness 0 — 2 1927–28 Grangemouth 0 — 1 1890–91 Slamannan 0 — 1 1888–89 Falkirk Amateurs 0 — 1 1928–29 References ^ Stirlingshire Cup Draw 2014-15, stenhousemuirfc.com. Stenhousemuir F.C. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014. ^ https://www.stirlingalbionfc.co.uk/club-update-3/ ^ a b Stirlingshire Cup. Scottish Football Historical Archive. ^ Part Two - 19th Century Bairns, bettermeddle.org.uk. Retrieved 17 February 2014. vteRegional football cups in ScotlandActive Aberdeenshire Cup East of Scotland Shield Fife Cup Glasgow Cup King Cup North of Scotland Cup Southern Counties Cup Inactive Forfarshire Cup Renfrewshire Cup Stirlingshire Cup Defunct Argyllshire Cup Ayrshire Cup Border Cup Dumbartonshire Cup Dumfries & Galloway Cup Lanarkshire Cup Linlithgowshire Cup Perthshire Cup West of Scotland Cup Wigtownshire Cup This article about a Scottish association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"Clackmannanshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannanshire"},{"link_name":"Dunbartonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Stenhousemuir F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenhousemuir_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stirlingshire"}],"text":"Football tournamentThe Stirlingshire Cup is an association football cup competition for clubs in the counties of Stirlingshire, Clackmannanshire & Dunbartonshire, Scotland. The competition was founded in 1883 and is contested annually by senior member clubs of the Stirlingshire Football Association. The current champions are Stenhousemuir F.C. who defeated East Stirlingshire in the 2014–15 tournament final.","title":"Stirlingshire Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knock-out tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"byes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFC_Cup_Draw-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alloa Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloa_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stirlingshire_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stenhousemuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenhousemuir_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stirling Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Albion_F.C."}],"text":"Previously the competition was a knock-out tournament contested by the six member clubs of the Stirlingshire Football Association. In the first round draw, two teams receive byes into the semi-final with the remaining four clubs paired against each other. The winners of the two first round matches progress to the semi-final and the losers are eliminated from the tournament.[1]In season 2024/25 a group stage was introduced with the winners of group 1 (Alloa Athletic, East Stirlingshire & Stirling Albion) playing the winners of group 2 (Dumbarton, Falkirk & Stenhousemuir) in the final.Participating teams (2024–25)[2]Alloa Athletic\nDumbarton\nEast Stirlingshire\nFalkirk\nStenhousemuir\nStirling Albion","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1883–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883%E2%80%9384_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Larbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbert"},{"link_name":"Campsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsie_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dunipace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunipace_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stirlingshire_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"King's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stenhousemuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenhousemuir_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tayavalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayavalla_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFHA_Stirlingshire_Cup-3"},{"link_name":"Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"Grahamston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamston_F.C."},{"link_name":"Grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshoppers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Milngavie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milngavie_F.C."},{"link_name":"Strathblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathblane_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale of Bannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Bannock_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFHA_Stirlingshire_Cup-3"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Stirlingshire_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bettermeddle_Stirlingshire_Cup-4"}],"text":"The Stirlingshire Cup tournament commenced in the 1883–84 football season as a competition for member clubs of the newly created Stirlingshire Football Association which was founded on 25 December 1883. The original meeting to form the organisation was held in Larbert and was attended by representatives from seven football clubs: Campsie, Dunipace, East Stirlingshire, Falkirk, King's Park, Stenhousemuir and Tayavalla.[3] The first tournament began in January 1884 and was contested by the seven original attendees of the meeting as well as seven other clubs from Stirlingshire: Comely Park, Grahamston, Grasshoppers, Milngavie, Ochil Rangers, Strathblane and Vale of Bannock.[3] The inaugural tournament was won by Falkirk who defeated East Stirlingshire 3–1 in a final replay after an initial 1–1 draw.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Final appearances","title":"Performance by club"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.stenhousemuirfc.com/news/2013/06/07/927/","external_links_name":"Stirlingshire Cup Draw 2014-15"},{"Link":"https://www.stirlingalbionfc.co.uk/club-update-3/","external_links_name":"https://www.stirlingalbionfc.co.uk/club-update-3/"},{"Link":"http://sfha.org.uk/stirlingshirecup.htm","external_links_name":"Stirlingshire Cup. Scottish Football Historical Archive."},{"Link":"http://bettermeddle.org.uk/museum/story2.php","external_links_name":"Part Two - 19th Century Bairns"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stirlingshire_Cup&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Clapp
Will Clapp
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 New Orleans Saints","3.2 Los Angeles Chargers","3.3 Buffalo Bills","4 References","5 External links"]
American football player (born 1995) American football player Will ClappClapp with the Saints in 2021No. 77 – Buffalo BillsPosition:CenterPersonal informationBorn: (1995-12-10) December 10, 1995 (age 28)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Height:6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Weight:311 lb (141 kg)Career informationHigh school:Brother Martin(New Orleans, Louisiana)College:LSUNFL draft:2018 / Round: 7 / Pick: 245Career history New Orleans Saints (2018–2021) Los Angeles Chargers (2022–2023) Buffalo Bills (2024–present) Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards 2× First-team All-SEC (2016, 2017) Career NFL statistics as of 2023Games played:65Games started:21Player stats at PFR Will Clapp (born December 10, 1995) is an American football center for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Louisiana State University. He has previously played in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints and Los Angeles Chargers. Early years Clapp attended Brother Martin High School in New Orleans, Louisiana. He committed to play football for the LSU Tigers in January 2010. College career Clapp did not play as a true freshman in 2014 and chose to redshirt. In 2015, as a redshirt freshman, Clapp started all 12 games for the Tigers. He ranked third on the team in total snaps with 776 and knockdown blocks with 88, along with not allowing a sack all season. He was named to the 2015 Southeastern Conference (SEC) All-Freshman team. As a redshirt sophomore in 2016, Clapp started 11 of 12 games, missing one due to injury. He played 648 snaps, had 58 knockdown blocks and did not allow a sack for the second straight season. He was named to the 2016 All-SEC football team. In 2017, Clapp started all 13 games for the Tigers. He was named to the All-SEC Football Team for the second year in a row. After the season, he announced he was going to forgo his final year of eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 6 ft 4+1⁄2 in(1.94 m) 311 lb(141 kg) 31+1⁄4 in(0.79 m) 9+5⁄8 in(0.24 m) 5.39 s 1.81 s 3.13 s 4.92 s 8.04 s 29.0 in(0.74 m) 8 ft 1 in(2.46 m) 25 reps All values from NFL Combine New Orleans Saints Clapp was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the seventh round (245th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. On May 10, 2018, Clapp signed his rookie contract with the Saints. He made his NFL debut on December 17, 2018, against the Carolina Panthers as a substitute for Michael Ola. Clapp saw action in 14 games during the 2019 season, starting three. On September 26, 2020, Clapp was waived by the Saints and re-signed to the practice squad on September 29. Clapp spent much of the remainder of the 2020 season alternating between the active roster and the practice squad, playing in several games in the middle of the season before being permanently added back to the active roster, though he also spent time on the reserve/COVID-19 list during the postseason. Clapp re-signed with the Saints on April 20, 2021. After starting the regular season on injured reserve, Clapp was re-activated on October 2, spending the rest of the season alternating between the practice squad and active roster as with the previous year. Clapp started three games in 2021, playing with the likes of Jameis Winston, Trevor Siemian, and Taysom Hill after spending his first three years with Drew Brees under center. Los Angeles Chargers On April 26, 2022, Clapp signed with the Los Angeles Chargers. On April 6, 2023, Clapp re-signed with the Los Angeles Chargers. Following a season-ending health issue from starter Corey Linsley, Clapp was named the starting center in Week 4. He suffered a knee injury in Week 15 and was placed on injured reserve on December 18. Buffalo Bills On March 22, 2024, Clapp signed a one-year deal with the Buffalo Bills. The move reunites Clapp with Bills offensive coordinator Joe Brady, who was an offensive assistant with New Orleans during Clapp's rookie season. References ^ "Will Clapp commits to LSU". Geaux 247. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ a b "Will Clapp Bio". The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ "2015 SEC All-Freshman Football Team announced". The Official Website of the Southeastern Conference. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ "SEC announces Coaches All-SEC Teams". The Official Website of the Southeastern Conference. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ "Will Clapp-LSU Tigers-2018 Player Profile". RotoWorld. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ "2017 All-SEC Football Team announced". The Official Website of the Southeastern Conference. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ "LSU center Will Clapp becomes sixth underclassman to declare for draft". The Advocate. Retrieved January 12, 2018. ^ "Will Clapp Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved April 3, 2023. ^ "2018 NFL Draft Scout Will Clapp College Football Profile". DraftScout.com. Retrieved April 3, 2023. ^ Lopez, Andrew (April 28, 2018). "New Orleans Saints pick LSU offensive lineman Will Clapp in 7th round". NOLA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2018. ^ "New Orleans Saints sign six draft picks". NewOrleansSaints.com. May 10, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2018. ^ Johnson, Luke (December 18, 2018). "Saints rookie OG Will Clapp thrust into a big role for his NFL debut". nola.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2023. ^ a b c d "Will Clapp signs contract with Bills: What to know about the meme-famous center". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "New Orleans Saints announce roster moves". NewOrleansSaints.com. September 26, 2020. ^ Just, Amie (September 29, 2020). "Saints re-sign former LSU OL Will Clapp to practice squad". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 8, 2020. ^ Just, Amie (October 3, 2020). "Saints make 4 roster moves ahead of game against Lions". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ Just, Amie (October 8, 2020). "Saints waive New Orleans native, ex-LSU guard Will Clapp". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020. ^ Just, Amie (October 10, 2020). "Saints re-sign OL Will Clapp to practice squad, release practice squad WR Malik Henry". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020. ^ Just, Amie (October 24, 2020). "Saints to use Austin Carr, Juwan Johnson as COVID-19 replacements, activate Will Clapp too for game vs. Panthers". NOLA.com. Retrieved November 8, 2020. ^ Just, Amie (October 31, 2020). "Saints sign WR Tommylee Lewis to 53-man roster, elevate 3 practice squad players for Bears game". NOLA.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ "New Orleans Saints announce roster moves". NewOrleansSaints.com. November 28, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ^ "New Orleans Saints announce roster moves". NewOrleansSaints.com. December 5, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2021. ^ a b Spotrac.com. "Will Clapp". Spotrac.com. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "New Orleans Saints announce roster moves". NewOrleansSaints.com. December 19, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2021. ^ Johnson, Luke (January 16, 2021). "Saints make flurry of roster moves, activate WR Tre'Quan Smith off injured reserve". NOLA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ "Saints' Will Clapp: Returns from COVID-19 list". CBSSports.com. February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ "2021 NFL Transactions: Signings – April". NFL.com. Retrieved April 20, 2021. ^ "New Orleans Saints announce roster moves". NewOrleansSaints.com. September 6, 2021. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ "Los Angeles Chargers Sign Offensive Lineman Will Clapp". Chargers.com. Retrieved April 26, 2022. ^ "Los Angeles Chargers Re-Sign Will Clapp". Chargers.com. Retrieved April 6, 2023. ^ "Los Angeles Chargers Announce Roster Moves". Chargers.com. December 19, 2023. ^ "Bills sign OL Will Clapp to one-year deal". BuffaloBills.com. Retrieved March 22, 2024. External links LSU Tigers bio Twitter vteBuffalo Bills rosterActive 0 Keon Coleman 1 Curtis Samuel 2 Tyler Bass 3 Damar Hamlin 4 James Cook 5 Kaiir Elam 6 Shane Buechele 7 Taron Johnson 8 Sam Martin 9 Taylor Rapp 10 Khalil Shakir 11 Mitchell Trubisky 13 Mack Hollins 14 Chase Claypool 15 Matt Haack 16 Xavier Johnson 17 Josh Allen 18 Justin Shorter 19 K. J. Hamler 20 Frank Gore Jr. 21 Mike Edwards 22 Ray Davis 24 Cole Bishop 25 Daequan Hardy 26 Ty Johnson 29 Dee Delaney 30 Jack Browning 31 Rasul Douglas 32 Kyron Brown 33 Te'Cory Couch 36 Kendall Williamson 37 Darrynton Evans 38 Keni-H Lovely 39 Cam Lewis 40 Von Miller 41 Reggie Gilliam 42 Dorian Williams 43 Terrel Bernard 44 Joe Andreessen 45 Deion Jones 46 Ja'Marcus Ingram 47 Christian Benford 48 Edefuan Ulofoshio 49 Shayne Simon 50 Gregory Rousseau 51 Eli Ankou 52 Nicholas Morrow 53 Branson Deen 54 Baylon Spector 55 David Ugwoegbu 56 Javon Solomon 57 A. J. Epenesa 58 Matt Milano 59 Kingsley Jonathan 60 Keaton Bills 61 Gunner Britton 61 Gable Steveson 62 Sedrick Van Pran-Granger 63 Kevin Jarvis 64 O'Cyrus Torrence 65 Mike Edwards 66 Connor McGovern 67 Travis Clayton (Int.) 68 Tylan Grable 69 Reid Ferguson 70 Alec Anderson 71 La'el Collins 73 Dion Dawkins 74 Ryan Van Demark 75 Richard Gouraige 76 David Edwards 77 Will Clapp 79 Spencer Brown 80 Tyrell Shavers 81 Marquez Valdes-Scantling 82 Lawrence Keys 83 Tre' McKitty 84 Zach Davidson 85 Quintin Morris 86 Dalton Kincaid 87 Andy Isabella 88 Dawson Knox 89 Bryan Thompson 90 DeWayne Carter 91 Ed Oliver 92 DaQuan Jones 93 DeShawn Williams 94 Dawuane Smoot 96 Kameron Cline 97 Rondell Bothroyd 98 Austin Johnson 99 Casey Toohill Reserve lists 72 Tommy Doyle (PUP) AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LV LAC NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA vteNew Orleans Saints 2018 NFL draft selections Marcus Davenport Tre'Quan Smith Rick Leonard Natrell Jamerson Kamrin Moore Boston Scott Will Clapp
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"}],"text":"American football playerWill Clapp (born December 10, 1995) is an American football center for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Louisiana State University. He has previously played in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints and Los Angeles Chargers.","title":"Will Clapp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brother Martin High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Martin_High_School"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"LSU Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Clapp attended Brother Martin High School in New Orleans, Louisiana. He committed to play football for the LSU Tigers in January 2010.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"true freshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_freshman"},{"link_name":"redshirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirted"},{"link_name":"sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qb_sack"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will_Clapp_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will_Clapp_Bio-2"},{"link_name":"2016 All-SEC football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_All-SEC_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2018 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Clapp did not play as a true freshman in 2014 and chose to redshirt. In 2015, as a redshirt freshman, Clapp started all 12 games for the Tigers. He ranked third on the team in total snaps with 776 and knockdown blocks with 88, along with not allowing a sack all season.[2] He was named to the 2015 Southeastern Conference (SEC) All-Freshman team.[3]As a redshirt sophomore in 2016, Clapp started 11 of 12 games, missing one due to injury. He played 648 snaps, had 58 knockdown blocks and did not allow a sack for the second straight season.[2] He was named to the 2016 All-SEC football team.[4]In 2017, Clapp started all 13 games for the Tigers.[5] He was named to the All-SEC Football Team for the second year in a row.[6] After the season, he announced he was going to forgo his final year of eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft.[7]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Michael Ola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ola"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will_Clapp_D&C_Summary-13"},{"link_name":"practice squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_squad"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spotrac_transactions-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will_Clapp_D&C_Summary-13"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spotrac_transactions-23"},{"link_name":"Jameis Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameis_Winston"},{"link_name":"Trevor Siemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Siemian"},{"link_name":"Taysom Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taysom_Hill"},{"link_name":"Drew Brees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Brees"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will_Clapp_D&C_Summary-13"}],"sub_title":"New Orleans Saints","text":"Clapp was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the seventh round (245th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft.[10] On May 10, 2018, Clapp signed his rookie contract with the Saints.[11] He made his NFL debut on December 17, 2018, against the Carolina Panthers as a substitute for Michael Ola.[12] Clapp saw action in 14 games during the 2019 season, starting three.[13]On September 26, 2020, Clapp was waived by the Saints and re-signed to the practice squad on September 29.[14][15] Clapp spent much of the remainder of the 2020 season alternating between the active roster and the practice squad,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] playing in several games in the middle of the season before being permanently added back to the active roster,[24] though he also spent time on the reserve/COVID-19 list during the postseason.[25][26]Clapp re-signed with the Saints on April 20, 2021.[27] After starting the regular season on injured reserve,[28] Clapp was re-activated on October 2, spending the rest of the season alternating between the practice squad and active roster as with the previous year.[13][23] Clapp started three games in 2021, playing with the likes of Jameis Winston, Trevor Siemian, and Taysom Hill after spending his first three years with Drew Brees under center.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Corey Linsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Linsley"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Chargers","text":"On April 26, 2022, Clapp signed with the Los Angeles Chargers.[29]On April 6, 2023, Clapp re-signed with the Los Angeles Chargers.[30] Following a season-ending health issue from starter Corey Linsley, Clapp was named the starting center in Week 4. He suffered a knee injury in Week 15 and was placed on injured reserve on December 18.[31]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Joe Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Brady_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will_Clapp_D&C_Summary-13"}],"sub_title":"Buffalo Bills","text":"On March 22, 2024, Clapp signed a one-year deal with the Buffalo Bills.[32] The move reunites Clapp with Bills offensive coordinator Joe Brady, who was an offensive assistant with New Orleans during Clapp's rookie season.[13]","title":"Professional career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Will Clapp commits to LSU\". Geaux 247. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/college/lsu/Article/Will-Clapp-commits-to-LSU-111065","url_text":"\"Will Clapp commits to LSU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Clapp Bio\". The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209392525","url_text":"\"Will Clapp Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 SEC All-Freshman Football Team announced\". The Official Website of the Southeastern Conference. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.secsports.com/article/14336220/2015-sec-all-freshman-football-team","url_text":"\"2015 SEC All-Freshman Football Team announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC announces Coaches All-SEC Teams\". The Official Website of the Southeastern Conference. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.secsports.com/article/18212197/sec-announces-coaches-all-sec-teams","url_text":"\"SEC announces Coaches All-SEC Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Clapp-LSU Tigers-2018 Player Profile\". RotoWorld. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rotoworld.com/player/cfb/136157/will-clapp","url_text":"\"Will Clapp-LSU Tigers-2018 Player Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 All-SEC Football Team announced\". The Official Website of the Southeastern Conference. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.secsports.com/article/21678922/2017-all-sec-football-team-announced","url_text":"\"2017 All-SEC Football Team announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"LSU center Will Clapp becomes sixth underclassman to declare for draft\". The Advocate. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_999de1ca-f6ff-11e7-88a5-2bc0d2fceb83.html","url_text":"\"LSU center Will Clapp becomes sixth underclassman to declare for draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Clapp Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved April 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/will-clapp/3200434c-4111-9505-2976-7976bcc07c4d","url_text":"\"Will Clapp Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 NFL Draft Scout Will Clapp College Football Profile\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved April 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=130911&DraftYear=2018","url_text":"\"2018 NFL Draft Scout Will Clapp College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Andrew (April 28, 2018). \"New Orleans Saints pick LSU offensive lineman Will Clapp in 7th round\". NOLA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2018/04/nfl_draft_2018_will_clapp.html","url_text":"\"New Orleans Saints pick LSU offensive lineman Will Clapp in 7th round\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Saints sign six draft picks\". NewOrleansSaints.com. May 10, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-sign-six-draft-picks-20646723","url_text":"\"New Orleans Saints sign six draft picks\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Luke (December 18, 2018). \"Saints rookie OG Will Clapp thrust into a big role for his NFL debut\". nola.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181218211246/https://www.nola.com/saints/2018/12/saints-rookie-og-will-clapp-thrust-into-a-big-role-for-his-nfl-debut.html","url_text":"\"Saints rookie OG Will Clapp thrust into a big role for his NFL debut\""},{"url":"https://www.nola.com/saints/2018/12/saints-rookie-og-will-clapp-thrust-into-a-big-role-for-his-nfl-debut.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Will Clapp signs contract with Bills: What to know about the meme-famous center\". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/03/22/will-clapp-meme-signs-buffalo-bills-what-to-know-about-center/73071832007/","url_text":"\"Will Clapp signs contract with Bills: What to know about the meme-famous center\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\". NewOrleansSaints.com. September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-x6719","url_text":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""}]},{"reference":"Just, Amie (September 29, 2020). \"Saints re-sign former LSU OL Will Clapp to practice squad\". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_889fed9e-0298-11eb-a895-77470c598ed4.html","url_text":"\"Saints re-sign former LSU OL Will Clapp to practice squad\""}]},{"reference":"Just, Amie (October 3, 2020). \"Saints make 4 roster moves ahead of game against Lions\". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_c8060b5e-05ad-11eb-aea7-c39bd177d4aa.html","url_text":"\"Saints make 4 roster moves ahead of game against Lions\""}]},{"reference":"Just, Amie (October 8, 2020). \"Saints waive New Orleans native, ex-LSU guard Will Clapp\". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_2d325cf0-09a8-11eb-99ec-077a4026bca2.html","url_text":"\"Saints waive New Orleans native, ex-LSU guard Will Clapp\""}]},{"reference":"Just, Amie (October 10, 2020). \"Saints re-sign OL Will Clapp to practice squad, release practice squad WR Malik Henry\". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_4d0f6138-0b3a-11eb-adcd-4fdf01ec7a2d.html","url_text":"\"Saints re-sign OL Will Clapp to practice squad, release practice squad WR Malik Henry\""}]},{"reference":"Just, Amie (October 24, 2020). \"Saints to use Austin Carr, Juwan Johnson as COVID-19 replacements, activate Will Clapp too for game vs. Panthers\". NOLA.com. Retrieved November 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_6516e968-1634-11eb-8dfb-0734c2adfb64.html","url_text":"\"Saints to use Austin Carr, Juwan Johnson as COVID-19 replacements, activate Will Clapp too for game vs. Panthers\""}]},{"reference":"Just, Amie (October 31, 2020). \"Saints sign WR Tommylee Lewis to 53-man roster, elevate 3 practice squad players for Bears game\". NOLA.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_9e7a3efa-1bc3-11eb-8187-7ff43fb7b357.html","url_text":"\"Saints sign WR Tommylee Lewis to 53-man roster, elevate 3 practice squad players for Bears game\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\". NewOrleansSaints.com. November 28, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-presented-by-hancock-whitney-x7846","url_text":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\". NewOrleansSaints.com. December 5, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-12052020","url_text":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""}]},{"reference":"Spotrac.com. \"Will Clapp\". Spotrac.com. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spotrac.com/nfl/buffalo-bills/will-clapp-25346/transactions/","url_text":"\"Will Clapp\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\". NewOrleansSaints.com. December 19, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-12192020","url_text":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Luke (January 16, 2021). \"Saints make flurry of roster moves, activate WR Tre'Quan Smith off injured reserve\". NOLA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_caa658c2-5847-11eb-8820-13ecb4c5f322.html","url_text":"\"Saints make flurry of roster moves, activate WR Tre'Quan Smith off injured reserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saints' Will Clapp: Returns from COVID-19 list\". CBSSports.com. February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/saints-will-clapp-returns-from-covid-19-list/","url_text":"\"Saints' Will Clapp: Returns from COVID-19 list\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 NFL Transactions: Signings – April\". NFL.com. Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/transactions/league/signings/2021/4","url_text":"\"2021 NFL Transactions: Signings – April\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\". NewOrleansSaints.com. September 6, 2021. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907004600/https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-x4679","url_text":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""},{"url":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-x4679","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Offensive Lineman Will Clapp\". Chargers.com. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/chargers-sign-will-clapp-2022-free-agency","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Offensive Lineman Will Clapp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Re-Sign Will Clapp\". Chargers.com. Retrieved April 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-re-sign-will-clapp","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Re-Sign Will Clapp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Announce Roster Moves\". Chargers.com. December 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-announce-roster-moves-week-16-2023","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Announce Roster Moves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bills sign OL Will Clapp to one-year deal\". BuffaloBills.com. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-ol-will-clapp-to-one-year-deal","url_text":"\"Bills sign OL Will Clapp to one-year deal\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/ClapWi00.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/college/lsu/Article/Will-Clapp-commits-to-LSU-111065","external_links_name":"\"Will Clapp commits to LSU\""},{"Link":"http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209392525","external_links_name":"\"Will Clapp Bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.secsports.com/article/14336220/2015-sec-all-freshman-football-team","external_links_name":"\"2015 SEC All-Freshman Football Team announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.secsports.com/article/18212197/sec-announces-coaches-all-sec-teams","external_links_name":"\"SEC announces Coaches All-SEC Teams\""},{"Link":"http://www.rotoworld.com/player/cfb/136157/will-clapp","external_links_name":"\"Will Clapp-LSU Tigers-2018 Player Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.secsports.com/article/21678922/2017-all-sec-football-team-announced","external_links_name":"\"2017 All-SEC Football Team announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_999de1ca-f6ff-11e7-88a5-2bc0d2fceb83.html","external_links_name":"\"LSU center Will Clapp becomes sixth underclassman to declare for draft\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/will-clapp/3200434c-4111-9505-2976-7976bcc07c4d","external_links_name":"\"Will Clapp Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""},{"Link":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=130911&DraftYear=2018","external_links_name":"\"2018 NFL Draft Scout Will Clapp College Football Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2018/04/nfl_draft_2018_will_clapp.html","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Saints pick LSU offensive lineman Will Clapp in 7th round\""},{"Link":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-sign-six-draft-picks-20646723","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Saints sign six draft picks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181218211246/https://www.nola.com/saints/2018/12/saints-rookie-og-will-clapp-thrust-into-a-big-role-for-his-nfl-debut.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints rookie OG Will Clapp thrust into a big role for his NFL debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/saints/2018/12/saints-rookie-og-will-clapp-thrust-into-a-big-role-for-his-nfl-debut.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/football/nfl/bills/2024/03/22/will-clapp-meme-signs-buffalo-bills-what-to-know-about-center/73071832007/","external_links_name":"\"Will Clapp signs contract with Bills: What to know about the meme-famous center\""},{"Link":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-x6719","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_889fed9e-0298-11eb-a895-77470c598ed4.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints re-sign former LSU OL Will Clapp to practice squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_c8060b5e-05ad-11eb-aea7-c39bd177d4aa.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints make 4 roster moves ahead of game against Lions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_2d325cf0-09a8-11eb-99ec-077a4026bca2.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints waive New Orleans native, ex-LSU guard Will Clapp\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_4d0f6138-0b3a-11eb-adcd-4fdf01ec7a2d.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints re-sign OL Will Clapp to practice squad, release practice squad WR Malik Henry\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_6516e968-1634-11eb-8dfb-0734c2adfb64.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints to use Austin Carr, Juwan Johnson as COVID-19 replacements, activate Will Clapp too for game vs. Panthers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_9e7a3efa-1bc3-11eb-8187-7ff43fb7b357.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints sign WR Tommylee Lewis to 53-man roster, elevate 3 practice squad players for Bears game\""},{"Link":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-presented-by-hancock-whitney-x7846","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""},{"Link":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-12052020","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""},{"Link":"https://www.spotrac.com/nfl/buffalo-bills/will-clapp-25346/transactions/","external_links_name":"\"Will Clapp\""},{"Link":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-12192020","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/article_caa658c2-5847-11eb-8820-13ecb4c5f322.html","external_links_name":"\"Saints make flurry of roster moves, activate WR Tre'Quan Smith off injured reserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/saints-will-clapp-returns-from-covid-19-list/","external_links_name":"\"Saints' Will Clapp: Returns from COVID-19 list\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/transactions/league/signings/2021/4","external_links_name":"\"2021 NFL Transactions: Signings – April\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907004600/https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-x4679","external_links_name":"\"New Orleans Saints announce roster moves\""},{"Link":"https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-x4679","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/chargers-sign-will-clapp-2022-free-agency","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Offensive Lineman Will Clapp\""},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-re-sign-will-clapp","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Re-Sign Will Clapp\""},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-announce-roster-moves-week-16-2023","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Announce Roster Moves\""},{"Link":"https://www.buffalobills.com/news/bills-sign-ol-will-clapp-to-one-year-deal","external_links_name":"\"Bills sign OL Will Clapp to one-year deal\""},{"Link":"http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209392525","external_links_name":"LSU Tigers bio"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/w_clapp?lang=en","external_links_name":"Twitter"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwellia
Cherwellia
["1 Etymology","2 References"]
Extinct genus of mammaliaforms This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Cherwellia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) CherwelliaTemporal range: Bathonian, ~167.7–164.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Order: †Morganucodonta (?) Genus: †CherwelliaButler & Sigogneau-Russell, 2016 Species: †C. leei Binomial name †Cherwellia leeiButler & Sigogneau-Russell, 2016 Cherwellia is an extinct genus of mammaliaforms, possibly belonging to Morganucodonta, that lived in what is now England during the Middle Jurassic. The type and only known species is Cherwellia leei. It was first described in 2016 by Percy M. Butler and Denise Sigogneau-Russell from a single lower molar found at the Kirtlington Quarry of the Forest Marble Formation. Etymology The generic epithet Cherwellia comes from the River Cherwell, whereas the specific epithet leei honours the British artist A. J. Lee. References ^ a b Butler, P. M.; Sigogneau-Russell, D. (2016). "Diversity of triconodonts in the Middle Jurassic of Great Britain" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 67: 35–65. doi:10.4202/pp.2016.67_035. vteCynodontia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Eutheriodontia Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see below↓ CynodontiaCynodontia †Dvinia †Nanocynodon †Madysaurus †Uralocynodon †Charassognathidae Abdalodon Charassognathus Nshimbodon †Procynosuchidae Procynosuchus Sludica Epicynodontia †Bolotridon †Cynosaurus †Nanictosaurus †Nythosaurus †Platycraniellus †Thrinaxodon †Vetusodon †Galesauridae Galesaurus Progalesaurus Eucynodontia †Kataigidodon †Cynognathia see Cynognathia Probainognathia see below↓ ProbainognathiaProbainognathia †Agudotherium †Candelariodon †Charruodon †Lumkuia †Protheriodon †Tessellatia †Chiniquodontidae Aleodon Chiniquodon Cromptodon? Riojanodon †Probainognathidae Bonacynodon Probainognathus †Ecteniniidae Diegocanis Ecteninion Trucidocynodon Prozostrodontia †Alemoatherium †Deccanodon †Dromatherium †Inditherium †Microconodon †Polonodon †Pseudotriconodon †Rewaconodon †Santacruzgnathus †Therioherpeton †Tricuspes †Prozostrodontidae Prozostrodon Pseudotherium †Tritheledontidae Chaliminia Diarthrognathus Elliotherium Irajatherium Pachygenelus Riograndia? Tritheledon Mammaliamorpha †Adelobasileus †Botucaraitherium †Brasilodon †Sinoconodon †Tikiodon †Tritylodontidae Bienotherium Bienotheroides Bocatherium Dianzhongia Dinnebitodon Fossiomanus Kayentatherium Lufengia Montirictus Nuurtherium Oligokyphus Polistodon Shartegodon Stereognathus Tritylodon Xenocretosuchus Yuanotherium Yunnanodon Mammaliaformes see below↓ MammaliaformesMammaliaformes †Bocaconodon †Brachyzostrodon †Bridetherium †Cherwellia †Cifellilestes †Delsatia †Dianoconodon †Dinnetherium †Dyskritodon †Eozostrodon †Erythrotherium †Gondwanadon †Hadrocodium †Hallautherium †Helvetiodon †Indotherium †Indozostrodon †Megazostrodon †Morganucodon †Paceyodon †Paikasigudodon †Purbeckodon †Rosierodon †Sinoconodon? †Storchodon †Stylidens †Wareolestes †Woutersia †Kuehneotheriidae Fluctuodon Kotatherium Kuehneon Kuehneotherium †Shuotheriidae Feredocodon Itatodon? Paritatodon? Pseudotribos Shuotherium †Docodonta Agilodocodon Borealestes Castorocauda Cyrtlatherium Dobunnodon Docodon Docofossor Dsungarodon Ergetiis Gondtherium? Haldanodon Hutegotherium Itatodon? Khorotherium Krusatodon Microdocodon Paritatodon? Peraiocynodon Sibirotherium Simpsonodon Tashkumyrodon Tegotherium †Haramiyida Avashishta? Hypsiprymnopsis? Haramiyavia Kalaallitkigun Kollikodon? Mojo? Theroteinus Thomasia Euharamiyida Allostaffia? Arboroharamiya Baidabatyr? Butlerodon Cryoharamiya Kermackodon? Maiopatagium Megaconus? Qishou Sharypovoia Shenshou Sineleutherus Vilevolodon Woodeatonia Xianshou Gondwanatheria? Hahnodontidae? Cifelliodon Denisodon Hahnodon Crown-Mammalia see Mammalia See alsoIncertae sedis †Cistecynodon †Eoraetia †Gaumia †"Hahnia" †Kunminia †Lepagia †Meurthodon †Mitredon †Panchetocynodon †Redondagnathus †Saurodesmus? Paraphyletic /Polyphyletic groups Dromatheriidae Morganucodonta Symmetrodonta Triconodonta Category Taxon identifiersCherwellia Wikidata: Q105086817 GBIF: 9461237 Paleobiology Database: 347492 This cynodont-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mammaliaforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammaliaform"},{"link_name":"Morganucodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganucodonta"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Percy M. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_M._Butler"},{"link_name":"Denise Sigogneau-Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Sigogneau-Russell"},{"link_name":"molar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)"},{"link_name":"Kirtlington Quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtlington_Quarry"},{"link_name":"Forest Marble Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Marble_Formation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler2016-1"}],"text":"Cherwellia is an extinct genus of mammaliaforms, possibly belonging to Morganucodonta, that lived in what is now England during the Middle Jurassic. The type and only known species is Cherwellia leei. It was first described in 2016 by Percy M. Butler and Denise Sigogneau-Russell from a single lower molar found at the Kirtlington Quarry of the Forest Marble Formation.[1]","title":"Cherwellia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler2016-1"}],"text":"The generic epithet Cherwellia comes from the River Cherwell, whereas the specific epithet leei honours the British artist A. J. Lee.[1]","title":"Etymology"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Butler, P. M.; Sigogneau-Russell, D. (2016). \"Diversity of triconodonts in the Middle Jurassic of Great Britain\" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 67: 35–65. doi:10.4202/pp.2016.67_035.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP67/Butler.pdf","url_text":"\"Diversity of triconodonts in the Middle Jurassic of Great Britain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fpp.2016.67_035","url_text":"10.4202/pp.2016.67_035"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherwellia&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cherwellia%22","external_links_name":"\"Cherwellia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cherwellia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cherwellia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cherwellia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cherwellia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cherwellia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP67/Butler.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Diversity of triconodonts in the Middle Jurassic of Great Britain\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fpp.2016.67_035","external_links_name":"10.4202/pp.2016.67_035"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9461237","external_links_name":"9461237"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=347492","external_links_name":"347492"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherwellia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Monterey
List of churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey
["1 Monterey County","2 San Benito County","3 San Luis Obispo County","4 Santa Cruz County","5 References"]
This is a list of current and former Roman Catholic churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey. The Archdiocese of Monterey includes the counties of Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Cruz. The churches in the Diocese of Monterey include the Cathedral of San Carlos in Monterey (the oldest stone building and the first cathedral in California) and seven former Spanish Missions: Carmel Mission Basilica; Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad; Mission San Antonio de Padua; Mission San Juan Bautista; Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa; Mission San Miguel Arcangel; and Mission Santa Cruz. Monterey County Name Image Location Description/Notes Carmel Mission Basilica 3080 Rio Rd, Carmel-By-The-Sea Former Spanish mission first built in 1797, served as the headquarters of the Alta California missions, 1797-1833; registered as a National Historic Landmark Cathedral of San Carlos 500 Church St, Monterey Built 1791-94, it is the oldest continuously operating parish, the oldest stone building in California, the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral in the United States, along with St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, Louisiana, and the only existing building in the original Monterey Presidio Christ the King 240 Calle Cebu, Salinas Holy Trinity 27 S El Camino Real, Greenfield Madonna del Sasso 320 E Laurel Dr, Salinas Parish created in 1959 to serve north Salinas Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad 36641 Fort Romi Rd, Soledad The 13th Spanish mission in Alta California, founded in 1791; fell into disrepair and left in ruins after secularization; restoration began in 1954 with dedication of new chapel (Our Lady of Solitude) in 1955 Mission San Antonio de Padua 1 Mission Creek Rd, Jolon The third Spanish mission in Alta California, founded in 1771 Our Lady of Mount Carmel 9 El Caminito Rd, Carmel Valley Parish dates to 1947 with services first held in a converted barn; church was enlarged and remodeled in 1972 with a new redwood building Our Lady of Refuge 11140 Preston St, Castroville Our Lady of Solitude 235 Main St, Soledad Sacred Heart 22 Stone St, Salinas Parish dates to 1874 as a mission station of Our Lady of Refuge in California; recognized as a separate parish in 1876; church destroyed in 1906 in San Francisco Earthquake; second church destroyed by fire 1926; current Roman-basilica-style church dedicated 1928 St. Angela Merici 362 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove Founded in 1928 with first church completed in 1929; current church built 1956 St. Francis Xavier 1475 La Salle Ave, Seaside St. John the Baptist 504 N 3rd St, King City St. Joseph's 1 Railroad Ave, Spreckels St. Jude 303 Hillcrest Ave, Marina St. Mary of the Nativity 424 Towt St, Salinas St. Theodore's 125 S Center St, Gonzales San Benito County Name Image Location Description/Notes Mission San Juan Bautista 406 2nd St, San Juan Bautista The 15th Spanish mission in Alta California, founded in 1797; functions now as a parish church Sacred Heart & St. Benedict's 680 College St, Hollister1200 Fairview Rd, Hollister Sacred Heart parish founded 1877 Immaculate Conception 7290 Airline Hwy, Tres Pinos San Luis Obispo County Name Image Location Description/Notes Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa 751 Palm St, San Luis Obispo Spanish mission founded in 1772 by Father Junípero Serra Mission San Miguel Arcangel 775 Mission St, San Miguel Spanish mission established in 1797, listed as a National Historic Landmark in 2006 Nativity of Our Lady 221 Daly Ave, San Luis Obispo St. Elizabeth Ann Seton 2050 Palisades Ave, Los Osos St. Francis of Assisi 1711 Beach St, Oceano Mission chapel governed by St. Patrick's in Arroyo Grande St. Joseph's 360 Park Ave, Cayucos St. Joseph's 298 S Thompson Ave, Nipomo St. Patrick's 501 Fair Oaks Ave., Arroyo Grande St. Paul the Apostle 800 Bello St, Pismo Beach St. Rose of Lima 820 Creston Rd, Paso Robles Parish traces roots to formation of a Spanish mission in 1795 and a mission church completed in 1821; St. Rose began in 1890 as a mission church under the San Miguel Mission St. Timothy 962 Piney Way, Morro Bay St. William's 6410 Santa Lucia Rd, Atascadero Parish dates to 1943; current church dedicated in 1969 Santa Margarita de Cortona 22515 H St, Santa Margarita Parish traces history to the Santa Margarita de Cortona Asistencia established in 1787 Santa Rosa 1174 Main St, Cambria Parish dates to 1871; current church built 1962-1963 Santa Cruz County Name Image Location Description/Notes Christ Child 23230 Summit Rd, Los Gatos Formed in 1966 as a mission of St. Joseph's in Capitola; became an independent parish in 1983 Holy Cross Church 210 High St, Santa Cruz Former Mission Santa Cruz Holy Eucharist 527 Corralitos Rd, Corralitos Our Lady Star of the Sea 515 Frederick St, Santa Cruz Resurrection 7600 Soquel Dr, Aptos Parish tracing its history to 1874 St. John's 120 Russell Ave, Felton Parish dates to 1951 St. Joseph's 435 Monterey Ave, Capitola Parish dates to 1904 St. Michael's 13005 Pine St, Boulder Creek San Agustin 257 Glenwood Drive, Scotts Valley Parish formed 1969 and church built in 1970 Shrine of St. Joseph 544 W Cliff Dr, Santa Cruz References ^ "Region and Vicariate Maps". Archdiocese of Detroit. Retrieved April 15, 2020. ^ "Parish map". Diocese of Monterey. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Carmel Mission Basilica. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". San Carlos Cathedral. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Holy Trinity Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "About". Madonna del Sasso Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad". California Missions Foundation. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "The History of Our Mission". Mission San Antonio Padia. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Brief History". Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Our Lady of Refuge Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Our Lady of Solitude Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History". Sacred Heart Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Parish History". St. Angela Merici. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "A Brief History of Saint Joseph's Catholic Church". Saint Joseph's Catholic Parish. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "St. Jude Catholic Parish". Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". St Mary of the Nativity Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "St Theodore Catholic Church". Facebook. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History". Mission San Juan Bautista. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History". Sacred Heart & St. Benedict's. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Contact". Immaculate Conception Catholic Community. Retrieved December 11, 2022. ^ "History". Mission San Luis Obispo. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "San Miguel Arcángel". California Missions Foundation. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Nativity of Our Lady Catholic Community. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "St. Francis of Assisi". Facebook. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". St. Joseph's Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "About". St. Patrick's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Saint Paul The Apostle Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History". St. Rose of Lima. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Saint Timothy's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Parish History". Saint William's Parish. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Parish History". Santa Rosa Parish. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History of Christ Child". Christ Child Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History of Mission Santa Cruz". Holy Cross Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Holy Eucharist Catholic Community. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Our Lady Star of the Sea Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History of Our Parish". Resurrection Catholic Community. 30 July 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "History". St. John's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Our Parish". St. Joseph's Catholic Community. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Events and History". St. Michael's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Parish History". Catholic Community of San Agustin. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Home page". Shrine of St. Joseph. Retrieved April 19, 2020. vteRoman Catholic churches in CaliforniaCathedrals Annunciation (Stockton) Blessed Sacrament (Sacramento) Christ Cathedral (Garden Grove) Christ the Light (Oakland) Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles) Our Lady of the Rosary (San Bernardino) St. Eugene (Santa Rosa) St. John (Fresno) St. Joseph (San Diego) St. Joseph (San Jose) St. Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco) San Carlos (Monterey) Lists by diocese Archdiocese of Los Angeles Archdiocese of San Francisco Diocese of Fresno Diocese of Monterey Diocese of Oakland Diocese of Orange Diocese of Sacramento Diocese of San Bernardino Diocese of San Jose in California Diocese of San Diego Diocese of Santa Rosa Diocese of Stockton Catholicism portal vteRoman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in CaliforniaOrdinaries Bishop of Two Californias Francisco García Diego y Moreno José Maria González Rubio Bishop of Monterey Joseph Sadoc Alemany Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Bishop of Monterey-Los Angeles Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Francisco Mora y Borrell George Thomas Montgomery Thomas James Conaty John Joseph Cantwell Bishop of Monterey-Fresno John Bernard MacGinley Philip George Scher Aloysius Joseph Willinger Bishop of Monterey in California Harry Anselm Clinch Thaddeus Anthony Shubsda Sylvester Donovan Ryan Richard John Garcia Daniel E. Garcia Churches Cathedral Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo Parishes List of churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa Mission San Miguel Arcángel Holy Cross Church (the former Mission Santa Cruz) Education High schools Mission College Preparatory High School, San Luis Obispo Notre Dame High School, Salinas Palma High School, Salinas Saint Francis Central Coast Catholic High School, Watsonville Santa Catalina School, Monterey Catholicism portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Monterey"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of San Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_San_Carlos_Borromeo_(Monterey,_California)"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Carmel Mission Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo"},{"link_name":"Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Soledad"},{"link_name":"Mission San Antonio de Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Antonio_de_Padua"},{"link_name":"Mission San Juan Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Luis_Obispo_de_Tolosa"},{"link_name":"Mission San Miguel Arcangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Miguel_Arcangel"},{"link_name":"Mission Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This is a list of current and former Roman Catholic churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey. The Archdiocese of Monterey includes the counties of Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Cruz.[1]The churches in the Diocese of Monterey include the Cathedral of San Carlos in Monterey (the oldest stone building and the first cathedral in California) and seven former Spanish Missions: Carmel Mission Basilica; Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad; Mission San Antonio de Padua; Mission San Juan Bautista; Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa; Mission San Miguel Arcangel; and Mission Santa Cruz.[2]","title":"List of churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Monterey County"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"San Benito County"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"San Luis Obispo County"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Santa Cruz County"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Monterey_in_California.svg/80px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Monterey_in_California.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Region and Vicariate Maps\". Archdiocese of Detroit. Retrieved April 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://info.aod.org/hc/en-us/articles/360042242573","url_text":"\"Region and Vicariate Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish map\". Diocese of Monterey. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dioceseofmonterey.org/parishfinder","url_text":"\"Parish map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Carmel Mission Basilica. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://carmelmission.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". San Carlos Cathedral. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sancarloscathedral.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Holy Trinity Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holytrinitygreenfield.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Madonna del Sasso Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdschurch.org/about-us","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad\". California Missions Foundation. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://californiamissionsfoundation.org/mission-la-soledad/","url_text":"\"History of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Our Mission\". Mission San Antonio Padia. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://missionsanantonio.net/","url_text":"\"The History of Our Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief History\". Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ourladycarmelvalley.org/wp/","url_text":"\"Brief History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Our Lady of Refuge Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olorc.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Our Lady of Solitude Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ladyofsolitude.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Sacred Heart Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shsalinas.org/about-sh/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish History\". St. Angela Merici. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stangelamericipacificgrove.org/parish-history","url_text":"\"Parish History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stfxavier.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Saint Joseph's Catholic Church\". Saint Joseph's Catholic Parish. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stjchurch.org/parish-history","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Saint Joseph's Catholic Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Jude Catholic Parish\". Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stjudemarina.org/","url_text":"\"St. Jude Catholic Parish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". St Mary of the Nativity Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stmarysalinas.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Theodore Catholic Church\". Facebook. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Religious-Organization/St-Theodore-Catholic-Church-Gonzales-California-770312033351251/","url_text":"\"St Theodore Catholic Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Mission San Juan Bautista. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://oldmissionsjb.org/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Sacred Heart & St. Benedict's. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://catholichollister.org/parish/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact\". Immaculate Conception Catholic Community. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.immaculateattrespinos.org/contact.php","url_text":"\"Contact\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Mission San Luis Obispo. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://missionsanluisobispo.org/visit/#history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Miguel Arcángel\". California Missions Foundation. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://californiamissionsfoundation.org/mission-san-miguel/","url_text":"\"San Miguel Arcángel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Nativity of Our Lady Catholic Community. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nativityslo.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seasparishlo.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Francis of Assisi\". Facebook. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/St-Francis-of-Assisi-Catholic-Chapel-Mission-Station/777275262406792?rf=133904183318951","url_text":"\"St. Francis of Assisi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". St. Joseph's Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stjosephcayucos.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stjonipomo.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". St. Patrick's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpatsag.org/index.php?id=about","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Saint Paul The Apostle Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stpaulspismobeach.com/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". St. Rose of Lima. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saintrosechurch.org/word/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Saint Timothy's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sttimothymorrobay.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish History\". Saint William's Parish. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stwilliams.org/","url_text":"\"Parish History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish History\". Santa Rosa Parish. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.santarosaparish.org/parish_pages/history.html","url_text":"\"Parish History\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Christ Child\". Christ Child Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://christchild.org/","url_text":"\"History of Christ Child\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Mission Santa Cruz\". Holy Cross Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://holycrosssantacruz.com/mission-santa-cruz/history-of-mission-santa-cruz/","url_text":"\"History of Mission Santa Cruz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Holy Eucharist Catholic Community. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.holyeucharistca.com/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Our Lady Star of the Sea Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourladystar.org/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Our Parish\". Resurrection Catholic Community. 30 July 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://resurrection-aptos.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"History of Our Parish\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". St. John's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stjohnsfelton.org/about/history.php","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Parish\". St. Joseph's Catholic Community. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://saint-josephs.church/","url_text":"\"Our Parish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events and History\". St. Michael's Catholic Church. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.st-michaelschurch.org/whatsnew.htm","url_text":"\"Events and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish History\". Catholic Community of San Agustin. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sanagustin.church/parish-history","url_text":"\"Parish History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Shrine of St. Joseph. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://shrinestjoseph.com/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://info.aod.org/hc/en-us/articles/360042242573","external_links_name":"\"Region and Vicariate Maps\""},{"Link":"https://dioceseofmonterey.org/parishfinder","external_links_name":"\"Parish map\""},{"Link":"https://carmelmission.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://www.sancarloscathedral.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"http://www.holytrinitygreenfield.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://mdschurch.org/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://californiamissionsfoundation.org/mission-la-soledad/","external_links_name":"\"History of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad\""},{"Link":"http://missionsanantonio.net/","external_links_name":"\"The History of Our Mission\""},{"Link":"http://ourladycarmelvalley.org/wp/","external_links_name":"\"Brief History\""},{"Link":"http://www.olorc.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://www.ladyofsolitude.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://www.shsalinas.org/about-sh/history/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://stangelamericipacificgrove.org/parish-history","external_links_name":"\"Parish History\""},{"Link":"http://www.stfxavier.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://stjchurch.org/parish-history","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Saint Joseph's Catholic Church\""},{"Link":"https://stjudemarina.org/","external_links_name":"\"St. Jude Catholic Parish\""},{"Link":"http://www.stmarysalinas.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Religious-Organization/St-Theodore-Catholic-Church-Gonzales-California-770312033351251/","external_links_name":"\"St Theodore Catholic Church\""},{"Link":"http://oldmissionsjb.org/history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://catholichollister.org/parish/history/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.immaculateattrespinos.org/contact.php","external_links_name":"\"Contact\""},{"Link":"https://missionsanluisobispo.org/visit/#history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://californiamissionsfoundation.org/mission-san-miguel/","external_links_name":"\"San Miguel Arcángel\""},{"Link":"https://www.nativityslo.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://www.seasparishlo.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/St-Francis-of-Assisi-Catholic-Chapel-Mission-Station/777275262406792?rf=133904183318951","external_links_name":"\"St. Francis of Assisi\""},{"Link":"http://www.stjosephcayucos.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://stjonipomo.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"http://www.stpatsag.org/index.php?id=about","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.stpaulspismobeach.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"http://www.saintrosechurch.org/word/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://www.sttimothymorrobay.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://www.stwilliams.org/","external_links_name":"\"Parish History\""},{"Link":"https://www.santarosaparish.org/parish_pages/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Parish History\""},{"Link":"https://christchild.org/","external_links_name":"\"History of Christ Child\""},{"Link":"https://holycrosssantacruz.com/mission-santa-cruz/history-of-mission-santa-cruz/","external_links_name":"\"History of Mission Santa Cruz\""},{"Link":"https://www.holyeucharistca.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"http://www.ourladystar.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""},{"Link":"https://resurrection-aptos.org/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"History of Our Parish\""},{"Link":"http://www.stjohnsfelton.org/about/history.php","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://saint-josephs.church/","external_links_name":"\"Our Parish\""},{"Link":"http://www.st-michaelschurch.org/whatsnew.htm","external_links_name":"\"Events and History\""},{"Link":"https://sanagustin.church/parish-history","external_links_name":"\"Parish History\""},{"Link":"https://shrinestjoseph.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home page\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Stellar
Helen Stellar
["1 History","2 Discography","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Helen StellarOriginLos Angeles, CaliforniaGenresIndie pop, shoegaze, alternativeYears active2001 (2001)–present (present)LabelsIndependent, Vinyl FilmsMembersJim Evens, Clif Clehouse, Dustin Robles, Eli LhymnWebsiteHelen Stellar's Official website Helen Stellar are a Los Angeles–based American band. The band members are Jim Evens (vocals and guitar), Clif Clehouse (drums), Dustin Robles (bass), and Eli Lhymn (guitar). Although unsigned, the group has enjoyed considerable radio and soundtrack success with support from tastemakers including DJ Nic Harcourt, and directors Cameron Crowe and Gregg Araki. History Helen Stellar formed in Chicago in 2000 with an original line-up of Jim Evens, Clif Clehouse and Steve Bishop (bass). Evens and Clehouse worked together in a restaurant and Bishop and Evens had been school friends. After starting the band they moved to Madison, Wisconsin, where they focused on developing their music while working part-time jobs. In 2001 they sent their first independent release, The Newton EP, to Nic Harcourt, then host of KCRW's influential radio program Morning Becomes Eclectic. Credited with launching musical acts including Dido and Coldplay in the U.S., Harcourt played songs from The Newton EP on air. After seeing them perform live and in response to their popular reception, Harcourt invited Helen Stellar to play live on his show. The band recorded their second EP Below Radar in Madison in 2002 before buying a bus to tour California. Once on the West Coast the bus broke down. Without enough money to fix the vehicle or return home, Helen Stellar settled in Los Angeles. Steve Bishop left the band and in 2004 Dustin Robles joined as the new bass player. In 2005 Helen Stellar released the EP I’m Naut What I Seem. In 2009 guitarist Eli Lhymn joined the band. An employee at Amoeba Music, Evens promoted Helen Stellar to customers. One of them was a friend of director Cameron Crowe's. Known for using unsigned and unknown artists—including The Smashing Pumpkins—in his soundtracks, Crowe said that finding Helen Stellar through his friend and loving the song “IO” from Below Radar was “probably the most random discovery of any piece of music we’ve used.” In 2005 Crowe added “IO (This Time Around)” to the soundtrack for his film Elizabethtown. There Helen Stellar joined company with musicians including Nancy Wilson, Tom Petty, Elton John, Ryan Adams and My Morning Jacket. “IO (This Time Around)” also appears on soundtracks for the films Henry Poole is Here (2008) and Love Happens (2009). In 2006 Cameron Crowe released songs from Helen Stellar's three EPs along with several unreleased demos on a limited edition vinyl album entitled A Prayer to Myself, through his company Vinyl Films. Independent auteur Gregg Araki, known for his tasteful film soundtracks, featured Helen Stellar in his 2010 film Kaboom which won the first Queer Palm award at the Cannes Film Festival. In the film the band appear singing “Our Secrets” from the I’m Naut What I Seem EP and the song appears on the film's largely shoegazer soundtrack alongside music by bands including Interpol and The Jesus and Mary Chain. Helen Stellar were central to creating the tone of the film. As Araki told The Guardian: “I write with music playing all the time, it's integral to the atmosphere and spirit of my movies." During a brief band hiatus in 2008, Jim Evens worked on a side project. Under the name Jim, Son Of James, he released an EP called The Disappearing Twin. Helen Stellar released their first full-length album If The Stars Could Speak, They Would Have Your Voice in 2010. “The Disappearing Twin” from this album also appears in Araki's film Kaboom. Discography "Pop Song," single (2001) The Newton EP, EP (2002) Below Radar, EP (2003) I'm Naut What I Seem, EP (2005) A Prayer To Myself, Double LP, limited edition (2006) A Prayer To Myself, CD, limited edition (2006) If The Stars Could Speak, They Would Have Your Voice (2010) References ^ a b McGuire, Matt (9 October 2005). "Chicago's Helen Stellar wins 'Elizabethtown' spot". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ Nolta, Brandon (July 20, 2005). "I'm Naut What I Seem: Helen Stellar". Boise Weekly. Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ Reynolds, Rachel (2 March 2010). "The Return of Helen Stellar". Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ Bronson, Kevin (December 8, 2005). "Buzz Bands". Los Angeles Times. ^ Shimoda, Yuri (2005-09-27). "Helen Stellar: Naut Your Average Band". Campus Circle. Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ Reynolds, Rachel (2 March 2010). "The Return of Helen Stellar". KCRW. Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ Tsiokos, Basil (23 May 2010). "UPDATE: "Kaboom" Claims First Queer Palm". Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ Beckett, Warren. "Gregg Araki's "Kaboom"". Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ O'Neill, Phelim (6 August 2011). "Gregg Araki's films are giving the US a crash course in shoegazing". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2012. Further reading “Crowe Gives New Bands a Boost on Film Soundtrack,” World Entertainment News Network, 26 August 2005. Beckett, Warren. “Gregg Araki’s “Kaboom,” BitchBuzz.com, 1 Nov 2010, http://culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR. Bronson, Kevin. “Buzz Bands,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 2005. Bronson, Kevin. “Buzz Bands,” Los Angeles Times, May 13, 2004. McGuire, Matt. "Chicago's Helen Stellar wins 'Elizabethtown' spot," Chicago Tribune, 9 October 2005, pp. 7, 14. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home Kassulke, Natasha. “CD Review; Helen Stellar, "Newton,"” Wisconsin State Journal, 4 October 2001. Kassulke, Natasha. “L.A.-Bound Helen Stellar Lights Up Crystal First,” Wisconsin State Journal, 21 March 2002. Nolta, Brandon. “I'm Naut What I Seem: Helen Stellar,” Boise Weekly, July 20, 2005, http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199 O’Neill, Phelim, “Gregg Araki’s films are giving the US a crash course in shoegazing,” The Guardian, 6 August 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing. Reynolds, Rachel. “The Return of Helen Stellar.” KCRW.com, March 2, 2010, http://blogs.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/. Shimoda, Yuri. "Helen Stellar: Naut Your Average Band," Campus Circle, 9/27/2005, http://www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480 Tskiokos, Basil. “Update: “Kaboom” Claims First Queer Palm,” IndieWire.com, May 23, 2010, http://www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Helen Stellar. Official website Helen Stellar's official MySpace page Helen Stellar's official Facebook page Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nic Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"Cameron Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Crowe"},{"link_name":"Gregg Araki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Araki"}],"text":"Helen Stellar are a Los Angeles–based American band. The band members are Jim Evens (vocals and guitar), Clif Clehouse (drums), Dustin Robles (bass), and Eli Lhymn (guitar). Although unsigned, the group has enjoyed considerable radio and soundtrack success with support from tastemakers including DJ Nic Harcourt, and directors Cameron Crowe and Gregg Araki.","title":"Helen Stellar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Newton EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Discography"},{"link_name":"Nic Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"KCRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCRW"},{"link_name":"Morning Becomes Eclectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Becomes_Eclectic"},{"link_name":"Dido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Coldplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"},{"link_name":"Below Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Discography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune-1"},{"link_name":"I’m Naut What I Seem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Discography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amoeba Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba_Music"},{"link_name":"Cameron Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Crowe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Smashing Pumpkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune-1"},{"link_name":"Elizabethtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethtown_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"My Morning Jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket"},{"link_name":"Henry Poole is Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Poole_is_Here"},{"link_name":"Love Happens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Happens_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCRW-6"},{"link_name":"Gregg Araki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Araki"},{"link_name":"Kaboom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboom_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndieWire-7"},{"link_name":"shoegazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegazer"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Jesus and Mary Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_and_Mary_Chain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BitchBuzz-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-9"},{"link_name":"If The Stars Could Speak, They Would Have Your Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Discography"},{"link_name":"Kaboom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboom_(film)"}],"text":"Helen Stellar formed in Chicago in 2000 with an original line-up of Jim Evens, Clif Clehouse and Steve Bishop (bass). Evens and Clehouse worked together in a restaurant and Bishop and Evens had been school friends. After starting the band they moved to Madison, Wisconsin, where they focused on developing their music while working part-time jobs. In 2001 they sent their first independent release, The Newton EP, to Nic Harcourt, then host of KCRW's influential radio program Morning Becomes Eclectic. Credited with launching musical acts including Dido and Coldplay in the U.S., Harcourt played songs from The Newton EP on air. After seeing them perform live and in response to their popular reception, Harcourt invited Helen Stellar to play live on his show. The band recorded their second EP Below Radar in Madison in 2002 before buying a bus to tour California. Once on the West Coast the bus broke down. Without enough money to fix the vehicle or return home, Helen Stellar settled in Los Angeles. Steve Bishop left the band and in 2004 Dustin Robles joined as the new bass player.[1] In 2005 Helen Stellar released the EP I’m Naut What I Seem.[2] In 2009 guitarist Eli Lhymn joined the band.[3]An employee at Amoeba Music, Evens promoted Helen Stellar to customers. One of them was a friend of director Cameron Crowe's.[4][5] Known for using unsigned and unknown artists—including The Smashing Pumpkins—in his soundtracks, Crowe said that finding Helen Stellar through his friend and loving the song “IO” from Below Radar was “probably the most random discovery of any piece of music we’ve used.”[1] In 2005 Crowe added “IO (This Time Around)” to the soundtrack for his film Elizabethtown. There Helen Stellar joined company with musicians including Nancy Wilson, Tom Petty, Elton John, Ryan Adams and My Morning Jacket. “IO (This Time Around)” also appears on soundtracks for the films Henry Poole is Here (2008) and Love Happens (2009).In 2006 Cameron Crowe released songs from Helen Stellar's three EPs along with several unreleased demos on a limited edition vinyl album entitled A Prayer to Myself, through his company Vinyl Films.[6]Independent auteur Gregg Araki, known for his tasteful film soundtracks, featured Helen Stellar in his 2010 film Kaboom which won the first Queer Palm award at the Cannes Film Festival.[7] In the film the band appear singing “Our Secrets” from the I’m Naut What I Seem EP and the song appears on the film's largely shoegazer soundtrack alongside music by bands including Interpol and The Jesus and Mary Chain.[8] Helen Stellar were central to creating the tone of the film. As Araki told The Guardian: “I write with music playing all the time, it's integral to the atmosphere and spirit of my movies.\"[9]During a brief band hiatus in 2008, Jim Evens worked on a side project. Under the name Jim, Son Of James, he released an EP called The Disappearing Twin.Helen Stellar released their first full-length album If The Stars Could Speak, They Would Have Your Voice in 2010. “The Disappearing Twin” from this album also appears in Araki's film Kaboom.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Below Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_Radar"}],"text":"\"Pop Song,\" single (2001)\nThe Newton EP, EP (2002)\nBelow Radar, EP (2003)\nI'm Naut What I Seem, EP (2005)\nA Prayer To Myself, Double LP, limited edition (2006)\nA Prayer To Myself, CD, limited edition (2006)\nIf The Stars Could Speak, They Would Have Your Voice (2010)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR"},{"link_name":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home"},{"link_name":"http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199"},{"link_name":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing"},{"link_name":"http://blogs.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/"},{"link_name":"http://www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480"},{"link_name":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm"}],"text":"“Crowe Gives New Bands a Boost on Film Soundtrack,” World Entertainment News Network, 26 August 2005.\nBeckett, Warren. “Gregg Araki’s “Kaboom,” BitchBuzz.com, 1 Nov 2010, http://culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR.\nBronson, Kevin. “Buzz Bands,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 2005.\nBronson, Kevin. “Buzz Bands,” Los Angeles Times, May 13, 2004.\nMcGuire, Matt. \"Chicago's Helen Stellar wins 'Elizabethtown' spot,\" Chicago Tribune, 9 October 2005, pp. 7, 14. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home\nKassulke, Natasha. “CD Review; Helen Stellar, \"Newton,\"” Wisconsin State Journal, 4 October 2001.\nKassulke, Natasha. “L.A.-Bound Helen Stellar Lights Up Crystal First,” Wisconsin State Journal, 21 March 2002.\nNolta, Brandon. “I'm Naut What I Seem: Helen Stellar,” Boise Weekly, July 20, 2005, http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199\nO’Neill, Phelim, “Gregg Araki’s films are giving the US a crash course in shoegazing,” The Guardian, 6 August 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing.\nReynolds, Rachel. “The Return of Helen Stellar.” KCRW.com, March 2, 2010, http://blogs.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/.\nShimoda, Yuri. \"Helen Stellar: Naut Your Average Band,\" Campus Circle, 9/27/2005, http://www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480\nTskiokos, Basil. “Update: “Kaboom” Claims First Queer Palm,” IndieWire.com, May 23, 2010, http://www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"McGuire, Matt (9 October 2005). \"Chicago's Helen Stellar wins 'Elizabethtown' spot\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home","url_text":"\"Chicago's Helen Stellar wins 'Elizabethtown' spot\""}]},{"reference":"Nolta, Brandon (July 20, 2005). \"I'm Naut What I Seem: Helen Stellar\". Boise Weekly. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199","url_text":"\"I'm Naut What I Seem: Helen Stellar\""}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Rachel (2 March 2010). \"The Return of Helen Stellar\". Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://newmedia.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/","url_text":"\"The Return of Helen Stellar\""}]},{"reference":"Bronson, Kevin (December 8, 2005). \"Buzz Bands\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shimoda, Yuri (2005-09-27). \"Helen Stellar: Naut Your Average Band\". Campus Circle. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480","url_text":"\"Helen Stellar: Naut Your Average Band\""}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Rachel (2 March 2010). \"The Return of Helen Stellar\". KCRW. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://newmedia.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/","url_text":"\"The Return of Helen Stellar\""}]},{"reference":"Tsiokos, Basil (23 May 2010). \"UPDATE: \"Kaboom\" Claims First Queer Palm\". Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm","url_text":"\"UPDATE: \"Kaboom\" Claims First Queer Palm\""}]},{"reference":"Beckett, Warren. \"Gregg Araki's \"Kaboom\"\". Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR","url_text":"\"Gregg Araki's \"Kaboom\"\""}]},{"reference":"O'Neill, Phelim (6 August 2011). \"Gregg Araki's films are giving the US a crash course in shoegazing\". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing","url_text":"\"Gregg Araki's films are giving the US a crash course in shoegazing\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://helenstellar.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home","external_links_name":"\"Chicago's Helen Stellar wins 'Elizabethtown' spot\""},{"Link":"http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199","external_links_name":"\"I'm Naut What I Seem: Helen Stellar\""},{"Link":"http://newmedia.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/","external_links_name":"\"The Return of Helen Stellar\""},{"Link":"http://www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480","external_links_name":"\"Helen Stellar: Naut Your Average Band\""},{"Link":"http://newmedia.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/","external_links_name":"\"The Return of Helen Stellar\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE: \"Kaboom\" Claims First Queer Palm\""},{"Link":"http://culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR","external_links_name":"\"Gregg Araki's \"Kaboom\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing","external_links_name":"\"Gregg Araki's films are giving the US a crash course in shoegazing\""},{"Link":"http://culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR","external_links_name":"http://culture.bitchbuzz.com/bitchbuzz-review-gregg-arakis-kaboom.html#ixzz1l0Yb1lPR"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home","external_links_name":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-10-09/news/0510090520_1_band-evens-chicago-home"},{"Link":"http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199","external_links_name":"http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/im-naut-what-i-seem-helen-stellar/Content?oid=923199"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing","external_links_name":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/06/gregg-araki-kaboom-shoegazing"},{"Link":"http://blogs.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/","external_links_name":"http://blogs.kcrw.com/musicnews/2010/03/the-return-of-helen-stellar/"},{"Link":"http://www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480","external_links_name":"http://www.campuscircle.com/review.cfm?r=1480"},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm","external_links_name":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/kaboom_claims_first_queer_palm"},{"Link":"http://helenstellar.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/helenstellar","external_links_name":"Helen Stellar's official MySpace page"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/helenstellar","external_links_name":"Helen Stellar's official Facebook page"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7881998c-e00a-4d80-89c9-42515450c0ee","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_8th_constituency
Gironde's 8th constituency
["1 Election results","1.1 2022","1.2 2017","1.3 2012","1.4 2008 by-election","1.5 2007","1.6 2002","1.7 1997","2 Sources"]
Constituency of the National Assembly of France 8th constituency of GirondeinlineConstituency of the National Assembly of FranceLocation of constituency in DepartmentLocation of Gironde in FranceDeputySophie PanonacleREDepartmentGirondeCantons(pre-2015) Arcachon, Audenge, Bazas, Belin-Béliet, Captieux, Grignols, Saint-Symphorien, La Teste-de-Buch, Villandraut. Politics of France Political parties Elections Previous Next The 8th constituency of the Gironde (French: Huitième circonscription de la Gironde) is a French legislative constituency in Gironde département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round. Election Member Party 1988 Robert Cazalet UDF 1993 1997 François Deluga PS 2002 Marie-Hélène des Esgaulx UMP 2007 2008 François Deluga PS 2012 Yves Foulon UMP 2017 Sophie Panonacle LREM 2022 RE Election results 2022 Legislative Election 2022: Gironde's 8th constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% LREM (Ensemble) Sophie Panonacle 20,943 35.02 -5.36 RN Laurent Lamara 11,798 19.73 +9.17 PCF (NUPÉS) Marylène Faure 11,269 18.84 -1.00 LR (UDC) Marc Morin 5,964 9.97 -14.02 REC Alexane Isnard 3,420 5.72 N/A DVG Alain Chauteau 2,211 3.70 N/A Others N/A 4,203 Turnout 59,808 50.81 -0.71 2nd round result LREM (Ensemble) Sophie Panonacle 31,442 60.00 +0.25 RN Laurent Lamara 20,965 40.00 -0.25 Turnout 52,407 47.90 +2.75 LREM hold 2017 Candidate Label First round Second round Votes % Votes % Sophie Panonacle REM 22,337 40.38 26,713 59.75 Yves Foulon LR 13,271 23.99 17,997 40.25 Laurent Lamara FN 5,841 10.56 Cécile Coti FI 5,692 10.29 Pierre Pradayrol PS 2,879 5.20 Nicolas Dubot ECO 1,983 3.58 Anny Bey DVD 1,316 2.38 Sophie Le Page DLF 1,047 1.89 Danielle Trannoy PCF 428 0.77 Fabienne Coulais DIV 304 0.55 Solange Texier EXG 219 0.40 Votes 55,317 100.00 44,710 100.00 Valid votes 55,317 98.46 44,710 90.80 Blank votes 617 1.10 3,145 6.39 Null votes 251 0.45 1,385 2.81 Turnout 56,185 51.52 49,240 45.15 Abstentions 52,880 48.48 59,820 54.85 Registered voters 109,065 109,060 Source: Ministry of the Interior 2012 2012 legislative election in Gironde's 8th constituency Candidate Party First round Second round Votes % Votes % Yves Foulon UMP 22,217 38.07% 30,043 51.10% Nathalie Le Yondre PS 21,036 36.05% 28,750 48.90% Lydie Croizier FN 6,282 10.76% Alain Rigolet DVD 2,503 4.29% Vital Baude EELV 2,133 3.65% Mélisande Elias FG 1,998 3.42% Jean-Louis Apecarena MRC 430 0.74% Elisabeth Rezer-Sandillon Cap 21 391 0.67% Christian Meynard AEI 382 0.65% France Sibert DLR 359 0.62% Monique Nicolas NPA 254 0.44% Marie-Elise Lorblancher PCD 211 0.36% Solange Texier LO 164 0.28% Valid votes 58,360 98.56% 58,793 97.02% Spoilt and null votes 855 1.44% 1,807 2.98% Votes cast / turnout 59,215 60.53% 60,600 61.94% Abstentions 38,616 39.47% 37,231 38.06% Registered voters 97,831 100.00% 97,831 100.00% 2008 by-election 2008 by-election: Gironde's 8th constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% PS François Deluga 19,884 43.80 UMP Yves Foulon 18,603 41.00 DIV Emmanuel Perrin 1,717 3.80 DIV Jacques Courmontagne 1,621 3.60 Far left Monique Nicolas 1,461 3.20 PCF Christian Darriet 1,048 2.30 FN Lydie Croizier 1,047 2.30 Others N/A 33 Turnout 46,449 38.80 2nd round result PS François Deluga 27,370 54.30 UMP Yves Foulon 23,054 45.70 Turnout 51,968 43.40 PS gain from UMP 2007 Legislative Election 2007: Gironde's 8th constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% UMP Marie-Hélène des Esgaulx 36,538 47.55 PS François Deluga 24,207 31.50 MoDem Sophie Mette 5,272 6.86 FN Lydie Croizier 2,119 2.76 CPNT Philippe Sebie 1,997 2.60 LV Elisabeth Rezer Sandillon 1,961 2.55 Far left Monique Nicolas 1,539 2.00 Others N/A 3,205 Turnout 77,885 65.25 2nd round result UMP Marie-Hélène des Esgaulx 40,852 54.13 PS François Deluga 34,614 45.87 Turnout 77,487 64.92 UMP hold 2002 Legislative Election 2002: Gironde's 8th constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% PS François Deluga 22,736 31.77 UMP Marie-Hélène des Esgaulx 19,234 26.88 DVD Yves Foulon 11,400 15.93 FN Colette Calichon 6,630 9.27 CPNT Victor Alcaraz 3,719 5.20 LV Michel Daverat 1,600 2.24 Others N/A 6,236 Turnout 72,745 68.86 2nd round result UMP Marie-Hélène des Esgaulx 34,982 52.52 PS François Deluga 31,627 47.48 Turnout 69,023 65.34 UMP gain from PS 1997 Legislative Election 1997: Gironde's 8th constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% PS François Deluga 20,505 33.06 UDF Robert Cazalet 15,355 24.76 UDF Claude Espied* 8,612 13.89 FN Colette Monier 7,796 12.57 PCF Pierre Cléaz 4,021 6.48 DVD Jack Hennequin 1,939 3.13 Others N/A 3,792 Turnout 65,391 70.79 2nd round result PS François Deluga 33,894 51.94 UDF Robert Cazalet 31,368 48.06 Turnout 68,973 74.67 PS gain from UDF * UDF dissident Sources ^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Gironde". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2017" (in French). Ministry of the Interior. ^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2012" (in French). Ministry of the Interior. ^ Byelection result on French Interior Ministry website vteConstituencies of the French National Assembly (2012–present)Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Ain 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Allier 1st 2nd 3rd Ardèche 1st 2nd 3rd Cantal 1st 2nd Drôme 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Haute-Loire 1st 2nd Haute-Savoie 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Isère 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Puy-de-Dôme 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Rhône 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Savoie 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Côte-d'Or 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Doubs 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Haute-Saône 1st 2nd Jura 1st 2nd 3rd Nièvre 1st 2nd Saône-et-Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Territoire de Belfort 1st 2nd Yonne 1st 2nd 3rd Brittany Cotes-d'Armor 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Finistère 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Ille-et-Vilaine 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Morbihan 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Centre-Val de Loire Cher 1st 2nd 3rd Eure-et-Loir 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Indre 1st 2nd Indre-et-Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Loir-et-Cher 1st 2nd 3rd Loiret 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Corsica Corse-du-Sud 1st 2nd Haute-Corse 1st 2nd Grand Est Ardennes 1st 2nd 3rd Aube 1st 2nd 3rd Bas-Rhin 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Haute-Marne 1st 2nd Haut-Rhin 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Marne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Meurthe-et-Moselle 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Meuse 1st 2nd Moselle 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Vosges 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Hauts-de-France Aisne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Nord 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Oise 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Pas-de-Calais 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Somme 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Île-de-France Essonne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Hauts-de-Seine 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th Paris 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th Seine-et-Marne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Seine-Saint-Denis 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Val-d'Oise 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Val-de-Marne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Yvelines 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Normandy Eure 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Calvados 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Manche 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Orne 1st 2nd 3rd Seine-Maritime 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Nouvelle-Aquitaine Charente 1st 2nd 3rd Charente-Maritime 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Corrèze 1st 2nd Creuse Deux-Sèvres 1st 2nd 3rd Dordogne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Gironde 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Haute-Vienne 1st 2nd 3rd Landes 1st 2nd 3rd Lot-et-Garonne 1st 2nd 3rd Pyrénées-Atlantiques 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Vienne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Occitanie‎ Ariège 1st 2nd Aude 1st 2nd 3rd Aveyron 1st 2nd 3rd Gard 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Gers 1st 2nd Haute-Garonne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Hautes-Pyrénées 1st 2nd Hérault 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Lot 1st 2nd Lozère Pyrénées-Orientales 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Tarn 1st 2nd 3rd Tarn-et-Garonne 1st 2nd Pays de la Loire Loire-Atlantique 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Maine-et-Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Mayenne 1st 2nd 3rd Sarthe 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Vendée 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 1st 2nd Alpes-Maritimes 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Bouches-du-Rhône 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th Hautes-Alpes 1st 2nd Var 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Vaucluse 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Overseas French Guiana 1st 2nd French Polynesia 1st 2nd 3rd Guadeloupe 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Martinique 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Mayotte 1st 2nd New Caledonia 1st 2nd Réunion 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin 1st Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon 1st Wallis and Futuna 1st Overseas citizens 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Abolished constituencies (2010 redistricting) Allier 4th Charente 4th Creuse 1st 2nd Deux-Sèvres 4th Haute-Saône 3rd Hautes-Pyrénées 3rd Haute-Vienne 4th Haut-Rhin 7th Indre 3rd Loire 7th Lozère 1st 2nd Manche 5th Marne 6th Meurthe-et-Moselle 7th Moselle 10th Nièvre 3rd Nord 22nd 23rd 24th Paris 19th 20th 21st Pas-de-Calais 13th 14th Puy-de-Dôme 6th Saône-et-Loire 6th Seine-Maritime 11th 12th Seine-Saint-Denis 13th Somme 6th Tarn 4th Val-de-Marne 12th vteConstituencies Gironde (12) Gironde's 1st Gironde's 2nd Gironde's 3rd Gironde's 4th Gironde's 5th Gironde's 6th Gironde's 7th Gironde's 8th Gironde's 9th Gironde's 10th Gironde's 11th Gironde's 12th
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gironde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_(France)"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"}],"text":"The 8th constituency of the Gironde (French: Huitième circonscription de la Gironde) is a French legislative constituency in Gironde département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.","title":"Gironde's 8th constituency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"[1]","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008 by-election","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2007","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2002","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1997","text":"* UDF dissident","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Gironde\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/nouvelle-aquitaine/gironde/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2017int_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__legislatives-2017/(path)/legislatives-2017/033/03308.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2012int_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2012\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__LG2012/(path)/LG2012/033/03308.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Byelection result on French Interior Ministry website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/elections/resultats/elections-legislatives/2008/gironde-8eme-circonscription/downloadFile/file/33_leg_par_Gironde_T1_T2.pdf?nocache=1228204920.34"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:French_National_Assembly_constituencies"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:French_National_Assembly_constituencies"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_National_Assembly_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France"},{"link_name":"French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allier%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allier%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allier%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantal%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantal%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Loire%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Loire%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_13th_constituency"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_14th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoie%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubs%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubs%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubs%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubs%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubs%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotes-d%27Armor%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotes-d%27Armor%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotes-d%27Armor%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotes-d%27Armor%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotes-d%27Armor%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre-et-Loire%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loir-et-Cher%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loir-et-Cher%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loir-et-Cher%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiret%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corse-du-Sud%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corse-du-Sud%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Corse%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Corse%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aube%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aube%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aube%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Marne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Marne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_13th_constituency"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_14th_constituency"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_15th_constituency"},{"link_name":"16th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_16th_constituency"},{"link_name":"17th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_17th_constituency"},{"link_name":"18th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_18th_constituency"},{"link_name":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_19th_constituency"},{"link_name":"20th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_20th_constituency"},{"link_name":"21st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_21st_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine%27s_13th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_13th_constituency"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_14th_constituency"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_15th_constituency"},{"link_name":"16th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_16th_constituency"},{"link_name":"17th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_17th_constituency"},{"link_name":"18th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_18th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente-Maritime%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente-Maritime%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente-Maritime%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente-Maritime%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente-Maritime%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"Creuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creuse%27s_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Vienne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Vienne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Vienne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landes%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landes%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landes%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyron%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyron%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyron%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gers%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gers%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"Lozère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re%27s_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine-et-Loire%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarthe%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarthe%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarthe%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarthe%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarthe%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_12th_constituency"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_13th_constituency"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_14th_constituency"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_15th_constituency"},{"link_name":"16th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne%27s_16th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Alpes%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Alpes%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%27s_8th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucluse%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_and_Saint-Martin%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_constituency_for_French_residents_overseas"},{"link_name":"2010 redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_redistricting_of_French_legislative_constituencies"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allier%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creuse%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creuse%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne%27s_3rd_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es%27s_3rd_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haute-Vienne%27s_4th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indre%27s_3rd_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loire%27s_7th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marne%27s_6th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meurthe-et-Moselle%27s_7th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moselle%27s_10th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"22nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_22nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"23rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_23rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"24th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%27s_24th_constituency"},{"link_name":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_19th_constituency"},{"link_name":"20th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_20th_constituency"},{"link_name":"21st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%27s_21st_constituency"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27_13th_constituency"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais%27_14th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seine-Maritime%27s_11th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seine-Maritime%27s_12th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seine-Saint-Denis%27s_13th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somme%27s_6th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarn%27s_4th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Val-de-Marne%27s_12th_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_Gironde"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Constituencies_in_Gironde"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constituencies_in_Gironde"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_1st_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_2nd_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_4th_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_5th_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_6th_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_7th_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_9th_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_10th_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_11th_constituency"},{"link_name":"Gironde's 12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde%27s_12th_constituency"}],"text":"^ \"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Gironde\". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 September 2022.\n\n^ \"Résultats des élections législatives 2017\" [Results of 2017 Legislative Election] (in French). Ministry of the Interior.\n\n^ \"Résultats des élections législatives 2012\" [Results of 2012 Legislative Election] (in French). Ministry of the Interior.\n\n^ Byelection result on French Interior Ministry websitevteConstituencies of the French National Assembly (2012–present)Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes\nAin\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nAllier\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nArdèche\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nCantal\n1st\n2nd\nDrôme\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nHaute-Loire\n1st\n2nd\nHaute-Savoie\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nIsère\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nLoire\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nPuy-de-Dôme\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nRhône\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\nSavoie\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nBourgogne-Franche-Comté\nCôte-d'Or\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nDoubs\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nHaute-Saône\n1st\n2nd\nJura\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nNièvre\n1st\n2nd\nSaône-et-Loire\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nTerritoire de Belfort\n1st\n2nd\nYonne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nBrittany\nCotes-d'Armor\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nFinistère\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\nIlle-et-Vilaine\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\nMorbihan\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nCentre-Val de Loire\nCher\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nEure-et-Loir\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nIndre\n1st\n2nd\nIndre-et-Loire\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nLoir-et-Cher\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nLoiret\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nCorsica\nCorse-du-Sud\n1st\n2nd\nHaute-Corse\n1st\n2nd\nGrand Est\nArdennes\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nAube\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nBas-Rhin\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\nHaute-Marne\n1st\n2nd\nHaut-Rhin\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nMarne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nMeurthe-et-Moselle\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nMeuse\n1st\n2nd\nMoselle\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\nVosges\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nHauts-de-France\nAisne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nNord\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\n15th\n16th\n17th\n18th\n19th\n20th\n21st\nOise\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\nPas-de-Calais\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\nSomme\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nÎle-de-France\nEssonne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nHauts-de-Seine\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\nParis\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\n15th\n16th\n17th\n18th\nSeine-et-Marne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\nSeine-Saint-Denis\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\nVal-d'Oise\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nVal-de-Marne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\nYvelines\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\nNormandy\nEure\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nCalvados\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nManche\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nOrne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nSeine-Maritime\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nNouvelle-Aquitaine\nCharente\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nCharente-Maritime\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nCorrèze\n1st\n2nd\nCreuse\nDeux-Sèvres\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nDordogne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nGironde\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\nHaute-Vienne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nLandes\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nLot-et-Garonne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nPyrénées-Atlantiques\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nVienne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nOccitanie‎\nAriège\n1st\n2nd\nAude\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nAveyron\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nGard\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\nGers\n1st\n2nd\nHaute-Garonne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nHautes-Pyrénées\n1st\n2nd\nHérault\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\nLot\n1st\n2nd\nLozère\nPyrénées-Orientales\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nTarn\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nTarn-et-Garonne\n1st\n2nd\nPays de la Loire\nLoire-Atlantique\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\nMaine-et-Loire\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\nMayenne\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nSarthe\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nVendée\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur\nAlpes-de-Haute-Provence\n1st\n2nd\nAlpes-Maritimes\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\nBouches-du-Rhône\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\n12th\n13th\n14th\n15th\n16th\nHautes-Alpes\n1st\n2nd\nVar\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\nVaucluse\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\nOverseas\nFrench Guiana\n1st\n2nd\nFrench Polynesia\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\nGuadeloupe\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nMartinique\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\nMayotte\n1st\n2nd\nNew Caledonia\n1st\n2nd\nRéunion\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\nSaint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin\n1st\nSaint-Pierre-et-Miquelon\n1st\nWallis and Futuna\n1st\nOverseas citizens\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\n10th\n11th\nAbolished constituencies (2010 redistricting)\nAllier\n4th\nCharente\n4th\nCreuse\n1st\n2nd\nDeux-Sèvres\n4th\nHaute-Saône\n3rd\nHautes-Pyrénées\n3rd\nHaute-Vienne\n4th\nHaut-Rhin\n7th\nIndre\n3rd\nLoire\n7th\nLozère\n1st\n2nd\nManche\n5th\nMarne\n6th\nMeurthe-et-Moselle\n7th\nMoselle\n10th\nNièvre\n3rd\nNord\n22nd\n23rd\n24th\nParis\n19th\n20th\n21st\nPas-de-Calais\n13th\n14th\nPuy-de-Dôme\n6th\nSaône-et-Loire\n6th\nSeine-Maritime\n11th\n12th\nSeine-Saint-Denis\n13th\nSomme\n6th\nTarn\n4th\nVal-de-Marne\n12thvteConstituencies Gironde (12)\nGironde's 1st\nGironde's 2nd\nGironde's 3rd\nGironde's 4th\nGironde's 5th\nGironde's 6th\nGironde's 7th\nGironde's 8th\nGironde's 9th\nGironde's 10th\nGironde's 11th\nGironde's 12th","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"inline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/50px-Flag_of_France.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Gironde\". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/nouvelle-aquitaine/gironde/","url_text":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Gironde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2017\" [Results of 2017 Legislative Election] (in French). Ministry of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__legislatives-2017/(path)/legislatives-2017/033/03308.html","url_text":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2012\" [Results of 2012 Legislative Election] (in French). Ministry of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__LG2012/(path)/LG2012/033/03308.html","url_text":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2012\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/nouvelle-aquitaine/gironde/","external_links_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Gironde\""},{"Link":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__legislatives-2017/(path)/legislatives-2017/033/03308.html","external_links_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__LG2012/(path)/LG2012/033/03308.html","external_links_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/elections/resultats/elections-legislatives/2008/gironde-8eme-circonscription/downloadFile/file/33_leg_par_Gironde_T1_T2.pdf?nocache=1228204920.34","external_links_name":"Byelection result on French Interior Ministry website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraver
Engraving
["1 Terms","2 Process","2.1 Tools and gravers or burins","2.2 Tool geometry","2.3 Tool sharpening","2.4 Artwork design","2.5 Handpieces","2.6 Cutting the surface","2.7 Finishing","2.8 Modern hand engraving","2.9 Machine engraving","2.10 Computer-aided machine engraving","3 History","3.1 Music engraving","4 Applications today","5 Creating tone","6 Biblical references","7 Noted engravers","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Incising designs by cutting into a surface For the art of music notation, see Music engraving. For the music albums, see Engravings (album) and Engrave (album). St. Jerome in His Study (1514), engraving by Northern Renaissance master Albrecht Dürer Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing images on paper as prints or illustrations; these images are also called "engravings". Engraving is one of the oldest and most important techniques in printmaking. Wood engraving is a form of relief printing and is not covered in this article, same with rock engravings like petroglyphs. Engraving was a historically important method of producing images on paper in artistic printmaking, in mapmaking, and also for commercial reproductions and illustrations for books and magazines. It has long been replaced by various photographic processes in its commercial applications and, partly because of the difficulty of learning the technique, is much less common in printmaking, where it has been largely replaced by etching and other techniques. "Engraving" is loosely but incorrectly used for any old black and white print; it requires a degree of expertise to distinguish engravings from prints using other techniques such as etching in particular, but also mezzotint and other techniques. Many old master prints also combine techniques on the same plate, further confusing matters. Line engraving and steel engraving cover use for reproductive prints, illustrations in books and magazines, and similar uses, mostly in the 19th century, and often not actually using engraving. Traditional engraving, by burin or with the use of machines, continues to be practised by goldsmiths, glass engravers, gunsmiths and others, while modern industrial techniques such as photoengraving and laser engraving have many important applications. Engraved gems were an important art in the ancient world, revived at the Renaissance, although the term traditionally covers relief as well as intaglio carvings, and is essentially a branch of sculpture rather than engraving, as drills were the usual tools. Terms Ecce Homo by Jan Norblin, original print (left) and copper plate (right) with composition reversed (National Museum in Warsaw) Other terms often used for printed engravings are copper engraving, copper-plate engraving or line engraving. Steel engraving is the same technique, on steel or steel-faced plates, and was mostly used for banknotes, illustrations for books, magazines and reproductive prints, letterheads and similar uses from about 1790 to the early 20th century, when the technique became less popular, except for banknotes and other forms of security printing. Especially in the past, "engraving" was often used very loosely to cover several printmaking techniques, so that many so-called engravings were in fact produced by totally different techniques, such as etching or mezzotint. "Hand engraving" is a term sometimes used for engraving objects other than printing plates, to inscribe or decorate jewellery, firearms, trophies, knives and other fine metal goods. Traditional engravings in printmaking are also "hand engraved", using just the same techniques to make the lines in the plate. Process This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Artist and engraver Chaim Goldberg at work Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin, or graver, to cut the design into the surface, most traditionally a copper plate. However, modern hand engraving artists use burins or gravers to cut a variety of metals such as silver, nickel, steel, brass, gold, and titanium, in applications ranging from weaponry to jewellery to motorcycles to found objects. Modern professional engravers can engrave with a resolution of up to 40 lines per mm in high grade work creating game scenes and scrollwork. Dies used in mass production of molded parts are sometimes hand engraved to add special touches or certain information such as part numbers. In addition to hand engraving, there are engraving machines that require less human finesse and are not directly controlled by hand. They are usually used for lettering, using a pantographic system. There are versions for the insides of rings and also the outsides of larger pieces. Such machines are commonly used for inscriptions on rings, lockets and presentation pieces. Tools and gravers or burins An assortment of hand engraving toolsGravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. The angle tint tool has a slightly curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines incised into them, used to do fill work on larger areas or to create uniform shade lines that are fast to execute. Ring gravers are made with particular shapes that are used by jewelry engravers in order to cut inscriptions inside rings. Flat gravers are used for fill work on letters, as well as "wriggle" cuts on most musical instrument engraving work, remove background, or create bright cuts. Knife gravers are for line engraving and very deep cuts. Round gravers, and flat gravers with a radius, are commonly used on silver to create bright cuts (also called bright-cut engraving), as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. Square or V-point gravers are typically square or elongated diamond-shaped and used for cutting straight lines. V-point can be anywhere from 60 to 130 degrees, depending on purpose and effect. These gravers have very small cutting points. Other tools such as mezzotint rockers, roulets and burnishers are used for texturing effects. Burnishing tools can also be used for certain stone setting techniques.Stone engravingMusical instrument engraving on American-made brass instruments flourished in the 1920s and utilizes a specialized engraving technique where a flat graver is "walked" across the surface of the instrument to make zig-zag lines and patterns. The method for "walking" the graver may also be referred to as "wriggle" or "wiggle" cuts. This technique is necessary due to the thinness of metal used to make musical instruments versus firearms or jewelry. Wriggle cuts are commonly found on silver Western jewelry and other Western metal work. Tool geometry Tool geometry is extremely important for accuracy in hand engraving. When sharpened for most applications, a graver has a "face", which is the top of the graver, and a "heel", which is the bottom of the graver; not all tools or application require a heel. These two surfaces meet to form a point that cuts the metal. The geometry and length of the heel helps to guide the graver smoothly as it cuts the surface of the metal. When the tool's point breaks or chips, even on a microscopic level, the graver can become hard to control and produces unexpected results. Modern innovations have brought about new types of carbide that resist chipping and breakage, which hold a very sharp point longer between resharpening than traditional metal tools. Tool sharpening Preparatory drawing by Hans von Aachen for a portrait print of Emperor Rudolph II, National Library of Poland and Aegidius Sadeler's print from 1603, Metropolitan Museum of ArtSharpening a graver or burin requires either a sharpening stone or wheel. Harder carbide and steel gravers require diamond-grade sharpening wheels; these gravers can be polished to a mirror finish using a ceramic or cast iron lap, which is essential in creating bright cuts. Several low-speed, reversible sharpening systems made specifically for hand engravers are available that reduce sharpening time. Fixtures that secure the tool in place at certain angles and geometries are also available to take the guesswork from sharpening to produce accurate points. Very few master engravers exist today who rely solely on "feel" and muscle memory to sharpen tools. These master engravers typically worked for many years as an apprentice, most often learning techniques decades before modern machinery was available for hand engravers. These engravers typically trained in such countries as Italy and Belgium, where hand engraving has a rich and long heritage of masters. Artwork design Design or artwork is generally prepared in advance, although some professional and highly experienced hand engravers are able to draw out minimal outlines either on paper or directly on the metal surface just prior to engraving. The work to be engraved may be lightly scribed on the surface with a sharp point, laser marked, drawn with a fine permanent marker (removable with acetone) or pencil, transferred using various chemicals in conjunction with inkjet or laser printouts, or stippled. Engraving artists may rely on hand drawing skills, copyright-free designs and images, computer-generated artwork, or common design elements when creating artwork. Handpieces At an engravers workshop: Miniature engraving on a Louis George watch movement: Smallest engraving of the royal Prussian eagle on a watch movement. It takes about 100 passes to create the figure. Originally, handpieces varied little in design as the common use was to push with the handle placed firmly in the center of the palm. With modern pneumatic engraving systems, handpieces are designed and created in a variety of shapes and power ranges. Handpieces are made using various methods and materials. Knobs may be handmade from wood, molded and engineered from plastic, or machine-made from brass, steel, or other metals. Cutting the surface Master engraver ennobling a watch movement. Top-level engravers work under a stereo microscope. The actual engraving is traditionally done by a combination of pressure and manipulating the work-piece. The traditional "hand push" process is still practiced today, but modern technology has brought various mechanically assisted engraving systems. Most pneumatic engraving systems require an air source that drives air through a hose into a handpiece, which resembles a traditional engraving handle in many cases, that powers a mechanism (usually a piston). The air is actuated by either a foot control (like a gas pedal or sewing machine) or newer palm / hand control. This mechanism replaces either the "hand push" effort or the effects of a hammer. The internal mechanisms move at speeds up to 15,000 strokes per minute, thereby greatly reducing the effort needed in traditional hand engraving. These types of pneumatic systems are used for power assistance only and do not guide or control the engraving artist. One of the major benefits of using a pneumatic system for hand engraving is the reduction of fatigue and decrease in time spent working. Hand engraving artists today employ a combination of hand push, pneumatic, rotary, or hammer and chisel methods. Hand push is still commonly used by modern hand engraving artists who create "bulino" style work, which is highly detailed and delicate, fine work; a great majority, if not all, traditional printmakers today rely solely upon hand push methods. Pneumatic systems greatly reduce the effort required for removing large amounts of metal, such as in deep relief engraving or Western bright cut techniques. Finishing Finishing the work is often necessary when working in metal that may rust or where a colored finish is desirable, such as a firearm. A variety of spray lacquers and finishing techniques exist to seal and protect the work from exposure to the elements and time. Finishing also may include lightly sanding the surface to remove small chips of metal called "burrs" that are very sharp and unsightly. Some engravers prefer high contrast to the work or design, using black paints or inks to darken removed (and lower) areas of exposed metal. The excess paint or ink is wiped away and allowed to dry before lacquering or sealing, which may or may not be desired by the artist. Modern hand engraving Hand engraving tool Because of the high level of microscopic detail that can be achieved by a master engraver, counterfeiting of engraved designs is almost impossible, and modern banknotes are almost always engraved, as are plates for printing money, checks, bonds and other security-sensitive papers. The engraving is so fine that a normal printer cannot recreate the detail of hand-engraved images, nor can it be scanned. At the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing, more than one hand engraver will work on the same plate, making it nearly impossible for one person to duplicate all the engraving on a particular banknote or document. The modern discipline of hand engraving, as it is called in a metalworking context, survives largely in a few specialized fields. The highest levels of the art are found on firearms and other metal weaponry, jewellery, silverware and musical instruments. In most commercial markets today, hand engraving has been replaced with milling using CNC engraving or milling machines. Still, there are certain applications where use of hand engraving tools cannot be replaced. Machine engraving In some instances, images or designs can be transferred to metal surfaces via mechanical process. One such process is roll stamping or roller-die engraving. In this process, a hardened image die is pressed against the destination surface using extreme pressure to impart the image. In the 1800s pistol cylinders were often decorated via this process to impart a continuous scene around the surface. Computer-aided machine engraving Computerized engraving on Corian Engraving machines such as the K500 (packaging) or K6 (publication) by Hell Gravure Systems use a diamond stylus to cut cells. Each cell creates one printing dot later in the process. A K6 can have up to 18 engraving heads each cutting 8.000 cells per second to an accuracy of .1 μm and below. They are fully computer-controlled and the whole process of cylinder-making is fully automated. It is now common place for retail stores (mostly jewellery, silverware or award stores) to have a small computer controlled engrave on site. This enables them to personalise the products they sell. Retail engraving machines tend to be focused around ease of use for the operator and the ability to do a wide variety of items including flat metal plates, jewelry of different shapes and sizes, as well as cylindrical items such as mugs and tankards. They will typically be equipped with a computer dedicated to graphic design that will enable the operator to easily design a text or picture graphic which the software will translate into digital signals telling the engraver machine what to do. Unlike industrial engravers, retail machines are smaller and only use one diamond head. This is interchangeable so the operator can use differently shaped diamonds for different finishing effects. They will typically be able to do a variety of metals and plastics. Glass and crystal engraving is possible, but the brittle nature of the material makes the process more time-consuming. Retail engravers mainly use two different processes. The first and most common 'Diamond Drag' pushes the diamond cutter through the surface of the material and then pulls to create scratches. These direction and depth are controlled by the computer input. The second is 'Spindle Cutter'. This is similar to Diamond Drag, but the engraving head is shaped in a flat V shape, with a small diamond and the base. The machine uses an electronic spindle to quickly rotate the head as it pushes it into the material, then pulls it along whilst it continues to spin. This creates a much bolder impression than diamond drag. It is used mainly for brass plaques and pet tags. With state-of-the-art machinery it is easy to have a simple, single item complete in under ten minutes. The engraving process with diamonds is state-of-the-art since the 1960s. Today laser engraving machines are in development but still mechanical cutting has proven its strength in economical terms and quality. More than 4,000 engravers make approx. 8 Mio printing cylinders worldwide per year. History Main article: Old master print For the printing process, see intaglio (printmaking). See also Steel engraving and line engraving Gérard Audran after Charles LeBrun, Alexander Entering Babylon, original print first published 1675, engraving The first evidence for hominids engraving patterns is a chiselled shell, dating back between 540,000 and 430,000 years, from Trinil, in Java, Indonesia, where the first Homo erectus was discovered. Hatched banding upon ostrich eggshells used as water containers found in South Africa in the Diepkloof Rock Shelter and dated to the Middle Stone Age around 60,000 BC are the next documented case of human engraving. Engraving on bone and ivory is an important technique for the Art of the Upper Paleolithic, and larger engraved petroglyphs on rocks are found from many prehistoric periods and cultures around the world. In antiquity, the only engraving on metal that could be carried out is the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after the beginning of the 1st Millennium B.C. The majority of so-called engraved designs on ancient gold rings or other items were produced by chasing or sometimes a combination of lost-wax casting and chasing. Engraved gem is a term for any carved or engraved semi-precious stone; this was an important small-scale art form in the ancient world, and remained popular until the 19th century. However the use of glass engraving, usually using a wheel, to cut decorative scenes or figures into glass vessels, in imitation of hardstone carvings, appears as early as the first century AD, continuing into the fourth century CE at urban centers such as Cologne and Rome, and appears to have ceased sometime in the fifth century. Decoration was first based on Greek mythology, before hunting and circus scenes became popular, as well as imagery drawn from the Old and New Testament. It appears to have been used to mimic the appearance of precious metal wares during the same period, including the application of gold leaf, and could be cut free-hand or with lathes. As many as twenty separate stylistic workshops have been identified, and it seems likely that the engraver and vessel producer were separate craftsmen. Battle of Engravers, satirical etching by George Cruikshank, showing hypothetical battle between the engravers, including William Hogarth, Antoine Masson, William Woollett, Jean-Joseph Balechou, Albrecht Dürer and Marcantonio Raimondi In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate and inscribe metalwork. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to produce artistic images on paper, known as old master prints, first in Germany in the 1430s. Italy soon followed. Many early engravers came from a goldsmithing background. The first and greatest period of the engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, and Lucas van Leiden. Modern impression of Rembrandt's 1639 self-portrait, with the engraving plate Thereafter engraving tended to lose ground to etching, which was a much easier technique for the artist to learn. But many prints combined the two techniques: although Rembrandt's prints are generally all called etchings for convenience, many of them have some burin or drypoint work, and some have nothing else. By the nineteenth century, most engraving was for commercial illustration. Before the advent of photography, engraving was used to reproduce other forms of art, for example paintings. Engravings continued to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, as they were cheaper to use in printing than photographic images. Many classic postage stamps were engraved, although the practice is now mostly confined to particular countries, or used when a more "elegant" design is desired and a limited color range is acceptable. Buffalo nickels, coins customised with engraving tools Modifying the relief designs on coins is a craft dating back to the 18th century and today modified coins are known colloquially as hobo nickels. In the United States, especially during the Great Depression, coin engraving on the large-faced Indian Head nickel became a way to help make ends meet. The craft continues today, and with modern equipment often produces stunning miniature sculptural artworks and floral scrollwork. During the mid-20th century, a renaissance in hand-engraving began to take place. With the inventions of pneumatic hand-engraving systems that aided hand-engravers, the art and techniques of hand-engraving became more accessible. Music engraving Main article: Music engraving The first music printed from engraved plates dates from 1446 and most printed music was produced through engraving from roughly 1700–1860. From 1860 to 1990 most printed music was produced through a combination of engraved master plates reproduced through offset lithography. The first comprehensive account is given by Mme Delusse in her article "Gravure en lettres, en géographie et en musique" in Diderot's Encyclopedia. The technique involved a five-pointed raster to score staff lines, various punches in the shapes of notes and standard musical symbols, and various burins and scorers for lines and slurs. For correction, the plate was held on a bench by callipers, hit with a dot punch on the opposite side, and burnished to remove any signs of the defective work. The process involved intensive pre-planning of the layout, and many manuscript scores with engraver's planning marks survive from the 18th and 19th centuries.Ars moriendi engraving by Master ES, c. 1450 By 1837 pewter had replaced copper as a medium, and Berthiaud gives an account with an entire chapter devoted to music (Novel manuel complet de l'imprimeur en taille douce, 1837). Printing from such plates required a separate inking to be carried out cold, and the printing press used less pressure. Generally, four pages of music were engraved on a single plate. Because music engraving houses trained engravers through years of apprenticeship, very little is known about the practice. Fewer than one dozen sets of tools survive in libraries and museums. By 1900 music engravers were established in several hundred cities in the world, but the art of storing plates was usually concentrated with publishers. Extensive bombing of Leipzig in 1944, the home of most German engraving and printing firms, destroyed roughly half the world's engraved music plates. Applications today Examples of contemporary uses for engraving include creating text on jewellery, such as pendants or on the inside of engagement- and wedding rings to include text such as the name of the partner, or adding a winner's name to a sports trophy. Another application of modern engraving is found in the printing industry. There, every day thousands of pages are mechanically engraved onto rotogravure cylinders, typically a steel base with a copper layer of about 0.1 mm in which the image is transferred. After engraving the image is protected with an approximately 6 μm chrome layer. Using this process the image will survive for over a million copies in high speed printing presses. Engraving machines such as GUN BOW (one of the leading engraving brands) are the best examples of hand engraving tools, although this type of machine is typically not used for fine hand engraving. Some schools throughout the world are renowned for their teaching of engraving, like the École Estienne in Paris. Creating tone Sudarium of Saint Veronica by Claude Mellan (1649), a famous showpiece where the image is formed by a single continuous line, starting on the tip of Jesus' nose In traditional engraving, which is a purely linear medium, the impression of half-tones was created by making many very thin parallel lines, a technique called hatching. When two sets of parallel-line hatchings intersected each other for higher density, the resulting pattern was known as cross-hatching. Patterns of dots were also used in a technique called stippling, first used around 1505 by Giulio Campagnola. Claude Mellan was one of many 17th-century engravers with a very well-developed technique of using parallel lines of varying thickness (known as the "swelling line") to give subtle effects of tone (as was Goltzius) – see picture below. One famous example is his Sudarium of Saint Veronica (1649), an engraving of the face of Jesus made from a single spiraling line that starts at the tip of Jesus's nose. Surface tone is achieved during the printing process, by selectively leaving a thin layer of ink on parts of the printing plate. Biblical references The earliest allusion to engraving in the Bible may be the reference to Judah's seal ring (Ge 38:18), followed by (Ex 39.30). Engraving was commonly done with pointed tools of iron or even with diamond points. (Jer 17:1). Each of the two onyx stones on the shoulder-pieces of the high priest's ephod was engraved with the names of six different tribes of Israel, and each of the 12 precious stones that adorned his breastpiece was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. The holy sign of dedication, the shining gold plate on the high priest's turban, was engraved with the words: "Holiness belongs to Adonai." Bezalel, along with Oholiab, was qualified to do this specialized engraving work as well as to train others.—Ex 35:30–35; 28:9–12; 39:6–14, 30. Noted engravers See also: List of printmakers St Michael Slaying the Dragon, 1584, Hieronymus Wierix Prints: Paul Angiers (fl. 1749) Jacopo de' Barbari (active 1500–1515) William Blake (1757–1827) Theodore de Bry (1528–1598) Jacques Callot (1592–1635) Giulio Campagnola (active c. 1505–1515) Paul Gustave Doré (1832–1883) Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) Maso Finiguerra (1426–1464) Hendrick Goltzius (c. 1558–1617) Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) Stanley William Hayter (1901–1988) Olga Herlin (1875–1965) William Hogarth (1697–1764) Henry Hulsbergh (?–1729) Mauricio Lasansky (1914–2012) Lucas van Leyden (1494–1533) Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431–1506) Master ES (active c. 1431–1470) Israhel van Meckenem (c. 1445–1501) Claude Mellan (1598–1688) Matthäus Merian (1593–1650) Willem Panneels (c. 1600 – c. 1634) Alardo de Popma, (1617–1641) José Guadalupe Posada (1852–1913) Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778) Paulus Pontius (1603 – 1658) Marcantonio Raimondi (1480 – 1534) Rembrandt (1606–1669) Jan Saenredam (1565–1607) Nikolaos Ventouras (1899–1990) Georg Matthäus Vischer (1628–1696) Lucas Vorsterman (1595–1675) Anthonie Wierix (1552–1624) Hieronymus Wierix (1553–1619) Don Quixote engraving by Paul Gustave Doré Of gems: Pyrgoteles, Alexander's gem-engraver Theodorus of Samos, Polycrates' gem-engraver Of guns: Malcolm Appleby Geoffroy Gournet Lynton McKenzie Of coins: Thomas Hugh Paget Leonard Charles Wyon William Wyon Of postage stamps: Czesław Słania Leonard Charles Wyon William Wyon Of pins: Godfrey Lundberg (1879–1933) See also Carving – Act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material Drypoint – Intaglio printmaking technique Intaglio (printmaking) – Family of printing and printmaking techniques Laser engraving – Engraving objects using lasers Letter cutting – Form of inscriptional architectural lettering Le Musée français of Pierre Laurent – French book of engravingsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Mezzotint – Printmaking technique Photogravure – Photographic printing technique Toreutics – Type of artistic metalworking Woodcut – Relief printing technique References ^ "Abraham Bosse" (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. 1645. Retrieved 15 July 2008. ^ World's oldest engraving discovered, Australian Geographic, 4 December 2014 ^ Texier PJ, Porraz G, Parkington J, Rigaud JP, Poggenpoel C, Miller C, Tribolo C, Cartwright C, Coudenneau A, Klein R, Steele T, Verna C. (2010). "A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913047107 PMID 20194764 ^ a b Caron, B., A Roman Figure-Engraved Glass Bowl. Metropolitan Museum Journal, 1993. 28: p. 47–55. ^ a b Fleming, S.J., Roman Glass; reflections on cultural change. 1999, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ^ Elaborate Floral Scrollwork Engraved on Coins by Shaun Hughes embellishing existing coin faces with different styles of floral scrollwork (2016). Retrieved 27 May 2018 ^ Poole, H. Edmund (1980). Music Printing and Publishing. New York: Norton. pp. 40–54. ^ Gamble, William (1923). Music Engraving and Printing: Historical and Technical Treatise. London: Pitman. Further reading Bliss, Douglas Percy. A History of Wood-Engraving (London: J. M. Dent, 1928) Furst, Herbert. Original Engraving and Etching: An Appreciation (London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1931) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engraving. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engraved illustrations. Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on engraving Engraving from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History Engraved Throughout: An Exhibition of Wholly Engraved Books vteJewelleryForms Anklet Barrette Belly chain Belt buckle Bindi Bolo tie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Genital Lapel pin Necklace Neck ring Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie chain Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap MakingPeople Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Jewellery designer Lapidarist Silversmith Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost-wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers MaterialsPrecious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Argentium Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume-gane Nickel silver (alpacca) Pewter Pinchbeck Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Agate Amazonite Amethyst Aventurine Beryl (red) Carnelian Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Diamond Diopside Emerald Fluorite Garnet Howlite Jade Jasper Kyanite Labradorite Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Peridot Prasiolite Quartz (smoky) Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Variscite Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Black Precious Ivory Jet Nacre Operculum Pearl Tortoiseshell Other natural objects Bezoar Bog-wood Ebonite (vulcanite) Gutta-percha Hair Shell Spondylus shell Toadstone Terms Art jewelry Carat (mass) Carat (purity) Finding Fineness Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Metalworking Phaleristics Wearable art
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_engraving"},{"link_name":"Engravings (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engravings_(album)"},{"link_name":"Engrave (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrave_(album)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Jerome in His Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_His_Study_(D%C3%BCrer)"},{"link_name":"Northern Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"burin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin_(engraving)"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_engraving"},{"link_name":"intaglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)"},{"link_name":"printmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking"},{"link_name":"Wood engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_engraving"},{"link_name":"relief printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_printing"},{"link_name":"petroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph"},{"link_name":"printmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking"},{"link_name":"mapmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapmaking"},{"link_name":"photographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic"},{"link_name":"etching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching"},{"link_name":"etching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching"},{"link_name":"mezzotint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzotint"},{"link_name":"old master prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_master_print"},{"link_name":"Line engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_engraving"},{"link_name":"steel engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_engraving"},{"link_name":"burin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin_(engraving)"},{"link_name":"goldsmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"gunsmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmith#Gun_Engraver"},{"link_name":"photoengraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoengraving"},{"link_name":"laser engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_engraving"},{"link_name":"Engraved gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gem"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"}],"text":"For the art of music notation, see Music engraving.For the music albums, see Engravings (album) and Engrave (album).St. Jerome in His Study (1514), engraving by Northern Renaissance master Albrecht DürerEngraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing images on paper as prints or illustrations; these images are also called \"engravings\". Engraving is one of the oldest and most important techniques in printmaking. Wood engraving is a form of relief printing and is not covered in this article, same with rock engravings like petroglyphs.Engraving was a historically important method of producing images on paper in artistic printmaking, in mapmaking, and also for commercial reproductions and illustrations for books and magazines. It has long been replaced by various photographic processes in its commercial applications and, partly because of the difficulty of learning the technique, is much less common in printmaking, where it has been largely replaced by etching and other techniques.\"Engraving\" is loosely but incorrectly used for any old black and white print; it requires a degree of expertise to distinguish engravings from prints using other techniques such as etching in particular, but also mezzotint and other techniques. Many old master prints also combine techniques on the same plate, further confusing matters. Line engraving and steel engraving cover use for reproductive prints, illustrations in books and magazines, and similar uses, mostly in the 19th century, and often not actually using engraving. Traditional engraving, by burin or with the use of machines, continues to be practised by goldsmiths, glass engravers, gunsmiths and others, while modern industrial techniques such as photoengraving and laser engraving have many important applications. Engraved gems were an important art in the ancient world, revived at the Renaissance, although the term traditionally covers relief as well as intaglio carvings, and is essentially a branch of sculpture rather than engraving, as drills were the usual tools.","title":"Engraving"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Norblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine"},{"link_name":"National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"line engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_engraving"},{"link_name":"Steel engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_engraving"},{"link_name":"letterheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterhead"},{"link_name":"security printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_printing"},{"link_name":"mezzotint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzotint"}],"text":"Ecce Homo by Jan Norblin, original print (left) and copper plate (right) with composition reversed (National Museum in Warsaw)Other terms often used for printed engravings are copper engraving, copper-plate engraving or line engraving. Steel engraving is the same technique, on steel or steel-faced plates, and was mostly used for banknotes, illustrations for books, magazines and reproductive prints, letterheads and similar uses from about 1790 to the early 20th century, when the technique became less popular, except for banknotes and other forms of security printing. Especially in the past, \"engraving\" was often used very loosely to cover several printmaking techniques, so that many so-called engravings were in fact produced by totally different techniques, such as etching or mezzotint. \"Hand engraving\" is a term sometimes used for engraving objects other than printing plates, to inscribe or decorate jewellery, firearms, trophies, knives and other fine metal goods. Traditional engravings in printmaking are also \"hand engraved\", using just the same techniques to make the lines in the plate.","title":"Terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engraving.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chaim Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)"},{"link_name":"pantographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph"}],"text":"Artist and engraver Chaim Goldberg at workEngravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin, or graver, to cut the design into the surface, most traditionally a copper plate.[1] However, modern hand engraving artists use burins or gravers to cut a variety of metals such as silver, nickel, steel, brass, gold, and titanium, in applications ranging from weaponry to jewellery to motorcycles to found objects. Modern professional engravers can engrave with a resolution of up to 40 lines per mm in high grade work creating game scenes and scrollwork. Dies used in mass production of molded parts are sometimes hand engraved to add special touches or certain information such as part numbers.In addition to hand engraving, there are engraving machines that require less human finesse and are not directly controlled by hand. They are usually used for lettering, using a pantographic system. There are versions for the insides of rings and also the outsides of larger pieces. Such machines are commonly used for inscriptions on rings, lockets and presentation pieces.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gravers.jpg"},{"link_name":"degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"mezzotint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzotint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008-engraving.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Tools and gravers or burins","text":"An assortment of hand engraving toolsGravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. The angle tint tool has a slightly curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines incised into them, used to do fill work on larger areas or to create uniform shade lines that are fast to execute. Ring gravers are made with particular shapes that are used by jewelry engravers in order to cut inscriptions inside rings. Flat gravers are used for fill work on letters, as well as \"wriggle\" cuts on most musical instrument engraving work, remove background, or create bright cuts. Knife gravers are for line engraving and very deep cuts. Round gravers, and flat gravers with a radius, are commonly used on silver to create bright cuts (also called bright-cut engraving), as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. Square or V-point gravers are typically square or elongated diamond-shaped and used for cutting straight lines. V-point can be anywhere from 60 to 130 degrees, depending on purpose and effect. These gravers have very small cutting points. Other tools such as mezzotint rockers, roulets and burnishers are used for texturing effects. Burnishing tools can also be used for certain stone setting techniques.Stone engravingMusical instrument engraving on American-made brass instruments flourished in the 1920s and utilizes a specialized engraving technique where a flat graver is \"walked\" across the surface of the instrument to make zig-zag lines and patterns. The method for \"walking\" the graver may also be referred to as \"wriggle\" or \"wiggle\" cuts. This technique is necessary due to the thinness of metal used to make musical instruments versus firearms or jewelry. Wriggle cuts are commonly found on silver Western jewelry and other Western metal work.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tool geometry","text":"Tool geometry is extremely important for accuracy in hand engraving. When sharpened for most applications, a graver has a \"face\", which is the top of the graver, and a \"heel\", which is the bottom of the graver; not all tools or application require a heel. These two surfaces meet to form a point that cuts the metal. The geometry and length of the heel helps to guide the graver smoothly as it cuts the surface of the metal. When the tool's point breaks or chips, even on a microscopic level, the graver can become hard to control and produces unexpected results. Modern innovations have brought about new types of carbide that resist chipping and breakage, which hold a very sharp point longer between resharpening than traditional metal tools.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans von Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen"},{"link_name":"Emperor Rudolph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Rudolph_II"},{"link_name":"National Library of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Aegidius Sadeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegidius_Sadeler"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"sharpening stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpening_stone"}],"sub_title":"Tool sharpening","text":"Preparatory drawing by Hans von Aachen for a portrait print of Emperor Rudolph II, National Library of Poland and Aegidius Sadeler's print from 1603, Metropolitan Museum of ArtSharpening a graver or burin requires either a sharpening stone or wheel. Harder carbide and steel gravers require diamond-grade sharpening wheels; these gravers can be polished to a mirror finish using a ceramic or cast iron lap, which is essential in creating bright cuts. Several low-speed, reversible sharpening systems made specifically for hand engravers are available that reduce sharpening time. Fixtures that secure the tool in place at certain angles and geometries are also available to take the guesswork from sharpening to produce accurate points. Very few master engravers exist today who rely solely on \"feel\" and muscle memory to sharpen tools. These master engravers typically worked for many years as an apprentice, most often learning techniques decades before modern machinery was available for hand engravers. These engravers typically trained in such countries as Italy and Belgium, where hand engraving has a rich and long heritage of masters.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stippled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipple_engraving"}],"sub_title":"Artwork design","text":"Design or artwork is generally prepared in advance, although some professional and highly experienced hand engravers are able to draw out minimal outlines either on paper or directly on the metal surface just prior to engraving. The work to be engraved may be lightly scribed on the surface with a sharp point, laser marked, drawn with a fine permanent marker (removable with acetone) or pencil, transferred using various chemicals in conjunction with inkjet or laser printouts, or stippled. Engraving artists may rely on hand drawing skills, copyright-free designs and images, computer-generated artwork, or common design elements when creating artwork.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_George"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"}],"sub_title":"Handpieces","text":"At an engravers workshop: Miniature engraving on a Louis George watch movement: Smallest engraving of the royal Prussian eagle on a watch movement. It takes about 100 passes to create the figure.Originally, handpieces varied little in design as the common use was to push with the handle placed firmly in the center of the palm. With modern pneumatic engraving systems, handpieces are designed and created in a variety of shapes and power ranges. Handpieces are made using various methods and materials. Knobs may be handmade from wood, molded and engineered from plastic, or machine-made from brass, steel, or other metals.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"stereo microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_microscope"}],"sub_title":"Cutting the surface","text":"Master engraver ennobling a watch movement. Top-level engravers work under a stereo microscope.The actual engraving is traditionally done by a combination of pressure and manipulating the work-piece. The traditional \"hand push\" process is still practiced today, but modern technology has brought various mechanically assisted engraving systems. Most pneumatic engraving systems require an air source that drives air through a hose into a handpiece, which resembles a traditional engraving handle in many cases, that powers a mechanism (usually a piston). The air is actuated by either a foot control (like a gas pedal or sewing machine) or newer palm / hand control. This mechanism replaces either the \"hand push\" effort or the effects of a hammer. The internal mechanisms move at speeds up to 15,000 strokes per minute, thereby greatly reducing the effort needed in traditional hand engraving. These types of pneumatic systems are used for power assistance only and do not guide or control the engraving artist. One of the major benefits of using a pneumatic system for hand engraving is the reduction of fatigue and decrease in time spent working.Hand engraving artists today employ a combination of hand push, pneumatic, rotary, or hammer and chisel methods. Hand push is still commonly used by modern hand engraving artists who create \"bulino\" style work, which is highly detailed and delicate, fine work; a great majority, if not all, traditional printmakers today rely solely upon hand push methods. Pneumatic systems greatly reduce the effort required for removing large amounts of metal, such as in deep relief engraving or Western bright cut techniques.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finishing","text":"Finishing the work is often necessary when working in metal that may rust or where a colored finish is desirable, such as a firearm. A variety of spray lacquers and finishing techniques exist to seal and protect the work from exposure to the elements and time. Finishing also may include lightly sanding the surface to remove small chips of metal called \"burrs\" that are very sharp and unsightly. Some engravers prefer high contrast to the work or design, using black paints or inks to darken removed (and lower) areas of exposed metal. The excess paint or ink is wiped away and allowed to dry before lacquering or sealing, which may or may not be desired by the artist.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hand_engraving_tool.jpg"},{"link_name":"counterfeiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"},{"link_name":"banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Engraving and Printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing"},{"link_name":"metalworking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking"},{"link_name":"milling machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_machine"}],"sub_title":"Modern hand engraving","text":"Hand engraving toolBecause of the high level of microscopic detail that can be achieved by a master engraver, counterfeiting of engraved designs is almost impossible, and modern banknotes are almost always engraved, as are plates for printing money, checks, bonds and other security-sensitive papers. The engraving is so fine that a normal printer cannot recreate the detail of hand-engraved images, nor can it be scanned. At the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing, more than one hand engraver will work on the same plate, making it nearly impossible for one person to duplicate all the engraving on a particular banknote or document.The modern discipline of hand engraving, as it is called in a metalworking context, survives largely in a few specialized fields. The highest levels of the art are found on firearms and other metal weaponry, jewellery, silverware and musical instruments.In most commercial markets today, hand engraving has been replaced with milling using CNC engraving or milling machines. Still, there are certain applications where use of hand engraving tools cannot be replaced.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol"}],"sub_title":"Machine engraving","text":"In some instances, images or designs can be transferred to metal surfaces via mechanical process. One such process is roll stamping or roller-die engraving. In this process, a hardened image die is pressed against the destination surface using extreme pressure to impart the image. In the 1800s pistol cylinders were often decorated via this process to impart a continuous scene around the surface.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engraving_on_Corian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corian"}],"sub_title":"Computer-aided machine engraving","text":"Computerized engraving on CorianEngraving machines such as the K500 (packaging) or K6 (publication) by Hell Gravure Systems use a diamond stylus to cut cells. Each cell creates one printing dot later in the process. A K6 can have up to 18 engraving heads each cutting 8.000 cells per second to an accuracy of .1 μm and below. They are fully computer-controlled and the whole process of cylinder-making is fully automated.It is now common place for retail stores (mostly jewellery, silverware or award stores) to have a small computer controlled engrave on site. This enables them to personalise the products they sell. Retail engraving machines tend to be focused around ease of use for the operator and the ability to do a wide variety of items including flat metal plates, jewelry of different shapes and sizes, as well as cylindrical items such as mugs and tankards. They will typically be equipped with a computer dedicated to graphic design that will enable the operator to easily design a text or picture graphic which the software will translate into digital signals telling the engraver machine what to do. Unlike industrial engravers, retail machines are smaller and only use one diamond head. This is interchangeable so the operator can use differently shaped diamonds for different finishing effects. They will typically be able to do a variety of metals and plastics. Glass and crystal engraving is possible, but the brittle nature of the material makes the process more time-consuming.Retail engravers mainly use two different processes. The first and most common 'Diamond Drag' pushes the diamond cutter through the surface of the material and then pulls to create scratches. These direction and depth are controlled by the computer input. The second is 'Spindle Cutter'. This is similar to Diamond Drag, but the engraving head is shaped in a flat V shape, with a small diamond and the base. The machine uses an electronic spindle to quickly rotate the head as it pushes it into the material, then pulls it along whilst it continues to spin. This creates a much bolder impression than diamond drag. It is used mainly for brass plaques and pet tags.With state-of-the-art machinery it is easy to have a simple, single item complete in under ten minutes.\nThe engraving process with diamonds is state-of-the-art since the 1960s.Today laser engraving machines are in development but still mechanical cutting has proven its strength in economical terms and quality. More than 4,000 engravers make approx. 8 Mio printing cylinders worldwide per year.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intaglio (printmaking)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)"},{"link_name":"Steel engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_engraving"},{"link_name":"line engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_engraving"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Audran.jpg"},{"link_name":"a chiselled shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodon_shell_DUB1006-fL"},{"link_name":"Homo erectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Diepkloof Rock Shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter"},{"link_name":"Middle Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Texier-3"},{"link_name":"Art of the Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"petroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph"},{"link_name":"antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history"},{"link_name":"chasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_(metalworking)"},{"link_name":"lost-wax casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost-wax_casting"},{"link_name":"Engraved gem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraved_gem"},{"link_name":"glass engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_engraving"},{"link_name":"hardstone carvings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardstone_carving"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caron-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caron-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg"},{"link_name":"satirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"George Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"Antoine Masson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Masson"},{"link_name":"William Woollett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woollett"},{"link_name":"Jean-Joseph Balechou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Balechou"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Raimondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi"},{"link_name":"old master prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_master_print"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Martin Schongauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schongauer"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Lucas van Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_van_Leiden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg"},{"link_name":"etching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_nickles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buffalo nickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_nickel"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"hobo nickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo_nickel"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Indian Head nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_nickel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the printing process, see intaglio (printmaking). See also Steel engraving and line engravingGérard Audran after Charles LeBrun, Alexander Entering Babylon, original print first published 1675, engravingThe first evidence for hominids engraving patterns is a chiselled shell, dating back between 540,000 and 430,000 years, from Trinil, in Java, Indonesia, where the first Homo erectus was discovered.[2] Hatched banding upon ostrich eggshells used as water containers found in South Africa in the Diepkloof Rock Shelter and dated to the Middle Stone Age around 60,000 BC are the next documented case of human engraving.[3] Engraving on bone and ivory is an important technique for the Art of the Upper Paleolithic, and larger engraved petroglyphs on rocks are found from many prehistoric periods and cultures around the world.In antiquity, the only engraving on metal that could be carried out is the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after the beginning of the 1st Millennium B.C. The majority of so-called engraved designs on ancient gold rings or other items were produced by chasing or sometimes a combination of lost-wax casting and chasing. Engraved gem is a term for any carved or engraved semi-precious stone; this was an important small-scale art form in the ancient world, and remained popular until the 19th century.\nHowever the use of glass engraving, usually using a wheel, to cut decorative scenes or figures into glass vessels, in imitation of hardstone carvings, appears as early as the first century AD,[4] continuing into the fourth century CE at urban centers such as Cologne and Rome,[5] and appears to have ceased sometime in the fifth century. Decoration was first based on Greek mythology, before hunting and circus scenes became popular, as well as imagery drawn from the Old and New Testament.[5] It appears to have been used to mimic the appearance of precious metal wares during the same period, including the application of gold leaf, and could be cut free-hand or with lathes. As many as twenty separate stylistic workshops have been identified, and it seems likely that the engraver and vessel producer were separate craftsmen.[4]Battle of Engravers, satirical etching by George Cruikshank, showing hypothetical battle between the engravers, including William Hogarth, Antoine Masson, William Woollett, Jean-Joseph Balechou, Albrecht Dürer and Marcantonio RaimondiIn the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate and inscribe metalwork. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to produce artistic images on paper, known as old master prints, first in Germany in the 1430s.[citation needed] Italy soon followed. Many early engravers came from a goldsmithing background. The first and greatest period of the engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, and Lucas van Leiden.Modern impression of Rembrandt's 1639 self-portrait, with the engraving plateThereafter engraving tended to lose ground to etching, which was a much easier technique for the artist to learn. But many prints combined the two techniques: although Rembrandt's prints are generally all called etchings for convenience, many of them have some burin or drypoint work, and some have nothing else. By the nineteenth century, most engraving was for commercial illustration.Before the advent of photography, engraving was used to reproduce other forms of art, for example paintings. Engravings continued to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, as they were cheaper to use in printing than photographic images.Many classic postage stamps were engraved, although the practice is now mostly confined to particular countries, or used when a more \"elegant\" design is desired and a limited color range is acceptable.Buffalo nickels, coins customised with engraving toolsModifying the relief designs on coins is a craft dating back to the 18th century and today modified coins are known colloquially as hobo nickels. In the United States, especially during the Great Depression, coin engraving on the large-faced Indian Head nickel became a way to help make ends meet. The craft continues today, and with modern equipment often produces stunning miniature sculptural artworks and floral scrollwork.[6]During the mid-20th century, a renaissance in hand-engraving began to take place. With the inventions of pneumatic hand-engraving systems that aided hand-engravers, the art and techniques of hand-engraving became more accessible.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diderot"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ars_moriendi_(Meister_E.S.),_L.181.png"},{"link_name":"Ars moriendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_moriendi"},{"link_name":"pewter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Music engraving","text":"The first music printed from engraved plates dates from 1446 and most printed music was produced through engraving from roughly 1700–1860. From 1860 to 1990 most printed music was produced through a combination of engraved master plates reproduced through offset lithography.The first comprehensive account is given by Mme Delusse in her article \"Gravure en lettres, en géographie et en musique\" in Diderot's Encyclopedia. The technique involved a five-pointed raster to score staff lines, various punches in the shapes of notes and standard musical symbols, and various burins and scorers for lines and slurs. For correction, the plate was held on a bench by callipers, hit with a dot punch on the opposite side, and burnished to remove any signs of the defective work. The process involved intensive pre-planning of the layout, and many manuscript scores with engraver's planning marks survive from the 18th and 19th centuries.[7]Ars moriendi engraving by Master ES, c. 1450By 1837 pewter had replaced copper as a medium, and Berthiaud gives an account with an entire chapter devoted to music (Novel manuel complet de l'imprimeur en taille douce, 1837). Printing from such plates required a separate inking to be carried out cold, and the printing press used less pressure. Generally, four pages of music were engraved on a single plate. Because music engraving houses trained engravers through years of apprenticeship, very little is known about the practice. Fewer than one dozen sets of tools survive in libraries and museums.[8] By 1900 music engravers were established in several hundred cities in the world, but the art of storing plates was usually concentrated with publishers. Extensive bombing of Leipzig in 1944, the home of most German engraving and printing firms, destroyed roughly half the world's engraved music plates.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement_ring"},{"link_name":"wedding rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_ring"},{"link_name":"printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"},{"link_name":"rotogravure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotogravure"},{"link_name":"printing presses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press"},{"link_name":"École Estienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Estienne"}],"text":"Examples of contemporary uses for engraving include creating text on jewellery, such as pendants or on the inside of engagement- and wedding rings to include text such as the name of the partner, or adding a winner's name to a sports trophy. Another application of modern engraving is found in the printing industry. There, every day thousands of pages are mechanically engraved onto rotogravure cylinders, typically a steel base with a copper layer of about 0.1 mm in which the image is transferred. After engraving the image is protected with an approximately 6 μm chrome layer. Using this process the image will survive for over a million copies in high speed printing presses. Engraving machines such as GUN BOW (one of the leading engraving brands) are the best examples of hand engraving tools, although this type of machine is typically not used for fine hand engraving.\nSome schools throughout the world are renowned for their teaching of engraving, like the École Estienne in Paris.","title":"Applications today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claude Mellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mellan"},{"link_name":"half-tones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-tone"},{"link_name":"hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatching"},{"link_name":"stippling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stippling"},{"link_name":"Giulio Campagnola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Campagnola"},{"link_name":"Claude Mellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mellan"},{"link_name":"Goltzius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius"},{"link_name":"Sudarium of Saint Veronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica"},{"link_name":"Surface tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tone"}],"text":"Sudarium of Saint Veronica by Claude Mellan (1649), a famous showpiece where the image is formed by a single continuous line, starting on the tip of Jesus' noseIn traditional engraving, which is a purely linear medium, the impression of half-tones was created by making many very thin parallel lines, a technique called hatching. When two sets of parallel-line hatchings intersected each other for higher density, the resulting pattern was known as cross-hatching. Patterns of dots were also used in a technique called stippling, first used around 1505 by Giulio Campagnola. Claude Mellan was one of many 17th-century engravers with a very well-developed technique of using parallel lines of varying thickness (known as the \"swelling line\") to give subtle effects of tone (as was Goltzius) – see picture below. One famous example is his Sudarium of Saint Veronica (1649), an engraving of the face of Jesus made from a single spiraling line that starts at the tip of Jesus's nose.Surface tone is achieved during the printing process, by selectively leaving a thin layer of ink on parts of the printing plate.","title":"Creating tone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(Biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"ephod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephod"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Adonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonai"},{"link_name":"Bezalel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezalel"}],"text":"The earliest allusion to engraving in the Bible may be the reference to Judah's seal ring (Ge 38:18), followed by (Ex 39.30). Engraving was commonly done with pointed tools of iron or even with diamond points. (Jer 17:1).Each of the two onyx stones on the shoulder-pieces of the high priest's ephod was engraved with the names of six different tribes of Israel, and each of the 12 precious stones that adorned his breastpiece was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. The holy sign of dedication, the shining gold plate on the high priest's turban, was engraved with the words: \"Holiness belongs to Adonai.\" Bezalel, along with Oholiab, was qualified to do this specialized engraving work as well as to train others.—Ex 35:30–35; 28:9–12; 39:6–14, 30.","title":"Biblical references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of printmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_printmakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WIERIX,_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Wierix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Wierix"},{"link_name":"Paul Angiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Angiers"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"Jacopo de' Barbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_de%27_Barbari"},{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Theodore de Bry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_de_Bry"},{"link_name":"Jacques Callot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Callot"},{"link_name":"Giulio Campagnola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Campagnola"},{"link_name":"Paul Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Maso Finiguerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maso_Finiguerra"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Goltzius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya"},{"link_name":"Stanley William Hayter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_William_Hayter"},{"link_name":"Olga Herlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Herlin"},{"link_name":"William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"Henry Hulsbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hulsbergh"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Lasansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Lasansky"},{"link_name":"Lucas van Leyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden"},{"link_name":"Andrea Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"Master ES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_ES"},{"link_name":"Israhel van Meckenem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israhel_van_Meckenem"},{"link_name":"Claude Mellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Mellan"},{"link_name":"Matthäus Merian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian"},{"link_name":"Willem Panneels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Panneels"},{"link_name":"Alardo de Popma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alardo_de_Popma"},{"link_name":"José Guadalupe Posada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guadalupe_Posada"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Piranesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi"},{"link_name":"Paulus Pontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Pontius"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Raimondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Jan Saenredam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Saenredam"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Ventouras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Ventouras"},{"link_name":"Georg Matthäus Vischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Matth%C3%A4us_Vischer"},{"link_name":"Lucas Vorsterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Vorsterman"},{"link_name":"Anthonie Wierix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonie_Wierix"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Wierix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Wierix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Polycrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Appleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Appleby"},{"link_name":"Geoffroy Gournet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroy_Gournet"},{"link_name":"Lynton McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynton_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hugh Paget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hugh_Paget"},{"link_name":"Leonard Charles Wyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Charles_Wyon"},{"link_name":"William Wyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wyon"},{"link_name":"Czesław Słania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_S%C5%82ania"},{"link_name":"Leonard Charles Wyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Charles_Wyon"},{"link_name":"William Wyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wyon"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Lundberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Lundberg"}],"text":"See also: List of printmakersSt Michael Slaying the Dragon, 1584, Hieronymus WierixPrints:Paul Angiers (fl. 1749)\nJacopo de' Barbari (active 1500–1515)\nWilliam Blake (1757–1827)\nTheodore de Bry (1528–1598)\nJacques Callot (1592–1635)\nGiulio Campagnola (active c. 1505–1515)\nPaul Gustave Doré (1832–1883)\nAlbrecht Dürer (1471–1528)\nMaso Finiguerra (1426–1464)\nHendrick Goltzius (c. 1558–1617)\nFrancisco de Goya (1746–1828)\nStanley William Hayter (1901–1988)\nOlga Herlin (1875–1965)\nWilliam Hogarth (1697–1764)\nHenry Hulsbergh (?–1729)\nMauricio Lasansky (1914–2012)\nLucas van Leyden (1494–1533)\nAndrea Mantegna (c. 1431–1506)\nMaster ES (active c. 1431–1470)\nIsrahel van Meckenem (c. 1445–1501)\nClaude Mellan (1598–1688)\nMatthäus Merian (1593–1650)\nWillem Panneels (c. 1600 – c. 1634)\nAlardo de Popma, (1617–1641)\nJosé Guadalupe Posada (1852–1913)\nGiovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778)\nPaulus Pontius (1603 – 1658)\nMarcantonio Raimondi (1480 – 1534)\nRembrandt (1606–1669)\nJan Saenredam (1565–1607)\nNikolaos Ventouras (1899–1990)\nGeorg Matthäus Vischer (1628–1696)\nLucas Vorsterman (1595–1675)\nAnthonie Wierix (1552–1624)\nHieronymus Wierix (1553–1619)Don Quixote engraving by Paul Gustave DoréOf gems:Pyrgoteles, Alexander's gem-engraver\nTheodorus of Samos, Polycrates' gem-engraverOf guns:Malcolm Appleby\nGeoffroy Gournet\nLynton McKenzieOf coins:Thomas Hugh Paget\nLeonard Charles Wyon\nWilliam WyonOf postage stamps:Czesław Słania\nLeonard Charles Wyon\nWilliam WyonOf pins:Godfrey Lundberg (1879–1933)","title":"Noted engravers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bliss, Douglas Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bliss"}],"text":"Bliss, Douglas Percy. A History of Wood-Engraving (London: J. M. Dent, 1928)\nFurst, Herbert. Original Engraving and Etching: An Appreciation (London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1931)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"St. Jerome in His Study (1514), engraving by Northern Renaissance master Albrecht Dürer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg/220px-D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg"},{"image_text":"Artist and engraver Chaim Goldberg at work","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Engraving.jpg/220px-Engraving.jpg"},{"image_text":"An assortment of hand engraving tools","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gravers.jpg/220px-Gravers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stone engraving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-engraving.jpg/220px-2008-engraving.jpg"},{"image_text":"At an engravers workshop: Miniature engraving on a Louis George watch movement: Smallest engraving of the royal Prussian eagle on a watch movement. It takes about 100 passes to create the figure.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg/220px-Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Master engraver ennobling a watch movement. Top-level engravers work under a stereo microscope.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg/220px-Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hand engraving tool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hand_engraving_tool.jpg/220px-Hand_engraving_tool.jpg"},{"image_text":"Computerized engraving on Corian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Engraving_on_Corian.jpg/220px-Engraving_on_Corian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gérard Audran after Charles LeBrun, Alexander Entering Babylon, original print first published 1675, engraving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audran.jpg/300px-Audran.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Engravers, satirical etching by George Cruikshank, showing hypothetical battle between the engravers, including William Hogarth, Antoine Masson, William Woollett, Jean-Joseph Balechou, Albrecht Dürer and Marcantonio Raimondi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern impression of Rembrandt's 1639 self-portrait, with the engraving plate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buffalo nickels, coins customised with engraving tools","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffalo_nickles.jpg/220px-Buffalo_nickles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ars moriendi engraving by Master ES, c. 1450","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png/220px-Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png"},{"image_text":"Sudarium of Saint Veronica by Claude Mellan (1649), a famous showpiece where the image is formed by a single continuous line, starting on the tip of Jesus' nose","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg/220px-Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Michael Slaying the Dragon, 1584, Hieronymus Wierix","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg/220px-WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg"},{"image_text":"Don Quixote engraving by Paul Gustave Doré","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg/220px-Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carving"},{"title":"Drypoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drypoint"},{"title":"Intaglio (printmaking)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)"},{"title":"Laser engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_engraving"},{"title":"Letter cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_cutting"},{"title":"Le Musée français of Pierre Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mus%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_of_Pierre_Laurent"},{"title":"Mezzotint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzotint"},{"title":"Photogravure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogravure"},{"title":"Toreutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toreutics"},{"title":"Woodcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"}]
[{"reference":"\"Abraham Bosse\" (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. 1645. Retrieved 15 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://expositions.bnf.fr/bosse/grand/214.htm","url_text":"\"Abraham Bosse\""}]},{"reference":"Poole, H. Edmund (1980). Music Printing and Publishing. New York: Norton. pp. 40–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gamble, William (1923). Music Engraving and Printing: Historical and Technical Treatise. London: Pitman.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://expositions.bnf.fr/bosse/grand/214.htm","external_links_name":"\"Abraham Bosse\""},{"Link":"http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/12/worlds-oldest-engraving-discovered/","external_links_name":"World's oldest engraving discovered"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0913047107","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0913047107"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20194764","external_links_name":"20194764"},{"Link":"http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2016/10/shaun-hughes-engraving/","external_links_name":"Elaborate Floral Scrollwork Engraved on Coins"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/94303/rec/1","external_links_name":"Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures"},{"Link":"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/engr/hd_engr.htm","external_links_name":"Engraving from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History"},{"Link":"https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/show/engraved/","external_links_name":"Engraved Throughout: An Exhibition of Wholly Engraved Books"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Enemies_(1961_film)
The Best of Enemies (1961 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 References","4.1 Footnotes","4.2 Sources","5 External links"]
1961 film The Best of EnemiesDirected by Guy Hamilton Alessandro Blasetti Screenplay byJack PulmanStory byLuciano VincenzoniStarring David Niven Alberto Sordi Michael Wilding Amedeo Nazzari Harry Andrews David Opatoshu CinematographyGiuseppe RotunnoEdited byTatiana MorigiMusic byNino RotaProductioncompanyDino De Laurentiis CinematograficaDistributed byDe LaurentiisRelease date 26 October 1961 (1961-10-26) (Italy) Running time104 minutesCountryItalyBox office£1.088 million The Best of Enemies (I due nemici) is a 1961 Italian film directed by Guy Hamilton and Alessandro Blasetti set during the World War II East African Campaign, but filmed in Israel. It stars David Niven, Alberto Sordi and Michael Wilding. It was nominated for three Golden Globe awards in 1963. Plot In 1941 Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in Italian East Africa during the Second World War, British Army Major Richardson (Niven) is taken prisoner by an Italian detachment on the march in the desert when the pilot (Wilding) of his reconnaissance airplane manages to crash. He is questioned by Captain Blasi (Sordi), but gives only his name, rank and serial number. A British night attack is repulsed, but Italian Major Fornari is killed, leaving Blasi in charge. As time goes on, Blasi and Richardson come to irritate each other. Blasi decides to let the two escape to tell their superiors how ineffectual his force actually is in the hope that the British will not think them worth bothering about. However, Richardson is ordered to take his motorized squadron and round up Blasi's unit. Blasi and his men reach a fort, where supposedly the rest of their forces are rallying, but they find only abandoned equipment. Minutes later, Richardson's armored cars show up. Blasi, under the prodding of his friend Bernasconi, reluctantly agrees to surrender, though he is angry at what he considers his betrayal at Richardson's hands. He balks at Richardson's terms and has his Italian infantrymen sneak out the back, ordering most of his African soldiers to remain behind and surrender in an hour given as a deadline. Furious at being made a fool of, Richardson chases them into hilly terrain, against Captain Rootes' advice. After Blasi dismisses four African tribal warriors for misbehaving, they sneak behind the British and set a fire in the forest which destroys their armored cars and supplies. Both sides flee to an island in a nearby lake. After the fire dies down, they start marching across the desert, the outnumbered Italians as prisoners of war. When they reach a native village, the headman states he supports the Allied side and asks for the Italians' weapons and the Italians themselves, but Richardson refuses to part with either. They stop in an abandoned village because a British officer is too sick to be moved, only to find themselves surrounded by many hostile natives, led by the headman Richardson dealt with before. While they wait, Richardson and Blasi become acquainted. Richardson makes the decision to arm the Italians, but then discovers they left the Italian ammunition behind. He decides to have everyone sneak away, six at a time, down a gully, but that just makes it easier for the natives to capture them. After their weapons and boots are stolen, they are allowed to leave and take their war away with them. They reach a road. Blasi is delighted to find a road sign that indicates they are 150 miles behind Italian lines. He and his men march away. Shortly afterward, however, Richardson encounters a British convoy on its way to a victory celebration; the Italians have been defeated. Blasi and his men are recaptured. The two units meet again at a railway station. Richardson has his men present arms to show his new-found respect. Cast David Niven as Major Richardson Alberto Sordi as Captain Blasi Amedeo Nazzari as Major Fornari Michael Wilding as Burke Harry Andrews as Captain Rootes Noel Harrison as Lieutenant Hilary David Opatoshu as Bernasconi Aldo Giuffrè as Sergeant Todini Tiberio Mitri as Private Moccia Alessandro Ninchi as Second Lieutenant Del Pra Pietro Marascalchi as Corporal Bortolini Bruno Cattaneo as Private Mattone Giuseppe Fazio as Sergeant Spadoni Ignazio Dolce as Sentinel Ronald Fraser as Perfect Duncan Macrae as Sergeant Trevethan Bernard Cribbins as a soldier Michael Trubshawe as Colonel Brownhow Robert Desmond as Private Singer Kenneth Fortescue as Lieutenant Dicky Thomlinson Release The Best of Enemies was distributed theatrically in Italy by De Laurentiis on 26 October 1961. It grossed a total of 1,088,040,000 lire domestically. It was released in the United States on 6 August 1962. References Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Curti 2016, p. 190. ^ "The Best of Enemies". IMDb. Retrieved 19 July 2017. Sources Curti, Roberto (2016). Tonino Valerii: The Films. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476626185. External links The Best of Enemies at IMDb The Best of Enemies at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Guy Hamilton The Ringer (1952) The Intruder (1953) An Inspector Calls (1954) The Colditz Story (1955) Charley Moon (1956) Manuela (1957) The Devil's Disciple (1959) A Touch of Larceny (1959) The Best of Enemies (1961) Man in the Middle (1964) Goldfinger (1964) The Party's Over (1965) Funeral in Berlin (1966) Battle of Britain (1969) Diamonds Are Forever (1971) Live and Let Die (1973) The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) Force 10 from Navarone (1978) The Mirror Crack'd (1980) Evil Under the Sun (1982) Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (1985) Try This One for Size (1989) vteLuciano VincenzoniFilms written Path of Hope (1950) They Stole a Tram (1954) The Railroad Man (1956) The Wanderers (1956) The Italians They Are Crazy (1958) The Great War (1959) Venetian Honeymoon (1959) Crimen (1960) The Hunchback of Rome (1960) The Best of Enemies (1961) Destination Fury (1961) Duel of Champions (1961) Revolt of the Mercenaries (1961) Copacabana Palace (1962) A Girl... and a Million (1962) La vita agra (1964) Seduced and Abandoned (1964) For a Few Dollars More (1965) The Birds, the Bees and the Italians (1966) The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) Death Rides a Horse (1967) The Mercenary (1968) A Quiet Place in the Country (1968) Duck, You Sucker! (1971) Black Turin (1972) Flatfoot (1973) The Heroes (1973) Mean Frank and Crazy Tony (1973) Mr. Hercules Against Karate (1973) War Goddess (1973) The Beast (1974) Policewoman (1974) Three Tough Guys (1974) The Boss and the Worker (1975) Cry, Onion! (1975) Libera, My Love (1975) Wanted: Babysitter (1975) L'Italia s'è rotta (1976) Black Journal (1977) Orca (1977) Count Tacchia (1982) Bonnie and Clyde Italian Style (1983) A tu per tu (1984) Casablanca, Casablanca (1985) Miami Supercops (1985) Raw Deal (1986) Blowing Hot and Cold (1989) Malèna (2000) Plays Sacco and Vanzetti (1960)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Blasetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti"},{"link_name":"World War II East African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"David Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niven"},{"link_name":"Alberto Sordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Sordi"},{"link_name":"Michael Wilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wilding"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The Best of Enemies (I due nemici) is a 1961 Italian film directed by Guy Hamilton and Alessandro Blasetti set during the World War II East African Campaign, but filmed in Israel. It stars David Niven, Alberto Sordi and Michael Wilding. It was nominated for three Golden Globe awards in 1963.[2][better source needed]","title":"The Best of Enemies (1961 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abyssinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia"},{"link_name":"Italian East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa"}],"text":"In 1941 Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in Italian East Africa during the Second World War, British Army Major Richardson (Niven) is taken prisoner by an Italian detachment on the march in the desert when the pilot (Wilding) of his reconnaissance airplane manages to crash. He is questioned by Captain Blasi (Sordi), but gives only his name, rank and serial number. A British night attack is repulsed, but Italian Major Fornari is killed, leaving Blasi in charge. As time goes on, Blasi and Richardson come to irritate each other.Blasi decides to let the two escape to tell their superiors how ineffectual his force actually is in the hope that the British will not think them worth bothering about. However, Richardson is ordered to take his motorized squadron and round up Blasi's unit. Blasi and his men reach a fort, where supposedly the rest of their forces are rallying, but they find only abandoned equipment. Minutes later, Richardson's armored cars show up. Blasi, under the prodding of his friend Bernasconi, reluctantly agrees to surrender, though he is angry at what he considers his betrayal at Richardson's hands. He balks at Richardson's terms and has his Italian infantrymen sneak out the back, ordering most of his African soldiers to remain behind and surrender in an hour given as a deadline.Furious at being made a fool of, Richardson chases them into hilly terrain, against Captain Rootes' advice. After Blasi dismisses four African tribal warriors for misbehaving, they sneak behind the British and set a fire in the forest which destroys their armored cars and supplies. Both sides flee to an island in a nearby lake.After the fire dies down, they start marching across the desert, the outnumbered Italians as prisoners of war. When they reach a native village, the headman states he supports the Allied side and asks for the Italians' weapons and the Italians themselves, but Richardson refuses to part with either. They stop in an abandoned village because a British officer is too sick to be moved, only to find themselves surrounded by many hostile natives, led by the headman Richardson dealt with before. While they wait, Richardson and Blasi become acquainted. Richardson makes the decision to arm the Italians, but then discovers they left the Italian ammunition behind. He decides to have everyone sneak away, six at a time, down a gully, but that just makes it easier for the natives to capture them. After their weapons and boots are stolen, they are allowed to leave and take their war away with them.They reach a road. Blasi is delighted to find a road sign that indicates they are 150 miles behind Italian lines. He and his men march away. Shortly afterward, however, Richardson encounters a British convoy on its way to a victory celebration; the Italians have been defeated. Blasi and his men are recaptured. The two units meet again at a railway station. Richardson has his men present arms to show his new-found respect.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niven"},{"link_name":"Alberto Sordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Sordi"},{"link_name":"Amedeo Nazzari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Nazzari"},{"link_name":"Michael Wilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wilding"},{"link_name":"Harry Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Noel Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Harrison"},{"link_name":"David Opatoshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Opatoshu"},{"link_name":"Aldo Giuffrè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Giuffr%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Tiberio Mitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberio_Mitri"},{"link_name":"Ignazio Dolce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Dolce"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fraser_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Duncan Macrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Macrae_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cribbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cribbins"},{"link_name":"Michael Trubshawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Trubshawe"},{"link_name":"Robert Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Desmond"}],"text":"David Niven as Major Richardson\nAlberto Sordi as Captain Blasi\nAmedeo Nazzari as Major Fornari\nMichael Wilding as Burke\nHarry Andrews as Captain Rootes\nNoel Harrison as Lieutenant Hilary\nDavid Opatoshu as Bernasconi\nAldo Giuffrè as Sergeant Todini\nTiberio Mitri as Private Moccia\nAlessandro Ninchi as Second Lieutenant Del Pra\nPietro Marascalchi as Corporal Bortolini\nBruno Cattaneo as Private Mattone\nGiuseppe Fazio\tas Sergeant Spadoni\nIgnazio Dolce as Sentinel\nRonald Fraser as Perfect\nDuncan Macrae as Sergeant Trevethan\nBernard Cribbins as a soldier\nMichael Trubshawe as Colonel Brownhow\nRobert Desmond as Private Singer\nKenneth Fortescue as Lieutenant Dicky Thomlinson","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2016190-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2016190-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2016190-1"}],"text":"The Best of Enemies was distributed theatrically in Italy by De Laurentiis on 26 October 1961.[1] It grossed a total of 1,088,040,000 lire domestically.[1] It was released in the United States on 6 August 1962.[1]","title":"Release"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Best of Enemies\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054678/awards","url_text":"\"The Best of Enemies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Curti, Roberto (2016). Tonino Valerii: The Films. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476626185.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476626185","url_text":"978-1476626185"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054678/awards","external_links_name":"\"The Best of Enemies\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054678/","external_links_name":"The Best of Enemies"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-best-of-enemies","external_links_name":"The Best of Enemies"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Sand_Plains
Rome Sand Plains
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 43°14′06″N 75°34′12″W / 43.23500°N 75.57000°W / 43.23500; -75.57000Protected area of New York Rome Sand PlainsIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)Rome Sand PlainsU.S. state of New YorkLocationOneida County, New York, USANearest cityRome, New YorkCoordinates43°14′06″N 75°34′12″W / 43.23500°N 75.57000°W / 43.23500; -75.57000Area4,000 acres (16 km2)Established1980Governing bodyRome Sand Plains Resource Management Team Rome Sand Plains is a 15,000-acre (61 km2) pine barrens about five miles (8.0 km) west of the city center of Rome in Oneida County in central New York. It consists of a mosaic of sand dunes rising about 50 feet (15 m) above low peat bogs that lie between the dunes. The barrens are covered with mixed northern hardwood forests, meadows, and wetlands. About 4,000 acres (16 km2) are protected in conservation preserves. Pine barrens are typical of seacoasts; the Rome Sand Plains is one of only a handful of inland pine barrens remaining in the United States. A second inland pine barrens, the Albany Pine Bush, is also found in New York, located north and west of state's capital Albany. E. W. Russell has described the Sand Plains as follows, "The landscape today forms a sharp contrast with the surrounding flat, fertile farmland, which is almost all cleared of trees and planted in crops. Uplands, including some dunes, support forest vegetation of American beech, white oak (Quercus alba), red and sugar maples, white and pitch pine (Pinus strobus and P. rigida), gray birch (Betula populifolia), hemlock, aspen (Populus spp.), American elm, and other northern hardwood species. Some uplands are also characterized as pitch pine heaths, dominated by pitch pines with an understory of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and other related (ericaceous) shrubs. Pitch pine is the characteristic tree of the wetlands, along with aspen, gray birch, and red maple, along with an ericaceous shrub layer." Among the several rare species in the Sand Plains are the purple pitcher plant and a sundew (both of which are carnivorous plants), red-shouldered hawks, martens, and the frosted elfin butterfly, which is a threatened species in New York State. Other species to be found include wild blue lupine (also rare, and the food for the frosted elfin), barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia), whippoorwill, pine warbler and pitch pine, normally indigenous to coastal areas. The Rome Sand Plains were owned privately through about 1980. The sand was mined to make molds and cores for metal casting. An application for a permit to mine sand around 1980 triggered a regional effort to protect the area. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) began purchasing lands, working with The Nature Conservancy and other organizations. Approximately 1,700 acres (6.9 km2) of the Sand Plains have been purchased by the NYSDEC, and are designated as the Rome Sand Plains Unique Area. The Nature Conservancy holds another 1,000 acres (4.0 km2). The Izaak Walton League holds about 440 acres (1.8 km2), Oneida County holds an additional 770 acres (3.1 km2) as a County Forest, and a few acres are held by the City of Rome. A map showing these holdings was released by the NYSDEC in 2008; the map shows the location of three foot trails maintained by the NYSDEC and one by the Izaak Walton League. A consolidated management plan involving all five preserves, and addressing the entire Sand Plains area, was published in 2006. The sand plains are considered by geologists to be a relic of Lake Iroquois, which was a somewhat larger version of the present Lake Ontario that existed near the end of the last ice age about twelve thousand years ago. The level of Lake Iroquois was about 100 feet (30 m) higher than Lake Ontario's present level. Lake Iroquois drained to the Atlantic Ocean through the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, and its outlet was near the present Sand Plains. Lake Ontario's outlet is near the Thousand Islands, and the lake drains through the Saint Lawrence River; this outlet was dammed by ice in the period when Lake Iroquois existed. See also New York (state) portal List of pine barrens References ^ "Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Area". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ Russell, Emily W. B. (2001). "Applications of historical ecology to land use decisions in the northeastern United States". In Dale, Virginia H.; Haeuber, Richard A. (eds.). Applying Ecological Principles to Land Management. p. 128. ISBN 9781461300991. OCLC 852772536. ^ "List of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Fish & Wildlife Species of New York State". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ Verschoor, Karin (August 2006). "The Rome Sand Plains". The New York State Conservationist: 22–25. ^ "Western Adirondacks/ Upper Mohawk Valley/ Eastern Lake Ontario - Region 6". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 2009-08-12. ^ "Rome Sand Plains Preserve". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2016-07-12. ^ "Rome Sand Plans Resource Management Area (map)" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. September 2008. Retrieved 2018-06-12. ^ "Rome Sand Plains Consolidated Management Plan". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. March 3, 2006. ^ Kurczewski, Frank E. (1999). "Historic and prehistoric changes in the Rome, New York pine barrens". The Northeastern Naturalist. 6 (4): 327–340. doi:10.2307/3858273. JSTOR 3858273. ^ Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, Randall (2001). "Review: Origin and Evolution of the Great Lakes" (PDF). J. Great Lakes Res. 27 (4): 518–546. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31. The work of Anderson and Lewis (1985) is the basis for these authors' views on the history of the post-glacial water levels. Further reading Ameigh, Michael S. (July 19, 2009). Rome Sand Plains - Footprints of the Ice Age. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2009-08-10. 4-minute documentary describing the Rome Sand Plains. Williams, Ernest H. (August 2018). "Rome Sand Plains" (PDF). New York State Conservationist. pp. 10–11. Short article describing work on lupine plantings at the Rome Sand Plains; lupines are needed by the rare butterflies found there. vteProtected areas of New YorkFederalNational HistoricSites and Historical Parks Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women's Rights Kate Mullany House affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashoresand Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National WildlifeRefuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe-Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire – Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Hudson River Islands Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point – Finger Lakes Long Point – Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Marsha P. Johnson Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses – Long Island Robert Moses – Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rock Island Lighthouse Rockefeller Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Shirley Chisholm Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson's Lake Trail View Two Rivers Valley Stream Verona Beach Walkway over the Hudson Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson-Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crown Point Darwin D. Martin House Fort Crailo Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial (Woodchuck Lodge) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuariesPublicpreserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The NatureConservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Otherpreserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen-Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Great Camp Sagamore James Lime Hollow Louis Calder Center Louis C. Clark Sanctuary Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sam's Point Svend O. Heiberg Memorial Forest Teatown Lake Reservation Theodore Roosevelt Sanctuary and Audubon Center Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Wallkill Valley Rail Trail Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other (lists) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens and arboretums Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category Erie County Nassau County New York City NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pine barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_barrens"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Oneida County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEC-1"},{"link_name":"Albany Pine Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Pine_Bush"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"American beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia"},{"link_name":"Quercus alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_alba"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_rubrum"},{"link_name":"sugar maples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_saccharum"},{"link_name":"Pinus strobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_strobus"},{"link_name":"P. rigida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_rigida"},{"link_name":"Betula populifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_populifolia"},{"link_name":"hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga"},{"link_name":"Populus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus"},{"link_name":"American elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_americana"},{"link_name":"Vaccinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium"},{"link_name":"ericaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"purple pitcher plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea"},{"link_name":"sundew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera"},{"link_name":"carnivorous plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous_plants"},{"link_name":"red-shouldered hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-shouldered_hawk"},{"link_name":"martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten"},{"link_name":"frosted elfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_irus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wild blue lupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_perennis"},{"link_name":"barrens buckmoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrens_buckmoth"},{"link_name":"whippoorwill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippoorwill"},{"link_name":"pine warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_warbler"},{"link_name":"pitch pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_pine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation"},{"link_name":"The Nature Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"Unique Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Forests#Unique_areas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Izaak Walton League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izaak_Walton_League"},{"link_name":"Oneida County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plan-8"},{"link_name":"Lake Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario"},{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEN-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson-10"},{"link_name":"Thousand Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River"}],"text":"Protected area of New YorkRome Sand Plains is a 15,000-acre (61 km2) pine barrens about five miles (8.0 km) west of the city center of Rome in Oneida County in central New York. It consists of a mosaic of sand dunes rising about 50 feet (15 m) above low peat bogs that lie between the dunes. The barrens are covered with mixed northern hardwood forests, meadows, and wetlands. About 4,000 acres (16 km2) are protected in conservation preserves. Pine barrens are typical of seacoasts; the Rome Sand Plains is one of only a handful of inland pine barrens remaining in the United States.[1] A second inland pine barrens, the Albany Pine Bush, is also found in New York, located north and west of state's capital Albany.E. W. Russell has described the Sand Plains as follows, \"The landscape today forms a sharp contrast with the surrounding flat, fertile farmland, which is almost all cleared of trees and planted in crops. Uplands, including some dunes, support forest vegetation of American beech, white oak (Quercus alba), red and sugar maples, white and pitch pine (Pinus strobus and P. rigida), gray birch (Betula populifolia), hemlock, aspen (Populus spp.), American elm, and other northern hardwood species. Some uplands are also characterized as pitch pine heaths, dominated by pitch pines with an understory of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and other related (ericaceous) shrubs. Pitch pine is the characteristic tree of the wetlands, along with aspen, gray birch, and red maple, along with an ericaceous shrub layer.\"[2]Among the several rare species in the Sand Plains are the purple pitcher plant and a sundew (both of which are carnivorous plants), red-shouldered hawks, martens, and the frosted elfin butterfly, which is a threatened species in New York State.[3] Other species to be found include wild blue lupine (also rare, and the food for the frosted elfin), barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia), whippoorwill, pine warbler and pitch pine, normally indigenous to coastal areas.The Rome Sand Plains were owned privately through about 1980. The sand was mined to make molds and cores for metal casting. An application for a permit to mine sand around 1980 triggered a regional effort to protect the area.[4] The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) began purchasing lands, working with The Nature Conservancy and other organizations. Approximately 1,700 acres (6.9 km2) of the Sand Plains have been purchased by the NYSDEC, and are designated as the Rome Sand Plains Unique Area.[5] The Nature Conservancy holds another 1,000 acres (4.0 km2).[6] The Izaak Walton League holds about 440 acres (1.8 km2), Oneida County holds an additional 770 acres (3.1 km2) as a County Forest, and a few acres are held by the City of Rome. A map showing these holdings was released by the NYSDEC in 2008; the map shows the location of three foot trails maintained by the NYSDEC and one by the Izaak Walton League.[7] A consolidated management plan involving all five preserves, and addressing the entire Sand Plains area, was published in 2006.[8]The sand plains are considered by geologists to be a relic of Lake Iroquois, which was a somewhat larger version of the present Lake Ontario that existed near the end of the last ice age about twelve thousand years ago. The level of Lake Iroquois was about 100 feet (30 m) higher than Lake Ontario's present level. Lake Iroquois drained to the Atlantic Ocean through the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, and its outlet was near the present Sand Plains.[9][10] Lake Ontario's outlet is near the Thousand Islands, and the lake drains through the Saint Lawrence River; this outlet was dammed by ice in the period when Lake Iroquois existed.","title":"Rome Sand Plains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome Sand Plains - Footprints of the Ice Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZOL6cmhOM"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0NZOL6cmhOM"},{"link_name":"\"Rome Sand Plains\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dec.ny.gov/docs/administration_pdf/0818consmag4web.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National HistoricSites and Historical Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Harriet Tubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Martin Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Sagamore Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamore_Hill"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Inaugural_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Women's Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Kate Mullany House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mullany_House"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"National Memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Federal Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Hall"},{"link_name":"General Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Grange_National_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"National monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"African Burial Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Burial_Ground_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Castle Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Fort Stanwix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stanwix"},{"link_name":"Governors Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_Island"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"National Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trails_System"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"North Country Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_Trail"},{"link_name":"National Seashoresand Recreation Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_lakeshores_and_seashores_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Fire Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Island_National_Seashore"},{"link_name":"Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Upper Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Delaware_Scenic_and_Recreational_River"},{"link_name":"National WildlifeRefuges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Long Island Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex"},{"link_name":"Amagansett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagansett_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Conscience Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_Point_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth A. Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Morton_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Lido Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lido_Beach_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oyster Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Sayville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayville_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Seatuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seatuck_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Target Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Rock_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Wertheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheim_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Montezuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Shawangunk Grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawangunk_Grasslands_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Wallkill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallkill_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"National Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Finger Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Lakes_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Wilderness Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System"},{"link_name":"Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Pike_Fire_Island_High_Dune_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"State parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks"},{"link_name":"Allen H. Treman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_H._Treman_State_Marine_Park"},{"link_name":"Allegany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegany_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Battle Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bayard Cutting Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_Cutting_Arboretum_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bayswater Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bear Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Beaver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Beechwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechwood_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Belmont Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bethpage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethpage_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Betty & Wilbur Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_and_Wilbur_Davis_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Big Six Mile Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Six_Mile_Creek_Marina"},{"link_name":"Blauvelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauvelt_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bonavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonavista_State_Park_Golf_Course"},{"link_name":"Bowman Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Braddock Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braddock_Bay"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bristol Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Buckhorn Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhorn_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Harbor_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Burnham Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Buttermilk Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk_Falls_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Caleb Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Smith_State_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Camp Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hero_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Canandaigua Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canandaigua_Lake_State_Marine_Park"},{"link_name":"Canoe-Picnic Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe-Picnic_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Captree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captree_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Catharine Valley Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_Valley_Trail"},{"link_name":"Caumsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caumsett_State_Historic_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Cayuga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Cedar Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Cedar Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Chenango Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_Valley_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Cherry Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Plain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Chimney Bluffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_Bluffs_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Chittenango Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenango_Falls_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Clarence Fahnestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Fahnestock_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Clark Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Reservation_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Clay Pit Ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Pit_Ponds_State_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Coles Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Creek_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Conesus Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conesus_Lake_Boat_Launch"},{"link_name":"Connetquot River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connetquot_River_State_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Crab Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Croil Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croil_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Bay_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Darien Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien_Lakes_State_Park"},{"link_name":"De Veaux Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Veaux_Woods_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Deans Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deans_Cove_Boat_Launch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delta Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Devil's Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Hole_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Dewolf Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewolf_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Donald J. Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Earl W. Brydges Artpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_W._Brydges_Artpark_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Eel Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_Weir_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Empire – Fulton Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_%E2%80%93_Fulton_Ferry_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Evangola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangola_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Fair Haven Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Haven_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Fillmore Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillmore_Glen_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Fort Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Niagara_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Four Mile Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Mile_Creek_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park"},{"link_name":"Franny Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franny_Reese_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Frenchman Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchman_Island"},{"link_name":"Galop Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galop_Island"},{"link_name":"Gantry Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_Plaza_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Genesee Valley Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_Valley_Greenway"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Gilgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgo_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Glimmerglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimmerglass_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Golden Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hill_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Goosepond Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosepond_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Grafton Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Lakes_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Grass Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Green Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lakes_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Hallock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallock_State_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Hamlin Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlin_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Harriet Hollister Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Hollister_Spencer_State_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Harriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriman_State_Park_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Hart's Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hart%27s_Brook_Nature_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haverstraw Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverstraw_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Heckscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckscher_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Helen L. McNitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_L._McNitt_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Hempstead Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"High Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tor_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Highland Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Lakes_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Higley Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higley_Flow_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Hither Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hither_Hills_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Honeoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeoye_Lake_Boat_Launch_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Hook Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Hudson Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Highlands_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_Park"},{"link_name":"Hudson River Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_Islands_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Hunts Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunts_Pond_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Iona Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Irondequoit Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irondequoit_Bay_State_Marine_Park"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier_State_Park"},{"link_name":"James Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baird_State_Park"},{"link_name":"John Boyd Thacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Thacher_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Jones Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Joseph Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Davis_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Keewaydin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keewaydin_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Keuka Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuka_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Knox Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_Farm_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Kring Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kring_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Lauderdale_State_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Taghkanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Taghkanic_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lakeside Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Letchworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Lock 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_32_State_Canal_Park"},{"link_name":"Lodi Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Long Point – Finger Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Point_State_Park_%E2%80%93_Finger_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Long Point – Thousand Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Point_State_Park_%E2%80%93_Thousand_Islands"},{"link_name":"Long Point on Lake Chautauqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Point_State_Park_on_Lake_Chautauqua"},{"link_name":"Macomb Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_Reservation_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lewis Norrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lewis_Norrie_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain_State_Park_and_Soaring_Eagles_Golf_Course"},{"link_name":"Marsha P. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Mary Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Max V. Shaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_V._Shaul_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Mexico Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Mine Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Kill_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Minnewaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnewaska_State_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Montauk Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Downs_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Montauk Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Moreau Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreau_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Napeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napeague_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Newtown Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Battlefield_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Nissequogue River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissequogue_River_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Nyack Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyack_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Oak Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Orchard_State_Marine_Park"},{"link_name":"Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Mills_%26_Ruth_Livingston_Mills_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Old Croton Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Croton_Aqueduct_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"Old Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Erie_Canal_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"Oquaga Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oquaga_Creek_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Orient Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Peebles Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Pinnacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle_State_Park_and_Golf_Course"},{"link_name":"Pixley Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixley_Falls_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Point Au Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Au_Roche_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Riverbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverbank_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Robert G. Wehle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Wehle_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Treman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Treman_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Robert Moses – Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Robert Moses – Thousand Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moses_State_Park_%E2%80%93_Thousand_Islands"},{"link_name":"Robert V. Riddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Riddell_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Lighthouse_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_State_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Rockland Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Sandy Island Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Island_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Spa_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Schodack Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schodack_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Schunemunk Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schunemunk_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Selkirk Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_Shores_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Seneca Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Shadmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadmoor_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Shirley Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake_State_Park_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Sonnenberg Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenberg_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Southwick Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwick_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_State_Park_Golf_Course"},{"link_name":"State Park at the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Fair#State_Park_at_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Sterling Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Forest_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Steuben Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuben_Memorial_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Stony Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Storm King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_King_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Island_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Sunken Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Taconic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconic_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Tallman Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallman_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Taughannock Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taughannock_Falls_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Thompson's Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson%27s_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Trail View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_View_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Two Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two_Rivers_State_Park_Recreation_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valley Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Stream_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Verona Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Walkway over the Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkway_over_the_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Waterson Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterson_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Watkins Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkins_Glen_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Wellesley Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Westcott Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Whetstone Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetstone_Gulf_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Whirlpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Wildwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildwood_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Wilson-Tuscarora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson-Tuscarora_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Wonder Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Beach_State_Park"},{"link_name":"State historic sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_(state)_historic_sites"},{"link_name":"Bennington Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_Battlefield_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Caumsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caumsett_State_Historic_Park_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Clermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Clinton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_House_(Poughkeepsie,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Crown Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Point_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Darwin D. Martin House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_D._Martin_House"},{"link_name":"Fort Crailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Crailo"},{"link_name":"Fort Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Montgomery_(Hudson_River)"},{"link_name":"Fort Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ganondagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganondagan_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Grant Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Cottage_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Herkimer Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_Home_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Hyde Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Hall"},{"link_name":"John Brown Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"John Burroughs Memorial (Woodchuck Lodge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchuck_Lodge"},{"link_name":"John Hay Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Johnson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Hall_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Knox's Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"New Windsor Cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Windsor_Cantonment_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Olana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olana_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Old Croton Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Old Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Erie_Canal_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"Old Fort Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Oriskany Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriskany_Battlefield_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Philipse Manor Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipse_Manor_Hall_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Plantings Fields Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planting_Fields_Arboretum_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"Sackets Harbor Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackets_Harbor_Battlefield_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Schoharie Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_Crossing_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Schuyler Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Senate House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_House_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenberg_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Staatsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsburgh_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Steuben Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuben_Memorial_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Stony Point Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Point_Battlefield"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman Birthplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Washington's Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Preserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"sanctuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_refuge"},{"link_name":"Albany Pine Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Pine_Bush"},{"link_name":"Forest Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Preserve_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"Saint Regis Canoe Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Regis_Canoe_Area"},{"link_name":"Santanoni Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santanoni_Preserve"},{"link_name":"wilderness areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wilderness_Areas_in_the_Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"Catskill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Park"},{"link_name":"Hudson River Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Long Island Pine Barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Central_Pine_Barrens"},{"link_name":"Reinstein Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinstein_Woods_Nature_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Rome Sand Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tahawus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahawus,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Vischer Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vischer_Ferry_Nature_and_Historic_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Welwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Preserve"},{"link_name":"The NatureConservacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"Accabonac Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accabonac_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Warhol_Visual_Arts_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur W. Butler Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_W._Butler_Memorial_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Double Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Double_Dunes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bear Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Swamp_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Calverton Ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calverton_Ponds&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chaumont Barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaumont_Barrens_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clintonville Pine Barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clintonville_Pine_Barrens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coon Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coon_Mountain_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deer Lick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Lick_Nature_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denton_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Dorado Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_Beach_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Eugene and Agnes Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_and_Agnes_Meyer_Nature_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Everton Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everton_Falls_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Freund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freund_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadway_Sandstone_Pavement_Barrens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hannacroix Ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannacroix_Ravine_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgenthau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indian Brook Assemblage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Brook_Assemblage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ironsides Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironsides_Island"},{"link_name":"Kenrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenrose_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Limestone Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limestone_Rise_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisha Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisha_Kill_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Long Island Center for Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Center_for_Conservation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Long Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Pond_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lordsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lordsland_Conservancy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lower Poultney River and Saddles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Poultney_River_and_Saddles_Preserves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marrion Yarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marrion_Yarrow_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mashomack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mashomack_Nature_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mianus River Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianus_River_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Mildred E. Grierson Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mildred_E._Grierson_Memorial_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moccasin Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moccasin_Kill_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montauk Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montauk_Mountain_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moss Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Lake_Bog"},{"link_name":"Mount Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holly_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nellie Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nellie_Hill_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neversink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neversink_Preserve"},{"link_name":"O.D. von Engeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.D._von_Engeln_Preserve_at_Malloryville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Otter Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otter_Creek_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawling_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Peconic Estuary Big Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peconic_Estuary_Big_Woods_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pine Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Neck_Nature_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roger Perry Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Perry_Memorial_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruth Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Wales_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schunemunk Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schunemunk_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Shadmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadmoor_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake Bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Lake_Bog_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spring Pond Bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Pond_Bog_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis A. Swyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_A._Swyer_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Pond"},{"link_name":"Uplands Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uplands_Farm_Nature_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Branch_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Whitbeck Memorial Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitbeck_Memorial_Grove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angle Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_Fly_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Bergen-Byron Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Byron_Swamp"},{"link_name":"Black Rock Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock_Forest"},{"link_name":"Brandreth Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandreth_Park"},{"link_name":"Cornell Botanic Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Botanic_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Ferncliff Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferncliff_Forest"},{"link_name":"Great Camp Sagamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Camp_Sagamore"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Lime Hollow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_Hollow"},{"link_name":"Louis Calder Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Calder_Center"},{"link_name":"Louis C. Clark Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C._Clark_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Mohonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohonk_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Peabody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Preserve_(Tarrytown,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Plotter Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotter_Kill_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Sam's Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%27s_Point_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Svend O. Heiberg Memorial Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svend_O._Heiberg_Memorial_Forest"},{"link_name":"Teatown Lake Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatown_Lake_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Sanctuary and Audubon Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sanctuary_and_Audubon_Center"},{"link_name":"Turkey Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Mountain_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Turner Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turner_Brook_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Wallkill Valley Rail Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallkill_Valley_Rail_Trail"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Zurich Bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Bog"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"National Natural Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Botanical gardens and arboretums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_and_arboretums_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nature centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York City parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"POPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_privately_owned_public_spaces_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"WWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks_relating_to_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Forests#List_of_New_York_state_forests"},{"link_name":"wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_wild_forests"},{"link_name":"historic sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_(state)_historic_sites"},{"link_name":"parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks"},{"link_name":"wildlife management areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Wildlife_Management_Areas#List_of_New_York_state_wildlife_management_areas"},{"link_name":"Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trails_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"rail trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rail_trails_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Erie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Erie_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Parks_in_Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"NYS DEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation"},{"link_name":"NYS OPRHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks_in_New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Ameigh, Michael S. (July 19, 2009). Rome Sand Plains - Footprints of the Ice Age. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2009-08-10. 4-minute documentary describing the Rome Sand Plains.\nWilliams, Ernest H. (August 2018). \"Rome Sand Plains\" (PDF). New York State Conservationist. pp. 10–11. Short article describing work on lupine plantings at the Rome Sand Plains; lupines are needed by the rare butterflies found there.vteProtected areas of New YorkFederalNational HistoricSites and Historical Parks\nEleanor Roosevelt\nHarriet Tubman\nHome of Franklin D. Roosevelt\nMartin Van Buren\nSagamore Hill\nSaint Paul's Church\nSaratoga\nTheodore Roosevelt Birthplace\nTheodore Roosevelt Inaugural\nWomen's Rights\nKate Mullany House\naffiliated\nThomas Cole\naffiliated\nNational Memorials\nFederal Hall\nGeneral Grant\nHamilton Grange\nStatue of Liberty\nNational monuments\nAfrican Burial Ground\nCastle Clinton\nFort Stanwix\nGovernors Island\nStonewall\nNational Trails\nAppalachian Trail\nNorth Country Trail\nNational Seashoresand Recreation Areas\nFire Island\nGateway\nUpper Delaware\nNational WildlifeRefuges\nIroquois\nLong Island Complex\nAmagansett\nConscience Point\nElizabeth A. Morton\nLido Beach\nOyster Bay\nSayville\nSeatuck\nTarget Rock\nWertheim\nMontezuma\nShawangunk Grasslands\nWallkill River\nNational Forests\nFinger Lakes\nWilderness Areas\nOtis Pike Fire Island High Dune\nState parks\nAllen H. Treman\nAllegany\nAmherst\nAmsterdam Beach\nBattle Island\nBayard Cutting Arboretum\nBayswater Point\nBear Mountain\nBeaver Island\nBeechwood\nBelmont Lake\nBethpage\nBetty & Wilbur Davis\nBig Six Mile Creek\nBlauvelt\nBonavista\nBowman Lake\nBraddock Bay\nBrentwood\nBristol Beach\nBrookhaven\nBuckhorn Island\nBuffalo Harbor\nBurnham Point\nButtermilk Falls\nCaleb Smith\nCamp Hero\nCanandaigua Lake\nCanoe-Picnic Point\nCaptree\nCatharine Valley Trail\nCaumsett\nCayuga Lake\nCedar Island\nCedar Point\nChenango Valley\nCherry Plain\nChimney Bluffs\nChittenango Falls\nClarence Fahnestock\nClark Reservation\nClay Pit Ponds\nCold Spring Harbor\nColes Creek\nConesus Lake\nConnetquot River\nCrab Island\nCroil Island\nCumberland Bay\nDarien Lakes\nDe Veaux Woods\nDeans Cove\nDelta Lake\nDevil's Hole\nDewolf Point\nDonald J. Trump\nEarl W. Brydges Artpark\nEel Weir\nEmpire – Fulton Ferry\nEvangola\nFair Haven Beach\nFillmore Glen\nFort Niagara\nFour Mile Creek\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\nFranklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms\nFranny Reese\nFrenchman Island\nGalop Island\nGantry Plaza\nGenesee Valley Greenway\nGilbert Lake\nGilgo\nGlimmerglass\nGolden Hill\nGoosepond Mountain\nGrafton Lakes\nGrass Point\nGreen Lakes\nHallock\nHamlin Beach\nHarriet Hollister Spencer\nHarriman\nHart's Brook\nHaverstraw Beach\nHeckscher\nHelen L. McNitt\nHempstead Lake\nHigh Tor\nHighland Lakes\nHigley Flow\nHither Hills\nHoneoye\nHook Mountain\nHudson Highlands\nHudson River\nHudson River Islands\nHunts Pond\nIona Island\nIrondequoit Bay\nJacques Cartier\nJames Baird\nJohn Boyd Thacher\nJones Beach\nJoseph Davis\nKeewaydin\nKeuka Lake\nKnox Farm\nKring Point\nLake Erie\nLake Lauderdale\nLake Superior\nLake Taghkanic\nLakeside Beach\nLetchworth\nLock 32\nLodi Point\nLong Point – Finger Lakes\nLong Point – Thousand Islands\nLong Point on Lake Chautauqua\nMacomb Reservation\nMargaret Lewis Norrie\nMark Twain\nMarsha P. Johnson\nMary Island\nMax V. Shaul\nMexico Point\nMidway\nMine Kill\nMinnewaska\nMohawk River\nMontauk Downs\nMontauk Point\nMoreau Lake\nNapeague\nNewtown Battlefield\nNiagara Falls\nNissequogue River\nNyack Beach\nOak Orchard\nOgden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills\nOld Croton Aqueduct\nOld Erie Canal\nOquaga Creek\nOrient Beach\nPeebles Island\nPinnacle\nPixley Falls\nPoint Au Roche\nReservoir\nRiverbank\nRobert G. Wehle\nRobert H. Treman\nRobert Moses – Long Island\nRobert Moses – Thousand Islands\nRobert V. Riddell\nRoberto Clemente\nRock Island Lighthouse\nRockefeller\nRockland Lake\nSampson\nSandy Island Beach\nSaratoga Lake\nSaratoga Spa\nSchodack Island\nSchunemunk Mountain\nSelkirk Shores\nSeneca Lake\nShadmoor\nShirley Chisholm\nSilver Lake\nSonnenberg Gardens\nSouthwick Beach\nSt. Lawrence\nState Park at the Fair\nSterling Forest\nSteuben Memorial\nStony Brook\nStorm King\nStrawberry Island\nSunken Meadow\nTaconic\nTallman Mountain\nTaughannock Falls\nThompson's Lake\nTrail View\nTwo Rivers\nValley Stream\nVerona Beach\nWalkway over the Hudson\nWaterson Point\nWatkins Glen\nWellesley Island\nWestcott Beach\nWhetstone Gulf\nWhirlpool\nWildwood\nWilson-Tuscarora\nWonder Lake\nWoodlawn Beach\nState historic sites\nBennington Battlefield\nCaumsett\nClermont\nClinton House\nCrown Point\nDarwin D. Martin House\nFort Crailo\nFort Montgomery\nFort Ontario\nGanondagan\nGrant Cottage\nHerkimer Home\nHyde Hall\nJohn Brown Farm\nJohn Burroughs Memorial (Woodchuck Lodge)\nJohn Hay Homestead\nJohnson Hall\nKnox's Headquarters\nLorenzo\nNew Windsor Cantonment\nOlana\nOld Croton Aqueduct\nOld Erie Canal\nOld Fort Niagara\nOriskany Battlefield\nPhilipse Manor Hall\nPlantings Fields Arboretum\nSackets Harbor Battlefield\nSchoharie Crossing\nSchuyler Mansion\nSenate House\nSonnenberg Gardens & Mansion\nStaatsburgh\nSteuben Memorial\nStony Point Battlefield\nWalt Whitman Birthplace\nWashington's Headquarters\nPreserves and sanctuariesPublicpreserves\nAlbany Pine Bush\nForest Preserve\nAdirondack Park\nSaint Regis Canoe Area\nSantanoni Preserve\nwilderness areas\nCatskill Park\nHudson River Estuary\nLong Island Pine Barrens\nReinstein Woods\nRome Sand Plains\nTahawus\nVischer Ferry\nWelwyn\nThe NatureConservacy\nAccabonac Harbor\nAndy Warhol Visual Arts\nArthur W. Butler Memorial\nAtlantic Double Dunes\nBear Swamp\nCalverton Ponds\nChaumont Barrens\nClintonville Pine Barrens\nCoon Mountain\nDeer Lick\nDenton\nEl Dorado Beach\nEugene and Agnes Meyer\nEverton Falls\nFreund\nGadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens\nHannacroix Ravine\nHenry Morgenthau\nIndian Brook Assemblage\nIronsides Island\nKenrose\nLimestone Rise\nLisha Kill\nLong Island Center for Conservation\nLong Pond\nLordsland\nLower Poultney River and Saddles\nMarrion Yarrow\nMashomack\nMianus River Gorge\nMildred E. Grierson Memorial\nMoccasin Kill\nMontauk Mountain\nMoss Lake\nMount Holly\nNellie Hill\nNeversink\nO.D. von Engeln\nOtter Creek\nPawling\nPeconic Estuary Big Woods\nPine Neck\nRoger Perry Memorial\nRuth Wales\nSchunemunk Mountain\nShadmoor\nSilver Lake Bog\nSpring Pond Bog\nStewart\nLewis A. Swyer\nThompson Pond and Stissing Mountain\nUplands Farm\nWest Branch\nWhitbeck Memorial Grove\nOtherpreserves\nAngle Fly\nBaxter\nBergen-Byron Swamp\nBlack Rock Forest\nBrandreth Park\nCornell Botanic Gardens\nFerncliff Forest\nGreat Camp Sagamore\nJames\nLime Hollow\nLouis Calder Center\nLouis C. Clark Sanctuary\nMohonk\nPeabody\nPlotter Kill\nSam's Point\nSvend O. Heiberg Memorial Forest\nTeatown Lake Reservation\nTheodore Roosevelt Sanctuary and Audubon Center\nTurkey Mountain\nTurner Brook\nWallkill Valley Rail Trail\nWoodlawn\nZurich Bog\nOther (lists)\nNational Historic Landmarks\nNational Natural Landmarks\nBotanical gardens and arboretums\nNature centers\nNew York City parks\nPOPS\nWWI\nNew York state\nforests\nwild\nhistoric sites\nparks\nwildlife management areas\nTrails\nrail trails\n\n Category\nErie County\nNassau County\nNew York City\nNYS DEC\nNYS OPRHP\n Commons","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"New York (state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)"},{"title":"List of pine barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pine_barrens"}]
[{"reference":"\"Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Area\". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 2009-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/8080.html","url_text":"\"Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Area\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Emily W. B. (2001). \"Applications of historical ecology to land use decisions in the northeastern United States\". In Dale, Virginia H.; Haeuber, Richard A. (eds.). Applying Ecological Principles to Land Management. p. 128. ISBN 9781461300991. OCLC 852772536.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SqO8BDiWudEC&pg=PA128","url_text":"\"Applications of historical ecology to land use decisions in the northeastern United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461300991","url_text":"9781461300991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852772536","url_text":"852772536"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Fish & Wildlife Species of New York State\". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 2009-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7494.html","url_text":"\"List of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Fish & Wildlife Species of New York State\""}]},{"reference":"Verschoor, Karin (August 2006). \"The Rome Sand Plains\". The New York State Conservationist: 22–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Rome+Sand+Plains%3a+the+unexpected+is+everywhere+in+this+remarkable...-a0166001606","url_text":"\"The Rome Sand Plains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Western Adirondacks/ Upper Mohawk Valley/ Eastern Lake Ontario - Region 6\". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 2009-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/7795.html","url_text":"\"Western Adirondacks/ Upper Mohawk Valley/ Eastern Lake Ontario - Region 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rome Sand Plains Preserve\". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2016-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/newyork/places-preserves/central-rome-sand-plains-preserves.xml","url_text":"\"Rome Sand Plains Preserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rome Sand Plans Resource Management Area (map)\" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. September 2008. Retrieved 2018-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/regions_pdf/rspmap.pdf","url_text":"\"Rome Sand Plans Resource Management Area (map)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rome Sand Plains Consolidated Management Plan\". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. March 3, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/22572.html","url_text":"\"Rome Sand Plains Consolidated Management Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Kurczewski, Frank E. (1999). \"Historic and prehistoric changes in the Rome, New York pine barrens\". The Northeastern Naturalist. 6 (4): 327–340. doi:10.2307/3858273. JSTOR 3858273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3858273","url_text":"10.2307/3858273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3858273","url_text":"3858273"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, Randall (2001). \"Review: Origin and Evolution of the Great Lakes\" (PDF). J. Great Lakes Res. 27 (4): 518–546. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081031073825/http://www.geo.msu.edu/schaetzl/PDFs/Larson-Great_lakes.pdf","url_text":"\"Review: Origin and Evolution of the Great Lakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0380-1330%2801%2970665-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X"},{"url":"http://www.geo.msu.edu/schaetzl/PDFs/Larson-Great_lakes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ameigh, Michael S. (July 19, 2009). Rome Sand Plains - Footprints of the Ice Age. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2009-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZOL6cmhOM","url_text":"Rome Sand Plains - Footprints of the Ice Age"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0NZOL6cmhOM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Ernest H. (August 2018). \"Rome Sand Plains\" (PDF). New York State Conservationist. pp. 10–11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/administration_pdf/0818consmag4web.pdf","url_text":"\"Rome Sand Plains\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rome_Sand_Plains&params=43_14_06_N_75_34_12_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark_dim:4km","external_links_name":"43°14′06″N 75°34′12″W / 43.23500°N 75.57000°W / 43.23500; -75.57000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rome_Sand_Plains&params=43_14_06_N_75_34_12_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark_dim:4km","external_links_name":"43°14′06″N 75°34′12″W / 43.23500°N 75.57000°W / 43.23500; -75.57000"},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/8080.html","external_links_name":"\"Rome Sand Plains Resource Management Area\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SqO8BDiWudEC&pg=PA128","external_links_name":"\"Applications of historical ecology to land use decisions in the northeastern United States\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852772536","external_links_name":"852772536"},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7494.html","external_links_name":"\"List of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Fish & Wildlife Species of New York State\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Rome+Sand+Plains%3a+the+unexpected+is+everywhere+in+this+remarkable...-a0166001606","external_links_name":"\"The Rome Sand Plains\""},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/7795.html","external_links_name":"\"Western Adirondacks/ Upper Mohawk Valley/ Eastern Lake Ontario - Region 6\""},{"Link":"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/newyork/places-preserves/central-rome-sand-plains-preserves.xml","external_links_name":"\"Rome Sand Plains Preserve\""},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/regions_pdf/rspmap.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rome Sand Plans Resource Management Area (map)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/22572.html","external_links_name":"\"Rome Sand Plains Consolidated Management Plan\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3858273","external_links_name":"10.2307/3858273"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3858273","external_links_name":"3858273"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081031073825/http://www.geo.msu.edu/schaetzl/PDFs/Larson-Great_lakes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Review: Origin and Evolution of the Great Lakes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0380-1330%2801%2970665-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X"},{"Link":"http://www.geo.msu.edu/schaetzl/PDFs/Larson-Great_lakes.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZOL6cmhOM","external_links_name":"Rome Sand Plains - Footprints of the Ice Age"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0NZOL6cmhOM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/administration_pdf/0818consmag4web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rome Sand Plains\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haderslevhus
Haderslevhus
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 55°14′59″N 9°29′31″E / 55.24972°N 9.49194°E / 55.24972; 9.49194Haderslevhus (or Hansborg) is the name of a castle that once stood in the Danish city of Haderslev, until destroyed by a fire in 1644. History Like most of the medieval cities of trade, Haderslev had a royal castle, which was called Haderslevhus. The suffix "hus" (meaning house) was commonly used for castles in medieval Denmark (Koldinghus, Tønderhus, Ålborghus, Riberhus etc.). The castle was first mentioned in sources dating back to 1326, but was most likely built in the second half of the 13th century, like most Danish city castles. The castle was the home of the governor of the borough (and later the county), who took care of the king's (or in Southern Jutland, the duke's) possessions, in and around the city. In the city castle, the taxes, duties, and fines were paid here. Haderslevhus was located in the eastern part of the city, which was surrounded by a moat at the time. In this fortification lived the future Danish king, Christian III of Denmark, when he imposed the Reformation in 1526 at Haderslev. When Hans the Elder was proclaimed Duke of Slesvig and Holstein (today Southern Jutland and Northern Germany), he took up residence in Haderslevhus, which now, in 1544, was an old and worn-out building. After a few years, the Duke decided to build a new castle called Hansburger. It was supposed to be a new and modern Renaissance palace that suited him much better. As chief architect, he appointed Hercules von Oberberg - one of the most influential architects of the time. The western wing of the building was ready for use in 1562, and the duke moved in. Four years later, in 1566, the southern wing with the chappelle was completed. After the completion of Hansborg, the old building was demolished, and the area on which it stood for centuries, was sold in bits to the staff of the new palace. A small part of the castle is preserved to this day. In the 1570s, Duke Hans the Elder proceeded to build the eastern and northern wings of Hansborg, but he died in 1580, and therefore did not see the completed castle. After the Duke died, King Frederick II of Denmark acquired parts of his lands, including Haderslev, and in 1580-1585, he finished the construction of the last two wings. The palace now stood as a whole - complete with four wings and two towers at the corners. In the area between the castle and the city, one could find stables, commercial buildings, and residences for the palace staff. The palace itself spanned over a 80x75m piece of ground - about the size of Kronborg Castle, and a bit bigger than Sønderborg Castle. Shortly after the completion of Hansborg, it was decided that the castle should be called by the original name, Haderslevhus—presumably to follow the old systematic naming of castles in trade cities at the time. So, actually, the castle was only called Hansborg in the short period of time between 1562 and about 1590. Otherwise, the castles has always been spoken of by the name Haderslevhus. The German imperial troops used the castle as headquarters in 1627-1629, and the building was severely damaged. In 1629-1642 a lot of reconstruction took place, but the castle was invaded by Torstenson's troops in 1643-1645, and in 1644, the castle caught fire, and burned to the ground. After this catastrophe, many of the bricks were used for the construction of the Danish Royal Library, and therefore a castle was never rebuilt. Haderslev had lost both of its castles. References External links Museum of Haderslev (Danish) vteCastles and manor houses in DenmarkCapital Region Amalienborg Arresødal Bernstorff Palace Christiansborg Farumgård Fredensborg Frederiksberg Frederiksborg Jægerspris Kronborg Rosenborg Selsø Sorgenfri Svanholm West and South Zealand Borreby Bregentved Dragsholm Eriksholm Gammel Køgegård Gavnø Gisselfeld Gjorslev Gyldenholm Holsteinborg Jomfruens Egede Ledreborg Lerchenborg Knabstrup Nysø Rosenfeldt Rønnebæksholm Skjoldnæsholm Torbenfeldt Vallø Vedbygård Vemmetofte Lolland-Falster Aalholm Berritzgaard Corselitze Fuglsang Klintholm Manor Knuthenborg Krenkerup Liselund Orupgaard Pederstrup Rudbjerggaard Funen Brahetrolleborg Broholm Dallund Egeskov Glorup Hesselagergård Holckenhavn Hvedholm Hvidkilde Krengerup Lykkesholm Nyborg Rønninge Søgård Skovsbo South Jutland Augustenborg Engelsholm Gråsten Haderslevhus Nordborg Sandbjerg Schackenborg Sønderborg Castle Central Jutland Bygholm Clausholm Frijsenborg Gammel Estrup Hald Katholm Meilgaard Nørre Vosborg Rosenholm Skrøbelev Spøttrup Tjele Ulstrup North Jutland Aalborghus Børglum Dueholm Dronninglund Højrus Kongstedlund Kokkedal Odden Store Restrup Voergaard 55°14′59″N 9°29′31″E / 55.24972°N 9.49194°E / 55.24972; 9.49194vte Castles in Denmark Aalborghus Aalholm Amalienborg Borreby Castle Christiansborg Palace Clausholm Castle Copenhagen Castle Dragsholm Castle Dronninglund Castle Egeskov Castle Engelsholm Castle Frederiksborg Castle Gamleborg Gammel Estrup Manor Gammel Ryomgård Gavnø Gjorslev Haderslevhus Holckenhavn Castle Hvedholm Castle Jægerspris Castle Kalø Castle Katholm Castle Koldinghus Kongsgård Kronborg Lerchenborg Lilleborg, Bornholm Liselund Lykkesholm Castle Marienlyst Castle Meilgaard Castle Nordborg Castle Nykøbing Castle Rosenborg Castle Rosenholm Castle Schackenborg Castle Sønderborg Castle Valdemar's Castle Vallø Castle Voergaard Castle Vordingborg Castle Also See: Castles in Denmark
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hansborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansborg"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Haderslev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haderslev"}],"text":"Haderslevhus (or Hansborg) is the name of a castle that once stood in the Danish city of Haderslev, until destroyed by a fire in 1644.","title":"Haderslevhus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Haderslev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haderslev"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House"},{"link_name":"Koldinghus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koldinghus"},{"link_name":"Tønderhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B8nderhus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ålborghus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%85lborghus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riberhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riberhus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Christian III of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Haderslev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haderslev"},{"link_name":"Hans the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev"},{"link_name":"Slesvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"Southern Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Jutland"},{"link_name":"Northern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Hercules von Oberberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_von_Oberberg"},{"link_name":"chappelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappelle"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Haderslev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haderslev"},{"link_name":"Kronborg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronborg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sønderborg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8nderborg_Castle"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troops"},{"link_name":"headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Torstenson's troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstenson_War"},{"link_name":"Danish Royal Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Royal_Library"},{"link_name":"Haderslev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haderslev"}],"text":"Like most of the medieval cities of trade, Haderslev had a royal castle, which was called Haderslevhus. The suffix \"hus\" (meaning house) was commonly used for castles in medieval Denmark (Koldinghus, Tønderhus, Ålborghus, Riberhus etc.). The castle was first mentioned in sources dating back to 1326, but was most likely built in the second half of the 13th century, like most Danish city castles. The castle was the home of the governor of the borough (and later the county), who took care of the king's (or in Southern Jutland, the duke's) possessions, in and around the city. In the city castle, the taxes, duties, and fines were paid here. Haderslevhus was located in the eastern part of the city, which was surrounded by a moat at the time. In this fortification lived the future Danish king, Christian III of Denmark, when he imposed the Reformation in 1526 at Haderslev. When Hans the Elder was proclaimed Duke of Slesvig and Holstein (today Southern Jutland and Northern Germany), he took up residence in Haderslevhus, which now, in 1544, was an old and worn-out building.After a few years, the Duke decided to build a new castle called Hansburger. It was supposed to be a new and modern Renaissance palace that suited him much better. As chief architect, he appointed Hercules von Oberberg - one of the most influential architects of the time. The western wing of the building was ready for use in 1562, and the duke moved in. Four years later, in 1566, the southern wing with the chappelle was completed. After the completion of Hansborg, the old building was demolished, and the area on which it stood for centuries, was sold in bits to the staff of the new palace. A small part of the castle is preserved to this day. In the 1570s, Duke Hans the Elder proceeded to build the eastern and northern wings of Hansborg, but he died in 1580, and therefore did not see the completed castle. After the Duke died, King Frederick II of Denmark acquired parts of his lands, including Haderslev, and in 1580-1585, he finished the construction of the last two wings. The palace now stood as a whole - complete with four wings and two towers at the corners. In the area between the castle and the city, one could find stables, commercial buildings, and residences for the palace staff. The palace itself spanned over a 80x75m piece of ground - about the size of Kronborg Castle, and a bit bigger than Sønderborg Castle.Shortly after the completion of Hansborg, it was decided that the castle should be called by the original name, Haderslevhus—presumably to follow the old systematic naming of castles in trade cities at the time. So, actually, the castle was only called Hansborg in the short period of time between 1562 and about 1590. Otherwise, the castles has always been spoken of by the name Haderslevhus. The German imperial troops used the castle as headquarters in 1627-1629, and the building was severely damaged. In 1629-1642 a lot of reconstruction took place, but the castle was invaded by Torstenson's troops in 1643-1645, and in 1644, the castle caught fire, and burned to the ground. After this catastrophe, many of the bricks were used for the construction of the Danish Royal Library, and therefore a castle was never rebuilt. Haderslev had lost both of its castles.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haderslevhus&params=55_14_59_N_9_29_31_E_source:dawiki_region:DK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°14′59″N 9°29′31″E / 55.24972°N 9.49194°E / 55.24972; 9.49194"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060822092046/http://www.haderslev-museum.dk/","external_links_name":"Museum of Haderslev (Danish)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haderslevhus&params=55_14_59_N_9_29_31_E_source:dawiki_region:DK_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°14′59″N 9°29′31″E / 55.24972°N 9.49194°E / 55.24972; 9.49194"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhole_(band)
Blackhole (band)
["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Blackhole" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Blackhole" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) BlackholeOriginHemel Hempstead, EnglandGenresHardcore punkYears active2006–2010, 2015–presentLabelsSearch and Destroy RecordsMembersRichard Carter Andreas Yiasoumi Nick Mitchell Max Hart Jack KennyPast membersAlex HuntWebsiteOfficial MySpace Blackhole are an English hardcore punk band from Hemel Hempstead and Berkhamsted, England. The band was formed in 2007 by singer Richard Carter and guitarist Andreas Yiasoumi when their previous bands fell apart. They have toured across the UK with Cancer Bats, Every Time I Die, The Ghost of a Thousand and Johnny Truant, along with others. They are currently signed to UK record label Search and Destroy. The band members are Max Hart on bass, Alex Hunt on drums, Nick Mitchell and Andreas Yiasoumi on guitar and Richard Carter on lead vocals. Richard Carter is the brother of Frank and Steph Carter from British hardcore punk band Gallows. It was announced on the band's Facebook page that they had parted ways in November 2010. In September 2015 the band announced via Facebook they would be reuniting to support Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes on tour. In November, they released a two-track EP, which included the songs 'Ghosts' and 'Lustrum' and then announced they were working on a second full length in 2016. However, the band has remained inactive on social media and has not performed live since 2017, so it's safe to assume they are currently on hiatus. History After forming in 2006, the band recorded a 4 track independent EP. However it was not until 2009 the band had a studio album released. After being picked up by the Search and Destroy record label, the band worked on recording new material. With the help of name producer Colin Richardson, who built upon the band's hardcore punk roots and added a hint of alternative rock influence to it, Dead Hearts was released on 7 September 2009. The band were chosen to play at the Sonisphere Festival in 2009 (only in the UK) on the Jägermeister stage, as well as headlining the Red Bull stage at that year's Download festival. Blackhole opening on a UK tour for melodic metalcore band Underoath, along with the British post-hardcore band We Are the Ocean during March 2010. Blackhole played at Slam Dunk Festival 2010 on the Imperial Clothing stage with Your Demise, Devilsoldhissoul and Azriel. Members Current Richard Carter — lead vocals Andreas Yiasoumi — guitar Nick Mitchell — guitar Max Hart — bass Jack Kenny — drums Former Alex Hunt — drums Discography Studio albums Dead Hearts (2009) Singles Year Song title Album 2007 "Not That This is a Bad Thing" Single 2009 "Scared to Change" Dead Hearts References ^ Eduardo Rivadavia. "Blackhole | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 June 2020. External links Blackhole at Discogs Blackhole at MusicBrainz BBC - Music - Review of Blackhole - Dead Hearts at BBC Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United Kingdom rock music band is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This punk rock–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Hemel Hempstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead"},{"link_name":"Berkhamsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkhamsted"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cancer Bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Bats"},{"link_name":"Every Time I Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Time_I_Die"},{"link_name":"The Ghost of a Thousand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_of_a_Thousand"},{"link_name":"Johnny Truant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Truant"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"Gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows_(band)"},{"link_name":"Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carter_%26_The_Rattlesnakes"}],"text":"Blackhole are an English hardcore punk band from Hemel Hempstead and Berkhamsted, England. The band was formed in 2007 by singer Richard Carter and guitarist Andreas Yiasoumi when their previous bands fell apart.[1] They have toured across the UK with Cancer Bats, Every Time I Die, The Ghost of a Thousand and Johnny Truant, along with others. They are currently signed to UK record label Search and Destroy. The band members are Max Hart on bass, Alex Hunt on drums, Nick Mitchell and Andreas Yiasoumi on guitar and Richard Carter on lead vocals. Richard Carter is the brother of Frank and Steph Carter from British hardcore punk band Gallows. It was announced on the band's Facebook page that they had parted ways in November 2010. In September 2015 the band announced via Facebook they would be reuniting to support Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes on tour. In November, they released a two-track EP, which included the songs 'Ghosts' and 'Lustrum' and then announced they were working on a second full length in 2016. However, the band has remained inactive on social media and has not performed live since 2017, so it's safe to assume they are currently on hiatus.","title":"Blackhole (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dead Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Sonisphere Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonisphere_Festival"},{"link_name":"Underoath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underoath"},{"link_name":"We Are the Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Your Demise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Demise"},{"link_name":"Devilsoldhissoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devilsoldhissoul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Azriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azriel_(Glasgow_band)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"After forming in 2006, the band recorded a 4 track independent EP. However it was not until 2009 the band had a studio album released. After being picked up by the Search and Destroy record label, the band worked on recording new material. With the help of name producer Colin Richardson, who built upon the band's hardcore punk roots and added a hint of alternative rock influence to it, Dead Hearts was released on 7 September 2009. The band were chosen to play at the Sonisphere Festival in 2009 (only in the UK) on the Jägermeister stage, as well as headlining the Red Bull stage at that year's Download festival. Blackhole opening on a UK tour for melodic metalcore band Underoath, along with the British post-hardcore band We Are the Ocean during March 2010. Blackhole played at Slam Dunk Festival 2010 on the Imperial Clothing stage with Your Demise, Devilsoldhissoul and Azriel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"}],"text":"CurrentRichard Carter — lead vocals\nAndreas Yiasoumi — guitar\nNick Mitchell — guitar\nMax Hart — bass\nJack Kenny — drumsFormerAlex Hunt — drums","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Studio albumsDead Hearts (2009)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Eduardo Rivadavia. \"Blackhole | Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/blackhole-mn0001963475","url_text":"\"Blackhole | Biography & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blackhole%22+band","external_links_name":"\"Blackhole\" band"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blackhole%22+band+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blackhole%22+band&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blackhole%22+band+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blackhole%22+band","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blackhole%22+band&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blackhole%22+band","external_links_name":"\"Blackhole\" band"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blackhole%22+band+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blackhole%22+band&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blackhole%22+band+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blackhole%22+band","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blackhole%22+band&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/blackhole","external_links_name":"Official MySpace"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/blackhole-mn0001963475","external_links_name":"\"Blackhole | Biography & History\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Blackhole","external_links_name":"Blackhole"},{"Link":"http://musicbrainz.org/artist/897d7b34-c0a1-4f14-9fd3-e35b66cdc0bc.html","external_links_name":"Blackhole"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/zbw6","external_links_name":"BBC - Music - Review of Blackhole - Dead Hearts"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/897d7b34-c0a1-4f14-9fd3-e35b66cdc0bc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackhole_(band)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackhole_(band)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_62
Progress MS-01
["1 History","2 Spacecraft","3 Launch","4 Docking","5 Communications","6 Reentry","7 References","8 External links"]
2015 Russian resupply spaceflight to the ISS Progress MS-01Progress MS-01 undocking and redocking testNamesProgress 62PMission typeISS resupplyOperatorRoscosmosCOSPAR ID2015-080A SATCAT no.41177Websitehttps://www.roscosmos.ru/Mission duration195 days Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraft typeProgress-MS s/n 431ManufacturerRKK Energia Start of missionLaunch date21 December 201508:44:39 UTCRocketSoyuz 2.1a s/n R15000-026Launch siteBaikonur, Site 31/6ContractorProgress Rocket Space Centre End of missionDisposalDeorbitedDecay date3 July 2016, 07:03 UTC Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeLow Earth orbitInclination51.66° Docking with ISSDocking portPirsDocking date23 December 201510:27 UTC Undocking date2 July 2016, 23:48 UTC Time docked192 days CargoMass2436 kg Pressurised1252 kgFuel718 kgGaseous46 kgWater420 kg Progress ISS Resupply← Progress M-29MProgress MS-02 →  Progress MS-01 (Russian: Прогресс МС-01), identified by NASA as Progress 62P was a Progress spaceflight operated by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) in 2015. It was launched on 21 December 2015, to deliver cargo to the ISS. Progress MS-01 is the first vehicle in the Progress-MS series. History The Russian Progress is an uncrewed cargo resupply spacecraft that is largely based on the crewed Soyuz. It is used to resupply Space Stations and was used for the Russian Salyut and Mir space stations as well as the International Space Station that receives three or four Progress flights a year. Spacecraft Progress MS represents the latest generation of Progress spacecraft introduced in late 2015 in an upgrade (Article 11F615A61) from the Progress M-xxM spacecraft (Article 11F615A60) that was inaugurated back in November 2008, succeeding in the Progress M configuration flown since 1989. This latest update in the line of Progress spacecraft, also to be introduced on the crewed Soyuz craft, is largely focused on communications and navigation systems that are upgraded using modern electronics. Progress MS introduces a new KURS navigation system, a new radio, the use of GPS / GLONASS for navigation, and the use of a proximity communications link for relative navigation. These changes will not significantly change the external appearance of the Progress except for the number of deployable antennas present on the spacecraft and beginning with the third cargo ship (No.433), each Progress MS spacecraft can carry up to four containers for launching up to 24 CubeSats for deployment. Progress MS has been designed to launch atop the upgraded Soyuz 2.1a launch vehicle that will allow the craft to carry a greater cargo upmass to the International Space Station. The spacecraft is still compatible with the Soyuz-U rocket that is being phased out in a soft transition to the newer version, alternating flights between the two to iron out any problems with no significant interruption of the supply chain to International Space Station (ISS). Progress spacecraft can dock to any port on the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of the International Space Station, but usually use the Pirs docking compartment and the aft docking port on the Zvezda service module. Once docked and secured in place, the hatch to the pressurized cargo carrier can be opened by the crew to unload the cargo. Because it is crewed in orbit (crew members can enter the spacecraft), Progress is classified as a crewed spacecraft, although it is launched without a crew. During its stay at the Space Station, all cargo is transferred to ISS. This includes dry cargo that is transferred by the crew, water that is also transferred internally, oxygen, and nitrogen gas that is released to repressurize the station's atmosphere and propellant which is transferred via a dedicated transfer system being fed to tanks on the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS). Afterward, Progress is loaded with trash and no-longer-needed items before the hatch is closed and the spacecraft undocks. Progress does not have a heat shield and makes a targeted, destructive re-entry to end its mission. Launch The launch was initially scheduled for 21 November 2015. Progress MS-01 was launched on 21 December 2015 at 08:44:39 UTC from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Docking Progress MS-01 docked with the Pirs docking compartment on 23 December 2015 at 10:27 UTC. Communications The Progress MS spacecraft has upgraded communications and electronics from previous Progress vehicles. After launch, ground controllers were able to communicate the Progress MS-01 via a Russian Luch data relay satellite in geosynchronous orbit. This was described as the first time a Progress or Soyuz spacecraft had such capability. Other upgrades include: Upgraded Kurs-A rendezvous system designated Kurs-NA, including new antennas Upgraded flight control system that can take advantage of the GLONASS navigation satellites for the first time, for autonomous trajectory measurements New digital television system, which replaced an older analog TV, allowing transmission between the transport ship and the space station via onboard radio channels New digital backup control unit Enhanced meteoroid shielding New LED-based lighting system Upgraded angular velocity sensors Docking port equipped with a backup electric driving mechanism Progress MS-01 was launched on a Soyuz-2.1a, the first launch of the rocket since the failed launch of Progress M-27M. The Soyuz-U rocket was used for subsequent Progress flights until this flight. Reentry The upper stage reentry was visible over Arizona and Nevada on 22 December 2015 at 05:30 UTC. The spacecraft initiated the deorbit maneuver on 3 July 2016 at 07:03 UTC, with an expected landing of any possible debris on the Pacific Ocean by 07:50 UTC. References ^ a b Christy, Robert (1 December 2015). "Progress MS-01 Launches and Orbital Operations". Soviet, Russian and International Space Flight. Zarya. Retrieved 16 December 2015. ^ Krebs, Gunter (1 December 2015). "Progress-MS 1 - 8". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 December 2015. ^ a b Rincon, Paul (23 December 2015). "ISS crew receives Christmas delivery". BBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2015. ^ Zak, Anatoly (3 July 2016). "First Progress-MS ends its mission". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ Clarke, Stephen (23 December 2015). "Progress spaceship docks with International Space Station". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 24 December 2015. ^ Staff writers (4 October 2015). "Progress-MS to be Launched on December 21". Russian Space News. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ a b c d e "Progress MS-01: 2015-080A". NSSDCA. NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b "Progress MS Spacecraft". Spaceflight101.com. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ Nowakowski, Tomasz (29 October 2015). "Russia postpones maiden flight of its Progress-MS spacecraft". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved 17 December 2015. ^ a b Zak, Anatoly (23 December 2015). "Soyuz rocket flies critical test mission with Progress-MS". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 23 December 2015. External links Progress MS-1 Real Time Tracking Portal: Spaceflight vteProgress spacecraftVersions Progress 7K-TG Progress-M Progress-M1 Progress-MS Custom versions M-SO1 M-MIM2 M-UM Missions1970s 1978 Progress 1 2 3 4 1979 5 6 7 1980s 1980 Progress 8 9 10 11 1981 12 1982 13 14 15 16 1983 17 18 1984 19 20 21 22 23 1985 24 Kosmos 1669 1986 25 26 1987 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1988 34 35 36 37 38 39 1989 40 41 M-1 M-2 1990s 1990 Progress M-3 42 M-4 M-5 1991 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10 1992 M-11 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 1993 M-16 M-17 M-18 M-19 M-20 1994 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-25 1995 M-26 M-27 M-28 M-29 M-30 1996 M-31 M-32 M-33 1997 M-34 M-35 M-36 M-37 1998 M-38 M-39 M-40 1999 M-41 M-42 2000s 2000 Progress M1-1 M1-2 M1-3 M-43 M1-4 2001 M1-5 M-44 M1-6 M-45 M-SO1 M1-7 2002 M1-8 M-46 M1-9 2003 M-47 M1-10 M-48 2004 M1-11 M-49 M-50 M-51 2005 M-52 M-53 M-54 M-55 2006 M-56 M-57 M-58 2007 M-59 M-60 M-61 M-62 2008 M-63 M-64 M-65 M-01M 2009 M-66 M-02M M-67 M-03M M-MIM2 2010s 2010 Progress M-04M M-05M M-06M M-07M M-08M 2011 M-09M M-10M M-11M M-12M† M-13M 2012 M-14M M-15M M-16M M-17M 2013 M-18M M-19M M-20M M-21M 2014 M-22M M-23M M-24M M-25M 2015 M-26M M-27M† M-28M M-29M MS-01 2016 MS-02 MS-03 MS-04† 2017 MS-05 MS-06 MS-07 2018 MS-08 MS-09 MS-10 2019 MS-11 MS-12 MS-13 2020s 2020 MS-14 MS-15 2021 MS-16 MS-17 MS-18 M-UM 2022 MS-19 MS-20 MS-21 2023 MS-22 MS-23 MS-24 MS-25 2024 MS-26 MS-27 Future 2024 MS-28 See also List of Progress missions Uncrewed spaceflights to Mir Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS Signs † indicate launch or spacecraft failures. vteUncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station See also: {{Crewed ISS flights}} {{ISS expeditions}} 2000–2004 2000 2R / Zvezda 1P 2P 3P 2001 4P 5P SO1 / Pirs 6P 2002 7P 8P 9P 2003 10P 11P 12P 2004 13P 14P 15P 16P 2005–2009 2005 17P 18P 19P 20P 2006 21P 22P 23P 2007 24P 25P 26P 27P 2008 28P ATV-1 29P 30P 31P 2009 32P 33P 34P HTV-1 35P MIM2 / Poisk 2010–2014 2010 36P 37P 38P 39P 40P 2011 HTV-2 41P ATV-2 42P 43P 44P† 45P 2012 46P ATV-3 47P SpX-D HTV-3 48P SpX-1 49P 2013 50P SpX-2 51P ATV-4 52P HTV-4 Orb-D1 53P 2014 Orb-1 54P 55P SpX-3 Orb-2 56P ATV-5 SpX-4 Orb-3† 57P 2015–2019 2015 SpX-5 58P SpX-6 59P† SpX-7† 60P HTV-5 61P OA-4 62P 2016 OA-6 63P SpX-8 64P SpX-9 OA-5 65P† HTV-6 2017 SpX-10 66P OA-7 SpX-11 67P SpX-12 68P OA-8E SpX-13 2018 69P SpX-14 OA-9E SpX-15 70P HTV-7 71P NG-10 SpX-16 2019 SpX-DM1 72P NG-11 SpX-17 SpX-18 73P 60S HTV-8 NG-12 SpX-19 74P Boe-OFT† 2020–2024 2020 NG-13 SpX-20 75P HTV-9 76P NG-14 SpX-21 2021 77P NG-15 SpX-22 78P Nauka NG-16 SpX-23 79P M-UM / Prichal SpX-24 2022 80P NG-17 Boe-OFT 2 81P SpX-25 82P NG-18 SpX-26 2023 83P SpX-27 84P SpX-28 NG-19 85P SpX-29 86P 2024 NG-20 87P SpX-30 88P Future 2024 SNC Demo-1 NG-21 SpX-31 89P 2025 HTV-X1 SNC-1 Spacecraft Roscosmos Progress ESA ATV (past) JAXA HTV NASA CRS SpaceX Dragon 1 (past) SpaceX Dragon 2 Northrop Grumman Cygnus Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (future) Ongoing spaceflights in underline Future spaceflights in italics † - mission failed to reach ISS vte← 2014Orbital launches in 20152016 →January SpaceX CRS-5 (Flock-1d' × 2, AESP-14) MUOS-3 SMAP, ExoCube February IGS-Radar Spare Inmarsat 5-F2 Fajr DSCOVR Progress M-26M Kosmos 2503 / Bars-M No. 1 March ABS-3A, Eutelsat 115 West B WADIS-2 MMS Ekspress AM7 USA-260 / GPS IIF-9 KOMPSat-3A IGS-Optical 5 Soyuz TMA-16M Galileo FOC-3, FOC-4 IRNSS-1D BeiDou I1-S Gonets-M 11, 12, 13, Kosmos 2504 April SpaceX CRS-6 (Arkyd-3R, Flock-1e × 14) Thor 7, SICRAL-2 TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT Progress M-27M May Mexsat-1 USA-261 / X-37 OTV-4, LightSail-1, USS Langley, BRICSat-P, ParkinsonSat, GEARRS-2, AeroCube 8A, 8B, OptiCube 1, 2, 3 DirecTV-15, SKY México-1 June Kosmos 2505 / Kobalt-M №10 Sentinel-2A Kosmos 2506 / Persona №3 Gaofen 8 SpaceX CRS-7† (Flock-1f × 8†) July Progress M-28M UK-DMC 3 × 3, CBNT-1, DeOrbitSail USA-262 / GPS IIF-10 Star One C4, MSG-4 Soyuz TMA-17M USA-263 / WGS-7 BeiDou M1-S, M2-S August HTV-5 / Kounotori 5 (Flock-2b × 14) Eutelsat 8 West B, Intelsat 34 Yaogan 27 GSAT-6 / INSAT-4E Inmarsat 5-F3 September Soyuz TMA-18M MUOS-4 Galileo FOC-5, Galileo FOC-6 TJS-1 Gaofen 9 Ekspress AM8 Kosmos 2507 / Strela-3M 13, Kosmos 2508 / Strela-3M 14, Kosmos 2509 / Strela-3M 15 Pujiang-1 Astrosat, LAPAN-A2, Lemur-2 × 4 BeiDou I2-S NBN-Co 1A, ARSAT-2 October Progress M-29M Mexsat-2 Jilin-1 Smart Verification Satellite, Jilin-1 Optical-A, Jilin-1 Video-01, Jilin-1 Video-02 USA-264 / NOSS Intruder × 2, AMSAT Fox-1 APStar-9 Türksat 4B USA-265 / GPS IIF-11 November Chinasat 2C HiakaSat, EDSN × 8, PrintSat, Argus, STACEM, Supernova-Beta Yaogan 28 Arabsat 6B, GSAT-15 Kosmos 2510 / EKS-1 / Tundra-11L LaoSat-1 Telstar 12V Yaogan 29 December LISA Pathfinder Kosmos 2511 / Kanopus-ST†, Kosmos 2512 / KYuA-1 Cygnus CRS OA-4 (Flock-2e × 12, MinXSS 1, Nodes × 2) ChinaSat 1C Elektro-L No.2 Kosmos 2513 / Garpun-12L Soyuz TMA-19M TeLEOS-1 DAMPE Galileo FOC-8, Galileo FOC-9 Progress MS-01 Orbcomm-OG2 × 11 Ekspress-AMU1 Gaofen 4 Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Progress-MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress-MS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsn20151004-6"}],"text":"Progress MS-01 (Russian: Прогресс МС-01), identified by NASA as Progress 62P was a Progress spaceflight operated by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) in 2015. It was launched on 21 December 2015, to deliver cargo to the ISS. Progress MS-01 is the first vehicle in the Progress-MS series.[6]","title":"Progress MS-01"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crewed Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Salyut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_programme"},{"link_name":"Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-NSSDCA-7"}],"text":"The Russian Progress is an uncrewed cargo resupply spacecraft that is largely based on the crewed Soyuz. It is used to resupply Space Stations and was used for the Russian Salyut and Mir space stations as well as the International Space Station that receives three or four Progress flights a year.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progress M-xxM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_M-01M"},{"link_name":"Progress M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_M1-1"},{"link_name":"Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"KURS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurs_(docking_navigation_system)"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"GLONASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"},{"link_name":"CubeSats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf20151004-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-NSSDCA-7"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 2.1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Soyuz-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-U"},{"link_name":"Russian Orbital Segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment"},{"link_name":"Pirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirs_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"Zvezda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-NSSDCA-7"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-NSSDCA-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-NSSDCA-7"}],"text":"Progress MS represents the latest generation of Progress spacecraft introduced in late 2015 in an upgrade (Article 11F615A61) from the Progress M-xxM spacecraft (Article 11F615A60) that was inaugurated back in November 2008, succeeding in the Progress M configuration flown since 1989. This latest update in the line of Progress spacecraft, also to be introduced on the crewed Soyuz craft, is largely focused on communications and navigation systems that are upgraded using modern electronics. Progress MS introduces a new KURS navigation system, a new radio, the use of GPS / GLONASS for navigation, and the use of a proximity communications link for relative navigation. These changes will not significantly change the external appearance of the Progress except for the number of deployable antennas present on the spacecraft and beginning with the third cargo ship (No.433), each Progress MS spacecraft can carry up to four containers for launching up to 24 CubeSats for deployment.[8][7]Progress MS has been designed to launch atop the upgraded Soyuz 2.1a launch vehicle that will allow the craft to carry a greater cargo upmass to the International Space Station. The spacecraft is still compatible with the Soyuz-U rocket that is being phased out in a soft transition to the newer version, alternating flights between the two to iron out any problems with no significant interruption of the supply chain to International Space Station (ISS). Progress spacecraft can dock to any port on the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of the International Space Station, but usually use the Pirs docking compartment and the aft docking port on the Zvezda service module.[7]Once docked and secured in place, the hatch to the pressurized cargo carrier can be opened by the crew to unload the cargo. Because it is crewed in orbit (crew members can enter the spacecraft), Progress is classified as a crewed spacecraft, although it is launched without a crew. During its stay at the Space Station, all cargo is transferred to ISS. This includes dry cargo that is transferred by the crew, water that is also transferred internally, oxygen, and nitrogen gas that is released to repressurize the station's atmosphere and propellant which is transferred via a dedicated transfer system being fed to tanks on the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS).[7]Afterward, Progress is loaded with trash and no-longer-needed items before the hatch is closed and the spacecraft undocks. Progress does not have a heat shield and makes a targeted, destructive re-entry to end its mission.[7]","title":"Spacecraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfi20151029-9"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zarya1-1"}],"text":"The launch was initially scheduled for 21 November 2015.[9] Progress MS-01 was launched on 21 December 2015 at 08:44:39 UTC from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.[1]","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirs_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-a-3"}],"text":"Progress MS-01 docked with the Pirs docking compartment on 23 December 2015 at 10:27 UTC.[3]","title":"Docking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luch_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"geosynchronous orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit"},{"link_name":"Soyuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf20151004-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw20151223-10"},{"link_name":"Kurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurs_(docking_navigation_system)"},{"link_name":"GLONASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"},{"link_name":"Soyuz-2.1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2"},{"link_name":"Progress M-27M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_M-27M"},{"link_name":"Soyuz-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-U"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsw20151223-10"}],"text":"The Progress MS spacecraft has upgraded communications and electronics from previous Progress vehicles. After launch, ground controllers were able to communicate the Progress MS-01 via a Russian Luch data relay satellite in geosynchronous orbit. This was described as the first time a Progress or Soyuz spacecraft had such capability.[8][10]Other upgrades include:Upgraded Kurs-A rendezvous system designated Kurs-NA, including new antennas\nUpgraded flight control system that can take advantage of the GLONASS navigation satellites for the first time, for autonomous trajectory measurements\nNew digital television system, which replaced an older analog TV, allowing transmission between the transport ship and the space station via onboard radio channels\nNew digital backup control unit\nEnhanced meteoroid shielding\nNew LED-based lighting system\nUpgraded angular velocity sensors\nDocking port equipped with a backup electric driving mechanismProgress MS-01 was launched on a Soyuz-2.1a, the first launch of the rocket since the failed launch of Progress M-27M. The Soyuz-U rocket was used for subsequent Progress flights until this flight.[10]","title":"Communications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upper stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_rocket"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"deorbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"}],"text":"The upper stage reentry was visible over Arizona and Nevada on 22 December 2015 at 05:30 UTC. The spacecraft initiated the deorbit maneuver on 3 July 2016 at 07:03 UTC, with an expected landing of any possible debris on the Pacific Ocean by 07:50 UTC.","title":"Reentry"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Christy, Robert (1 December 2015). \"Progress MS-01 Launches and Orbital Operations\". Soviet, Russian and International Space Flight. Zarya. Retrieved 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2015#080","url_text":"\"Progress MS-01 Launches and Orbital Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Krebs, Gunter (1 December 2015). \"Progress-MS 1 - 8\". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/progress-ms.htm","url_text":"\"Progress-MS 1 - 8\""}]},{"reference":"Rincon, Paul (23 December 2015). \"ISS crew receives Christmas delivery\". BBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35169210","url_text":"\"ISS crew receives Christmas delivery\""}]},{"reference":"Zak, Anatoly (3 July 2016). \"First Progress-MS ends its mission\". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/progress-ms.html#reentry","url_text":"\"First Progress-MS ends its mission\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Stephen (23 December 2015). \"Progress spaceship docks with International Space Station\". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 24 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/12/23/progress-spaceship-docks-with-international-space-station/","url_text":"\"Progress spaceship docks with International Space Station\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writers (4 October 2015). \"Progress-MS to be Launched on December 21\". Russian Space News. Retrieved 4 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://russianspacenews.com/progress-ms-to-be-launched-on-november-21/","url_text":"\"Progress-MS to be Launched on December 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progress MS-01: 2015-080A\". NSSDCA. NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2015-080A","url_text":"\"Progress MS-01: 2015-080A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Progress MS Spacecraft\". Spaceflight101.com. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://spaceflight101.com/spacecraft/progress-ms/","url_text":"\"Progress MS Spacecraft\""}]},{"reference":"Nowakowski, Tomasz (29 October 2015). \"Russia postpones maiden flight of its Progress-MS spacecraft\". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved 17 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/roscosmos/russia-postpones-maiden-flight-of-its-progress-ms-spacecraft/","url_text":"\"Russia postpones maiden flight of its Progress-MS spacecraft\""}]},{"reference":"Zak, Anatoly (23 December 2015). \"Soyuz rocket flies critical test mission with Progress-MS\". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 23 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/progress-ms.html","url_text":"\"Soyuz rocket flies critical test mission with Progress-MS\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2015-080A","external_links_name":"2015-080A"},{"Link":"https://www.roscosmos.ru/","external_links_name":"https://www.roscosmos.ru/"},{"Link":"https://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2015#080","external_links_name":"\"Progress MS-01 Launches and Orbital Operations\""},{"Link":"http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/progress-ms.htm","external_links_name":"\"Progress-MS 1 - 8\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35169210","external_links_name":"\"ISS crew receives Christmas delivery\""},{"Link":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/progress-ms.html#reentry","external_links_name":"\"First Progress-MS ends its mission\""},{"Link":"https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/12/23/progress-spaceship-docks-with-international-space-station/","external_links_name":"\"Progress spaceship docks with International Space Station\""},{"Link":"http://russianspacenews.com/progress-ms-to-be-launched-on-november-21/","external_links_name":"\"Progress-MS to be Launched on December 21\""},{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2015-080A","external_links_name":"\"Progress MS-01: 2015-080A\""},{"Link":"https://spaceflight101.com/spacecraft/progress-ms/","external_links_name":"\"Progress MS Spacecraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/roscosmos/russia-postpones-maiden-flight-of-its-progress-ms-spacecraft/","external_links_name":"\"Russia postpones maiden flight of its Progress-MS spacecraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/progress-ms.html","external_links_name":"\"Soyuz rocket flies critical test mission with Progress-MS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104232/https://satellitecoverage.net/satellite-tracking/?satellite=41177","external_links_name":"Progress MS-1 Real Time Tracking"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Zebadiah
Pia Zebadiah Bernadet
["1 Career","1.1 Women's singles","1.2 Women's doubles","1.3 Mixed doubles","2 Personal life","3 Achievements","3.1 BWF World Junior Championships","3.2 Asian Junior Championships","3.3 BWF Superseries (1 runner-up)","3.4 BWF Grand Prix (6 titles)","3.5 International Challenge/Series/Satellite (9 titles, 4 runners-up)","4 Performance timeline","4.1 National team","4.2 Individual competitions","5 References","6 External links"]
Indonesian badminton player Badminton playerPia ZebadiahPia Zebadiah Bernadet at the 2013 French Super Series.Personal informationBirth namePia Zebadiah BernadetCountryIndonesiaBorn (1989-01-22) January 22, 1989 (age 35)Medan, North Sumatra, IndonesiaHeight1.63 m (5 ft 4 in)Weight60 kg (132 lb)HandednessRightWomen's & mixed doublesHighest ranking6 (WD with Rizki Amelia Pradipta 27 June 2013) 8 (XD with Markis Kido 25 April 2013)Current ranking67 WD with Anggia Shitta Awanda61 XD with Ricky Karanda Suwardi177 XD with Amri Syahnawi (21 September 2021) Medal record Women's badminton Representing  Indonesia Sudirman Cup 2007 Glasgow Mixed team 2011 Qingdao Mixed team Uber Cup 2008 Jakarta Women's team Asian Games 2010 Guangzhou Women's team Southeast Asian Games 2007 Nakhon Ratchasima Women's team Summer Universiade 2007 Bangkok Mixed team World Junior Championships 2006 Incheon Girls' doubles Asia Junior Championships 2004 Hwacheon Girls' team 2005 Jakarta Girls' team 2006 Kuala Lumpur Mixed doubles 2006 Kuala Lumpur Mixed team BWF profile Pia Zebadiah Bernadet (born 22 January 1989) is an Indonesian badminton player. She is the sister of men's doubles world and Olympic champion Markis Kido. Career Women's singles In 2007, Zebadiah contributed to the Indonesian women's team's capture of the gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games by beating Singapore's Gu Juan 21–15, 17–21, 21–12 in the decisive match. Perhaps her best performance came in the 2008 Uber Cup. She helped Indonesia to defeat Germany in the semifinals by dominating Karin Schnaase 21–7, 21–15. She played in the 2008 Indonesia, Japan, and Denmark Superseries, advancing farthest in Denmark where she reached the quarterfinals. Another good performance came at the Chinese Taipei Open, where she defeated her compatriot Maria Kristin Yulianti, who won the bronze medal at the 2008 Olympic Games, in the quarter-final. However, she lost to the young star from India, Saina Nehwal, in the semifinals. Women's doubles Pia Zebadiah plays in the women's doubles with Rizki Amelia Pradipta. Previously, she played with Debby Susanto, but they were often defeated in the earlier rounds of a tournament. Because she couldn't play well in several tournaments in the women's doubles discipline, she broke her partnership with Susanto. In 2011, Zebadiah decided to be a professional player along with her brother Kido, rather than be in the national training center. After becoming a professional player, she became partners with Pradipta. Together they achieved better results in women's doubles. In 2012, she with Pradipta won Chinese Taipei Open, and in 2013, they won the Malaysia Grand Prix Gold. Mixed doubles Pia Zebadiah played in the mixed doubles with Fran Kurniawan. She always appeared confident, and very lissom. In 2009, Zebadiah took the first title from New Zealand Open and defeated World number 10 Yohan Hadikusumo Wiratama and Chau Hoi Wah from Hong Kong. In 2010, they reached the semi-finals in the Indonesia Grand Prix Gold, but were defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir. In 2011, they could reach their first final in the Superseries event at the India Open, but they were once again defeated by Ahmad and Natsir with just straight sets of 18–21 and 21–23. They became the main pair of mixed doubles in the Sudirman Cup due to Natsir injury. Personal life Zebadiah started playing badminton in Jaya Raya Jakarta badminton club. Her parents are Djumharbey Anwar (father) and Yul Asteria Zakaria (mother). In her spare time she plays football. Her brothers, Bona Septano, and Markis Kido, are also Indonesian national badminton players. Achievements BWF World Junior Championships Girls' doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2006 Samsan World Gymnasium,Incheon, South Korea Nitya Krishinda Maheswari Ma Jin Wang Xiaoli 14–21, 17–21 Bronze Asian Junior Championships Mixed doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2006 Kuala Lumpur Badminton Stadium,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Subakti Tan Wee Kiong Woon Khe Wei 14–21, 21–16, 14–21 Bronze BWF Superseries (1 runner-up) The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year. Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2011 India Open Fran Kurniawan Tontowi Ahmad Liliyana Natsir 18–21, 21–23 Runner-up   Superseries Finals Tournament   Superseries Premier Tournament   Superseries Tournament BWF Grand Prix (6 titles) The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. Women's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2012 Vietnam Open Rizki Amelia Pradipta Ng Hui Ern Ng Hui Lin 21–17, 21–19 Winner 2012 Chinese Taipei Open Rizki Amelia Pradipta Suci Rizki Andini Della Destiara Haris 21–15, 21–12 Winner 2013 Malaysia Grand Prix Gold Rizki Amelia Pradipta Aprilsasi Putri Lejarsar Variella Vita Marissa 21–17, 16–21, 21–17 Winner Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2009 New Zealand Open Fran Kurniawan Yohan Hadikusumo Wiratama Chau Hoi Wah 21–13, 21–19 Winner 2012 Vietnam Open Markis Kido Tan Aik Quan Lai Pei Jing 23–21, 21–8 Winner 2013 Thailand Open Markis Kido Riky Widianto Richi Puspita Dili 18–21, 21–15, 21–15 Winner   Grand Prix Gold tournament   Grand Prix tournament International Challenge/Series/Satellite (9 titles, 4 runners-up) Women's singles Year Tournament Opponent Score Result 2006 Jakarta Satellite Sachiyo Imai 21–12, 21–18 Winner Women's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2009 Vietnam International Debby Susanto Yuki Itagaki Yui Miyauchi 21–17, 17–21, 21–15 Winner 2012 Vietnam International Rizki Amelia Pradipta Amelia Alicia Anscelly Soong Fie Cho 21–10, 21–15 Winner 2012 Indonesia International Rizki Amelia Pradipta Lee Se-rang Yoo Hyun-young 21–17, 19–21, 21–13 Winner 2015 Swiss International Aprilsasi Putri Lejarsar Variella Samantha Barning Iris Tabeling 11–21, 10–21 Runner-up 2018 Indonesia International Shella Devi Aulia Lim Chiew Sien Tan Sueh Jeou 21–17, 21–12 Winner 2019 Indonesia International Anggia Shitta Awanda Natsu Saito Naru Shinoya 21–19, 21–18 Winner Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2009 Vietnam International Fran Kurniawan Tontowi Ahmad Richi Puspita Dili 14–21, 8–21 Runner-up 2012 Vietnam International Hafiz Faizal Danny Bawa Chrisnanta Vanessa Neo 11–21, 21–17, 21–17 Winner 2015 Swiss International Robert Blair Bodin Isara Savitree Amitrapai 18–21, 25–23, 21–18 Winner 2017 Indonesia International Irfan Fadhilah Rehan Naufal Kusharjanto Siti Fadia Silva Ramadhanti 9–21, 18–21 Runner-up 2018 Indonesia International Irfan Fadhilah Amri Syahnawi Shella Devi Aulia 17–21, 16–21 Runner-up 2019 Malaysia International Amri Syahnawi Andika Ramadiansyah Bunga Fitriani Romadhini 21–15, 21–17 Winner   BWF International Challenge tournament   BWF International Series tournament Performance timeline National team Junior level Team event 2004 2005 2006 Asian Junior Championships Bronze Bronze Bronze Senior level Team events 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Universiade — Bronze — A Southeast Asian Games — Gold — A — A Asian Games R — Bronze — Uber Cup A — Silver — A — Sudirman Cup — Silver — A — Bronze Individual competitions Junior level Events 2006 Asian Junior Championships Bronze (XD) World Junior Championships Bronze (GD) Senior level Events 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Asian Championships w/d (WD)R2 (XD) 'Asian Games R16 (WD) — R16 (XD) — A — World Championships — R2 (XD) R2 (XD) — QF (WD) R3 (WD)R2 (XD) R2 (WD) Tournament BWF World Tour Best 2018 2019 2020 Malaysia Masters A R2 (XD) W (2013) Indonesia Masters A Q1 (WD)]]R1 (XD) SF (2010, 2012) India Open A R1 (WD)R2 (XD) — F (2011) Malaysia Open A R1 (WD)R2 (XD) — QF (2014) Singapore Open A R1 (WD)QF (XD) — SF (2013) Indonesia Open R1 (WD) A — QF (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) Thailand Open R1 (XD) A W (2013) Chinese Taipei Open A R1 (WD)R2 (XD) — W (2012) Vietnam Open A SF (WD)QF <(XD) — W (2012 (WD, XD)) Indonesia Masters Super 100 R1 (WD)QF (XD) R2 (WD)QF (XD) — QF (2018, 2019) Year-end ranking 250 (WD)49 (XD) 68 (WD)72 (XD) 61 (WD)54 (XD) 6 (WD)6 (XD) Tournament 2018 2019 2020 Best Tournament BWF Superseries Best 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All England Open A R1 (WS) R1 (WS) R1 (XD) R1 (XD) A QF (WD)SF (XD) QF (WD)R2 (XD) R1 (WD)R1 (XD) A SF (2013) Swiss Open A R1 (WS) A GPG QF (2013, 2014) India Open — GPG F (XD) A R1 (WD)R2 (XD) A F (2011) Malaysia Open A R1 (WS) R2 (WS) A R2 (XD) A R2 (WD)R1 (XD) QF (WD)QF (XD) R2 (WD)R2 (XD) R1 (XD) A QF (2014) Singapore Open Q3 R2 (WS) A R1 (XD) R2 (XD) R2 (WD)R1 (XD) SF (WD)R1 (XD) R1 (WD)R1 (XD) QF (WD)R2 (XD) R1 (WD)R1 (XD) A SF (2013) Australian Open IS GP GPG R2 (WD)SF (XD) R1 (WD)R1 (XD) A SF (2014) Indonesia Open R2 (WS) R1 (WS) R1 (WD)R2 (XD) QF (XD) QF (XD) R2 (WD)QF (XD) QF (WD)R2 (XD) R1 (WD)R1 (XD) R1 (WD)R1 (XD) R1 (XD) A QF (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) China Masters A R2 (XD) A QF (WD)SF (XD) GPG SF (2013) Japan Open A R1 (WS) A QF (XD) R1 (XD) A SF (WD)QF (XD) A R1 (XD) A SF (2013) Korea Open A R2 (WS) A R2 (XD) A R1 (WD)QF (XD) A QF (2013) Denmark Open A R1 (WS) R1 (XD) A R1 (XD) R1 (WD)QF (XD) R2 (WD)R2 (XD) R2 (WD)R1 (XD) A QF (2012) French Open A R1 (WS) R2 (XD) A R1 (XD) QF (WD)R1 (XD) R2 (WD)R2 (XD) R1 (WD)QF (XD) A QF (2012, 2014) China Open A R1 (XD) A R2 (WD)R2 (XD) A R1 (XD) A R2 (2013) Hong Kong Open A R2 (WS) QF (XD) QF (XD) A R1 (WD)R2 (XD) R2 (WD)QF (XD) R2 (WD)R1 (XD) A QF (2009, 2010, 2013) BWF Super Series Finals — DNQ RR (WD)RR (xd) DNQ RR (2013) Year-end ranking 105 (WS)61 (WD)19 (XD) 127 (WD) 14 (XD) 13 (XD) 15 (WD)19 (XD) 6 (WD)9 (XD) 14 (WD)17 (XD) 38 (WD)37 (XD) 296 (WD)112 (XD) 691 (WD)292 (XD) Tournament 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Best Tournament BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold Best 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Malaysia Masters — w/d A SF <(XD) R2 (WD) W (WD)R2 (XD) A SF (WD)R1 (XD) w/d A W (2013) Philippines Open R1 (WS) — QF (WD)R2 (XD) — QF (2009) Syed Modi International — A — QF (WD) A QF (2014) Thailand Masters — R2 (WD)R2 (XD) A R2 (2016) Swiss Open SS R1 (WD) R1 (XD) A QF (WD)QF (XD) QF (WD)QF (XD) R1 (WD)R1 (XD) A QF (2013, 2014) Australian Open A R1 (WD)QF (XD) SS QF (2013) New Zealand Open IS QF (WD)W (XD) A — A — A QF (WD)SF (XD) A W (2009) Chinese Taipei Open A SF (WS) R1 (WD)R2 (XD) QF (WD) SF (XD) SF (XD) W (WD)R2 (XD) A SF (XD) QF (WD)R2 (XD) A W (2012) Vietnam Open A W (WD)W (XD) A R1 (WD)QF (XD) W (2012 (WD, XD)) Thailand Open A — A R1 (WD)R1 (XD) R1 (WD)W (XD) — R1 (WD)R2 (XD) A W (2013) Dutch Open R1 (WS) A QF (WD)SF (XD) A SF (WD)QF (XD) A SF (2012, 2015) Bitburger Open A R1 (WD) A R1 (2015) Macau Open R1 (WS) A R1 (XD) R2 (WD)SF (XD) A SF (WD)R1 (XD) A R1 (XD) A SF (2010, 2012) Indonesian Masters — SF (XD) R2 (XD) SF (WD)SF (XD) R1 (WD)R2 (XD) A QF (WD)R2 (XD) A — SF (2010, 2012) References ^ Apriadi, Arief; Rialdi, Irwan Febri (24 May 2020). "Gara-gara Nama Belakang, Pia Zebadiah Kerap Dikira non Muslim". Bola Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Players: Pia Zebadiah Bernadet". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "BWF Launches Super Series". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. ^ "Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event". IBadmintonstore. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pia Zebadiah Bernadeth. Pia Zebadiah Bernadet at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Markis Kido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markis_Kido"}],"text":"Badminton playerPia Zebadiah Bernadet[1] (born 22 January 1989) is an Indonesian badminton player.[2] She is the sister of men's doubles world and Olympic champion Markis Kido.","title":"Pia Zebadiah Bernadet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian women's team's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_badminton_team"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2007_Southeast_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"2008 Uber Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Uber_Cup"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_badminton_team"},{"link_name":"2008 Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Indonesia_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Japan_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Denmark Superseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Denmark_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Maria Kristin Yulianti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kristin_Yulianti"},{"link_name":"2008 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Saina Nehwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina_Nehwal"}],"sub_title":"Women's singles","text":"In 2007, Zebadiah contributed to the Indonesian women's team's capture of the gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games by beating Singapore's Gu Juan 21–15, 17–21, 21–12 in the decisive match.Perhaps her best performance came in the 2008 Uber Cup. She helped Indonesia to defeat Germany in the semifinals by dominating Karin Schnaase 21–7, 21–15.She played in the 2008 Indonesia, Japan, and Denmark Superseries, advancing farthest in Denmark where she reached the quarterfinals.Another good performance came at the Chinese Taipei Open, where she defeated her compatriot Maria Kristin Yulianti, who won the bronze medal at the 2008 Olympic Games, in the quarter-final. However, she lost to the young star from India, Saina Nehwal, in the semifinals.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rizki Amelia Pradipta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizki_Amelia_Pradipta"},{"link_name":"Debby Susanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debby_Susanto"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chinese_Taipei_Open_Grand_Prix_Gold"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Malaysia_Grand_Prix_Gold"}],"sub_title":"Women's doubles","text":"Pia Zebadiah plays in the women's doubles with Rizki Amelia Pradipta. Previously, she played with Debby Susanto, but they were often defeated in the earlier rounds of a tournament. Because she couldn't play well in several tournaments in the women's doubles discipline, she broke her partnership with Susanto. In 2011, Zebadiah decided to be a professional player along with her brother Kido, rather than be in the national training center. After becoming a professional player, she became partners with Pradipta. Together they achieved better results in women's doubles. In 2012, she with Pradipta won Chinese Taipei Open, and in 2013, they won the Malaysia Grand Prix Gold.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fran Kurniawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Kurniawan"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Yohan Hadikusumo Wiratama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohan_Hadikusumo_Wiratama"},{"link_name":"Chau Hoi Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chau_Hoi_Wah"},{"link_name":"Indonesia Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Indonesian_Masters_Grand_Prix_Gold"},{"link_name":"Tontowi Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontowi_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Liliyana Natsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliyana_Natsir"},{"link_name":"India Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_India_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Sudirman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudirman_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Mixed doubles","text":"Pia Zebadiah played in the mixed doubles with Fran Kurniawan. She always appeared confident, and very lissom. In 2009, Zebadiah took the first title from New Zealand Open and defeated World number 10 Yohan Hadikusumo Wiratama and Chau Hoi Wah from Hong Kong. In 2010, they reached the semi-finals in the Indonesia Grand Prix Gold, but were defeated by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir. In 2011, they could reach their first final in the Superseries event at the India Open, but they were once again defeated by Ahmad and Natsir with just straight sets of 18–21 and 21–23. They became the main pair of mixed doubles in the Sudirman Cup due to Natsir injury.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Bona Septano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_Septano"},{"link_name":"Markis Kido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markis_Kido"}],"text":"Zebadiah started playing badminton in Jaya Raya Jakarta badminton club. Her parents are Djumharbey Anwar (father) and Yul Asteria Zakaria (mother). In her spare time she plays football. Her brothers, Bona Septano, and Markis Kido, are also Indonesian national badminton players.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BWF World Junior Championships","text":"Girls' doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Junior Championships","text":"Mixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"Superseries and Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Superseries Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Super_Series"},{"link_name":"Superseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Super_Series"}],"sub_title":"BWF Superseries (1 runner-up)","text":"The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,[3] was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011.[4] Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.Mixed doublesSuperseries Finals Tournament\n  Superseries Premier Tournament\n  Superseries Tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_and_Grand_Prix_Gold"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"BWF Grand Prix (6 titles)","text":"The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.Women's doublesMixed doublesGrand Prix Gold tournament\n  Grand Prix tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BWF International Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_International_Challenge"},{"link_name":"BWF International Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_International_Series"}],"sub_title":"International Challenge/Series/Satellite (9 titles, 4 runners-up)","text":"Women's singlesWomen's doublesMixed doublesBWF International Challenge tournament\n  BWF International Series tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performance timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National team","text":"Junior levelSenior level","title":"Performance timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Individual competitions","text":"Junior levelSenior level","title":"Performance timeline"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Apriadi, Arief; Rialdi, Irwan Febri (24 May 2020). \"Gara-gara Nama Belakang, Pia Zebadiah Kerap Dikira non Muslim\". Bola Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bolatimes.com/arena/2020/05/24/130000/gara-gara-nama-belakang-pia-zebadiah-kerap-dikira-non-muslim","url_text":"\"Gara-gara Nama Belakang, Pia Zebadiah Kerap Dikira non Muslim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Players: Pia Zebadiah Bernadet\". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bwfbadminton.com/player/52730/pia-zebadiah-bernadet","url_text":"\"Players: Pia Zebadiah Bernadet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation","url_text":"Badminton World Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"url":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\". IBadmintonstore. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"url":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/1F05B505-5CEC-43A4-8AFC-DA4B08C099FB","external_links_name":"BWF profile"},{"Link":"https://www.bolatimes.com/arena/2020/05/24/130000/gara-gara-nama-belakang-pia-zebadiah-kerap-dikira-non-muslim","external_links_name":"\"Gara-gara Nama Belakang, Pia Zebadiah Kerap Dikira non Muslim\""},{"Link":"https://bwfbadminton.com/player/52730/pia-zebadiah-bernadet","external_links_name":"\"Players: Pia Zebadiah Bernadet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","external_links_name":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/1F05B505-5CEC-43A4-8AFC-DA4B08C099FB","external_links_name":"Pia Zebadiah Bernadet"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Bascom
Henry Bidleman Bascom
["1 Early life and education","2 Marriage and family","3 Ministry","4 Bascom as pulpit orator","5 Congressional chaplain","6 Academic and editorial ministry","7 Methodist schism","8 Elected bishop","9 Death and burial","10 Selected writings","11 Biographies","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References"]
American bishop Portrait of Henry Bascom Part of a series onMethodismJohn Wesley Background History (in the United States) Anglicanism Arminianism First Great Awakening Moravianism Nonconformism Pietism Wesleyan theology Doctrine Doctrinal standards Bible Old Testament New Testament Creeds Nicene Creed Apostles' Creed Articles of Religion Sermons on Several Occasions Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament Distinctive beliefs and practices Assurance of faith Conditional preservationof the saints Priesthood of all believers Four sources of theological authority Covenant theology Substitutionary atonement Imparted righteousness Moral law New birth Free will Outward holiness Prevenient grace Real presence Sanctification Sunday Sabbatarianism Christian perfection Views on sin Works of piety Works of mercy Worship The Sunday Service of the Methodists Covenant Renewal Service Camp meeting Tabernacle Tent revival Brush arbour revival Lovefeast Watchnight service People John WesleyCharles Wesley Richard Allen Francis Asbury Thomas Coke John William Fletcher William Law William Williams Pantycelyn Howell Harris Albert Outler James Varick Countess of Huntingdon Phoebe Palmer George Whitefield Bishops Theologians GroupsChurches Methodist Church of Great Britain Free Methodist Church United Methodist Church World Methodist Council Global Methodist Church Other Methodist denominations Organization Connexionalism General Conference Methodist Circuit Pastoral charge Class meeting Penitent band Related groups Holiness movement Conservative holiness movement Holiness Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Other relevant topics Saints in Methodism Methodist views on alcohol Methodist local preacher Itinerant preacher Circuit rider Steward Homosexuality and Methodism Ordination of women in Methodism Bishops in Methodism Christianity • Protestantism Christianity portalvte Henry Bidleman Bascom (1796–1850) was an American Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1850. He also distinguished himself as a circuit rider, pastor and Christian preacher; as chaplain to the U.S. House of Representatives; and as an editor, a college academic, and a denominational leader. Early life and education Of French Huguenot and Basque ancestry, Henry Bidleman Bascom was born 27 May 1796 in Hancock, Delaware County, New York. He was a descendant of Thomas Bascom, who came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634 and who later founded Windsor, Connecticut. The name Bidleman came from the family of Henry's maternal grandmother, Rosanna Bidleman. Henry Bascom joined the Methodist Episcopal Church in western Pennsylvania in 1811 after his family migrated to the frontier area. Marriage and family Bascom married Eliza Van Antwerp on 7 March 1839 in New York City. Ministry At a time of expansion of the Methodist Church on the frontier during the Second Great Awakening, new men were accepted into preaching. Although with little formal education, Bascom was found to be a good speaker with knowledge of the Bible; he was licensed to preach in 1813 at the age of seventeen and was received on trial by the Ohio Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. Bascom worked hard as a frontier circuit rider, traveling to scattered settlements across a wide territory. For example, one year he preached 400 times, receiving a salary of $12.10. He soon became noted as a pulpit orator. His style was considered too florid to suit many in Ohio, so in 1816 he was transferred to Tennessee. He served appointments there and in Kentucky until 1822, when he returned to Ohio. The Rev. Henry Bidleman Bascom was awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Divinity. Bascom as pulpit orator The Bishop Matthew Simpson, in his Cyclopaedia of Methodism (1880), wrote about Rev. Henry Bidleman Bascom's pulpit ministry: "At one point, he was perhaps the most popular pulpit orator in the United States. His sermons, though long, did not weary the people. They were evidently prepared with great care. As is often the case, in reading his sermons we miss the brilliancy and vivacity of the living speaker. He was a man of remarkably fine personal appearance, and had a voice of great compass and power." Congressional chaplain In 1823 the Congressman Henry Clay from Kentucky, then Speaker of the House, obtained for Bascom the appointment of Chaplain of the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served 1824–26. At one time Bascom visited Baltimore, where his fervid oratory made a great sensation. He was known as a powerful speaker, fond of strong epithets and extravagant metaphors. Academic and editorial ministry Rev. Bascom was selected as the first president of Madison College, Uniontown, Pennsylvania (1827–29). He became an agent of the American Colonization Society (1829–31), working to help resettle American free blacks in Liberia, Africa. In 1832 Bascom was hired as professor of moral science and belles-lettres at Augusta College, an early Methodist school in Kentucky. He taught there until 1842. Rev. Bascom was selected as president of Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky (1842–49; he had declined two other offers). From 1846 until 1850, Rev. Bascom edited the Southern Methodist Quarterly Review. He was a delegate to every M.E. General Conference from 1828 until 1844. Methodist schism Rev. Bascom played an important role at the M.E. General Conference of 1844, when the denomination divided over the question of slavery. The Church suspended Bishop James Osgood Andrew because he refused to manumit his slaves. Dr. Bascom wrote the "protest of the minority" of the Southern members against this action by the majority, which became known as the denomination split. He was a member of the convention held the next year at Louisville, at which the M.E. Church, South, was organized. Bascom wrote its report. Bascom was selected as chairman of the commission appointed to settle the differences between the two branches of the Church, but it did not reunite until 1939, long after the end of the American Civil War. He published a book in defense of the Southern church, entitled Methodism and Slavery; with Other Matters in Controversy between the North and the South; Being a Review of the Manifesto of the Majority, in Reply to the Protest of the Minority, of the Late General Conference of the Methodist E. Church, in the Case of Bishop Andrew (1845; available free on line at Google Books). Elected bishop Bascom was elected to the episcopacy by the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South in 1850 at St. Louis. He was consecrated a Bishop in May 1850, a few months before his death. Death and burial Bishop Bascom died 8 September 1850 in Louisville, Kentucky. The communities of Bascom, Florida, and Bascom, Texas, were named in his honor. Selected writings Methodism and Slavery(1845), free e-text available Sermons from the Pulpit Lectures on Infidelity Lectures on Moral and Mental Science His collected works (4 volumes) were edited by Rev. T.N. Ralston and printed at Nashville (1850 and 1856). Biographies Henkle, M.M., Life of Bishop Bascom, Nashville, 1854. See also List of bishops of the United Methodist Church Notes ^ "History of the Chaplaincy, Office of the Chaplain". Retrieved 2008-09-14. References Cyclopaedia of Methodism, Matthew Simpson, D.D., LL.D., Ed., (Revised Edition.) Philadelphia, Louis H. Everts, 1880. "Henry Bidleman Bascom", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia © 1994, 2000–2005, on Infoplease. "Bascom, Henry Bidleman", in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, ed., Samuel Macauley Jackson, D.D., LL.D., Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1954  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1891). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Religious titles Preceded byJohn Brackenridge, D.D. Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives December 8, 1823 – December 6, 1824 Succeeded byReuben Post vteChaplains of the United States House of Representatives Linn Blair Green Lyell Parkinson Laurie Elliott Brown Lee Snethen Lee Brown Cone Allison Campbell Sparks Brackenridge Bascom Post Gurley Post Stockton Smith Stockton Comstock Tustin Reese Bates Braxton French Maffitt Tiffany Tinsley Daily Milburn Sprole Gurley Morgan Gallaher Milburn Stockton Channing Boynton Butler Townsend Poise Harrison Power Lindsay Milburn Haddaway Bagby Couden Montgomery Braskamp Latch Ford Coughlin Conroy Kibben Listed in chronological order of successionvtePresidents of Transylvania University Toulmin (1794–96) Moore (1796–1804) Holley (1818–27) Woods (1828–31) Coit (1835–37) Davidson (1840–42) Bascom (1842–49) Green (1856–57) Drake (1858–61) Patterson (1861–65) Bowman (1865–78) White (1878–80) Loos (1880–97) Cave (1897–1900) Jenkins (1901–06) Crossfield (1908–21) Harmon (1922–28) Braden (1930–38) McLain (1939–51) Rose (1951–57) Lunger (1957–76) Kelly (1976–81) Brown (1982–83) Shearer (1983–2010) Williams (2010–14) Carey (2014–19) Lewis (2020–present) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel Belgium United States People Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry-Bascom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church, South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South"},{"link_name":"circuit rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing"},{"link_name":"denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination"}],"text":"Portrait of Henry BascomHenry Bidleman Bascom (1796–1850) was an American Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1850. He also distinguished himself as a circuit rider, pastor and Christian preacher; as chaplain to the U.S. House of Representatives; and as an editor, a college academic, and a denominational leader.","title":"Henry Bidleman Bascom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basques"},{"link_name":"Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Delaware County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Windsor, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"maternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal"},{"link_name":"grandmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmother"},{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"western Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Of French Huguenot and Basque ancestry, Henry Bidleman Bascom was born 27 May 1796 in Hancock, Delaware County, New York. He was a descendant of Thomas Bascom, who came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634 and who later founded Windsor, Connecticut. The name Bidleman came from the family of Henry's maternal grandmother, Rosanna Bidleman.Henry Bascom joined the Methodist Episcopal Church in western Pennsylvania in 1811 after his family migrated to the frontier area.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Bascom married Eliza Van Antwerp on 7 March 1839 in New York City.","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Great Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Annual Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_conferences_within_Methodism"},{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"circuit rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)"},{"link_name":"pulpit orator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit_orator"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"honorary degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"}],"text":"At a time of expansion of the Methodist Church on the frontier during the Second Great Awakening, new men were accepted into preaching. Although with little formal education, Bascom was found to be a good speaker with knowledge of the Bible; he was licensed to preach in 1813 at the age of seventeen and was received on trial by the Ohio Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. Bascom worked hard as a frontier circuit rider, traveling to scattered settlements across a wide territory. For example, one year he preached 400 times, receiving a salary of $12.10. He soon became noted as a pulpit orator.His style was considered too florid to suit many in Ohio, so in 1816 he was transferred to Tennessee. He served appointments there and in Kentucky until 1822, when he returned to Ohio.The Rev. Henry Bidleman Bascom was awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Divinity.","title":"Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Simpson"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"sermons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermons"},{"link_name":"speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator"}],"text":"The Bishop Matthew Simpson, in his Cyclopaedia of Methodism (1880), wrote about Rev. Henry Bidleman Bascom's pulpit ministry:\"At one point, he was perhaps the most popular pulpit orator in the United States. His sermons, though long, did not weary the people. They were evidently prepared with great care. As is often the case, in reading his sermons we miss the brilliancy and vivacity of the living speaker. He was a man of remarkably fine personal appearance, and had a voice of great compass and power.\"","title":"Bascom as pulpit orator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-1"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"oratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking"},{"link_name":"epithets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithets"},{"link_name":"metaphors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphors"}],"text":"In 1823 the Congressman Henry Clay from Kentucky, then Speaker of the House, obtained for Bascom the appointment of Chaplain of the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served 1824–26.[1] At one time Bascom visited Baltimore, where his fervid oratory made a great sensation. He was known as a powerful speaker, fond of strong epithets and extravagant metaphors.","title":"Congressional chaplain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_College_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Uniontown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"American Colonization Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"free blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_negro"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"belles-lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belles-lettres"},{"link_name":"Augusta College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_College_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Transylvania University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_University"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"edited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edited"},{"link_name":"M.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"General Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_conference_(United_Methodist_Church)"}],"text":"Rev. Bascom was selected as the first president of Madison College, Uniontown, Pennsylvania (1827–29). He became an agent of the American Colonization Society (1829–31), working to help resettle American free blacks in Liberia, Africa.In 1832 Bascom was hired as professor of moral science and belles-lettres at Augusta College, an early Methodist school in Kentucky. He taught there until 1842.Rev. Bascom was selected as president of Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky (1842–49; he had declined two other offers).From 1846 until 1850, Rev. Bascom edited the Southern Methodist Quarterly Review. He was a delegate to every M.E. General Conference from 1828 until 1844.","title":"Academic and editorial ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"James Osgood Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Osgood_Andrew"},{"link_name":"manumit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"M.E. Church, South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee"},{"link_name":"reunite until 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Rev. Bascom played an important role at the M.E. General Conference of 1844, when the denomination divided over the question of slavery. The Church suspended Bishop James Osgood Andrew because he refused to manumit his slaves.Dr. Bascom wrote the \"protest of the minority\" of the Southern members against this action by the majority, which became known as the denomination split. He was a member of the convention held the next year at Louisville, at which the M.E. Church, South, was organized. Bascom wrote its report.Bascom was selected as chairman of the commission appointed to settle the differences between the two branches of the Church, but it did not reunite until 1939, long after the end of the American Civil War. He published a book in defense of the Southern church, entitled Methodism and Slavery; with Other Matters in Controversy between the North and the South; Being a Review of the Manifesto of the Majority, in Reply to the Protest of the Minority, of the Late General Conference of the Methodist E. Church, in the Case of Bishop Andrew (1845; available free on line at Google Books).","title":"Methodist schism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"episcopacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity"},{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church, South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"}],"text":"Bascom was elected to the episcopacy by the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South in 1850 at St. Louis. He was consecrated a Bishop in May 1850, a few months before his death.","title":"Elected bishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bascom, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascom,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Bascom, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascom,_Texas"}],"text":"Bishop Bascom died 8 September 1850 in Louisville, Kentucky.[citation needed]The communities of Bascom, Florida, and Bascom, Texas, were named in his honor.","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodism and Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Methodism_and_slavery.html?id=VEoSAAAAIAAJ"}],"text":"Methodism and Slavery(1845), free e-text available\nSermons from the Pulpit\nLectures on Infidelity\nLectures on Moral and Mental Science\nHis collected works (4 volumes) were edited by Rev. T.N. Ralston and printed at Nashville (1850 and 1856).","title":"Selected writings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Henkle, M.M., Life of Bishop Bascom, Nashville, 1854.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-house_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"History of the Chaplaincy, Office of the Chaplain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/history.html"}],"text":"^ \"History of the Chaplaincy, Office of the Chaplain\". Retrieved 2008-09-14.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Portrait of Henry Bascom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Henry-Bascom.jpg/220px-Henry-Bascom.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of bishops of the United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_the_United_Methodist_Church"}]
[{"reference":"\"History of the Chaplaincy, Office of the Chaplain\". Retrieved 2008-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/history.html","url_text":"\"History of the Chaplaincy, Office of the Chaplain\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1891). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Methodism_and_slavery.html?id=VEoSAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Methodism and Slavery"},{"Link":"http://chaplain.house.gov/chaplaincy/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Chaplaincy, Office of the Chaplain\""},{"Link":"http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0806369.html","external_links_name":"\"Henry Bidleman Bascom\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01.html?term=Bascom,%20Henry%20Bidleman","external_links_name":"\"Bascom, Henry Bidleman\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/235104/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000003986486X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6472983","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxr6yMqhBDJGYF8Qq4v3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007373519205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14359779","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88027622","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1510923","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f4841c","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_Game
Board game
["1 History","1.1 Ancient","1.2 European","1.3 American","1.4 Chinese, Arabic, and Indian","1.5 Modern","2 Luck, strategy, and diplomacy","3 Software","4 Market","4.1 Hobby board games","5 Research","6 Categories","7 Glossary","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Genre of seated tabletop social play The board game Monopoly is licensed in 103 countries and printed in 37 languages. Young girls playing a board game in the Iisalmi library in Finland, 2016 Board games are tabletop games that typically use pieces. These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked game board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well. Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name 'draughts'), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. Pandemic is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person. There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in snakes and ladders; to deeply complex, as in Advanced Squad Leader. Play components now often include custom figures or shaped counters, and distinctively shaped player pieces commonly known as meeples as well as traditional cards and dice. The time required to learn or master gameplay varies greatly from game to game, but is not necessarily related to the number or complexity of rules; for example, chess or Go possess relatively simple rulesets but have great strategic depth. History Further information: History of games Ancient Classical board games are divided into four categories: race games (such as pachisi), space games (such as noughts and crosses), chase games (such as hnefatafl), and games of displacement (such as chess). Board games have been played, traveled, and evolved in most cultures and societies throughout history. Several important historical sites, artifacts, and documents shed light on early board games such as Jiroft civilization game boards in Iran. Senet, found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt, c. 3500 BC and 3100 BC respectively, is the oldest board game known to have existed. Senet was pictured in a fresco painting found in Merknera's tomb (3300–2700 BC). Also from predynastic Egypt is mehen. Hounds and jackals, another ancient Egyptian board game, appeared around 2000 BC. The first complete set of this game was discovered from a Theban tomb that dates to the 13th dynasty. This game was also popular in Mesopotamia and the Caucasus. Backgammon originated in ancient Mesopotamia about 5,000 years ago. Ashtapada, chess, pachisi and chaupar originated in India. Go and liubo originated in China. Patolli originated in Mesoamerica played by the ancient Aztecs and the royal game of Ur was found in the royal tombs of Ur, dating to Mesopotamia 4,600 years ago. Senet, one of the oldest known board games Hounds and jackals (Egypt, 13th Dynasty) Men Playing Board Games, from The Sougandhika Parinaya Manuscript Royal game of Ur, southern Iraq, about 2600–2400 BCE Patolli game being watched by Macuilxochitl as depicted on page 048 of the Codex Magliabechiano Han dynasty glazed pottery tomb figurines playing liubo, with six sticks laid out to the side of the game board European Further information: Eurogame § History Board games have a long tradition in Europe. The oldest records of board gaming in Europe date back to Homer's Iliad (written in the 8th century BC), in which he mentions the Ancient Greek game of petteia. This game of petteia would later evolve into the Roman ludus latrunculorum. Board gaming in ancient Europe was not unique to the Greco-Roman world, with records estimating that the ancient Norse game of hnefatafl was developed sometime before 400AD. In ancient Ireland, the game of fidchell or ficheall, is said to date back to at least 144 AD, though this is likely an anachronism. A fidchell board dating from the 10th century has been uncovered in Co. Westmeath, Ireland. The association of dice and cards with gambling led to all dice games except backgammon being treated as lotteries by dice in the gaming acts of 1710 and 1845. Early board game producers in the second half of the eighteenth century were mapmakers. The global popularization of Board Games, with special themes and branding, coincided with the formation of the global dominance of the British Empire. John Wallis was an English board game publisher, bookseller, map/chart seller, printseller, music seller, and cartographer. With his sons John Wallis Jr. and Edward Wallis, he was one of the most prolific publishers of board games of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. John Betts' A Tour of the British Colonies and Foreign Possessions and William Spooner's A Voyage of Discovery were popular in the British empire. Kriegsspiel is a genre of wargaming developed in 19th century Prussia to teach battle tactics to officers. Achilles and Ajax playing a board game overseen by Athena, Attic black-figure neck amphora, c. 510 BCE Box for Board Games, c. 15th century, Walters Art Museum An early games table desk (Germany, 1735) featuring chess/draughts (left) and nine men's morris (right) 'Game of Skittles', copy of 1660–68 painting by Pieter de Hooch in the Saint Louis Art Museum American The Mansion of Happiness (1843) The board game Travellers' Tour Through the United States and its sister game Traveller's Tour Through Europe were published by New York City bookseller F. & R. Lockwood in 1822 and claim the distinction of being the first board games published in the United States. Margaret Hofer described the period of the 1880s–1920s as "The Golden Age" of board gaming in America. Board game popularity was boosted, like that of many items, through mass production, which made them cheaper and more easily available. Chinese, Arabic, and Indian Outside of Europe and the U.S., many traditional board games are popular. In China, Go and many variations of chess are popular. In Africa and the Middle East, mancala is a popular board game archetype with many regional variations. In India, a community game called Carrom is popular. Modern The number of board games published by year (1944–2017), as listed on BoardGameGeek. Expansion sets for existing games are marked in orange. In the late 1990s, companies began producing more new games to serve a growing worldwide market. In the 2010s, several publications said board games were amid a new Golden Age or "renaissance". Board game venues also grew in popularity; in 2016 alone, more than 5,000 board game cafés opened in the U.S., and they were reported to be very popular in China as well. Board games have been used as a mechanism for science communication. Luck, strategy, and diplomacy Some games, such as chess, depend completely on player skill, while many children's games such as Candy Land and snakes and ladders require no decisions by the players and are decided purely by luck. Two Qataris playing the traditional board game of damah Many games require some level of both skill and luck. A player may be hampered by bad luck in backgammon, Monopoly, or Risk; but over many games, a skilled player will win more often. The elements of luck can also make for more excitement at times, and allow for more diverse and multifaceted strategies, as concepts such as expected value and risk management must be considered. Luck may be introduced into a game by several methods. The use of dice of various sorts goes back to the earliest board games. These can decide everything from how many steps a player moves their token, as in Monopoly, to how their forces fare in battle, as in Risk, or which resources a player gains, as in Catan. Other games such as Sorry! use a deck of special cards that, when shuffled, create randomness. Scrabble does something similar with randomly picked letters. Other games use spinners, timers of random length, or other sources of randomness. German-style board games are notable for often having fewer elements of luck than many North American board games. Luck may be reduced in favour of skill by introducing symmetry between players. For example, in a dice game such as Ludo, by giving each player the choice of rolling the dice or using the previous player's roll. Another important aspect of some games is diplomacy, that is, players, making deals with one another. Negotiation generally features only in games with three or more players, cooperative games being the exception. An important facet of Catan, for example, is convincing players to trade with you rather than with opponents. In Risk, two or more players may team up against others. Easy diplomacy involves convincing other players that someone else is winning and should therefore be teamed up against. Advanced diplomacy (e.g., in the aptly named game Diplomacy) consists of making elaborate plans together, with the possibility of betrayal. In perfect information games, such as chess, each player has complete information on the state of the game, but in other games, such as Tigris and Euphrates or Stratego, some information is hidden from players. This makes finding the best move more difficult and may involve estimating probabilities by the opponents. Software Main article: Digital tabletop game Many board games are now available as video games. These are aptly termed digital board games, and their distinguishing characteristic compared to traditional board games is they can now be played online against a computer or other players. Some websites (such as boardgamearena.com, yucata.de, etc.) allow play in real time and immediately show the opponents' moves, while others use email to notify the players after each move. The Internet and cheaper home printing has also influenced board games via print-and-play games that may be purchased and printed. Some games use external media such as audio cassettes or DVDs in accompaniment to the game. There are also virtual tabletop programs that allow online players to play a variety of existing and new board games through tools needed to manipulate the game board but do not necessarily enforce the game's rules, leaving this up to the players. There are generalized programs such as Vassal, Tabletop Simulator and Tabletopia that can be used to play any board or card game, while programs like Roll20 and Fantasy Grounds that are more specialized for role-playing games. Some of these virtual tabletops have worked with the license holders to allow for use of their game's assets within the program; for example, Fantasy Grounds has licenses for both Dungeons & Dragons and Pathfinder materials, while Tabletop Simulator allows game publishers to provide paid downloadable content for their games. However, as these games offer the ability to add in the content through user modifications, there are also unlicensed uses of board game assets available through these programs. Market The modern German board game Catan is printed in 30 languages and sold 15 million by 2009. While the board gaming market is estimated to be smaller than that for video games, it has also experienced significant growth from the late 1990s. A 2012 article in The Guardian described board games as "making a comeback". Other expert sources suggest that board games never went away, and that board games have remained a popular leisure activity which has only grown over time. Another from 2014 gave an estimate that put the growth of the board game market at "between 25% and 40% annually" since 2010, and described the current time as the "golden era for board games". The rise in board game popularity has been attributed to quality improvement (more elegant mechanics, components, artwork, and graphics) as well as increased availability thanks to sales through the Internet. Crowd-sourcing for board games is a large facet of the market, with $233 million raised on Kickstarter in 2020. A 1991 estimate for the global board game market was over $1.2 billion. A 2001 estimate for the United States "board games and puzzle" market gave a value of under $400 million, and for United Kingdom, of about £50 million. A 2009 estimate for the Korean market was put at 800 million won, and another estimate for the American board game market for the same year was at about $800 million. A 2011 estimate for the Chinese board game market was at over 10 billion yuan. A 2013 estimate put the size of the German toy market at 2.7 billion euros (out of which the board games and puzzle market is worth about 375 million euros), and Polish markets at 2 billion and 280 million zlotys, respectively. In 2009, Germany was considered to be the best market per capita, with the highest number of games sold per individual. Hobby board games Some academics, such as Erica Price and Marco Arnaudo, have differentiated "hobby" board games and gamers from other board games and gamers. A 2014 estimate placed the U.S. and Canada market for hobby board games (games produced for a "gamer" market) at only $75 million, with the total size of what it defined as the "hobby game market" ("the market for those games regardless of whether they're sold in the hobby channel or other channels,") at over $700 million. A similar 2015 estimate suggested a hobby game market value of almost $900 million. Research Board games serve diverse interests. Left: kōnane for studious competition. Right: kōnane for lighthearted fun. A dedicated field of research into gaming exists, known as game studies or ludology. While there has been a fair amount of scientific research on the psychology of older board games (e.g., chess, Go, mancala), less has been done on contemporary board games such as Monopoly, Scrabble, and Risk, and especially modern board games such as Catan, Agricola, and Pandemic. Much research has been carried out on chess, partly because many tournament players are publicly ranked in national and international lists, which makes it possible to compare their levels of expertise. The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, Herbert A. Simon, and Fernand Gobet have established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in chess-playing ability. Linearly arranged board games have improved children's spatial numerical understanding. This is because the game is similar to a number line in that they promote a linear understanding of numbers rather than the innate logarithmic one. Research studies show that board games such as Snakes and Ladders result in children showing significant improvements in aspects of basic number skills such as counting, recognizing numbers, numerical estimation, and number comprehension. They also practice fine motor skills each time they grasp a game piece. Playing board games has also been tied to improving children's executive functions and help reduce risks of dementia for the elderly. Related to this is a growing academic interest in the topic of game accessibility, culminating in the development of guidelines for assessing the accessibility of modern tabletop games and the extent to which they are playable for people with disabilities. Additionally, board games can be therapeutic. Bruce Halpenny, a games inventor said when interviewed about his game, The Great Train Robbery:With crime you deal with every basic human emotion and also have enough elements to combine action with melodrama. The player's imagination is fired as they plan to rob the train. Because of the gamble, they take in the early stage of the game there is a build-up of tension, which is immediately released once the train is robbed. Release of tension is therapeutic and useful in our society because most jobs are boring and repetitive. Playing games has been suggested as a viable addition to the traditional educational curriculum if the content is appropriate and the gameplay informs students on the curriculum content. Categories There are several ways in which board games can be classified, and considerable overlap may exist, so that a game belongs to several categories. The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included, with some scholars therefore referring to said genre as that of "table and board games" or "tabletop games", or seeing board games as a subgenre of tabletop games.: 5 : 1  H. J. R. Murray's A History of Board Games Other Than Chess (1952) has been called the first attempt to develop a "scheme for the classification of board games". David Parlett's Oxford History of Board Games (1999) defines four primary categories: race games (where the goal is to be the first to move all one's pieces to the final destination), space games (in which the object is to arrange the pieces into some special configuration), chase games (asymmetrical games, where players start the game with different sets of pieces and objectives) and displace games (where the main objective is the capture the opponents' pieces). Parlett also distinguishes between abstract and thematic games, the latter having a specific theme or frame narrative (ex. regular chess versus, for example, Star Wars-themed chess). The following is a list of some of the most common game categories: Abstract strategy games – e.g. chess, checkers, Go, reversi, tafl games, or modern games such as Abalone, Dameo, Stratego, Hive, or GIPF Alignment games – e.g. renju, gomoku, Connect6, Nine men's morris, or tic-tac-toe Auction games – e.g. Hoity Toity, Power Grid Chess variants – traditional variants e.g. shogi, xiangqi, or janggi; modern variants e.g. Chess960, Grand Chess, Hexagonal chess, or Alice Chess Configuration games – e.g. Lines of Action, Hexade, or Entropy Connection games – e.g. TwixT, Hex, or Havannah Cooperative games – e.g. Max the Cat, Caves and Claws, or Pandemic Count and capture games – e.g. mancala games Cross and circle games – e.g. Yut, Ludo, or Aggravation Deduction games – e.g. Mastermind or Black Box Dexterity games – e.g. Tumblin' Dice or Pitch Car Economic simulation games – e.g. The Business Game, Monopoly, The Game of Life, Power Grid, or Food Chain Magnate Educational games – e.g. Arthur Saves the Planet, Cleopatra and the Society of Architects, or Shakespeare: The Bard Game Elimination games – e.g. draughts, Alquerque, Fanorona, Yoté, or Surakarta Family games – e.g. Roll Through the Ages, Birds on a Wire, or For Sale Fantasy games – e.g. Shadows Over Camelot German-style board games or Eurogames – e.g. Catan, Carcassonne, Decatur • The Game, Carson City, or Puerto Rico Guessing games – e.g. Pictionary or Battleship Hidden-movement games – e.g. Clue or Escape from the Aliens in Outer Space Hidden-role games – e.g. Mafia or The Resistance Historical simulation games – e.g. Through the Ages or Railways of the World Horror games – e.g. Arkham Horror Large multiplayer games – e.g. Take It Easy or Swat (2010) Learning/communication non-competitive games – e.g. The Ungame (1972) Mancala games – e.g. Wari, Oware, or The Glass Bead Game Multiplayer games – e.g. Risk, Monopoly, or Four-player chess Musical games – e.g. Spontuneous Negotiation games – e.g. Diplomacy Paper-and-pencil games – e.g. tic-tac-toe or dots and boxes Physical skill games – e.g. Camp Granada Position games (no captures; win by leaving the opponent unable to move) – e.g. kōnane, mū tōrere, or the L game Race games – e.g. Pachisi, backgammon, snakes and ladders, hyena chase, or Worm Up Role-playing games – e.g. Dungeons & Dragons Roll-and-move games – e.g. Monopoly or Life Running-fight games – e.g. bul Share-buying games (games in which players buy stakes in each other's positions) – typically longer economic-management games, e.g. Acquire or Panamax Single-player puzzle games – e.g. peg solitaire or Sudoku Space games - e.g. Terraforming Mars (board game) Spiritual development games (games with no winners or losers) – e.g. Transformation Game or Psyche's Key Stacking games – e.g. Lasca or DVONN Storytelling games – e.g. Dixit or Tales of the Arabian Nights Territory games – e.g. Go or Reversi Tile-based games – e.g. Carcassonne, Scrabble, Tigris and Euphrates, or Evo Train games – e.g. Ticket to Ride, Steam, or 18xx Trivia games – e.g. Trivial Pursuit Two-player-only themed games – e.g. En Garde or Dos de Mayo Two-player-only abstract games - e.g. Checkers Unequal forces (or "hunt") games – e.g. fox and geese or tablut Wargames – ranging from Risk, Diplomacy, or Axis & Allies, to Attack! or Conquest of the Empire Word games – e.g. Scrabble, Boggle, Anagrams, or What's My Word? (2010) Glossary Further information: Glossary of board games Although many board games have a jargon all their own, there is a generalized terminology to describe concepts applicable to basic game mechanics and attributes common to nearly all board games. See also Board game awards BoardGameGeek—a website for board game enthusiasts Going Cardboard—a documentary movie History of games Interactive movie—DVD games List of board games List of game manufacturers Mind sport References ^ "You can choose cities for new Monopoly game". NBC News. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2023. ^ Pritchard, D.B. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants. Games & Puzzles Publications. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-9524142-0-9. Chess itself is a simple game to learn but its resulting strategy is profound. ^ Woods, Stewart (16 August 2012). Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 9780786490653. ^ Livingstone, Ian; Wallis, James (2019). Board games in 100 moves. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-241-36378-2. OCLC 1078419452. ^ Maǧīdzāda, Yūsuf (2003). Jiroft: the earliest oriental civilization. Organization of the Ministry of Culture ans Islamic Guidance. ISBN 964-422-478-7. OCLC 249152908. ^ Piccione, Peter A. (July–August 1980). "In Search of the Meaning of Senet" (PDF). Archaeology: 55–58. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2018. ^ Solly, Meilan. "The Best Board Games of the Ancient World". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ "Okno do svita deskovych her". Hrejsi.cz. 27 April 1998. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2010. ^ Pivotto, Carlos; et al. "Detection of Negotiation Profile and Guidance to more Collaborative Approaches through Negotiation Games" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2014. ^ "Games in ancient Egypt". Digital Egypt for Universities. University College, London. Retrieved 13 June 2020. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "What? Snakes and Ladders is 4,000 Years Old?". ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved 23 December 2018. ^ "A 4,000-Year-Old Bronze Age Game Called 58 Holes Has Been Discovered in Azerbaijan Rock Shelter". WSBuzz.com. 18 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018. ^ Metcalfe, Tom (10 December 2018). "16 of the Most Interesting Ancient Board and Dice Games". Live Science. Retrieved 23 December 2018. ^ Bower, Bruce (17 December 2018). "A Bronze Age game called 58 holes was found chiseled into stone in Azerbaijan". Science News. Retrieved 23 December 2018. ^ "Backgammon History". bkgm.com. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ a b c Edwards, Jason R. "Saving Families, One Game at a Time" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016. ^ a b Brouwers, Josho (29 November 2018). "Ancient Greek heroes at play". Ancient World Magazine. Retrieved 6 March 2020. ^ Schulte, Michael. "Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess". p. 5. ^ Harding, Timothy (2010). "'A Fenian pastime'? Early Irish board games and their identification with chess". Irish Historical Studies. 37 (145): 5. doi:10.1017/S0021121400000031. hdl:2262/38847. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 20750042. S2CID 163144950. ^ Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (28 February 2011). The Oldest Irish Tradition: A Window on the Iron Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780521134934. ^ Neilson, W Bryce. "GAMING HISTORY & LAW" (PDF). Gamesboard.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ Kentel, Koca (Fall 2018). "Empire on a Board: Navigating the British Empire through Geographical Board Games in the Nineteenth Century". The Portolan. 102: 27–42. doi:10.17613/M6JW86M71. ^ Adam, Gottfried (31 October 2022). Thumb Bibles: The History of a Literary Genre. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-52588-7. ^ "ATour Through the British Colonies and Foreign Possessions | Betts, John | V&A Explore The Collections". Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections. ^ "A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators | Spooner, William | V&A Explore The Collections". Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections. ^ Asbury, Susan (Winter 2018). "It's All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan" (PDF). Book Reviews. American Journal of Play. 10 (2): 230. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020. ^ Hofer, Margaret (1 March 2003). The Games we Played: The Golden Age of Board and Table Games. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-397-4. ^ "The most popular board games in non-Western cultures". BoardGameTheories. 12 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ a b Smith, Quintin (October 2012). "The Board Game Golden Age". Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ "A look into the golden age of boardgames | BGG". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ a b c d Duffy, Owen (25 November 2014). "Board games' golden age: sociable, brilliant and driven by the internet". The Guardian. ^ Konieczny, Piotr (2019). "Golden Age of Tabletop Gaming: Creation of the Social Capital and Rise of Third Spaces for Tabletop Gaming in the 21st Century". Polish Sociological Review (2): 199–215. doi:10.26412/psr206.05 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 1231-1413.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) ^ "The Board Game Biz is Booming, and Chicago's Ready to Play". WTTW News. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ "Six Reasons China Loves Board Game Cafés". Flamingo. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016. ^ Coon, Jo Thompson; Orr, Noreen; Shaw, Liz; Hunt, Harriet; Garside, Ruth; Nunns, Michael; Gröppel-Wegener, Alke; Whear, Becky (4 April 2022). "Bursting out of our bubble: using creative techniques to communicate within the systematic review process and beyond". Systematic Reviews. 11 (1): 56. doi:10.1186/s13643-022-01935-2. ISSN 2046-4053. PMC 8977563. PMID 35379331. ^ "The case against Candy Land". BoingBoing. 26 January 2009. ^ "Luck vs. Skill in Backgammon". bkgm.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ Sfetcu, Nicolae (4 May 2014). Game Preview. Nicolae Sfetcu. ^ Kirkpatrick, Karen (27 April 2015). "What's a German-style board game?". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021. They feature little or no luck, and economic, not military, themes. In addition, all players stay in the game until it's over. ^ McLellan, Joseph (2 June 1986). "Lying and Cheating by the Rules". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 December 2022. ^ Glassner, Andrew (2 August 2017). Interactive Storytelling: Techniques for 21st Century Fiction. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-040-08312-3. ^ Levine, Timothy R. (20 February 2014). Encyclopedia of Deception. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-0689-6. ^ "6 Best Sites to Play Board Games Online for Free". Mykindofmeeple.com. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2021. ^ "U3a International Chess by Email". Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Print & Play". Boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "DVD Board Games". Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Audio Cassette Board Games". Boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ Hall, Charlie (22 April 2015). "D&D now on Steam, complete with dice and a Dungeon Master". Polygon. Retrieved 10 April 2017. ^ Hall, Charlie (1 December 2016). "Tabletopia is slick as hell, and it's free on Steam". Polygon. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ^ "SmiteWorks USA, LLC". Fantasy Grounds. SmiteWorks. Retrieved 21 July 2017. ^ O'Conner, Alice (1 October 2015). "Cosmic Encounter Officially Invades Tabletop Simulator". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 1 August 2016. ^ Wawro, Alex (3 July 2015). "Mod Mentality: How Tabletop Simulator was made to be broken". Gamasutra. Retrieved 8 July 2015. ^ Freeman, Will (9 December 2012). "Why board games are making a comeback". The Guardian. ^ "Not Bored Of Board Games". Toyindustryjournal.com. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ Hall, Charlie (22 December 2020). "Games broke funding records on Kickstarter in 2020, despite the pandemic". Polygon. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Scanlon, Jennifer (2001). "Board games". In Browne, Ray Broadus; Browne, Pat (eds.). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Popular Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2. ^ "So you've invented a board game. Now what?". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014. ^ "Educational Games Getting Popular". The Korea Times. 22 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. ^ "Monopoly, Candy Land May Offer Refuge to Families in Recession". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. ^ "Chinese Board Game Market Overview". LP Board Game. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. ^ "Pamiętacie Eurobiznes? Oto wielki powrót gier planszowych, dla których oni zarywają noce". Menstream.pl. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. ^ "Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre". WIRED. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015. ^ Price, Erica (1 October 2020). "The Sellers of Catan: The Impact of on the United States Leisure and Business Landscape, 1995-2019". Board Game Studies Journal. 14 (1): 61–82. doi:10.2478/bgs-2020-0004. ^ Arnaudo, Marco (29 November 2017). "The Experience of Flow in Hobby Board Games". Analog Game Studies. Retrieved 3 September 2023. ^ "Hobby Games Market Hits $700M". icv2.com. Retrieved 3 September 2023. ^ "Hobby Games Market Climbs to $880 Million". icv2.com. Retrieved 3 September 2023. ^ Fernández-Vara, Clara (3 January 2014), "Adventure", The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies: 232–240, doi:10.4324/9780203114261-33, archived from the original on 21 August 2022, retrieved 21 August 2022 ^ Gobet, Fernand; de Voogt, Alex; Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-336-1. ^ Simons, Daniel (15 February 2012). "How experts recall chess positions". The Invisible Gorilla. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Playing Linear Number Board Games—But Not Circular Ones—Improves Low-Income Preschoolers' Numerical Understanding" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ LeFebvre, J.E. "Parenting the preschooler" (PDF). UW Extension. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2015. ^ Lahey, Jessica (16 July 2014). "How Family Game Night Makes Kids into Better Students". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 May 2019. ^ Dartigues, Jean François; Foubert-Samier, Alexandra; Le Goff, Mélanie; Viltard, Mélanie; Amieva, Hélène; Orgogozo, Jean Marc; Barberger-Gateau, Pascale; Helmer, Catherine (2013). "Playing board games, cognitive decline and dementia: a French population-based cohort study". BMJ Open. 3 (8): e002998. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002998. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 3758967. PMID 23988362. ^ Altschul, Drew M; Deary, Ian J (2020). Taler, Vanessa (ed.). "Playing Analog Games Is Associated With Reduced Declines in Cognitive Function: A 68-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study". The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 75 (3): 474–482. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz149. ISSN 1079-5014. PMC 7021446. PMID 31738418. ^ Heron, Michael James; Belford, Pauline Helen; Reid, Hayley; Crabb, Michael (27 April 2018). "Meeple Centred Design: A Heuristic Toolkit for Evaluating the Accessibility of Tabletop Games". The Computer Games Journal. 7 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1007/s40869-018-0057-8. hdl:10059/2886. ISSN 2052-773X. ^ Heron, Michael James; Belford, Pauline Helen; Reid, Hayley; Crabb, Michael (21 April 2018). "Eighteen Months of Meeple Like Us: An Exploration into the State of Board Game Accessibility" (PDF). The Computer Games Journal. 7 (2): 75–95. doi:10.1007/s40869-018-0056-9. ISSN 2052-773X. S2CID 5011817. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. ^ "Stealing the show". Toy Retailing News. Vol. 2, no. 4. December 1976. p. 2. ^ Harris, Christopher (n.d.). "Meet the New School Board: Board Games Are Back – And They're Exactly What Your Curriculum Needs". School Library Journal. Vol. 55, no. 5. pp. 24–26. ISSN 0362-8930. Retrieved 23 April 2015. ^ Mewborne, Michael; Mitchell, Jerry T. (3 April 2019). "Carcassonne: Using a Tabletop Game to Teach Geographic Concepts". The Geography Teacher. 16 (2): 57–67. Bibcode:2019GeTea..16...57M. doi:10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108. ISSN 1933-8341. S2CID 181375208. ^ Woods, Stewart (30 August 2012). Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6797-6. ^ Engelstein, Geoffrey (21 December 2020). Game Production: Prototyping and Producing Your Board Game. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-29098-1. ^ a b "SFE: Board Game". sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 August 2022. ^ "Arkham Horror's 3rd Edition Gives the Game a Dramatic and Awesome Overhaul - Gen Con 2018". Ign.com. 3 August 2018. ^ "The Best Horror and Zombie Board Games". Ign.com. 20 December 2019. Further reading Austin, Roland G. "Greek Board Games." Antiquity 14. September 1940: 257–271 Bell, R. C. (1979) . Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5. Bell, R. C. (1979) . Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations. Vol. II (Revised ed.). Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5. Bell, R. C. (1983). The Boardgame Book. Exeter Books. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5. Falkener, Edward (1961) . Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them. Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-20739-1. Fiske, Willard. Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games. Florentine Typographical Society, 1905. Gobet, Fernand; de Voogt, Alex & Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-336-1. Golladay, Sonja Musser, "Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games" (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007) Gordon, Stewart (July–August 2009). "Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 60, no. 4. Houston: Aramco Services Company. pp. 18–23. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Grunfeld, Frederic V. (1975). Games of the World. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-015261-0. Midgley, Ruth, ed. (1975). The Way to Play. Paddington Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8467-0060-9. Mohr, Merilyn Simonds (1997). The New Games Treasury. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-57630-058-9. Murray, H. J. R. (1913). A History of Chess (Reissued ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827403-2. Murray, H. J. R. (1978). A History of Board-Games other than Chess (Reissued ed.). Hacker Art Books Inc. ISBN 978-0-87817-211-5. Parlett, David (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-19-212998-7. Pritchard, D. B. (1982). Brain Games. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-005682-2. Pritchard, David (1994). The Family Book of Games. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-021-6. Rollefson, Gary O., "A Neolithic Game Board from Ain Ghazal, Jordan", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 286. (May 1992), pp. 1–5. Sackson, Sid (1983) . A Gamut of Games. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-153340-3. Schmittberger, R. Wayne (1992). New Rules for Classic Games. John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-53621-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Board games. Board Games at Curlie BoardGameGeek BoardGameTheories International Board Game Studies Association vteTabletop games by typeBoard game Adventure board game Amerigame Cooperative board game Deduction board game Eurogame Race game Cross and circle game Legacy game Running-fight game Tables game Tile-based game Dominoes Chinese dominoes Train game 18XX Card game Collectible card game Deck-building game Dedicated deck card game Shedding-type games Patience Tarot card games Trick-taking game Strategy game Abstract strategy game Connection game Tafl games Constructible strategy game Miniatures game Collectible miniatures game Wargame Other Dice game Matching game Megagame Icehouse pieces Piecepack Paper-and-pencil game Social deduction game Tabletop role-playing game Portals: Games Chess Dungeons & Dragons Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Korea Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_110713-N-NT881-124_Personnel_Specialist_2nd_Class_James_Vail,_left,_and_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_Nathaniel_Eaton_play_board_games_with_ch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelip%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_Iisalmen_kaupunginkirjastossa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iisalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisalmi"},{"link_name":"tabletop games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_game"},{"link_name":"pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_board_games#pieces"},{"link_name":"game board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_board"},{"link_name":"table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_game"},{"link_name":"card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"miniatures games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniatures_game"},{"link_name":"checkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts"},{"link_name":"Eurogames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogame"},{"link_name":"Pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"cooperative game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_board_game"},{"link_name":"peg solitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_solitaire"},{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle"},{"link_name":"checkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers"},{"link_name":"Cluedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluedo"},{"link_name":"snakes and ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_and_ladders"},{"link_name":"Advanced Squad Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Squad_Leader"},{"link_name":"meeples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_board_games#meeples"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_board_games#gameplay"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"rulesets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_board_games#rulesets"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Genre of seated tabletop social playThe board game Monopoly is licensed in 103 countries and printed in 37 languages.[1]Young girls playing a board game in the Iisalmi library in Finland, 2016Board games are tabletop games that typically use pieces. These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked game board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well.Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name 'draughts'), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. Pandemic is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person.There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in snakes and ladders; to deeply complex, as in Advanced Squad Leader. Play components now often include custom figures or shaped counters, and distinctively shaped player pieces commonly known as meeples as well as traditional cards and dice.The time required to learn or master gameplay varies greatly from game to game, but is not necessarily related to the number or complexity of rules; for example, chess or Go possess relatively simple rulesets but have great strategic depth.[2]","title":"Board game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_games"}],"text":"Further information: History of games","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pachisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachisi"},{"link_name":"noughts and crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noughts_and_crosses"},{"link_name":"hnefatafl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnefatafl"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jiroft civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft_culture"},{"link_name":"game boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_board"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Senet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senet"},{"link_name":"Predynastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"First Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senet1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senet2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pivotto-9"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Board_game#Dubious"},{"link_name":"mehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehen_(game)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hounds and jackals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounds_and_jackals"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Theban tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"13th dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Backgammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ashtapada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtapada"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"pachisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachisi"},{"link_name":"chaupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaupar"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"liubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubo"},{"link_name":"Patolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolli"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"royal game of Ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Game_of_Ur"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fv-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Game_of_Hounds_and_Jackals_MET_DP264105.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hounds and jackals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounds_and_jackals"},{"link_name":"Egypt, 13th Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Men_Playing_Board_Games.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Royal_Game_of_Ur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal game of Ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Game_of_Ur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macuilxochitl_Patolli.png"},{"link_name":"Macuilxochitl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochipilli"},{"link_name":"Codex Magliabechiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Magliabechiano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Han_Pottery_Figures_Playing_Liubo,_a_Lost_Game_(10352729936).jpg"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"}],"sub_title":"Ancient","text":"Classical board games are divided into four categories: race games (such as pachisi), space games (such as noughts and crosses), chase games (such as hnefatafl), and games of displacement (such as chess).[3]Board games have been played, traveled, and evolved[4] in most cultures and societies throughout history. Several important historical sites, artifacts, and documents shed light on early board games such as Jiroft civilization game boards[5][verification needed] in Iran. Senet, found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt, c. 3500 BC and 3100 BC respectively,[6] is the oldest board game known to have existed.[7] Senet was pictured in a fresco painting found in Merknera's tomb (3300–2700 BC).[8][9][better source needed][dubious – discuss] Also from predynastic Egypt is mehen.[10]Hounds and jackals, another ancient Egyptian board game, appeared around 2000 BC.[11][12] The first complete set of this game was discovered from a Theban tomb that dates to the 13th dynasty.[13] This game was also popular in Mesopotamia and the Caucasus.[14]Backgammon originated in ancient Mesopotamia about 5,000 years ago.[15] Ashtapada, chess, pachisi and chaupar originated in India. Go and liubo originated in China. Patolli originated in Mesoamerica played by the ancient Aztecs and the royal game of Ur was found in the royal tombs of Ur, dating to Mesopotamia 4,600 years ago.[16]Senet, one of the oldest known board games\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHounds and jackals (Egypt, 13th Dynasty)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t Men Playing Board Games, from The Sougandhika Parinaya Manuscript\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoyal game of Ur, southern Iraq, about 2600–2400 BCE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPatolli game being watched by Macuilxochitl as depicted on page 048 of the Codex Magliabechiano\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHan dynasty glazed pottery tomb figurines playing liubo, with six sticks laid out to the side of the game board","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurogame § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogame#History"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"petteia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petteia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"ludus latrunculorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludus_latrunculorum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"fidchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidchell"},{"link_name":"ficheall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ficheall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_Act_1710"},{"link_name":"1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_Act_1845"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"John Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallis_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"cartographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kriegsspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsspiel"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attic_Black-Figure_Neck_Amphora_-_Achilles_and_Ajax_playing_a_board_game_overseen_by_Athena.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_-_Box_for_Board_Games_-_Walters_7193_-_Bottom.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaming_table_with_chessboard.jpg"},{"link_name":"games table desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_table_desk"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"draughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts"},{"link_name":"nine men's morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Game_of_Skittles%27,_copy_of_painting_by_Pieter_de_Hooch,_Cincinnati_Art_Museum.JPG"}],"sub_title":"European","text":"Further information: Eurogame § HistoryBoard games have a long tradition in Europe. The oldest records of board gaming in Europe date back to Homer's Iliad (written in the 8th century BC), in which he mentions the Ancient Greek game of petteia.[17] This game of petteia would later evolve into the Roman ludus latrunculorum.[17] Board gaming in ancient Europe was not unique to the Greco-Roman world, with records estimating that the ancient Norse game of hnefatafl was developed sometime before 400AD.[18] In ancient Ireland, the game of fidchell or ficheall, is said to date back to at least 144 AD,[19] though this is likely an anachronism. A fidchell board dating from the 10th century has been uncovered in Co. Westmeath, Ireland.[20]The association of dice and cards with gambling led to all dice games except backgammon being treated as lotteries by dice in the gaming acts of 1710 and 1845.[21] Early board game producers in the second half of the eighteenth century were mapmakers. The global popularization of Board Games, with special themes and branding, coincided with the formation of the global dominance of the British Empire.[22] John Wallis was an English board game publisher, bookseller, map/chart seller, printseller, music seller, and cartographer. With his sons John Wallis Jr. and Edward Wallis, he was one of the most prolific publishers of board games of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[23] John Betts' A Tour of the British Colonies and Foreign Possessions[24] and William Spooner's A Voyage of Discovery[25] were popular in the British empire. Kriegsspiel is a genre of wargaming developed in 19th century Prussia to teach battle tactics to officers.[26]Achilles and Ajax playing a board game overseen by Athena, Attic black-figure neck amphora, c. 510 BCE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBox for Board Games, c. 15th century, Walters Art Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn early games table desk (Germany, 1735) featuring chess/draughts (left) and nine men's morris (right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Game of Skittles', copy of 1660–68 painting by Pieter de Hooch in the Saint Louis Art Museum","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FirstAmericanPrintrunOfThe_MansionOfHappiness.jpg"},{"link_name":"Travellers' Tour Through the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travellers%27_Tour_Through_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fv-16"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"}],"sub_title":"American","text":"The Mansion of Happiness (1843)The board game Travellers' Tour Through the United States and its sister game Traveller's Tour Through Europe were published by New York City bookseller F. & R. Lockwood in 1822 and claim the distinction of being the first board games published in the United States.[16]Margaret Hofer described the period of the 1880s–1920s as \"The Golden Age\" of board gaming in America.[27] Board game popularity was boosted, like that of many items, through mass production, which made them cheaper and more easily available.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mancala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancala"},{"link_name":"Carrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrom"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Chinese, Arabic, and Indian","text":"Outside of Europe and the U.S., many traditional board games are popular. In China, Go and many variations of chess are popular. In Africa and the Middle East, mancala is a popular board game archetype with many regional variations. In India, a community game called Carrom is popular.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Board_games_with_expansions_1944-2017.svg"},{"link_name":"BoardGameGeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoardGameGeek"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board_game_resurgence-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board_game_resurgence-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2014oct-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"board game cafés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game_caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"science communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_communication"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Modern","text":"The number of board games published by year (1944–2017), as listed on BoardGameGeek. Expansion sets for existing games are marked in orange.In the late 1990s, companies began producing more new games to serve a growing worldwide market.[29][30] In the 2010s, several publications said board games were amid a new Golden Age or \"renaissance\".[29][31][32] Board game venues also grew in popularity; in 2016 alone, more than 5,000 board game cafés opened in the U.S.,[33] and they were reported to be very popular in China as well.[34]Board games have been used as a mechanism for science communication.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Land"},{"link_name":"snakes and ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_and_ladders"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Board_game_damah_at_Souq_Waqif.jpg"},{"link_name":"damah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_draughts"},{"link_name":"backgammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon"},{"link_name":"Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_(game)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"expected value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"risk management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice"},{"link_name":"earliest board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Game_of_Ur"},{"link_name":"Catan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catan"},{"link_name":"Sorry!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry!_(game)"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"Scrabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble"},{"link_name":"German-style board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-style_board_game"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_stuff_works-39"},{"link_name":"Ludo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo_(game)"},{"link_name":"cooperative games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_board_game"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(game)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"perfect information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information"},{"link_name":"Tigris and Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_and_Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Stratego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratego"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Some games, such as chess, depend completely on player skill, while many children's games such as Candy Land and snakes and ladders require no decisions by the players and are decided purely by luck.[36]Two Qataris playing the traditional board game of damahMany games require some level of both skill and luck. A player may be hampered by bad luck in backgammon, Monopoly, or Risk; but over many games, a skilled player will win more often.[37] The elements of luck can also make for more excitement at times, and allow for more diverse and multifaceted strategies, as concepts such as expected value and risk management must be considered.[38]Luck may be introduced into a game by several methods. The use of dice of various sorts goes back to the earliest board games. These can decide everything from how many steps a player moves their token, as in Monopoly, to how their forces fare in battle, as in Risk, or which resources a player gains, as in Catan. Other games such as Sorry! use a deck of special cards that, when shuffled, create randomness. Scrabble does something similar with randomly picked letters. Other games use spinners, timers of random length, or other sources of randomness. German-style board games are notable for often having fewer elements of luck than many North American board games.[39] Luck may be reduced in favour of skill by introducing symmetry between players. For example, in a dice game such as Ludo, by giving each player the choice of rolling the dice or using the previous player's roll.Another important aspect of some games is diplomacy, that is, players, making deals with one another. Negotiation generally features only in games with three or more players, cooperative games being the exception. An important facet of Catan, for example, is convincing players to trade with you rather than with opponents. In Risk, two or more players may team up against others. Easy diplomacy involves convincing other players that someone else is winning and should therefore be teamed up against. Advanced diplomacy (e.g., in the aptly named game Diplomacy) consists of making elaborate plans together, with the possibility of betrayal.[40]In perfect information games, such as chess, each player has complete information on the state of the game, but in other games, such as Tigris and Euphrates or Stratego, some information is hidden from players.[41] This makes finding the best move more difficult and may involve estimating probabilities by the opponents.[42]","title":"Luck, strategy, and diplomacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlineboard-43"},{"link_name":"real time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_time_(media)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chessbyemail-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-printplay-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdgames-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cassettegames-47"},{"link_name":"virtual tabletop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game#Virtual_tabletops"},{"link_name":"Vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_Engine"},{"link_name":"Tabletop Simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_Simulator"},{"link_name":"Tabletopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletopia"},{"link_name":"Roll20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll20"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Grounds"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_(periodicals)"},{"link_name":"paid downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtransaction"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"user modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_interview-52"}],"text":"Many board games are now available as video games. These are aptly termed digital board games, and their distinguishing characteristic compared to traditional board games is they can now be played online against a computer or other players. Some websites (such as boardgamearena.com, yucata.de, etc.)[43] allow play in real time and immediately show the opponents' moves, while others use email to notify the players after each move.[44] The Internet and cheaper home printing has also influenced board games via print-and-play games that may be purchased and printed.[45] Some games use external media such as audio cassettes or DVDs in accompaniment to the game.[46][47]There are also virtual tabletop programs that allow online players to play a variety of existing and new board games through tools needed to manipulate the game board but do not necessarily enforce the game's rules, leaving this up to the players. There are generalized programs such as Vassal, Tabletop Simulator and Tabletopia that can be used to play any board or card game, while programs like Roll20 and Fantasy Grounds that are more specialized for role-playing games.[48][49] Some of these virtual tabletops have worked with the license holders to allow for use of their game's assets within the program; for example, Fantasy Grounds has licenses for both Dungeons & Dragons and Pathfinder materials, while Tabletop Simulator allows game publishers to provide paid downloadable content for their games.[50][51] However, as these games offer the ability to add in the content through user modifications, there are also unlicensed uses of board game assets available through these programs.[52]","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nepomuk_280_-_Osadn%C3%ADci_z_Katanu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catan"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2014oct-31"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2014oct-31"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_mechanic"},{"link_name":"components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_board_games#components"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2014oct-31"},{"link_name":"Crowd-sourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrowneBrowne2001-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_(currency)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"zlotys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_zloty"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"The modern German board game Catan is printed in 30 languages and sold 15 million by 2009.While the board gaming market is estimated to be smaller than that for video games, it has also experienced significant growth from the late 1990s.[31] A 2012 article in The Guardian described board games as \"making a comeback\".[53] Other expert sources suggest that board games never went away, and that board games have remained a popular leisure activity which has only grown over time.[54] Another from 2014 gave an estimate that put the growth of the board game market at \"between 25% and 40% annually\" since 2010, and described the current time as the \"golden era for board games\".[31] The rise in board game popularity has been attributed to quality improvement (more elegant mechanics, components, artwork, and graphics) as well as increased availability thanks to sales through the Internet.[31] Crowd-sourcing for board games is a large facet of the market, with $233 million raised on Kickstarter in 2020.[55]A 1991 estimate for the global board game market was over $1.2 billion.[56] A 2001 estimate for the United States \"board games and puzzle\" market gave a value of under $400 million, and for United Kingdom, of about £50 million.[57] A 2009 estimate for the Korean market was put at 800 million won,[58] and another estimate for the American board game market for the same year was at about $800 million.[59] A 2011 estimate for the Chinese board game market was at over 10 billion yuan.[60] A 2013 estimate put the size of the German toy market at 2.7 billion euros (out of which the board games and puzzle market is worth about 375 million euros), and Polish markets at 2 billion and 280 million zlotys, respectively.[61] In 2009, Germany was considered to be the best market per capita, with the highest number of games sold per individual.[62]","title":"Market"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Hobby board games","text":"Some academics, such as Erica Price and Marco Arnaudo, have differentiated \"hobby\" board games and gamers from other board games and gamers.[63][64] A 2014 estimate placed the U.S. and Canada market for hobby board games (games produced for a \"gamer\" market) at only $75 million, with the total size of what it defined as the \"hobby game market\" (\"the market for those games regardless of whether they're sold in the hobby channel or other channels,\") at over $700 million.[65] A similar 2015 estimate suggested a hobby game market value of almost $900 million.[66]","title":"Market"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathematicians_playing_Konane.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-14131.jpg"},{"link_name":"kōnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dnane"},{"link_name":"game studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_studies"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"mancala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancala"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"Scrabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble"},{"link_name":"Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_(game)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Catan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catan"},{"link_name":"Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricola_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Adriaan de Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot"},{"link_name":"Herbert A. Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon"},{"link_name":"Fernand Gobet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gobet"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"number line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_line"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"executive functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Bruce Halpenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Barrymore_Halpenny"},{"link_name":"games inventor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_inventor"},{"link_name":"The Great Train Robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRN1976-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Board games serve diverse interests. Left: kōnane for studious competition. Right: kōnane for lighthearted fun.A dedicated field of research into gaming exists, known as game studies or ludology.[67]While there has been a fair amount of scientific research on the psychology of older board games (e.g., chess, Go, mancala), less has been done on contemporary board games such as Monopoly, Scrabble, and Risk,[68] and especially modern board games such as Catan, Agricola, and Pandemic. Much research has been carried out on chess, partly because many tournament players are publicly ranked in national and international lists, which makes it possible to compare their levels of expertise. The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, Herbert A. Simon, and Fernand Gobet have established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in chess-playing ability.[69]Linearly arranged board games have improved children's spatial numerical understanding. This is because the game is similar to a number line in that they promote a linear understanding of numbers rather than the innate logarithmic one.[70]Research studies show that board games such as Snakes and Ladders result in children showing significant improvements in aspects of basic number skills such as counting, recognizing numbers, numerical estimation, and number comprehension. They also practice fine motor skills each time they grasp a game piece.[71] Playing board games has also been tied to improving children's executive functions[72] and help reduce risks of dementia for the elderly.[73][74] Related to this is a growing academic interest in the topic of game accessibility, culminating in the development of guidelines for assessing the accessibility of modern tabletop games[75] and the extent to which they are playable for people with disabilities.[76]Additionally, board games can be therapeutic. Bruce Halpenny, a games inventor said when interviewed about his game, The Great Train Robbery:With crime you deal with every basic human emotion and also have enough elements to combine action with melodrama. The player's imagination is fired as they plan to rob the train. Because of the gamble, they take in the early stage of the game there is a build-up of tension, which is immediately released once the train is robbed. Release of tension is therapeutic and useful in our society because most jobs are boring and repetitive.[77]Playing games has been suggested as a viable addition to the traditional educational curriculum if the content is appropriate and the gameplay informs students on the curriculum content.[78][79]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fv-16"},{"link_name":"namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake"},{"link_name":"gameboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_board"},{"link_name":"necessary and sufficient condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient_condition"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"tabletop games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_game"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"H. J. R. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._R._Murray"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-82"},{"link_name":"David Parlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parlett"},{"link_name":"race games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_game"},{"link_name":"space games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_games&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"chase games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chase_games&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"displace games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Displace_games&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game"},{"link_name":"thematic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-82"},{"link_name":"Abstract strategy games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"checkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"reversi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversi"},{"link_name":"tafl games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafl_games"},{"link_name":"Abalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalone_(game)"},{"link_name":"Dameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dameo"},{"link_name":"Stratego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratego"},{"link_name":"Hive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hive_(game)"},{"link_name":"GIPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIPF_(game)"},{"link_name":"renju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renju"},{"link_name":"gomoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomoku"},{"link_name":"Connect6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connect6"},{"link_name":"Nine men's morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris"},{"link_name":"tic-tac-toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe"},{"link_name":"Auction games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Auction_board_games"},{"link_name":"Hoity Toity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoity_Toity"},{"link_name":"Power Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Grid"},{"link_name":"Chess variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variant"},{"link_name":"shogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogi"},{"link_name":"xiangqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi"},{"link_name":"janggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janggi"},{"link_name":"Chess960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess960"},{"link_name":"Grand Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chess"},{"link_name":"Hexagonal chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_chess"},{"link_name":"Alice Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Chess"},{"link_name":"Lines of Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_Action"},{"link_name":"Entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(1977_board_game)"},{"link_name":"Connection games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_game"},{"link_name":"TwixT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwixT"},{"link_name":"Hex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Havannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havannah_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Cooperative games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_board_game"},{"link_name":"Pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"mancala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancala"},{"link_name":"Cross and circle games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_and_circle_game"},{"link_name":"Yut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yut"},{"link_name":"Ludo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Aggravation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravation_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Deduction games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deduction_board_games"},{"link_name":"Mastermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastermind_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Black Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Box_(game)"},{"link_name":"Dexterity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterity"},{"link_name":"Economic simulation games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_simulation_board_games"},{"link_name":"The Business Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Business_Game"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"The Game of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Power Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Grid"},{"link_name":"Food Chain Magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Chain_Magnate"},{"link_name":"Educational games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_game"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra and the Society of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_and_the_Society_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"draughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts"},{"link_name":"Alquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquerque"},{"link_name":"Fanorona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanorona"},{"link_name":"Yoté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yot%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Surakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta_(game)"},{"link_name":"Fantasy games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fantasy_board_games"},{"link_name":"Shadows Over Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_Over_Camelot"},{"link_name":"German-style board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-style_board_game"},{"link_name":"Catan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catan"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Guessing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guessing_game"},{"link_name":"Pictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictionary"},{"link_name":"Battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_(game)"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_(party_game)"},{"link_name":"The Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Resistance_(game)"},{"link_name":"Railways of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Arkham Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_Horror"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Take It Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_Easy_(game)"},{"link_name":"The Ungame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ungame"},{"link_name":"Mancala games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mancala_games"},{"link_name":"Wari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_(game)"},{"link_name":"Oware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oware"},{"link_name":"Multiplayer games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_game"},{"link_name":"Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_(game)"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"Four-player chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-player_chess"},{"link_name":"Negotiation games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Negotiation_tabletop_games"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(game)"},{"link_name":"Paper-and-pencil games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper-and-pencil_game"},{"link_name":"tic-tac-toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe"},{"link_name":"dots and boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_and_boxes"},{"link_name":"Physical skill games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Board_games_of_physical_skill"},{"link_name":"Camp Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Granada"},{"link_name":"kōnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dnane"},{"link_name":"mū tōrere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%AB_t%C5%8Drere"},{"link_name":"L game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_game"},{"link_name":"Race games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_game"},{"link_name":"Pachisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachisi"},{"link_name":"backgammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon"},{"link_name":"snakes and ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_and_ladders"},{"link_name":"hyena chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena_chase"},{"link_name":"Role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Roll-and-move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Roll-and-move_board_games"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Running-fight games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running-fight_game"},{"link_name":"bul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul_(game)"},{"link_name":"Acquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquire"},{"link_name":"Panamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamax"},{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle"},{"link_name":"peg solitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_solitaire"},{"link_name":"Sudoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoku"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space"},{"link_name":"Terraforming Mars (board game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming_Mars_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Stacking games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abstract_strategy_games#Stacking_games"},{"link_name":"Lasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasca"},{"link_name":"DVONN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVONN"},{"link_name":"Storytelling games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storytelling_games"},{"link_name":"Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixit_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)"},{"link_name":"Reversi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversi"},{"link_name":"Tile-based games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tile-based_board_games"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Scrabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble"},{"link_name":"Tigris and Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_and_Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Evo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Train games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_game"},{"link_name":"Ticket to Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_to_Ride_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"18xx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18xx"},{"link_name":"Trivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivia"},{"link_name":"Trivial Pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_Pursuit"},{"link_name":"Checkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers"},{"link_name":"fox and geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_games"},{"link_name":"tablut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafl_games"},{"link_name":"Wargames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_wargame"},{"link_name":"Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_(game)"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(game)"},{"link_name":"Axis & Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies"},{"link_name":"Attack!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack!_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Conquest of the Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Empire"},{"link_name":"Word games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_game"},{"link_name":"Scrabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble"},{"link_name":"Boggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggle"},{"link_name":"Anagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagrams_(game)"}],"text":"There are several ways in which board games can be classified, and considerable overlap may exist, so that a game belongs to several categories.[16]The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included, with some scholars therefore referring to said genre as that of \"table and board games\" or \"tabletop games\", or seeing board games as a subgenre of tabletop games.[80]: 5 [81]: 1H. J. R. Murray's A History of Board Games Other Than Chess (1952) has been called the first attempt to develop a \"scheme for the classification of board games\".[82] David Parlett's Oxford History of Board Games (1999) defines four primary categories: race games (where the goal is to be the first to move all one's pieces to the final destination), space games (in which the object is to arrange the pieces into some special configuration), chase games (asymmetrical games, where players start the game with different sets of pieces and objectives) and displace games (where the main objective is the capture the opponents' pieces). Parlett also distinguishes between abstract and thematic games, the latter having a specific theme or frame narrative (ex. regular chess versus, for example, Star Wars-themed chess).[82]The following is a list of some of the most common game categories:Abstract strategy games – e.g. chess, checkers, Go, reversi, tafl games, or modern games such as Abalone, Dameo, Stratego, Hive, or GIPF\nAlignment games – e.g. renju, gomoku, Connect6, Nine men's morris, or tic-tac-toe\nAuction games – e.g. Hoity Toity, Power Grid\nChess variants – traditional variants e.g. shogi, xiangqi, or janggi; modern variants e.g. Chess960, Grand Chess, Hexagonal chess, or Alice Chess\nConfiguration games – e.g. Lines of Action, Hexade, or Entropy\nConnection games – e.g. TwixT, Hex, or Havannah\nCooperative games – e.g. Max the Cat, Caves and Claws, or Pandemic\nCount and capture games – e.g. mancala games\nCross and circle games – e.g. Yut, Ludo, or Aggravation\nDeduction games – e.g. Mastermind or Black Box\nDexterity games – e.g. Tumblin' Dice or Pitch Car\nEconomic simulation games – e.g. The Business Game, Monopoly, The Game of Life, Power Grid, or Food Chain Magnate\nEducational games – e.g. Arthur Saves the Planet, Cleopatra and the Society of Architects, or Shakespeare: The Bard Game\nElimination games – e.g. draughts, Alquerque, Fanorona, Yoté, or Surakarta\nFamily games – e.g. Roll Through the Ages, Birds on a Wire, or For Sale\nFantasy games – e.g. Shadows Over Camelot\nGerman-style board games or Eurogames – e.g. Catan, Carcassonne, Decatur • The Game, Carson City, or Puerto Rico\nGuessing games – e.g. Pictionary or Battleship\nHidden-movement games – e.g. Clue or Escape from the Aliens in Outer Space\nHidden-role games – e.g. Mafia or The Resistance\nHistorical simulation games – e.g. Through the Ages or Railways of the World\nHorror games – e.g. Arkham Horror[83][84]\nLarge multiplayer games – e.g. Take It Easy or Swat (2010)\nLearning/communication non-competitive games – e.g. The Ungame (1972)\nMancala games – e.g. Wari, Oware, or The Glass Bead Game\nMultiplayer games – e.g. Risk, Monopoly, or Four-player chess\nMusical games – e.g. Spontuneous\nNegotiation games – e.g. Diplomacy\nPaper-and-pencil games – e.g. tic-tac-toe or dots and boxes\nPhysical skill games – e.g. Camp Granada\nPosition games (no captures; win by leaving the opponent unable to move) – e.g. kōnane, mū tōrere, or the L game\nRace games – e.g. Pachisi, backgammon, snakes and ladders, hyena chase, or Worm Up\nRole-playing games – e.g. Dungeons & Dragons\nRoll-and-move games – e.g. Monopoly or Life\nRunning-fight games – e.g. bul\nShare-buying games (games in which players buy stakes in each other's positions) – typically longer economic-management games, e.g. Acquire or Panamax\nSingle-player puzzle games – e.g. peg solitaire or Sudoku\nSpace games - e.g. Terraforming Mars (board game)\nSpiritual development games (games with no winners or losers) – e.g. Transformation Game or Psyche's Key\nStacking games – e.g. Lasca or DVONN\nStorytelling games – e.g. Dixit or Tales of the Arabian Nights\nTerritory games – e.g. Go or Reversi\nTile-based games – e.g. Carcassonne, Scrabble, Tigris and Euphrates, or Evo\nTrain games – e.g. Ticket to Ride, Steam, or 18xx\nTrivia games – e.g. Trivial Pursuit\nTwo-player-only themed games – e.g. En Garde or Dos de Mayo\nTwo-player-only abstract games - e.g. Checkers\nUnequal forces (or \"hunt\") games – e.g. fox and geese or tablut\nWargames – ranging from Risk, Diplomacy, or Axis & Allies, to Attack! or Conquest of the Empire\nWord games – e.g. Scrabble, Boggle, Anagrams, or What's My Word? (2010)","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glossary of board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_board_games"},{"link_name":"jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon"},{"link_name":"terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology"},{"link_name":"game mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_mechanic"}],"text":"Further information: Glossary of board gamesAlthough many board games have a jargon all their own, there is a generalized terminology to describe concepts applicable to basic game mechanics and attributes common to nearly all board games.","title":"Glossary "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell, R. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Bell"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-671-06030-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-06030-5"},{"link_name":"Bell, R. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Bell"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-671-06030-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-06030-5"},{"link_name":"Bell, R. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Bell"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-671-06030-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-06030-5"},{"link_name":"Falkener, Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Falkener"},{"link_name":"Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/GamesAncientAndOriental"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-20739-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20739-1"},{"link_name":"Fiske, Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Fiske"},{"link_name":"Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/chessinicelandin00fiskuoft/page/172/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Gobet, Fernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gobet"},{"link_name":"de Voogt, Alex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_de_Voogt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84169-336-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-336-1"},{"link_name":"\"Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110717133812/http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf"},{"link_name":"\"Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm"},{"link_name":"Saudi Aramco World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm"},{"link_name":"Games of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/gamesofworldhowt0000unse"},{"link_name":"Holt, Rinehart and Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_McDougal"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-03-015261-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-015261-0"},{"link_name":"The Way to Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/waytoplayillustr00diag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8467-0060-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8467-0060-9"},{"link_name":"The New Games Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57630-058-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57630-058-9"},{"link_name":"Murray, H. J. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._R._Murray"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-827403-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827403-2"},{"link_name":"Murray, H. J. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._R._Murray"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87817-211-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87817-211-5"},{"link_name":"Parlett, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parlett"},{"link_name":"The Oxford History of Board Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-212998-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212998-7"},{"link_name":"Pritchard, D. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-005682-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-005682-2"},{"link_name":"Pritchard, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86019-021-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-021-6"},{"link_name":"Rollefson, Gary O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollefson,_Gary_O."},{"link_name":"Sackson, Sid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Sackson"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"Arrow Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-09-153340-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-153340-3"},{"link_name":"New Rules for Classic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-53621-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-53621-5"}],"text":"Austin, Roland G. \"Greek Board Games.\" Antiquity 14. September 1940: 257–271\nBell, R. C. (1979) [1st Pub. 1960, Oxford University Press, London]. Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.\nBell, R. C. (1979) [1st Pub. 1969, Oxford University Press, London]. Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations. Vol. II (Revised ed.). Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.\nBell, R. C. (1983). The Boardgame Book. Exeter Books. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.\nFalkener, Edward (1961) [1892]. Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them. Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-20739-1.\nFiske, Willard. Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games. Florentine Typographical Society, 1905.\nGobet, Fernand; de Voogt, Alex & Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-336-1.\nGolladay, Sonja Musser, \"Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games\" (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007)\nGordon, Stewart (July–August 2009). \"Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings\". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 60, no. 4. Houston: Aramco Services Company. pp. 18–23. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009.\nGrunfeld, Frederic V. (1975). Games of the World. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-015261-0.\nMidgley, Ruth, ed. (1975). The Way to Play. Paddington Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8467-0060-9.\nMohr, Merilyn Simonds (1997). The New Games Treasury. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-57630-058-9.\nMurray, H. J. R. (1913). A History of Chess (Reissued ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827403-2.\nMurray, H. J. R. (1978). A History of Board-Games other than Chess (Reissued ed.). Hacker Art Books Inc. ISBN 978-0-87817-211-5.\nParlett, David (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-19-212998-7.\nPritchard, D. B. (1982). Brain Games. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-005682-2.\nPritchard, David (1994). The Family Book of Games. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-021-6.\nRollefson, Gary O., \"A Neolithic Game Board from Ain Ghazal, Jordan\", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 286. (May 1992), pp. 1–5.\nSackson, Sid (1983) [1st Pub. 1969, Random House, New York]. A Gamut of Games. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-153340-3.\nSchmittberger, R. Wayne (1992). New Rules for Classic Games. John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-53621-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The board game Monopoly is licensed in 103 countries and printed in 37 languages.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Navy_110713-N-NT881-124_Personnel_Specialist_2nd_Class_James_Vail%2C_left%2C_and_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_Nathaniel_Eaton_play_board_games_with_ch.jpg/290px-US_Navy_110713-N-NT881-124_Personnel_Specialist_2nd_Class_James_Vail%2C_left%2C_and_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_Nathaniel_Eaton_play_board_games_with_ch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Young girls playing a board game in the Iisalmi library in Finland, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pelip%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_Iisalmen_kaupunginkirjastossa.jpg/290px-Pelip%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_Iisalmen_kaupunginkirjastossa.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mansion of Happiness (1843)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FirstAmericanPrintrunOfThe_MansionOfHappiness.jpg/220px-FirstAmericanPrintrunOfThe_MansionOfHappiness.jpg"},{"image_text":"The number of board games published by year (1944–2017), as listed on BoardGameGeek. Expansion sets for existing games are marked in orange.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Board_games_with_expansions_1944-2017.svg/310px-Board_games_with_expansions_1944-2017.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Two Qataris playing the traditional board game of damah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Board_game_damah_at_Souq_Waqif.jpg/220px-Board_game_damah_at_Souq_Waqif.jpg"},{"image_text":"The modern German board game Catan is printed in 30 languages and sold 15 million by 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nepomuk_280_-_Osadn%C3%ADci_z_Katanu.jpg/220px-Nepomuk_280_-_Osadn%C3%ADci_z_Katanu.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Board game awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game_awards"},{"title":"BoardGameGeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoardGameGeek"},{"title":"Going Cardboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Cardboard"},{"title":"History of games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_games"},{"title":"Interactive movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_movie"},{"title":"List of board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_board_games"},{"title":"List of game manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_game_manufacturers"},{"title":"Mind sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_sport"}]
[{"reference":"\"You can choose cities for new Monopoly game\". NBC News. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/wbna23238096","url_text":"\"You can choose cities for new Monopoly game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, D.B. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants. Games & Puzzles Publications. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-9524142-0-9. Chess itself is a simple game to learn but its resulting strategy is profound.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)","url_text":"Pritchard, D.B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9524142-0-9","url_text":"978-0-9524142-0-9"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Stewart (16 August 2012). Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 9780786490653.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xgmjCHxSxvoC&q=history+of+board+games&pg=PP1","url_text":"Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786490653","url_text":"9780786490653"}]},{"reference":"Livingstone, Ian; Wallis, James (2019). Board games in 100 moves. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-241-36378-2. OCLC 1078419452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-36378-2","url_text":"978-0-241-36378-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078419452","url_text":"1078419452"}]},{"reference":"Maǧīdzāda, Yūsuf (2003). Jiroft: the earliest oriental civilization. Organization of the Ministry of Culture ans Islamic Guidance. ISBN 964-422-478-7. OCLC 249152908.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/249152908","url_text":"Jiroft: the earliest oriental civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-422-478-7","url_text":"964-422-478-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249152908","url_text":"249152908"}]},{"reference":"Piccione, Peter A. (July–August 1980). \"In Search of the Meaning of Senet\" (PDF). Archaeology: 55–58. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf","url_text":"\"In Search of the Meaning of Senet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125005541/http://piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Solly, Meilan. \"The Best Board Games of the Ancient World\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/best-board-games-ancient-world-180974094/","url_text":"\"The Best Board Games of the Ancient World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Okno do svita deskovych her\". Hrejsi.cz. 27 April 1998. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121208220158/http://www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html","url_text":"\"Okno do svita deskovych her\""},{"url":"http://www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pivotto, Carlos; et al. \"Detection of Negotiation Profile and Guidance to more Collaborative Approaches through Negotiation Games\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf","url_text":"\"Detection of Negotiation Profile and Guidance to more Collaborative Approaches through Negotiation Games\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Games in ancient Egypt\". Digital Egypt for Universities. University College, London. Retrieved 13 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt//furniture/games.html","url_text":"\"Games in ancient Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"Hirst, K. Kris. \"What? Snakes and Ladders is 4,000 Years Old?\". ThoughtCo.com. Retrieved 23 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/50-holes-game-169581","url_text":"\"What? Snakes and Ladders is 4,000 Years Old?\""}]},{"reference":"\"A 4,000-Year-Old Bronze Age Game Called 58 Holes Has Been Discovered in Azerbaijan Rock Shelter\". WSBuzz.com. 18 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190826203339/https://wsbuzz.com/science/a-4000-year-old-bronze-age-game-called-58-holes-has-been-discovered-in-azerbaijan-rock-shelter/","url_text":"\"A 4,000-Year-Old Bronze Age Game Called 58 Holes Has Been Discovered in Azerbaijan Rock Shelter\""},{"url":"http://wsbuzz.com/science/a-4000-year-old-bronze-age-game-called-58-holes-has-been-discovered-in-azerbaijan-rock-shelter/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Metcalfe, Tom (10 December 2018). \"16 of the Most Interesting Ancient Board and Dice Games\". Live Science. Retrieved 23 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/64266-ancient-board-games.html","url_text":"\"16 of the Most Interesting Ancient Board and Dice Games\""}]},{"reference":"Bower, Bruce (17 December 2018). \"A Bronze Age game called 58 holes was found chiseled into stone in Azerbaijan\". Science News. Retrieved 23 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bronze-age-game-found-chiseled-stone-azerbaijan","url_text":"\"A Bronze Age game called 58 holes was found chiseled into stone in Azerbaijan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Backgammon History\". bkgm.com. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bkgm.com/articles/Bray/BackgammonHistory/","url_text":"\"Backgammon History\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Jason R. \"Saving Families, One Game at a Time\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160205071220/http://visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf","url_text":"\"Saving Families, One Game at a Time\""},{"url":"http://visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brouwers, Josho (29 November 2018). \"Ancient Greek heroes at play\". Ancient World Magazine. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/ancient-greek-heroes-play/","url_text":"\"Ancient Greek heroes at play\""}]},{"reference":"Schulte, Michael. \"Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess\". p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://ojs.novus.no/index.php/MOM/article/download/1426/1411","url_text":"\"Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess\""}]},{"reference":"Harding, Timothy (2010). \"'A Fenian pastime'? Early Irish board games and their identification with chess\". Irish Historical Studies. 37 (145): 5. doi:10.1017/S0021121400000031. hdl:2262/38847. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 20750042. S2CID 163144950.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400000031","url_text":"10.1017/S0021121400000031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F38847","url_text":"2262/38847"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1214","url_text":"0021-1214"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20750042","url_text":"20750042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163144950","url_text":"163144950"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (28 February 2011). The Oldest Irish Tradition: A Window on the Iron Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9780521134934.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pkTUotRW8_AC&q=the+oldest+irish+tradition","url_text":"The Oldest Irish Tradition: A Window on the Iron Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521134934","url_text":"9780521134934"}]},{"reference":"Neilson, W Bryce. \"GAMING HISTORY & LAW\" (PDF). Gamesboard.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesboard.org.uk/articles/gaming-law-bryce-neilson-aug-2020.pdf","url_text":"\"GAMING HISTORY & LAW\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001082026/https://www.gamesboard.org.uk/articles/gaming-law-bryce-neilson-aug-2020.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kentel, Koca (Fall 2018). \"Empire on a Board: Navigating the British Empire through Geographical Board Games in the Nineteenth Century\". The Portolan. 102: 27–42. doi:10.17613/M6JW86M71.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6JW86M71","url_text":"\"Empire on a Board: Navigating the British Empire through Geographical Board Games in the Nineteenth Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17613%2FM6JW86M71","url_text":"10.17613/M6JW86M71"}]},{"reference":"Adam, Gottfried (31 October 2022). Thumb Bibles: The History of a Literary Genre. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-52588-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb6ZEAAAQBAJ&dq=John+Wallis++publishers+of+board+games&pg=PA177","url_text":"Thumb Bibles: The History of a Literary Genre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-52588-7","url_text":"978-90-04-52588-7"}]},{"reference":"\"ATour Through the British Colonies and Foreign Possessions | Betts, John | V&A Explore The Collections\". Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O2/O26/O262/O2628/O26285/","url_text":"\"ATour Through the British Colonies and Foreign Possessions | Betts, John | V&A Explore The Collections\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators | Spooner, William | V&A Explore The Collections\". Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O2/O26/O263/O2635/O26352/","url_text":"\"A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators | Spooner, William | V&A Explore The Collections\""}]},{"reference":"Asbury, Susan (Winter 2018). \"It's All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan\" (PDF). Book Reviews. American Journal of Play. 10 (2): 230. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711112435/https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-2-Book-review2.pdf","url_text":"\"It's All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan\""},{"url":"https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-2-Book-review2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hofer, Margaret (1 March 2003). The Games we Played: The Golden Age of Board and Table Games. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-397-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icYtGRUZrZUC","url_text":"The Games we Played: The Golden Age of Board and Table Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-397-4","url_text":"978-1-56898-397-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The most popular board games in non-Western cultures\". BoardGameTheories. 12 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://boardgametheories.com/most-popular-board-games-in-other-cultures/","url_text":"\"The most popular board games in non-Western cultures\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Quintin (October 2012). \"The Board Game Golden Age\". Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601124655/http://www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age","url_text":"\"The Board Game Golden Age\""},{"url":"http://www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A look into the golden age of boardgames | BGG\". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/1943195/look-golden-age-boardgames","url_text":"\"A look into the golden age of boardgames | BGG\""}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Owen (25 November 2014). \"Board games' golden age: sociable, brilliant and driven by the internet\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/25/board-games-internet-playstation-xbox","url_text":"\"Board games' golden age: sociable, brilliant and driven by the internet\""}]},{"reference":"Konieczny, Piotr (2019). \"Golden Age of Tabletop Gaming: Creation of the Social Capital and Rise of Third Spaces for Tabletop Gaming in the 21st Century\". Polish Sociological Review (2): 199–215. doi:10.26412/psr206.05 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 1231-1413.","urls":[{"url":"http://bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171561541","url_text":"\"Golden Age of Tabletop Gaming: Creation of the Social Capital and Rise of Third Spaces for Tabletop Gaming in the 21st Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26412%2Fpsr206.05","url_text":"10.26412/psr206.05"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1231-1413","url_text":"1231-1413"}]},{"reference":"\"The Board Game Biz is Booming, and Chicago's Ready to Play\". WTTW News. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.wttw.com/2020/02/11/board-game-biz-booming-and-chicago-s-ready-play","url_text":"\"The Board Game Biz is Booming, and Chicago's Ready to Play\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six Reasons China Loves Board Game Cafés\". Flamingo. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160520043014/http://flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes","url_text":"\"Six Reasons China Loves Board Game Cafés\""},{"url":"http://flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coon, Jo Thompson; Orr, Noreen; Shaw, Liz; Hunt, Harriet; Garside, Ruth; Nunns, Michael; Gröppel-Wegener, Alke; Whear, Becky (4 April 2022). \"Bursting out of our bubble: using creative techniques to communicate within the systematic review process and beyond\". Systematic Reviews. 11 (1): 56. doi:10.1186/s13643-022-01935-2. ISSN 2046-4053. PMC 8977563. PMID 35379331.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977563","url_text":"\"Bursting out of our bubble: using creative techniques to communicate within the systematic review process and beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13643-022-01935-2","url_text":"10.1186/s13643-022-01935-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-4053","url_text":"2046-4053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977563","url_text":"8977563"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35379331","url_text":"35379331"}]},{"reference":"\"The case against Candy Land\". BoingBoing. 26 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://boingboing.net/2009/01/26/the-case-against-can.html","url_text":"\"The case against Candy Land\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luck vs. Skill in Backgammon\". bkgm.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bkgm.com/articles/Simborg/LuckVsSkill/index.html","url_text":"\"Luck vs. Skill in Backgammon\""}]},{"reference":"Sfetcu, Nicolae (4 May 2014). Game Preview. Nicolae Sfetcu.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J1aAAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22board+game%22+%22expected+value%22+and+%22risk+management%22&pg=PA78","url_text":"Game Preview"}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, Karen (27 April 2015). \"What's a German-style board game?\". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021. They feature little or no luck, and economic, not military, themes. In addition, all players stay in the game until it's over.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/german-style-board-game.htm","url_text":"\"What's a German-style board game?\""}]},{"reference":"McLellan, Joseph (2 June 1986). \"Lying and Cheating by the Rules\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/06/02/lying-and-cheating-by-the-rules/78ab5e73-b64d-4448-875e-aae12ab43476/","url_text":"\"Lying and Cheating by the Rules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Glassner, Andrew (2 August 2017). Interactive Storytelling: Techniques for 21st Century Fiction. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-040-08312-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ksj1EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22board+game%22+hidden+information+estimating+probabilities+by+the+opponents+stratego&pg=PT74","url_text":"Interactive Storytelling: Techniques for 21st Century Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-040-08312-3","url_text":"978-1-040-08312-3"}]},{"reference":"Levine, Timothy R. (20 February 2014). Encyclopedia of Deception. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-0689-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJzAwAAQBAJ&dq=finding+the+best+move+more+difficult+and+may+involve+estimating+probabilities+by+the+opponents&pg=PA403","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Deception"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-0689-6","url_text":"978-1-4833-0689-6"}]},{"reference":"\"6 Best Sites to Play Board Games Online for Free\". Mykindofmeeple.com. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mykindofmeeple.com/play-modern-board-games-online/","url_text":"\"6 Best Sites to Play Board Games Online for Free\""}]},{"reference":"\"U3a International Chess by Email\". Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015070203/http://www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html","url_text":"\"U3a International Chess by Email\""},{"url":"http://www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Print & Play\". Boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgamecategory/1120/print-play","url_text":"\"Print & Play\""}]},{"reference":"\"DVD Board Games\". Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgamefamily/7348/dvd-board-games","url_text":"\"DVD Board Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audio Cassette Board Games\". Boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgamefamily/7477/audio-cassette-board-games","url_text":"\"Audio Cassette Board Games\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (22 April 2015). \"D&D now on Steam, complete with dice and a Dungeon Master\". Polygon. Retrieved 10 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/4/22/8470473/dungeons-dragons-virtual-tabletop-fantasy-grounds","url_text":"\"D&D now on Steam, complete with dice and a Dungeon Master\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (1 December 2016). \"Tabletopia is slick as hell, and it's free on Steam\". Polygon. Retrieved 7 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13806190/tabletopia-steam-board-games-free-to-play","url_text":"\"Tabletopia is slick as hell, and it's free on Steam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"\"SmiteWorks USA, LLC\". Fantasy Grounds. SmiteWorks. Retrieved 21 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fantasygrounds.com/press/","url_text":"\"SmiteWorks USA, LLC\""}]},{"reference":"O'Conner, Alice (1 October 2015). \"Cosmic Encounter Officially Invades Tabletop Simulator\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 1 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/10/01/cosmic-encounter-tabletop-simulator/","url_text":"\"Cosmic Encounter Officially Invades Tabletop Simulator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"Wawro, Alex (3 July 2015). \"Mod Mentality: How Tabletop Simulator was made to be broken\". Gamasutra. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://gamasutra.com/view/news/247109/Mod_Mentality_How_Tabletop_Simulator_was_made_to_be_broken.php","url_text":"\"Mod Mentality: How Tabletop Simulator was made to be broken\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Will (9 December 2012). \"Why board games are making a comeback\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/dec/09/board-games-comeback-freeman","url_text":"\"Why board games are making a comeback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Not Bored Of Board Games\". Toyindustryjournal.com. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302164229/https://www.toyindustryjournal.com/not-bored-of-board-games/","url_text":"\"Not Bored Of Board Games\""},{"url":"https://www.toyindustryjournal.com/not-bored-of-board-games/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charlie (22 December 2020). \"Games broke funding records on Kickstarter in 2020, despite the pandemic\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22195749/kickstarter-top-10-highest-funded-campaigns-2020-video-games-board-games","url_text":"\"Games broke funding records on Kickstarter in 2020, despite the pandemic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201222221453/https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22195749/kickstarter-top-10-highest-funded-campaigns-2020-video-games-board-games","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scanlon, Jennifer (2001). \"Board games\". In Browne, Ray Broadus; Browne, Pat (eds.). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Popular Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&pg=PA103","url_text":"\"Board games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-821-2","url_text":"978-0-87972-821-2"}]},{"reference":"\"So you've invented a board game. Now what?\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115210052/http://www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm","url_text":"\"So you've invented a board game. Now what?\""},{"url":"http://www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Educational Games Getting Popular\". The Korea Times. 22 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48931.html","url_text":"\"Educational Games Getting Popular\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105035853/https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48931.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monopoly, Candy Land May Offer Refuge to Families in Recession\". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141126045211/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ","url_text":"\"Monopoly, Candy Land May Offer Refuge to Families in Recession\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Board Game Market Overview\". LP Board Game. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160221075513/http://www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/","url_text":"\"Chinese Board Game Market Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pamiętacie Eurobiznes? Oto wielki powrót gier planszowych, dla których oni zarywają noce\". Menstream.pl. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105041205/http://menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce%2C0%2C1288179.html","url_text":"\"Pamiętacie Eurobiznes? Oto wielki powrót gier planszowych, dla których oni zarywają noce\""},{"url":"http://menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce,0,1288179.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre\". WIRED. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510075137/http://archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all","url_text":"\"Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre\""},{"url":"http://archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Price, Erica (1 October 2020). \"The Sellers of Catan: The Impact of on the United States Leisure and Business Landscape, 1995-2019\". Board Game Studies Journal. 14 (1): 61–82. doi:10.2478/bgs-2020-0004.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbgs-2020-0004","url_text":"\"The Sellers of Catan: The Impact of on the United States Leisure and Business Landscape, 1995-2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbgs-2020-0004","url_text":"10.2478/bgs-2020-0004"}]},{"reference":"Arnaudo, Marco (29 November 2017). \"The Experience of Flow in Hobby Board Games\". Analog Game Studies. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://analoggamestudies.org/2017/11/the-experience-of-flow-in-hobby-board-games/","url_text":"\"The Experience of Flow in Hobby Board Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hobby Games Market Hits $700M\". icv2.com. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://icv2.com/articles/games/view/29326/hobby-games-market-hits-700m","url_text":"\"Hobby Games Market Hits $700M\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hobby Games Market Climbs to $880 Million\". icv2.com. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://icv2.com/articles/markets/view/32102/hobby-games-market-climbs-880-million","url_text":"\"Hobby Games Market Climbs to $880 Million\""}]},{"reference":"Fernández-Vara, Clara (3 January 2014), \"Adventure\", The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies: 232–240, doi:10.4324/9780203114261-33, archived from the original on 21 August 2022, retrieved 21 August 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220821035254/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203114261-33/adventure-clara-fern%C3%A1ndez-vara","url_text":"\"Adventure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203114261-33","url_text":"10.4324/9780203114261-33"},{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203114261-33/adventure-clara-fern%C3%A1ndez-vara","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gobet, Fernand; de Voogt, Alex; Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-336-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gobet","url_text":"Gobet, Fernand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-336-1","url_text":"978-1-84169-336-1"}]},{"reference":"Simons, Daniel (15 February 2012). \"How experts recall chess positions\". The Invisible Gorilla. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041450/http://theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/","url_text":"\"How experts recall chess positions\""},{"url":"http://theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Playing Linear Number Board Games—But Not Circular Ones—Improves Low-Income Preschoolers' Numerical Understanding\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524170555/http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf","url_text":"\"Playing Linear Number Board Games—But Not Circular Ones—Improves Low-Income Preschoolers' Numerical Understanding\""},{"url":"http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LeFebvre, J.E. \"Parenting the preschooler\" (PDF). UW Extension. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140521002940/http://parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf","url_text":"\"Parenting the preschooler\""},{"url":"http://parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lahey, Jessica (16 July 2014). \"How Family Game Night Makes Kids into Better Students\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/07/how-family-game-night-makes-kids-into-better-students/374525/","url_text":"\"How Family Game Night Makes Kids into Better Students\""}]},{"reference":"Dartigues, Jean François; Foubert-Samier, Alexandra; Le Goff, Mélanie; Viltard, Mélanie; Amieva, Hélène; Orgogozo, Jean Marc; Barberger-Gateau, Pascale; Helmer, Catherine (2013). \"Playing board games, cognitive decline and dementia: a French population-based cohort study\". BMJ Open. 3 (8): e002998. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002998. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 3758967. PMID 23988362.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758967","url_text":"\"Playing board games, cognitive decline and dementia: a French population-based cohort study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2013-002998","url_text":"10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055","url_text":"2044-6055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758967","url_text":"3758967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23988362","url_text":"23988362"}]},{"reference":"Altschul, Drew M; Deary, Ian J (2020). Taler, Vanessa (ed.). \"Playing Analog Games Is Associated With Reduced Declines in Cognitive Function: A 68-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study\". The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 75 (3): 474–482. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz149. ISSN 1079-5014. PMC 7021446. PMID 31738418.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021446","url_text":"\"Playing Analog Games Is Associated With Reduced Declines in Cognitive Function: A 68-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbz149","url_text":"10.1093/geronb/gbz149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1079-5014","url_text":"1079-5014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021446","url_text":"7021446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31738418","url_text":"31738418"}]},{"reference":"Heron, Michael James; Belford, Pauline Helen; Reid, Hayley; Crabb, Michael (27 April 2018). \"Meeple Centred Design: A Heuristic Toolkit for Evaluating the Accessibility of Tabletop Games\". The Computer Games Journal. 7 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1007/s40869-018-0057-8. hdl:10059/2886. ISSN 2052-773X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40869-018-0057-8","url_text":"\"Meeple Centred Design: A Heuristic Toolkit for Evaluating the Accessibility of Tabletop Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40869-018-0057-8","url_text":"10.1007/s40869-018-0057-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10059%2F2886","url_text":"10059/2886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2052-773X","url_text":"2052-773X"}]},{"reference":"Heron, Michael James; Belford, Pauline Helen; Reid, Hayley; Crabb, Michael (21 April 2018). \"Eighteen Months of Meeple Like Us: An Exploration into the State of Board Game Accessibility\" (PDF). The Computer Games Journal. 7 (2): 75–95. doi:10.1007/s40869-018-0056-9. ISSN 2052-773X. S2CID 5011817. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf","url_text":"\"Eighteen Months of Meeple Like Us: An Exploration into the State of Board Game Accessibility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40869-018-0056-9","url_text":"10.1007/s40869-018-0056-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2052-773X","url_text":"2052-773X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5011817","url_text":"5011817"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stealing the show\". Toy Retailing News. Vol. 2, no. 4. December 1976. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Christopher (n.d.). \"Meet the New School Board: Board Games Are Back – And They're Exactly What Your Curriculum Needs\". School Library Journal. Vol. 55, no. 5. pp. 24–26. ISSN 0362-8930. Retrieved 23 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ850549","url_text":"\"Meet the New School Board: Board Games Are Back – And They're Exactly What Your Curriculum Needs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-8930","url_text":"0362-8930"}]},{"reference":"Mewborne, Michael; Mitchell, Jerry T. (3 April 2019). \"Carcassonne: Using a Tabletop Game to Teach Geographic Concepts\". The Geography Teacher. 16 (2): 57–67. Bibcode:2019GeTea..16...57M. doi:10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108. ISSN 1933-8341. S2CID 181375208.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108","url_text":"\"Carcassonne: Using a Tabletop Game to Teach Geographic Concepts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeTea..16...57M","url_text":"2019GeTea..16...57M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19338341.2019.1579108","url_text":"10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1933-8341","url_text":"1933-8341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181375208","url_text":"181375208"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Stewart (30 August 2012). Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6797-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GPdRVOl8fU0C&q=%22game+board%22","url_text":"Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6797-6","url_text":"978-0-7864-6797-6"}]},{"reference":"Engelstein, Geoffrey (21 December 2020). Game Production: Prototyping and Producing Your Board Game. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-29098-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OpEIEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22tabletop+games%22+%22game+board%22&pg=PP10","url_text":"Game Production: Prototyping and Producing Your Board Game"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-29098-1","url_text":"978-1-000-29098-1"}]},{"reference":"\"SFE: Board Game\". sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/board_game","url_text":"\"SFE: Board Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arkham Horror's 3rd Edition Gives the Game a Dramatic and Awesome Overhaul - Gen Con 2018\". Ign.com. 3 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/08/03/arkham-horrors-3rd-edition-gives-the-game-a-dramatic-and-awesome-overhaul-gen-con-2018","url_text":"\"Arkham Horror's 3rd Edition Gives the Game a Dramatic and Awesome Overhaul - Gen Con 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Horror and Zombie Board Games\". Ign.com. 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/the-best-horror-and-zombie-board-games","url_text":"\"The Best Horror and Zombie Board Games\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, R. C. (1979) [1st Pub. 1960, Oxford University Press, London]. Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Bell","url_text":"Bell, R. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-06030-5","url_text":"978-0-671-06030-5"}]},{"reference":"Bell, R. C. (1979) [1st Pub. 1969, Oxford University Press, London]. Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations. Vol. II (Revised ed.). Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Bell","url_text":"Bell, R. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-06030-5","url_text":"978-0-671-06030-5"}]},{"reference":"Bell, R. C. (1983). The Boardgame Book. Exeter Books. ISBN 978-0-671-06030-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Bell","url_text":"Bell, R. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-06030-5","url_text":"978-0-671-06030-5"}]},{"reference":"Falkener, Edward (1961) [1892]. Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them. Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-20739-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Falkener","url_text":"Falkener, Edward"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GamesAncientAndOriental","url_text":"Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20739-1","url_text":"978-0-486-20739-1"}]},{"reference":"Gobet, Fernand; de Voogt, Alex & Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-336-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Gobet","url_text":"Gobet, Fernand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_de_Voogt","url_text":"de Voogt, Alex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-336-1","url_text":"978-1-84169-336-1"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Stewart (July–August 2009). \"Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings\". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 60, no. 4. Houston: Aramco Services Company. pp. 18–23. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm","url_text":"\"Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World","url_text":"Saudi Aramco World"},{"url":"http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grunfeld, Frederic V. (1975). Games of the World. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-015261-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gamesofworldhowt0000unse","url_text":"Games of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_McDougal","url_text":"Holt, Rinehart and Winston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-015261-0","url_text":"978-0-03-015261-0"}]},{"reference":"Midgley, Ruth, ed. (1975). The Way to Play. Paddington Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8467-0060-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/waytoplayillustr00diag","url_text":"The Way to Play"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8467-0060-9","url_text":"978-0-8467-0060-9"}]},{"reference":"Mohr, Merilyn Simonds (1997). The New Games Treasury. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-57630-058-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr","url_text":"The New Games Treasury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57630-058-9","url_text":"978-1-57630-058-9"}]},{"reference":"Murray, H. J. R. (1913). A History of Chess (Reissued ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827403-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._R._Murray","url_text":"Murray, H. J. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827403-2","url_text":"978-0-19-827403-2"}]},{"reference":"Murray, H. J. R. (1978). A History of Board-Games other than Chess (Reissued ed.). Hacker Art Books Inc. ISBN 978-0-87817-211-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._R._Murray","url_text":"Murray, H. J. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87817-211-5","url_text":"978-0-87817-211-5"}]},{"reference":"Parlett, David (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-19-212998-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parlett","url_text":"Parlett, David"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl","url_text":"The Oxford History of Board Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212998-7","url_text":"978-0-19-212998-7"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, D. B. (1982). Brain Games. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-005682-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)","url_text":"Pritchard, D. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-005682-2","url_text":"978-0-14-005682-2"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, David (1994). The Family Book of Games. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-021-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)","url_text":"Pritchard, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-021-6","url_text":"978-1-86019-021-6"}]},{"reference":"Sackson, Sid (1983) [1st Pub. 1969, Random House, New York]. A Gamut of Games. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-153340-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Sackson","url_text":"Sackson, Sid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Books","url_text":"Arrow Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-153340-3","url_text":"978-0-09-153340-3"}]},{"reference":"Schmittberger, R. Wayne (1992). New Rules for Classic Games. John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-53621-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway","url_text":"New Rules for Classic Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-53621-5","url_text":"978-0-471-53621-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Board_Game","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/wbna23238096","external_links_name":"\"You can choose cities for new Monopoly game\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xgmjCHxSxvoC&q=history+of+board+games&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078419452","external_links_name":"1078419452"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/249152908","external_links_name":"Jiroft: the earliest oriental civilization"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249152908","external_links_name":"249152908"},{"Link":"http://www.piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In Search of the Meaning of Senet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125005541/http://piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/best-board-games-ancient-world-180974094/","external_links_name":"\"The Best Board Games of the Ancient World\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121208220158/http://www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html","external_links_name":"\"Okno do svita deskovych her\""},{"Link":"http://www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Detection of Negotiation Profile and Guidance to more Collaborative Approaches through Negotiation Games\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt//furniture/games.html","external_links_name":"\"Games in ancient Egypt\""},{"Link":"https://www.thoughtco.com/50-holes-game-169581","external_links_name":"\"What? Snakes and Ladders is 4,000 Years Old?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190826203339/https://wsbuzz.com/science/a-4000-year-old-bronze-age-game-called-58-holes-has-been-discovered-in-azerbaijan-rock-shelter/","external_links_name":"\"A 4,000-Year-Old Bronze Age Game Called 58 Holes Has Been Discovered in Azerbaijan Rock Shelter\""},{"Link":"http://wsbuzz.com/science/a-4000-year-old-bronze-age-game-called-58-holes-has-been-discovered-in-azerbaijan-rock-shelter/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.livescience.com/64266-ancient-board-games.html","external_links_name":"\"16 of the Most Interesting Ancient Board and Dice Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bronze-age-game-found-chiseled-stone-azerbaijan","external_links_name":"\"A Bronze Age game called 58 holes was found chiseled into stone in Azerbaijan\""},{"Link":"https://bkgm.com/articles/Bray/BackgammonHistory/","external_links_name":"\"Backgammon History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160205071220/http://visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Saving Families, One Game at a Time\""},{"Link":"http://visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/ancient-greek-heroes-play/","external_links_name":"\"Ancient Greek heroes at play\""},{"Link":"http://ojs.novus.no/index.php/MOM/article/download/1426/1411","external_links_name":"\"Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400000031","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0021121400000031"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F38847","external_links_name":"2262/38847"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1214","external_links_name":"0021-1214"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20750042","external_links_name":"20750042"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163144950","external_links_name":"163144950"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pkTUotRW8_AC&q=the+oldest+irish+tradition","external_links_name":"The Oldest Irish Tradition: A Window on the Iron Age"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesboard.org.uk/articles/gaming-law-bryce-neilson-aug-2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GAMING HISTORY & LAW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001082026/https://www.gamesboard.org.uk/articles/gaming-law-bryce-neilson-aug-2020.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6JW86M71","external_links_name":"\"Empire on a Board: Navigating the British Empire through Geographical Board Games in the Nineteenth Century\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17613%2FM6JW86M71","external_links_name":"10.17613/M6JW86M71"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb6ZEAAAQBAJ&dq=John+Wallis++publishers+of+board+games&pg=PA177","external_links_name":"Thumb Bibles: The History of a Literary Genre"},{"Link":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O2/O26/O262/O2628/O26285/","external_links_name":"\"ATour Through the British Colonies and Foreign Possessions | Betts, John | V&A Explore The Collections\""},{"Link":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O2/O26/O263/O2635/O26352/","external_links_name":"\"A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators | Spooner, William | V&A Explore The Collections\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711112435/https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-2-Book-review2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"It's All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan\""},{"Link":"https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-2-Book-review2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=icYtGRUZrZUC","external_links_name":"The Games we Played: The Golden Age of Board and Table Games"},{"Link":"https://boardgametheories.com/most-popular-board-games-in-other-cultures/","external_links_name":"\"The most popular board games in non-Western cultures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601124655/http://www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age","external_links_name":"\"The Board Game Golden Age\""},{"Link":"http://www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/1943195/look-golden-age-boardgames","external_links_name":"\"A look into the golden age of boardgames | BGG\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/25/board-games-internet-playstation-xbox","external_links_name":"\"Board games' golden age: sociable, brilliant and driven by the internet\""},{"Link":"http://bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171561541","external_links_name":"\"Golden Age of Tabletop Gaming: Creation of the Social Capital and Rise of Third Spaces for Tabletop Gaming in the 21st Century\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26412%2Fpsr206.05","external_links_name":"10.26412/psr206.05"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1231-1413","external_links_name":"1231-1413"},{"Link":"https://news.wttw.com/2020/02/11/board-game-biz-booming-and-chicago-s-ready-play","external_links_name":"\"The Board Game Biz is Booming, and Chicago's Ready to Play\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160520043014/http://flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes","external_links_name":"\"Six Reasons China Loves Board Game Cafés\""},{"Link":"http://flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977563","external_links_name":"\"Bursting out of our bubble: using creative techniques to communicate within the systematic review process and beyond\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13643-022-01935-2","external_links_name":"10.1186/s13643-022-01935-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-4053","external_links_name":"2046-4053"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977563","external_links_name":"8977563"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35379331","external_links_name":"35379331"},{"Link":"https://boingboing.net/2009/01/26/the-case-against-can.html","external_links_name":"\"The case against Candy Land\""},{"Link":"https://bkgm.com/articles/Simborg/LuckVsSkill/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Luck vs. Skill in Backgammon\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J1aAAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22board+game%22+%22expected+value%22+and+%22risk+management%22&pg=PA78","external_links_name":"Game Preview"},{"Link":"https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/german-style-board-game.htm","external_links_name":"\"What's a German-style board game?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/06/02/lying-and-cheating-by-the-rules/78ab5e73-b64d-4448-875e-aae12ab43476/","external_links_name":"\"Lying and Cheating by the Rules\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ksj1EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22board+game%22+hidden+information+estimating+probabilities+by+the+opponents+stratego&pg=PT74","external_links_name":"Interactive Storytelling: Techniques for 21st Century Fiction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJzAwAAQBAJ&dq=finding+the+best+move+more+difficult+and+may+involve+estimating+probabilities+by+the+opponents&pg=PA403","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Deception"},{"Link":"https://mykindofmeeple.com/play-modern-board-games-online/","external_links_name":"\"6 Best Sites to Play Board Games Online for Free\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015070203/http://www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html","external_links_name":"\"U3a International Chess by Email\""},{"Link":"http://www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgamecategory/1120/print-play","external_links_name":"\"Print & Play\""},{"Link":"http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgamefamily/7348/dvd-board-games","external_links_name":"\"DVD Board Games\""},{"Link":"http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgamefamily/7477/audio-cassette-board-games","external_links_name":"\"Audio Cassette Board Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/4/22/8470473/dungeons-dragons-virtual-tabletop-fantasy-grounds","external_links_name":"\"D&D now on Steam, complete with dice and a Dungeon Master\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13806190/tabletopia-steam-board-games-free-to-play","external_links_name":"\"Tabletopia is slick as hell, and it's free on Steam\""},{"Link":"http://www.fantasygrounds.com/press/","external_links_name":"\"SmiteWorks USA, LLC\""},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/10/01/cosmic-encounter-tabletop-simulator/","external_links_name":"\"Cosmic Encounter Officially Invades Tabletop Simulator\""},{"Link":"http://gamasutra.com/view/news/247109/Mod_Mentality_How_Tabletop_Simulator_was_made_to_be_broken.php","external_links_name":"\"Mod Mentality: How Tabletop Simulator was made to be broken\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/dec/09/board-games-comeback-freeman","external_links_name":"\"Why board games are making a comeback\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302164229/https://www.toyindustryjournal.com/not-bored-of-board-games/","external_links_name":"\"Not Bored Of Board Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.toyindustryjournal.com/not-bored-of-board-games/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22195749/kickstarter-top-10-highest-funded-campaigns-2020-video-games-board-games","external_links_name":"\"Games broke funding records on Kickstarter in 2020, despite the pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201222221453/https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22195749/kickstarter-top-10-highest-funded-campaigns-2020-video-games-board-games","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"\"Board games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115210052/http://www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm","external_links_name":"\"So you've invented a board game. Now what?\""},{"Link":"http://www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48931.html","external_links_name":"\"Educational Games Getting Popular\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105035853/https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48931.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141126045211/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ","external_links_name":"\"Monopoly, Candy Land May Offer Refuge to Families in Recession\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160221075513/http://www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Board Game Market Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105041205/http://menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce%2C0%2C1288179.html","external_links_name":"\"Pamiętacie Eurobiznes? Oto wielki powrót gier planszowych, dla których oni zarywają noce\""},{"Link":"http://menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce,0,1288179.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510075137/http://archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all","external_links_name":"\"Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbgs-2020-0004","external_links_name":"\"The Sellers of Catan: The Impact of on the United States Leisure and Business Landscape, 1995-2019\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbgs-2020-0004","external_links_name":"10.2478/bgs-2020-0004"},{"Link":"https://analoggamestudies.org/2017/11/the-experience-of-flow-in-hobby-board-games/","external_links_name":"\"The Experience of Flow in Hobby Board Games\""},{"Link":"https://icv2.com/articles/games/view/29326/hobby-games-market-hits-700m","external_links_name":"\"Hobby Games Market Hits $700M\""},{"Link":"https://icv2.com/articles/markets/view/32102/hobby-games-market-climbs-880-million","external_links_name":"\"Hobby Games Market Climbs to $880 Million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220821035254/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203114261-33/adventure-clara-fern%C3%A1ndez-vara","external_links_name":"\"Adventure\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203114261-33","external_links_name":"10.4324/9780203114261-33"},{"Link":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203114261-33/adventure-clara-fern%C3%A1ndez-vara","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041450/http://theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/","external_links_name":"\"How experts recall chess positions\""},{"Link":"http://theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524170555/http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Playing Linear Number Board Games—But Not Circular Ones—Improves Low-Income Preschoolers' Numerical Understanding\""},{"Link":"http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140521002940/http://parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Parenting the preschooler\""},{"Link":"http://parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/07/how-family-game-night-makes-kids-into-better-students/374525/","external_links_name":"\"How Family Game Night Makes Kids into Better Students\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758967","external_links_name":"\"Playing board games, cognitive decline and dementia: a French population-based cohort study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2013-002998","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002998"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055","external_links_name":"2044-6055"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758967","external_links_name":"3758967"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23988362","external_links_name":"23988362"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021446","external_links_name":"\"Playing Analog Games Is Associated With Reduced Declines in Cognitive Function: A 68-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbz149","external_links_name":"10.1093/geronb/gbz149"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1079-5014","external_links_name":"1079-5014"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021446","external_links_name":"7021446"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31738418","external_links_name":"31738418"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40869-018-0057-8","external_links_name":"\"Meeple Centred Design: A Heuristic Toolkit for Evaluating the Accessibility of Tabletop Games\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40869-018-0057-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/s40869-018-0057-8"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10059%2F2886","external_links_name":"10059/2886"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2052-773X","external_links_name":"2052-773X"},{"Link":"http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eighteen Months of Meeple Like Us: An Exploration into the State of Board Game Accessibility\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40869-018-0056-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/s40869-018-0056-9"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2052-773X","external_links_name":"2052-773X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5011817","external_links_name":"5011817"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ850549","external_links_name":"\"Meet the New School Board: Board Games Are Back – And They're Exactly What Your Curriculum Needs\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-8930","external_links_name":"0362-8930"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108","external_links_name":"\"Carcassonne: Using a Tabletop Game to Teach Geographic Concepts\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeTea..16...57M","external_links_name":"2019GeTea..16...57M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19338341.2019.1579108","external_links_name":"10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1933-8341","external_links_name":"1933-8341"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181375208","external_links_name":"181375208"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GPdRVOl8fU0C&q=%22game+board%22","external_links_name":"Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OpEIEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22tabletop+games%22+%22game+board%22&pg=PP10","external_links_name":"Game Production: Prototyping and Producing Your Board Game"},{"Link":"https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/board_game","external_links_name":"\"SFE: Board Game\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/08/03/arkham-horrors-3rd-edition-gives-the-game-a-dramatic-and-awesome-overhaul-gen-con-2018","external_links_name":"\"Arkham Horror's 3rd Edition Gives the Game a Dramatic and Awesome Overhaul - Gen Con 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/the-best-horror-and-zombie-board-games","external_links_name":"\"The Best Horror and Zombie Board Games\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/GamesAncientAndOriental","external_links_name":"Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chessinicelandin00fiskuoft/page/172/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133812/http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf","external_links_name":"\"Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings\""},{"Link":"http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gamesofworldhowt0000unse","external_links_name":"Games of the World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/waytoplayillustr00diag","external_links_name":"The Way to Play"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr","external_links_name":"The New Games Treasury"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl","external_links_name":"The Oxford History of Board Games"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway","external_links_name":"New Rules for Classic Games"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Games/Board_Games","external_links_name":"Board Games"},{"Link":"http://www.boardgamegeek.com/","external_links_name":"BoardGameGeek"},{"Link":"https://www.boardgametheories.com/","external_links_name":"BoardGameTheories"},{"Link":"https://www.parlettgames.uk/games/bgs.html","external_links_name":"International Board Game Studies Association"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX539456","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131644242","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131644242","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137590-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282544105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015134","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=fd913010&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114304&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2004038085","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647603","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-24D_(Hind-D)
List of Mil Mi-24 variants
["1 History","2 List of variants","3 References","4 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Mil Mi-24 variants" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Early Mi-24 series Main article: Mil Mi-24 The Soviet and later Russian Mil Mi-24 helicopter has been produced in many variants, as described below. History In 1966, Soviet aircraft designer Mikhail Mil created a mock-up design of a new helicopter (derived from the Mil Mi-8) which was made with the intent of fulfilling both the role of a close air support aircraft as well as being able to transport infantry into combat. This prototype design was designated the V-24, and in 1968 a directive was given to proceed with the development of the helicopter. The Mi-24 went from the drawing board to the first test-flights in less than eighteen months, with the first models being delivered to the Soviet Armed Forces for evaluation in 1971. As a result of the speedy development, the initial Mi-24 variants had a number of problems: lateral roll, weapon sighting issues, and a limited field of view for the pilot. A later redesign of the Mi-24's front section solved most of these problems. List of variants A-10 Designation given to the aircraft used for record breaking from 1975 in the FAI E1 class. V-24 The first version, twelve prototypes and development aircraft. The first V-24 mockup resembled the Bell UH-1A Huey. Later models resembled the future Hind-A, one of which was modified in 1975 as A-10 for speed record attempts with wings removed and faired over and with inertia-type dampers on the main rotor head. The A-10 reached a speed of 368 km/h. It was armed with the GSh-23 autocannon and could carry up to six missiles or rockets. Mi-24 (Hind-A) An early version of the Mi-24, which could carry eight combat troops and three crew members. It could also carry four 57mm rocket pods on four underwing pylons, four MCLOS 9M17 Fleyta (AT-2 Swatter) anti-tank missiles on two underwing rails, free-fall bombs, plus one Afanasev A-12.7 12.7mm machine-gun in the nose. The Mi-24A was the first production model. Mi-24B (Hind-A) Experimental variant of the Hind-A, one of which was used to test the Fenestron tail rotor. Mi-24F (Hind-A) Modified Hind-A with seven reinforcing ribs on the port fuselage aft of the wing and the SRO-2M Khrom ("Odd Rods") IFF antenna relocated from the canopy to the oil cooler. The APU exhaust was also extended and angled downwards. The designation may be unofficial. Mi-24A (Hind-B) The Mi-24A was the second production model. Both the Mi-24 and Mi-24A entered into Soviet Air Forces service in 1972. It lacked the four-barrel Yak-B 12.7mm machine gun under the nose. Mi-24U (Hind-C) Training version without nose gun and wingtip stations. Mi-24BMT Small number of Mi-24s converted into minesweepers. Mi-24D (Hind-D) The Mi-24D was designed to be a more pure gunship than the earlier variants. It entered production in 1973. The Mi-24D has a redesigned forward fuselage, with two separate cockpits for the pilot and gunner. It is armed with a single 12.7mm four-barrel Yak-B machine-gun under the nose. It can also carry four 57mm rocket pods, four SACLOS 9M17 Phalanga anti-tank missiles (a significant enhancement compared to the MCLOS system found on the Mi-24A), plus bombs and other weapons. One Mi-24D was sold to Poland in January 1996 and was used by the WTD 61 in Manching during 1994 for tests with the head of a MIM-23 Hawk missile in place of the chin-mounted gun. This version also had an unidentified modification in the rear cabin window on the starboard side. Mi-24PTRK Modification of the Mi-24D that was used for testing the Shturm V missile system for the Mi-24V. Mi-24DU A small number of Mi-24Ds were built as training helicopters with doubled controls. Mi-24V (Hind-E) Later development which entered production in 1976. It was armed with the more advanced 9M114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral). Eight of these missiles are mounted on four outer wing pylons. It was the most widely produced version with more than 1,500 made. In Polish service this aircraft is designated Mi-24W. One Mi-24V was referred to as Mi-24T for unknown reasons. Arsenal Mi-24V upgrade Ukrainian upgrade for Mi-24V. Mi-24P (Hind-F) The gunship version, which replaced the 12.7mm machine-gun with a fixed side-mounted 30mm GSh-30-2K twin-barrel autocannon. Entered production in 1981. Mi-24TECh-24 Experimental Mi-24P to test abilities for recovery of downed aircraft. Mi-24VP (Hind-E Mod) Development of Mi-24V made in 1985 which replaced the machine-gun with GSh-23 in a movable turret. Entered service in 1989, but only 25 were made before production ended the same year. One Mi-24VP flew with the Delta-H tail rotor of the Mil Mi-28. Mi-24VU (Hind-E) Indian training version of Mi-24V. Mi-24VD A version produced in 1985 to test a rear defensive gun. Mi-24RKhR (Hind-G1) NBC reconnaissance model, which is designed to collect radiation, biological and chemical samples. It was first seen during the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. Also known as the Mi-24R, Mi-24RK and Mi-24RKh (Rch). Mi-24RA (Hind-G1 Mod) New version of the Mi-24V. Mi-24RR Radiation reconnaissance model derived from the Mi-24R. Mi-24K (Hind-G2) Army reconnaissance, artillery observation helicopter. Mi-24M Proposed naval version, unbuilt. Mi-24VM Upgraded Mi-24V with updated avionics to improve night-time operation, new communications gear, shorter and lighter wings, and updated weapon systems to include support for the 9M120 Ataka, Shturm and 9K38 Igla ATGMs and a 23mm main gun. Other internal changes have been made to increase the aircraft life-cycle and ease maintenance. Mi-24VN (Hind-E) A night-attack version based on an Mi-24V in Mi-24VM Stage 1 configuration. Mi-24PM Upgraded Mi-24P using same technologies as in Mi-24VM. Currently delivered to the RuAF. Mi-24PN A version of the Mi-24P with a TV and a FLIR camera located in a dome on the front of the aircraft, and is armed with the GSh-23. The Russian Air Force received 14 Mi-24PNs in 2004. Mi-24PS Civil police or paramilitary version, equipped with a FLIR, searchlight, loudspeaker PA system and attachments for rappelling ropes. Mi-24V Ecological Survey Version Environmental research modification developed by the Polyot Industrial Research Organisation. Mi-24 SuperHind Mk.II Modern western avionics upgrade produced by South African company Advanced Technologies and Engineering (ATE). Prototypes converted from Mi-24R models, and one Mi-24P was used to test sighting system. Mi-24 SuperHind Mk.III Extensive operational upgrade of the original Mi-24 including weapons, avionics and counter measures. Mi-24 SuperHind Mk.IV Upgraded Mk. III version with Pall vortex engine air particle separator system over the engine intakes. Mi-24 SuperHind Mk.V Newest version of the "SuperHind" with fully redesigned front fuselage and cockpit. Mock-up only. Mi-24 Afghanistan field modifications Passenger compartment armour and exhaust suppressors were often removed. Extra rounds for the rocket pods to allow self-reloading near the battlefield and also heavy weapons for self-defense were often carried. Tamam Mi-24 HMOSP Israeli upgrade. Mi-24P-1M Latest modernization of Mi-24P helicopters, fitted with a new modular direct infrared countermeasures system, autopilot, improved power supply unit and OPS-24N-1L navigation and targeting station. It has also an option for an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar. First unveiled at 2019 MAKS International Aviation and Space Salon. Mi-25 The export version of the Mi-24D. Mil Mi-35M Mil Mi-35MS Mi-35 (Monsoon) The export version of the Mi-24V. Mi-35M Night attack version fitted with upgraded advanced avionics and sensor package, including night vision systems, GOES-342 electro-optical range finder/targeting system, GLONASS/GPS navigation system, electronic multifunction displays, onboard computer, and jam-proof communications equipment. Also known as Mi-35M1. More than 60 are in service with the Russian Air Force and it has also been exported. By September 2018, all Russian Air Force's Mi-35Ms were equipped with Vitebsk onboard defense system. Mi-35MS Flying Command Post variant of the Mi-35M. Operated by the Russian Federal Protective Service (FSO). Mi-35M2 Updated version of the Mi-35M for the Venezuelan Army. Mi-35M3 Export variant of the Mi-24VM. Mi-35M4 (AH-2 Sabre) Updated version of the Mi-35M with Israeli avionics for the Brazilian Air Force. Mi-35P The export version of the Mi-24P. Mi-35P Phoenix Russian Helicopters holding has developed a common standard for Mi-24 modernization designated as Mi-35P. The Mi-35P has received the OPS-24N-1L observation-sight system with a third generation long-wave matrix thermal imager, TV camera, and laser rangefinder. The upgraded gunship’s cockpit has the KNEI-24E-1 flight navigation system with multifunctional displays. The PKV-8-35 digital flight system increases the helicopter’s manoeuvrability and steadiness. The modernised gunship is also fitted with the updated PrVK-24-2 targeting system, which allows the use of 9M127-1 Ataka-VM anti-tank guided missiles and either L370 Vitebsk electronic countermeasure system or its export version President-S. The helicopter has also received a chin-mounted NPPU-23 turret with a twin-barrel GSh-23L autocannon. Serial production has started as of August 2020 for an export customer. It is also known under nickname Phoenix. Czech Mi-35 modernization Between 2003-2005 Mi-35s were manufactured for the Czech Air Force with the following modifications: TV3-117VMA engines, EVU engine exhaust gas cooling system, cabin and exterior light modifications for use of night vision system including custom night vision scopes, GPS satellite navigation system (Garmin-155 XL type), backup artificial horizon (type LUN 1241 of Czech manufacture), VARTA batteries, civil identification system transponder (IFF), which allows flights over the territory of the Czech Republic without restrictions, new elements for signalling and recording of flight parameters, altimeter calibrated in feet. Later modernization (~2017) included stabilized platform with FLIR night vision optoelectronic system, multi-function displays including moving map system, upgraded communication and navigation equipment, incorporation of an friend/foe aircraft identification system (IFF), camouflage in accordance with the standards of the Army and NATO, planning and combat support system. These helicopters were donated to Ukraine in summer 2023. Mi-35U Unarmed training version of the Mi-35. Mi-PSV Experimental high-speed helicopter based on the Mi-24. PSV stands for Perspektivny skorostnoi vertolet (Перспективный скоростной вертолёт) – Prospective high speed helicopter). Single-seat streamlined cockpit, unarmed, fitted with experimental main rotors for research into high-speed flight, with a target of increasing the speed of the Mi-28N by 10% and the Mi-35M by 13%. A Mi-24LL PSV demonstrator flew at a level flight speed of "greater than 405 km/h (219 kn)", higher than of the 401 km/h (217 kn) official record by Lynx in 1986. The mockup was first shown at the 2015 MAKS International Aviation and Space Salon. In April 2017, the Mi-PSV made first flights equipped with large low mounted wings, mounted nearly at the level of its belly in front of the main landing gear. The normal smaller "Mi-24 wings" at the height of the cabin roof are removed. Mi-24A Iraqi Mi-24D captured during the Gulf War Mi-24D cockpit Mi-24V of the Soviet Air Forces Mi-24W(V) of the Polish Air Force Mi-24P of the East German Air Force Mi-PSV at MAKS 2015 References ^ "Mil Mi-24 Hind: A Russian Gunship With Attitude". 27 December 2013. ^ Mi-24 Hind Variants ^ Taylor, John W.R. (1983). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7106-0748-5. ^ Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy (2001). Mil Mi-24 Hind Attack Helicopter. Shrewsbury, SY3 9EB, England: Airlife Publishing Limited. p. 30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry (2001). Mil Mi-24 Hind, Attack Helicopter. Airlife. ISBN 9781840372380. ^ "Army aviation brigade in Urals gets four Mi-24P attack helicopters". ^ "Russia Gets More Pretty Super Gunships", Strategy page, archived from the original on 2007-02-08. ^ Superhind Mk2, ATE Group, archived from the original on March 2, 2008 ^ Superhind MkIV, ATE Group, archived from the original on March 2, 2008 ^ Goebel, Greg, "Hind Variants/Soviet Service", FAQs. ^ "MAKS 2019: Rostec unveils Mi-24P-1M upgraded combat helicopter". janes.com. 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019. ^ MIL Mi-35M upgraded combat transport helicopter, Aviamarket. ^ The Military Balance 2018. ^ "All Mi-35M assault helicopters equipped with Vitebsk onboard defense system". ^ Russian planes. ^ "Egypt, Algeria to receive President-S countermeasures systems from Russia - defenceWeb". 11 April 2016. ^ "Army 2018 Russian helicopters pitches new Mi-24 upgrade", Jane's. ^ "ARMY 2018: Rostec Presents a Modernized Night Hunter Helicopter". www.defense-aerospace.com. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Ростех начал серийное производство обновленного Ми-35П". armstrade.org. ^ "Serial Production of Russian Mi-35P Helicopter Launched for Export Customer". 24 August 2020. ^ "Mi-35P Upgraded combat-transport helicopter". roe.ru. ^ "Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR". ^ "Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR". ^ "Premiér Fiala jednal s prezidentem Zelenským o další pomoci a o poválečné obnově Ukrajiny". ^ Flugrevue, November 2015, pp. 54f ^ Karnozov, Vladimir. "Russian Military Still Funding High-Speed Rotorcraft". Ain online. Moscow. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ^ "AHS – Russia sets unofficial speed record". VTOL. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016. ^ Rotorcraft Absolute: Speed over a straight 15/25 km course, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), 2013-12-03, search under E-1 Helicopters and "Speed over a straight 15/25 km course", archived from the original on 2013-12-03, retrieved 26 April 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mil Mi-24. Aeronautics.ru Mi-24 Mi-24 HIND (MIL) Mil V-24 at Stingray's List of Rotorcraft Mil Mi-24 at Stingray's List of Rotorcraft Mi-24 SuperHind brochure vteMil aircraftMil designations Mi-1 Mi-2 Mi-3 Mi-4 V-5 Mi-6 V-7 Mi-8 Mi-9 Mi-10 V-12 Mi-14 V-16 Mi-17 Mi-18 Mi-19 Mi-20 Mi-22 Mi-24 Mi-25 Mi-26 Mi-27 Mi-28 Mi-30 Mi-32 Mi-34 Mi-35 Mi-36 Mi-38 Mi-40 Mi-42 Mi-44 Mi-46 Mi-52 Mi-54 Mi-58 Mi-60 Mi-PSV Projects Mi-X1 NATO code names Halo Hare Harke Havoc Haze Hermit Hind Hip Hip (2) Homer Hook Hoplite Hound
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mil_Mi-24_early_series_comparison_line_drawing.png"},{"link_name":"Mil Mi-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-24"}],"text":"Early Mi-24 seriesThe Soviet and later Russian Mil Mi-24 helicopter has been produced in many variants, as described below.","title":"List of Mil Mi-24 variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikhail Mil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Mil"},{"link_name":"Mil Mi-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1966, Soviet aircraft designer Mikhail Mil created a mock-up design of a new helicopter (derived from the Mil Mi-8) which was made with the intent of fulfilling both the role of a close air support aircraft as well as being able to transport infantry into combat.[1] This prototype design was designated the V-24, and in 1968 a directive was given to proceed with the development of the helicopter.The Mi-24 went from the drawing board to the first test-flights in less than eighteen months, with the first models being delivered to the Soviet Armed Forces for evaluation in 1971. As a result of the speedy development, the initial Mi-24 variants had a number of problems: lateral roll, weapon sighting issues, and a limited field of view for the pilot. A later redesign of the Mi-24's front section solved most of these problems.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's82-3-3"},{"link_name":"Bell UH-1A Huey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1_Huey"},{"link_name":"GSh-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-23"},{"link_name":"9M17 Fleyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M17_Fleyta"},{"link_name":"Afanasev A-12.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasev_A-12.7"},{"link_name":"Fenestron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestron"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"IFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Yak-B 12.7mm machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakushev-Borzov_YakB-12.7mm_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"WTD 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr_Technical_and_Airworthiness_Center_for_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Manching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manching"},{"link_name":"MIM-23 Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Shturm V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K114_Shturm"},{"link_name":"9M114 Shturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K114_Shturm"},{"link_name":"GSh-30-2K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-30-2"},{"link_name":"autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"GSh-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mil24yefim-5"},{"link_name":"Mil Mi-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-28"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"9M120 Ataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M120_Ataka"},{"link_name":"Shturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shturm"},{"link_name":"9K38 Igla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K38_Igla"},{"link_name":"ATGMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATGM"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FLIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLIR"},{"link_name":"GSh-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greg2-10"},{"link_name":"active electronically scanned array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_electronically_scanned_array"},{"link_name":"MAKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAKS_(air_show)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mil_Mi-35M_(51_yellow).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8-35%D0%9C%D0%A1.jpg"},{"link_name":"avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics"},{"link_name":"GLONASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Russian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Russian Federal Protective Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Army"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Russian Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter"},{"link_name":"gunship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunship"},{"link_name":"L370 Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L370_Vitebsk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlEgypt,_Algeria_to_receive_President-S_countermeasures_systems_from_Russia_-_defenceWeb-16"},{"link_name":"autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlARMY_2018:_Rostec_Presents_a_Modernized_Night_Hunter_Helicopter-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FlugRevue-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ainonline-26"},{"link_name":"official record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record#Other_air_speed_records"},{"link_name":"Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Lynx#Origins"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAI_Absolute-28"},{"link_name":"MAKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAKS_(air_show)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mil_Mi-24A_Hind.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mi-24_Iraqi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helicopter_Cockpit_Mil_Mi-24D_Hind.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mi-24V_Soviet1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mi-24_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mil_Mi-24P.JPG"},{"link_name":"East German Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Experimental_MIL.jpg"}],"text":"A-10\nDesignation given to the aircraft used for record breaking from 1975 in the FAI E1 class.[3]\nV-24\nThe first version, twelve prototypes and development aircraft. The first V-24 mockup resembled the Bell UH-1A Huey. Later models resembled the future Hind-A, one of which was modified in 1975 as A-10 for speed record attempts with wings removed and faired over and with inertia-type dampers on the main rotor head. The A-10 reached a speed of 368 km/h. It was armed with the GSh-23 autocannon and could carry up to six missiles or rockets.\nMi-24\n(Hind-A) An early version of the Mi-24, which could carry eight combat troops and three crew members. It could also carry four 57mm rocket pods on four underwing pylons, four MCLOS 9M17 Fleyta (AT-2 Swatter) anti-tank missiles on two underwing rails, free-fall bombs, plus one Afanasev A-12.7 12.7mm machine-gun in the nose. The Mi-24A was the first production model.\nMi-24B\n(Hind-A) Experimental variant of the Hind-A, one of which was used to test the Fenestron tail rotor.\nMi-24F\n(Hind-A) Modified Hind-A with seven reinforcing ribs on the port fuselage aft of the wing and the SRO-2M Khrom (\"Odd Rods\") IFF antenna relocated from the canopy to the oil cooler. The APU exhaust was also extended and angled downwards. The designation may be unofficial.\nMi-24A\n(Hind-B) The Mi-24A was the second production model. Both the Mi-24 and Mi-24A entered into Soviet Air Forces service in 1972. It lacked the four-barrel Yak-B 12.7mm machine gun under the nose.\nMi-24U\n(Hind-C) Training version without nose gun and wingtip stations.\nMi-24BMT\nSmall number of Mi-24s converted into minesweepers.\nMi-24D\n(Hind-D) The Mi-24D was designed to be a more pure gunship than the earlier variants. It entered production in 1973. The Mi-24D has a redesigned forward fuselage, with two separate cockpits for the pilot and gunner. It is armed with a single 12.7mm four-barrel Yak-B machine-gun under the nose. It can also carry four 57mm rocket pods, four SACLOS 9M17 Phalanga anti-tank missiles (a significant enhancement compared to the MCLOS system found on the Mi-24A), plus bombs and other weapons. One Mi-24D was sold to Poland in January 1996 and was used by the WTD 61 in Manching during 1994 for tests with the head of a MIM-23 Hawk missile in place of the chin-mounted gun. This version also had an unidentified modification in the rear cabin window on the starboard side.\nMi-24PTRK\nModification of the Mi-24D that was used for testing the Shturm V missile system for the Mi-24V.\nMi-24DU\nA small number of Mi-24Ds were built as training helicopters with doubled controls.\nMi-24V\n(Hind-E) Later development which entered production in 1976. It was armed with the more advanced 9M114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral). Eight of these missiles are mounted on four outer wing pylons. It was the most widely produced version with more than 1,500 made. In Polish service this aircraft is designated Mi-24W. One Mi-24V was referred to as Mi-24T for unknown reasons.\nArsenal Mi-24V upgrade\nUkrainian upgrade for Mi-24V.\nMi-24P\n(Hind-F) The gunship version, which replaced the 12.7mm machine-gun with a fixed side-mounted 30mm GSh-30-2K twin-barrel autocannon. Entered production in 1981.[4]\nMi-24TECh-24\nExperimental Mi-24P to test abilities for recovery of downed aircraft.\nMi-24VP\n(Hind-E Mod) Development of Mi-24V made in 1985 which replaced the machine-gun with GSh-23 in a movable turret. Entered service in 1989, but only 25 were made before production ended the same year.[5] One Mi-24VP flew with the Delta-H tail rotor of the Mil Mi-28.\nMi-24VU\n(Hind-E) Indian training version of Mi-24V.\nMi-24VD\nA version produced in 1985 to test a rear defensive gun.\nMi-24RKhR\n(Hind-G1) NBC reconnaissance model, which is designed to collect radiation, biological and chemical samples. It was first seen during the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. Also known as the Mi-24R, Mi-24RK and Mi-24RKh (Rch).\nMi-24RA\n(Hind-G1 Mod) New version of the Mi-24V.\nMi-24RR\nRadiation reconnaissance model derived from the Mi-24R.\nMi-24K\n(Hind-G2) Army reconnaissance, artillery observation helicopter.\nMi-24M\nProposed naval version, unbuilt.\nMi-24VM\nUpgraded Mi-24V with updated avionics to improve night-time operation, new communications gear, shorter and lighter wings, and updated weapon systems to include support for the 9M120 Ataka, Shturm and 9K38 Igla ATGMs and a 23mm main gun. Other internal changes have been made to increase the aircraft life-cycle and ease maintenance.\nMi-24VN\n(Hind-E) A night-attack version based on an Mi-24V in Mi-24VM Stage 1 configuration.\nMi-24PM\nUpgraded Mi-24P using same technologies as in Mi-24VM. Currently delivered to the RuAF.[6]\nMi-24PN\nA version of the Mi-24P with a TV and a FLIR camera located in a dome on the front of the aircraft, and is armed with the GSh-23. The Russian Air Force received 14 Mi-24PNs in 2004.[7]\nMi-24PS\nCivil police or paramilitary version, equipped with a FLIR, searchlight, loudspeaker PA system and attachments for rappelling ropes.\nMi-24V Ecological Survey Version\nEnvironmental research modification developed by the Polyot Industrial Research Organisation.\nMi-24 SuperHind Mk.II\nModern western avionics upgrade produced by South African company Advanced Technologies and Engineering (ATE).[8] Prototypes converted from Mi-24R models, and one Mi-24P was used to test sighting system.\nMi-24 SuperHind Mk.III\nExtensive operational upgrade of the original Mi-24 including weapons, avionics and counter measures.[9]\nMi-24 SuperHind Mk.IV\nUpgraded Mk. III version with Pall vortex engine air particle separator system over the engine intakes.\nMi-24 SuperHind Mk.V\nNewest version of the \"SuperHind\" with fully redesigned front fuselage and cockpit. Mock-up only.\nMi-24 Afghanistan field modifications\nPassenger compartment armour and exhaust suppressors were often removed. Extra rounds for the rocket pods to allow self-reloading near the battlefield and also heavy weapons for self-defense were often carried.[10]\nTamam Mi-24 HMOSP\nIsraeli upgrade.\nMi-24P-1M\nLatest modernization of Mi-24P helicopters, fitted with a new modular direct infrared countermeasures system, autopilot, improved power supply unit and OPS-24N-1L navigation and targeting station. It has also an option for an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar. First unveiled at 2019 MAKS International Aviation and Space Salon.[11]\nMi-25\nThe export version of the Mi-24D.Mil Mi-35MMil Mi-35MSMi-35\n(Monsoon) The export version of the Mi-24V.\nMi-35M\nNight attack version fitted with upgraded advanced avionics and sensor package, including night vision systems, GOES-342 electro-optical range finder/targeting system, GLONASS/GPS navigation system, electronic multifunction displays, onboard computer, and jam-proof communications equipment.[12] Also known as Mi-35M1. More than 60 are in service with the Russian Air Force and it has also been exported.[13] By September 2018, all Russian Air Force's Mi-35Ms were equipped with Vitebsk onboard defense system.[14]\nMi-35MS\nFlying Command Post variant of the Mi-35M. Operated by the Russian Federal Protective Service (FSO).[15]\nMi-35M2\nUpdated version of the Mi-35M for the Venezuelan Army.\nMi-35M3\nExport variant of the Mi-24VM.\nMi-35M4\n(AH-2 Sabre) Updated version of the Mi-35M with Israeli avionics for the Brazilian Air Force.\nMi-35P\nThe export version of the Mi-24P.\nMi-35P Phoenix\nRussian Helicopters holding has developed a common standard for Mi-24 modernization designated as Mi-35P. The Mi-35P has received the OPS-24N-1L observation-sight system with a third generation long-wave matrix thermal imager, TV camera, and laser rangefinder. The upgraded gunship’s cockpit has the KNEI-24E-1 flight navigation system with multifunctional displays. The PKV-8-35 digital flight system increases the helicopter’s manoeuvrability and steadiness. The modernised gunship is also fitted with the updated PrVK-24-2 targeting system, which allows the use of 9M127-1 Ataka-VM anti-tank guided missiles and either L370 Vitebsk electronic countermeasure system or its export version President-S.[16] The helicopter has also received a chin-mounted NPPU-23 turret with a twin-barrel GSh-23L autocannon.[17][18] Serial production has started as of August 2020 for an export customer.[19][20] It is also known under nickname Phoenix. [21]\nCzech Mi-35 modernization\nBetween 2003-2005 Mi-35s were manufactured for the Czech Air Force with the following modifications: TV3-117VMA engines, EVU engine exhaust gas cooling system, cabin and exterior light modifications for use of night vision system including custom night vision scopes, GPS satellite navigation system (Garmin-155 XL type), backup artificial horizon (type LUN 1241 of Czech manufacture), VARTA batteries, civil identification system transponder (IFF), which allows flights over the territory of the Czech Republic without restrictions, new elements for signalling and recording of flight parameters, altimeter calibrated in feet.[22] Later modernization (~2017) included stabilized platform with FLIR night vision optoelectronic system, multi-function displays including moving map system, upgraded communication and navigation equipment, incorporation of an friend/foe aircraft identification system (IFF), camouflage in accordance with the standards of the Army and NATO, planning and combat support system.[23] These helicopters were donated to Ukraine in summer 2023.[24]\nMi-35U\nUnarmed training version of the Mi-35.\nMi-PSV\nExperimental high-speed helicopter based on the Mi-24. PSV stands for Perspektivny skorostnoi vertolet (Перспективный скоростной вертолёт) – Prospective high speed helicopter). Single-seat streamlined cockpit, unarmed, fitted with experimental main rotors for research into high-speed flight, with a target of increasing the speed of the Mi-28N by 10% and the Mi-35M by 13%.[25][26] A Mi-24LL PSV demonstrator flew at a level flight speed of \"greater than 405 km/h (219 kn)\", higher than of the 401 km/h (217 kn) official record by Lynx in 1986.[27][28] The mockup was first shown at the 2015 MAKS International Aviation and Space Salon. In April 2017, the Mi-PSV made first flights equipped with large low mounted wings, mounted nearly at the level of its belly in front of the main landing gear. The normal smaller \"Mi-24 wings\" at the height of the cabin roof are removed.Mi-24A\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIraqi Mi-24D captured during the Gulf War\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMi-24D cockpit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMi-24V of the Soviet Air Forces\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMi-24W(V) of the Polish Air Force\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMi-24P of the East German Air Force\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMi-PSV at MAKS 2015","title":"List of variants"}]
[{"image_text":"Early Mi-24 series","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mil_Mi-24_early_series_comparison_line_drawing.png/220px-Mil_Mi-24_early_series_comparison_line_drawing.png"},{"image_text":"Mil Mi-35M","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mil_Mi-35M_%2851_yellow%29.jpg/220px-Mil_Mi-35M_%2851_yellow%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mil Mi-35MS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8-35%D0%9C%D0%A1.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8-35%D0%9C%D0%A1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mil Mi-24 Hind: A Russian Gunship With Attitude\". 27 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historynet.com/mil-mi-24-hind-a-russian-gunship-with-attitude.htm","url_text":"\"Mil Mi-24 Hind: A Russian Gunship With Attitude\""}]},{"reference":"Mi-24 Hind Variants","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mi-24.htm","url_text":"Mi-24 Hind Variants"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John W.R. (1983). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7106-0748-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0748-5","url_text":"978-0-7106-0748-5"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy (2001). Mil Mi-24 Hind Attack Helicopter. Shrewsbury, SY3 9EB, England: Airlife Publishing Limited. p. 30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry (2001). Mil Mi-24 Hind, Attack Helicopter. Airlife. ISBN 9781840372380.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781840372380","url_text":"Mil Mi-24 Hind, Attack Helicopter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840372380","url_text":"9781840372380"}]},{"reference":"\"Army aviation brigade in Urals gets four Mi-24P attack helicopters\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.com/defense/1085565","url_text":"\"Army aviation brigade in Urals gets four Mi-24P attack helicopters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia Gets More Pretty Super Gunships\", Strategy page, archived from the original on 2007-02-08","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070208204938/http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200652105715.asp","url_text":"\"Russia Gets More Pretty Super Gunships\""},{"url":"http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200652105715.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Superhind Mk2, ATE Group, archived from the original on March 2, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080302101724/http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk2","url_text":"Superhind Mk2"},{"url":"http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Superhind MkIV, ATE Group, archived from the original on March 2, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080302101905/http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk4","url_text":"Superhind MkIV"},{"url":"http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goebel, Greg, \"Hind Variants/Soviet Service\", FAQs","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avhind1.html","url_text":"\"Hind Variants/Soviet Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAKS 2019: Rostec unveils Mi-24P-1M upgraded combat helicopter\". janes.com. 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/article/90742/maks-2019-rostec-unveils-mi-24p-1m-upgraded-combat-helicopter","url_text":"\"MAKS 2019: Rostec unveils Mi-24P-1M upgraded combat helicopter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829203011/https://www.janes.com/article/90742/maks-2019-rostec-unveils-mi-24p-1m-upgraded-combat-helicopter","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MIL Mi-35M upgraded combat transport helicopter, Aviamarket","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aviamarket.org/reviews/helicopters/336-mil-mi-35m-upgraded-combat-transport-helicopter.html","url_text":"MIL Mi-35M upgraded combat transport helicopter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviamarket&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Aviamarket"}]},{"reference":"\"All Mi-35M assault helicopters equipped with Vitebsk onboard defense system\".","urls":[{"url":"http://airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/2019-news-aerospace-industry-air-force/april/4985-all-mi-35m-assault-helicopters-equipped-with-vitebsk-onboard-defense-system.html","url_text":"\"All Mi-35M assault helicopters equipped with Vitebsk onboard defense system\""}]},{"reference":"Russian planes","urls":[{"url":"http://russianplanes.net/id146813","url_text":"Russian planes"}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt, Algeria to receive President-S countermeasures systems from Russia - defenceWeb\". 11 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defenceweb.co.za/industry/industry-industry/egypt-algeria-to-receive-president-s-countermeasures-systems-from-russia/?catid=74&Itemid=30","url_text":"\"Egypt, Algeria to receive President-S countermeasures systems from Russia - defenceWeb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army 2018 Russian helicopters pitches new Mi-24 upgrade\", Jane's","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/article/82567/army-2018-russian-helicopters-pitches-new-mi-24-upgrade","url_text":"\"Army 2018 Russian helicopters pitches new Mi-24 upgrade\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARMY 2018: Rostec Presents a Modernized Night Hunter Helicopter\". www.defense-aerospace.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195516/rostec-presents-modernized-mi_28ne,-mi_35-attack-helicopters.html","url_text":"\"ARMY 2018: Rostec Presents a Modernized Night Hunter Helicopter\""}]},{"reference":"\"ЦАМТО / Новости / Ростех начал серийное производство обновленного Ми-35П\". armstrade.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0824/101559268/detail.shtml","url_text":"\"ЦАМТО / Новости / Ростех начал серийное производство обновленного Ми-35П\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serial Production of Russian Mi-35P Helicopter Launched for Export Customer\". 24 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27709/Serial_Production_of_Russian_Mi_35P_Helicopter_Launched_for_Export_Customer","url_text":"\"Serial Production of Russian Mi-35P Helicopter Launched for Export Customer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mi-35P Upgraded combat-transport helicopter\". roe.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/aerospace-systems/helicopters/mi-35p/","url_text":"\"Mi-35P Upgraded combat-transport helicopter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR\".","urls":[{"url":"https://acr.army.cz/technika-a-vyzbroj/letecka/-mil-mi-24-89942/","url_text":"\"Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR\".","urls":[{"url":"https://acr.army.cz/technika-a-vyzbroj/letecka/-mil-mi-24-89942/","url_text":"\"Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premiér Fiala jednal s prezidentem Zelenským o další pomoci a o poválečné obnově Ukrajiny\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vlada.cz/cz/media-centrum/aktualne/premier-fiala-jednal-s-prezidentem-zelenskym-o-dalsi-pomoci-a-o-povalecne-obnove-ukrajiny-206970/","url_text":"\"Premiér Fiala jednal s prezidentem Zelenským o další pomoci a o poválečné obnově Ukrajiny\""}]},{"reference":"Flugrevue, November 2015, pp. 54f","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karnozov, Vladimir. \"Russian Military Still Funding High-Speed Rotorcraft\". Ain online. Moscow. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-09-03/russian-military-still-funding-high-speed-rotorcraft","url_text":"\"Russian Military Still Funding High-Speed Rotorcraft\""}]},{"reference":"\"AHS – Russia sets unofficial speed record\". VTOL. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://vtol.org/news/russia-sets-unofficial-speed-record","url_text":"\"AHS – Russia sets unofficial speed record\""}]},{"reference":"Rotorcraft Absolute: Speed over a straight 15/25 km course, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), 2013-12-03, search under E-1 Helicopters and \"Speed over a straight 15/25 km course\", archived from the original on 2013-12-03, retrieved 26 April 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033038/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=11659","url_text":"Rotorcraft Absolute: Speed over a straight 15/25 km course"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale","url_text":"Fédération Aéronautique Internationale"},{"url":"http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=11659","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Mil+Mi-24+variants%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Mil Mi-24 variants\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Mil+Mi-24+variants%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Mil+Mi-24+variants%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Mil+Mi-24+variants%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Mil+Mi-24+variants%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Mil+Mi-24+variants%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.historynet.com/mil-mi-24-hind-a-russian-gunship-with-attitude.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mil Mi-24 Hind: A Russian Gunship With Attitude\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mi-24.htm","external_links_name":"Mi-24 Hind Variants"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781840372380","external_links_name":"Mil Mi-24 Hind, Attack Helicopter"},{"Link":"https://tass.com/defense/1085565","external_links_name":"\"Army aviation brigade in Urals gets four Mi-24P attack helicopters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070208204938/http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200652105715.asp","external_links_name":"\"Russia Gets More Pretty Super Gunships\""},{"Link":"http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200652105715.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080302101724/http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk2","external_links_name":"Superhind Mk2"},{"Link":"http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080302101905/http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk4","external_links_name":"Superhind MkIV"},{"Link":"http://www.ate-aerospace-group.com/vHtml.php?section=helicopters&subsection=mk4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avhind1.html","external_links_name":"\"Hind Variants/Soviet Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/article/90742/maks-2019-rostec-unveils-mi-24p-1m-upgraded-combat-helicopter","external_links_name":"\"MAKS 2019: Rostec unveils Mi-24P-1M upgraded combat helicopter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829203011/https://www.janes.com/article/90742/maks-2019-rostec-unveils-mi-24p-1m-upgraded-combat-helicopter","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aviamarket.org/reviews/helicopters/336-mil-mi-35m-upgraded-combat-transport-helicopter.html","external_links_name":"MIL Mi-35M upgraded combat transport helicopter"},{"Link":"http://airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/2019-news-aerospace-industry-air-force/april/4985-all-mi-35m-assault-helicopters-equipped-with-vitebsk-onboard-defense-system.html","external_links_name":"\"All Mi-35M assault helicopters equipped with Vitebsk onboard defense system\""},{"Link":"http://russianplanes.net/id146813","external_links_name":"Russian planes"},{"Link":"https://www.defenceweb.co.za/industry/industry-industry/egypt-algeria-to-receive-president-s-countermeasures-systems-from-russia/?catid=74&Itemid=30","external_links_name":"\"Egypt, Algeria to receive President-S countermeasures systems from Russia - defenceWeb\""},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/article/82567/army-2018-russian-helicopters-pitches-new-mi-24-upgrade","external_links_name":"\"Army 2018 Russian helicopters pitches new Mi-24 upgrade\""},{"Link":"http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195516/rostec-presents-modernized-mi_28ne,-mi_35-attack-helicopters.html","external_links_name":"\"ARMY 2018: Rostec Presents a Modernized Night Hunter Helicopter\""},{"Link":"https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0824/101559268/detail.shtml","external_links_name":"\"ЦАМТО / Новости / Ростех начал серийное производство обновленного Ми-35П\""},{"Link":"https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27709/Serial_Production_of_Russian_Mi_35P_Helicopter_Launched_for_Export_Customer","external_links_name":"\"Serial Production of Russian Mi-35P Helicopter Launched for Export Customer\""},{"Link":"http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/aerospace-systems/helicopters/mi-35p/","external_links_name":"\"Mi-35P Upgraded combat-transport helicopter\""},{"Link":"https://acr.army.cz/technika-a-vyzbroj/letecka/-mil-mi-24-89942/","external_links_name":"\"Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR\""},{"Link":"https://acr.army.cz/technika-a-vyzbroj/letecka/-mil-mi-24-89942/","external_links_name":"\"Mil Mi-24 | Armáda ČR\""},{"Link":"https://www.vlada.cz/cz/media-centrum/aktualne/premier-fiala-jednal-s-prezidentem-zelenskym-o-dalsi-pomoci-a-o-povalecne-obnove-ukrajiny-206970/","external_links_name":"\"Premiér Fiala jednal s prezidentem Zelenským o další pomoci a o poválečné obnově Ukrajiny\""},{"Link":"http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-09-03/russian-military-still-funding-high-speed-rotorcraft","external_links_name":"\"Russian Military Still Funding High-Speed Rotorcraft\""},{"Link":"http://vtol.org/news/russia-sets-unofficial-speed-record","external_links_name":"\"AHS – Russia sets unofficial speed record\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033038/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=11659","external_links_name":"Rotorcraft Absolute: Speed over a straight 15/25 km course"},{"Link":"http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=11659","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050217233145/http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/vvs/mi24-01.htm","external_links_name":"Aeronautics.ru Mi-24"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/mi-24.htm","external_links_name":"Mi-24 HIND (MIL)"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/stingrayslistofrotorcraft/mil-v-24","external_links_name":"Mil V-24 at Stingray's List of Rotorcraft"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/stingrayslistofrotorcraft/mil-mi-24","external_links_name":"Mil Mi-24 at Stingray's List of Rotorcraft"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141107201634/http://www.paramountgroup.biz/PDF/Advanced-Technology/mi_24_superhind.pdf","external_links_name":"Mi-24 SuperHind brochure"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo%27s_Song
Elmo's World
["1 Background","2 Development and filming","3 Characters","4 End of production and return","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 External links","8 Works cited"]
Segment shown at the end of the children's television program Sesame Street Elmo's WorldGenreChildren's showEducationalPuppet showSegmentBased onElmoby Sesame StreetWritten byJudy Freudberg (1998–2009)Presented byKevin ClashRyan DillonStarringBill IrwinMichael Jeter (2000–03)Kristin Chenoweth (2001–06)Daniel Koren (2017–21)Daveed Diggs (2017–21)Ilana Glazer (2022–present)Voices ofAndrea Martin (1998–2009)Deborah Grausman (2017–present)Opening theme"Elmo's World Theme Song" (sung to "Elmo's Song" prior to 2017)Ending theme"The ____ Song" (1998–2009)"The Happy Dance" (2017–present)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons17No. of episodes64 (+ 3 specials) (original run)82 (revival)ProductionRunning time15 minutes (1998–2009)4-5 minutes (2017–present)Production companiesChildren's Television Workshop (1998–2000)Sesame Workshop (2000–present)Original releaseReleaseNovember 16, 1998 (1998-11-16) –present (present) Elmo's World is a segment that is shown at the end of the American children's television program Sesame Street which premiered on November 16, 1998, as part of a broader structural change to the show. It originally lasted fifteen minutes at the end of each episode. The segment ran until 2009, and then returned in 2017. The segment was designed to appeal to younger viewers and to increase ratings, which had fallen in the past decade. The segment is presented from the perspective of a three-year-old child as represented by its host, the Muppet Elmo, performed by Kevin Clash in the original series and Ryan Dillon in the 2017 reboot. The segment was developed out of a series of workshops that studied changes in the viewing habits of Sesame Street's audience, and the reasons for the show's lower ratings. Elmo's World used traditional production elements, but had a more sustained narrative. In 2002, Sesame Street's producers changed the rest of the show to reflect its younger demographic and the increase in their viewers' sophistication. Long-time writer Judy Freudberg came up with the concept of Elmo's World, and writer Tony Geiss and executive producer Arlene Sherman helped develop it. In contrast with the realism of the rest of the show, the segment presented Elmo moving between and combining a live action world and a computer-generated animated world, which looked like "a child's squiggly crayon drawing come to life", with "a stream-of-consciousness feel to it". Elmo's pet goldfish Dorothy and the members of the Noodle family were silent to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. A brief clip from Elmo's World appears in Sesame Street's 2002–2006 intro. In 2009, Elmo's World temporarily ceased production. It was replaced by Elmo: The Musical in 2012, and returned in 2017. The show is alternated by two more Elmo-centered segments, Elmo & Tango’s Mysterious Mysteries and Nature Explorers, which are both produced entirely with animation. Background Main article: Format of Sesame Street By the early 1990s, Sesame Street had been on the air for over 20 years and was, as author Michael Davis put it, "the undisputed heavyweight champion of preschool television". The show's dominance began to be challenged throughout the decade by other television shows for preschoolers such as Barney & Friends, Blue's Clues, and Teletubbies, by the growth of the children's home video industry, and by the increase of thirty-minute children's shows on cable. Sesame Street's ratings declined, so the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) (now Sesame Workshop), the organization responsible for putting the show on the air, responded by researching the reasons for their lower ratings. For the first time since the show debuted, the producers and a team of researchers analyzed Sesame Street's content and structure, and studied how children's viewing habits had changed. The analysis was conducted during a series of two-week-long workshops and was completed in time for the show's 30th anniversary in 1999. The CTW found that although the show was produced for children between the ages of three and five, their viewers had become more sophisticated since its debut and began to watch the show sooner, as early as ten months of age. The producers found that the show's original format, which consisted of a series of short clips similar to the structure of a magazine, was not necessarily the most effective way to hold young viewers' attention. They also found that their viewers, especially the younger ones, lost attention with Sesame Street after 40 to 45 minutes. The first way the CTW addressed the issues brought up by their research was by lowering the target age for Sesame Street, from four years to three years. In late 1998, they created a new 15-minute segment entitled Elmo's World, hosted by the Muppet Elmo, that was shown at the end of each episode. The segment used traditional elements (animation, Muppets, music, and live-action film), but had a more sustained narrative. Elmo's World followed the same structure each episode, and depended heavily on repetition. It focused on child-centered topics such as balls and dancing, from the perspective of a three-year-old child, and was "designed to foster exploration, imagination, and curiosity". Instead of an adult providing narration, Elmo led the child through the action. In 2002, Sesame Street's producers went further in changing the show to reflect its younger demographic and increase in their viewers' sophistication. They decided, after the show's 33rd season, to expand upon the Elmo's World concept by, as San Francisco Chronicle TV critic Tim Goodman called it, "deconstructing" the show. They changed the structure of the entire show to a more narrative format, making the show easier for young children to navigate. Arlene Sherman, a co-executive producer for 25 years and one of the creators of Elmo's World, called the show's new look "startlingly different". Development and filming Long-time Sesame Street writer Judy Freudberg came up with the idea of creating a segment with "an entirely different format" from the rest of the show during the CTW's workshops, and writer Tony Geiss further developed the idea with her. Freudberg stated that the concept "was radical because we had never veered from that magazine mosaic and had never given any character more than another character to do". Elmo’s portrayer, Kevin Clash, in 2022. Animator Mo Willems came up with the idea of creating a less-realistic setting compared to the rest of the show. The segment presented Elmo, first portrayed by Kevin Clash and then by Ryan Dillon after its revamp in 2017, moving between and combining two worlds of live action and computer-generated animation, which looked like "a child's squiggly crayon drawing come to life" created by the host, and with "a stream-of-consciousness feel to it". The segment was filmed at a different time than the rest of the season, much of it in front of a blue screen, with animation and digital effects added later. For more complicated shots that showed Elmo's entire body, a puppet called "Active Elmo" was operated with assistance from other puppeteers; the puppet was also filmed in front of a blue screen and edited later. Visual effects for the series were provided by Curious Pictures (1998 to 1999), Protozoa (2000), and Celefex (2001 to 2009). In addition to Freudberg and Geiss, other writers of Elmo's World included Emily Kingsley and Molly Boylan. The theme song was based upon a song Geiss wrote called "Elmo's Song", with lyrics changed to fit the segment. Writer Louise Gikow and The New York Times called it "a show within a show". Clash called it "a playdate between the child and Elmo", and felt that its intimacy provided an effective teaching tool. He also called it "an instant success". Davis compared Elmo's World with the Saturday Morning children's TV show Pee-wee's Playhouse. The CTW, as it has done throughout its existence and for all the shows it produced, conducted extensive studies on Elmo's World. They found that the segment had high appeal for children, regardless of their age, sex, and socioeconomic background. Attention and participation such as hand-clapping, moving along with the music, and counting along with the characters increased with repeated viewing. Characters The actors who have played members of the Noodle family: Bill Irwin, Michael Jeter, Kristin Chenoweth, Sarah Jones, and Daveed Diggs The Muppet Elmo, who represented the three-year-old child, was chosen as host of Elmo's World because he had always tested well with Sesame Street's younger viewers. Elmo was created in 1979 and was performed by various puppeteers, including Richard Hunt, but did not become what his eventual portrayer Kevin Clash called a "phenomenon" until Clash took over the role in 1983. Elmo became, as writer Michael Davis reported, "the embodiment" of Sesame Street, and "the marketing wonder of our age" when five million "Tickle Me Elmo" dolls were sold in 1996. Clash believed the "Tickle Me Elmo" phenomenon made Elmo a household name and led to the Elmo's World segment. Clash called Elmo's World "a colorful, lively celebration of creativity" and "one of the most imaginative endeavors I've ever been involved in". He stated that the segment provided him with new challenges and opportunities for "creative risk-taking". According to Clash and Gikow, Elmo's pet goldfish Dorothy and the members of the Noodle family were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. Dorothy's silence allowed children to fill in the blanks, and her curiosity, which was created and enhanced by Elmo's imagination, allowed the writers and researchers to insert the curriculum lessons they want to convey. Up to nine goldfish were used per episode, so they could be replaced when necessary. Several fish were needed each season, and the surviving Dorothys were given good homes afterwards. Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Sherman in short films for Sesame Street. When he became unavailable, Sherman asked her friend Michael Jeter to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle's brother Mr. Noodle. Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000, until his death in 2003. Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle's sister Ms. Noodle, and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle in the episode "Helping". As of January 2017, Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren, have played two more of Mr. Noodle's brothers. According to Freudberg, "Mr. Noodle, who never speaks, is all about trial and error. When you throw him a hat, he acts like he's never seen one before. Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can't." End of production and return After Elmo's World temporarily wrapped production in 2009, on the tenth and final season, the producers of Sesame Street began taking steps to increase the age of their viewers and to increase their ratings. By the end of the show's 40th anniversary in 2009, 3-year-old viewers had increased by 41 percent, 4-year-olds by 4 percent, and 5-year-olds by 21 percent. According to The New York Times, executive producer Carol-Lynn Parente "was itching to revamp the final segment" even before production of Elmo's World ended, but was prevented by the apparent satisfaction of the viewers and by tight budgets. They were also reluctant to replace the segment; as writer Joey Mazzarino explained, it was "an emotionally charged process" because Freudberg had become ill and was not present for the discussions about it. Elmo's World was replaced by Elmo: The Musical in 2012. Elmo's World continued to appear on repeats of Sesame Street, on DVDs, and on the show's website, which sold products related to the segment. In 2017, the 47th season of Sesame Street began airing on the cable subscription service HBO; Elmo's World returned, in a newly designed segment that ran five minutes at the end of each episode. Steve Youngwood, the Sesame Workshop's CEO, called it "fresh, contemporary". Footnotes ^ The CTW changed its name to the Sesame Workshop (SW) in June 2000. ^ The first episode of Elmo's World aired on November 16, 1998. ^ At first, the same segment was repeated daily for a week, but this practice was dropped at the end of the first season of Elmo's World. ^ Five of the actors playing members of the Noodle family have won Tonys. ^ Freudberg died of brain cancer in 2012. References ^ a b c d e f g h Clash, p. 75 ^ Davis, p. 317 ^ Davis, p. 320 ^ a b c d e Davis, p. 338 ^ "CTW changes name to Sesame Workshop". Muppet Central.com. Reuters. 2000-06-05. Retrieved 2017-08-27. ^ a b c Clash, p. 76 ^ Fisch & Bernstein, pp. 44–45 ^ a b c d e f Gikow, p. 169 ^ a b c Fisch & Bernstein, p. 45 ^ a b c d Whitlock, Natalie Walker (16 October 2006). "Behind the Scenes of Elmo's World". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2017-08-27. ^ a b Goodman, Tim (2002-02-04). "Word on the 'Street': Classic Children's Show to Undergo Structural Changes This Season". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-08-26. ^ a b c d Davis, p. 339 ^ Gikow, p. 168 ^ Herman, event occurs at 2:53 ^ Gikow, p. 194 ^ Herman, event occurs at 0:43 ^ a b c Jensen, Elizabeth (2012-09-13). "Hey, Elmo, That Concept Has Legs". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-08-26. ^ a b Clash, p. 77 ^ Borgenicht, David (1998). Sesame Street Unpaved. New York: Hyperion Publishing, p. 9. ISBN 0-7868-6460-5 ^ Davis, p. 249 ^ Clash, p.47 ^ Herman, event occurs at 3:31 ^ Herman, event occurs at 5:10 ^ a b Steinberg, Brian (2016-10-17). "'Sesame Street' Will Revive 'Elmo's World'". Variety. Retrieved 2017-08-26. ^ Slotnik, Daniel E. (2012-06-16). "Judy Freudberg, a Writer for 'Sesame Street' for 35 Years, Dies at 62". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-08-27. ^ Crimaldi, Philip. "Season 43" (Press release). Sesame Workshop.org. Archived from the original on 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-26. External links Elmo's World at official sesamestreet.org website Archived 2018-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Works cited Clash, Kevin, Gary Brozek, and Louis Henry Mitchell (2006). My Life as a Furry Red Monster: What Being Elmo has Taught Me About Life, Love and Laughing Out Loud. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-7679-2375-8 Davis, Michael (2008). Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-01996-0 Fisch, Shalom M. and Lewis Bernstein (2001). "Formative Research Revealed: Methodological and Process Issues in Formative Research", In Shalom M. Fisch & Rosemarie T. Truglio. "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street. Mahweh, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. ISBN 0-8058-3395-1 Gikow, Louise A. (2009). Sesame Street: A Celebration— Forty Years of Life on the Street. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-638-4 Herman, Karen (2004-07-20). Archive of American Television. vteSesame Street Fictional location Sesame Workshop productions Characters Educational goals Format Influence Licensing Recurring segments Accolades People Fran Brill Kevin Clash Joan Ganz Cooney Ryan Dillon Louise Gold Jim Henson Richard Hunt Eric Jacobson Gerald S. Lesser Peter Linz Kermit Love Joey Mazzarino Lloyd Morrisett Jerry Nelson Carmen Osbahr Frank Oz Carol-Lynn Parente Joe Raposo Martin P. Robinson David Rudman Jon Stone Caroll Spinney Matt Vogel Steve Whitmire List of guest stars List of puppeteers Production History Research International co-productions Elmo's World "Snuffy's Parents Get a Divorce" Wicked Witch episode Music discography Songs Theme song "Bein' Green" "C Is For Cookie" "I Love Trash" "Mah Nà Mah Nà" "Monster in the Mirror" "One of These Things (Is Not Like the Others)" "Rubber Duckie" "Sesame's Treet" "Sing" Films Follow That Bird (1985) The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland (1999) Cameos The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Upcoming Untitled Sesame Street Movie (TBA) U.S. spin-offs Play with Me Sesame Sesame Beginnings Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures Elmo: The Musical The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo Mecha Builders Television specials Julie on Sesame Street (1973) Out to Lunch (1974) Christmas Eve on Sesame Street (1978) A Special Sesame Street Christmas (1978) Big Bird in China (1983) Don't Eat the Pictures (1983) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) Sesame Street, Special (1988) Big Bird in Japan (1989) Sesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting (1989) Big Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake (1991) Sesame Street: 25 Wonderful Years (1993) Sesame Street Stays Up Late! (1993) Elmo Saves Christmas (1996) Elmopalooza (1998) The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street (1998) CinderElmo (1999) Elmo's Christmas Countdown (2007) Abby in Wonderland (2008) The Cookie Thief (2015) Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas (2016) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate (2020) The Monster at the End of This Story (2020) Books The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover (1971) Sesame Street Together Book (1971) The House of Seven Colors (1985) Happy Birthday, Cookie Monster (1986) Literature Sesame Street Magazine Children and Television: Lessons from Sesame Street The Sesame Street Dictionary Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street Sunny Days: The Children's Television Revolution That Changed America Video games Big Bird's Egg Catch Alpha Beam with Ernie The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland Elmo's A-to-Zoo Adventure Cookie's Counting Carnival Ready, Set, Grover! Once Upon a Monster Elmo's Musical Monsterpiece Kinect Sesame Street TV Attractions Air Grover Grover's Alpine Express Sesame Place Philadelphia San Diego Sesame Street 4-D Movie Magic Spaghetti Space Chase Vapor Trail Related The Jim Henson Company Noggin (1999-2002) Sesame Street in the UK Sesame Street Live Comic strip Syndication packages The Muppets Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey I Am Big Bird: The Caroll Spinney Story The World According to Sesame Street Street Gang: How We Got to Sesame Street Big Bag Oobi (episodes) Panwapa Jim Henson Idea Man Teletape Studios Kaufman Astoria Studios The Joan Ganz Cooney Center Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"Ryan Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Judy Freudberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Freudberg"},{"link_name":"Tony Geiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Geiss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"Elmo: The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo:_The_Musical"}],"text":"Segment shown at the end of the children's television program Sesame StreetElmo's World is a segment that is shown at the end of the American children's television program Sesame Street which premiered on November 16, 1998, as part of a broader structural change to the show. It originally lasted fifteen minutes at the end of each episode. The segment ran until 2009, and then returned in 2017. The segment was designed to appeal to younger viewers and to increase ratings, which had fallen in the past decade. The segment is presented from the perspective of a three-year-old child as represented by its host, the Muppet Elmo, performed by Kevin Clash in the original series and Ryan Dillon in the 2017 reboot.The segment was developed out of a series of workshops that studied changes in the viewing habits of Sesame Street's audience, and the reasons for the show's lower ratings. Elmo's World used traditional production elements, but had a more sustained narrative. In 2002, Sesame Street's producers changed the rest of the show to reflect its younger demographic and the increase in their viewers' sophistication.Long-time writer Judy Freudberg came up with the concept of Elmo's World, and writer Tony Geiss and executive producer Arlene Sherman helped develop it. In contrast with the realism of the rest of the show, the segment presented Elmo moving between and combining a live action world and a computer-generated animated world, which looked like \"a child's squiggly crayon drawing come to life\", with \"a stream-of-consciousness feel to it\".[1] Elmo's pet goldfish Dorothy and the members of the Noodle family were silent to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. A brief clip from Elmo's World appears in Sesame Street's 2002–2006 intro.In 2009, Elmo's World temporarily ceased production. It was replaced by Elmo: The Musical in 2012, and returned in 2017. The show is alternated by two more Elmo-centered segments, Elmo & Tango’s Mysterious Mysteries and Nature Explorers, which are both produced entirely with animation.","title":"Elmo's World"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Barney & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Blue's Clues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%27s_Clues"},{"link_name":"Teletubbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletubbies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-338-4"},{"link_name":"Children's Television Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Television_Workshop"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-338-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-76-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-338-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-338-4"},{"link_name":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisch-45-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisch-45-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timgoodman-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-76-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timgoodman-14"}],"text":"By the early 1990s, Sesame Street had been on the air for over 20 years and was, as author Michael Davis put it, \"the undisputed heavyweight champion of preschool television\".[2] The show's dominance began to be challenged throughout the decade by other television shows for preschoolers such as Barney & Friends, Blue's Clues, and Teletubbies, by the growth of the children's home video industry, and by the increase of thirty-minute children's shows on cable.[3][4] Sesame Street's ratings declined, so the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) (now Sesame Workshop),[note 1] the organization responsible for putting the show on the air, responded by researching the reasons for their lower ratings.[4]For the first time since the show debuted, the producers and a team of researchers analyzed Sesame Street's content and structure, and studied how children's viewing habits had changed. The analysis was conducted during a series of two-week-long workshops and was completed in time for the show's 30th anniversary in 1999. The CTW found that although the show was produced for children between the ages of three and five, their viewers had become more sophisticated since its debut and began to watch the show sooner, as early as ten months of age.[6][7] The producers found that the show's original format, which consisted of a series of short clips similar to the structure of a magazine, was not necessarily the most effective way to hold young viewers' attention. They also found that their viewers, especially the younger ones, lost attention with Sesame Street after 40 to 45 minutes.[4]The first way the CTW addressed the issues brought up by their research was by lowering the target age for Sesame Street, from four years to three years.[4] In late 1998, they created a new 15-minute segment entitled Elmo's World, hosted by the Muppet Elmo, that was shown at the end of each episode.[note 2] The segment used traditional elements (animation, Muppets, music, and live-action film), but had a more sustained narrative.[9] Elmo's World followed the same structure each episode, and depended heavily on repetition.[1][note 3] It focused on child-centered topics such as balls and dancing, from the perspective of a three-year-old child, and was \"designed to foster exploration, imagination, and curiosity\".[9] Instead of an adult providing narration, Elmo led the child through the action.[1]In 2002, Sesame Street's producers went further in changing the show to reflect its younger demographic and increase in their viewers' sophistication. They decided, after the show's 33rd season, to expand upon the Elmo's World concept by, as San Francisco Chronicle TV critic Tim Goodman called it, \"deconstructing\"[11] the show. They changed the structure of the entire show to a more narrative format, making the show easier for young children to navigate. Arlene Sherman, a co-executive producer for 25 years and one of the creators of Elmo's World, called the show's new look \"startlingly different\".[6][11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judy Freudberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Freudberg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-339-15"},{"link_name":"Tony Geiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Geiss"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-76-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-339-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kevin_Clash_Photo_Op_GalaxyCon_Raleigh_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"Mo Willems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Willems"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"blue screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Curious Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-338-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gikow-169-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musical-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-77-21"},{"link_name":"Pee-wee's Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee-wee%27s_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-339-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisch-45-11"}],"text":"Long-time Sesame Street writer Judy Freudberg came up with the idea of creating a segment with \"an entirely different format\"[12] from the rest of the show during the CTW's workshops, and writer Tony Geiss further developed the idea with her.[6] Freudberg stated that the concept \"was radical because we had never veered from that magazine mosaic and had never given any character more than another character to do\".[12]Elmo’s portrayer, Kevin Clash, in 2022.Animator Mo Willems came up with the idea of creating a less-realistic setting compared to the rest of the show. The segment presented Elmo, first portrayed by Kevin Clash and then by Ryan Dillon after its revamp in 2017, moving between and combining two worlds of live action and computer-generated animation, which looked like \"a child's squiggly crayon drawing come to life\"[1] created by the host, and with \"a stream-of-consciousness feel to it\".[1] The segment was filmed at a different time than the rest of the season, much of it in front of a blue screen, with animation and digital effects added later.[13][14] For more complicated shots that showed Elmo's entire body, a puppet called \"Active Elmo\" was operated with assistance from other puppeteers; the puppet was also filmed in front of a blue screen and edited later.[15] Visual effects for the series were provided by Curious Pictures (1998 to 1999), Protozoa (2000), and Celefex (2001 to 2009).In addition to Freudberg and Geiss, other writers of Elmo's World included Emily Kingsley and Molly Boylan.[4] The theme song was based upon a song Geiss wrote called \"Elmo's Song\", with lyrics changed to fit the segment.[16] Writer Louise Gikow and The New York Times called it \"a show within a show\".[8][17] Clash called it \"a playdate between the child and Elmo\", and felt that its intimacy provided an effective teaching tool.[1] He also called it \"an instant success\".[18] Davis compared Elmo's World with the Saturday Morning children's TV show Pee-wee's Playhouse.[12]The CTW, as it has done throughout its existence and for all the shows it produced, conducted extensive studies on Elmo's World. They found that the segment had high appeal for children, regardless of their age, sex, and socioeconomic background. Attention and participation such as hand-clapping, moving along with the music, and counting along with the characters increased with repeated viewing.[9]","title":"Development and filming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Irwin_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noodle_actors.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daveed_Diggs,_White_House,_March_2016.png"},{"link_name":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitlock-12"},{"link_name":"Richard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-75-1"},{"link_name":"goldfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish"},{"link_name":"the Noodle family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Noodle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gikow-169-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-77-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gikow-169-9"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Bill Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Irwin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Michael Jeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jeter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gikow-169-9"},{"link_name":"Kristin Chenoweth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Chenoweth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gikow-169-9"},{"link_name":"Sarah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Daniel Koren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Koren"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steinberg-27"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davis-339-15"}],"text":"The actors who have played members of the Noodle family: Bill Irwin, Michael Jeter, Kristin Chenoweth, Sarah Jones, and Daveed DiggsThe Muppet Elmo, who represented the three-year-old child, was chosen as host of Elmo's World because he had always tested well with Sesame Street's younger viewers.[10] Elmo was created in 1979 and was performed by various puppeteers, including Richard Hunt, but did not become what his eventual portrayer Kevin Clash called a \"phenomenon\"[19] until Clash took over the role in 1983. Elmo became, as writer Michael Davis reported, \"the embodiment\" of Sesame Street, and \"the marketing wonder of our age\"[20] when five million \"Tickle Me Elmo\" dolls were sold in 1996. Clash believed the \"Tickle Me Elmo\" phenomenon made Elmo a household name and led to the Elmo's World segment.[21] Clash called Elmo's World \"a colorful, lively celebration of creativity\" and \"one of the most imaginative endeavors I've ever been involved in\".[1] He stated that the segment provided him with new challenges and opportunities for \"creative risk-taking\".[1]According to Clash and Gikow, Elmo's pet goldfish Dorothy and the members of the Noodle family were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen.[8][18] Dorothy's silence allowed children to fill in the blanks, and her curiosity, which was created and enhanced by Elmo's imagination, allowed the writers and researchers to insert the curriculum lessons they want to convey. Up to nine goldfish were used per episode, so they could be replaced when necessary. Several fish were needed each season, and the surviving Dorothys were given good homes afterwards.[8]Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Sherman in short films for Sesame Street.[22] When he became unavailable, Sherman asked her friend Michael Jeter to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle's brother Mr. Noodle.[23] Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000, until his death in 2003.[8] Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle's sister Ms. Noodle,[8] and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle in the episode \"Helping\". As of January 2017, Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren, have played two more of Mr. Noodle's brothers.[24][note 4] According to Freudberg, \"Mr. Noodle, who never speaks, is all about trial and error. When you throw him a hat, he acts like he's never seen one before. Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can't.\"[12]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitlock-12"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitlock-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musical-20"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musical-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steinberg-27"}],"text":"After Elmo's World temporarily wrapped production in 2009, on the tenth and final season, the producers of Sesame Street began taking steps to increase the age of their viewers and to increase their ratings. By the end of the show's 40th anniversary in 2009, 3-year-old viewers had increased by 41 percent, 4-year-olds by 4 percent, and 5-year-olds by 21 percent.[10] According to The New York Times, executive producer Carol-Lynn Parente \"was itching to revamp the final segment\"[10] even before production of Elmo's World ended, but was prevented by the apparent satisfaction of the viewers and by tight budgets. They were also reluctant to replace the segment; as writer Joey Mazzarino explained, it was \"an emotionally charged process\"[17] because Freudberg had become ill and was not present for the discussions about it.[note 5]Elmo's World was replaced by Elmo: The Musical in 2012. Elmo's World continued to appear on repeats of Sesame Street, on DVDs,[17] and on the show's website, which sold products related to the segment.[26] In 2017, the 47th season of Sesame Street began airing on the cable subscription service HBO; Elmo's World returned, in a newly designed segment that ran five minutes at the end of each episode. Steve Youngwood, the Sesame Workshop's CEO, called it \"fresh, contemporary\".[24]","title":"End of production and return"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gikow-169-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitlock-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Tonys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonys"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"^ The CTW changed its name to the Sesame Workshop (SW) in June 2000.[5]\n\n^ The first episode of Elmo's World aired on November 16, 1998.[8]\n\n^ At first, the same segment was repeated daily for a week, but this practice was dropped at the end of the first season of Elmo's World.[10]\n\n^ Five of the actors playing members of the Noodle family have won Tonys.\n\n^ Freudberg died of brain cancer in 2012.[25]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Life as a Furry Red Monster: What Being Elmo has Taught Me About Life, Love and Laughing Out Loud.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mHgwdNOwg68C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7679-2375-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-2375-8"},{"link_name":"Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=i3ilsEuFUkAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-670-01996-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01996-0"},{"link_name":"\"G\" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eKzuDAaCD9oC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8058-3395-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3395-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57912-638-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-638-4"},{"link_name":"Archive of American Television.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MUIVGnfI4M"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Fictional location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_(fictional_location)"},{"link_name":"Sesame Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Workshop"},{"link_name":"productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sesame_Workshop_productions"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_characters"},{"link_name":"Educational goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_goals_of_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_of_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_licensing"},{"link_name":"Recurring segments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sesame_Street_recurring_segments"},{"link_name":"Accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Fran Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Brill"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"Joan Ganz Cooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney"},{"link_name":"Ryan Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Louise Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Gold"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"Richard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Eric Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Jacobson"},{"link_name":"Gerald S. Lesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_S._Lesser"},{"link_name":"Peter Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Linz"},{"link_name":"Kermit Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Love"},{"link_name":"Joey Mazzarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Mazzarino"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Morrisett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Morrisett"},{"link_name":"Jerry Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Carmen Osbahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Osbahr"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"},{"link_name":"Carol-Lynn Parente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol-Lynn_Parente"},{"link_name":"Joe Raposo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Raposo"},{"link_name":"Martin P. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_P._Robinson"},{"link_name":"David Rudman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rudman"},{"link_name":"Jon Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stone"},{"link_name":"Caroll Spinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroll_Spinney"},{"link_name":"Matt Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Vogel_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Steve Whitmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Whitmire"},{"link_name":"List of guest stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_guest_stars_on_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"List of puppeteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sesame_Street_puppeteers"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_research"},{"link_name":"International co-productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_international_co-productions"},{"link_name":"Elmo's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Snuffy's Parents Get a Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuffy%27s_Parents_Get_a_Divorce"},{"link_name":"Wicked Witch episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode_847"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_discography"},{"link_name":"Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_from_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Theme song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_You_Tell_Me_How_to_Get_to_Sesame_Street%3F"},{"link_name":"Bein' Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bein%27_Green"},{"link_name":"C Is For Cookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Is_For_Cookie"},{"link_name":"I Love Trash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Trash"},{"link_name":"Mah Nà Mah Nà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah_N%C3%A0_Mah_N%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Monster in the Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_in_the_Mirror"},{"link_name":"One of These Things (Is Not Like the Others)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_of_These_Things_(Is_Not_Like_the_Others)"},{"link_name":"Rubber Duckie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_Duckie"},{"link_name":"Sesame's Treet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame%27s_Treet"},{"link_name":"Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_(Sesame_Street_song)"},{"link_name":"Follow That Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_Presents:_Follow_That_Bird"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Elmo_in_Grouchland"},{"link_name":"The Muppet Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Great Muppet Caper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Muppet_Caper"},{"link_name":"The Muppets Take Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets_Take_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Play with Me Sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_with_Me_Sesame"},{"link_name":"Sesame Beginnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Beginnings"},{"link_name":"Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_and_Ernie%27s_Great_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Elmo: The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo:_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Not-Too-Late_Show_with_Elmo"},{"link_name":"Mecha Builders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha_Builders"},{"link_name":"Julie on Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_on_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Out to Lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_to_Lunch_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve on Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve_on_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"A Special Sesame Street Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Special_Sesame_Street_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Big Bird in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bird_in_China"},{"link_name":"Don't Eat the Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Eat_the_Pictures"},{"link_name":"A Muppet Family Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Muppet_Family_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street, Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street,_Special"},{"link_name":"Big Bird in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bird_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street..._20_Years_%26_Still_Counting"},{"link_name":"Big Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bird%27s_Birthday_or_Let_Me_Eat_Cake"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street: 25 Wonderful Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street:_25_Wonderful_Years"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street Stays Up Late!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_Stays_Up_Late!"},{"link_name":"Elmo Saves Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo_Saves_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Elmopalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmopalooza"},{"link_name":"The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Kermit_on_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"CinderElmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinderElmo"},{"link_name":"Elmo's Christmas Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo%27s_Christmas_Countdown"},{"link_name":"Abby in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"The Cookie Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cookie_Thief"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Sesame_Street_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street%27s_50th_Anniversary_Celebration"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street:_Elmo%27s_Playdate"},{"link_name":"The Monster at the End of This Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_at_the_End_of_This_Story"},{"link_name":"The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_at_the_End_of_This_Book:_Starring_Lovable,_Furry_Old_Grover"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street Together Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_Together_Book"},{"link_name":"The House of Seven Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Seven_Colors"},{"link_name":"Happy Birthday, Cookie Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Cookie_Monster"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Children and Television: Lessons from Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_and_Television:_Lessons_from_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"The Sesame Street Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sesame_Street_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Gang"},{"link_name":"Sunny Days: The Children's Television Revolution That Changed America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Days:_The_Children%27s_Television_Revolution_That_Changed_America"},{"link_name":"Video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_video_games"},{"link_name":"Big Bird's Egg Catch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bird%27s_Egg_Catch"},{"link_name":"Alpha Beam with Ernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Beam_with_Ernie"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Elmo_in_Grouchland_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Elmo's A-to-Zoo Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street:_Elmo%27s_A-to-Zoo_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Cookie's Counting Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street:_Cookie%27s_Counting_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Ready, Set, Grover!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street:_Ready,_Set,_Grover!"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street:_Once_Upon_a_Monster"},{"link_name":"Elmo's Musical Monsterpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street:_Elmo%27s_Musical_Monsterpiece"},{"link_name":"Kinect Sesame Street TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect_Sesame_Street_TV"},{"link_name":"Air Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Grover"},{"link_name":"Grover's Alpine Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_Alpine_Express"},{"link_name":"Sesame Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Place"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Place_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Place_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street 4-D Movie Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_4-D_Movie_Magic"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti Space Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_Spaghetti_Space_Chase"},{"link_name":"Vapor Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_Trail_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"The Jim Henson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"Noggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noggin_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_Live"},{"link_name":"Comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"Syndication packages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_syndication_packages"},{"link_name":"The Muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets"},{"link_name":"Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_Elmo:_A_Puppeteer%27s_Journey"},{"link_name":"I Am Big Bird: The Caroll Spinney Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Big_Bird:_The_Caroll_Spinney_Story"},{"link_name":"The World According to Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Street Gang: How We Got to Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Gang:_How_We_Got_to_Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Big Bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bag"},{"link_name":"Oobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oobi_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oobi_episodes"},{"link_name":"Panwapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panwapa"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson Idea Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson_Idea_Man"},{"link_name":"Teletape Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletape_Studios"},{"link_name":"Kaufman Astoria Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_Astoria_Studios"},{"link_name":"The Joan Ganz Cooney Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joan_Ganz_Cooney_Center"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sesame_Street"}],"text":"Clash, Kevin, Gary Brozek, and Louis Henry Mitchell (2006). My Life as a Furry Red Monster: What Being Elmo has Taught Me About Life, Love and Laughing Out Loud. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-7679-2375-8\nDavis, Michael (2008). Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-01996-0\nFisch, Shalom M. and Lewis Bernstein (2001). \"Formative Research Revealed: Methodological and Process Issues in Formative Research\", In Shalom M. Fisch & Rosemarie T. Truglio. \"G\" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street. Mahweh, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. ISBN 0-8058-3395-1\nGikow, Louise A. (2009). Sesame Street: A Celebration— Forty Years of Life on the Street. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-638-4\nHerman, Karen (2004-07-20). Archive of American Television.vteSesame Street\nFictional location\nSesame Workshop\nproductions\nCharacters\nEducational goals\nFormat\nInfluence\nLicensing\nRecurring segments\nAccolades\nPeople\nFran Brill\nKevin Clash\nJoan Ganz Cooney\nRyan Dillon\nLouise Gold\nJim Henson\nRichard Hunt\nEric Jacobson\nGerald S. Lesser\nPeter Linz\nKermit Love\nJoey Mazzarino\nLloyd Morrisett\nJerry Nelson\nCarmen Osbahr\nFrank Oz\nCarol-Lynn Parente\nJoe Raposo\nMartin P. Robinson\nDavid Rudman\nJon Stone\nCaroll Spinney\nMatt Vogel\nSteve Whitmire\nList of guest stars\nList of puppeteers\nProduction\nHistory\nResearch\nInternational co-productions\nElmo's World\n\"Snuffy's Parents Get a Divorce\"\nWicked Witch episode\nMusic\ndiscography\nSongs\nTheme song\n\"Bein' Green\"\n\"C Is For Cookie\"\n\"I Love Trash\"\n\"Mah Nà Mah Nà\"\n\"Monster in the Mirror\"\n\"One of These Things (Is Not Like the Others)\"\n\"Rubber Duckie\"\n\"Sesame's Treet\"\n\"Sing\"\nFilms\nFollow That Bird (1985)\nThe Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland (1999)\nCameos\nThe Muppet Movie (1979)\nThe Great Muppet Caper (1981)\nThe Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)\nUpcoming\nUntitled Sesame Street Movie (TBA)\n\nU.S. spin-offs\nPlay with Me Sesame\nSesame Beginnings\nBert and Ernie's Great Adventures\nElmo: The Musical\nThe Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo\nMecha Builders\nTelevision specials\nJulie on Sesame Street (1973)\nOut to Lunch (1974)\nChristmas Eve on Sesame Street (1978)\nA Special Sesame Street Christmas (1978)\nBig Bird in China (1983)\nDon't Eat the Pictures (1983)\nA Muppet Family Christmas (1987)\nSesame Street, Special (1988)\nBig Bird in Japan (1989)\nSesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting (1989)\nBig Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake (1991)\nSesame Street: 25 Wonderful Years (1993)\nSesame Street Stays Up Late! (1993)\nElmo Saves Christmas (1996)\nElmopalooza (1998)\nThe Best of Kermit on Sesame Street (1998)\nCinderElmo (1999)\nElmo's Christmas Countdown (2007)\nAbby in Wonderland (2008)\nThe Cookie Thief (2015)\nOnce Upon a Sesame Street Christmas (2016)\nSesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019)\nSesame Street: Elmo's Playdate (2020)\nThe Monster at the End of This Story (2020)\nBooks\nThe Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover (1971)\nSesame Street Together Book (1971)\nThe House of Seven Colors (1985)\nHappy Birthday, Cookie Monster (1986)\nLiterature\nSesame Street Magazine\nChildren and Television: Lessons from Sesame Street\nThe Sesame Street Dictionary\nStreet Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street\nSunny Days: The Children's Television Revolution That Changed America\nVideo games\nBig Bird's Egg Catch\nAlpha Beam with Ernie\nThe Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland\nElmo's A-to-Zoo Adventure\nCookie's Counting Carnival\nReady, Set, Grover!\nOnce Upon a Monster\nElmo's Musical Monsterpiece\nKinect Sesame Street TV\nAttractions\nAir Grover\nGrover's Alpine Express\nSesame Place\nPhiladelphia\nSan Diego\nSesame Street 4-D Movie Magic\nSpaghetti Space Chase\nVapor Trail\nRelated\nThe Jim Henson Company\nNoggin (1999-2002)\nSesame Street in the UK\nSesame Street Live\nComic strip\nSyndication packages\nThe Muppets\nBeing Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey\nI Am Big Bird: The Caroll Spinney Story\nThe World According to Sesame Street\nStreet Gang: How We Got to Sesame Street\nBig Bag\nOobi (episodes)\nPanwapa\nJim Henson Idea Man\nTeletape Studios\nKaufman Astoria Studios\nThe Joan Ganz Cooney Center\n Category","title":"Works cited"}]
[{"image_text":"Elmo’s portrayer, Kevin Clash, in 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kevin_Clash_Photo_Op_GalaxyCon_Raleigh_2022.jpg/200px-Kevin_Clash_Photo_Op_GalaxyCon_Raleigh_2022.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"CTW changes name to Sesame Workshop\". Muppet Central.com. Reuters. 2000-06-05. Retrieved 2017-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muppetcentral.com/news/2000/060500.shtml","url_text":"\"CTW changes name to Sesame Workshop\""}]},{"reference":"Whitlock, Natalie Walker (16 October 2006). \"Behind the Scenes of Elmo's World\". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2017-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/how-elmo-works2.htm","url_text":"\"Behind the Scenes of Elmo's World\""}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Tim (2002-02-04). \"Word on the 'Street': Classic Children's Show to Undergo Structural Changes This Season\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/WORD-ON-THE-STREET-Classic-children-s-show-to-2877849.php","url_text":"\"Word on the 'Street': Classic Children's Show to Undergo Structural Changes This Season\""}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Elizabeth (2012-09-13). \"Hey, Elmo, That Concept Has Legs\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/arts/television/sesame-street-adds-elmo-the-musical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&","url_text":"\"Hey, Elmo, That Concept Has Legs\""}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Brian (2016-10-17). \"'Sesame Street' Will Revive 'Elmo's World'\". Variety. Retrieved 2017-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/elmo-world-sesame-street-hbo-pbs-1201890672/","url_text":"\"'Sesame Street' Will Revive 'Elmo's World'\""}]},{"reference":"Slotnik, Daniel E. (2012-06-16). \"Judy Freudberg, a Writer for 'Sesame Street' for 35 Years, Dies at 62\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/arts/television/judy-freudberg-who-wrote-for-sesame-street-dies-at-62.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Judy Freudberg, a Writer for 'Sesame Street' for 35 Years, Dies at 62\""}]},{"reference":"Crimaldi, Philip. \"Season 43\" (Press release). Sesame Workshop.org. Archived from the original on 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120809163044/http://www.sesameworkshop.org/season43/news/press-release/","url_text":"\"Season 43\""},{"url":"http://www.sesameworkshop.org/season43/news/press-release/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.muppetcentral.com/news/2000/060500.shtml","external_links_name":"\"CTW changes name to Sesame Workshop\""},{"Link":"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/how-elmo-works2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Scenes of Elmo's World\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/WORD-ON-THE-STREET-Classic-children-s-show-to-2877849.php","external_links_name":"\"Word on the 'Street': Classic Children's Show to Undergo Structural Changes This Season\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/arts/television/sesame-street-adds-elmo-the-musical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&","external_links_name":"\"Hey, Elmo, That Concept Has Legs\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/elmo-world-sesame-street-hbo-pbs-1201890672/","external_links_name":"\"'Sesame Street' Will Revive 'Elmo's World'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/arts/television/judy-freudberg-who-wrote-for-sesame-street-dies-at-62.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Judy Freudberg, a Writer for 'Sesame Street' for 35 Years, Dies at 62\""},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120809163044/http://www.sesameworkshop.org/season43/news/press-release/","external_links_name":"\"Season 43\""},{"Link":"http://www.sesameworkshop.org/season43/news/press-release/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sesamestreet.org/elmos-world","external_links_name":"Elmo's World at official sesamestreet.org website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929034404/https://www.sesamestreet.org/elmos-world","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mHgwdNOwg68C","external_links_name":"My Life as a Furry Red Monster: What Being Elmo has Taught Me About Life, Love and Laughing Out Loud."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i3ilsEuFUkAC","external_links_name":"Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eKzuDAaCD9oC","external_links_name":"\"G\" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MUIVGnfI4M","external_links_name":"Archive of American Television."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapantsula
Mapantsula
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","4 Themes","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1988 film This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MapantsulaDirected byOliver SchmitzWritten byOliver SchmitzThomas MogotlaneProduced byDavid HannayMax MontocchioStarringThomas MogotlaneCinematographyRod StewartEdited byMark BaardRelease date 20 October 1988 (1988-10-20) Running time104 minutesCountrySouth AfricaLanguageZulu Mapantsula is a 1988 South African crime film directed by Oliver Schmitz and written by Schmitz and Thomas Mogotlane. It tells the story of Johannes 'Panic' Themba Mzolo (Mogotlane), a small-time thief, set against the backdrop of Apartheid. The film's use of flashbacks between Panic's time at the hands of his apartheid jailor 'Stander' (Marcel Van Heerden) and happenings in the Johannesburg township of Soweto display the injustices black South Africans suffered during apartheid and their struggle for suffrage. The film makes extensive use of political rallies, police brutality, and racial difference to example the effects of apartheid on black South Africans. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the South African entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. Plot Mapantsula begins with cut-scenes between a heated protest and several police vehicles transporting apprehended black South Africans. There is a voice in the background saying that they have violated the Internal Security Act by gathering without permission and inciting a riot. Here we first see Panic who is herded with the rest of the prisoners, including women and children. He is put in a cell with eight other men. There is a cut-scene to a busy Johannesburg street where Panic and his partner in crime, Dingaan (Darlington Michaels), rob a white South African of his wallet, threatening him with a knife when he attempts to get his money back. After, Panic and Dingaan meet up at a local corner store and recount the event. Laughing, Dingaan says, "Eh man, we should stop this." Panic replies, "You're crazy." Panic then makes his way home to the Soweto township where he rents a small, one-room house from a landlady he refers to as Ma Mobise (Dolly Rathebe). As he dresses up for a night out, she warns him that she wants him to stay out of trouble, commenting he dresses like a tsotsi, or gangster. Back at the prison, Panic is standing separate of the other prisoners. He demands one of them move out of his way and confronts another when asked why he is there. Panic replies, "The same reason as you." The others do not believe him. We flashback to Panic at a disco club with his girlfriend Pat and Dingaan. After being hit on by the owner Lucky, she leaves, prompting Panic to go after her. They return to Panic's place. There is another cut to Stander's office where he and Panic are first introduced. Stander asks Panic if he speaks Afrikaans, Panic says he does not. Flashback to Panic's house the morning after they go partying, Panic and Pat part after bickering over him not having a job. Pat leaves and Panic is approached by Ma Mobise about paying his rent. She then lectures him about rising rent prices and how nothing is ever done in Soweto. Her son Sam (Eugene Majola) listens on. Pat in the meantime arrives for work. She is a housemaid to a white South African woman, Joyce (Margaret Michaels). Panic arrives, asking Pat for money. Joyce sends him away. Back in prison, all of the cells are full. Panic is being interrogated by Stander, who is outlining his extensive criminal history. On the last page, he leans back and notes, "I see you've been working for us." In another flashback, Panic is trailing an obviously rich woman on the street, eyeing her handbag. But before he has a chance, another man grabs it from her. Panic runs after him. He meets up with Dingaan and Pat in a bar, and recounts that he tripped up the thief and the woman rewarded him. The thief is in fact at the bar and confronts Panic. He is angry about Panic getting out of jail on an earlier occasion, accusing him of selling out to the authorities. Panic breaks a bottle and threatens to kill him. The other man runs. A white officers comes into Panic's cell and accuses all the men there of being terrorists. Panic is then taken to Stander's office, where Stander demands, "What do these communists want?" Back in Soweto, Panic steals a suit and dons it. He goes to Joyce's house to see Pat. Pat sends him away in anger. He refuses to leave. Joyce arrives and demands him to leave. He refuses. Joyce gets her dog and threatens Panic. He backs away from the house. Leaving, he picks up a brick and throws it through Joyce's window. In Stander's office, the police officer offers Panic coffee and food. He demands information from him about a man named Duma (Peter Sephima). Panic says he does not know him. Upon returning to his cell, he is accused by a fellow inmate of selling out to the authorities. Through another flashback, we find out that Pat has been fired. Sam takes Pat to a local gathering of the National African Congress, where the locals demand for the mayor (Steven Moloi) to keep from raising rents. Duma first appears, speaking out against the mayor and the current order. The next morning, Ma Mobise wakes up a hung over Panic and demands he pay rent. He begrudgingly obliges. Ma Mobise then runs into her son, Sam, on the street. After telling him to stay out of trouble, Sam runs from an approaching police van. Pat, meanwhile, meets with Duma, who urges her to return to Joyce and demand payment for benefits she was denied and the last week's wages. Pat goes to Joyce's, but is rebuffed by her former employer. Panic and Dingaan are in a mall. They spot a rich target and try to once again pull the trick they did earlier in the film. The man resists, grabbing the both of them. Panic stabs him and the two escape to a movie theater. Dingaan tells Panic he wants nothing more to do with him and leaves him. Panic in vain tries to get Pat back by going to her aunt's house. But he is sent away once again. Back in Stander's office, Panic is standing nearly naked in front of the inspector. Stander and another officer nearly throw him out the window as an intimidation tactic. In another cut scene, we see Panic at a local healer's, she tells him that, "…the past and future are for dreaming about. The present is for living in." We see Pat meet up with Duma. They go to his office, but the police are searching it. They escape. There is a funeral in Soweto which the police attempt to stop. We see them take away Sam before running from the riotous crowd. Panic comes home and discusses this with Ma Mobise, she says he isn't at the police station. He then goes out looking for Sam. He ends up finding out that Sam has been hanging out with Duma, who is in hiding. Knowing Lucky is his brother, Panic goes to Lucky's. He gets nowhere, even after threatening him. Panic leaves, and we see that two detectives are staking out Lucky's house. Back at the police station, Panic is being humiliated by Stander, crouching naked in a locker room after insisting he does not know Duma. In another flashback, Panic is at Lucky's at night. He finds out Duma is there. Duma runs but Panic catches up with him and demands he leave Pat alone. The detectives staking out Lucky's place chase them but do not catch them. In his office, Stander places something in front of Panic and demands he sign it. Panic refuses. Stander shows him a recording of a riot. Through a quick series of flashbacks, we realize that this is a riot protesting Sam's death. Ma Mobise runs in front of the crowd and screams for justice. She is shot and the riot turns into a brawl. Panic and Duma flee but are caught by soldiers. Panic fights them and Duma escapes. In the final scene we see that the papers Stander demands Panic sign are actually a confession that Panic was aiding Duma in terrorist activities. Panic looks into the camera and refuses to sign the confession. Cast Thomas Mogotlane as Panic Marcel Van Heerden as Stander Thembi Mtshali as Pat Dolly Rathebe as Ma Mobise Peter Sephuma as Duma Darlington Michaels as Dingaan Eugene Majola as Sam Gabriel Dichwabe as Crowd Leader Brad Morris as Riot Policeman Polite Dlamini as Prisoner Duma Nyembe as Prisoner Jerry Mokgoko as Policeman Similo Makhambi as Charge Office Sergeant Boitumelo Dijoe as Sergeant Arthur Molepo as Warder Music The music in the film is provided by The Ouens, a South African musical group. The word ouen is a local term meaning streetwise men, those often concerned with the wellbeing of their community and not just themselves, setting them apart from amapantsula. Aside from the music heard in Lucky's disco club, the majority of the rest of the music is chanting in Zulu. Most of these songs are sung by the prisoners in the cells with Panic or during the riots. Themes Mapantsula heavily criticizes apartheid, showing how many different black South Africans, some law-abiding citizens, others criminals, are unjustly affected by the institutionalized policy of racism. Panic both exploits the system and is still caught in it. The inevitability of the conflict around him forces Panic to make a decision between personal gain (by confessing Duma is a terrorist to the police and being released) and helping the larger social movement by staying silent about Duma's whereabouts. Even though Panic inadvertently helps the police, the very force he's always fought against, he refuses to continue being selfish after Sam's death and Ma Mobisa's murder right in front of him. The film's depiction of criminal life in the global post-colony is one of self-determination. There is no system of justice in Mapantsula, the authorities are instead more interested in the status-quo that true order in a democratic nation. The mayor of Sowato is not elected by the people he supposedly represents and is accused of pocketing the money he gets from raising the rents. This is an example of private indirect government. The crime depicted in Mapantsula is common in South Africa, especially pre-apartheid. The pickpocketing Panic commits is common in South Africa and difficult for the police to investigate. His musings on robbing Joyce also represent the fact that the majority of thefts in South Africa occur out of opportunity and not vengeance or racial discrimination. See also List of submissions to the 62nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of South African submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film References ^ "Festival de Cannes: Mapantsula". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 30 July 2009. ^ Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ^ Shefer, Tamara. From Boys to Men: Social Constructions of Masculinity in Contemporary Society. Lansdowne South Africa: UCT, 2007. 160-76. Print. ^ Aufderheide, Patricia. "Mapantusla." American University Library. N.p., 17 September 1996. Web. 18 October 2013. <"Untitled Document". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.>. ^ Comaroff, Jean, and John L. Comaroff. "Law and Order in the Postcolony: An Introduction."Law and Disorder in the Postcolony. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2006. 1-56. Print. ^ Altbeker, Antony. A Country at War with Itself: South Africa's Crisis of Crime. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2007. Print. External links Mapantsula at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Oliver Schmitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Schmitz"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mogotlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Mogotlane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Soweto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality"},{"link_name":"Un Certain Regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard"},{"link_name":"1988 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-1"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"62nd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mapantsula is a 1988 South African crime film directed by Oliver Schmitz and written by Schmitz and Thomas Mogotlane. It tells the story of Johannes 'Panic' Themba Mzolo (Mogotlane), a small-time thief, set against the backdrop of Apartheid. The film's use of flashbacks between Panic's time at the hands of his apartheid jailor 'Stander' (Marcel Van Heerden) and happenings in the Johannesburg township of Soweto display the injustices black South Africans suffered during apartheid and their struggle for suffrage. The film makes extensive use of political rallies, police brutality, and racial difference to example the effects of apartheid on black South Africans. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival.[1] The film was selected as the South African entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.[2]","title":"Mapantsula"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mapantsula begins with cut-scenes between a heated protest and several police vehicles transporting apprehended black South Africans. There is a voice in the background saying that they have violated the Internal Security Act by gathering without permission and inciting a riot. Here we first see Panic who is herded with the rest of the prisoners, including women and children. He is put in a cell with eight other men.There is a cut-scene to a busy Johannesburg street where Panic and his partner in crime, Dingaan (Darlington Michaels), rob a white South African of his wallet, threatening him with a knife when he attempts to get his money back. After, Panic and Dingaan meet up at a local corner store and recount the event. Laughing, Dingaan says, \"Eh man, we should stop this.\" Panic replies, \"You're crazy.\"Panic then makes his way home to the Soweto township where he rents a small, one-room house from a landlady he refers to as Ma Mobise (Dolly Rathebe). As he dresses up for a night out, she warns him that she wants him to stay out of trouble, commenting he dresses like a tsotsi, or gangster. Back at the prison, Panic is standing separate of the other prisoners. He demands one of them move out of his way and confronts another when asked why he is there. Panic replies, \"The same reason as you.\" The others do not believe him.We flashback to Panic at a disco club with his girlfriend Pat and Dingaan. After being hit on by the owner Lucky, she leaves, prompting Panic to go after her. They return to Panic's place. There is another cut to Stander's office where he and Panic are first introduced. Stander asks Panic if he speaks Afrikaans, Panic says he does not. Flashback to Panic's house the morning after they go partying, Panic and Pat part after bickering over him not having a job. Pat leaves and Panic is approached by Ma Mobise about paying his rent. She then lectures him about rising rent prices and how nothing is ever done in Soweto. Her son Sam (Eugene Majola) listens on. Pat in the meantime arrives for work. She is a housemaid to a white South African woman, Joyce (Margaret Michaels). Panic arrives, asking Pat for money. Joyce sends him away.Back in prison, all of the cells are full. Panic is being interrogated by Stander, who is outlining his extensive criminal history. On the last page, he leans back and notes, \"I see you've been working for us.\" In another flashback, Panic is trailing an obviously rich woman on the street, eyeing her handbag. But before he has a chance, another man grabs it from her. Panic runs after him. He meets up with Dingaan and Pat in a bar, and recounts that he tripped up the thief and the woman rewarded him. The thief is in fact at the bar and confronts Panic. He is angry about Panic getting out of jail on an earlier occasion, accusing him of selling out to the authorities. Panic breaks a bottle and threatens to kill him. The other man runs. A white officers comes into Panic's cell and accuses all the men there of being terrorists. Panic is then taken to Stander's office, where Stander demands, \"What do these communists want?\"Back in Soweto, Panic steals a suit and dons it. He goes to Joyce's house to see Pat. Pat sends him away in anger. He refuses to leave. Joyce arrives and demands him to leave. He refuses. Joyce gets her dog and threatens Panic. He backs away from the house. Leaving, he picks up a brick and throws it through Joyce's window. In Stander's office, the police officer offers Panic coffee and food. He demands information from him about a man named Duma (Peter Sephima). Panic says he does not know him. Upon returning to his cell, he is accused by a fellow inmate of selling out to the authorities. Through another flashback, we find out that Pat has been fired. Sam takes Pat to a local gathering of the National African Congress, where the locals demand for the mayor (Steven Moloi) to keep from raising rents. Duma first appears, speaking out against the mayor and the current order.The next morning, Ma Mobise wakes up a hung over Panic and demands he pay rent. He begrudgingly obliges. Ma Mobise then runs into her son, Sam, on the street. After telling him to stay out of trouble, Sam runs from an approaching police van. Pat, meanwhile, meets with Duma, who urges her to return to Joyce and demand payment for benefits she was denied and the last week's wages. Pat goes to Joyce's, but is rebuffed by her former employer. Panic and Dingaan are in a mall. They spot a rich target and try to once again pull the trick they did earlier in the film. The man resists, grabbing the both of them. Panic stabs him and the two escape to a movie theater. Dingaan tells Panic he wants nothing more to do with him and leaves him. Panic in vain tries to get Pat back by going to her aunt's house. But he is sent away once again.Back in Stander's office, Panic is standing nearly naked in front of the inspector. Stander and another officer nearly throw him out the window as an intimidation tactic. In another cut scene, we see Panic at a local healer's, she tells him that, \"…the past and future are for dreaming about. The present is for living in.\" We see Pat meet up with Duma. They go to his office, but the police are searching it. They escape. There is a funeral in Soweto which the police attempt to stop. We see them take away Sam before running from the riotous crowd. Panic comes home and discusses this with Ma Mobise, she says he isn't at the police station. He then goes out looking for Sam. He ends up finding out that Sam has been hanging out with Duma, who is in hiding. Knowing Lucky is his brother, Panic goes to Lucky's. He gets nowhere, even after threatening him. Panic leaves, and we see that two detectives are staking out Lucky's house.Back at the police station, Panic is being humiliated by Stander, crouching naked in a locker room after insisting he does not know Duma. In another flashback, Panic is at Lucky's at night. He finds out Duma is there. Duma runs but Panic catches up with him and demands he leave Pat alone. The detectives staking out Lucky's place chase them but do not catch them.\tIn his office, Stander places something in front of Panic and demands he sign it. Panic refuses. Stander shows him a recording of a riot. Through a quick series of flashbacks, we realize that this is a riot protesting Sam's death. Ma Mobise runs in front of the crowd and screams for justice. She is shot and the riot turns into a brawl. Panic and Duma flee but are caught by soldiers. Panic fights them and Duma escapes. In the final scene we see that the papers Stander demands Panic sign are actually a confession that Panic was aiding Duma in terrorist activities. Panic looks into the camera and refuses to sign the confession.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Mogotlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Mogotlane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcel Van Heerden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Van_Heerden"},{"link_name":"Thembi Mtshali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thembi_Mtshali"},{"link_name":"Dolly Rathebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Rathebe"},{"link_name":"Peter Sephuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Sephuma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Darlington Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Eugene Majola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Majola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Dichwabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Dichwabe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brad Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Morris_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polite Dlamini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polite_Dlamini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duma Nyembe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duma_Nyembe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jerry Mokgoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Mokgoko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Similo Makhambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Similo_Makhambi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boitumelo Dijoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boitumelo_Dijoe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Molepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Molepo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Thomas Mogotlane as Panic\nMarcel Van Heerden as Stander\nThembi Mtshali as Pat\nDolly Rathebe as Ma Mobise\nPeter Sephuma as Duma\nDarlington Michaels as Dingaan\nEugene Majola as Sam\nGabriel Dichwabe as Crowd Leader\nBrad Morris as Riot Policeman\nPolite Dlamini as Prisoner\nDuma Nyembe as Prisoner\nJerry Mokgoko as Policeman\nSimilo Makhambi as Charge Office Sergeant\nBoitumelo Dijoe as Sergeant\nArthur Molepo as Warder","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The music in the film is provided by The Ouens, a South African musical group. The word ouen is a local term meaning streetwise men, those often concerned with the wellbeing of their community and not just themselves, setting them apart from amapantsula.[3] Aside from the music heard in Lucky's disco club, the majority of the rest of the music is chanting in Zulu. Most of these songs are sung by the prisoners in the cells with Panic or during the riots.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mapantsula heavily criticizes apartheid, showing how many different black South Africans, some law-abiding citizens, others criminals, are unjustly affected by the institutionalized policy of racism. Panic both exploits the system and is still caught in it. The inevitability of the conflict around him forces Panic to make a decision between personal gain (by confessing Duma is a terrorist to the police and being released) and helping the larger social movement by staying silent about Duma's whereabouts.[4] Even though Panic inadvertently helps the police, the very force he's always fought against, he refuses to continue being selfish after Sam's death and Ma Mobisa's murder right in front of him.The film's depiction of criminal life in the global post-colony is one of self-determination. There is no system of justice in Mapantsula, the authorities are instead more interested in the status-quo that true order in a democratic nation. The mayor of Sowato is not elected by the people he supposedly represents and is accused of pocketing the money he gets from raising the rents. This is an example of private indirect government.[5]The crime depicted in Mapantsula is common in South Africa, especially pre-apartheid. The pickpocketing Panic commits is common in South Africa and difficult for the police to investigate. His musings on robbing Joyce also represent the fact that the majority of thefts in South Africa occur out of opportunity and not vengeance or racial discrimination.[6]","title":"Themes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of submissions to the 62nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_62nd_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of South African submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_African_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
[{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: Mapantsula\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 30 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/345/year/1988.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: Mapantsula\""}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Document\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192408/http://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/mapantsu.html","url_text":"\"Untitled Document\""},{"url":"http://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/mapantsu.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapantsula&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/345/year/1988.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: Mapantsula\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192408/http://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/mapantsu.html","external_links_name":"\"Untitled Document\""},{"Link":"http://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/mapantsu.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095587/","external_links_name":"Mapantsula"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%E2%80%9344_Boston_Bruins_season
1943–44 Boston Bruins season
["1 Offseason","2 Regular season","2.1 Final standings","2.2 Record vs. opponents","3 Schedule and results","4 Playoffs","5 Player statistics","5.1 Regular season","6 Awards and records","7 Transactions","8 See also","9 References"]
NHL team season 1943–44 Boston BruinsDivision5th NHL1943–44 record19–26–5Team informationGeneral managerArt RossCoachArt RossCaptainDit ClapperTeam leadersGoalsHerb Cain (36)AssistsHerb Cain (46)PointsHerb Cain (82)Penalty minutesBep Guidolin (58)WinsBert Gardiner (17)Goals against averageBert Gardiner (5.17)← 1942–431944–45 → The 1943–44 Boston Bruins season was the Bruins' 20th season in the NHL. Offseason This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011) Regular season Final standings National Hockey League vte GP W L T GF GA DIFF Pts 1 Montreal Canadiens 50 38 5 7 234 109 +125 83 2 Detroit Red Wings 50 26 18 6 214 177 +37 58 3 Toronto Maple Leafs 50 23 23 4 214 174 +40 50 4 Chicago Black Hawks 50 22 23 5 178 187 −9 49 5 Boston Bruins 50 19 26 5 223 268 −45 43 6 New York Rangers 50 6 39 5 162 310 −148 17 Record vs. opponents 1943–44 NHL Records Team BOS CHI DET MTL NYR TOR Boston — 5–5 1–7–2 3–5–2 7–2–1 3–7 Chicago 5–5 — 5–5 0–8–2 7–1–2 5–4–1 Detroit 7–1–2 5–5 — 0–9–1 8–1–1 6–2–2 Montreal 5–3–2 8–0–2 9–0–1 — 9–0–1 7–2–1 New York 2–7–1 1–7–2 1–8–1 0–9–1 — 2–8 Toronto 7–3 4–5–1 2–6–2 2–7–1 8–2 — Schedule and results Regular season schedule No. R Date Score Opponent Record 1 T October 30, 1943 2–2 @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 0–0–1 2 W November 6, 1943 5–2 @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 1–0–1 3 L November 7, 1943 4–6 @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 1–1–1 4 L November 11, 1943 4–6 @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 1–2–1 5 W November 13, 1943 6–2 @ New York Rangers (1943–44) 2–2–1 6 T November 16, 1943 2–2 Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 2–2–2 7 L November 18, 1943 3–7 @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 2–3–2 8 L November 21, 1943 4–13 @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 2–4–2 9 W November 23, 1943 8–5 Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 3–4–2 10 W November 25, 1943 6–2 New York Rangers (1943–44) 4–4–2 11 L November 27, 1943 4–7 @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 4–5–2 12 L November 28, 1943 4–5 @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 4–6–2 13 W November 30, 1943 6–5 Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 5–6–2 14 W December 5, 1943 5–4 Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 6–6–2 15 T December 7, 1943 6–6 Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 6–6–3 16 W December 11, 1943 9–6 New York Rangers (1943–44) 7–6–3 17 L December 12, 1943 4–6 @ New York Rangers (1943–44) 7–7–3 18 W December 14, 1943 4–3 Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 8–7–3 19 L December 19, 1943 1–3 @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 8–8–3 20 W December 21, 1943 8–5 Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 9–8–3 21 T December 26, 1943 4–4 @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 9–8–4 22 W December 28, 1943 5–2 Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 10–8–4 23 L January 1, 1944 2–5 Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 10–9–4 24 W January 2, 1944 13–3 @ New York Rangers (1943–44) 11–9–4 25 W January 4, 1944 6–4 Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 12–9–4 26 L January 8, 1944 3–12 @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 12–10–4 27 W January 15, 1944 7–5 New York Rangers (1943–44) 13–10–4 28 L January 16, 1944 6–8 @ New York Rangers (1943–44) 13–11–4 29 L January 18, 1944 2–7 Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 13–12–4 30 L January 22, 1944 2–6 @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 13–13–4 31 L January 23, 1944 1–4 Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 13–14–4 32 L January 25, 1944 3–6 Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 13–15–4 33 L January 29, 1944 1–6 @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 13–16–4 34 L February 1, 1944 0–2 Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 13–17–4 35 W February 5, 1944 7–2 New York Rangers (1943–44) 14–17–4 36 W February 8, 1944 3–0 Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 15–17–4 37 W February 10, 1944 5–4 @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 16–17–4 38 L February 13, 1944 1–4 Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 16–18–4 39 L February 19, 1944 4–10 @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 16–19–4 40 L February 20, 1944 5–6 @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 16–20–4 41 L February 26, 1944 2–10 @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 16–21–4 42 L February 29, 1944 3–7 Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 16–22–4 43 L March 2, 1944 2–4 @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 16–23–4 44 W March 4, 1944 10–9 New York Rangers (1943–44) 17–23–4 45 T March 5, 1944 4–4 @ New York Rangers (1943–44) 17–23–5 46 L March 7, 1944 4–8 Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 17–24–5 47 W March 12, 1944 6–5 Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) 18–24–5 48 W March 14, 1944 6–4 Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) 19–24–5 49 L March 16, 1944 9–10 @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) 19–25–5 50 L March 18, 1944 2–10 @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1943–44) 19–26–5 Playoffs The Bruins failed to qualify for the playoffs. Player statistics Regular season Scoring Player Pos GP G A Pts PIM Herb Cain LW 48 36 46 82 4 Bill Cowley C 36 30 41 71 12 Art Jackson C 49 28 41 69 8 Buzz Boll LW 39 19 25 44 2 Norm Calladine C 49 16 27 43 8 Bep Guidolin LW 47 17 25 42 58 Busher Jackson LW 42 11 21 32 25 Dit Clapper RW/D 50 6 25 31 13 Pat Egan D 25 11 13 24 55 Jack Crawford D 34 4 16 20 8 Don Gallinger C 23 13 5 18 6 Flash Hollett D 25 9 7 16 4 Russ Kopak C 24 7 9 16 0 Alan Rittinger W 19 3 7 10 0 Aldo Palazzari RW 24 6 3 9 4 Guy Labrie D 15 2 7 9 2 Tom Brennan RW 11 2 1 3 2 Chuck Scherza LW/C 9 1 1 2 6 Oscar Aubuchon LW 9 1 0 1 0 Clarence Schmidt RW 7 1 0 1 2 Irwin Boyd RW 5 0 1 1 0 Bert Gardiner G 41 0 1 1 0 George Abbott G 1 0 0 0 0 Maurice Courteau G 6 0 0 0 0 Ab DeMarco C 3 0 0 0 0 Jimmy Franks G 1 0 0 0 0 Benny Grant G 1 0 0 0 0 Otto Schmidt D 2 0 0 0 0 John Wilkinson D 9 0 0 0 6 Goaltending Player MIN GP W L T GA GAA SO Bert Gardiner 2460 41 17 19 5 212 5.17 1 Maurice Courteau 360 6 2 4 0 33 5.50 0 George Abbott 60 1 0 1 0 7 7.00 0 Jimmy Franks 60 1 0 1 0 6 6.00 0 Benny Grant 60 1 0 1 0 10 10.00 0 Team: 3000 50 19 26 5 268 5.36 1 Note: Pos = Position; GPI = Games played in; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes; +/- = Plus/minus; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals Min, TOI = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T,T/OT = Ties; OTL = Overtime losses; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage; Awards and records This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011) Transactions This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011) See also 1943–44 NHL season References ^ "Standings: 1943–1944". National Hockey League. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ "All-Time NHL Results". NHL.com. Retrieved August 25, 2023. ^ "1943-44 Boston Bruins Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com". hockey-reference.com. Retrieved June 11, 2009. vteBoston Bruins Founded in 1924 Based in Boston, Massachusetts Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History Original Six Records Award winners Retired numbers Broadcasters Personnel Owner(s) Jeremy Jacobs General manager Don Sweeney Head coach Jim Montgomery Team captain Brad Marchand Current roster Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden TD Garden Rivalries Montreal Canadiens Philadelphia Flyers Toronto Maple Leafs Affiliates AHL Providence Bruins ECHL Maine Mariners Media TV NESN Radio WBZ-FM/Radio Network Culture and lore Warrior Ice Arena Rene Rancourt The Goal Willie O'Ree North Station "Bear and the Gang" "Kernkraft 400" Happy Gilmore The Sports Museum of New England The Big Bad Bruins The Kraut Line "Time to Go" 1956 exhibition game in Newfoundland 2010 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Winter Classic 2019 NHL Winter Classic NHL Outdoors at Lake Tahoe 2023 NHL Winter Classic 2024 Big City Greens Classic Category WikiProject Commons vteBoston Bruins seasons1920s 1920–21 . 1921–22 . 1922–23 . 1923–24 . 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930s 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940s 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950s 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960s 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970s 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980s 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990s 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000s 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010s 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020s 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship vte1943–44 NHL seasonTeams Boston Chicago Detroit Montreal New York Toronto See also Punch line Stanley Cup Finals Transactions
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"20th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins_seasons"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"}],"text":"The 1943–44 Boston Bruins season was the Bruins' 20th season in the NHL.","title":"1943–44 Boston Bruins season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final standings","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record vs. opponents","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Bruins failed to qualify for the playoffs.","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Penalty minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Plus/minus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Power-play goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_play#Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Short-handed goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-handed"},{"link_name":"Game-winning goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_statistics"},{"link_name":"Goals-against average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goals_against_average"},{"link_name":"Shutouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutout#Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"saved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(goaltender)"},{"link_name":"Save percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_percentage"}],"sub_title":"Regular season","text":"ScoringGoaltending[3]Note: \nPos = Position; GPI = Games played in; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes; +/- = Plus/minus; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals\nMin, TOI = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T,T/OT = Ties; OTL = Overtime losses; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transactions"}]
[]
[{"title":"1943–44 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%E2%80%9344_NHL_season"}]
[{"reference":"\"Standings: 1943–1944\". National Hockey League. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/standings/1943","url_text":"\"Standings: 1943–1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-Time NHL Results\". NHL.com. Retrieved August 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/info/all-time-nhl-playoff-results","url_text":"\"All-Time NHL Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"1943-44 Boston Bruins Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com\". hockey-reference.com. Retrieved June 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/BOS/1944.html","url_text":"\"1943-44 Boston Bruins Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943%E2%80%9344_Boston_Bruins_season&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943%E2%80%9344_Boston_Bruins_season&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943%E2%80%9344_Boston_Bruins_season&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/standings/1943","external_links_name":"\"Standings: 1943–1944\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/info/all-time-nhl-playoff-results","external_links_name":"\"All-Time NHL Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/BOS/1944.html","external_links_name":"\"1943-44 Boston Bruins Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_head_football_coaches
List of Alabama Crimson Tide head football coaches
["1 Key","2 Coaches","3 Notes","4 References"]
Kalen DeBoer is the 28th and current head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide. The Alabama Crimson Tide college football team represents the University of Alabama in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Crimson Tide competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The program has had 28 head coaches, and 1 interim head coach, since it began play during the 1892 season. Since January 2024, Kalen DeBoer has served as Alabama's head coach. Adopting the nickname of the Crimson Tide after the 1907 season, the team has played more than 1,100 games over 119 seasons. In that time, 12 coaches have led the Crimson Tide in postseason bowl games: Wallace Wade, Frank Thomas, Harold Drew, Bear Bryant, Ray Perkins, Bill Curry, Gene Stallings, Mike DuBose, Dennis Franchione, Mike Shula, Joe Kines, and Nick Saban. Eight of those coaches also won conference championships: Wade captured four as a member of the Southern Conference and Thomas, Drew, Bryant, Curry, Stallings, DuBose, and Saban won a combined 25 as a member of the SEC. During their tenures, Wade, Thomas, Bryant, Stallings, and Saban each won national championships with the Crimson Tide. Bryant is the leader in seasons coached and games won, with 232 victories during his 25 years with the program. Saban has the highest winning percentage of those who have coached more than one game, with .866. Jennings B. Whitworth has the lowest winning percentage of those who have coached more than one game, with .166. Mike Price, who was hired in 2003, was fired prior to coaching a game. Of the 28 different head coaches who have led the Crimson Tide, Wade, Thomas, Bryant, and Stallings have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Key Key to symbols in coaches list General Overall Conference Postseason No. Order of coaches GC Games coached CW Conference wins PW Postseason wins DC Division championships OW Overall wins CL Conference losses PL Postseason losses CC Conference championships OL Overall losses CT Conference ties PT Postseason ties NC National championships OT Overall ties C% Conference winning percentage † Elected to the College Football Hall of Fame O% Overall winning percentage Coaches List of head football coaches showing season(s) coached, overall records, conference records, postseason records, championships and selected awards No. Name Season(s) GC OW OL OT O% CW CL CT C% PW PL PT DC CC NC Awards 1 E. B. Beaumont 1892 4 2 2 0 0.500 — — — — — — — — — 0 — 2 Eli Abbott 1893–1895, 1902 20 7 13 0 0.350 2 8 0 0.200 — — — — 0 0 — 3 Otto Wagonhurst 1896 3 2 1 0 0.667 1 1 0 0.500 — — — — 0 0 — 4 Allen McCants 1897 1 1 0 0 1.000 — — — — — — — — 0 0 — 5 W. A. Martin 1899 4 3 1 0 0.750 1 0 0 1.000 — — — — 0 0 — 6 Malcolm Griffin 1900 5 2 3 0 0.400 1 3 0 0.250 — — — — 0 0 — 7 M. S. Harvey 1901 5 2 1 2 0.600 2 1 2 0.600 — — — — 0 0 — 8 W. B. Blount 1903–1904 17 10 7 0 0.588 8 7 0 0.533 — — — — 0 0 — 9 Jack Leavenworth 1905 10 6 4 0 0.600 5 4 0 0.556 — — — — 0 0 — 10 J. W. H. Pollard 1906–1909 30 21 4 5 0.783 13 4 5 0.705 — — — — 0 0 — 11 Guy Lowman 1910 8 4 4 0 0.500 1 4 0 0.200 — — — — 0 0 — 12 D. V. Graves 1911–1914 36 21 12 3 0.625 14 11 3 0.554 — — — — 0 0 — 13 Thomas Kelley 1915–1917 25 17 7 1 0.700 12 6 1 0.658 0 0 0 — 0 0 — 14 Xen Scott 1919–1922 41 29 9 3 0.744 17 8 3 0.661 0 0 0 — 0 0 — 15 Wallace Wade† 1923–1930 77 61 13 3 0.812 45 10 2 0.807 2 0 1 — 4 3 – 1925, 1926, 1930 — 16 Frank Thomas† 1931–1946 146 115 24 7 0.812 71 19 6 0.771 4 2 0 — 4 2 – 1934, 1945 SEC Coach of the Year (1945) 17 Harold Drew 1947–1954 89 54 28 7 0.646 33 21 7 0.598 1 2 0 — 1 0 SEC Coach of the Year (1952) 18 Jennings B. Whitworth 1955–1957 30 4 24 2 0.167 3 18 1 0.159 0 0 0 — 0 0 — 19 Bear Bryant† 1958–1982 256 205 42 9 0.818 125 25 5 0.823 12 10 2 — 13 6 – 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979 AFCA Coach of the Year (1961, 1971, 1973)AP SEC Coach of the Year (1961, 1964, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981)UPI SEC Coach of the Year (1959, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1981)SEC Coach of the Year (1961, 1964, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1981) 20 Ray Perkins 1983–1986 48 32 15 1 0.677 14 9 1 0.604 3 0 0 — 0 0 — 21 Bill Curry 1987–1989 36 26 10 0 0.722 14 6 0 0.700 1 2 0 — 1 0 Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award (1989)AP SEC Coach of the Year (1989)UPI SEC Coach of the Year (1987, 1989)SEC Coach of the Year (1989) 22 Gene Stallings† 1990–1996 87 62 25 0 0.713 38 16 0 0.704 5 1 0 4 1 1 – 1992 AFCA Coach of the Year (1992)FWAA Coach of the Year (1992)George Munger Award (1992)Walter Camp Coach of the Year (1992)AP SEC Coach of the Year (1992)SEC Coach of the Year (1992) 23 Mike DuBose 1997–2000 47 24 23 — 0.511 16 16 — 0.500 0 2 — 1 1 0 AP SEC Coach of the Year (1999)SEC Coach of the Year (1999) 24 Dennis Franchione 2001–2002 25 17 8 — 0.680 10 6 — 0.625 1 0 — 0 0 0 — 25 Mike Price 2003 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 26 Mike Shula 2003–2006 49 10 23 — 0.303 5 19 — 0.208 0 1 — 0 0 0 — Int Joe Kines 2006 1 0 1 — .000 — — — — 0 1 — — — — — 27 Nick Saban 2007–2023 235 206 29 — 0.877 120 18 — 0.870 16 6 — 11 9 6 – 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020 AP Coach of the Year (2008)Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year (2008)Home Depot Coach of the Year (2008)Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award (2008)Sporting News College Football Coach of the Year (2008)Walter Camp Coach of the Year (2008)AP SEC Coach of the Year (2009)SEC Coach of the Year (2008, 2009, 2016)Paul "Bear" Bryant Award 28 Kalen DeBoer 2024– 0 0 0 — – 0 0 — – 0 0 — 0 0 0 — Notes ^ Although the first Rose Bowl Game was played in 1902, it has been continuously played since the 1916 game, and is recognized as the oldest bowl game by the NCAA. "—" indicates any season prior to 1916 when postseason games were not played. ^ A running total of the number of head coaches, with coaches who served separate tenures being counted only once. Interim head coaches are represented with "Int" and are not counted in the running total. "—" indicates the team played but either without a coach or no coach is on record. "X" indicates an interim year without play. ^ Overtime rules in college football were introduced in 1996, making ties impossible in the period since. ^ When computing the win–loss percentage, a tie counts as half a win and half a loss. ^ Statistics correct as of the end of the 2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season. ^ Alabama did not field teams in 1898 due to school rules, in 1918 due to World War I and in 1943 due to World War II. The coach of the 1918 squad was to have been B. L. Noojin and the coach of the 1943 squad was to have been Frank Thomas. ^ Divisional champions have advanced to the SEC Championship Game since the institution of divisional play beginning in the 1992 season. Since that time, Alabama has competed as a member of the SEC West. ^ The SEC Coach of the Year is voted by league coaches. ^ Stallings' record at the conclusion of the 1993 season was nine wins, three losses and one tie (9–3–1, 5–3–1 SEC). In August 1995, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must forfeit eight victories and one tie that Antonio Langham participated in as he was declared ineligible for previously signing with a sports agent in violation of NCAA rules. Thus the official NCAA record for 1993 is 1–12. ^ Price was hired in December 2002 and fired in May 2003 without coaching an official game. ^ Shula's record at the conclusion of the 2005 season was ten wins and two losses (10–2, 6–2 SEC) and six wins and six losses (6–6, 2–6 SEC) in 2006. In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate 16 victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. As the penalty to vacate victories does not result in a loss (or forfeiture) of the affected contests or award a victory to the opponent, the official NCAA record for these years are 0–2 and 0–6 respectively. ^ Joe Kines was named interim head coach for the 2006 Independence Bowl, following the termination of Mike Shula as head coach. ^ Saban’s record at the conclusion of the 2007 season was seven wins and six losses (7–6, 4–4 SEC). In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate five victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season. As the penalty to vacate victories does not result in a loss (or forfeiture) of the affected contests or award a victory to the opponent, the official NCAA record for 2007 is 2–6. References General "Alabama Coaching Records". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2011. 2010 Alabama Football Media Guide (PDF). Tuscaloosa, Alabama: UA Athletics Media Relations Office. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011. Specific ^ 2010 Alabama Football Media Guide, p. 3 ^ "After repeated denials, Saban takes Bama job". ESPN. January 4, 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2010. ^ 2010 Alabama Football Media Guide, p. 117 ^ a b University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. "All-time Football Results". RollTide.com. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. "Bowl History" (PDF). RollTide.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ a b 2010 Alabama Football Media Guide, pp. 180–193 ^ University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. "National Championships". RollTide.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). "National Poll Rankings" (PDF). 2010 NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision Records. NCAA.org. pp. 68–77. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ a b c 2010 Alabama Football Media Guide, p. 193 ^ a b "Witt: Price warned before trip about his behavior". ESPN.com. Associated Press. May 4, 2003. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ "Hall of Fame inductee search: Wallace Wade". National Football Foundation. Retrieved January 11, 2010. ^ "Hall of Fame inductee search: Frank Thomas". National Football Foundation. Archived from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2010. ^ "Hall of Fame inductee search: Paul Bryant". National Football Foundation. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2010. ^ Goodbread, Chase (May 28, 2010). "Gene Stallings enters Hall of Fame". The Tuscaloosa News. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (2011). Bowl/All-Star Game Records (PDF). Indianapolis, Indiana: NCAA. pp. 5–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011. ^ Whiteside, Kelly (August 25, 2006). "Overtime system still excites coaches". USA Today. McLean, Virginia. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2009. ^ Finder, Chuck (September 6, 1987). "Big plays help Paterno to 200th". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2009. ^ "Noojin to coach Crimson next year". The Montgomery Advertiser. NewsBank: America's Historical Newspapers. December 20, 1917. p. 2. ^ "Intercollegiate football abandoned at University". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. August 23, 1943. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2013. ^ Harwell, Hoyt (November 30, 1990). "SEC sets division lineups". The Tuscaloosa News. p. 1C. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 2010 Alabama Football Media Guide, p. 175 ^ a b "Past National COTY Winners". American Football Coaches Association. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Past Winners". Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010. ^ Deas, Tommy (August 1, 1995). "Forfeitures will revise UA history". The Tuscaloosa News. p. 1C. ^ a b "All-time Eddie Robinson Award Winners". Football Writers Association of America. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011. ^ "George Munger Award – Past recipients". Maxwell Football Club. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2010. ^ a b "Alabama's Nick Saban Named Walter Camp 2008 Coach of the Year". Walter Camp Football Foundation. December 28, 2008. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2010. ^ a b "Alabama's penalty from '09 ruling stands". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 23, 2010. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ a b Hurt, Cecil (March 24, 2010). "NCAA denies UA's appeal of sanctions". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ "Alabama fires Shula, names Kines interim coach". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. November 28, 2006. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ "Saban named AP's top coach". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2011-01-22. ^ Rapoport, Ian (December 9, 2008). "Nick Saban named Home Depot Coach of the Year". al.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2011. ^ "Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year: Previous Winners (2008)". Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ "Tide's Saban is SN's National Coach of the Year". SportingNews.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved January 21, 2011. ^ "Saban wins Bear Bryant award, his first at Bama". Espn.com. 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021. vteAlabama Crimson Tide head football coaches E. B. Beaumont (1892) Eli Abbott (1893–1895) Otto Wagonhurst (1896) Allen McCants (1897) No team (1898) W. A. Martin (1899) Malcolm Griffin (1900) M. S. Harvey (1901) Eli Abbott (1902) W. A. Blount (1903–1904) Jack Leavenworth (1905) J. W. H. Pollard (1906–1909) Guy Lowman (1910) D. V. Graves (1911–1914) Thomas Kelley (1915–1917) No team (1918) Xen C. Scott (1919–1922) Wallace Wade (1923–1930) Frank Thomas (1931–1942) No team (1943) Frank Thomas (1944–1946) Harold Drew (1947–1954) Jennings B. Whitworth (1955–1957) Bear Bryant (1958–1982) Ray Perkins (1983–1986) Bill Curry (1987–1989) Gene Stallings (1990–1996) Mike DuBose (1997–2000) Dennis Franchione (2001–2002) Mike Shula (2003–2006) Joe Kines # (2006) Nick Saban (2007–2023) Kalen DeBoer (2024– ) # denotes interim head coach vteAlabama Crimson Tide footballVenues University of Alabama Quad (1893–1914) Denny Field (1915–1928) Bryant–Denny Stadium (1929–present) Rickwood Field (alternate, 1912–1927) Cramton Bowl (alternate, 1922–1954) Ernest F. Ladd Stadium (alternate, 1948–1968) Legion Field (alternate, 1927–2003) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn: Iron Bowl (James E. Foy, V-ODK Sportsmanship Trophy) Clemson Florida Georgia Georgia Tech LSU Mississippi State Ole Miss Penn State Tennessee: Third Saturday in October Culture & lore History Saban era Traditions Big Al "Yea Alabama" "Dixieland Delight" A-Day 1922 Penn game Million Dollar Band Walk of Fame Paul W. Bryant Museum The Bear The Bear Bryant Show Porter Cup 1943 Informals Forrest Gump Punt Bama Punt Bo Over the Top 1992 SEC Championship Game 2009 SEC Championship Game 2011 "Game of the Century" Kick Six (Kick Bama Kick) 2019 "Game of the Century" People Head coaches All-Americans College Football Hall of Fame inductees NFL draftees Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders Yearly leaders Champ Pickens Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold vteHead football coaches of the Southeastern Conference Kalen DeBoer (Alabama) Sam Pittman (Arkansas) Hugh Freeze (Auburn) Billy Napier (Florida) Kirby Smart (Georgia) Mark Stoops (Kentucky) Brian Kelly (LSU) Jeff Lebby (Mississippi State) Eliah Drinkwitz (Missouri) Lane Kiffin (Ole Miss) Shane Beamer (South Carolina) Josh Heupel (Tennessee) Clark Lea (Vanderbilt) Mike Elko (Texas A&M)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024-0106-Kalen_DeBoer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalen DeBoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalen_DeBoer"},{"link_name":"Alabama Crimson Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"head coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"1892 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a3-1"},{"link_name":"Kalen DeBoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalen_DeBoer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a117-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seasons-4"},{"link_name":"bowl games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"Wallace Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Wade"},{"link_name":"Frank Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Thomas_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Harold Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Drew"},{"link_name":"Bear Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Ray Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Bill Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Curry"},{"link_name":"Gene Stallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Stallings"},{"link_name":"Mike DuBose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_DuBose"},{"link_name":"Dennis Franchione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Franchione"},{"link_name":"Mike Shula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Shula"},{"link_name":"Joe Kines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kines"},{"link_name":"Nick Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Saban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_conference"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a180-6"},{"link_name":"national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_National_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a180-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAANCs-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a193-9"},{"link_name":"winning percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_percentage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a193-9"},{"link_name":"Jennings B. Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennings_B._Whitworth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a193-9"},{"link_name":"Mike Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Price"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-fired-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW-HOF-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-HOF-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-HOF-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Kalen DeBoer is the 28th and current head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide.The Alabama Crimson Tide college football team represents the University of Alabama in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Crimson Tide competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The program has had 28 head coaches, and 1 interim head coach, since it began play during the 1892 season.[1] Since January 2024, Kalen DeBoer has served as Alabama's head coach.[2]Adopting the nickname of the Crimson Tide after the 1907 season,[3] the team has played more than 1,100 games over 119 seasons.[4] In that time, 12 coaches have led the Crimson Tide in postseason bowl games: Wallace Wade, Frank Thomas, Harold Drew, Bear Bryant, Ray Perkins, Bill Curry, Gene Stallings, Mike DuBose, Dennis Franchione, Mike Shula, Joe Kines, and Nick Saban.[5] Eight of those coaches also won conference championships: Wade captured four as a member of the Southern Conference and Thomas, Drew, Bryant, Curry, Stallings, DuBose, and Saban won a combined 25 as a member of the SEC.[6] During their tenures, Wade, Thomas, Bryant, Stallings, and Saban each won national championships with the Crimson Tide.[6][7][8]Bryant is the leader in seasons coached and games won, with 232 victories during his 25 years with the program.[9] Saban has the highest winning percentage of those who have coached more than one game, with .866.[9] Jennings B. Whitworth has the lowest winning percentage of those who have coached more than one game, with .166.[9] Mike Price, who was hired in 2003, was fired prior to coaching a game.[10] Of the 28 different head coaches who have led the Crimson Tide, Wade,[11] Thomas,[12] Bryant,[13] and Stallings[14] have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.","title":"List of Alabama Crimson Tide head football coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"1916 game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowls-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ties-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TieCalc-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seasons-4"},{"link_name":"B. L. Noojin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._L._Noojin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noojin1918-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas43-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"1992 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Division-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a175-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"1993 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"Antonio Langham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Langham"},{"link_name":"sports agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StallingsNCAA-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-fired-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"2005 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TextbookNCAA-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TextbookNCAA2-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"2006 Independence Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Independence_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KinesInterim-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"2007 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TextbookNCAA-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TextbookNCAA2-39"}],"text":"^ Although the first Rose Bowl Game was played in 1902, it has been continuously played since the 1916 game, and is recognized as the oldest bowl game by the NCAA. \"—\" indicates any season prior to 1916 when postseason games were not played.[15]\n\n^ A running total of the number of head coaches, with coaches who served separate tenures being counted only once. Interim head coaches are represented with \"Int\" and are not counted in the running total. \"—\" indicates the team played but either without a coach or no coach is on record. \"X\" indicates an interim year without play.\n\n^ Overtime rules in college football were introduced in 1996, making ties impossible in the period since.[16]\n\n^ When computing the win–loss percentage, a tie counts as half a win and half a loss.[17]\n\n^ Statistics correct as of the end of the 2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season.\n\n^ Alabama did not field teams in 1898 due to school rules, in 1918 due to World War I and in 1943 due to World War II.[4] The coach of the 1918 squad was to have been B. L. Noojin and the coach of the 1943 squad was to have been Frank Thomas.[18][19]\n\n^ Divisional champions have advanced to the SEC Championship Game since the institution of divisional play beginning in the 1992 season. Since that time, Alabama has competed as a member of the SEC West.[20]\n\n^ The SEC Coach of the Year is voted by league coaches.[21]\n\n^ Stallings' record at the conclusion of the 1993 season was nine wins, three losses and one tie (9–3–1, 5–3–1 SEC). In August 1995, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must forfeit eight victories and one tie that Antonio Langham participated in as he was declared ineligible for previously signing with a sports agent in violation of NCAA rules. Thus the official NCAA record for 1993 is 1–12.[24]\n\n^ Price was hired in December 2002 and fired in May 2003 without coaching an official game.[10]\n\n^ Shula's record at the conclusion of the 2005 season was ten wins and two losses (10–2, 6–2 SEC) and six wins and six losses (6–6, 2–6 SEC) in 2006. In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate 16 victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. As the penalty to vacate victories does not result in a loss (or forfeiture) of the affected contests or award a victory to the opponent, the official NCAA record for these years are 0–2 and 0–6 respectively.[28][29]\n\n^ Joe Kines was named interim head coach for the 2006 Independence Bowl, following the termination of Mike Shula as head coach.[30]\n\n^ Saban’s record at the conclusion of the 2007 season was seven wins and six losses (7–6, 4–4 SEC). In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate five victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season. As the penalty to vacate victories does not result in a loss (or forfeiture) of the affected contests or award a victory to the opponent, the official NCAA record for 2007 is 2–6.[28][29]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Kalen DeBoer is the 28th and current head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2024-0106-Kalen_DeBoer.jpg/220px-2024-0106-Kalen_DeBoer.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alabama Coaching Records\". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175829/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/coaching_records.php","url_text":"\"Alabama Coaching Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Data_Warehouse","url_text":"College Football Data Warehouse"},{"url":"http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/coaching_records.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"2010 Alabama Football Media Guide (PDF). Tuscaloosa, Alabama: UA Athletics Media Relations Office. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121112154619/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2010-11-m-footbl-guide.pdf","url_text":"2010 Alabama Football Media Guide"},{"url":"http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2010-11-m-footbl-guide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"After repeated denials, Saban takes Bama job\". ESPN. January 4, 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2718488","url_text":"\"After repeated denials, Saban takes Bama job\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013115712/http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2718488","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. \"All-time Football Results\". RollTide.com. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125000700/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-results-archive.html","url_text":"\"All-time Football Results\""},{"url":"http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-results-archive.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. \"Bowl History\" (PDF). RollTide.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110523062558/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/history-bowlrecords.pdf","url_text":"\"Bowl History\""},{"url":"http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/history-bowlrecords.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. \"National Championships\". RollTide.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081022183419/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/national-championships.html","url_text":"\"National Championships\""},{"url":"http://www.rolltide.com/trads/national-championships.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). \"National Poll Rankings\" (PDF). 2010 NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision Records. NCAA.org. pp. 68–77. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2010/2010FBS.pdf","url_text":"\"National Poll Rankings\""},{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120516044746/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2010/2010FBS.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Witt: Price warned before trip about his behavior\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. May 4, 2003. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.espn.go.com/ncf/news/2003/0503/1548767.html","url_text":"\"Witt: Price warned before trip about his behavior\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401222348/http://static.espn.go.com/ncf/news/2003/0503/1548767.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Wallace Wade\". National Football Foundation. Retrieved January 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1402","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Wallace Wade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Foundation","url_text":"National Football Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Frank Thomas\". National Football Foundation. Archived from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1466","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Frank Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Foundation","url_text":"National Football Foundation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230122015149/https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1466","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Paul Bryant\". National Football Foundation. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1955","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Paul Bryant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Foundation","url_text":"National Football Foundation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929125020/https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1955","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodbread, Chase (May 28, 2010). \"Gene Stallings enters Hall of Fame\". The Tuscaloosa News. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20100528/NEWS/100529569","url_text":"\"Gene Stallings enters Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100531030111/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20100528/news/100529569","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (2011). Bowl/All-Star Game Records (PDF). Indianapolis, Indiana: NCAA. pp. 5–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/Bowls.pdf","url_text":"Bowl/All-Star Game Records"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005101825/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/Bowls.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Whiteside, Kelly (August 25, 2006). \"Overtime system still excites coaches\". USA Today. McLean, Virginia. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-08-24-overtime_x.htm","url_text":"\"Overtime system still excites coaches\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100906111441/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-08-24-overtime_x.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Finder, Chuck (September 6, 1987). \"Big plays help Paterno to 200th\". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/06/sports/college-football-big-plays-help-paterno-to-200th.html","url_text":"\"Big plays help Paterno to 200th\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072614/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/06/sports/college-football-big-plays-help-paterno-to-200th.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Noojin to coach Crimson next year\". The Montgomery Advertiser. NewsBank: America's Historical Newspapers. December 20, 1917. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Intercollegiate football abandoned at University\". The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. August 23, 1943. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=olQ_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2377%2C2159822","url_text":"\"Intercollegiate football abandoned at University\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117043247/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=olQ_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2377%2C2159822","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harwell, Hoyt (November 30, 1990). \"SEC sets division lineups\". The Tuscaloosa News. p. 1C. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=azYdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=taUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3254%2C8509834","url_text":"\"SEC sets division lineups\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117041716/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=azYdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=taUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3254%2C8509834","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Past National COTY Winners\". American Football Coaches Association. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820010733/http://www.afca.com/article/article.php?id=1052","url_text":"\"Past National COTY Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.afca.com/article/article.php?id=1052","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Winners\". Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121406/http://www.bobbydoddfoundation.com/pastwinners2.html","url_text":"\"Past Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.bobbydoddfoundation.com/pastwinners2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Deas, Tommy (August 1, 1995). \"Forfeitures will revise UA history\". The Tuscaloosa News. p. 1C.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"All-time Eddie Robinson Award Winners\". Football Writers Association of America. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724081557/http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/robinson/winners.html","url_text":"\"All-time Eddie Robinson Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/robinson/winners.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"George Munger Award – Past recipients\". Maxwell Football Club. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722150142/http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/george-munger-award-college-coach-year","url_text":"\"George Munger Award – Past recipients\""},{"url":"http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/george-munger-award-college-coach-year","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama's Nick Saban Named Walter Camp 2008 Coach of the Year\". Walter Camp Football Foundation. December 28, 2008. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728171440/http://waltercamp.org/index.php/news/alabamas_nick_saban_named_walter_camp_2008_coach_of_the_year/","url_text":"\"Alabama's Nick Saban Named Walter Camp 2008 Coach of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp_Football_Foundation","url_text":"Walter Camp Football Foundation"},{"url":"http://waltercamp.org/index.php/news/alabamas_nick_saban_named_walter_camp_2008_coach_of_the_year/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama's penalty from '09 ruling stands\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 23, 2010. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=5021464","url_text":"\"Alabama's penalty from '09 ruling stands\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118045302/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=5021464","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hurt, Cecil (March 24, 2010). \"NCAA denies UA's appeal of sanctions\". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tidesports.com/article/20100324/NEWS/100329774","url_text":"\"NCAA denies UA's appeal of sanctions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama fires Shula, names Kines interim coach\". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. November 28, 2006. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2677110","url_text":"\"Alabama fires Shula, names Kines interim coach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061202123610/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2677110","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saban named AP's top coach\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2011-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3789726","url_text":"\"Saban named AP's top coach\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182623/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3789726","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rapoport, Ian (December 9, 2008). \"Nick Saban named Home Depot Coach of the Year\". al.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.al.com/rapsheet/2008/12/nick_saban_named_home_depot_co.html","url_text":"\"Nick Saban named Home Depot Coach of the Year\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926190203/http://blog.al.com/rapsheet/2008/12/nick_saban_named_home_depot_co.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year: Previous Winners (2008)\". Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141848/http://www.coachoftheyear.com/Coaches-PreviousWinners.aspx#fbid=Nfw_1Uv2hdy","url_text":"\"Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year: Previous Winners (2008)\""},{"url":"http://www.coachoftheyear.com/Coaches-PreviousWinners.aspx#fbid=Nfw_1Uv2hdy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tide's Saban is SN's National Coach of the Year\". SportingNews.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved January 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223023336/http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2008-12-17/tides-saban-sns-national-coach-year","url_text":"\"Tide's Saban is SN's National Coach of the Year\""},{"url":"http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2008-12-17/tides-saban-sns-national-coach-year","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saban wins Bear Bryant award, his first at Bama\". Espn.com. 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/30708184/nick-saban-wins-bear-bryant-coach-year-award-first-alabama","url_text":"\"Saban wins Bear Bryant award, his first at Bama\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126180032/https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/30708184/nick-saban-wins-bear-bryant-coach-year-award-first-alabama","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175829/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/coaching_records.php","external_links_name":"\"Alabama Coaching Records\""},{"Link":"http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/sec/alabama/coaching_records.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121112154619/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2010-11-m-footbl-guide.pdf","external_links_name":"2010 Alabama Football Media Guide"},{"Link":"http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2010-11-m-footbl-guide.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2718488","external_links_name":"\"After repeated denials, Saban takes Bama job\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013115712/http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2718488","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125000700/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-results-archive.html","external_links_name":"\"All-time Football Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/m-footbl-results-archive.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110523062558/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/history-bowlrecords.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bowl History\""},{"Link":"http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/history-bowlrecords.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081022183419/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/national-championships.html","external_links_name":"\"National Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.rolltide.com/trads/national-championships.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2010/2010FBS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Poll Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120516044746/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2010/2010FBS.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://static.espn.go.com/ncf/news/2003/0503/1548767.html","external_links_name":"\"Witt: Price warned before trip about his behavior\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401222348/http://static.espn.go.com/ncf/news/2003/0503/1548767.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1402","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Wallace Wade\""},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1466","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Frank Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230122015149/https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1466","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1955","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame inductee search: Paul Bryant\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929125020/https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1955","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20100528/NEWS/100529569","external_links_name":"\"Gene Stallings enters Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100531030111/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20100528/news/100529569","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/Bowls.pdf","external_links_name":"Bowl/All-Star Game Records"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005101825/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2011/Bowls.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-08-24-overtime_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Overtime system still excites coaches\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100906111441/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-08-24-overtime_x.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/06/sports/college-football-big-plays-help-paterno-to-200th.html","external_links_name":"\"Big plays help Paterno to 200th\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072614/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/06/sports/college-football-big-plays-help-paterno-to-200th.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=olQ_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2377%2C2159822","external_links_name":"\"Intercollegiate football abandoned at University\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117043247/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=olQ_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2377%2C2159822","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=azYdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=taUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3254%2C8509834","external_links_name":"\"SEC sets division lineups\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117041716/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=azYdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=taUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3254%2C8509834","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820010733/http://www.afca.com/article/article.php?id=1052","external_links_name":"\"Past National COTY Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.afca.com/article/article.php?id=1052","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121406/http://www.bobbydoddfoundation.com/pastwinners2.html","external_links_name":"\"Past Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.bobbydoddfoundation.com/pastwinners2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724081557/http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/robinson/winners.html","external_links_name":"\"All-time Eddie Robinson Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/robinson/winners.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722150142/http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/george-munger-award-college-coach-year","external_links_name":"\"George Munger Award – Past recipients\""},{"Link":"http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/george-munger-award-college-coach-year","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728171440/http://waltercamp.org/index.php/news/alabamas_nick_saban_named_walter_camp_2008_coach_of_the_year/","external_links_name":"\"Alabama's Nick Saban Named Walter Camp 2008 Coach of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://waltercamp.org/index.php/news/alabamas_nick_saban_named_walter_camp_2008_coach_of_the_year/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=5021464","external_links_name":"\"Alabama's penalty from '09 ruling stands\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118045302/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=5021464","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tidesports.com/article/20100324/NEWS/100329774","external_links_name":"\"NCAA denies UA's appeal of sanctions\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2677110","external_links_name":"\"Alabama fires Shula, names Kines interim coach\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061202123610/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2677110","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3789726","external_links_name":"\"Saban named AP's top coach\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182623/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3789726","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.al.com/rapsheet/2008/12/nick_saban_named_home_depot_co.html","external_links_name":"\"Nick Saban named Home Depot Coach of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926190203/http://blog.al.com/rapsheet/2008/12/nick_saban_named_home_depot_co.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141848/http://www.coachoftheyear.com/Coaches-PreviousWinners.aspx#fbid=Nfw_1Uv2hdy","external_links_name":"\"Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year: Previous Winners (2008)\""},{"Link":"http://www.coachoftheyear.com/Coaches-PreviousWinners.aspx#fbid=Nfw_1Uv2hdy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223023336/http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2008-12-17/tides-saban-sns-national-coach-year","external_links_name":"\"Tide's Saban is SN's National Coach of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2008-12-17/tides-saban-sns-national-coach-year","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/30708184/nick-saban-wins-bear-bryant-coach-year-award-first-alabama","external_links_name":"\"Saban wins Bear Bryant award, his first at Bama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126180032/https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/30708184/nick-saban-wins-bear-bryant-coach-year-award-first-alabama","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel-Zaher_El-Saqqa
Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa
["1 Career statistics","1.1 International goals","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Egyptian footballer (born 1974) Abdel-Zaher El-SaqqaPersonal informationFull name Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa Ahmed Mohamed HassanDate of birth (1974-01-30) 30 January 1974 (age 50)Place of birth Dakahlia Governorate, EgyptHeight 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1995–1999 El Mansoura 1999–2002 Denizlispor 66 (4)2002–2005 Gençlerbirliği 100 (6)2005–2007 Konyaspor 67 (4)2007–2009 Gençlerbirliği 26 (0)2009–2010 Eskişehirspor 37 (1)2010–2012 ENPPI Club 24 (1)Total 320 (16)International career‡1997–2010 Egypt 112 (4)Managerial career2015– El-Entag El-Harby (asst.) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 May 2010‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 4 January 2010 Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa Ahmed Mohamed Hassan (Arabic: عبد الظاهر السقا أحمد محمد حسن; born 30 January 1974) is an Egyptian retired footballer. He also won 112 caps for the Egypt national side, scoring 4 goals. Beginning his career in Egypt with El Mansoura, El-Saka has also played in Turkey with Denizlispor, Gençlerbirliği, Konyaspor and Eskişehirspor. He has Turkish citizenship with the name Abdel Zaher El Saka. Career statistics International goals # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 18 December 1997 Aswan Stadium, Aswan, Egypt  Togo 7–2 Win Friendly 2. 4 January 2000 Aswan Stadium, Aswan, Egypt  Togo 2–1 Win Friendly 3. 6 January 2000 Aswan Stadium, Aswan, Egypt  Gabon 4–0 Win Friendly 4. 11 March 2001 International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt  Algeria 5–2 Win 2002 World Cup Qual. Correct as of 10 December 2013 See also List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps References ^ "2010 Africa Cup of Nations Angola: Finalists: Egypt" (PDF). CAF. 10 January 2010. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. ^ "كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول". ^ "Abdel Zaher El-Saka - Century of International Appearances". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-27. ^ Naturalized Turks #23 ^ 1997 MATCHES: AFRICA ^ 2000 MATCHES: AFRICA ^ 2001 MATCHES: AFRICA External links "Gençlerbirliği Site Profile". Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-10-28. Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa at the Turkish Football Federation Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa – FIFA competition record (archived) Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa – UEFA competition record (archive)  Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa at National-Football-Teams.com Egypt Squads vteEgypt squad – 1998 African Cup of Nations winners (4th title) 1 Nader 2 El Sakka 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 Kamouna 6 Abdel Hady 7 Youssef 8 Radwan 9 H. Hassan 10 Sabry 11 Rayyan 12 Khashaba 13 Salah 14 Emam 15 Fahim 16 El Hadary 17 A. Hassan 18 Abdel Nasser 19 El Sheshini 20 Mostafa 21 Nabieh 22 Saber Coach: El-Gohary vteEgypt squad – 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Nader 2 I. Hassan 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 Kamouna 6 Abdel Hady 7 Youssef 8 Radwan 9 H. Hassan (c) 10 Sabry 11 Rayyan 12 Khashaba 13 Bassiouny 14 Emam 15 El Sakka 16 El Hadary 17 A. Hassan 18 Abdel Moneim 19 Bebo 20 Walid Coach: El-Gohary vteEgypt squad – 2000 African Cup of Nations 1 Nader 2 I. Hassan 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 El Sakka 6 Abdel Hafeez 7 Youssef 8 Radwan 9 H. Hassan 10 Sabry 11 El Said 12 Abdel Moneim 13 Ali 14 Emam 15 Said 16 El Hadary 17 A. Hassan 18 Farouk 19 Hosny 20 Khashaba 21 Abdel Aziz 22 A. El Sayed Coach: Gili vteEgypt squad – 2002 African Cup of Nations 1 Nader 2 Fahim 3 Emara 4 Ramzy 5 El Sakka 6 H. Said 7 Bebo 8 Radwan 9 H. Hassan 10 Hamza 11 El Said 12 Barakat 13 Gomaa 14 Emam 15 I. Said 16 El Hadary 17 A. Hassan 18 Mido 19 Hosny 20 Abou El Ela 21 T. El Sayed 22 Monsef Coach: El Gohary vteEgypt squad – 2004 African Cup of Nations 1 Nader 2 Fahim 3 El-Quabbani 4 El-Nahhas 5 El-Saqqa 6 Gomaa 7 Fathy 8 Tamer 9 Mido 10 Belal 11 El-Said 12 Barakat 13 T. El-Sayed 14 Emam 15 El-Tabei 16 A. El-Sayed 17 Hassan 18 Ghaly 19 Ali 20 Khashaba 21 Said 22 Mahmoud Coach: Saleh vteEgypt squad – 2006 Africa Cup of Nations winners (5th title) 1 El Hadary 2 Ah. El Sayed 3 Abdel Wahab 4 Said 5 El Sakka 6 Mostafa 7 Fathy 8 Eno 9 H. Hassan (c) 10 Moteab 11 Shawky 12 Barakat 13 T. El Sayed 14 Ali 15 Mido 16 Ab. El Sayed 17 A. Hassan 18 Sabry 19 Zaki 20 Gomaa 21 Eid 22 Abou Trika 23 Abdel Monsef Coach: Shehata vteEgypt squad – 2010 Africa Cup of Nations winners (7th title) 1 El Hadary 2 Fathalla 3 El Mohamady 4 Salem 5 El Sakka 6 Said 7 Fathy 8 Abd Rabo 9 Zidan 10 Moteab 11 Eid 12 Ghaly 13 Tawfik 14 Moawad 15 Gedo 16 El Sayed 17 Hassan (c) 18 Shikabala 19 Abdel Shafy 20 Gomaa 21 Raouf 22 Hamdy 23 Abou El Saoud Coach: Shehata
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Egypt national side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"El Mansoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mansoura_SC"},{"link_name":"Denizlispor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizlispor"},{"link_name":"Gençlerbirliği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lerbirli%C4%9Fi_S.K."},{"link_name":"Konyaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konyaspor"},{"link_name":"Eskişehirspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehirspor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa Ahmed Mohamed Hassan (Arabic: عبد الظاهر السقا أحمد محمد حسن; born 30 January 1974) is an Egyptian retired footballer. He also won 112 caps for the Egypt national side, scoring 4 goals.[3]Beginning his career in Egypt with El Mansoura, El-Saka has also played in Turkey with Denizlispor, Gençlerbirliği, Konyaspor and Eskişehirspor.He has Turkish citizenship with the name Abdel Zaher El Saka.[4]","title":"Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International goals","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_footballers_with_100_or_more_international_caps"}]
[{"reference":"\"2010 Africa Cup of Nations Angola: Finalists: Egypt\" (PDF). CAF. 10 January 2010. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215030443/http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/press-releases/16-finalistspdf-1263326226.pdf","url_text":"\"2010 Africa Cup of Nations Angola: Finalists: Egypt\""},{"url":"http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/press-releases/16-finalistspdf-1263326226.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kooora.com/?n=441637&o=n","url_text":"\"كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abdel Zaher El-Saka - Century of International Appearances\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/saqua-intl.html","url_text":"\"Abdel Zaher El-Saka - Century of International Appearances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002125255/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/saqua-intl.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gençlerbirliği Site Profile\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081028181207/http://www.genclerbirligi.org.tr/el_saka.asp","url_text":"\"Gençlerbirliği Site Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.genclerbirligi.org.tr/el_saka.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215030443/http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/press-releases/16-finalistspdf-1263326226.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2010 Africa Cup of Nations Angola: Finalists: Egypt\""},{"Link":"http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/press-releases/16-finalistspdf-1263326226.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kooora.com/?n=441637&o=n","external_links_name":"\"كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/saqua-intl.html","external_links_name":"\"Abdel Zaher El-Saka - Century of International Appearances\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002125255/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/saqua-intl.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fotomac.com.tr/multimedya/galeri/spormagazin/turk-olan-yabanci-futbolcular-397389071486?totalCount=31&page=24&albumid=32088","external_links_name":"Naturalized Turks #23"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/intldetails/1997af.html","external_links_name":"1997 MATCHES: AFRICA"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/intldetails/2000af.html","external_links_name":"2000 MATCHES: AFRICA"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/intldetails/2001af.html","external_links_name":"2001 MATCHES: AFRICA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081028181207/http://www.genclerbirligi.org.tr/el_saka.asp","external_links_name":"\"Gençlerbirliği Site Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.genclerbirligi.org.tr/el_saka.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=29580","external_links_name":"Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=162859/index.html","external_links_name":"Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/60192/","external_links_name":"Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=60192/profile/index.html","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2076.html","external_links_name":"Abdel-Zaher El-Saqqa"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_stambanan
Northern Main Line
["1 External links"]
Northern Main LineNorthern Main Line, railway line in SwedenOverviewOwnerSwedish stateTerminiGävle-StorvikÅngeHistoryOpened1881 (1881) The Northern Main Line (Swedish: Norra stambanan) is a 268-kilometre (167 mi) long electrified railway in Sweden, between Gävle or Storvik and Ånge. The railway consists of single track except the parts between Mo grindar and Holmsveden, Kilafors and Bollnäs, and Ramsjö and Ovansjö, a total of 91 kilometres (57 mi) double track. The railway passes Gävle or Storvik, Ockelbo, Ljusdal and Ånge. External links Trafikverket page on Norra stambanan (in Swedish)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Gävle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle"},{"link_name":"Storvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storvik,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Ånge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85nge"},{"link_name":"Mo grindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo_grindar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holmsveden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holmsveden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kilafors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilafors"},{"link_name":"Bollnäs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolln%C3%A4s"},{"link_name":"Ramsjö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsj%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Ovansjö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovansj%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gävle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle"},{"link_name":"Storvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storvik,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Ockelbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockelbo"},{"link_name":"Ljusdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljusdal"},{"link_name":"Ånge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85nge"}],"text":"The Northern Main Line (Swedish: Norra stambanan) is a 268-kilometre (167 mi) long electrified railway in Sweden, between Gävle or Storvik and Ånge. The railway consists of single track except the parts between Mo grindar and Holmsveden, Kilafors and Bollnäs, and Ramsjö and Ovansjö, a total of 91 kilometres (57 mi) double track.The railway passes Gävle or Storvik, Ockelbo, Ljusdal and Ånge.","title":"Northern Main Line"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.trafikverket.se/resa-och-trafik/jarnvag/Sveriges-jarnvagsnat/Norra-stambanan/","external_links_name":"Trafikverket page on Norra stambanan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigensuih%C5%8D
Daigensuihō
["1 Early history","2 Modern military use","3 References"]
Buddhist rite This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Daigensuihō" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Image of Āṭavaka (大元帥明王, Daigensui myōō) at Akishino-dera, photographed in the 19th century. The Daigensuihō (大元帥法), or the Great Rite of Āṭavaka, is one of the great rites (大法, daihō) of Esoteric Shingon Buddhism. Its name is also sometimes pronounced Daigen no hō. The ritual is performed with Āṭavaka in the role of honzon, and it may be considered a military curse. Early history In the year 839, the monk Jōgyō, a disciple of Kūkai, introduced the Imperial Court to the procedures of the Daigensuihō as part of the systematic importation of Tang esoteric practices. A decade later in 851, the Daijō-kan issued a document ordering the annual implementation of the Daigensuihō. As a result, it is believed to have been formally established in that year. Since then, the ritual was performed every year between the 8th to the 17th days after the New Year at the facilities of the Ministry of the Imperial Household. The necessary equipment was to be procured from Akishino-dera in Yamato Province, which was associated with Jōgyō. Jōgyō's promotion of Daigensuihō put him in direct conflict with Ennin of the Tendai sect who instead lobbied for the implementation of the Rite of Prajvalushnisha (熾盛光法, Shijōkōhō) as the ritual of national defense. The Daigensuihō was originally formulated as a prayer for "defense from foreign invasion" (外寇からの防衛, Gaikō kara no bōei) and the "capitulation of enemy nations" (敵国降伏, Tekikoku kōfuku) and was therefore performed only in the immediate presence of the Emperor. Vassals (i.e. the court aristocracy) were not allowed to perform it on their own initiative. In the Chōtoku Incident  of 995, Interior Minister Fujiwara no Korechika was banished from the capital and relegated to a post in the Dazaifu on the pretext that he had conducted the Daigensuihō himself. It is known that Oda Nobunaga, who at the time held the reins of government, cooperated with Emperor Ōgimachi in the restoration of the image of Āṭavaka in 1575. In the Edo period, the Daigensuihō was once again revived at the Imperial palace in Kyoto. It was held there until the Meiji Restoration. Modern military use In 1904, Gumyō-ji  of Yokohama produced a standing image of Āṭavaka which was used in a Daigensuihō performed in prayer for victory in the Russo-Japanese War. Later, during the Pacific War, the Daigensuihō was carried out for the last time in an invocation of a curse upon the Allied powers (連合国調伏, Rengōkoku chōbuku) by the Imperial Japanese Army. Ihara Kesao  points out the connection between the title "Grand Marshal" (大元帥, Daigensui), which was used by the Emperor as the commander-in-chief of the Japanese armed forces, and the name of the Daigensuihō, which contains the same characters and was meant to be carried out solely in the Emperor's presence. References ^ 世界大百科事典 Sekai daihyakka jiten (2nd ed.). 平凡社 Heibonsha. 1998. ^ a b c 井原 Ihara, 今朝男 Kesao (January 1, 2013). 中世の国家と天皇・儀礼 Chūsei no kokka to tennō - girei (1st ed.). Japan: 校倉書房 Azekura Shobō. ISBN 978-4751744307.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daigensui_Myoo_(Akishinodera_Nara).jpg"},{"link_name":"Āṭavaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80%E1%B9%ADavaka"},{"link_name":"Esoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana"},{"link_name":"Shingon Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"honzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honzon"},{"link_name":"curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Image of Āṭavaka (大元帥明王, Daigensui myōō) at Akishino-dera, photographed in the 19th century.The Daigensuihō (大元帥法), or the Great Rite of Āṭavaka, is one of the great rites (大法, daihō) of Esoteric Shingon Buddhism. Its name is also sometimes pronounced Daigen no hō. The ritual is performed with Āṭavaka in the role of honzon, and it may be considered a military curse.[1]","title":"Daigensuihō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jōgyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kūkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABkai"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Daijō-kan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Imperial Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household"},{"link_name":"Akishino-dera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akishino-dera"},{"link_name":"Yamato Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_Province"},{"link_name":"Ennin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennin"},{"link_name":"Tendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai"},{"link_name":"Prajvalushnisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushnisha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ihara-2"},{"link_name":"court aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuge"},{"link_name":"Chōtoku Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C5%8Dtoku_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BE%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Korechika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Korechika"},{"link_name":"Dazaifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazaifu_(government)"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ōgimachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Imperial palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"}],"text":"In the year 839, the monk Jōgyō, a disciple of Kūkai, introduced the Imperial Court to the procedures of the Daigensuihō as part of the systematic importation of Tang esoteric practices. A decade later in 851, the Daijō-kan issued a document ordering the annual implementation of the Daigensuihō. As a result, it is believed to have been formally established in that year.Since then, the ritual was performed every year between the 8th to the 17th days after the New Year at the facilities of the Ministry of the Imperial Household. The necessary equipment was to be procured from Akishino-dera in Yamato Province, which was associated with Jōgyō.Jōgyō's promotion of Daigensuihō put him in direct conflict with Ennin of the Tendai sect who instead lobbied for the implementation of the Rite of Prajvalushnisha (熾盛光法, Shijōkōhō) as the ritual of national defense.[2]The Daigensuihō was originally formulated as a prayer for \"defense from foreign invasion\" (外寇からの防衛, Gaikō kara no bōei) and the \"capitulation of enemy nations\" (敵国降伏, Tekikoku kōfuku) and was therefore performed only in the immediate presence of the Emperor. Vassals (i.e. the court aristocracy) were not allowed to perform it on their own initiative. In the Chōtoku Incident [ja] of 995, Interior Minister Fujiwara no Korechika was banished from the capital and relegated to a post in the Dazaifu on the pretext that he had conducted the Daigensuihō himself.It is known that Oda Nobunaga, who at the time held the reins of government, cooperated with Emperor Ōgimachi in the restoration of the image of Āṭavaka in 1575. In the Edo period, the Daigensuihō was once again revived at the Imperial palace in Kyoto. It was held there until the Meiji Restoration.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gumyō-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gumy%C5%8D-ji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%BA"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Allied powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ihara-2"},{"link_name":"Ihara Kesao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihara_Kesao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E5%8E%9F%E4%BB%8A%E6%9C%9D%E7%94%B7"},{"link_name":"Grand Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai-gensui"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ihara-2"}],"text":"In 1904, Gumyō-ji [ja] of Yokohama produced a standing image of Āṭavaka which was used in a Daigensuihō performed in prayer for victory in the Russo-Japanese War. Later, during the Pacific War, the Daigensuihō was carried out for the last time in an invocation of a curse upon the Allied powers (連合国調伏, Rengōkoku chōbuku) by the Imperial Japanese Army.[2]Ihara Kesao [ja] points out the connection between the title \"Grand Marshal\" (大元帥, Daigensui), which was used by the Emperor as the commander-in-chief of the Japanese armed forces, and the name of the Daigensuihō, which contains the same characters and was meant to be carried out solely in the Emperor's presence.[2]","title":"Modern military use"}]
[{"image_text":"Image of Āṭavaka (大元帥明王, Daigensui myōō) at Akishino-dera, photographed in the 19th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Daigensui_Myoo_%28Akishinodera_Nara%29.jpg/220px-Daigensui_Myoo_%28Akishinodera_Nara%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"世界大百科事典 Sekai daihyakka jiten (2nd ed.). 平凡社 Heibonsha. 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"井原 Ihara, 今朝男 Kesao (January 1, 2013). 中世の国家と天皇・儀礼 Chūsei no kokka to tennō - girei (1st ed.). Japan: 校倉書房 Azekura Shobō. ISBN 978-4751744307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4751744307","url_text":"978-4751744307"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Daigensuih%C5%8D%22","external_links_name":"\"Daigensuihō\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Daigensuih%C5%8D%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Daigensuih%C5%8D%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Daigensuih%C5%8D%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Daigensuih%C5%8D%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Daigensuih%C5%8D%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Fier
Fier County
["1 Geography","2 Demography","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 40°45′N 19°35′E / 40.750°N 19.583°E / 40.750; 19.583County in southern Albania County in AlbaniaFier County Qarku i Fierit (Albanian)CountyVjosa Valley EmblemMap of Albania with Fier County highlightedCoordinates: 40°45′N 19°35′E / 40.750°N 19.583°E / 40.750; 19.583Country AlbaniaSeatFierSubdivisions 6 municipalities: Divjakë Fier Lushnjë Mallakastër Patos Roskovec Government • Council chairmanEvis Sema (PS) Area • Total1,890 km2 (730 sq mi) • Rank8thPopulation (2021) • Total286,002 • Rank3rd • Density150/km2 (390/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)HDI (2021)0.769high · 10th of 12NUTS CodeAL032WebsiteOfficial Website Fier County (Albanian pronunciation: ; Albanian: Qarku Fier), officially the County of Fier (Albanian: Qarku i Fierit), is a county in the Southern Region of the Republic of Albania. It is the eighth largest by area and the third most populous of the twelve counties, with more than 286,000 people within an area of 1,890 km2 (730 sq mi). The county borders on the Adriatic Sea to the west, the counties of Tirana to the north, Elbasan to the northeast, Berat to the east and Vlorë to the south, Gjirokastër Country to the sud east. It is divided into six municipalities, Fier, Divjakë, Lushnjë, Mallakastër, Patos and Roskovec, with all of whom incorporate forty-two administrative units. Geography Until 2000, Fier County was subdivided into three districts: Fier, Lushnjë, and Mallakastër. Before 2015, it consisted of 42 municipalities. Demography According to the last national census from 2011, Fier County had 310,331 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the county include: Albanians = 241,163 (77.71%) Greeks = 332 (0.11%) Macedonians = 18 (0.01%) Montenegrins = 5 (0.00%) Aromanians = 1,553 (0.50%) Romani = 1,640 (0,53%) Egyptians = 75 (0,02%) others = 171 (0.06%) no answer = 65,374 (21.07%) Islam is the largest religion in the county, forming 48.52% of the total population (150,559 people). There are also some Bektashi Muslims with 1.01% (3,137 people), 7.15% percent consisting of believers without a denomination (22,186 people) and Christians forming 15.91% of the county's population (Orthodox (13.76%) (42,993 people), Evangelists (0.11% (331 people) (and Roman Catholics) (1.98%) (6,149 people). See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fier County. Geography of Albania Politics of Albania Divisions of Albania References ^ https://top-channel.tv/2023/07/07/konstituohet-keshilli-i-qarkut-fier-evis-sema-rizgjidhet-per-nje-mandat-te-dyte-si-kryetare/ ^ "Population on 1st January by prefecture and sex" (PDF). INSTAT. 7 May 2021. p. 6. ^ a b "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6370. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ "2011 census results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-25. vteCounties of AlbaniaNorthern Region Dibër Durrës Kukës Lezhë Shkodër Central Region Elbasan Tirana Southern Region Berat Fier Gjirokastër Korçë Vlorë Category Counties by: area population population density GDP HDI vteSubdivisions of Fier CountyCounty Seat: FierMunicipality of Divjakë Divjakë Grabjan Gradishtë Remas Tërbuf Municipality of Fier Cakran Dërmenas Fier Frakull Levan Libofshë Mbrostar Ura Portëz Qendër Topojë Municipality of Lushnjë Allkaj Ballagat Bubullimë Dushk Fier-Shegan Golem Hysgjokaj Karbunarë Kolonjë Krutje Lushnjë Municipality of Mallakastër Aranitas Ballsh Fratar Greshicë Hekal Kutë Ngraçan Qendër Dukas Selitë Municipality of Patos Patos Ruzhdie Zharrëz Municipality of Roskovec Kuman Kurjan Roskovec Strum Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[fieɽ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Southern Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Albania"},{"link_name":"Republic of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"third most populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Albania_by_population"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana_County"},{"link_name":"Elbasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan_County"},{"link_name":"Berat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat_County"},{"link_name":"Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Fier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier"},{"link_name":"Divjakë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divjak%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Lushnjë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushnj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Mallakastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakast%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Patos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patos_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Roskovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskovec"},{"link_name":"administrative units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Fier_County"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law115-3"}],"text":"County in southern AlbaniaCounty in AlbaniaFier County (Albanian pronunciation: [fieɽ]; Albanian: Qarku Fier), officially the County of Fier (Albanian: Qarku i Fierit), is a county in the Southern Region of the Republic of Albania. It is the eighth largest by area and the third most populous of the twelve counties, with more than 286,000 people within an area of 1,890 km2 (730 sq mi). The county borders on the Adriatic Sea to the west, the counties of Tirana to the north, Elbasan to the northeast, Berat to the east and Vlorë to the south, Gjirokastër Country to the sud east. It is divided into six municipalities, Fier, Divjakë, Lushnjë, Mallakastër, Patos and Roskovec, with all of whom incorporate forty-two administrative units.[3]","title":"Fier County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier_District"},{"link_name":"Lushnjë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushnj%C3%AB_District"},{"link_name":"Mallakastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakast%C3%ABr_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law115-3"}],"text":"Until 2000, Fier County was subdivided into three districts: Fier, Lushnjë, and Mallakastër. Before 2015, it consisted of 42 municipalities.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census11-4"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Aromanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Bektashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Albania"}],"text":"According to the last national census from 2011, Fier County had 310,331 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the county include:[4]Albanians = 241,163 (77.71%)\nGreeks = 332 (0.11%)\nMacedonians = 18 (0.01%)\nMontenegrins = 5 (0.00%)\nAromanians = 1,553 (0.50%)\nRomani = 1,640 (0,53%)\nEgyptians = 75 (0,02%)\nothers = 171 (0.06%)\nno answer = 65,374 (21.07%)Islam is the largest religion in the county, forming 48.52% of the total population (150,559 people). There are also some Bektashi Muslims with 1.01% (3,137 people), 7.15% percent consisting of believers without a denomination (22,186 people) and Christians forming 15.91% of the county's population (Orthodox (13.76%) (42,993 people), Evangelists (0.11% (331 people) (and Roman Catholics) (1.98%) (6,149 people).","title":"Demography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Fier County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fier_County"},{"title":"Geography of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Albania"},{"title":"Politics of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Albania"},{"title":"Divisions of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania"}]
[{"reference":"\"Population on 1st January by prefecture and sex\" (PDF). INSTAT. 7 May 2021. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://instat.gov.al/media/8305/population-on-1-january-2021.pdf","url_text":"\"Population on 1st January by prefecture and sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)","url_text":"INSTAT"}]},{"reference":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6370. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 census results\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053428/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf","url_text":"\"2011 census results\""},{"url":"http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fier_County&params=40_45_N_19_35_E_scale:1000000_type:city_region:AL","external_links_name":"40°45′N 19°35′E / 40.750°N 19.583°E / 40.750; 19.583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fier_County&params=40_45_N_19_35_E_scale:1000000_type:city_region:AL","external_links_name":"40°45′N 19°35′E / 40.750°N 19.583°E / 40.750; 19.583"},{"Link":"http://www.qarkufier.gov.al/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://top-channel.tv/2023/07/07/konstituohet-keshilli-i-qarkut-fier-evis-sema-rizgjidhet-per-nje-mandat-te-dyte-si-kryetare/","external_links_name":"https://top-channel.tv/2023/07/07/konstituohet-keshilli-i-qarkut-fier-evis-sema-rizgjidhet-per-nje-mandat-te-dyte-si-kryetare/"},{"Link":"http://instat.gov.al/media/8305/population-on-1-january-2021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population on 1st January by prefecture and sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053428/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2011 census results\""},{"Link":"http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/5dd2324d-c7e1-4fd3-b273-4a1538177385","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdale_(SEPTA_station)
Lansdale station
["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°14′35″N 75°17′07″W / 40.2431°N 75.2852°W / 40.2431; -75.2852Train station in Pennsylvania LansdaleThe former Reading Railroad station depot at LansdaleGeneral informationLocation80 West Main Street (PA 63)Lansdale, Pennsylvania, 19446Coordinates40°14′35″N 75°17′07″W / 40.2431°N 75.2852°W / 40.2431; -75.2852Owned bySEPTALine(s)SEPTA Main LineDoylestown LinePlatforms3 side platforms1 island platformTracks4Connections SEPTA Suburban Bus: 96, 132ConstructionPlatform levels1Parking838Bicycle facilitiesYesAccessibleYesOther informationFare zone4HistoryOpenedFebruary 7, 1903ElectrifiedJuly 26, 1931Passengers20171,424 boardings1,153 alightings(weekday average)Rank8 of 146 Services Preceding station SEPTA Following station Pennbrooktoward 30th Street Station Lansdale/​Doylestown Line 9th Streettoward Doylestown Former services Preceding station SEPTA Following station Pennbrooktoward Reading Terminal Bethlehem Line Perkasietoward Allentown Hatfieldtoward Allentown Preceding station Lehigh Valley Transit Company Following station Hatfieldvia Couter and Angle stationstoward Allentown Liberty Bell High Speed LineUntil 1951 Elm Streetvia Washington Square, Acorn, and Broad Street stationstoward 69th Street Preceding station Reading Railroad Following station Pennbrooktoward Philadelphia Bethlehem Branch Orvillatoward Bethlehem Terminus Doylestown Branch Fortunatoward Doylestown Kneedlertoward Elm Street Stony Creek Branch Terminus Philadelphia & Reading Railway: Lansdale Passenger StationU.S. National Register of Historic Places LocationLansdale, Pennsylvania, USACoordinates40°14′35″N 75°17′07″W / 40.2431°N 75.2852°W / 40.2431; -75.2852Built1903NRHP reference No.100007217Designated December 21, 2021 Lansdale station, also known as the Lansdale Transportation Center, is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Lansdale, Pennsylvania. Located at Main Street (PA 63) and Green Street, it serves the Lansdale/Doylestown Line. It was originally built in 1902 by the Reading Company, opening on February 7, 1903; a freight house was added in 1909. Historically, the station hosted the Interstate Express (north to Syracuse) and the Scranton Flyer (north to Scranton). Additionally, the station served commuter trains on the Reading's branch to Bethlehem until service was ended in 1981. The historic station building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. In FY 2013, Lansdale station had a weekday average of 1396 boardings and 1272 alightings. The station features a 178-space parking lot and a 660-space parking garage. The parking garage at Lansdale station opened on April 17, 2017, offering hundreds of additional parking spaces at the station. Lansdale station is near the SEPTA's 25 Hz Traction Power System plant, originally built by the RDG. The station interior was formerly home to an internet café, and Italian deli called "A Little Something Nice". Lansdale station was formerly an important transfer point between electric and Budd Rail Diesel Car (RDCs) service to points north, such as Quakertown, Bethlehem, and Allentown. RDC service on the Bethlehem Line was eliminated in 1981 due to budget cuts. Proposals for service restoration to Quakertown have been floated around since the late 1990s, but nothing has gone past the discussion phase. Service restoration beyond Quakertown is no longer generally considered a feasible option, due to SEPTA's leasing of the railroad right-of-way for use as an interim walking trail beyond Quakertown. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 13, 2021 as the Philadelphia & Reading Railway: Lansdale Passenger Station. Gallery Lansdale station in 2007 Interior of station building Parking garage References ^ "New Station is Opened". The Buffalo Enquirer. February 7, 1903. p. 6. Retrieved April 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Reading Installs Electric Service". The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 26, 1931. p. 8. Retrieved August 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update". SEPTA. June 2020. p. 24. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ Existing Railroad Stations in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania ^ "Reading Railway System, Condensed Time-Table". Official Guide of the Railways. 82 (8). National Railway Publication Company. January 1950. ^ "Weekly listing". National Park Service. ^ "SEPTA (May 2014). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Service Plan. p. 61" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-12. (539 KB) ^ "Lansdale Station". SEPTA. Retrieved September 28, 2020. ^ Stamm, Dan (April 17, 2017). "SEPTA Adds Hundreds of Parking Spots to Montgomery County Regional Rail Station". Philadelphia, PA: WCAU-TV. Retrieved September 28, 2020. ^ National Register of Historic Places (Weekly List; December 16, 2021) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lansdale (SEPTA station). SEPTA – Lansdale station JPMueller99 Flickr Photos #1 and #2 Station from Main Street from Google Maps Street View vteSEPTA Regional Rail stationsAirport Terminals E & F Terminals C & D Terminal B Terminal A Eastwick Penn Medicine 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Chestnut Hill East Chestnut Hill East Gravers Wyndmoor Mount Airy Sedgwick Stenton Washington Lane Germantown Wister Wayne Junction Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Chestnut Hill West Chestnut Hill West Highland St. Martins Richard Allen Lane Carpenter Upsal Tulpehocken Chelten Avenue Queen Lane North Philadelphia 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Cynwyd Cynwyd Bala Wynnefield Avenue 30th Street Suburban Fox Chase Fox Chase Cheltenham Lawndale Olney Wayne Junction Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Lansdale/Doylestown Doylestown Delaware Valley University New Britain Chalfont Link Belt Colmar Fortuna 9th Street Lansdale Pennbrook North Wales Gwynedd Valley Penllyn Ambler Fort Washington Oreland North Hills Glenside Jenkintown–Wyncote Elkins Park Melrose Park Fern Rock Wayne Junction North Broad Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Manayunk/Norristown Elm Street Main Street Norristown Conshohocken Spring Mill Miquon Ivy Ridge Manayunk Wissahickon East Falls Allegheny North Broad Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Penn Medicine Media/Wawa Wawa Elwyn Media Moylan–Rose Valley Wallingford Swarthmore Morton Secane Primos Clifton–Aldan Gladstone Lansdowne Fernwood–Yeadon Angora 49th Street Penn Medicine 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Paoli/Thorndale Thorndale Downingtown Whitford Exton Malvern Paoli Daylesford Berwyn Devon Strafford Wayne St. Davids Radnor Villanova Rosemont Bryn Mawr Haverford Ardmore Wynnewood Narberth Merion Overbrook 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Trenton Trenton Levittown Bristol Croydon Eddington Cornwells Heights Torresdale Holmesburg Junction Tacony Bridesburg North Philadelphia 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Warminster Warminster Hatboro Willow Grove Crestmont Roslyn Ardsley Glenside Jenkintown–Wyncote Elkins Park Melrose Park Fern Rock Wayne Junction North Broad Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Penn Medicine West Trenton West Trenton Yardley Woodbourne Langhorne Neshaminy Falls Trevose Somerton Forest Hills Philmont Bethayres Meadowbrook Rydal Noble Jenkintown–Wyncote Elkins Park Melrose Park Fern Rock Wayne Junction Temple University Jefferson Suburban 30th Street Penn Medicine Wilmington/Newark Newark Churchmans Crossing Wilmington Claymont Marcus Hook Highland Avenue Chester Eddystone Crum Lynne Ridley Park Prospect Park Norwood Glenolden Folcroft Sharon Hill Curtis Park Darby Penn Medicine 30th Street Suburban Jefferson Temple University Former stations 52nd Street Allentown Andalusia Auburn Baldwin Barmouth Belle Mead Bethlehem Birdsboro Bound Brook Bryn Athyn Center Valley Cheyney Churchville Coatesville Columbia Avenue County Line Crescentville Darlington DeKalb Street Fellwick Fishers Frankford Junction Franklin Street Fulmor George School Glen Mills Glen Riddle Hamburg Hellertown Holland Hopewell Huntingdon Valley Ivy Rock Lamokin Street Leesport Lenni Locksley Logan Manayunk West Mohrsville Mogees Newark Penn Newtown Nicetown Parkesburg Phoenixville Pottstown Pottsville Quakertown Reading Terminal Royersford Schuylkill Haven Shawmont Shoemakersville Southampton Spring Garden Street Tioga Valley Forge Walnut Hill West Chester West Chester University Westmoreland Westtown Williamson School Wissinoming vteUS National Register of Historic Places in PennsylvaniaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges (covered) National Historic Landmarks (Philadelphia) Category NRHP portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SEPTA Regional Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail"},{"link_name":"Lansdale, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"PA 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_63"},{"link_name":"Lansdale/Doylestown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdale/Doylestown_Line"},{"link_name":"Reading Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Interstate Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Express"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"parking garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_garage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"SEPTA's 25 Hz Traction Power System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA%27s_25_Hz_Traction_Power_System"},{"link_name":"internet café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Budd Rail Diesel Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car"},{"link_name":"Quakertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Line"},{"link_name":"right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_way_(public_throughway)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Train station in PennsylvaniaLansdale station, also known as the Lansdale Transportation Center, is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Lansdale, Pennsylvania. Located at Main Street (PA 63) and Green Street, it serves the Lansdale/Doylestown Line. It was originally built in 1902 by the Reading Company, opening on February 7, 1903; a freight house was added in 1909.[4] Historically, the station hosted the Interstate Express (north to Syracuse) and the Scranton Flyer (north to Scranton). Additionally, the station served commuter trains on the Reading's branch to Bethlehem until service was ended in 1981.[5] The historic station building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.[6]In FY 2013, Lansdale station had a weekday average of 1396 boardings and 1272 alightings.[7]The station features a 178-space parking lot and a 660-space parking garage.[8] The parking garage at Lansdale station opened on April 17, 2017, offering hundreds of additional parking spaces at the station.[9] Lansdale station is near the SEPTA's 25 Hz Traction Power System plant, originally built by the RDG. The station interior was formerly home to an internet café, and Italian deli called \"A Little Something Nice\".Lansdale station was formerly an important transfer point between electric and Budd Rail Diesel Car (RDCs) service to points north, such as Quakertown, Bethlehem, and Allentown. RDC service on the Bethlehem Line was eliminated in 1981 due to budget cuts. Proposals for service restoration to Quakertown have been floated around since the late 1990s, but nothing has gone past the discussion phase. Service restoration beyond Quakertown is no longer generally considered a feasible option, due to SEPTA's leasing of the railroad right-of-way for use as an interim walking trail beyond Quakertown.The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 13, 2021 as the Philadelphia & Reading Railway: Lansdale Passenger Station.[10]","title":"Lansdale station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lansdale,_Pennsylvania_Train_Station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lansdale_SEPTA_station_waiting_room.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lansdale_station_garage_entrance,_July_2017.jpg"}],"text":"Lansdale station in 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of station building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParking garage","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"New Station is Opened\". The Buffalo Enquirer. February 7, 1903. p. 6. Retrieved April 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19326971/lansdale_station_february_7_1903/","url_text":"\"New Station is Opened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Reading Installs Electric Service\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. July 26, 1931. p. 8. Retrieved August 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57809734/reading-electric-july-26-1931/","url_text":"\"Reading Installs Electric Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\". SEPTA. June 2020. p. 24. Retrieved March 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://planning.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FY-2021_Service_Plan_Update.docx","url_text":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA","url_text":"SEPTA"}]},{"reference":"\"Reading Railway System, Condensed Time-Table\". Official Guide of the Railways. 82 (8). National Railway Publication Company. January 1950.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Weekly listing\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm","url_text":"\"Weekly listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"SEPTA (May 2014). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Service Plan. p. 61\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812142611/http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/asp15.pdf","url_text":"\"SEPTA (May 2014). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Service Plan. p. 61\""},{"url":"http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/asp15.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lansdale Station\". SEPTA. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.septa.org/stations/rail/lansdale.html","url_text":"\"Lansdale Station\""}]},{"reference":"Stamm, Dan (April 17, 2017). \"SEPTA Adds Hundreds of Parking Spots to Montgomery County Regional Rail Station\". Philadelphia, PA: WCAU-TV. Retrieved September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/septa-lansdale-station-garage/12960/","url_text":"\"SEPTA Adds Hundreds of Parking Spots to Montgomery County Regional Rail Station\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lansdale_station&params=40.2431_N_75.2852_W_type:railwaystation_region:US","external_links_name":"40°14′35″N 75°17′07″W / 40.2431°N 75.2852°W / 40.2431; -75.2852"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lansdale_station&params=40.2431_N_75.2852_W_type:railwaystation_region:US","external_links_name":"40°14′35″N 75°17′07″W / 40.2431°N 75.2852°W / 40.2431; -75.2852"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lansdale_station&params=40.2431_N_75.2852_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"40°14′35″N 75°17′07″W / 40.2431°N 75.2852°W / 40.2431; -75.2852"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/100007217","external_links_name":"100007217"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19326971/lansdale_station_february_7_1903/","external_links_name":"\"New Station is Opened\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57809734/reading-electric-july-26-1931/","external_links_name":"\"Reading Installs Electric Service\""},{"Link":"https://planning.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FY-2021_Service_Plan_Update.docx","external_links_name":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\""},{"Link":"http://www.west2k.com/pastations/montgomerypa.shtml","external_links_name":"Existing Railroad Stations in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm","external_links_name":"\"Weekly listing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812142611/http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/asp15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SEPTA (May 2014). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Service Plan. p. 61\""},{"Link":"http://www.septa.org/reports/pdf/asp15.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.septa.org/stations/rail/lansdale.html","external_links_name":"\"Lansdale Station\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/septa-lansdale-station-garage/12960/","external_links_name":"\"SEPTA Adds Hundreds of Parking Spots to Montgomery County Regional Rail Station\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-2021-12-16.htm","external_links_name":"National Register of Historic Places (Weekly List; December 16, 2021)"},{"Link":"https://www.septa.org/stations/lansdale-station","external_links_name":"SEPTA – Lansdale station"},{"Link":"https://flickr.com/photos/redarrow101/2131932620/","external_links_name":"JPMueller99 Flickr Photos #1"},{"Link":"https://flickr.com/photos/redarrow101/2131933464/","external_links_name":"#2"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=40.242402,-75.285152&spn=0.003677,0.010986&z=17&layer=c&cbll=40.242402,-75.285152&panoid=_GwkArB2XftrwDEtTMd6Sg&cbp=12,342.06,,0,5.09","external_links_name":"Station from Main Street from Google Maps Street View"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_Symphony_Orchestra
Burnside Symphony Orchestra
["1 History","2 Concerts","3 Conductors","4 Commissions","5 References","6 External links"]
Burnside Symphony OrchestraOrchestraBurnside Symphony Orchestra Concert 15 April 2015, Burnside Ballroom, Tusmore, South AustraliaFounded1956Websitewww.bso.org.au The Burnside Symphony Orchestra is a community orchestra based in the Burnside Council area in Adelaide, South Australia. While most concerts presented are in the Burnside Ballroom, the orchestra sometimes repeats performances outside the Adelaide metropolitan area, offering rural towns the chance to hear live performances of popular classical music. History The orchestra was formed in 1956 to encourage amateur musicians, aspiring soloists and conductors to gain experience in performing symphonic repertoire with a full orchestra. Its main instigator was Dr John Nicholson Black, a flautist and conductor who, while originating from the UK, was residing and working in Adelaide as Senior Agronomist at the Waite Institute. The orchestra rehearsed during its earliest days in Clayton Church Hall before finding a permanent home in the Burnside Town Hall. The City of Burnside supported the orchestra at this time and has continued to do so throughout its history. Concerts The orchestra presents four concerts each year and performs some programs both at its home venue, the Burnside Ballroom, and at various country venues including Tanunda in the Barossa Valley. Most concerts are presented in support of a local or international charity. Charities have included Save the Children, Burnside Rotary, Royal District Nursing Society and Sailability. Conductors The orchestra's inaugural conductor was Dr John Black (1957-1963). The current musical director is Philip Paine. Past conductors have included Malcolm John, David Cubbin, Bob Cooper, Jim Ferguson, Alfonse Anthony, Joanna Drimatis, Martin Butler, Bruce Stewart, Kim Worley and Bryan Griffiths. Commissions In 1986 the Burnside Symphony Orchestra commissioned The Christmas kangaroo : a children's story for narrator and orchestra with words by Ian Mudie and music by Peter Webb. References ^ Goolwa Concert July 2014 Archived July 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Burnside Symphony Orchestra". Burnside Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ Horner, John (22 June 1957). "Dr. John Black has cured a musical headache". The Advertiser. ^ a b "Community groups and programs supported by Burnside". City of Burnside. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ Tanunda Concert June 2013 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ "South Australia Events". Save The Children Australia. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ "Fundraising Event-Burnside Symphony Orchestra". Rotary Showcase. Rotary International. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ a b "CONDUCTOR". Burnside Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 21 April 2015. ^ Joanna Drimatis, Australian Doctors Orchestra ^ Martin Butler Archived 8 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Adelaide Youth Orchestras ^ Bryan Griffiths Archived December 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Adelaide Youth Orchestras ^ The Christmas Kangaroo External links Burnside Symphony Orchestra website SAcommunity directory listing - BSO
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Burnside Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_Council"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Burnside Symphony Orchestra is a community orchestra based in the Burnside Council area in Adelaide, South Australia. While most concerts presented are in the Burnside Ballroom, the orchestra sometimes repeats performances outside the Adelaide metropolitan area, offering rural towns the chance to hear live performances of popular classical music.[1]","title":"Burnside Symphony Orchestra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Nicholson Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nicholson_Black"},{"link_name":"Waite Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waite_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"City of Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Burnside"}],"text":"The orchestra was formed in 1956 to encourage amateur musicians, aspiring soloists and conductors to gain experience in performing symphonic repertoire with a full orchestra.[2]Its main instigator was Dr John Nicholson Black, a flautist and conductor who, while originating from the UK, was residing and working in Adelaide as Senior Agronomist at the Waite Institute.[3] The orchestra rehearsed during its earliest days in Clayton Church Hall before finding a permanent home in the Burnside Town Hall. The City of Burnside supported the orchestra at this time and has continued to do so throughout its history.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Tanunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanunda,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Barossa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Save the Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_International"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The orchestra presents four concerts each year and performs some programs both at its home venue, the Burnside Ballroom,[4] and at various country venues including Tanunda in the Barossa Valley.[5] Most concerts are presented in support of a local or international charity. Charities have included Save the Children,[6] Burnside Rotary,[7] Royal District Nursing Society and Sailability.[4]","title":"Concerts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The orchestra's inaugural conductor was Dr John Black (1957-1963). The current musical director is Philip Paine.[8] Past conductors have included Malcolm John, David Cubbin, Bob Cooper, Jim Ferguson, Alfonse Anthony, Joanna Drimatis,[9] Martin Butler,[10] Bruce Stewart, Kim Worley[8] and Bryan Griffiths.[11]","title":"Conductors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Mudie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Mudie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1986 the Burnside Symphony Orchestra commissioned The Christmas kangaroo : a children's story for narrator and orchestra with words by Ian Mudie and music by Peter Webb.[12]","title":"Commissions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Burnside Symphony Orchestra\". Burnside Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 21 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bso.org.au/","url_text":"\"Burnside Symphony Orchestra\""}]},{"reference":"Horner, John (22 June 1957). \"Dr. John Black has cured a musical headache\". The Advertiser.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Community groups and programs supported by Burnside\". City of Burnside. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150515091141/http://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/Discover/Arts_Culture#.VTW-UCGqpBc","url_text":"\"Community groups and programs supported by Burnside\""},{"url":"http://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/Discover/Arts_Culture#.VTW-UCGqpBc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South Australia Events\". Save The Children Australia. Retrieved 21 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.savethechildren.org.au/our-work/where-we-work/australia/south-australia/events","url_text":"\"South Australia Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fundraising Event-Burnside Symphony Orchestra\". Rotary Showcase. Rotary International. Retrieved 21 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://map.rotary.org/en/project/pages/project_detail.aspx?guid=5DE1B273-C5FD-4263-A019-B9F4302E9C65","url_text":"\"Fundraising Event-Burnside Symphony Orchestra\""}]},{"reference":"\"CONDUCTOR\". Burnside Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 21 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bso.org.au/conductor/","url_text":"\"CONDUCTOR\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.bso.org.au/","external_links_name":"www.bso.org.au"},{"Link":"http://visitalexandrina.com/events/event/350-burnside-symphony-orchestra-sailability-concert","external_links_name":"Goolwa Concert July 2014"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150703021533/http://visitalexandrina.com/events/event/350-burnside-symphony-orchestra-sailability-concert","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://bso.org.au/","external_links_name":"\"Burnside Symphony Orchestra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150515091141/http://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/Discover/Arts_Culture#.VTW-UCGqpBc","external_links_name":"\"Community groups and programs supported by Burnside\""},{"Link":"http://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/Discover/Arts_Culture#.VTW-UCGqpBc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.barossa.com/events/burnside-symphony-orchestra-barossa-regional-gallery","external_links_name":"Tanunda Concert June 2013"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030307/http://www.barossa.com/events/burnside-symphony-orchestra-barossa-regional-gallery","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.savethechildren.org.au/our-work/where-we-work/australia/south-australia/events","external_links_name":"\"South Australia Events\""},{"Link":"https://map.rotary.org/en/project/pages/project_detail.aspx?guid=5DE1B273-C5FD-4263-A019-B9F4302E9C65","external_links_name":"\"Fundraising Event-Burnside Symphony Orchestra\""},{"Link":"http://bso.org.au/conductor/","external_links_name":"\"CONDUCTOR\""},{"Link":"http://www.ado.net.au/ado/public/conductors/Joanna_Drimatis_bio.aspx/","external_links_name":"Joanna Drimatis"},{"Link":"http://adyo.com.au/about-2/conductors/martin-butler","external_links_name":"Martin Butler"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130408232346/http://adyo.com.au/about-2/conductors/martin-butler/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://adyo.com.au/concerts-2011/guests-2011/bryan-griffiths/","external_links_name":"Bryan Griffiths"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101216041538/http://adyo.com.au/concerts-2011/guests-2011/bryan-griffiths/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/work/webb-peter-christmas-kangaroo","external_links_name":"The Christmas Kangaroo"},{"Link":"http://www.bso.org.au/","external_links_name":"Burnside Symphony Orchestra website"},{"Link":"http://sacommunity.org/org/196294-Burnside_Symphony_Orchestra_Inc.","external_links_name":"SAcommunity directory listing - BSO"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Upper_Canada
List of lieutenant governors of Ontario
["1 Lieutenant governors of Upper Canada, 1791–1841","2 Lieutenant governors of Ontario, 1867–present","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
The following is a list of lieutenant governors of Ontario and the lieutenant governors of the former colony of Upper Canada. The office of Lieutenant Governor of Ontario was created in 1867, when the Province of Ontario was created upon Confederation. The predecessor office, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, was a British colonial officer, appointed by the British government to administer the government of the colony, from 1791 to 1841. (Prior to 1791, the territory which is now Ontario was part of the old Province of Quebec, which was administered by the colonial governors of the Province of Quebec.) In 1841, the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada were abolished and merged into the new Province of Canada, with a single Parliament and Governor General. Upper Canada was known as Canada West, but did not have a separate government or lieutenant governor. It was simply an administrative division of the Province of Canada. Prior to Confederation, the lieutenant governors of Upper Canada were either British colonial administrators or British Army officers. The first lieutenant governor of Ontario, General Sir Henry William Stisted, was the last British lieutenant governor. From 1868 onwards, only Canadians were appointed to the position. Lieutenant governors of Upper Canada, 1791–1841 No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term of office MonarchReign Took office Left office 1 John Graves Simcoe(1752–1806) 1791 1798 George III(1760–1820) – Peter Russell(1733–1808)Administrator of the Government 1796 1799 2 Peter Hunter(1746–1805) 1799 1805 – Alexander Grant(1734–1813)Administrator of the Government 1805 1806 3 Francis Gore(1769–1852) 1806 1817 – Sir Isaac BrockKB(1769–1812)Acting 1811 1812 – Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe1st Baronet(1763–1851)Acting 1812 1813 – Sir Francis de RottenburgBaron of Rottenburg(1757–1832)Acting 1813 1813 – Sir Gordon Drummond(1772–1854)Acting 1813 1814 – Sir George MurrayGCB, GCH(1772–1846)Acting 1815 1815 – Sir Frederick Philipse RobinsonKCB, GCH(1763–1852)Acting 1815 1815 – Samuel Smith(1756–1826)Administrator of the Government 1817 1818 4 Sir Peregrine MaitlandKCB, GCH(1777–1854) 1818 1828 George IV(1820–1830) 5 Sir John ColborneGCB, GCMG(1778–1863) 1828 1836 William IV(1830–1837) 6 Sir Francis Bond HeadKCH(1778–1863) 1836 1838 Victoria(1837–1901) 7 Sir George ArthurKCH(1778–1863) 1838 1839 8 Charles Poulett Thomson1st Baron SydenhamPC(1799–1841) 1839 1841 Lieutenant governors of Ontario, 1867–present No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Term of office MonarchReign PremierTenure Took office Left office 1 Henry William StistedCB(1817–1875) 1 July1867 14 July1868 Victoria(1837–1901) John Sandfield Macdonald(1867–1871) 2 William Pearce HowlandPC(1811–1907) 15 July1868 11 November1873 Edward Blake(1871–1872) Sir Oliver Mowat(1872–1896) 3 John Willoughby CrawfordQC(1817–1875) 12 November1873 13 May1875 – Sir William Buell RichardsPC(1815–1889)Administrator of the Government 13 May1875 18 May1875 4 Donald Alexander MacdonaldPC(1817–1896) 18 May1875 30 June1880 5 John Beverley Robinson(1821–1896) 1 July1880 31 May1887 6 Sir Alexander CampbellPC, KCMG, QC(1822–1892) 1 June1887 24 May1892 – John Hawkins Hagarty(1816–1900)Administrator of the Government 24 May1892 30 May1892 7 George Airey KirkpatrickPC, QC(1841–1899) 30 May1892 7 November1896 Arthur Sturgis Hardy(1896–1899) – Sir Casimir GzowskiKCMG(1813–1898)Administrator of the Government {7 November1896 18 November1897 8 Sir Oliver MowatPC, GCMG, QC(1820–1903) 18 November1897 19 April1903 Sir George William Ross(1899–1905) Edward VII(1901–1910) – Sir Charles Moss(1840–1912)Administrator of the Government 19 April1903 21 April1903 9 Sir William Mortimer ClarkKCMG, KC(1836–1915) 21 April1903 21 September1908 Sir James Whitney(1905–1914) 10 Sir John Morison GibsonKCMG, KC(1842–1929) 21 September1908 26 September1914 George V(1910–1936) 11 Sir John Strathearn HendrieKCMG, CVO(1857–1923) 26 September1914 20 November1919 Sir William Howard Hearst(1914–1919) Ernest Charles Drury(1919–1923) 12 Lionel Herbert Clarke(1859–1921) 20 November1919 29 August1921 – Sir William Ralph MeredithQC(1840–1923)Administrator of the Government 29 August1921 10 September1921 13 Henry Cockshutt(1868–1944) 10 September1921 12 January1927 Howard Ferguson(1923–1930) 14 William Donald Ross(1869–1947) 12 January1927 25 October1931 George Stewart Henry(1930–1934) – Sir William MulockPC, KCMG(1843–1944)Administrator of the Government 25 October1931 1 November1932 15 Herbert Alexander Bruce(1868–1963) 1 November1932 23 November1937 Mitchell Hepburn(1934–1942) Edward VIII(1936) George VI(1936–1952) 16 Albert Edward Matthews(1873–1949) 23 November1937 26 December1946 Gordon Daniel Conant(1942–1943) Harry Nixon(1943) George A. Drew(1943–1948) 17 Ray LawsonOBE(1886–1980) 26 December1946 18 February1952 Thomas Laird Kennedy(1948–1949) Leslie Frost(1949–1961) Elizabeth II(1952–2022) 18 Louis Orville Breithaupt(1890–1960) 18 February1952 30 December1957 19 John Keiller MacKayOC, DSO, VD, QC(1880–1970) 30 December1957 1 May1963 John Robarts(1961–1971) 20 William Earl RowePC(1894–1984) 1 May1963 4 July1968 21 William Ross MacdonaldPC, OC, CD, QC(1891–1976) 4 July1968 10 April1974 Bill Davis(1971–1985) 22 Pauline Mills McGibbonOC(1910–2001) 10 April1974 15 September1980 23 John Black AirdOC, QC(1923–1995) 15 September1980 20 September1985 Frank Miller(1985) David Peterson(1985–1990) 24 Lincoln AlexanderPC, OOnt, CD, QC(1922–2012) 20 September1985 10 December1991 Bob Rae(1990–1995) 25 Hal JackmanCM(born 1932) 11 December1991 24 January1997 Mike Harris(1995–2002) 26 Hilary WestonOOnt(born 1942) 24 January1997 7 March2002 27 James BartlemanOOnt(1939–2023) 7 March2002 5 September2007 Ernie Eves(2002–2003) Dalton McGuinty(2003–2013) 28 David OnleyOOnt(1950–2023) 5 September2007 23 September2014 Kathleen Wynne(2013–2018) 29 Elizabeth DowdeswellOC, OOnt(born 1944) 23 September2014 14 November2023 Doug Ford(since 2018) Charles III(since 2022) 30 Edith DumontOOnt(born 1964) 14 November2023 Source: See also Office-holders of Canada Canadian incumbents by year References ^ Constitution Act, 1867, s. 58. ^ R. Mealing, Stanley (1 February 2017). "John Graves Simcoe". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Firth, Edith G. (2003). "Biography - RUSSEL, PETER - Volume V". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ "Biography - HUNTER, PETER". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 2003. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Whitfield, Carol (2003). "Biography - GRANT, ALEXANDER". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Mealing, S. R. (2003). "GORE, FRANCIS". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Mealing, S. R. (2003). "Smith, Samuel". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Bowsfield, Hartwell (2003). "MAITLAND, Sir PEREGRINE". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Wilson, Alan (2003). "COLBORNE, JOHN". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Wise, S.F. (2003). "Head, Sir Francis Bond". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ Buckner, Philip (2003). "ARTHUR, GEORGE". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ "THOMSON, CHARLES EDWARD POULETT". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 2003. Retrieved 14 February 2020. ^ "History - Lieutenant Governor Of Ontario". Lieutenant governor of ontario. 2020. ^ "Educator Edith Dumont appointed lieutenant-governor for Ontario". www.chch.com. The Canadian Press. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023. External links Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. "History > Vice-Regal Representatives". Queen's Printer for Ontario. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. vteList of lieutenant governors of Canada (by province or territory)Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Category Canada portal vtePolitics of OntarioCrown in Ontario Charles III Lieutenant Governor Edith Dumont Former Lieutenant Governors Premier Doug Ford List of Premiers List of Premiers by time in office Opposition Leader Marit Stiles Former Opposition Leaders Ontario Shadow Cabinet Speaker of the Assembly Ted Arnott Former Speakers Legislature Current assembly Former legislatures Cabinet Political parties Progressive Conservative New Democratic Liberal Green Alliance Canadians' Choice Centrist Communist Confederation of Regions Consensus Electoral Reform Freedom of Choice, Peace & Justice Freedom Libertarian Moderate Ontario Party New Blue None of the Above Northern Ontario People with Special Needs People's Progressive Common Front Populist Public Benefit Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda Elections 2022 Ontario general election Past elections Ontario electoral districts Current issues Equalization payments Other Canadian politics Federal AB BC MB NB NL NS ON PE QC SK NT NU YU
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"old Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)"},{"link_name":"governors of the Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada#Governors_of_the_Province_of_Quebec,_1760%E2%80%931786"},{"link_name":"Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_the_Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"General Sir Henry William Stisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_William_Stisted"}],"text":"The following is a list of lieutenant governors of Ontario and the lieutenant governors of the former colony of Upper Canada. The office of Lieutenant Governor of Ontario was created in 1867, when the Province of Ontario was created upon Confederation.[1] The predecessor office, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, was a British colonial officer, appointed by the British government to administer the government of the colony, from 1791 to 1841. (Prior to 1791, the territory which is now Ontario was part of the old Province of Quebec, which was administered by the colonial governors of the Province of Quebec.)In 1841, the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada were abolished and merged into the new Province of Canada, with a single Parliament and Governor General. Upper Canada was known as Canada West, but did not have a separate government or lieutenant governor. It was simply an administrative division of the Province of Canada.Prior to Confederation, the lieutenant governors of Upper Canada were either British colonial administrators or British Army officers. The first lieutenant governor of Ontario, General Sir Henry William Stisted, was the last British lieutenant governor. From 1868 onwards, only Canadians were appointed to the position.","title":"List of lieutenant governors of Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lieutenant governors of Upper Canada, 1791–1841"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lieutenant governors of Ontario, 1867–present"}]
[]
[{"title":"Office-holders of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office-holders_of_Canada"},{"title":"Canadian incumbents by year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_incumbents_by_year"}]
[{"reference":"R. Mealing, Stanley (1 February 2017). \"John Graves Simcoe\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/john-graves-simcoe","url_text":"\"John Graves Simcoe\""}]},{"reference":"Firth, Edith G. (2003). \"Biography - RUSSEL, PETER - Volume V\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/russell_peter_5E.html","url_text":"\"Biography - RUSSEL, PETER - Volume V\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography - HUNTER, PETER\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 2003. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hunter_peter_5E.html","url_text":"\"Biography - HUNTER, PETER\""}]},{"reference":"Whitfield, Carol (2003). \"Biography - GRANT, ALEXANDER\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/grant_alexander_5E.html","url_text":"\"Biography - GRANT, ALEXANDER\""}]},{"reference":"Mealing, S. R. (2003). \"GORE, FRANCIS\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gore_francis_8E.html","url_text":"\"GORE, FRANCIS\""}]},{"reference":"Mealing, S. R. (2003). \"Smith, Samuel\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/smith_samuel_6E.html","url_text":"\"Smith, Samuel\""}]},{"reference":"Bowsfield, Hartwell (2003). \"MAITLAND, Sir PEREGRINE\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/maitland_peregrine_8E.html","url_text":"\"MAITLAND, Sir PEREGRINE\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Alan (2003). \"COLBORNE, JOHN\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/colborne_john_9E.html","url_text":"\"COLBORNE, JOHN\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, S.F. (2003). \"Head, Sir Francis Bond\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/head_francis_bond_10E.html","url_text":"\"Head, Sir Francis Bond\""}]},{"reference":"Buckner, Philip (2003). \"ARTHUR, GEORGE\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/arthur_george_8E.html","url_text":"\"ARTHUR, GEORGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"THOMSON, CHARLES EDWARD POULETT\". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 2003. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thomson_charles_edward_poulett_7E.html","url_text":"\"THOMSON, CHARLES EDWARD POULETT\""}]},{"reference":"\"History - Lieutenant Governor Of Ontario\". Lieutenant governor of ontario. 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lgontario.ca/en/history","url_text":"\"History - Lieutenant Governor Of Ontario\""}]},{"reference":"\"Educator Edith Dumont appointed lieutenant-governor for Ontario\". www.chch.com. The Canadian Press. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chch.com/educator-edith-dumont-appointed-lieutenant-governor-for-ontario/","url_text":"\"Educator Edith Dumont appointed lieutenant-governor for Ontario\""}]},{"reference":"Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. \"History > Vice-Regal Representatives\". Queen's Printer for Ontario. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario","url_text":"Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090812225749/http://www.lt.gov.on.ca/en/History/Vice_RegalRepresentatives.asp?nav=7&sub=1","url_text":"\"History > Vice-Regal Representatives\""},{"url":"http://www.lt.gov.on.ca/en/History/Vice_RegalRepresentatives.asp?nav=7&sub=1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-58.html#h-9","external_links_name":"Constitution Act, 1867, s. 58."},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/john-graves-simcoe","external_links_name":"\"John Graves Simcoe\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/russell_peter_5E.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography - RUSSEL, PETER - Volume V\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hunter_peter_5E.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography - HUNTER, PETER\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/grant_alexander_5E.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography - GRANT, ALEXANDER\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gore_francis_8E.html","external_links_name":"\"GORE, FRANCIS\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/smith_samuel_6E.html","external_links_name":"\"Smith, Samuel\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/maitland_peregrine_8E.html","external_links_name":"\"MAITLAND, Sir PEREGRINE\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/colborne_john_9E.html","external_links_name":"\"COLBORNE, JOHN\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/head_francis_bond_10E.html","external_links_name":"\"Head, Sir Francis Bond\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/arthur_george_8E.html","external_links_name":"\"ARTHUR, GEORGE\""},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thomson_charles_edward_poulett_7E.html","external_links_name":"\"THOMSON, CHARLES EDWARD POULETT\""},{"Link":"https://www.lgontario.ca/en/history","external_links_name":"\"History - Lieutenant Governor Of Ontario\""},{"Link":"https://www.chch.com/educator-edith-dumont-appointed-lieutenant-governor-for-ontario/","external_links_name":"\"Educator Edith Dumont appointed lieutenant-governor for Ontario\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090812225749/http://www.lt.gov.on.ca/en/History/Vice_RegalRepresentatives.asp?nav=7&sub=1","external_links_name":"\"History > Vice-Regal Representatives\""},{"Link":"http://www.lt.gov.on.ca/en/History/Vice_RegalRepresentatives.asp?nav=7&sub=1","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USP52
USP52
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens PAN2IdentifiersAliasesPAN2, USP52, PAN2 poly(A) specific ribonuclease subunit, poly(A) specific ribonuclease subunit PAN2External IDsOMIM: 617447; MGI: 1918984; HomoloGene: 5918; GeneCards: PAN2; OMA:PAN2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12q13.3Start56,316,223 bpEnd56,334,053 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 10 (mouse)Band10|10 D3Start128,139,204 bpEnd128,157,227 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inright lobe of thyroid glandleft lobe of thyroid glandright hemisphere of cerebellumright uterine tubeleft ovaryanterior pituitaryright ovarybody of pancreasright testisleft testisTop expressed insecondary oocytezygoteprimary oocytetail of embryogenital tubercleneural layer of retinagranulocytehair follicleendocardial cushionepithelium of lensMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity nuclease activity exonuclease activity 3'-5'-exoribonuclease activity protein binding hydrolase activity nucleic acid binding metal ion binding Cellular component cytoplasm PAN complex cytosol P-body nucleus Biological process nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening mRNA processing nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez9924103135EnsemblENSG00000135473ENSMUSG00000005682UniProtQ504Q3Q8BGF7RefSeq (mRNA)NM_014871NM_001127460NM_001166279NM_001252326NM_001252327NM_133992NM_001358822RefSeq (protein)NP_001120932NP_001159751NP_055686NP_001239255NP_001239256NP_598753NP_001345751Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 56.32 – 56.33 MbChr 10: 128.14 – 128.16 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse PAB-dependent poly(A)-specific ribonuclease subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAN2 gene. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135473 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005682 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Puente XS, Sánchez LM, Overall CM, López-Otín C (July 2003). "Human and mouse proteases: a comparative genomic approach". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 4 (7): 544–58. doi:10.1038/nrg1111. PMID 12838346. S2CID 2856065. ^ Uchida N, Hoshino S, Katada T (January 2004). "Identification of a human cytoplasmic poly(A) nuclease complex stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (2): 1383–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309125200. PMID 14583602. ^ "Entrez Gene: USP52 ubiquitin specific peptidase 52". Further reading Ishikawa K, Nagase T, Suyama M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O (June 1998). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 5 (3): 169–76. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.3.169. PMID 9734811. Lo KW, Naisbitt S, Fan JS, Sheng M, Zhang M (April 2001). "The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (17): 14059–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010320200. PMID 11148209. Quesada V, Díaz-Perales A, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Garabaya C, Cal S, López-Otín C (January 2004). "Cloning and enzymatic analysis of 22 novel human ubiquitin-specific proteases". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 314 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.050. PMID 14715245. Yamashita A, Chang TC, Yamashita Y, Zhu W, Zhong Z, Chen CY, Shyu AB (December 2005). "Concerted action of poly(A) nucleases and decapping enzyme in mammalian mRNA turnover". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 12 (12): 1054–63. doi:10.1038/nsmb1016. PMID 16284618. S2CID 19485927. Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292. This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12838346-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14583602-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"PAB-dependent poly(A)-specific ribonuclease subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAN2 gene.[5][6][7]","title":"USP52"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.3.169"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/dnares/5.3.169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.3.169"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9734811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9734811"},{"link_name":"\"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M010320200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11148209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11148209"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.050","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2003.12.050"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14715245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715245"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nsmb1016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb1016"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16284618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284618"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19485927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19485927"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nbt1240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1240"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16964243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16964243"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14294292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14294292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USP52&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-12-stub"}],"text":"Ishikawa K, Nagase T, Suyama M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O (June 1998). \"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro\". DNA Research. 5 (3): 169–76. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.3.169. PMID 9734811.\nLo KW, Naisbitt S, Fan JS, Sheng M, Zhang M (April 2001). \"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (17): 14059–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010320200. PMID 11148209.\nQuesada V, Díaz-Perales A, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Garabaya C, Cal S, López-Otín C (January 2004). \"Cloning and enzymatic analysis of 22 novel human ubiquitin-specific proteases\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 314 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.050. PMID 14715245.\nYamashita A, Chang TC, Yamashita Y, Zhu W, Zhong Z, Chen CY, Shyu AB (December 2005). \"Concerted action of poly(A) nucleases and decapping enzyme in mammalian mRNA turnover\". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 12 (12): 1054–63. doi:10.1038/nsmb1016. PMID 16284618. S2CID 19485927.\nBeausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). \"A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization\". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292.This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=9924","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=103135","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Puente XS, Sánchez LM, Overall CM, López-Otín C (July 2003). \"Human and mouse proteases: a comparative genomic approach\". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 4 (7): 544–58. doi:10.1038/nrg1111. PMID 12838346. S2CID 2856065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1111","url_text":"10.1038/nrg1111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12838346","url_text":"12838346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2856065","url_text":"2856065"}]},{"reference":"Uchida N, Hoshino S, Katada T (January 2004). \"Identification of a human cytoplasmic poly(A) nuclease complex stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (2): 1383–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309125200. PMID 14583602.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M309125200","url_text":"\"Identification of a human cytoplasmic poly(A) nuclease complex stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M309125200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M309125200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14583602","url_text":"14583602"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: USP52 ubiquitin specific peptidase 52\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9924","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: USP52 ubiquitin specific peptidase 52\""}]},{"reference":"Ishikawa K, Nagase T, Suyama M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O (June 1998). \"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro\". DNA Research. 5 (3): 169–76. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.3.169. PMID 9734811.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.3.169","url_text":"\"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.3.169","url_text":"10.1093/dnares/5.3.169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9734811","url_text":"9734811"}]},{"reference":"Lo KW, Naisbitt S, Fan JS, Sheng M, Zhang M (April 2001). \"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (17): 14059–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010320200. PMID 11148209.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200","url_text":"\"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M010320200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11148209","url_text":"11148209"}]},{"reference":"Quesada V, Díaz-Perales A, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Garabaya C, Cal S, López-Otín C (January 2004). \"Cloning and enzymatic analysis of 22 novel human ubiquitin-specific proteases\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 314 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.050. PMID 14715245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2003.12.050","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715245","url_text":"14715245"}]},{"reference":"Yamashita A, Chang TC, Yamashita Y, Zhu W, Zhong Z, Chen CY, Shyu AB (December 2005). \"Concerted action of poly(A) nucleases and decapping enzyme in mammalian mRNA turnover\". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 12 (12): 1054–63. doi:10.1038/nsmb1016. PMID 16284618. S2CID 19485927.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb1016","url_text":"10.1038/nsmb1016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284618","url_text":"16284618"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19485927","url_text":"19485927"}]},{"reference":"Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). \"A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization\". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1240","url_text":"10.1038/nbt1240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16964243","url_text":"16964243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14294292","url_text":"14294292"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/20074","external_links_name":"PAN2"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/617447","external_links_name":"617447"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1918984","external_links_name":"1918984"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=5918","external_links_name":"5918"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PAN2","external_links_name":"PAN2"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000135473","external_links_name":"PAN2 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000135473","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000005682","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000135473","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/9924/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004535","external_links_name":"poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004518","external_links_name":"nuclease activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004527","external_links_name":"exonuclease activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000175","external_links_name":"3'-5'-exoribonuclease activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016787","external_links_name":"hydrolase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003676","external_links_name":"nucleic acid binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046872","external_links_name":"metal ion binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737","external_links_name":"cytoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031251","external_links_name":"PAN complex"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829","external_links_name":"cytosol"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000932","external_links_name":"P-body"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634","external_links_name":"nucleus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000289","external_links_name":"nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006397","external_links_name":"mRNA processing"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090305","external_links_name":"nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090503","external_links_name":"RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, exonucleolytic"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000288","external_links_name":"nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010606","external_links_name":"positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=9924&rn=1","external_links_name":"9924"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=103135&rn=1","external_links_name":"103135"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000135473;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000135473"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000005682;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSMUSG00000005682"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q504Q3","external_links_name":"Q504Q3"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8BGF7","external_links_name":"Q8BGF7"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_014871","external_links_name":"NM_014871"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001127460","external_links_name":"NM_001127460"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001166279","external_links_name":"NM_001166279"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001252326","external_links_name":"NM_001252326"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001252327","external_links_name":"NM_001252327"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_133992","external_links_name":"NM_133992"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001358822","external_links_name":"NM_001358822"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001120932","external_links_name":"NP_001120932"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001159751","external_links_name":"NP_001159751"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_055686","external_links_name":"NP_055686"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001239255","external_links_name":"NP_001239255"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001239256","external_links_name":"NP_001239256"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_598753","external_links_name":"NP_598753"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001345751","external_links_name":"NP_001345751"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr12:56316223-56334053","external_links_name":"Chr 12: 56.32 – 56.33 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr10:128139204-128157227","external_links_name":"Chr 10: 128.14 – 128.16 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000135473","external_links_name":"GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135473"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000005682","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005682"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=9924","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=103135","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1111","external_links_name":"10.1038/nrg1111"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12838346","external_links_name":"12838346"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2856065","external_links_name":"2856065"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M309125200","external_links_name":"\"Identification of a human cytoplasmic poly(A) nuclease complex stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M309125200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M309125200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14583602","external_links_name":"14583602"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9924","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: USP52 ubiquitin specific peptidase 52\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.3.169","external_links_name":"\"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F5.3.169","external_links_name":"10.1093/dnares/5.3.169"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9734811","external_links_name":"9734811"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200","external_links_name":"\"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M010320200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11148209","external_links_name":"11148209"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2003.12.050","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.050"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715245","external_links_name":"14715245"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb1016","external_links_name":"10.1038/nsmb1016"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284618","external_links_name":"16284618"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19485927","external_links_name":"19485927"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1240","external_links_name":"10.1038/nbt1240"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16964243","external_links_name":"16964243"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14294292","external_links_name":"14294292"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USP52&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fishing_in_Alaska
Commercial fishing in Alaska
["1 Job safety","2 Salmon seining in Alaska","2.1 Equipment","2.2 Personnel","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea in January 2006. Commercial fishing is a major industry in Alaska, and has been for hundreds of years. Alaska Natives have been harvesting salmon and many other types of fish for millennia Including king crab. Russians came to Alaska to harvest its abundance of sealife, as well as Japanese and other Asian cultures. Job safety Commercial fishermen in Alaska, early 20th century Alaska's commercial fishermen work in one of the world's harshest environments. They endure isolated fishing grounds, high winds, seasonal darkness, very cold water, icing, freezing cold temperatures, days upon days away from family, and short fishing seasons, where very long work days are the norm. Fatigue, physical stress, and financial pressures face most Alaska fishermen through their careers. The hazardous work conditions faced by fishermen have a strong impact on their safety. Out of 948 work-related deaths that took place in Alaska during 1990-2006, one-third (311) occurred to fishermen. This is equivalent to an estimated annual fatality rate of 128/100,000 workers/year. This fatality rate is 26 times that of the overall U.S. work-related fatality rate of approximately 5/100,000 workers/year for the same time period. Most of these fatalities are due to vessel disasters which lead to crewmembers drowning. From 1991-1993 alone, 91% of fatalities came from drowning. With this being one of the leading causes of deaths amongst crewmembers, the use of Personal Flotation Devices (PFD) is recommended. Data shows a survival rate of 63% for workers who ended up in the water who used PFDs during this period. While the work-related fatality rate for commercial fishermen in Alaska is still very high, it does appear to be decreasing: since 1990, there has been a 51 percent decline in the annual fatality rate. The successes in commercial fishing are due in part to the U.S. Coast Guard implementing new safety requirements in the early 1990s. These regulations were published on August 14, 1991, which is known as the "Final Rule" entitled ‘‘Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Regulations’’. These changes were put in place to improve the safety of commercial fishing and the overall work environment in the commercial fishing industry. These requirements include regulations for: stability for fishing vessels, the termination of unsafe operations, safety equipment such as immersion suits and personal flotation devices, survival craft, distress signals, means of escape, and many more regulations that all contributed to the increased survival rate of commercial fishermen. These safety requirements contributed to 96 percent of the commercial fishermen surviving vessel sinkings/capsizings in 2004, whereas in 1991, only 73 percent survived. While the number of occupational deaths in commercial fishermen in Alaska has been reduced, there is a continuing pattern of losing 20 to 40 vessels every year. There are still about 100 fishermen who must be rescued each year from cold Alaska waters. Proper training or the participation in a marine safety class for crewmembers could be the difference of knowing how to survive a vessel disaster. Successful rescue is still dependent on the expertly trained personnel of the U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue operations, and such efforts can be hindered by the harshness of seas and the weather. Furthermore, the people involved in Search and Rescue operations are themselves at considerable risk for injury or death during these rescue attempts. Salmon seining in Alaska Purse seine usage in the Alaska salmon fishing industry: Equipment Fishermen catching salmon on the Columbia River using a seine. Purse seining is a method of fishing that includes a large net that is used as a barrier to collect a school of fish. A commercial fishing boat, used for purse seining in the Alaskan salmon fishery, is typically between 40 and 58 feet (18 m) long. Toward the bow is a cabin, where the skipper and crew live (typically three to six people). The aft third of the boat consists of a flat deck, with a low rail around it. Amidships are hatch covers, which cover the fish hold, a tank where the fish are placed when caught. The stern is a simple flat area that holds the purse seine when it is out of the water. There are several booms, with various types of pulleys, used for working with the seine, and a deck winch for the same purpose. Shortly after the end of World War II, the modern type trawler for use in Alaska was introduced which could be used for all the various fishing seasons with its own processing ability, including freezing, was introduced, tripling production. After crab season these boats are used as floating factory ships. There is also a skiff, a small boat used for towing. When not in use, the skiff is usually towed behind the fishing boat, though in rough weather a boom can be used to lift it up and set it on the deck. For long trips where rough weather is likely, the seine will be placed into the fish hold as well, to lower the center of gravity of the vessel and make it safer. The Krista Gail rigged as a drum seiner in False Creek, Vancouver, Canada. The purse seine itself is usually black in color, with colorful "corks" (floats of some sort) strung along the cork line, and lead weights strung along the lead line. The size and attributes of purse seines are regulated by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, which oversees the industry. A typical length may be 1,200 feet (370 m) long, by 40 feet (12 m) deep (distance between cork line and lead line). It is stacked on the stern of the fishing boat with the corkline coiled on the port side, and the lead line coiled on the starboard side, with the web taking up the middle. The seine, when piled on board, is about the size of a large pickup truck, and is very heavy as well. A "set" is a single operation of the purse seine, intended to result in a catch of fish. Personnel The skipper's job is to hire crew, manage all operation of the equipment, find the fish, direct the operation, run the booms, navigate the boat, find a market, sell the fish, and pay the crew. Skiffman A seiner in the middle of set in Prince William Sound, Alaska The skiffman has responsibility for the skiff, keeping the fuel tank supplied, maintaining the engine, and driving it around as needed. The skiff is attached to one end of the net when the crew is setting the net. The skiffman is responsible for placement of the net. After the set the skiff and main boat loop. The skiffman hands his end of the net to one of the deck hands. He then swings around the boat and under the net where the other deck hands tosses him a tow line. The skiff man then becomes responsible for the placement of the boat. It is important to keep the net and boat centered. If the tides push the net around the bow then there is a chance of the floats sinking and fish escaping. If there is another boat setting near the boat the skiff man needs to keep his boat and net away from that set. The skipper may signal the skiffman aboard if help is needed to either pull up the bag of fish or "brail" the fish into the fish hole. Brailing is when a large basket is dipped into the pocket of the net and then hauled aboard. This method of getting the fish on board is still used in some parts of Alaska, however, most boats now bring their fish on board by "taking bites". The deck hands take care of all of the tasks that need to be done on board during a set, such as detaching the skiff at the start of a set, plunging to scare fish away from the boat where they could escape the net by going under the boat, and cleaning the deck of seaweed and bycatch while the net is deployed, keeping an eye on the net and surrounding seas for snags or whales, stacking the cork line and lead line as the net is being taken back aboard, removing the odd fish/debris that has become entangled in the net, assisting with brailing (scooping the fish aboard at the end of a set), repairing holes in the net, pitching the fish into the fish hold, and on most boats cooking the meals. See also Alaska portal Alaskan king crab fishing Fishing industry in the United States References ^ a b "NIOSH Commercial Fishing in Alaska". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2007-10-13. ^ "Current Intelligence Bulletin 58 (97-163)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15. ^ "Federal Register, Volume 62 Issue 171 (Thursday, September 4, 1997)". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-22. ^ "Fatal Occupational Injuries in the U.S. Commercial Fishing Industry: Risk Factors and Recommendations / Alaska Region (2011-103)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15. ^ "Commercial fishing fatality summary: Alaska region". 2017-07-01. doi:10.26616/nioshpub2017171. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Stephenson, R. L.; Smedbol, R. K. (2019-01-01), "Small Pelagic Species Fisheries☆", in Cochran, J. Kirk; Bokuniewicz, Henry J.; Yager, Patricia L. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 503–509, ISBN 978-0-12-813082-7, retrieved 2023-04-11 ^ "Floating Refrigerator." Popular Mechanics, October 1947, p. 142 ^ "brailing", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2023-04-11 ^ "DOLWD Career Stream". jobs.alaska.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-11. External links National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Commercial Fishing in Alaska Alaska Marine Safety Education Association (AMSEA) https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=923#:~:text=Southeast%20Alaska%20waters%20are%20home,king%20crab%20are%20managed%20separately. vteFishing industry by regionBy country Angola Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Cyprus Denmark Egypt England Ethiopia Ghana Greenland Guernsey Hong Kong India Iran Israel Japan South Korea Laos Libya Madagascar Maldives Morocco Myanmar New Zealand Oman Pakistan Palau Portugal Russia Scotland Senegal Somalia Spain Sudan Switzerland Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United States Vanuatu Wales Yemen Fishing banks Agulhas Bank Dogger Bank Flemish Cap Georges Bank Grand Banks Hawkins Bank Macclesfield Bank Nazareth Bank Princess Alice Bank Saya de Malha Bank Soudan Banks By species Alaskan king crabs Alaskan salmon Peruvian anchoveta Other areas Alaska Chatham Rise North Sea vteFisheries and fishing topic areasFisheries Aquaculture Diversity of fish Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fisheries management Fisheries science Individual fishing quota Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Sustainable fishery Overfishing Wild fisheries Fishing Artisanal fishing Fisherman Fishing vessel History of fishing Industry List of harvested aquatic animals by weight By country Commercial fishing Marketing Markets Processing Products Seafood Recreation Angling Big-game fishing Catch and release Fishing tournaments Fly fishing Techniques Fish trap Fishfinder Fishing net Gathering seafood by hand Handline fishing Spearfishing Trawling Trolling Tackle Artificial flies Bait Bite indicators Hook Line Lures Rod Sinker Locations Fish ponds Fishing banks Fishing villages Marine habitats Glossary Index Outline Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crab_fishing_boat.png"},{"link_name":"Alaska Natives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Natives"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"}],"text":"Fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea in January 2006.Commercial fishing is a major industry in Alaska, and has been for hundreds of years. Alaska Natives have been harvesting salmon and many other types of fish for millennia Including king crab. Russians came to Alaska to harvest its abundance of sealife, as well as Japanese and other Asian cultures.","title":"Commercial fishing in Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commercial_fishing.jpg"},{"link_name":"commercial fishermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fishing"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"fatality rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatality_rate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIOSH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIOSH-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Search and Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Commercial fishermen in Alaska, early 20th centuryAlaska's commercial fishermen work in one of the world's harshest environments. They endure isolated fishing grounds, high winds, seasonal darkness, very cold water, icing, freezing cold temperatures, days upon days away from family, and short fishing seasons, where very long work days are the norm. Fatigue, physical stress, and financial pressures face most Alaska fishermen through their careers. The hazardous work conditions faced by fishermen have a strong impact on their safety. Out of 948 work-related deaths that took place in Alaska during 1990-2006, one-third (311) occurred to fishermen. This is equivalent to an estimated annual fatality rate of 128/100,000 workers/year. This fatality rate is 26 times that of the overall U.S. work-related fatality rate of approximately 5/100,000 workers/year for the same time period.[1] Most of these fatalities are due to vessel disasters which lead to crewmembers drowning. From 1991-1993 alone, 91% of fatalities came from drowning. With this being one of the leading causes of deaths amongst crewmembers, the use of Personal Flotation Devices (PFD) is recommended. Data shows a survival rate of 63% for workers who ended up in the water who used PFDs during this period.[1]While the work-related fatality rate for commercial fishermen in Alaska is still very high, it does appear to be decreasing: since 1990, there has been a 51 percent decline in the annual fatality rate. The successes in commercial fishing are due in part to the U.S. Coast Guard implementing new safety requirements in the early 1990s.[2] These regulations were published on August 14, 1991, which is known as the \"Final Rule\" entitled ‘‘Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Regulations’’. These changes were put in place to improve the safety of commercial fishing and the overall work environment in the commercial fishing industry. These requirements include regulations for: stability for fishing vessels, the termination of unsafe operations, safety equipment such as immersion suits and personal flotation devices, survival craft, distress signals, means of escape, and many more regulations that all contributed to the increased survival rate of commercial fishermen.[3] These safety requirements contributed to 96 percent of the commercial fishermen surviving vessel sinkings/capsizings in 2004, whereas in 1991, only 73 percent survived.[4] While the number of occupational deaths in commercial fishermen in Alaska has been reduced, there is a continuing pattern of losing 20 to 40 vessels every year. There are still about 100 fishermen who must be rescued each year from cold Alaska waters. Proper training or the participation in a marine safety class for crewmembers could be the difference of knowing how to survive a vessel disaster. Successful rescue is still dependent on the expertly trained personnel of the U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue operations, and such efforts can be hindered by the harshness of seas and the weather. Furthermore, the people involved in Search and Rescue operations are themselves at considerable risk for injury or death during these rescue attempts.[5]","title":"Job safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"}],"text":"Purse seine usage in the Alaska salmon fishing industry:","title":"Salmon seining in Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seining_salmon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"commercial fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fishing"},{"link_name":"purse seining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_fishing#Purse_seine"},{"link_name":"skipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipper_(boating)"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aft"},{"link_name":"winch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:False_Creek_boats.JPG"},{"link_name":"False Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Creek"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Fish_and_Game"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"}],"sub_title":"Equipment","text":"Fishermen catching salmon on the Columbia River using a seine.Purse seining is a method of fishing that includes a large net that is used as a barrier to collect a school of fish.[6] A commercial fishing boat, used for purse seining in the Alaskan salmon fishery, is typically between 40 and 58 feet (18 m) long. Toward the bow is a cabin, where the skipper and crew live (typically three to six people). The aft third of the boat consists of a flat deck, with a low rail around it. Amidships are hatch covers, which cover the fish hold, a tank where the fish are placed when caught. The stern is a simple flat area that holds the purse seine when it is out of the water. There are several booms, with various types of pulleys, used for working with the seine, and a deck winch for the same purpose. Shortly after the end of World War II, the modern type trawler for use in Alaska was introduced which could be used for all the various fishing seasons with its own processing ability, including freezing, was introduced, tripling production. After crab season these boats are used as floating factory ships.[7]There is also a skiff, a small boat used for towing. When not in use, the skiff is usually towed behind the fishing boat, though in rough weather a boom can be used to lift it up and set it on the deck. For long trips where rough weather is likely, the seine will be placed into the fish hold as well, to lower the center of gravity of the vessel and make it safer.The Krista Gail rigged as a drum seiner in False Creek, Vancouver, Canada.The purse seine itself is usually black in color, with colorful \"corks\" (floats of some sort) strung along the cork line, and lead weights strung along the lead line. The size and attributes of purse seines are regulated by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, which oversees the industry. A typical length may be 1,200 feet (370 m) long, by 40 feet (12 m) deep (distance between cork line and lead line). It is stacked on the stern of the fishing boat with the corkline coiled on the port side, and the lead line coiled on the starboard side, with the web taking up the middle. The seine, when piled on board, is about the size of a large pickup truck, and is very heavy as well.A \"set\" is a single operation of the purse seine, intended to result in a catch of fish.","title":"Salmon seining in Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Personnel","text":"The skipper's job is to hire crew, manage all operation of the equipment, find the fish, direct the operation, run the booms, navigate the boat, find a market, sell the fish, and pay the crew.\n\nSkiffmanA seiner in the middle of set in Prince William Sound, AlaskaThe skiffman has responsibility for the skiff, keeping the fuel tank supplied, maintaining the engine, and driving it around as needed. The skiff is attached to one end of the net when the crew is setting the net. The skiffman is responsible for placement of the net. After the set the skiff and main boat loop. The skiffman hands his end of the net to one of the deck hands. He then swings around the boat and under the net where the other deck hands tosses him a tow line. The skiff man then becomes responsible for the placement of the boat. It is important to keep the net and boat centered. If the tides push the net around the bow then there is a chance of the floats sinking and fish escaping. If there is another boat setting near the boat the skiff man needs to keep his boat and net away from that set. The skipper may signal the skiffman aboard if help is needed to either pull up the bag of fish or \"brail\" the fish into the fish hole. Brailing is when a large basket is dipped into the pocket of the net and then hauled aboard. This method of getting the fish on board is still used in some parts of Alaska, however, most boats now bring their fish on board by \"taking bites\".[8]\n\nThe deck hands take care of all of the tasks that need to be done on board during a set, such as detaching the skiff at the start of a set, plunging to scare fish away from the boat where they could escape the net by going under the boat, and cleaning the deck of seaweed and bycatch while the net is deployed, keeping an eye on the net and surrounding seas for snags or whales, stacking the cork line and lead line as the net is being taken back aboard, removing the odd fish/debris that has become entangled in the net, assisting with brailing (scooping the fish aboard at the end of a set), repairing holes in the net, pitching the fish into the fish hold, and on most boats cooking the meals.[9]","title":"Salmon seining in Alaska"}]
[{"image_text":"Fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea in January 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Crab_fishing_boat.png/300px-Crab_fishing_boat.png"},{"image_text":"Commercial fishermen in Alaska, early 20th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Commercial_fishing.jpg/220px-Commercial_fishing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fishermen catching salmon on the Columbia River using a seine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seining_salmon.jpg/200px-Seining_salmon.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Krista Gail rigged as a drum seiner in False Creek, Vancouver, Canada.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/False_Creek_boats.JPG/220px-False_Creek_boats.JPG"},{"image_text":"A seiner in the middle of set in Prince William Sound, Alaska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg/220px-Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Alaska portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Alaska"},{"title":"Alaskan king crab fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_king_crab_fishing"},{"title":"Fishing industry in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"NIOSH Commercial Fishing in Alaska\". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2007-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-107/","url_text":"\"NIOSH Commercial Fishing in Alaska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health","url_text":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"}]},{"reference":"\"Current Intelligence Bulletin 58 (97-163)\". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-163/","url_text":"\"Current Intelligence Bulletin 58 (97-163)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Register, Volume 62 Issue 171 (Thursday, September 4, 1997)\". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-09-04/html/97-23444.htm","url_text":"\"Federal Register, Volume 62 Issue 171 (Thursday, September 4, 1997)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fatal Occupational Injuries in the U.S. Commercial Fishing Industry: Risk Factors and Recommendations / Alaska Region (2011-103)\". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-103/","url_text":"\"Fatal Occupational Injuries in the U.S. Commercial Fishing Industry: Risk Factors and Recommendations / Alaska Region (2011-103)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIOSH","url_text":"NIOSH"}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial fishing fatality summary: Alaska region\". 2017-07-01. doi:10.26616/nioshpub2017171.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2017-171/","url_text":"\"Commercial fishing fatality summary: Alaska region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26616%2Fnioshpub2017171","url_text":"10.26616/nioshpub2017171"}]},{"reference":"Stephenson, R. L.; Smedbol, R. K. (2019-01-01), \"Small Pelagic Species Fisheries☆\", in Cochran, J. Kirk; Bokuniewicz, Henry J.; Yager, Patricia L. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 503–509, ISBN 978-0-12-813082-7, retrieved 2023-04-11","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489114915","url_text":"\"Small Pelagic Species Fisheries☆\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813082-7","url_text":"978-0-12-813082-7"}]},{"reference":"\"brailing\", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2023-04-11","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/brailing","url_text":"\"brailing\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOLWD Career Stream\". jobs.alaska.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://jobs.alaska.gov/seafood/careerstreams/harvesting.htm#:~:text=Deckhand:%20As%20a%20deckhand,%20performs,hand%20or%20using%20hoisting%20equipment.","url_text":"\"DOLWD Career Stream\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-107/","external_links_name":"\"NIOSH Commercial Fishing in Alaska\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-163/","external_links_name":"\"Current Intelligence Bulletin 58 (97-163)\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-09-04/html/97-23444.htm","external_links_name":"\"Federal Register, Volume 62 Issue 171 (Thursday, September 4, 1997)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-103/","external_links_name":"\"Fatal Occupational Injuries in the U.S. Commercial Fishing Industry: Risk Factors and Recommendations / Alaska Region (2011-103)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2017-171/","external_links_name":"\"Commercial fishing fatality summary: Alaska region\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26616%2Fnioshpub2017171","external_links_name":"10.26616/nioshpub2017171"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489114915","external_links_name":"\"Small Pelagic Species Fisheries☆\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0N4DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA142","external_links_name":"\"Floating Refrigerator.\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/brailing","external_links_name":"\"brailing\""},{"Link":"https://jobs.alaska.gov/seafood/careerstreams/harvesting.htm#:~:text=Deckhand:%20As%20a%20deckhand,%20performs,hand%20or%20using%20hoisting%20equipment.","external_links_name":"\"DOLWD Career Stream\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/fishing","external_links_name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Commercial Fishing in Alaska"},{"Link":"http://www.amsea.org/","external_links_name":"Alaska Marine Safety Education Association (AMSEA)"},{"Link":"https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=923#:~:text=Southeast%20Alaska%20waters%20are%20home,king%20crab%20are%20managed%20separately.","external_links_name":"https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=923#:~:text=Southeast%20Alaska%20waters%20are%20home,king%20crab%20are%20managed%20separately."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiyaparamba
Valiyaparamba
["1 Location","2 Geography","3 Education","4 Transportation","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 12°08′40″N 75°08′40″E / 12.144443°N 75.144323°E / 12.144443; 75.144323Coastal island in Hosdurg taluk, India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Valiyaparamba" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Collapsed suspension bridge to Valiyaparamba from Madakkal Island. Valiyaparamba Beach sun set Valiyaparamba (Malayalam: വലിയപറമ്പ) is a coastal island in Hosdurg taluk, Kasaragod district, Kerala state, India. Location Valiyaparamba is separated from the mainland by Kavvayi Backwater. It is located five kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of Cheruvathur and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Bekal, Kasaragod, north Kerala. The island is approximately 16.14 square kilometres (6.23 sq mi) in size, and had a population of 11,917 in 1991. The island's main source of income is from agriculture and fishing. The island has 13 wards ruling by each ward member to leading the Valiyaparamba Panchayat. Geography Valiyaparamba is fed by four rivers and dotted with numerous little islands. Valiyaparamba, a hinterland separated from the mainland, is a noted fishing centre in the district. A Bekal Fort stands on a headland that runs into the sea. A National Waterway passes through the island. Education The island has seven primary schools, one higher secondary school. Transportation The island is separated from the mainland and accessible by transport boat service or by crossing the Mavila Kadappuram Bridge. Nearest railway station: Cheruvathur, on the Kozhikode-Mangalore route, about 5 km (3 mi) from Valiyaparamba. National Highway (NH 17) passes through Cheruvathur. Nearest airports:Kannur international Airport]] in Keralaa State, about 64 km (40 mi); Mangalore in Karnataka State, about 100 km (62 mi); Karipur International Airport Kozhikode, about 150 km (93 mi) from Valiyaparamba. See also Payyannur Peringome 20 km from Payyanur Ezhimala 12 km from Payyanur Town Kunhimangalam village 8 km from Payyanur town Kavvayi Island 3 km from Payyanur Ramanthali 7 km from Payyanur Karivellur 10 km from Payyanur Trikarpur 6 km from Payyanur Padne Cheruvathur References ^ "Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department". lsgkerala.gov.in. Retrieved 19 February 2021. vte Cities and subdivisons of Kasaragod districtMunicipalities Kasaragod Kanhangad Nileshwaram Taluks Manjeshwaram Kasaragod Vellarikundu Hosdurg 12°08′40″N 75°08′40″E / 12.144443°N 75.144323°E / 12.144443; 75.144323 about Valiyaparamba
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valiyaparamba_Madakkal_suspension_bridge.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valiyaparamba_Beach_sun_set.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hosdurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosdurg"},{"link_name":"Kasaragod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaragod"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"}],"text":"Coastal island in Hosdurg taluk, IndiaCollapsed suspension bridge to Valiyaparamba from Madakkal Island.Valiyaparamba Beach sun setValiyaparamba (Malayalam: വലിയപറമ്പ) is a coastal island in Hosdurg taluk, Kasaragod district, Kerala state, India.","title":"Valiyaparamba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kavvayi Backwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwater"},{"link_name":"Cheruvathur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheruvathur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Valiyaparamba is separated from the mainland by Kavvayi Backwater. It is located five kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of Cheruvathur and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Bekal, Kasaragod, north Kerala.[citation needed] The island is approximately 16.14 square kilometres (6.23 sq mi) in size, and had a population of 11,917 in 1991. The island's main source of income is from agriculture and fishing. The island has 13 wards ruling by each ward member to leading the Valiyaparamba Panchayat.[1]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bekal Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekal_Fort"},{"link_name":"National Waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Waterways_in_India"}],"text":"Valiyaparamba is fed by four rivers and dotted with numerous little islands. Valiyaparamba, a hinterland separated from the mainland, is a noted fishing centre in the district. A Bekal Fort stands on a headland that runs into the sea. A National Waterway passes through the island.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The island has seven primary schools, one higher secondary school.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheruvathur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheruvathur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"National Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_(India)"},{"link_name":"NH 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_17_(India)"},{"link_name":"Keralaa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keralaa_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru_Airport"},{"link_name":"Karnataka State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_State"},{"link_name":"Karipur International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karipur_International_Airport"}],"text":"The island is separated from the mainland and accessible by transport boat service or by crossing the Mavila Kadappuram Bridge.Nearest railway station: Cheruvathur, on the Kozhikode-Mangalore route, about 5 km (3 mi) from Valiyaparamba.\nNational Highway (NH 17) passes through Cheruvathur.\nNearest airports:Kannur international Airport]] in Keralaa State, about 64 km (40 mi); Mangalore in Karnataka State, about 100 km (62 mi); Karipur International Airport Kozhikode, about 150 km (93 mi) from Valiyaparamba.","title":"Transportation"}]
[{"image_text":"Collapsed suspension bridge to Valiyaparamba from Madakkal Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Valiyaparamba_Madakkal_suspension_bridge.JPG/220px-Valiyaparamba_Madakkal_suspension_bridge.JPG"},{"image_text":"Valiyaparamba Beach sun set","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Valiyaparamba_Beach_sun_set.jpg/220px-Valiyaparamba_Beach_sun_set.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Payyannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payyannur"},{"title":"Peringome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peringome"},{"title":"Ezhimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhimala"},{"title":"Kunhimangalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunhimangalam"},{"title":"Kavvayi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavvayi"},{"title":"Ramanthali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanthali"},{"title":"Karivellur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karivellur"},{"title":"Trikarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikarpur"},{"title":"Padne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padne"},{"title":"Cheruvathur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheruvathur"}]
[{"reference":"\"Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department\". lsgkerala.gov.in. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberpersondet/2015/1215/2015121500701","url_text":"\"Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valiyaparamba&params=12.144443_N_75.144323_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"12°08′40″N 75°08′40″E / 12.144443°N 75.144323°E / 12.144443; 75.144323"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Valiyaparamba%22","external_links_name":"\"Valiyaparamba\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Valiyaparamba%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Valiyaparamba%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Valiyaparamba%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Valiyaparamba%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Valiyaparamba%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberpersondet/2015/1215/2015121500701","external_links_name":"\"Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valiyaparamba&params=12.144443_N_75.144323_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"12°08′40″N 75°08′40″E / 12.144443°N 75.144323°E / 12.144443; 75.144323"},{"Link":"http://tripyourdays.com/attractions/Valiyaparamba","external_links_name":"about Valiyaparamba"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Segovia_(Madrid)
Puente de Segovia, Madrid
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 40°24′50″N 3°43′23″W / 40.414012°N 3.722955°W / 40.414012; -3.722955Historic site in Madrid, SpainBridge of SegoviaNative name Spanish: Puente de SegoviaLocationMadrid, SpainCoordinates40°24′50″N 3°43′23″W / 40.414012°N 3.722955°W / 40.414012; -3.722955Built1582-1584ArchitectJuan de Herrera Spanish Cultural HeritageOfficial namePuente de SegoviaTypeNon-movableCriteriaMonumentDesignated1996Reference no.RI-51-0009278 Location of Bridge of Segovia in Spain The Bridge of Segovia (Spanish: Puente de Segovia) is a bridge located in Madrid, Spain, crossing the Manzanares river. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1996. Designed by Juan de Herrera under commission of King Philip II of Spain, it was built from 1582 to 1584 with a total of nine spans. It cost 200,000 ducats. The bridge is composed of bricks of granite. References ^ Corella Suárez, Pilar (2004). "Dibujos para el puente de Segovia de los siglos XVII y XVIII" (PDF). Anales del Instituto de Estudios Madrileños. XLIV. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: 237–248. ^ Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural: "Decreto 84/1996, de 6 e junio por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural en la categoría de Monumento el Puente de Segovia de la Villa de Madrid" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (153): 16. 28 June 1996. ISSN 0212-033X. Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic Structurae This article about a bridge in Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Manzanares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares_(river)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bien de Interés Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Juan de Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Herrera"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"}],"text":"Historic site in Madrid, SpainThe Bridge of Segovia (Spanish: Puente de Segovia) is a bridge located in Madrid, Spain, crossing the Manzanares river.[1] It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1996.[2]Designed by Juan de Herrera under commission of King Philip II of Spain, it was built from 1582 to 1584 with a total of nine spans. It cost 200,000 ducats. The bridge is composed of bricks of granite.","title":"Puente de Segovia, Madrid"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Corella Suárez, Pilar (2004). \"Dibujos para el puente de Segovia de los siglos XVII y XVIII\" (PDF). Anales del Instituto de Estudios Madrileños. XLIV. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: 237–248.","urls":[{"url":"http://xn--institutoestudiosmadrileos-4rc.es/pdf/Tomo_XLIV_2004.pdf","url_text":"\"Dibujos para el puente de Segovia de los siglos XVII y XVIII\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas","url_text":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas"}]},{"reference":"\"Decreto 84/1996, de 6 e junio por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural en la categoría de Monumento el Puente de Segovia de la Villa de Madrid\" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (153): 16. 28 June 1996. ISSN 0212-033X.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monumentamadrid.es/AM_Edificios4/AM_Edificios4_WEB/pdf/inmdis/40529.%20Puente%20Segovia%20DECyDEL.pdf","url_text":"\"Decreto 84/1996, de 6 e junio por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural en la categoría de Monumento el Puente de Segovia de la Villa de Madrid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado","url_text":"Boletín Oficial del Estado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X","url_text":"0212-033X"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Puente_de_Segovia,_Madrid&params=40.414012_N_3.722955_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°24′50″N 3°43′23″W / 40.414012°N 3.722955°W / 40.414012; -3.722955"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Puente_de_Segovia,_Madrid&params=40.414012_N_3.722955_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°24′50″N 3°43′23″W / 40.414012°N 3.722955°W / 40.414012; -3.722955"},{"Link":"http://xn--institutoestudiosmadrileos-4rc.es/pdf/Tomo_XLIV_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dibujos para el puente de Segovia de los siglos XVII y XVIII\""},{"Link":"http://www.monumentamadrid.es/AM_Edificios4/AM_Edificios4_WEB/pdf/inmdis/40529.%20Puente%20Segovia%20DECyDEL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Decreto 84/1996, de 6 e junio por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural en la categoría de Monumento el Puente de Segovia de la Villa de Madrid\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X","external_links_name":"0212-033X"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316431830","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20007256","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puente_de_Segovia,_Madrid&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inday_Will_Always_Love_You
Inday Will Always Love You
["1 Premise","2 Cast and characters","3 Production","4 Ratings","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]
2018 Philippine television drama series Inday Will Always Love YouTitle cardAlso known asHappy TogetherGenre Drama Romantic comedy Created byNeil B. GumbanWritten by Zig Dulay Nathaniel Arciaga Mix Villalon Acy Ramos Carlo Obispo Troy Espiritu Eljay Dedoc Directed by Monti Puno Parungao Rember Gelera StarringBarbie FortezaCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languages Tagalog Cebuano No. of seasons2No. of episodes100 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producerJohn Mychal Alabado FerarenProduction locationsCebu, PhilippinesEditors Veronica Unson James Li Sony Custado Lainy Barodi Camera setupMultiple-camera setupRunning time17–35 minutesProduction companyGMA Public AffairsOriginal releaseNetworkGMA NetworkReleaseMay 21 (2018-05-21) –October 5, 2018 (2018-10-05) Inday Will Always Love You (International title: Happy Together) is a 2018 Philippine television drama romance comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Monti Puno Parungao and Rember Gelera, it stars Barbie Forteza in the title role. It premiered on May 21, 2018 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing The One That Got Away. The series concluded on October 5, 2018 with a total of 100 episodes. It was replaced by Pamilya Roces in its timeslot. The series is streaming online on YouTube. Premise Happylou moves to Cebu in order to help her family who lives beside a train track. She also starts searching for her father that she has never met. She will eventually meet the people that will give answers to her lifelong questions. Cast and characters CastBarbie FortezaJuancho TrivinoGladys Reyes Lead cast Barbie Forteza as Happylou "Inday" M. Fuentes-Melendez Supporting cast Derrick Monasterio as Patrick Melendez Juancho Trivino as Ernest Pascual Ricky Davao as Philip Fuentes Gladys Reyes as Amanda Melendez Manilyn Reynes as Marta Magtibay-Fuentes Nova Villa as Loleng Magtibay Tina Paner as Madonna Kim Rodriguez as Ericka Ferraren Super Tekla as Kimberlou / Dominador Sherliz Simon as Happyliz "Lizliz" Magtibay Buboy Villar as Paeng Kimpoy Feliciano as Frank Santiago / Rocky Charice Hermoso as Kisses Charlotte Hermoso as Tricia Vangie Labalan as Tessa Guest cast Ex Battalion as themselves Archie Alemania as Archie Archie Adamos as a demolition leader Sue Prado as Keri Carmelo Gutierrez as Chosa Antonette Garcia as Chubbyleta Sanya Lopez as Lea Solenn Heussaff as Joanna Christopher Roxas as Byron Arny Ross as Gina Nina Ricci Alagao as Christina Lazo Wendell Ramos as Perry Fuentes Lharby Policarpio as David Tonio Quiazon as a general Ayra Mariano as Sunshine Fuentes Giselle Sanchez as Lorna Beverly Salviejo as Dixy Kim Domingo as Chuchay Andrea del Rosario as Amelia Bryan Benedict as Lando Jet Alcantara as Isko Omar Flores as Ton Kristoffer King as Boyet Alma Concepcion as Marcy Ferraren Alexander Lee as a tourist Dasuri Choi as a tourist Katrina Halili as herself Betong Sumaya as Britney Lovi Poe as Lovejoy Epy Quizon as Volta Divine Aucina as a wet market vendor Jade Lopez as a wet market vendor Boobay as Norman Therese Malvar as younger Amanda Maey Bautista as the host of Search for Carcarian Queen Franchesca Salcedo as Jing Thea Tolentino as Ruby Tony Mabesa as San Pedro Jean Garcia as Florence Kyline Alcantara as Leslie Anne Jason Abalos as Russell Victor Neri as Budots Lotlot de Leon as D Keempee de Leon as Joaquin Angelu de Leon as Ricka Pen Medina as Afredo Ruru Madrid as Pabs Willie Revillame as himself Sunshine Dizon as Martina Lazo Nonong de Andres as Teggy Production Principal photography commenced in February 2018 in Cebu. Ratings According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television People audience shares, the pilot episode of Inday Will Always Love You earned a 42% rating. Accolades Accolades received by Inday Will Always Love You Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref. 2018 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television Best Primetime Drama Series Inday Will Always Love You Nominated 1st Asian Academy Creative Awards Best Promo or Trailer (National) Won 4th LionhearTV RAWR Awards Bet na Bet na Teleserye Won References ^ "Inday Will Always Love You, Season 2 na dahil sa magandang ratings". GMA Network. Retrieved September 26, 2018. ^ "Inday Will Always Love You | Full Episodes (with English subtitles)". YouTube. Retrieved May 7, 2024. ^ "About Inday Will Always Love You". GMA Network. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rodriguez, Bea (March 1, 2018). "First Look: Ang cast ng Inday Will Always Love You". GMA Network. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ Gabinete, Jojo (July 22, 2018). "Gladys Reyes, thankful sa extension ng Inday Will Always Love You". PEP. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ a b "Inday Will Always Love You: Lovi Poe at Epi Quizon, makikipagkulitan! Teaser Ep. 56". GMA Network. August 7, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ "Inday Will Always Love You: Jean Garcia at Kyline Alcantara". Facebook. August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018. ^ "Inday Will Always Love You: Kyline Alcantara at Jean Garcia, makikigulo Teaser Ep. 64". YouTube. August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ "Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Jason Abalos". Facebook. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ "Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Lotlot de Leon". Facebook. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ Padayhag, Michelle Joy L. (March 27, 2018). "Cebu takes spotlight in GMA network's upcoming series Inday Will Always Love You". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 21, 2024. ^ Guerrero, Kaye (May 23, 2018). "How did Barbie Forteza's Inday Will Always Love You fare in AGB ratings?". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved February 21, 2024. ^ Ganal, FM (October 6, 2018). "Bagani, Contessa, Asintado, Kambal, Karibal among nominees for 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television". PEP. Retrieved December 23, 2020. ^ "Asian Academy Creative Awards – National/Regional Winners by Category". Asian Academy Creative Awards. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019. ^ "Congratulations sa 2018 RAWR Awards winners". Ederic. November 18, 2018. External links Official website Inday Will Always Love You at IMDb This Philippine television program-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine television drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_television_drama"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Barbie Forteza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_Forteza"},{"link_name":"The One That Got Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_That_Got_Away_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pamilya Roces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamilya_Roces"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Inday Will Always Love You (International title: Happy Together) is a 2018 Philippine television drama romance comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Monti Puno Parungao and Rember Gelera, it stars Barbie Forteza in the title role. It premiered on May 21, 2018 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing The One That Got Away. The series concluded on October 5, 2018 with a total of 100 episodes. It was replaced by Pamilya Roces in its timeslot.The series is streaming online on YouTube.[2]","title":"Inday Will Always Love You"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Happylou moves to Cebu in order to help her family who lives beside a train track. She also starts searching for her father that she has never met. She will eventually meet the people that will give answers to her lifelong questions.[3]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbie_Forteza_at_the_Meant_to_Be_production_presentation.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juancho_Trivino_at_2013_Candy_Style_Awards,May_10,_2013.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladys_Reyes_at_the_25th_PMPC_Star_Awards.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barbie Forteza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_Forteza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Derrick Monasterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Monasterio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Juancho Trivino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juancho_Trivino"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Ricky Davao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Davao"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Gladys Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Reyes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manilyn Reynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilyn_Reynes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Nova Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Villa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Tina Paner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Paner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Kim Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Super Tekla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tekla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-4"},{"link_name":"Buboy Villar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buboy_Villar"},{"link_name":"Vangie Labalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangie_Labalan"},{"link_name":"Ex Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Archie Alemania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Alemania"},{"link_name":"Sue Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Prado"},{"link_name":"Sanya Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Solenn Heussaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenn_Heussaff"},{"link_name":"Arny Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arny_Ross"},{"link_name":"Wendell Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Ramos"},{"link_name":"Ayra Mariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayra_Mariano"},{"link_name":"Beverly Salviejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Salviejo"},{"link_name":"Kim Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Andrea del Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_del_Rosario"},{"link_name":"Bryan Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lee_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Dasuri Choi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasuri_Choi"},{"link_name":"Katrina Halili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Halili"},{"link_name":"Betong Sumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong_Sumaya"},{"link_name":"Lovi Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovi_Poe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovi-6"},{"link_name":"Epy Quizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epy_Quizon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovi-6"},{"link_name":"Jade Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Boobay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boobay"},{"link_name":"Therese Malvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_Malvar"},{"link_name":"Maey Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maey_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Franchesca Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchesca_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"Thea Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"Tony Mabesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mabesa"},{"link_name":"Jean Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Garcia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kyline Alcantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyline_Alcantara"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jason Abalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Abalos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Victor Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Neri"},{"link_name":"Lotlot de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotlot_de_Leon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Keempee de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keempee_de_Leon"},{"link_name":"Angelu de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelu_de_Leon"},{"link_name":"Pen Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_Medina"},{"link_name":"Ruru Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruru_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Willie Revillame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Revillame"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Dizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Dizon"},{"link_name":"Nonong de Andres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkay"}],"text":"CastBarbie FortezaJuancho TrivinoGladys ReyesLead castBarbie Forteza as Happylou \"Inday\" M. Fuentes-Melendez[4]Supporting castDerrick Monasterio as Patrick Melendez[4]\nJuancho Trivino as Ernest Pascual[4]\nRicky Davao as Philip Fuentes[4]\nGladys Reyes as Amanda Melendez[5]\nManilyn Reynes as Marta Magtibay-Fuentes[4]\nNova Villa as Loleng Magtibay[4]\nTina Paner as Madonna[4]\nKim Rodriguez as Ericka Ferraren[4]\nSuper Tekla as Kimberlou / Dominador[4]\nSherliz Simon as Happyliz \"Lizliz\" Magtibay[4]\nBuboy Villar as Paeng\nKimpoy Feliciano as Frank Santiago / Rocky\nCharice Hermoso as Kisses\nCharlotte Hermoso as Tricia\nVangie Labalan as TessaGuest castEx Battalion as themselves\nArchie Alemania as Archie\nArchie Adamos as a demolition leader\nSue Prado as Keri\nCarmelo Gutierrez as Chosa\nAntonette Garcia as Chubbyleta\nSanya Lopez as Lea\nSolenn Heussaff as Joanna\nChristopher Roxas as Byron\nArny Ross as Gina\nNina Ricci Alagao as Christina Lazo\nWendell Ramos as Perry Fuentes\nLharby Policarpio as David\nTonio Quiazon as a general\nAyra Mariano as Sunshine Fuentes\nGiselle Sanchez as Lorna\nBeverly Salviejo as Dixy\nKim Domingo as Chuchay\nAndrea del Rosario as Amelia\nBryan Benedict as Lando\nJet Alcantara as Isko\nOmar Flores as Ton\nKristoffer King as Boyet\nAlma Concepcion as Marcy Ferraren\nAlexander Lee as a tourist\nDasuri Choi as a tourist\nKatrina Halili as herself\nBetong Sumaya as Britney\nLovi Poe[6] as Lovejoy\nEpy Quizon[6] as Volta\nDivine Aucina as a wet market vendor\nJade Lopez as a wet market vendor\nBoobay as Norman\nTherese Malvar as younger Amanda\nMaey Bautista as the host of Search for Carcarian Queen\nFranchesca Salcedo as Jing\nThea Tolentino as Ruby\nTony Mabesa as San Pedro\nJean Garcia[7] as Florence\nKyline Alcantara as Leslie Anne[8]\nJason Abalos as Russell[9]\nVictor Neri as Budots\nLotlot de Leon[10] as D\nKeempee de Leon as Joaquin\nAngelu de Leon as Ricka\nPen Medina as Afredo\nRuru Madrid as Pabs\nWillie Revillame as himself\nSunshine Dizon as Martina Lazo\nNonong de Andres as Teggy","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Principal photography commenced in February 2018 in Cebu.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AGB Nielsen Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGB_Nielsen_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television People audience shares, the pilot episode of Inday Will Always Love You earned a 42% rating.[12]","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Inday Will Always Love You, Season 2 na dahil sa magandang ratings\". GMA Network. Retrieved September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/chikamuna/664643/lsquo-inday-will-always-love-you-rsquo-season-2-na-dahil-sa-magandang-ratings/story","url_text":"\"Inday Will Always Love You, Season 2 na dahil sa magandang ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network","url_text":"GMA Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Inday Will Always Love You | Full Episodes (with English subtitles)\". YouTube. Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGRhcC_vtOra94s7_L1E15_fmWAqSOxAc","url_text":"\"Inday Will Always Love You | Full Episodes (with English subtitles)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"About Inday Will Always Love You\". GMA Network. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/inday_will_always_love_you/about/","url_text":"\"About Inday Will Always Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network_(company)","url_text":"GMA Network"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Bea (March 1, 2018). \"First Look: Ang cast ng Inday Will Always Love You\". GMA Network. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/8840/inday-will-always-love-you/photo","url_text":"\"First Look: Ang cast ng Inday Will Always Love You\""}]},{"reference":"Gabinete, Jojo (July 22, 2018). \"Gladys Reyes, thankful sa extension ng Inday Will Always Love You\". PEP. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/22302/gladys-reyes-thankful-sa-extension-ng-eminday-will-always-love-youem","url_text":"\"Gladys Reyes, thankful sa extension ng Inday Will Always Love You\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Lovi Poe at Epi Quizon, makikipagkulitan! Teaser Ep. 56\". GMA Network. August 7, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/inday_will_always_love_you/84235/inday-will-always-love-you-lovi-poe-at-epi-quizon-makikipagkulitan-teaser-ep-56/video","url_text":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Lovi Poe at Epi Quizon, makikipagkulitan! Teaser Ep. 56\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Jean Garcia at Kyline Alcantara\". Facebook. August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/IndayWillAlwaysLoveU/photos/a.441950759567727.1073741831.439756783120458/529309744165161/?","url_text":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Jean Garcia at Kyline Alcantara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Kyline Alcantara at Jean Garcia, makikigulo Teaser Ep. 64\". YouTube. August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyxbtdWm0Gg","url_text":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Kyline Alcantara at Jean Garcia, makikigulo Teaser Ep. 64\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Jason Abalos\". Facebook. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/IndayWillAlwaysLoveU/photos/a.441950759567727/535432423552893/?","url_text":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Jason Abalos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Lotlot de Leon\". Facebook. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/IndayWillAlwaysLoveU/photos/a.441950759567727/535434423552693/?","url_text":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Lotlot de Leon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Padayhag, Michelle Joy L. (March 27, 2018). \"Cebu takes spotlight in GMA network's upcoming series Inday Will Always Love You\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/168808/cebu-takes-spotlight-in-gma-networks-upcoming-series-inday-will-always-love-you","url_text":"\"Cebu takes spotlight in GMA network's upcoming series Inday Will Always Love You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Guerrero, Kaye (May 23, 2018). \"How did Barbie Forteza's Inday Will Always Love You fare in AGB ratings?\". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved February 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/168808/cebu-takes-spotlight-in-gma-networks-upcoming-series-inday-will-always-love-you","url_text":"\"How did Barbie Forteza's Inday Will Always Love You fare in AGB ratings?\""}]},{"reference":"Ganal, FM (October 6, 2018). \"Bagani, Contessa, Asintado, Kambal, Karibal among nominees for 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television\". PEP. Retrieved December 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/28599/bagani-contessa-asintado-kambal-karibal-among-nominees-for-32nd-pmpc-star-awards-for-television","url_text":"\"Bagani, Contessa, Asintado, Kambal, Karibal among nominees for 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Academy Creative Awards – National/Regional Winners by Category\". Asian Academy Creative Awards. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115183948/https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/en/blog/entry-9","url_text":"\"Asian Academy Creative Awards – National/Regional Winners by Category\""},{"url":"https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/en/blog/entry-9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Congratulations sa 2018 RAWR Awards winners\". Ederic. November 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ederic.net/congratulations-sa-2018-rawr-awards-winners/","url_text":"\"Congratulations sa 2018 RAWR Awards winners\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/chikamuna/664643/lsquo-inday-will-always-love-you-rsquo-season-2-na-dahil-sa-magandang-ratings/story","external_links_name":"\"Inday Will Always Love You, Season 2 na dahil sa magandang ratings\""},{"Link":"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGRhcC_vtOra94s7_L1E15_fmWAqSOxAc","external_links_name":"\"Inday Will Always Love You | Full Episodes (with English subtitles)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/inday_will_always_love_you/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Inday Will Always Love You\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/8840/inday-will-always-love-you/photo","external_links_name":"\"First Look: Ang cast ng Inday Will Always Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/22302/gladys-reyes-thankful-sa-extension-ng-eminday-will-always-love-youem","external_links_name":"\"Gladys Reyes, thankful sa extension ng Inday Will Always Love You\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/inday_will_always_love_you/84235/inday-will-always-love-you-lovi-poe-at-epi-quizon-makikipagkulitan-teaser-ep-56/video","external_links_name":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Lovi Poe at Epi Quizon, makikipagkulitan! Teaser Ep. 56\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/IndayWillAlwaysLoveU/photos/a.441950759567727.1073741831.439756783120458/529309744165161/?","external_links_name":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Jean Garcia at Kyline Alcantara\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyxbtdWm0Gg","external_links_name":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Kyline Alcantara at Jean Garcia, makikigulo Teaser Ep. 64\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/IndayWillAlwaysLoveU/photos/a.441950759567727/535432423552893/?","external_links_name":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Jason Abalos\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/IndayWillAlwaysLoveU/photos/a.441950759567727/535434423552693/?","external_links_name":"\"Inday Will Always Love You: Guest Lotlot de Leon\""},{"Link":"https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/168808/cebu-takes-spotlight-in-gma-networks-upcoming-series-inday-will-always-love-you","external_links_name":"\"Cebu takes spotlight in GMA network's upcoming series Inday Will Always Love You\""},{"Link":"https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/168808/cebu-takes-spotlight-in-gma-networks-upcoming-series-inday-will-always-love-you","external_links_name":"\"How did Barbie Forteza's Inday Will Always Love You fare in AGB ratings?\""},{"Link":"https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/28599/bagani-contessa-asintado-kambal-karibal-among-nominees-for-32nd-pmpc-star-awards-for-television","external_links_name":"\"Bagani, Contessa, Asintado, Kambal, Karibal among nominees for 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115183948/https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/en/blog/entry-9","external_links_name":"\"Asian Academy Creative Awards – National/Regional Winners by Category\""},{"Link":"https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/en/blog/entry-9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ederic.net/congratulations-sa-2018-rawr-awards-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Congratulations sa 2018 RAWR Awards winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/inday_will_always_love_you","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8435352/","external_links_name":"Inday Will Always Love You"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inday_Will_Always_Love_You&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchin%C3%A1
Chinchiná, Caldas
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 4°58′57″N 75°36′13″W / 4.98250°N 75.60361°W / 4.98250; -75.60361Municipality and town in Caldas Department, ColombiaChinchiná, CaldasMunicipality and town FlagSealLocation of the municipality and town of Chinchiná, Caldas in the Caldas Department of Colombia.Chinchiná, CaldasLocation in ColombiaCoordinates: 4°58′57″N 75°36′13″W / 4.98250°N 75.60361°W / 4.98250; -75.60361Country ColombiaDepartmentCaldas DepartmentFounded1857; 167 years ago (1857)Government • MayorEduardo Andrés Grisales LópezArea • Municipality and town109.4 km2 (42.2 sq mi) • Urban4.95 km2 (1.91 sq mi)Elevation1,378 m (4,521 ft)Population (2018 census) • Municipality and town51,271 • Density470/km2 (1,200/sq mi) • Urban44,570 • Urban density9,000/km2 (23,000/sq mi)DemonymChinchinenseTime zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time)Area code57 + 6WebsiteOfficial website (in Spanish) Chinchiná is a town and municipality located in the department of Caldas in Colombia, 17 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of Manizales. Founded in 1857 by Antioquian colonists, Chinchiná is settled in a valley surrounded by coffee plantations, called "fincas", in the Central Cordillera of the Andes. Known as Colombia's "coffee heart", the town is home to the Buendía coffee factory and Cenicafé, a coffee research center. Because of its close association with coffee production, the municipality was named part of the "Coffee Cultural Landscape" UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011. An active volcano, Nevado del Ruiz, lies approximately 30 kilometers (19 mi) to the east. Chinchiná is situated at 5°0′N 75°35′W / 5.000°N 75.583°W / 5.000; -75.583. Its elevation is 1,360 meters (4,462 feet), and has a mean temperature of approximately 20 degrees Celsius. Chinchiná town square Aerial view of Chinchiná References ^ Citypopulation.de ^ "Coffee Cultural Landscape". UNESCO World Heritage List. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 25 Apr 2011. External links Media related to Chinchiná at Wikimedia Commons Chinchiná travel guide from Wikivoyage vte Caldas DepartmentCapital: ManizalesDistrictsandmunicipalitiesCentral Southern Manizales Chinchiná Neira Palestina Villamaría Lower Western Anserma Belalcázar Risaralda San José Viterbo Upper Western Supía Filadelfia La Merced Marmato Riosucio Northern Aguadas Aranzazu Pácora Salamina Upper Eastern Manzanares Marquetalia Marulanda Pensilvania Magdalena Caldense La Dorada Norcasia Samaná Victoria Authority control databases VIAF This Caldas Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_(subnational_entity)"},{"link_name":"Caldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_Department"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Manizales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizales"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Coffee Cultural Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_coffee_growing_axis"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-2"},{"link_name":"volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Nevado del Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"5°0′N 75°35′W / 5.000°N 75.583°W / 5.000; -75.583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chinchin%C3%A1,_Caldas&params=5_0_N_75_35_W_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:303_Chinchina_town_square.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinchina_from_plane.jpg"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Caldas Department, ColombiaChinchiná is a town and municipality located in the department of Caldas in Colombia, 17 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of Manizales. Founded in 1857 by Antioquian colonists, Chinchiná is settled in a valley surrounded by coffee plantations, called \"fincas\", in the Central Cordillera of the Andes. Known as Colombia's \"coffee heart\", the town is home to the Buendía coffee factory and Cenicafé, a coffee research center.Because of its close association with coffee production, the municipality was named part of the \"Coffee Cultural Landscape\" UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.[2]An active volcano, Nevado del Ruiz, lies approximately 30 kilometers (19 mi) to the east.Chinchiná is situated at 5°0′N 75°35′W / 5.000°N 75.583°W / 5.000; -75.583. Its elevation is 1,360 meters (4,462 feet), and has a mean temperature of approximately 20 degrees Celsius.Chinchiná town square\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view of Chinchiná","title":"Chinchiná, Caldas"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Coffee Cultural Landscape\". UNESCO World Heritage List. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 25 Apr 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1121","url_text":"\"Coffee Cultural Landscape\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chinchin%C3%A1,_Caldas&params=4_58_57_N_75_36_13_W_region:CO_type:city(51271)","external_links_name":"4°58′57″N 75°36′13″W / 4.98250°N 75.60361°W / 4.98250; -75.60361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chinchin%C3%A1,_Caldas&params=4_58_57_N_75_36_13_W_region:CO_type:city(51271)","external_links_name":"4°58′57″N 75°36′13″W / 4.98250°N 75.60361°W / 4.98250; -75.60361"},{"Link":"http://chinchina-caldas.gov.co/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chinchin%C3%A1,_Caldas&params=5_0_N_75_35_W_","external_links_name":"5°0′N 75°35′W / 5.000°N 75.583°W / 5.000; -75.583"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/colombia/caldas/17174/","external_links_name":"Citypopulation.de"},{"Link":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1121","external_links_name":"\"Coffee Cultural Landscape\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125658583","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinchin%C3%A1,_Caldas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_and_College_of_Radiographers
Society of Radiographers
["1 History","2 Objectives","3 Governance","3.1 Past leadership","3.2 Patron","4 Education and other activities","5 Trade Union activities","6 The Society of Radiographers Benevolent Fund","7 Publications","8 Awards","8.1 Fellowship of The College of Radiographers (FCR) Award","8.2 The Gold Medal Award","8.3 The Silver Medal Award","8.4 Alan Nichols Memorial Award","8.5 Beth Whittaker Award","8.6 SoR Reps' Learning Fund (Bryan Macey Scholarship)","8.7 Forder Memorial Award for Students","8.8 The Arthur Kay Radiotherapy Award","8.9 Overseas Placement Fund","9 Arms","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
UK trade union SOR / COR / SCoRSociety and College of RadiographersFounded1920HeadquartersLondon, EnglandLocationUnited KingdomMembers 33,250 (2022)Key people President - Gill Hodges BSc (Hons) President Elect - Chris Kalinka DCR DRI MSc BSc Vice President - Claire Donaldson DCR BSc Chief Executive Officer - Mr R Evans HDCR OBE Head of Professional Policy Professor - Mrs C Beardmore FCR MBA (Open) DMS BSc (Hons) DCR(R) & (T) Head of Industrial Strategy - Mr W Town MA DCR(T) DLS Head of Finance and Operations - Mr D Manek AffiliationsEFRS, ISRRT, NICE TUC, PARN, STUC, WRETFWebsitewww.sor.org The Society of Radiographers (SoR) is a professional body and trade union that represents more than 90 percent of the diagnostic and therapeutic radiographers in the United Kingdom. The College of Radiographers (CoR) is a charitable subsidiary of the Society, they are collectively known as the Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). It was founded in 1920 in an effort to provide standardised training and registration for Radiographers within the British Isles. Until 1996, the SoR was also the professional body and trades union for radiographers in Ireland whereupon the Irish Institute of Radiography and Radiation Therapy was established. History In the second decade of the 20th century the number of x-ray workers grew dramatically not least due to the impact of World War I and in post-war Britain the formation of an association of such workers was inevitable. This was hastened by the desire of medical practitioners (radiologists) to secure the 'ownership' of x-ray work and leading radiologists at the time approached the Institute of Electrical Engineers for support. As a result the Society of Radiographers was established in 1920 with its first council composed of six radiologists and six electrical engineers, to which were added six selected radiographers from the London area. In 1921, a syllabus was developed and examinations were introduced to facilitate competency checks before membership was granted to new members. The first batch to qualify for membership included Kathleen Clark who would establish rigour in the profession. Membership began to grow with 67 members in 1921 and 164 in 1923. The medical members with external assistance attempted to prevent radiographers from reporting on their images. This was to be a crucial step along the road to medical ownership of x-ray work and to establish consultant posts in radiology. It was in 1925 that there was agreement that non-medical members would not report and if they did they would be liable to dismissal from the society. There was opposition to this from some radiographer council members especially Mr Blake but also from the Electrical Engineers representatives. In fact they resigned en-masse including A A Campbell Swinton is said to be the first person in the UK to produce a radiograph. After this there followed a long period of medical dominance. It was not until the 1970s that Dr Swinburne, a radiologist, from Leeds said it was time for official recognition that radiographers assist in film interpretations. It was another 20 years before the first reporting courses for radiographers were established. By 1997 it was official policy of the College of Radiographers that "reporting by radiographers is not an option. For the future, it is a requirement." The society formed a South African branch in 1930 and established a pattern of branch formation with a local committee management which was propagated in the UK during the 1930s. As a result, the Scottish Radiographic Society which was formed in 1927 became a branch of the society in 1936, the South West Branch in 1937, the North West in 1942, the Midland and the North East in 1943. The first Annual Conference of the Society of Radiographers was in 1947 held at Bath, England. In June 2015, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) granted accreditation to the processes used by the SCoR in order to generate current clinical guidance for Radiography practice, meaning that the SCoR is NICE accredited. Objectives The objectives for which The Society of Radiographers is established are as follows: To promote and develop for the public benefit the science and practice of radiography and radiotherapeutic technology and allied subjects; To promote, study and research work in radiography and radiotherapeutic technology and allied subjects and to publish the results of all such study and research; To further public education therein; To protect the honour and interests of persons engaged in the practice of radiography and radiotherapeutic technology and allied subjects including the regulation of relations between such persons and employers and employers' associations; To further all such objects which a trade union may lawfully pursue in accordance with statute. The college's objectives are directed towards education, research and other activities in support of the science and practice of radiography. Governance The society and college is led by a council which is made-up of representatives from a number of English regions (Eastern region, London region, Midlands region, North West region, Northern region, South East region, South West region, Yorkshire & North Trent region) and from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Council determines the Society's policy and strategic direction in consultation with members and others that have a vested interest. It meets once a month, with the exception of August and December. The society is a company limited by guarantee and the members of council are company directors registered at Companies House. The college, a registered charity, has its own Board of directors comprising an equal number of members drawn from council and external directors representing the legal, financial and medical fields. They have responsibilities as representatives of the membership and also as directors of the company. Neither council members nor College Board members are paid for their duties but they can claim travelling and other expenses. The president is elected by the members of council and is inaugurated at the July council meeting each year. There is also a President-elect and a Vice-president, who also serve for one year. Past leadership Year President President Elect Vice President Chief ExecutiveOfficer Head of ProfessionalPolicy Professor Head of IndustrialStrategy Head of Financeand Operations 2019/2020 Gill Hodges BSc (Hons) Chris Kalinka DCR DRI MSc BSc Claire Donaldson DCR BSc Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Mrs C Beardmore DCR, MBA (Open) DMS BSc (Hons) DCR (R) & (T) Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D Manek 2018/2019 Sue Webb BSc (Hons) Gill Hodges BSc (Hons) Chris Kalinka DCR DRI MSc BSc Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Mrs C Beardmore DCR, MBA (Open) DMS BSc (Hons) DCR (R) & (T) Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D GouldsMBA FCMA FCIS 2017/2018 Mr G Thomas MSc BSc (Hons) PgCUTL FHEA Sue Webb BSc (Hons) Gill Hodges BSc (Hons) Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Mrs C Beardmore DCR, MBA (Open) DMS BSc (Hons) DCR (R) & (T) Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D GouldsMBA FCMA FCIS 2016/2017 Mr Steve Herring BSc (Hons) PgD Mr G Thomas MSc BSc (Hons) PgCUTL FHEA Sue Webb BSc (Hons) Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Mrs C Beardmore DCR, MBA (Open) DMS BSc (Hons) DCR (R) & (T) Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D GouldsMBA FCMA FCIS 2015/2016 Mrs S Hassan DCR(T) Mr Steve Herring BSc (Hons) PgD Mr G Thomas MSc BSc (Hons) PgCUTL FHEA Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Mrs C Beardmore DCR, MBA (Open) DMS BSc (Hons) DCR (R) & (T) Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D GouldsMBA FCMA FCIS 2014/15 Mrs K SmithMSc DCR(T) Mrs S HassanDCR(T) Mr S HerringBSc (Hons) PgD Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Professor A PatersonOBE FCR MSc TDCR DMU Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D GouldsMBA FCMA FCIS 2013/14 Mrs P BlackDCR(R) NVQ PgDip Mrs K SmithMSc DCR(T) Mrs S HassanDCR(T) Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Professor A PatersonOBE FCR MSc TDCR DMU Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D GouldsMBA FCMA FCIS 2012/13 Mrs Jackie HughesDCR(R) Mrs Pam BlackDCR(R) NVQ PGDip Mrs Karen SmithDCR(T) MSc Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Professor A PatersonOBE FCR MSc TDCR DMU Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr D GouldsMBA FCMA FCIS 2011/12 Mrs S JohnsonMA BSc(Hons) DCR(R) PgC Mrs Jackie HughesDCR(R) Mrs Pam BlackDCR(R)NVQ PgDip Mr R EvansOBE HDCR Professor A PatersonOBE MSc TDCR DMU FCR Mr W TownMA DCR(T) DLS Mr N WilliamsFCA Patron The patron of the Society and College of Radiographers is The Rt Hon Llinos "Llin" Golding, Baroness Golding of Newcastle-under-Lyme who is a Labour Party politician and former MP who sits in the House of Lords and who previously practiced as a radiographer. Education and other activities Historically, the college was an awarding body for academic awards but no longer fulfils this function. The degree-equivalent radiography qualification awarded by the CoR was the Diploma of the College of Radiographers (DCR) and this was awarded following a three-year training course and successful completion of a national examination, either in Radiodiagnosis (the DCR(R)) or in Therapy Radiography (the DCR(T)). Following study equivalent to Masters level, students with a DCR could proceed by examination to the Higher Diploma of the College of Radiographers (HDCR). Holders of the HDCR undergoing specialist training in management were awarded the Management Diploma of the College of Radiographers (MDCR) and those undergoing specialist training in the teaching of radiography were awarded the Teaching Diploma of the College of Radiographers (TDCR). The first Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Radiography was validated in 1989 and with the widespread introduction of BSc courses in radiography during 1993, the DCR was phased out. The HRCR, TDCR and MDCR have been replaced by postgraduate level courses. The college maintains an Accreditation and Approval Board which aims to protect patients of radiographers by raising the standards of education and practice. It does so by monitoring and assessing programmes of both pre-registration degree courses and ongoing professional education ranging from ad-hoc events to professional postgraduate training. The college runs courses and conferences. Various guidances and guidelines are published by the CoR often in conjunction with the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM), the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR), the British Institute of Radiology (BIR) and the Royal College of Nursing (RCN). Research grants are awarded by the college. An academic library is maintained. Further activities to promote the public interest includes the provision of advice to the public and to government and government agencies and activities to promote public awareness of radiography, radiology and oncology. Information on the activities of the CoR is published on the website of the UK's Charity Commission. Trade Union activities An example of a SoR banner in a trade union demonstration (2011) The society has a membership base throughout the United Kingdom. As such, the Trade Union is associated with the Trade Union Congress (TUC) in the United Kingdom and with the Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC). The organisation was previously associated with the Irish Congress of Trade Unions(ICTU) but it left in 2013 citing financial constraints as the reason. In 2003, before leaving and whilst still in affliction with the ICTU, the society opposed a motion to restrict affiliation of small unions with the ICTU stating that the motion was "about bureaucracy." The Society of Radiographers Benevolent Fund The Society of Radiographers Benevolent Fund is a registered charity (No. 326398) and it assists SoR members, former members and their families in times of hardship or distress and in particular the old, the sick and the incapacitated among members and former members. Information on the activities of the Benevolent Fund is published on the website of the UK's Charity Commission. Publications The SCoR issues a number of publications: Imaging and Therapy Practice Imaging and Therapy Practice provides in-depth coverage of the latest professional and educational issues that affect the day-to-day working lives of therapy and diagnostic radiographers. The publication was known as Synergy: Imaging and Therapy Practice up until January 2013. The editor is Melanie Armstrong. Synergy News Synergy News is a news digest of what is happening in radiography and the wider healthcare arena. Topics reported include role development and career progression, pay and conditions, research, Continuing Professional Development and health and safety and equality issues. The editor is Jan Metcalf. Radiography Radiography is an international, English language, peer-reviewed journal of diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. The editor is Professor Julie Nightingale. Imaging & Oncology An annual title published to coincide with the United Kingdom Radiology Congress. The editor is Dr Ruth Strudwick. Awards The SCoR maintains a number of awards and grants. Fellowship of The College of Radiographers (FCR) Award The Fellowship of the College of Radiographers (FCR) is an honorary title, bestowed upon individuals who have made significant contribution to the radiographic profession. It was first awarded, in its present format, in 1978 following the establishment of The College of Radiographers as the charitable subsidiary of The Society of Radiographers. Additionally, the individual receives complimentary life membership of The Society of Radiographers. The Gold Medal Award The Gold Medal is the highest award the Society may award and is only granted to individuals who have "who have made exceptional contributions to radiography, developed the profession and advanced the Society and College of Radiographers." Fewer than 20 gold medals have ever been awarded. The Silver Medal Award The Silver Medal was first struck in 1985 and is awarded by The Society of Radiographers to recognise and acknowledge individuals for outstanding dedication and contribution to the profession of Radiography. Nominees must be members of the Society of Radiographers (or retired from active service and membership), or non-members who are outstanding contributors to the profession. Their work may span any aspect of the imaging and therapy modalities and/or the wider spheres of commerce, industry and management; as such overseas nominees are also eligible. Notable recipients include Stewart Whiteley who was the author for the revised editions of Clark's positioning in Radiography, a fundamental diagnostic radiography textbook. Alan Nichols Memorial Award Alan Nichols was a chief technical adviser to the Department of Radiology at Oxford Hospitals and since 1996, an award in his name has been given for the best paper proffered by a radiographer at the Radiology Congress. A representative of the Mr Nichols's family is invited to present the award. The Alan Nichols Memorial Award is currently £100. Beth Whittaker Award This award, commemorating Beth Whittaker, has been awarded to the best poster presentation at the Annual Radiology Conference. The Beth Whittaker Award is currently £50. SoR Reps' Learning Fund (Bryan Macey Scholarship) The Bryan Macey Scholarship, named for a former Chief Executive, is open to all Society Health and Safety and Industrial Relations representatives for trade union-related academic study. Forder Memorial Award for Students The Forder Memorial Award, which commemorates the memory of Mr A O Forder, founder member of the SoR in 1920 and a member of the first council of the society. From 1995, it was agreed that it would be presented to the best paper proffered by a student at the Annual Students Conference. The winning student is awarded the prize of £50. The Arthur Kay Radiotherapy Award In April 2009, the organisation launched the Arthur Kay Radiotherapy Award to support an annual award to an appropriately qualified and experienced therapeutic radiographer who wishes to travel to learn new and innovative techniques in therapeutic radiography. The fund will enable successful applicants to spend time studying innovations in technology and practice at a leading world class cancer institution(s). Applications for funding to the value of £5000 will be considered although, for exceptional applications, more may be available to an absolute maximum of £10,000. Overseas Placement Fund The College of Radiographers Overseas Placement Fund was established in 1998. It is managed by the College of Radiographers Board of Trustees and a number of radiography placements in developing countries have been supported by the fund. A number of individual radiographers have taken an interest in this area and this has often resulted in periods of working overseas. Arms Coat of arms of Society of Radiographers Notes Granted 3 May 1951 Crest On a rim Or a white owl Proper holding with the dexter claw a rod of Aesculapius Gold. Escutcheon Azure a sun in his splendour Or on a chief Sable a saltire Argent surmounted by a rod of Aesculapius Proper. See also Organized labour portal Royal College of Radiologists ISRRT References ^ "The Society of Radiographers Form AR21 for year ended 30 September 2022" (PDF). GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 July 2023. ^ European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS). "European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS)". European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS). Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ International Society of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologists (ISRRT). "ISRRT - Member Societies". International Society of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologists (ISRRT). Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ "Accreditation decisions - Accreditation - What We Do - About - NICE". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ a b Trade Union Congress (TUC). "Trade Union Congress (TUC) - SoR". Trade Union Congress (TUC). Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ a b Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC). "Affiliated Unions - STUC". Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC). Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ World Radiography Educational Trust Foundation (WRETF). "Links - WRETF". World Radiography Educational Trust Foundation (WRETF). Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ "About us | Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ a b c d "AIM25 text-only browsing: Society of Radiographers: Society of Radiographers". Aim25.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ "Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers". AuntMinnieEurope.com. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2023. ^ "NICE accreditation - Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "NICE Final Accreditation Report v1.3" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ a b Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). "SOR Annual Report 2009/10" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ "Council - Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ "UK Council | Society of Radiographers". www.sor.org. Retrieved 27 August 2019. ^ a b c "SoR UK Council". 24 August 2018. ^ "SCoR Annual Report 2016" (PDF). ^ "Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2015 Leading change" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2014 Leading change" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2013 Leading change" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2012 Leading change" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Lords Hansard text for 1 Jul 200801 July 2008 (pt 0004)". Publications.parliament.uk. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ "Baroness Golding". Parliament.uk. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ "Elsevier". Radiographyonline.com. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ "Charity overview". Charity-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) (2013). "REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Biennial Delegate Conference Belfast 2-4 July 2013" (PDF). Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU). p. 96. Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) (2003). "Irish Congress of Trade Unions' Biennial Conference 2003 Record of the Proceedings" (PDF). Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU). p. 67. Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ "Charity overview". Charity-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). "Library and Publications". Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ "Fellowship - Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ a b "Gold medal - Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ Stewart Whitley, A.; Jefferson, Gail; Holmes, Ken; Sloane, Charles; Anderson, Craig; Hoadley, Graham (28 July 2015). Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E - A. Stewart Whitley, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Charles Sloane, Craig Anderson, Graham Hoadley - Google Books. CRC Press. ISBN 9781444165050. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ Thomas, Adrian (26 August 2015). "Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers". AuntMinnie. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ a b c "Other awards - Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "The SoR Reps' Learning Fund - Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Money available 'to learn new and innovative techniques'". Society and College of Radiographers. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Overseas placement fund - Society of Radiographers". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Society of Radiographers". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 16 February 2021. External links IIRRT Official site Catalogue of the SoR archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick vteTrades Union CongressPositions General Secretary Deputy General Secretary Assistant General Secretary General Council President Bodies General Council Parliamentary Committee Wales TUC Affiliates Accord Advance Aegis AUE ASLEF AEP AFA BFAWU BALPA BDA BOSTU CSP CWU Community EIS Equity FDA FBU GMB HCSA MU Napo NAHT NARS NASUWT NEU NSEAD NUJ Nautilus NUM NGSU POA PFA Prospect PCS RCM RMT SCP SoR TSSA UCAC USDAW UNISON Unite URTU UCU WGGB  Category Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diagnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographer"},{"link_name":"therapeutic radiographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapist"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aim_Web_Archive_-_Society_History-9"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Institute of Radiography and Radiation Therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Institute_of_Radiography_and_Radiation_Therapy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aim_Web_Archive_-_Society_History-9"}],"text":"The Society of Radiographers (SoR) is a professional body and trade union that represents more than 90 percent of the diagnostic and therapeutic radiographers in the United Kingdom.[8] The College of Radiographers (CoR) is a charitable subsidiary of the Society, they are collectively known as the Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR).It was founded in 1920 in an effort to provide standardised training and registration for Radiographers within the British Isles.[9] Until 1996, the SoR was also the professional body and trades union for radiographers in Ireland whereupon the Irish Institute of Radiography and Radiation Therapy was established.[9]","title":"Society of Radiographers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Clark_(radiographer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aim_Web_Archive_-_Society_History-9"},{"link_name":"A A Campbell Swinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_A_Campbell_Swinton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aim_Web_Archive_-_Society_History-9"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICE"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NICE_accreditation-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NICE_accreditation_-_Clinical_Guidlines-12"}],"text":"In the second decade of the 20th century the number of x-ray workers grew dramatically not least due to the impact of World War I and in post-war Britain the formation of an association of such workers was inevitable. This was hastened by the desire of medical practitioners (radiologists) to secure the 'ownership' of x-ray work and leading radiologists at the time approached the Institute of Electrical Engineers for support. As a result the Society of Radiographers was established in 1920 with its first council composed of six radiologists and six electrical engineers, to which were added six selected radiographers from the London area.In 1921, a syllabus was developed and examinations were introduced to facilitate competency checks before membership was granted to new members. The first batch to qualify for membership included Kathleen Clark who would establish rigour in the profession.[10] Membership began to grow with 67 members in 1921 and 164 in 1923.[9]The medical members with external assistance attempted to prevent radiographers from reporting on their images. This was to be a crucial step along the road to medical ownership of x-ray work and to establish consultant posts in radiology. It was in 1925 that there was agreement that non-medical members would not report and if they did they would be liable to dismissal from the society. There was opposition to this from some radiographer council members especially Mr Blake but also from the Electrical Engineers representatives. In fact they resigned en-masse including A A Campbell Swinton is said to be the first person in the UK to produce a radiograph.[citation needed]After this there followed a long period of medical dominance. It was not until the 1970s that Dr Swinburne, a radiologist, from Leeds said it was time for official recognition that radiographers assist in film interpretations. It was another 20 years before the first reporting courses for radiographers were established. By 1997 it was official policy of the College of Radiographers that \"reporting by radiographers is not an option. For the future, it is a requirement.\"[citation needed]The society formed a South African branch in 1930 and established a pattern of branch formation with a local committee management which was propagated in the UK during the 1930s. As a result, the Scottish Radiographic Society which was formed in 1927 became a branch of the society in 1936, the South West Branch in 1937, the North West in 1942, the Midland and the North East in 1943. The first Annual Conference of the Society of Radiographers was in 1947 held at Bath, England.[9]In June 2015, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) granted accreditation to the processes used by the SCoR in order to generate current clinical guidance for Radiography practice, meaning that the SCoR is NICE accredited.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOR_Annual_Report_2009/10-13"}],"text":"The objectives for which The Society of Radiographers is established are as follows:[13]To promote and develop for the public benefit the science and practice of radiography and radiotherapeutic technology and allied subjects;\nTo promote, study and research work in radiography and radiotherapeutic technology and allied subjects and to publish the results of all such study and research;\nTo further public education therein;\nTo protect the honour and interests of persons engaged in the practice of radiography and radiotherapeutic technology and allied subjects including the regulation of relations between such persons and employers and employers' associations;\nTo further all such objects which a trade union may lawfully pursue in accordance with statute.The college's objectives are directed towards education, research and other activities in support of the science and practice of radiography.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council-14"},{"link_name":"company limited by guarantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee"},{"link_name":"company directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Companies House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"expenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expenses"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOR_Annual_Report_2009/10-13"}],"text":"The society and college is led by a council which is made-up of representatives from a number of English regions (Eastern region, London region, Midlands region, North West region, Northern region, South East region, South West region, Yorkshire & North Trent region) and from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.[14] The Council determines the Society's policy and strategic direction in consultation with members and others that have a vested interest. It meets once a month, with the exception of August and December.The society is a company limited by guarantee and the members of council are company directors registered at Companies House. The college, a registered charity, has its own Board of directors comprising an equal number of members drawn from council and external directors representing the legal, financial and medical fields. They have responsibilities as representatives of the membership and also as directors of the company. Neither council members nor College Board members are paid for their duties but they can claim travelling and other expenses.The president is elected by the members of council and is inaugurated at the July council meeting each year.[13] There is also a President-elect and a Vice-president, who also serve for one year.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Past leadership","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rt Hon Llinos \"Llin\" Golding, Baroness Golding of Newcastle-under-Lyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_Golding"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Patron","text":"The patron of the Society and College of Radiographers is The Rt Hon Llinos \"Llin\" Golding, Baroness Golding of Newcastle-under-Lyme who is a Labour Party politician and former MP who sits in the House of Lords and who previously practiced as a radiographer.[22][23]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"academic awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_and_Engineering_in_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Radiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Radiologists"},{"link_name":"British Institute of Radiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Institute_of_Radiology"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Historically, the college was an awarding body for academic awards but no longer fulfils this function. The degree-equivalent[24] radiography qualification awarded by the CoR was the Diploma of the College of Radiographers (DCR) and this was awarded following a three-year training course and successful completion of a national examination, either in Radiodiagnosis (the DCR(R)) or in Therapy Radiography (the DCR(T)). Following study equivalent to Masters level, students with a DCR could proceed by examination to the Higher Diploma of the College of Radiographers (HDCR). Holders of the HDCR undergoing specialist training in management were awarded the Management Diploma of the College of Radiographers (MDCR) and those undergoing specialist training in the teaching of radiography were awarded the Teaching Diploma of the College of Radiographers (TDCR). The first Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Radiography was validated in 1989 and with the widespread introduction of BSc courses in radiography during 1993, the DCR was phased out. The HRCR, TDCR and MDCR have been replaced by postgraduate level courses.The college maintains an Accreditation and Approval Board which aims to protect patients of radiographers by raising the standards of education and practice. It does so by monitoring and assessing programmes of both pre-registration degree courses and ongoing professional education ranging from ad-hoc events to professional postgraduate training. The college runs courses and conferences. Various guidances and guidelines are published by the CoR often in conjunction with the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM), the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR), the British Institute of Radiology (BIR) and the Royal College of Nursing (RCN).Research grants are awarded by the college. An academic library is maintained. Further activities to promote the public interest includes the provision of advice to the public and to government and government agencies and activities to promote public awareness of radiography, radiology and oncology. Information on the activities of the CoR is published on the website of the UK's Charity Commission.[25]","title":"Education and other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Society_of_Radiographers.jpg"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Trade Union Congress (TUC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trade_Union_Congress_(TUC)_Membership-5"},{"link_name":"Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Trade_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottish_Trade_Union_Congress_(STUC)_Membership-6"},{"link_name":"Irish Congress of Trade Unions(ICTU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prior_membership_of_Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions_(ICTU)-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions_(ICTU)_-_SoR_Motion_block_2003-27"}],"text":"An example of a SoR banner in a trade union demonstration (2011)The society has a membership base throughout the United Kingdom. As such, the Trade Union is associated with the Trade Union Congress (TUC)[5] in the United Kingdom and with the Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC).[6] The organisation was previously associated with the Irish Congress of Trade Unions(ICTU) but it left in 2013 citing financial constraints as the reason.[26] In 2003, before leaving and whilst still in affliction with the ICTU, the society opposed a motion to restrict affiliation of small unions with the ICTU stating that the motion was \"about bureaucracy.\"[27]","title":"Trade Union activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Society of Radiographers Benevolent Fund is a registered charity (No. 326398) and it assists SoR members, former members and their families in times of hardship or distress and in particular the old, the sick and the incapacitated among members and former members. Information on the activities of the Benevolent Fund is published on the website of the UK's Charity Commission.[28]","title":"The Society of Radiographers Benevolent Fund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publications_by_the_Society_and_College_of_Radiographers_(SCoR)-29"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor"},{"link_name":"Continuing Professional Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_Professional_Development"},{"link_name":"Radiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography_(journal)"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journal"},{"link_name":"diagnostic imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_imaging"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"}],"text":"The SCoR issues a number of publications:[29]Imaging and Therapy Practice\nImaging and Therapy Practice provides in-depth coverage of the latest professional and educational issues that affect the day-to-day working lives of therapy and diagnostic radiographers. The publication was known as Synergy: Imaging and Therapy Practice up until January 2013. The editor is Melanie Armstrong.\nSynergy News\nSynergy News is a news digest of what is happening in radiography and the wider healthcare arena. Topics reported include role development and career progression, pay and conditions, research, Continuing Professional Development and health and safety and equality issues. The editor is Jan Metcalf.\nRadiography\nRadiography is an international, English language, peer-reviewed journal of diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. The editor is Professor Julie Nightingale.\nImaging & Oncology\nAn annual title published to coincide with the United Kingdom Radiology Congress. The editor is Dr Ruth Strudwick.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The SCoR maintains a number of awards and grants.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fellowship_of_the_College_of_Radiographers(FCR)-30"}],"sub_title":"Fellowship of The College of Radiographers (FCR) Award","text":"The Fellowship of the College of Radiographers (FCR) is an honorary title, bestowed upon individuals who have made significant contribution to the radiographic profession. It was first awarded, in its present format, in 1978 following the establishment of The College of Radiographers as the charitable subsidiary of The Society of Radiographers. Additionally, the individual receives complimentary life membership of The Society of Radiographers.[30]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold_medal-31"}],"sub_title":"The Gold Medal Award","text":"The Gold Medal is the highest award the Society may award and is only granted to individuals who have \"who have made exceptional contributions to radiography, developed the profession and advanced the Society and College of Radiographers.\" Fewer than 20 gold medals have ever been awarded.[31]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold_medal-31"},{"link_name":"Clark's positioning in Radiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clark%27s_positioning_in_Radiography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Googlebooks_-_Clark's_Positioning_in_Radiography-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Kittie_Clark-33"}],"sub_title":"The Silver Medal Award","text":"The Silver Medal was first struck in 1985 and is awarded by The Society of Radiographers to recognise and acknowledge individuals for outstanding dedication and contribution to the profession of Radiography. Nominees must be members of the Society of Radiographers (or retired from active service and membership), or non-members who are outstanding contributors to the profession. Their work may span any aspect of the imaging and therapy modalities and/or the wider spheres of commerce, industry and management; as such overseas nominees are also eligible. Notable recipients include Stewart Whiteley[31] who was the author for the revised editions of Clark's positioning in Radiography, a fundamental diagnostic radiography textbook.[32][33]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford Hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordradcliffe.nhs.uk/home.aspx"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Other_Awards-34"}],"sub_title":"Alan Nichols Memorial Award","text":"Alan Nichols was a chief technical adviser to the Department of Radiology at Oxford Hospitals and since 1996, an award in his name has been given for the best paper proffered by a radiographer at the Radiology Congress. A representative of the Mr Nichols's family is invited to present the award. The Alan Nichols Memorial Award is currently £100.[34]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Other_Awards-34"}],"sub_title":"Beth Whittaker Award","text":"This award, commemorating Beth Whittaker, has been awarded to the best poster presentation at the Annual Radiology Conference. The Beth Whittaker Award is currently £50.[34]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryan_Macey_Scholarship-35"}],"sub_title":"SoR Reps' Learning Fund (Bryan Macey Scholarship)","text":"The Bryan Macey Scholarship, named for a former Chief Executive, is open to all Society Health and Safety and Industrial Relations representatives for trade union-related academic study.[35]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Other_Awards-34"}],"sub_title":"Forder Memorial Award for Students","text":"The Forder Memorial Award, which commemorates the memory of Mr A O Forder, founder member of the SoR in 1920 and a member of the first council of the society. From 1995, it was agreed that it would be presented to the best paper proffered by a student at the Annual Students Conference. The winning student is awarded the prize of £50.[34]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur_Kay_Radiotherapy_Award-36"}],"sub_title":"The Arthur Kay Radiotherapy Award","text":"In April 2009, the organisation launched the Arthur Kay Radiotherapy Award to support an annual award to an appropriately qualified and experienced therapeutic radiographer who wishes to travel to learn new and innovative techniques in therapeutic radiography. The fund will enable successful applicants to spend time studying innovations in technology and practice at a leading world class cancer institution(s). Applications for funding to the value of £5000 will be considered although, for exceptional applications, more may be available to an absolute maximum of £10,000.[36]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Overseas_Placement_Fund-37"}],"sub_title":"Overseas Placement Fund","text":"The College of Radiographers Overseas Placement Fund was established in 1998. It is managed by the College of Radiographers Board of Trustees and a number of radiography placements in developing countries have been supported by the fund. A number of individual radiographers have taken an interest in this area and this has often resulted in periods of working overseas.[37]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]
[{"image_text":"An example of a SoR banner in a trade union demonstration (2011)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Society_of_Radiographers.jpg/220px-Society_of_Radiographers.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg"},{"title":"Organized labour portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour"},{"title":"Royal College of Radiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Radiologists"},{"title":"ISRRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRRT"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Society of Radiographers Form AR21 for year ended 30 September 2022\" (PDF). GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1150956/520T_2022.pdf","url_text":"\"The Society of Radiographers Form AR21 for year ended 30 September 2022\""}]},{"reference":"European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS). \"European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS)\". European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS). Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efrs.eu/members#group_country_uk","url_text":"\"European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS)\""}]},{"reference":"International Society of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologists (ISRRT). \"ISRRT - Member Societies\". International Society of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologists (ISRRT). Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isrrt.org/isrrt/Associate_Members_EN.asp?SnID=534067503","url_text":"\"ISRRT - Member Societies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accreditation decisions - Accreditation - What We Do - About - NICE\". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/about/what-we-do/accreditation/accreditation-decisions","url_text":"\"Accreditation decisions - Accreditation - What We Do - About - NICE\""}]},{"reference":"Trade Union Congress (TUC). \"Trade Union Congress (TUC) - SoR\". Trade Union Congress (TUC). Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuc.org.uk/britains-unions/sor","url_text":"\"Trade Union Congress (TUC) - SoR\""}]},{"reference":"Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC). \"Affiliated Unions - STUC\". Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC). Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuc.org.uk/about/affiliates","url_text":"\"Affiliated Unions - STUC\""}]},{"reference":"World Radiography Educational Trust Foundation (WRETF). \"Links - WRETF\". World Radiography Educational Trust Foundation (WRETF). Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wretf.org/links.html","url_text":"\"Links - WRETF\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us | Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sor.org/public/aboutus.htm","url_text":"\"About us | Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIM25 text-only browsing: Society of Radiographers: Society of Radiographers\". Aim25.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/100/7276.htm","url_text":"\"AIM25 text-only browsing: Society of Radiographers: Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers\". AuntMinnieEurope.com. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auntminnieeurope.com/index.aspx?sec=ser&sub=def&pag=dis&ItemID=611915","url_text":"\"Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"NICE accreditation - Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/nice-accreditation","url_text":"\"NICE accreditation - Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"NICE Final Accreditation Report v1.3\" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/Media/Default/About/accreditation/accreditation-decisions/society-and-college-of-radiographers-final-decision.pdf","url_text":"\"NICE Final Accreditation Report v1.3\""}]},{"reference":"Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). \"SOR Annual Report 2009/10\" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072734/http://www.sor.org/public/pdf/SoR_annual_report_09_10.pdf","url_text":"\"SOR Annual Report 2009/10\""},{"url":"http://www.sor.org/public/pdf/SoR_annual_report_09_10.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Council - Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sor.org/members/sor/council.htm","url_text":"\"Council - Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Council | Society of Radiographers\". www.sor.org. Retrieved 27 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/uk-council","url_text":"\"UK Council | Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoR UK Council\". 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/council","url_text":"\"SoR UK Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCoR Annual Report 2016\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201604/sor_annual_report_2016_full.pdf","url_text":"\"SCoR Annual Report 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2015 Leading change\" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201504/sor_annual_report_2015_lr.pdf","url_text":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2015 Leading change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2014 Leading change\" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201405/sor_annual_report_2014_main.pdf","url_text":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2014 Leading change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2013 Leading change\" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201304/SoR%20Annual%20Report%202013%20FULL%20LR.pdf","url_text":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2013 Leading change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2012 Leading change\" (PDF). Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201304/SoR%20Annual%20Report%202013%20FULL%20LR.pdf","url_text":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2012 Leading change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lords Hansard text for 1 Jul 200801 July 2008 (pt 0004)\". Publications.parliament.uk. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldhansrd/text/80701-0004.htm#80701-0004.htm_spnew20","url_text":"\"Lords Hansard text for 1 Jul 200801 July 2008 (pt 0004)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baroness Golding\". Parliament.uk. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/llinos-golding/26593","url_text":"\"Baroness Golding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elsevier\". Radiographyonline.com. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(09)00101-1/abstract","url_text":"\"Elsevier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity overview\". Charity-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=272505&SubsidiaryNumber=0","url_text":"\"Charity overview\""}]},{"reference":"Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) (2013). \"REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Biennial Delegate Conference Belfast 2-4 July 2013\" (PDF). Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU). p. 96. Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ictu.ie/download/pdf/executive_council_report_2013.pdf","url_text":"\"REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Biennial Delegate Conference Belfast 2-4 July 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) (2003). \"Irish Congress of Trade Unions' Biennial Conference 2003 Record of the Proceedings\" (PDF). Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU). p. 67. Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ictu.ie/download/pdf/master_record_conference_2003.pdf","url_text":"\"Irish Congress of Trade Unions' Biennial Conference 2003 Record of the Proceedings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity overview\". Charity-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=326398&SubsidiaryNumber=0","url_text":"\"Charity overview\""}]},{"reference":"Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). \"Library and Publications\". Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR). Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/learning/library-publications","url_text":"\"Library and Publications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fellowship - Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/fellowship","url_text":"\"Fellowship - Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold medal - Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/gold-medal","url_text":"\"Gold medal - Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart Whitley, A.; Jefferson, Gail; Holmes, Ken; Sloane, Charles; Anderson, Craig; Hoadley, Graham (28 July 2015). Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E - A. Stewart Whitley, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Charles Sloane, Craig Anderson, Graham Hoadley - Google Books. CRC Press. ISBN 9781444165050. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51xECgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9","url_text":"Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E - A. Stewart Whitley, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Charles Sloane, Craig Anderson, Graham Hoadley - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444165050","url_text":"9781444165050"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Adrian (26 August 2015). \"Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers\". AuntMinnie. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.auntminnieeurope.com/index.aspx?sec=ser&sub=def&pag=dis&ItemID=611915","url_text":"\"Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Other awards - Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/other-awards","url_text":"\"Other awards - Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"The SoR Reps' Learning Fund - Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/sor-reps-learning-fund","url_text":"\"The SoR Reps' Learning Fund - Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Money available 'to learn new and innovative techniques'\". Society and College of Radiographers. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/news/money-available-learn-new-and-innovative-techniques","url_text":"\"Money available 'to learn new and innovative techniques'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overseas placement fund - Society of Radiographers\". Society and College of Radiographers. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/overseas-placement-fund","url_text":"\"Overseas placement fund - Society of Radiographers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Radiographers\". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Society_of_Radiographers","url_text":"\"Society of Radiographers\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sor.org/","external_links_name":"www.sor.org"},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordradcliffe.nhs.uk/home.aspx","external_links_name":"Oxford Hospitals"},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1150956/520T_2022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Society of Radiographers Form AR21 for year ended 30 September 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.efrs.eu/members#group_country_uk","external_links_name":"\"European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS)\""},{"Link":"http://www.isrrt.org/isrrt/Associate_Members_EN.asp?SnID=534067503","external_links_name":"\"ISRRT - Member Societies\""},{"Link":"https://www.nice.org.uk/about/what-we-do/accreditation/accreditation-decisions","external_links_name":"\"Accreditation decisions - Accreditation - What We Do - About - NICE\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuc.org.uk/britains-unions/sor","external_links_name":"\"Trade Union Congress (TUC) - SoR\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuc.org.uk/about/affiliates","external_links_name":"\"Affiliated Unions - STUC\""},{"Link":"http://www.wretf.org/links.html","external_links_name":"\"Links - WRETF\""},{"Link":"http://www.sor.org/public/aboutus.htm","external_links_name":"\"About us | Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/100/7276.htm","external_links_name":"\"AIM25 text-only browsing: Society of Radiographers: Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.auntminnieeurope.com/index.aspx?sec=ser&sub=def&pag=dis&ItemID=611915","external_links_name":"\"Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/nice-accreditation","external_links_name":"\"NICE accreditation - Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nice.org.uk/Media/Default/About/accreditation/accreditation-decisions/society-and-college-of-radiographers-final-decision.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NICE Final Accreditation Report v1.3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072734/http://www.sor.org/public/pdf/SoR_annual_report_09_10.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SOR Annual Report 2009/10\""},{"Link":"http://www.sor.org/public/pdf/SoR_annual_report_09_10.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sor.org/members/sor/council.htm","external_links_name":"\"Council - Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/uk-council","external_links_name":"\"UK Council | Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/council","external_links_name":"\"SoR UK Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201604/sor_annual_report_2016_full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SCoR Annual Report 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201504/sor_annual_report_2015_lr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2015 Leading change\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201405/sor_annual_report_2014_main.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2014 Leading change\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201304/SoR%20Annual%20Report%202013%20FULL%20LR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2013 Leading change\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201304/SoR%20Annual%20Report%202013%20FULL%20LR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Society of Radiographers Annual Report 2012 Leading change\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldhansrd/text/80701-0004.htm#80701-0004.htm_spnew20","external_links_name":"\"Lords Hansard text for 1 Jul 200801 July 2008 (pt 0004)\""},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/llinos-golding/26593","external_links_name":"\"Baroness Golding\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(09)00101-1/abstract","external_links_name":"\"Elsevier\""},{"Link":"http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=272505&SubsidiaryNumber=0","external_links_name":"\"Charity overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.ictu.ie/download/pdf/executive_council_report_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Biennial Delegate Conference Belfast 2-4 July 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.ictu.ie/download/pdf/master_record_conference_2003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Irish Congress of Trade Unions' Biennial Conference 2003 Record of the Proceedings\""},{"Link":"http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=326398&SubsidiaryNumber=0","external_links_name":"\"Charity overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/learning/library-publications","external_links_name":"\"Library and Publications\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/fellowship","external_links_name":"\"Fellowship - Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/gold-medal","external_links_name":"\"Gold medal - Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51xECgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9","external_links_name":"Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E - A. Stewart Whitley, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Charles Sloane, Craig Anderson, Graham Hoadley - Google Books"},{"Link":"http://www.auntminnieeurope.com/index.aspx?sec=ser&sub=def&pag=dis&ItemID=611915","external_links_name":"\"Kitty Clark: An inspiration to radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/other-awards","external_links_name":"\"Other awards - Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/sor-reps-learning-fund","external_links_name":"\"The SoR Reps' Learning Fund - Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/news/money-available-learn-new-and-innovative-techniques","external_links_name":"\"Money available 'to learn new and innovative techniques'\""},{"Link":"https://www.sor.org/about-us/awards/overseas-placement-fund","external_links_name":"\"Overseas placement fund - Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Society_of_Radiographers","external_links_name":"\"Society of Radiographers\""},{"Link":"http://www.iirrt.ie/","external_links_name":"IIRRT"},{"Link":"http://www.sor.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://mrc.epexio.com/records/SRD","external_links_name":"Catalogue of the SoR archives"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114990939","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158871801","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007330487905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88097134","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20050165399&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirime
Shirime
["1 In popular culture","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese folk creature Shirime as drawn by Yosa no Buson. Shirime (Japanese: 尻目, lit. "buttocks eye") is a strange yōkai with an eye in the place of his anus. The story goes as follows: Long ago, a samurai was walking at night down the road to Kyōto, when he heard someone calling out for him to wait. "Who's there?!" he asked nervously, only to turn around and find a man stripping off his clothes and pointing his bare buttocks at the flabbergasted traveler. A huge glittering eye then opened up where the strange man's anus should have been. This creature was so liked by the haiku poet and artist Buson, he included it in many of his yōkai paintings. Although Shirime appears to have a very startling appearance, it does not mean to harm people. Its joy comes from scaring people. In popular culture On April 1, 2023, the PC game Shirime: The Curse of Butt-Eye was released, based on the legend and starring Shirime. References ^ Murakami, Kenji (2000). Yōkai Jiten, p.192. Tokyo: The Mainichi Newspaper Company. ISBN 4-620-31428-5. ^ "肛門が目の妖怪「尻目」に追われ恋人を探すホラー『SHIRIME: The Curse of Butt-Eye | 尻目』Steamにてリリース". 2023-04-01. External links Shirime – Eyeball Butt at hyakumonogatari.com (English). vteJapanese folkloreFolktales Awa Tanuki Gassen Banchō Sarayashiki Bunbuku Chagama Hachikazuki Hanasaka Jiisan Hyakki Yagyō Issun-bōshi Kachi-kachi Yama Kasa Jizō Kintarō Kobutori Jiisan Momotarō Nezumi no Sumō Saru Kani Gassen Shita-kiri Suzume Taketori Monogatari Tawara Tōda Tsuru no Ongaeshi Urashima Tarō Oto-hime Uriko-hime Yotsuya Kaidan Texts Konjaku Monogatarishū Otogi-zōshi Uji Shūi Monogatari Legendary creatures (Yōkai) Abura-akago Abura-sumashi Aka Manto Akaname Akashita Akateko Akuma Amabie Amazake-babaa Amefurikozō Ameonna Amikiri Aoandon Aobōzu Aonyōbō Aosaginohi Ashinagatenaga Ayakashi Azukiarai Bake-kujira Baku Basan Binbōgami Chimimōryō Daidarabotchi Dodomeki Dragon Mizuchi Nure-onna Enenra Furaribi Fūri Futakuchi-onna Gagoze Gashadokuro Harionago Hibagon Hiderigami Hito-gitsune Hitotsume-kozō Hitotsume-nyūdō Hone-onna Hyōsube Ikuchi Inugami Ishinagenjo Isonade Jinmenju Jorōgumo Jubokko Kaibyō Bakeneko Nekomata Kamaitachi Kamikiri Kappa Yamawaro Kasha Keukegen Kijimuna Kinoko Kirin Kitsune Hakuzōsu Osaki Tamamo-no-Mae Kodama Komainu Konaki-jiji Korpokkur Koromodako Kotobuki Kuda-gitsune Kudan Mazoku Mikaribaba Mikoshi-nyūdō Miage-nyūdō Misaki Mokumokuren Mōryō Mujina Namazu Ningyo Noderabō Noppera-bō Nue Nuppeppō Nurarihyon Nurikabe Nyūdō-bōzu Obake Oboroguruma Ōkubi Ōmukade Oni Amanojaku Ibaraki-dōji Kijo/Onibaba Momiji Kurozuka Suzuka Gozen Yama-uba Kidōmaru Namahage Rashōmon no oni Shuten-dōji Ushi-oni Onibi Janjanbi Kitsunebi Shiranui Onikuma Ōnyūdō Orochi Otoroshi Ouni Raijū Rokurokubi Samebito Sankai Satori Sazae-oni Shachihoko Shidaidaka Shikigami Shinigami Shirime Shōjō Shōkera Sunekosuri Takaonna Tanuki Danzaburou-danuki Inugami Gyōbu Shibaemon-tanuki Yashima no Hage-tanuki Ten Tengu Sōjōbō Tennin Tenome Tesso Tōfu-kozō Tsuchigumo Tsuchinoko Tsukumogami Abumi-guchi Bakezōri Biwa-bokuboku Boroboroton Chōchin'obake Ittan-momen Kasa-obake Koto-furunushi Menreiki Ungaikyō Tsurara-onna Tsurubebi Tsurube-otoshi Ubagabi Ubume Umibōzu Umi zatō Uwan Waira Wanyūdō Yamabiko Yamajijii Yanari Yobuko Yōsei Yosuzume Yuki-onna Yume no seirei Yūrei/Mononoke Funayūrei Hanako-san Ikiryō Onryō Goryō Kuchisake-onna Shiryō Zashiki-warashi Folklorists Kunio Yanagita Keigo Seki Lafcadio Hearn Shigeru Mizuki Inoue Enryō This article relating to Japanese mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to Shinto is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buson_Nopperabo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buson"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"yōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"Kyōto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dto"},{"link_name":"Buson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buson"},{"link_name":"yōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Shirime as drawn by Yosa no Buson.Shirime (Japanese: 尻目, lit. \"buttocks eye\") is a strange yōkai with an eye in the place of his anus.The story goes as follows:\nLong ago, a samurai was walking at night down the road to Kyōto, when he heard someone calling out for him to wait. \"Who's there?!\" he asked nervously, only to turn around and find a man stripping off his clothes and pointing his bare buttocks at the flabbergasted traveler. A huge glittering eye then opened up where the strange man's anus should have been.This creature was so liked by the haiku poet and artist Buson, he included it in many of his yōkai paintings.[1]Although Shirime appears to have a very startling appearance, it does not mean to harm people. Its joy comes from scaring people.","title":"Shirime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On April 1, 2023, the PC game Shirime: The Curse of Butt-Eye was released, based on the legend and starring Shirime.[2]","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Shirime as drawn by Yosa no Buson.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Buson_Nopperabo.jpg/220px-Buson_Nopperabo.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"肛門が目の妖怪「尻目」に追われ恋人を探すホラー『SHIRIME: The Curse of Butt-Eye | 尻目』Steamにてリリース\". 2023-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespark.jp/article/2023/04/01/128597.html","url_text":"\"肛門が目の妖怪「尻目」に追われ恋人を探すホラー『SHIRIME: The Curse of Butt-Eye | 尻目』Steamにてリリース\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.gamespark.jp/article/2023/04/01/128597.html","external_links_name":"\"肛門が目の妖怪「尻目」に追われ恋人を探すホラー『SHIRIME: The Curse of Butt-Eye | 尻目』Steamにてリリース\""},{"Link":"http://hyakumonogatari.com/2012/08/19/shirime-eyeball-butt/","external_links_name":"Shirime – Eyeball Butt"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirime&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirime&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leichttraktor
Leichttraktor
["1 History","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography","3 Further reading"]
German experimental tank designed during the Interwar PeriodThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leichttraktor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leichttraktor Vs.Kfz.31 (Versuchs Kampffahrzeug 31) TypeLight tankPlace of originWeimar RepublicService historyIn service1930–1945Used byWeimar RepublicNazi GermanyWarsWorld War II (Training only)Production historyDesigned1929–1933ManufacturerKrupp, RheinmetallProduced1930No. built4SpecificationsMassKrupp: 8.7 tonnes (9.6 short tons; 8.6 long tons)Rheinmetall: 8.96 tonnes (9.88 short tons; 8.82 long tons) (Rheinmetall)LengthKrupp: 4.35 m (14 ft 3 in)Rheinmetall: 4.21 m (13 ft 10 in)WidthKrupp: 2.37 m (7 ft 9 in) Rheinmetall: 2.26 m (7 ft 5 in)HeightKrupp: 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in)Rheinmetall:2.27 m (7 ft 5 in)Crew4 (commander, driver, radio operator, and loader)Armortop frontal 14 mm, bottom frontal 19 mm, sides 8 + 6 mm, back 14 mm, bottom 5 mm, bonnet 6 mm, front slanting wall of turret 5 mm, turret sides 14 mm, turret rear 14 mm, turret top 5 mm, cupola 14 mm. Turret appears to be 14 mm all around. (Krupp) Mainarmament3.7 cm KwK L/45Secondaryarmament7.92×57mm Mauser Dreyse machine gun, cloth belt drum magazine (100 rounds) supply.EngineDaimler-Benz M36 six-cylinder liquid-cooled gasoline engine.100 hp (75 kW)SuspensionKrupp: Coil spring (Krupp)Rheinmetall: Leaf springOperationalrange137 km (85 mi) on-roadMaximum speed 30 km/h (19 mph) The Leichttraktor (Vs.Kfz.31) was a German experimental tank designed during the Interwar Period. History The Leichttraktor was a German experimental tank. After the end of World War I, Germany was restricted in military development by the Treaty of Versailles. However, it was developed in a secret program under the cover name "Traktor". Its engine was mounted inside the front portion of the hull and the turret was mounted above the fighting compartment in the rear of the tank. Both Rheinmetall and Krupp produced prototypes, and in 1928, Rheinmetall's design was chosen and was awarded an order for 289 tanks. However, some time later, the order was cancelled. Krupp models had coil spring suspensions, while Rheinmetall had leaf spring suspensions. The Germans tested the tank in the Soviet Union under the Treaty of Rapallo – agreed between the USSR and Germany in 1922 under high secrecy and security. The testing facility used from 1926 to 1933 was named Panzertruppenschule Kama, located near Kazan in the Soviet Union. The location was a joint testing ground and tank training ground for the Red Army and Reichswehr. It was codenamed "Kama" from the words Kazan and Malbrandt because the testing grounds were near Kazan and Oberstleutnant Malbrandt was assigned to select the location for testing. Leichter Traktor ("Light tractor") was a cover name for all three medium tank designs produced there. In the early years of World War II it was used as a training tank. Although these designs were not used in actual warfare, they gave a good intuition on how to build tanks when Germany had previously only made one official tank, the A7V, and this design led to the creation of the Panzer I. References Citations ^ "Original Leichttraktor manual" (PDF). Retrieved 9 July 2019. ^ "The German Leichttraktor VK-31 Light Tank". TankNutDave.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23. ^ Higgins 2015, p. 13. ^ White p48 ^ Tank, Kenneth Macksey, John H. Batchelor, 1971 Bibliography Peter Chamberlain & Hilary Doyle (1999). Sterling (ed.). Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two. Arms & Armour. ISBN 1854095188. Higgins, David R. (2015). Panzer II vs 7TP: Poland 1939. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 9781472808820. Further reading Tanks of the World, 1915-1945, Peter Chamberlain, Chris Ellis, 1972 German Tanks and Armoured Vehicles 1914 - 1945, B. T. White, 1966 vteTanks of the interwar periodTankettes AH-IV Carden Loyd L3/33 L3/35 R-1 T-27 T-32 (Š-I-D) Tančík vz. 33 TKS Type 92 Type 94 Type 97 Te-Ke Light 7TP 38M Toldi I Char D1 Disston Tractor Tank Fiat 3000 H35 L-60 Light tanks Mk I–V Light Tank Mk VI Light Tank Mk VII LT vz. 34 LT vz. 35 LT vz. 38 M1 combat car M2 Light Tank Panzer I Panzer II R35 T-18 T-26 T-37 T-38 Type 95 Ha-Go Vickers 6-Ton Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank Vickers T-15 Medium Char D2 T-24 T-28 Type 89 I-Go Type 97 Chi-Ha Vickers Medium Mk I Vickers Medium Mk II Cavalry, cruiser, fast AMC 34 AMC 35 AMR 33 AMR 35 BT tank Cruiser Mk I Cruiser Mk II Cruiser Mk III SOMUA S35 Infantry FCM 36 Hotchkiss H35 Matilda I T-26 Heavy, super-heavy Char 2C Char B1 T-35 Prototypes,experimentals 10TP FCM F1 Grosstraktor Kolohousenka Landsverk L-120 Leichttraktor Medium Mark III Medium Mark D Medium Tank A7 Morris-Martel Neubaufahrzeug PZInż 130 Škoda MU-4 SMK Straussler V-4 Stridsvagn m/31 ST vz. 39 T1 Light Tank T2 Medium T7 Combat Car T-19 T-42 T-100 Type 87 Chi-I Type 91 heavy Type 95 heavy Type 97 Chi-Ni Type 98 Chi-Ho Verdeja Vickers A1E1 Independent Interwar period tanks List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles Background: History of the tank, Tank classification, interwar period vteGerman armoured fighting vehicles of World War IITanks Panzer I Panzer II Panzer 35(t) Panzer 38(t) Panzer III Panzer IV Panther Tiger I Tiger II Self-propelled artillery Bufla Wespe Sturmpanzer I Sturmpanzer II Grille Hummel Panzerwerfer 42 Wurfrahmen 40 Karl-Gerät 10.5 cm leFH18/3 (Sf) auf G.W. B-2(f) 10.5cm leFH18(Sf) LrS 10.5cm leFH18(Sf) 39H 15cm sFH13/1 (Sf) LrS Assault guns StuG III StuG IV StuH 42 StuIG 33B Brummbär Sturmtiger Tank destroyers(Panzerjäger, Jagdpanzer) Panzerjäger I 35R(f) Marder I II III RSO/PaK 40 Nashorn Elefant Jagdpanzer IV Hetzer Jagdpanther Jagdtiger Half-tracks Maultier Sd.Kfz. 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 250 251 252 253 254 sWS Armored cars Kfz 13 Sd.Kfz. 221/22/23/60/61 Sd.Kfz. 231/32/33/34/63 Sd.Kfz. 234 Sd.Kfz. 247 ADGZ Self-propelledanti-aircraft guns Flakpanzer I Flakpanzer 38(t) Flakpanzer III Flakpanzer IV Möbelwagen Wirbelwind Ostwind Kugelblitz Demolition vehicles Goliath Springer Borgward IV Experimental vehicles,prototypes Panzer I Ausf. C (VK 6.01) Panzer I Ausf. F (VK 18.01) Panzer VIII Maus Geschützwagen Tiger Entwicklung series (Panzer E-100) Panther II Heuschrecke 10 Neubaufahrzeug Sturer Emil Dicker Max Pz.Sfl. II Pz. Sfl. IVc Flakpanzer Coelian VK 30.01 (P) VK 45.01 (P) VK 30.02 (DB) Proposed designs Panzer III/IV Löwe Panzer IX Panzer X P.1000 Ratte P.1500 Monster VK 16.02 Leopard Gep. MTW Kätzchen VK 45.02 (P) VK 20 series Flakpanzer Mareșal Designations List of Sd.Kfz. designations List of VK-designated tanks German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II This military vehicle article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"Interwar Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"}],"text":"The Leichttraktor (Vs.Kfz.31) was a German experimental tank designed during the Interwar Period.","title":"Leichttraktor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Rheinmetall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TankNutDave-2"},{"link_name":"coil spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_spring"},{"link_name":"leaf spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spring"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Rapallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)"},{"link_name":"Panzertruppenschule Kama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_tank_school"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Reichswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Oberstleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstleutnant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggins201513-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"A7V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A7V"},{"link_name":"Panzer I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Leichttraktor was a German experimental tank. After the end of World War I, Germany was restricted in military development by the Treaty of Versailles. However, it was developed in a secret program under the cover name \"Traktor\". Its engine was mounted inside the front portion of the hull and the turret was mounted above the fighting compartment in the rear of the tank. Both Rheinmetall and Krupp produced prototypes, and in 1928, Rheinmetall's design was chosen and was awarded an order for 289 tanks. However, some time later, the order was cancelled.[2] Krupp models had coil spring suspensions, while Rheinmetall had leaf spring suspensions.The Germans tested the tank in the Soviet Union under the Treaty of Rapallo – agreed between the USSR and Germany in 1922 under high secrecy and security. The testing facility used from 1926 to 1933 was named Panzertruppenschule Kama, located near Kazan in the Soviet Union. The location was a joint testing ground and tank training ground for the Red Army and Reichswehr. It was codenamed \"Kama\" from the words Kazan and Malbrandt because the testing grounds were near Kazan and Oberstleutnant Malbrandt was assigned to select the location for testing.[3]Leichter Traktor (\"Light tractor\") was a cover name for all three medium tank designs produced there.[4] In the early years of World War II it was used as a training tank. Although these designs were not used in actual warfare, they gave a good intuition on how to build tanks when Germany had previously only made one official tank, the A7V, and this design led to the creation of the Panzer I. [5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Interwar_tanks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Interwar_tanks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interwar_tanks"},{"link_name":"Tanks of the interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Tankettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankette"},{"link_name":"AH-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-IV"},{"link_name":"Carden Loyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carden_Loyd_tankette"},{"link_name":"L3/33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3/33"},{"link_name":"L3/35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3/35"},{"link_name":"R-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_tank"},{"link_name":"T-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-27"},{"link_name":"T-32 (Š-I-D)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-32_(%C5%A0-I-D)"},{"link_name":"Tančík vz. 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C4%8D%C3%ADk_vz._33"},{"link_name":"TKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKS"},{"link_name":"Type 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_92_heavy_armoured_car"},{"link_name":"Type 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_94_tankette"},{"link_name":"Type 97 Te-Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_97_Te-Ke_tankette"},{"link_name":"Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tank"},{"link_name":"7TP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7TP"},{"link_name":"38M Toldi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38M_Toldi"},{"link_name":"Char D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_D1"},{"link_name":"Disston Tractor Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disston_Tractor_Tank"},{"link_name":"Fiat 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_3000"},{"link_name":"H35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35"},{"link_name":"L-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsverk_L-60"},{"link_name":"Light tanks Mk I–V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_tanks_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Light Tank Mk VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI"},{"link_name":"Light Tank Mk VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII_Tetrarch"},{"link_name":"LT vz. 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LT_vz._34"},{"link_name":"LT vz. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_35(t)"},{"link_name":"LT vz. 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_38(t)"},{"link_name":"M1 combat car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_combat_car"},{"link_name":"M2 Light Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_light_tank"},{"link_name":"Panzer I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I"},{"link_name":"Panzer II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II"},{"link_name":"R35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R35"},{"link_name":"T-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-18_tank"},{"link_name":"T-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26"},{"link_name":"T-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-37A_tank"},{"link_name":"T-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-38_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 95 Ha-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank"},{"link_name":"Vickers 6-Ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_6-ton"},{"link_name":"Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers-Carden-Loyd_light_amphibious_tank"},{"link_name":"Vickers T-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_T-15_light_tank"},{"link_name":"Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_tank"},{"link_name":"Char D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_D2"},{"link_name":"T-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-24_tank"},{"link_name":"T-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-28_(medium_tank)"},{"link_name":"Type 89 I-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_89_I-Go_medium_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 97 Chi-Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ha_medium_tank"},{"link_name":"Vickers Medium Mk I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_I"},{"link_name":"Vickers Medium Mk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_II"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_tank"},{"link_name":"AMC 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_34"},{"link_name":"AMC 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_35"},{"link_name":"AMR 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMR_33"},{"link_name":"AMR 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMR_35"},{"link_name":"BT tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_tank"},{"link_name":"Cruiser Mk I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_I"},{"link_name":"Cruiser Mk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_II"},{"link_name":"Cruiser Mk III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_III"},{"link_name":"SOMUA S35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOMUA_S35"},{"link_name":"Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_tank"},{"link_name":"FCM 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_36"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss H35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35"},{"link_name":"Matilda I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_I_(tank)"},{"link_name":"T-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26"},{"link_name":"Heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"super-heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"Char 2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_2C"},{"link_name":"Char B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_B1"},{"link_name":"T-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-35"},{"link_name":"Prototypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"10TP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10TP"},{"link_name":"FCM F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCM_F1"},{"link_name":"Grosstraktor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosstraktor"},{"link_name":"Kolohousenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolohousenka"},{"link_name":"Landsverk L-120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsverk_L-120"},{"link_name":"Leichttraktor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Medium Mark III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_III"},{"link_name":"Medium Mark D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_D"},{"link_name":"Medium Tank A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A7_Medium_Tank"},{"link_name":"Morris-Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris-Martel"},{"link_name":"Neubaufahrzeug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubaufahrzeug"},{"link_name":"PZInż 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC_130"},{"link_name":"Škoda MU-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_MU-4"},{"link_name":"SMK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMK_tank"},{"link_name":"Straussler V-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straussler_V-4"},{"link_name":"Stridsvagn m/31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsverk_L-10"},{"link_name":"ST vz. 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_vz._39"},{"link_name":"T1 Light Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_Light_Tank"},{"link_name":"T2 Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_tank"},{"link_name":"T7 Combat Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_Combat_Car"},{"link_name":"T-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-19"},{"link_name":"T-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-42_super-heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"T-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-100_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 87 Chi-I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_87_Chi-I_medium_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 91 heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_91_heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 95 heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 97 Chi-Ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ni_medium_tank"},{"link_name":"Type 98 Chi-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_98_Chi-Ho_medium_tank"},{"link_name":"Verdeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdeja"},{"link_name":"Vickers A1E1 Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_A1E1_Independent"},{"link_name":"Interwar period tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_interwar_period"},{"link_name":"List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interwar_armoured_fighting_vehicles"},{"link_name":"History of the tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tank"},{"link_name":"Tank classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_classification"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WWIIGermanAFVs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WWIIGermanAFVs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIIGermanAFVs"},{"link_name":"German armoured fighting vehicles of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_combat_vehicles_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer"},{"link_name":"Panzer I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I"},{"link_name":"Panzer II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II"},{"link_name":"Panzer 35(t)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_35(t)"},{"link_name":"Panzer 38(t)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_38(t)"},{"link_name":"Panzer III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_III"},{"link_name":"Panzer IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV"},{"link_name":"Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank"},{"link_name":"Tiger I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_I"},{"link_name":"Tiger II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkenkreuz.svg"},{"link_name":"Self-propelled artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery"},{"link_name":"Bufla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18_(Sfl.)_auf_schwere_Zugkraftwagen_12t_(Sd.Kfz_8)"},{"link_name":"Wespe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wespe"},{"link_name":"Sturmpanzer I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_sIG_33_(Sf)_auf_Panzerkampfwagen_I_Ausf_B"},{"link_name":"Sturmpanzer II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_sIG_33_auf_Fahrgestell_Panzerkampfwagen_II_(Sf)"},{"link_name":"Grille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummel_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Panzerwerfer 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerwerfer"},{"link_name":"Wurfrahmen 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurfrahmen_40"},{"link_name":"Karl-Gerät","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Ger%C3%A4t"},{"link_name":"10.5 cm leFH18/3 (Sf) auf G.W. B-2(f)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_B1#German_use"},{"link_name":"10.5cm leFH18(Sf) LrS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_37L#German_use"},{"link_name":"10.5cm leFH18(Sf) 39H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35#Western_Front"},{"link_name":"15cm sFH13/1 (Sf) LrS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_37L#German_use"},{"link_name":"Assault guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_gun"},{"link_name":"StuG III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III"},{"link_name":"StuG IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_IV"},{"link_name":"StuH 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III#Further_variants"},{"link_name":"StuIG 33B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm-Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz_33B"},{"link_name":"Brummbär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brummb%C3%A4r"},{"link_name":"Sturmtiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmtiger"},{"link_name":"Tank destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Panzerjäger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerj%C3%A4ger"},{"link_name":"Jagdpanzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdpanzer"},{"link_name":"Panzerjäger I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerj%C3%A4ger_I"},{"link_name":"35R(f)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R35#Germany"},{"link_name":"Marder I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_I"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_II"},{"link_name":"III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder_III"},{"link_name":"RSO/PaK 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSO/PaK_40"},{"link_name":"Nashorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashorn"},{"link_name":"Elefant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefant"},{"link_name":"Jagdpanzer IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdpanzer_IV"},{"link_name":"Hetzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetzer"},{"link_name":"Jagdpanther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdpanther"},{"link_name":"Jagdtiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdtiger"},{"link_name":"Half-tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-track"},{"link_name":"Maultier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maultier"},{"link_name":"Sd.Kfz. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._2"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._4"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._8"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._10"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._11"},{"link_name":"250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._250"},{"link_name":"251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._251"},{"link_name":"252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._252"},{"link_name":"253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._253"},{"link_name":"254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._254"},{"link_name":"sWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerer_Wehrmachtschlepper"},{"link_name":"Armored cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)"},{"link_name":"Kfz 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfz_13"},{"link_name":"Sd.Kfz. 221/22/23/60/61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leichter_Panzersp%C3%A4hwagen"},{"link_name":"Sd.Kfz. 231/32/33/34/63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerer_Panzersp%C3%A4hwagen"},{"link_name":"Sd.Kfz. 234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._234"},{"link_name":"Sd.Kfz. 247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sd.Kfz._247"},{"link_name":"ADGZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADGZ"},{"link_name":"Self-propelledanti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon"},{"link_name":"Flakpanzer I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flakpanzer_I"},{"link_name":"Flakpanzer 38(t)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flakpanzer_38(t)"},{"link_name":"Flakpanzer III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_III#Designs_based_on_chassis"},{"link_name":"Möbelwagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6belwagen"},{"link_name":"Wirbelwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbelwind"},{"link_name":"Ostwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwind"},{"link_name":"Kugelblitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(armoured_fighting_vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Goliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_tracked_mine"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Borgward IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgward_IV"},{"link_name":"Panzer I Ausf. C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I_Ausf._C"},{"link_name":"Panzer I Ausf. F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I_Ausf._F"},{"link_name":"Panzer VIII Maus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus"},{"link_name":"Geschützwagen Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesch%C3%BCtzwagen_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Entwicklung series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entwicklung_series"},{"link_name":"Panzer E-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_E-100"},{"link_name":"Panther II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_II"},{"link_name":"Heuschrecke 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuschrecke_10"},{"link_name":"Neubaufahrzeug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubaufahrzeug"},{"link_name":"Sturer Emil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturer_Emil"},{"link_name":"Dicker Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicker_Max"},{"link_name":"Pz.Sfl. II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pz.Sfl._II"},{"link_name":"Pz. Sfl. IVc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pz._Sfl._IVc"},{"link_name":"Flakpanzer Coelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flakpanzer_Coelian"},{"link_name":"VK 30.01 (P)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_30.01_(P)"},{"link_name":"VK 45.01 (P)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_45.01_(P)"},{"link_name":"VK 30.02 (DB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_30.02_(DB)"},{"link_name":"Panzer III/IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_III/IV"},{"link_name":"Löwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_VII_L%C3%B6we"},{"link_name":"Panzer IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IX_and_Panzer_X"},{"link_name":"Panzer X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IX_and_Panzer_X"},{"link_name":"P.1000 Ratte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreuzer_P._1000_Ratte"},{"link_name":"P.1500 Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreuzer_P._1500_Monster"},{"link_name":"VK 16.02 Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_16.02_Leopard"},{"link_name":"Gep. MTW Kätzchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepanzerter_Mannschaftstransportwagen_%27K%C3%A4tzchen%27"},{"link_name":"VK 45.02 (P)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_45.02_(P)"},{"link_name":"VK 20 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_20"},{"link_name":"Flakpanzer Mareșal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer#Flakpanzer_Mare%C8%99al"},{"link_name":"List of Sd.Kfz. designations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sd.Kfz._designations"},{"link_name":"List of VK-designated tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VK-designated_tanks"},{"link_name":"German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_armored_fighting_vehicle_production_during_World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tank_template.svg"},{"link_name":"military vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_vehicle"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leichttraktor&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mil-vehicle-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mil-vehicle-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mil-vehicle-stub"}],"text":"Tanks of the World, 1915-1945, Peter Chamberlain, Chris Ellis, 1972\nGerman Tanks and Armoured Vehicles 1914 - 1945, B. T. White, 1966vteTanks of the interwar periodTankettes\nAH-IV\nCarden Loyd\nL3/33\nL3/35\nR-1\nT-27\nT-32 (Š-I-D)\nTančík vz. 33\nTKS\nType 92\nType 94\nType 97 Te-Ke\nLight\n7TP\n38M Toldi I\nChar D1\nDisston Tractor Tank\nFiat 3000\nH35\nL-60\nLight tanks Mk I–V\nLight Tank Mk VI\nLight Tank Mk VII\nLT vz. 34\nLT vz. 35\nLT vz. 38\nM1 combat car\nM2 Light Tank\nPanzer I\nPanzer II\nR35\nT-18\nT-26\nT-37\nT-38\nType 95 Ha-Go\nVickers 6-Ton\nVickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank\nVickers T-15\nMedium\nChar D2\nT-24\nT-28\nType 89 I-Go\nType 97 Chi-Ha\nVickers Medium Mk I\nVickers Medium Mk II\nCavalry, cruiser, fast\nAMC 34\nAMC 35\nAMR 33\nAMR 35\nBT tank\nCruiser Mk I\nCruiser Mk II\nCruiser Mk III\nSOMUA S35\nInfantry\nFCM 36\nHotchkiss H35\nMatilda I\nT-26\nHeavy, super-heavy\nChar 2C\nChar B1\nT-35\nPrototypes,experimentals\n10TP\nFCM F1\nGrosstraktor\nKolohousenka\nLandsverk L-120\nLeichttraktor\nMedium Mark III\nMedium Mark D\nMedium Tank A7\nMorris-Martel\nNeubaufahrzeug\nPZInż 130\nŠkoda MU-4\nSMK\nStraussler V-4\nStridsvagn m/31\nST vz. 39\nT1 Light Tank\nT2 Medium\nT7 Combat Car\nT-19\nT-42\nT-100\nType 87 Chi-I\nType 91 heavy\nType 95 heavy\nType 97 Chi-Ni\nType 98 Chi-Ho\nVerdeja\nVickers A1E1 Independent\n\n Interwar period tanks\n List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles\nBackground: History of the tank, Tank classification, interwar periodvteGerman armoured fighting vehicles of World War IITanks\nPanzer I\nPanzer II\nPanzer 35(t)\nPanzer 38(t)\nPanzer III\nPanzer IV\nPanther\nTiger I\nTiger II\nSelf-propelled artillery\nBufla\nWespe\nSturmpanzer I\nSturmpanzer II\nGrille\nHummel\nPanzerwerfer 42\nWurfrahmen 40\nKarl-Gerät\n10.5 cm leFH18/3 (Sf) auf G.W. B-2(f)\n10.5cm leFH18(Sf) LrS\n10.5cm leFH18(Sf) 39H\n15cm sFH13/1 (Sf) LrS\nAssault guns\nStuG III\nStuG IV\nStuH 42\nStuIG 33B\nBrummbär\nSturmtiger\nTank destroyers(Panzerjäger, Jagdpanzer)\nPanzerjäger I\n35R(f)\nMarder I\nII\nIII\nRSO/PaK 40\nNashorn\nElefant\nJagdpanzer IV\nHetzer\nJagdpanther\nJagdtiger\nHalf-tracks\nMaultier\nSd.Kfz. 2\n4\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n250\n251\n252\n253\n254\nsWS\nArmored cars\nKfz 13\nSd.Kfz. 221/22/23/60/61\nSd.Kfz. 231/32/33/34/63\nSd.Kfz. 234\nSd.Kfz. 247\nADGZ\nSelf-propelledanti-aircraft guns\nFlakpanzer I\nFlakpanzer 38(t)\nFlakpanzer III\nFlakpanzer IV\nMöbelwagen\nWirbelwind\nOstwind\nKugelblitz\nDemolition vehicles\nGoliath\nSpringer\nBorgward IV\nExperimental vehicles,prototypes\nPanzer I Ausf. C (VK 6.01)\nPanzer I Ausf. F (VK 18.01)\nPanzer VIII Maus\nGeschützwagen Tiger\nEntwicklung series (Panzer E-100)\nPanther II\nHeuschrecke 10\nNeubaufahrzeug\nSturer Emil\nDicker Max\nPz.Sfl. II\nPz. Sfl. IVc\nFlakpanzer Coelian\nVK 30.01 (P)\nVK 45.01 (P)\nVK 30.02 (DB)\nProposed designs\nPanzer III/IV\nLöwe\nPanzer IX\nPanzer X\nP.1000 Ratte\nP.1500 Monster\nVK 16.02 Leopard\nGep. MTW Kätzchen\nVK 45.02 (P)\nVK 20 series\nFlakpanzer Mareșal\nDesignations\nList of Sd.Kfz. designations\nList of VK-designated tanks\nGerman armored fighting vehicle production during World War IIThis military vehicle article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Original Leichttraktor manual\" (PDF). Retrieved 9 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://tanks.mod16.org/pdf/leichttraktor.pdf","url_text":"\"Original Leichttraktor manual\""}]},{"reference":"\"The German Leichttraktor VK-31 Light Tank\". TankNutDave.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://tanknutdave.com/the-german-leichttraktor-vk-31-light-tank/","url_text":"\"The German Leichttraktor VK-31 Light Tank\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Chamberlain & Hilary Doyle (1999). Sterling (ed.). Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two. Arms & Armour. ISBN 1854095188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854095188","url_text":"1854095188"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, David R. (2015). Panzer II vs 7TP: Poland 1939. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 9781472808820.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yT-XCwAAQBAJ&q=leichttraktor&pg=PA13","url_text":"Panzer II vs 7TP: Poland 1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472808820","url_text":"9781472808820"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leichttraktor%22","external_links_name":"\"Leichttraktor\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leichttraktor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leichttraktor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leichttraktor%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leichttraktor%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leichttraktor%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://tanks.mod16.org/pdf/leichttraktor.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Original Leichttraktor manual\""},{"Link":"http://tanknutdave.com/the-german-leichttraktor-vk-31-light-tank/","external_links_name":"\"The German Leichttraktor VK-31 Light Tank\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NC4H4jZjCp8C&q=%22Leichter+Traktor%22+training","external_links_name":"Tank, Kenneth Macksey, John H. Batchelor, 1971"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yT-XCwAAQBAJ&q=leichttraktor&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Panzer II vs 7TP: Poland 1939"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leichttraktor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School
List of schools named after Francis Xavier
["1 Australia","1.1 Australian Capital Territory","1.2 Queensland","1.3 New South Wales","1.4 South Australia","1.5 Victoria","2 Bangladesh","3 Belgium","4 Brazil","5 Cambodia","6 Canada","6.1 Alberta","6.2 British Columbia","6.3 Newfoundland & Labrador","6.4 Nova Scotia","6.5 Ontario","7 Chile","8 Colombia","9 Ecuador","10 Guatemala","11 Hong Kong","12 India","12.1 Andhra Pradesh","12.2 Assam","12.3 Bihar","12.4 Delhi","12.5 Goa","12.6 Gujarat","12.7 Haryana","12.8 Jharkhand","12.9 Karnataka","12.10 Madhya Pradesh","12.11 Maharashtra","12.12 Odisha","12.13 Punjab","12.14 Rajasthan","12.15 Sikkim","12.16 Tamil Nadu","12.17 Uttar Pradesh","12.18 West Bengal","13 Indonesia","14 Ireland","15 Panama","16 Madagascar","17 Malaysia","17.1 Penang","17.2 Perak","17.3 Melaka","17.4 Sabah","18 Micronesia","19 Nepal","20 New Zealand","21 Pakistan","22 Paraguay","23 Philippines","24 Spain","25 Sri Lanka","26 Taiwan","27 Thailand","28 United Kingdom","28.1 England","28.2 Scotland","29 United States","29.1 Arizona","29.2 California","29.3 Connecticut","29.4 Georgia","29.5 Idaho","29.6 Illinois","29.7 Iowa","29.8 Kansas","29.9 Kentucky","29.10 Louisiana","29.11 Massachusetts","29.12 Minnesota","29.13 New York","29.14 Ohio","29.15 Rhode Island","29.16 South Carolina","29.17 Texas","29.18 Utah","29.19 Wisconsin","30 Zimbabwe","31 Fiction","32 See also","33 References"]
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A multitude of schools and universities have been named after St. Francis Xavier, a Spanish Roman Catholic saint and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. This page lists notable educational institutions named after St. Xavier, arranged by country and region. Many of these schools are run by the Jesuit order, while some are operated by the Xaverian Brothers and various dioceses. Australia Australian Capital Territory St. Francis Xavier College, Canberra Queensland St Francis Xavier Primary School, Gold Coast New South Wales St Francis Xavier's College, Hamilton Xavier High School, Albury Xavier Catholic College, Skennars Head, Ballina Xavier Catholic College, Llandilo, Penrith South Australia Xavier College, Adelaide, Gawler Belt Victoria Xavier College, Kew, Melbourne St. Francis Xavier College, Beaconsfield, Berwick, Officer Bangladesh St Francis Xavier's Green Herald International School, Mohammadpur, Dhaka Belgium Collège Saint-François-Xavier (SFXun), Verviers, Walloon Xaverius College, Borgerhout, Antwerp, Flanders Brazil Colégio São Francisco Xavier, Ipiranga, São Paulo Colégio São Francisco Xavier, Maringá, Paraná Cambodia Xavier Jesuit School, Banteay Meanchey province, Cambodia Canada Alberta St. Francis Xavier High School, Edmonton British Columbia St. Francis Xavier School, Vancouver Newfoundland & Labrador Xavier Junior High School, Deer Lake Nova Scotia St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish Ontario St. Francis Xavier Catholic High School, Ottawa St. Francis Xavier Secondary School, Mississauga St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School, Milton Chile Colegio San Francisco Javier, Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Colombia Colegio San Francisco Javier, Pasto, Nariño Pontifical Xavierian University, Bogotá, Distrito Capital Pontifical Xavierian University, Cali, Valle del Cauca Ecuador Colegio Javier, Guayaquil, Guayas Guatemala Colegio Liceo Javier Hong Kong St. Francis Xavier's College, Tai Kok Tsui, Tai Kok Tsui, Kowloon St. Francis Xavier's School, Tsuen Wan, Tsuen Wan, New Territories India Andhra Pradesh St. Xavier's Elementary and High School (E.M. and T.M.), Xavier Nagar, Eluru, West Godavari District St. Xavier's High School, Darsi St. Xavier's High School, Madannapet, Hyderabad Assam St. Xavier's Public School, Sonai, Silchar St. Xavier's School, Doom Dooma, Rupai Siding St. Xavier's School, Duliajan St. Xavier's School, Naharkatia Bihar St. Francis Xavier's Academy, Muzaffarpur St. Xavier's College of Education, Patna St. Xavier's High School, Amb St. Xavier's High School, Anwari, Mohania St. Xavier's High School, Aurangabad St. Xavier's High School, Biswan St. Xavier's High School, Chakia St. Xavier's High School, Gopalganj St. Xavier's High School, Hajipur St. Xavier's High School, Lalganj St. Xavier's High School, Mahua St. Xavier's High School, Motihari St. Xavier's High School, Narkatiyaganj St. Xavier's High School, Patna St. Xavier's High School, Ranti, Madhubani St. Xavier's High School, Shahpur Patori St. Xavier's High School, Shambhupatti, Samastipur St. Xavier's High School, Supaul St. Xavier's Public School, Naugachhia St. Xavier's Public School, Rupouli St. Xavier's High School, Tirbirwa St. Xavier's High School, Vishwanathnagar Park, Begusarai St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Bettiah St. Xavier's International School, Muzaffarpur St. Xavier's Jr/Sr School, Muzaffarpur St. Xavier's Public School, Bhagalpur St. Xavier's Public School, Darbhanga St. Xavier's Public School, Forbesganj St. Xavier's Public School, Purnea St. Xavier's Public School, Araria St. Xavier's Public School, Sonpur, Chhapra St. Xavier's Public School, Gaya Delhi St. Xavier's School, Civil Lines St. Xavier's School, Rohini Goa St. Xavier's College, Bastora Gujarat St. Xavier's, Adipur St. Xavier's High School, Bhuj St. Xavier's High School, Gandhinagar St. Xavier's High School, Jamnagar St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad St. Xavier's High School, Mirzapur, Ahmedabad St. Xavier's High School, Surat St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad St. Xavier's School, Umreth St. Xavier's High School, Nivalda, Dediapada St. Xavier's English medium school, Nani Singloti, Dediapada St. Xavier's High School, Relva St. Xavier's High School, Umarpada Haryana St. Xavier's Public School, Kalanwali, Dist- Sirsa, Haryana, India St. Xavier's Public School, Bhuna Road, Fatehabad, Haryana, India St. Xavier's Public School, Ratia, Dist-Fatehabad, Haryana, India St. Xavier's High School, Panchkula Jharkhand Xavier Labour Relations Institute, now the XLRI School of Business and Human Resources, Jamshedpur St. Xavier's College, Ranchi St. Xavier's College, Simdega St. Xavier's English School, Chakradharpur St. Xavier's English School and Junior College, Chaibasa St. Xavier's High School, Gadi Tundi, Dhanbad St. Xavier's School, Bokaro St. Xavier's School, Ranchi St. Xavier's, Hazaribagh St. Xavier's Public School, Asansol St. Xavier's Public School, Ranchi St. Xavier's School, Sahibganj Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi Karnataka St. Francis Xavier Girls' High School, Fraser Town, Bangalore St. Xavier's College, Bangalore St. Xavier's Boys High School, Shivajinagar, Bangalore St. Xavier's School, Belgaum Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship, Electronics City, Bangalore Madhya Pradesh St. Xavier's Sr. Sec. Co-Ed School, Awadhpuri, Bhopal Maharashtra St. Xavier's High School, Aurangabad St. Xavier's College, Mumbai St. Xavier's High School, Andheri, Mumbai St. Xavier High School, Bhayander, Mumbai St. Xavier's Boys Academy, Churchgate, Mumbai St. Xavier's High School, Borivli, Mumbai St. Xavier's High School, Fort, Mumbai St. Xavier's High School, Georai St. Xavier's High School, Manickpur St. Xavier's High School, Mira Road St. Xavier's High School, Nagpur St. Xavier's High School, Naigaon, Mumbai St. Xavier's High School, Nashik St. Xavier's High School, Nerul St. Xavier's High School, Panchgani St. Xavier's Public School, Nagpur St. Xavier's High School, Thane St. Xavier's High School, Vile Parle West, Mumbai St. Xavier's School, Kolhapur St. Xavier's High School, Virar St. Xavier's School, Gondia St Xavier's Technical Institute, Mahim, Mumbai Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mahim St. Xavier's School, Pune Odisha St. Xavier High School, Balipada, Baranga, Bhubaneswar St. Xavier High School, Bisiapada, Aragul, Jatani St. Xavier High School, Gadakana, Bhubaneswar St. Xavier High School, Khirkona, Simulia, Balasore St. Xavier High School, Baripada St. Xavier's High School, Ambapua, Berhampur St. Xavier's High School, Cuttack St. Xavier's High School, Kedargouri, Bhubaneswar St. Xavier's High School, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar St. Xavier's High School, Patia, Bhubaneswar St. Xavier's High School, Satya Nagar, Bhubaneswar St. Xavier's Model School, Cuttack St. Xavier's Public School, Angul St. Xavier's Public School, Bahalda St. Xavier's Public School, Baisinga St. Xavier's Public School, Balakati St. Xavier's Public School, Balia St. Xavier's Public School, Basudevpur St. Xavier's Public School, Bhawanipatna St. Xavier's Public School, Bhograi St. Xavier's Public School, Bhuban St. Xavier's Public School, Kedargouri Vihar, Bhubaneswar-I St. Xavier's Public School, Bhoumanagar, Bhubaneswar-II St. Xavier's Public School, Binka St. Xavier's Public School, Bolangir St. Xavier's Public School, Bonai St. Xavier's Public School, Boudh St. Xavier's Public School, Chatrapur St. Xavier's Public School, Cuttack St. Xavier's Public School, Cuttack-II St. Xavier's Public School, Delang St. Xavier's Public School, Dhalapathar St. Xavier's Public School, Dharmagad St. Xavier's Public School, Dhenkanal St. Xavier's Public School, Digapahandi (Franchisee withdrawn) St. Xavier's Public School, Dukura St. Xavier's Public School, Gopalpur St. Xavier's Public School, Gunupur St. Xavier's Public School, Hindol St. Xavier's Public School, Jaroli St. Xavier's Public School, Joda St. Xavier's Public School, Kandhal St. Xavier's Public School, Karanjia St. Xavier's Public School, Konark St. Xavier's Public School, Kullada St. Xavier's Public School, Kumarbandh St. Xavier's Public School, Madaranga St. Xavier's Public School, Maneswar St. Xavier's Public School, Narsinghpur St. Xavier's Public School, Padampur St. Xavier's Public School, Padmanavpur St. Xavier's Public School, Pandua St. Xavier's Public School, Parjang St. Xavier's Public School, Patapur St. Xavier's Public School, Pattamundai St. Xavier's Public School, Puruna katak St. Xavier's Public School, Raisuan St. Xavier's Public School, Remuna St. Xavier's Public School, Rengali St. Xavier's Public School, Birsa, Rourkela St. Xavier's Public School, Sainkul St. Xavier's Public School, Singhpur St. Xavier's Public School, Sundergarh St. Xavier's Public School, Swampatna St. Xavier's Public School, Titilagarh Xaverian High School, Bhubaneswar Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar St. Xavier's Public School, Champua St. Xavier's Public School, Baitarani Road St. Xavier's Public School, Konisi, Ganjam. St. Xavier's Public School, Dunguripali St. Xavier's Public School, Dakhinapur, Ganjam St. Xavier's Public School, Siminai, Dhenkanal Punjab St. Xavier's High School, Mohali St. Xavier's High School, Rampura Phul, Bathinda St. Xavier K. G Block (Lkg-3rd) School, Bathinda St. Xavier's International School, Patiala St. Xavier's Public School, Budhlada St. Xavier's Public School, Mandi-Dabwali St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Bathinda St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Chandigarh St. Xavier's World School, Bathinda St. Xavier's Public School, Pathrala St. Xavier's High School, Rampuraphul, Bathinda St. Xavier's Public School, Gurthari, Sangat Mandi, Dist- Bhatinda. Rajasthan St. Xavier's College, Jaipur St. Xavier's Public School, Nirman Nagar, Jaipur St. Xavier's School, Behror St. Xavier's School, Bhiwadi St. Xavier's School, Jaipur St. Xavier's School, Nevta, Jaipur Sikkim Tamil Nadu St. Francis Xavier Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Broadway St. Xavier's College of Engineering, Chunkankadai St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai St. Xaviers College, Tirunelveli St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Thoothukudi Uttar Pradesh St. Xavier's High School, Ailwal Azamgarh St. Francis Xavier's Inter College, Kanpur St. Xavier High School, Sultanpur St. Xavier's High School, Hardoi St. Xavier's Inter College, BHEL Jhansi St. Xavier's Public School, Dalla St. Xavier's Public School, Gorakhpur St. Xavier's Public School, Trilochan Mahadev St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Balrampur St. Xavier's World School for Kids, Meerut St. Xavier's World School, Meerapur, Muzaffarnagar district St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Gonda St Xavier's High School, Greater Noida West, Uttar Pradesh St. Xavier's High School, Ghosi Mau St. Xavier's Public School, Sultanpur St. Xavier's High School, Padrauna, Kushinagar West Bengal St. Francis Xavier School, Salt Lake City (Bidhannagar) St. Xavier's College, Burdwan St. Xavier's College, Kolkata St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata St. Xavier's Institution (Panihati) St. Xavier's Public School, Khagrabari, Coochbehar St. Xavier's Public School, Mathabhanga, Coochbehar St. Xavier's Public School, Liluah, Kolkata St. Xavier's Public School, Rampurhat St. Xavier's School, Malda district St. Xavier's School, Burdwan (Bardhaman) St. Xavier's School, Durgapur St. Xavier's School, Raiganj St. Xavier's University, Kolkata St. Xavier’s School, Haldia St. Xavier's Public School, Bagnan St. Xavier's Public School, Raghunathpur St. Xavier's Public School, Bagodar St. Xavier's Public School, Joypur, Hoogly Indonesia Franciscus Xaverius Junior High School, Palembang, South Sumatra Franciscus Xaverius Senior High School, Palembang, South Sumatra Ireland St. Francis Xavier's College, Dublin, usually known as Belvedere College St. Francis Xavier Junior and Senior National Schools Panama Xavier College, Panama Madagascar Xavier College, Fianarantsoa Malaysia Penang St. Xavier Branch School, Pulau Tikus St. Xavier's Institution, George Town Perak St. Francis' School, Sitiawan Melaka St. Francis' Institution Sabah SMK St. Francis Convent (M), Kota Kinabalu Micronesia Xavier High School, Weno, Chuuk Nepal St. Xavier's College, Kathmandu, Bagmati St. Xavier's School, Godavari, Bagmati St. Xavier's School, Jawalakhel, Bagmati St. Xavier's School, Deonia, Mechi St. Xavier School, Gorkha New Zealand Xavier College, Christchurch, Canterbury, now Catholic Cathedral College St Francis Xavier Catholic Primary School, Whangarei St Francis Xavier Catholic Primary School, Tawa, Wellington Pakistan St. Francis Xavier Seminary, Yuhannabad, Punjab Paraguay Colegio Técnico Javier, Asunción, Gran Asunción Instituto Superior de Estudios Humanísticos y Filosóficos San Francisco Javier (ISEHF), Asunción, Gran Asunción Philippines Xavier School, San Juan City, Metro Manila and Nuvali, Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental Spain St. Francis Xavier School, Burgos Xavier College, Santiago de Compostela Xavier College, Tudela Sri Lanka St. Xavier's Boys' College, Mannar, Northern Province St. Xavier's College, Marawila, North Western Province St. Xavier's College, Nuwara Eliya, Central Province St. Xavier's Girls' College, Mannar, Northern Province Taiwan St. Francis Xavier High School, Taoyuan District, Taoyuan Thailand St. Francis Xavier Convent School, Bangkok St. Francis Xavier School, Nonthaburi United Kingdom England St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool Saint Francis Xavier College, Clapham, London St Francis Xavier School, North Yorkshire Xaverian College, Manchester St. Francis Xavier RC Primary, Oldbury, West Midlands St. Francis Xavier Sixth Form College, Balham, London Scotland St. Francis Xavier's RC Primary, Falkirk United States Arizona Xavier College Preparatory, Phoenix California Xavier College Preparatory High School, Palm Desert Connecticut Xavier High School, Middletown Georgia St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Brunswick Idaho Xavier Charter School, Twin Falls Illinois St. Xavier University, Chicago Iowa Xavier High School, Cedar Rapids Kansas St. Xavier High School, Junction City Kentucky St. Xavier High School, Louisville Louisiana Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans Xavier University Preparatory School, New Orleans Massachusetts Xavier High School, Concord Xaverian Brothers High School, Westwood Minnesota St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Sartell New York St. Francis Xavier Elementary School, Bronx, New York City Xavier High School, Manhattan, New York City Ohio St. Francis Xavier Seminary, now Athenaeum of Ohio, Cincinnati St. Xavier High School, Cincinnati St. Xavier Commercial School, Cincinnati (defunct) Xavier University, Cincinnati Rhode Island St. Xavier's High School, Providence South Carolina St. Francis Xavier High School, Sumter Texas Xavier Educational Academy, Houston Utah St. Francis Xavier School, Kearns Wisconsin Xavier High School, Appleton Zimbabwe St Francis Xavier College, Zvimba, Mashonaland West, commonly known as Kutama College Fiction Xavier Institute for Higher Learning See also St. Francis Xavier School (disambiguation) Xavier University (disambiguation) List of Jesuit institutions St. Xavier (disambiguation) Xavier (disambiguation) St. Francis Xavier (disambiguation) References ^ http://stxaviershighschoolamba.in/ ^ "St Xavier's College, Bangalore". ^ "Welcome to St Xavier High School". Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ https://www.xavierrampura.com/ ^ "St. Xavier's High School Ailwal Azamgarh". Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ "St. Francis Xavier Inter College". Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ "St. Xavier's Inter College BHEL". Retrieved 13 September 2017. ^ a b "Contact us". St. Xavier's World School. Retrieved 13 September 2017. ^ "Welcome to St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Gonda". St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School. ^ "Welcome to St. Xavier's High School, Greater Noida West". St. Xavier's High School. ^ "St Francis Xavier Catholic School". Retrieved 28 January 2019. ^ "St. Francis Xavier High School". Retrieved 18 April 2020. ^ "St. Francis Xavier Catholic School". Retrieved 16 July 2017. ^ "St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Sartell, Minnesota". Index of articles associated with the same name This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Society of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Xaverian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers"}],"text":"A multitude of schools and universities have been named after St. Francis Xavier, a Spanish Roman Catholic saint and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. This page lists notable educational institutions named after St. Xavier, arranged by country and region. Many of these schools are run by the Jesuit order, while some are operated by the Xaverian Brothers and various dioceses.","title":"List of schools named after Francis Xavier"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier College, Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier_College_(Canberra)"}],"sub_title":"Australian Capital Territory","text":"St. Francis Xavier College, Canberra","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Francis Xavier Primary School, Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Francis_Xavier_Primary_School,_Gold_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Queensland","text":"St Francis Xavier Primary School, Gold Coast","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Francis Xavier's College, Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier%27s_College,_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Xavier High School, Albury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School,_Albury"},{"link_name":"Ballina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballina,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Xavier Catholic College, Llandilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Catholic_College,_Llandilo"}],"sub_title":"New South Wales","text":"St Francis Xavier's College, Hamilton\nXavier High School, Albury\nXavier Catholic College, Skennars Head, Ballina\nXavier Catholic College, Llandilo, Penrith","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier College, Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College,_Adelaide"}],"sub_title":"South Australia","text":"Xavier College, Adelaide, Gawler Belt","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_College,_Beaconsfield"}],"sub_title":"Victoria","text":"Xavier College, Kew, Melbourne\nSt. Francis Xavier College, Beaconsfield, Berwick, Officer","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Francis Xavier's Green Herald International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier%27s_Green_Herald_International_School"}],"text":"St Francis Xavier's Green Herald International School, Mohammadpur, Dhaka","title":"Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collège Saint-François-Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier"},{"link_name":"Xaverius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaverius_College"}],"text":"Collège Saint-François-Xavier (SFXun), Verviers, Walloon\nXaverius College, Borgerhout, Antwerp, Flanders","title":"Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colégio São Francisco Xavier, Ipiranga, São Paulo\nColégio São Francisco Xavier, Maringá, Paraná","title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banteay Meanchey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"text":"Xavier Jesuit School, Banteay Meanchey province, Cambodia","title":"Cambodia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier High School, Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_High_School_(Edmonton)"}],"sub_title":"Alberta","text":"St. Francis Xavier High School, Edmonton","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier School, Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_School,_Vancouver"}],"sub_title":"British Columbia","text":"St. Francis Xavier School, Vancouver","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Newfoundland & Labrador","text":"Xavier Junior High School, Deer Lake","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University"}],"sub_title":"Nova Scotia","text":"St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier Secondary School, Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Secondary_School_(Mississauga)"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Catholic_Secondary_School"}],"sub_title":"Ontario","text":"St. Francis Xavier Catholic High School, Ottawa\nSt. Francis Xavier Secondary School, Mississauga\nSt. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School, Milton","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colegio San Francisco Javier, Puerto Montt, Los Lagos","title":"Chile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colegio San Francisco Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colegio_San_Francisco_Javier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Xavierian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Xavierian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University"}],"text":"Colegio San Francisco Javier, Pasto, Nariño\nPontifical Xavierian University, Bogotá, Distrito Capital\nPontifical Xavierian University, Cali, Valle del Cauca","title":"Colombia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colegio Javier, Guayaquil, Guayas","title":"Ecuador"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colegio Liceo Javier","title":"Guatemala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier's College, Tai Kok Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier%27s_College,_Tai_Kok_Tsui"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier's School, Tsuen Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier%27s_School,_Tsuen_Wan"}],"text":"St. Francis Xavier's College, Tai Kok Tsui, Tai Kok Tsui, Kowloon\nSt. Francis Xavier's School, Tsuen Wan, Tsuen Wan, New Territories","title":"Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Darsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Darsi"}],"sub_title":"Andhra Pradesh","text":"St. Xavier's Elementary and High School (E.M. and T.M.), Xavier Nagar, Eluru, West Godavari District\nSt. Xavier's High School, Darsi\nSt. Xavier's High School, Madannapet, Hyderabad","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assam","text":"St. Xavier's Public School, Sonai, Silchar\nSt. Xavier's School, Doom Dooma, Rupai Siding\nSt. Xavier's School, Duliajan\nSt. Xavier's School, Naharkatia","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Patna"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Bettiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Higher_Secondary_School,_Bettiah"}],"sub_title":"Bihar","text":"St. Francis Xavier's Academy, Muzaffarpur\nSt. Xavier's College of Education, Patna\nSt. Xavier's High School, Amb[1]\nSt. Xavier's High School, Anwari, Mohania\nSt. Xavier's High School, Aurangabad\nSt. Xavier's High School, Biswan\nSt. Xavier's High School, Chakia\nSt. Xavier's High School, Gopalganj\nSt. Xavier's High School, Hajipur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Lalganj\nSt. Xavier's High School, Mahua\nSt. Xavier's High School, Motihari\nSt. Xavier's High School, Narkatiyaganj\nSt. Xavier's High School, Patna\nSt. Xavier's High School, Ranti, Madhubani\nSt. Xavier's High School, Shahpur Patori\nSt. Xavier's High School, Shambhupatti, Samastipur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Supaul\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Naugachhia\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Rupouli\nSt. Xavier's High School, Tirbirwa\nSt. Xavier's High School, Vishwanathnagar Park, Begusarai\nSt. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Bettiah\nSt. Xavier's International School, Muzaffarpur\nSt. Xavier's Jr/Sr School, Muzaffarpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bhagalpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Darbhanga\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Forbesganj\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Purnea\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Araria\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Sonpur, Chhapra\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Gaya","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Civil Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Rohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Rohini"}],"sub_title":"Delhi","text":"St. Xavier's School, Civil Lines\nSt. Xavier's School, Rohini","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Bastora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastora#St_Xavier's_College_at_Bastora"}],"sub_title":"Goa","text":"St. Xavier's College, Bastora","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's, Adipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s,_Adipur"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Bhuj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Bhuj"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Gandhinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s,_Gandhinagar"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Jamnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Jamnagar"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Loyola_Hall,_Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Mirzapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Mirzapur"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Surat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Surat"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Ahmedabad"}],"sub_title":"Gujarat","text":"St. Xavier's, Adipur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Bhuj\nSt. Xavier's High School, Gandhinagar\nSt. Xavier's High School, Jamnagar\nSt. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad\nSt. Xavier's High School, Mirzapur, Ahmedabad\nSt. Xavier's High School, Surat\nSt. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad\nSt. Xavier's School, Umreth\nSt. Xavier's High School, Nivalda, Dediapada\nSt. Xavier's English medium school, Nani Singloti, Dediapada\nSt. Xavier's High School, Relva\nSt. Xavier's High School, Umarpada","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Haryana","text":"St. Xavier's Public School, Kalanwali, Dist- Sirsa, Haryana, India\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bhuna Road, Fatehabad, Haryana, India\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Ratia, Dist-Fatehabad, Haryana, India\nSt. Xavier's High School, Panchkula","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XLRI School of Business and Human Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLRI"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Ranchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Ranchi"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Simdega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Simdega"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's English School, Chakradharpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_English_School,_Chakradharpur"},{"link_name":"Dhanbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbad"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Bokaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School_(Bokaro)"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Ranchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Ranchi"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's, Hazaribagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s,_Hazaribagh"},{"link_name":"Xavier Institute of Social Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Institute_of_Social_Service"}],"sub_title":"Jharkhand","text":"Xavier Labour Relations Institute, now the XLRI School of Business and Human Resources, Jamshedpur\nSt. Xavier's College, Ranchi\nSt. Xavier's College, Simdega\nSt. Xavier's English School, Chakradharpur\nSt. Xavier's English School and Junior College, Chaibasa\nSt. Xavier's High School, Gadi Tundi, Dhanbad\nSt. Xavier's School, Bokaro\nSt. Xavier's School, Ranchi\nSt. Xavier's, Hazaribagh\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Asansol\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Ranchi\nSt. Xavier's School, Sahibganj\nXavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Institute_of_Management_and_Entrepreneurship"}],"sub_title":"Karnataka","text":"St. Francis Xavier Girls' High School, Fraser Town, Bangalore\nSt. Xavier's College, Bangalore[2]\nSt. Xavier's Boys High School, Shivajinagar, Bangalore\nSt. Xavier's School, Belgaum\nXavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship, Electronics City, Bangalore","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Madhya Pradesh","text":"St. Xavier's Sr. Sec. Co-Ed School, Awadhpuri, Bhopal","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Andheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Andheri"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Fort"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Manickpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Manickpur"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Nashik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School,_Nashik"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's High School, Vile Parle West, Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_High_School_(Vile_Parle_West)"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Kolhapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Kolhapur"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"}],"sub_title":"Maharashtra","text":"St. Xavier's High School, Aurangabad\nSt. Xavier's College, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier's High School, Andheri, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier High School, Bhayander, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier's Boys Academy, Churchgate, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier's High School, Borivli, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier's High School, Fort, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier's High School, Georai\nSt. Xavier's High School, Manickpur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Mira Road\nSt. Xavier's High School, Nagpur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Naigaon, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier's High School, Nashik\nSt. Xavier's High School, Nerul\nSt. Xavier's High School, Panchgani\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Nagpur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Thane\nSt. Xavier's High School, Vile Parle West, Mumbai\nSt. Xavier's School, Kolhapur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Virar\nSt. Xavier's School, Gondia\nSt Xavier's Technical Institute, Mahim, Mumbai\nXavier Institute of Engineering, Mahim\nSt. Xavier's School, Pune","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baripada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baripada"},{"link_name":"Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Institute_of_Management,_Bhubaneswar"}],"sub_title":"Odisha","text":"St. Xavier High School, Balipada, Baranga, Bhubaneswar\nSt. Xavier High School, Bisiapada, Aragul, Jatani\nSt. Xavier High School, Gadakana, Bhubaneswar[3]\nSt. Xavier High School, Khirkona, Simulia, Balasore\nSt. Xavier High School, Baripada\nSt. Xavier's High School, Ambapua, Berhampur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Cuttack\nSt. Xavier's High School, Kedargouri, Bhubaneswar\nSt. Xavier's High School, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar\nSt. Xavier's High School, Patia, Bhubaneswar\nSt. Xavier's High School, Satya Nagar, Bhubaneswar\nSt. Xavier's Model School, Cuttack\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Angul\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bahalda\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Baisinga\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Balakati\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Balia\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Basudevpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bhawanipatna\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bhograi\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bhuban\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Kedargouri Vihar, Bhubaneswar-I\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bhoumanagar, Bhubaneswar-II\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Binka\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bolangir\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bonai\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Boudh\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Chatrapur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Cuttack\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Cuttack-II\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Delang\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Dhalapathar\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Dharmagad\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Dhenkanal\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Digapahandi (Franchisee withdrawn)\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Dukura\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Gopalpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Gunupur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Hindol\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Jaroli\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Joda\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Kandhal\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Karanjia\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Konark\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Kullada\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Kumarbandh\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Madaranga\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Maneswar\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Narsinghpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Padampur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Padmanavpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Pandua\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Parjang\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Patapur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Pattamundai\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Puruna katak\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Raisuan\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Remuna\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Rengali\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Birsa, Rourkela\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Sainkul\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Singhpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Sundergarh\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Swampatna\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Titilagarh\nXaverian High School, Bhubaneswar\nXavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Champua\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Baitarani Road\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Konisi, Ganjam.\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Dunguripali\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Dakhinapur, Ganjam\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Siminai, Dhenkanal","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Punjab","text":"St. Xavier's High School, Mohali\nSt. Xavier's High School, Rampura Phul, Bathinda[4]\nSt. Xavier K. G Block (Lkg-3rd) School, Bathinda\nSt. Xavier's International School, Patiala\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Budhlada\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Mandi-Dabwali\nSt. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Bathinda\nSt. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Chandigarh\nSt. Xavier's World School, Bathinda\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Pathrala\nSt. Xavier's High School, Rampuraphul, Bathinda\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Gurthari, Sangat Mandi, Dist- Bhatinda.","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Behror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Behror"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Bhiwadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Bhiwadi"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Jaipur"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Nevta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Nevta"}],"sub_title":"Rajasthan","text":"St. Xavier's College, Jaipur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Nirman Nagar, Jaipur\nSt. Xavier's School, Behror\nSt. Xavier's School, Bhiwadi\nSt. Xavier's School, Jaipur\nSt. Xavier's School, Nevta, Jaipur","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sikkim","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College of Engineering, Chunkankadai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College_of_Engineering,_Chunkankadai"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Palayamkottai"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Higher_Secondary_School,_Palayamkottai"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Thoothukudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Higher_Secondary_School,_Thoothukudi"}],"sub_title":"Tamil Nadu","text":"St. Francis Xavier Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Broadway\nSt. Xavier's College of Engineering, Chunkankadai\nSt. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai\nSt. Xaviers College, Tirunelveli\nSt. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai\nSt. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Thoothukudi","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azamgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azamgarh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BHEL Jhansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHEL_Jhansi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Meerut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerut"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Xavier's_World_School-8"},{"link_name":"Meerapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerapur"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarnagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarnagar_district"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Xavier's_World_School-8"},{"link_name":"Gonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonda,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Padrauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padrauna"}],"sub_title":"Uttar Pradesh","text":"St. Xavier's High School, Ailwal Azamgarh[5]\nSt. Francis Xavier's Inter College, Kanpur[6]\nSt. Xavier High School, Sultanpur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Hardoi\nSt. Xavier's Inter College, BHEL Jhansi[7]\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Dalla\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Gorakhpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Trilochan Mahadev\nSt. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Balrampur\nSt. Xavier's World School for Kids, Meerut[8]\nSt. Xavier's World School, Meerapur, Muzaffarnagar district[8]\nSt. Xavier's Senior Secondary School, Gonda[9]\nSt Xavier's High School, Greater Noida West, Uttar Pradesh[10]\nSt. Xavier's High School, Ghosi Mau\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Sultanpur\nSt. Xavier's High School, Padrauna, Kushinagar","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier School, Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_School,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Burdwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Burdwan"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Collegiate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Institution (Panihati)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Institution_(Panihati)"},{"link_name":"Malda district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malda_district"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Burdwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Burdwan"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Durgapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Durgapur"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Raiganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Raiganj"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's University, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_University,_Kolkata"}],"sub_title":"West Bengal","text":"St. Francis Xavier School, Salt Lake City (Bidhannagar)\nSt. Xavier's College, Burdwan\nSt. Xavier's College, Kolkata\nSt. Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata\nSt. Xavier's Institution (Panihati)\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Khagrabari, Coochbehar\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Mathabhanga, Coochbehar\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Liluah, Kolkata\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Rampurhat\nSt. Xavier's School, Malda district\nSt. Xavier's School, Burdwan (Bardhaman)\nSt. Xavier's School, Durgapur\nSt. Xavier's School, Raiganj\nSt. Xavier's University, Kolkata\nSt. Xavier’s School, Haldia\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bagnan\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Raghunathpur\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Bagodar\nSt. Xavier's Public School, Joypur, Hoogly","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Franciscus Xaverius Junior High School, Palembang, South Sumatra\nFranciscus Xaverius Senior High School, Palembang, South Sumatra","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belvedere College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_College"}],"text":"St. Francis Xavier's College, Dublin, usually known as Belvedere College\nSt. Francis Xavier Junior and Senior National Schools","title":"Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier College, Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College,_Panama"}],"text":"Xavier College, Panama","title":"Panama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College,_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Fianarantsoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianarantsoa"}],"text":"Xavier College, Fianarantsoa","title":"Madagascar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier Branch School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier_Branch_School"},{"link_name":"Pulau Tikus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Tikus"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Institution"},{"link_name":"George Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang"}],"sub_title":"Penang","text":"St. Xavier Branch School, Pulau Tikus\nSt. Xavier's Institution, George Town","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sitiawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitiawan"}],"sub_title":"Perak","text":"St. Francis' School, Sitiawan","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis' Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis%27_Institution"}],"sub_title":"Melaka","text":"St. Francis' Institution","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sabah","text":"SMK St. Francis Convent (M), Kota Kinabalu","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(Micronesia)"}],"text":"Xavier High School, Weno, Chuuk","title":"Micronesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Godavari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Godavari"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's School, Jawalakhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_School,_Jawalakhel"}],"text":"St. Xavier's College, Kathmandu, Bagmati\nSt. Xavier's School, Godavari, Bagmati\nSt. Xavier's School, Jawalakhel, Bagmati\nSt. Xavier's School, Deonia, Mechi\nSt. Xavier School, Gorkha","title":"Nepal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Cathedral College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Cathedral_College"},{"link_name":"Whangarei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whangarei"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Xavier College, Christchurch, Canterbury, now Catholic Cathedral College\nSt Francis Xavier Catholic Primary School, Whangarei[11]\nSt Francis Xavier Catholic Primary School, Tawa, Wellington","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Seminary"}],"text":"St. Francis Xavier Seminary, Yuhannabad, Punjab","title":"Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colegio Técnico Javier, Asunción, Gran Asunción\nInstituto Superior de Estudios Humanísticos y Filosóficos San Francisco Javier (ISEHF), Asunción, Gran Asunción","title":"Paraguay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_School"},{"link_name":"Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University_%E2%80%93_Ateneo_de_Cagayan"}],"text":"Xavier School, San Juan City, Metro Manila and Nuvali, Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna\nXavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental","title":"Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier School, Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_School,_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Xavier College, Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College,_Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Xavier College, Tudela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College,_Tudela"}],"text":"St. Francis Xavier School, Burgos\nXavier College, Santiago de Compostela\nXavier College, Tudela","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Boys' College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Boys%27_College"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Marawila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Marawila"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Nuwara Eliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Nuwara_Eliya"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's Girls' College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Girls%27_College"}],"text":"St. Xavier's Boys' College, Mannar, Northern Province\nSt. Xavier's College, Marawila, North Western Province\nSt. Xavier's College, Nuwara Eliya, Central Province\nSt. Xavier's Girls' College, Mannar, Northern Province","title":"Sri Lanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Xavier_High_School,_Taoyuan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taoyuan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_District"},{"link_name":"Taoyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"St. Francis Xavier High School, Taoyuan District, Taoyuan[12]","title":"Taiwan"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"St. Francis Xavier Convent School, Bangkok\nSt. Francis Xavier School, Nonthaburi","title":"Thailand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier%27s_College,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis Xavier College, Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier_College,_Clapham"},{"link_name":"St Francis Xavier School, North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier_School,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Xaverian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaverian_College"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Oldbury, West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldbury,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Balham, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balham,_London"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool\nSaint Francis Xavier College, Clapham, London\nSt Francis Xavier School, North Yorkshire\nXaverian College, Manchester\nSt. Francis Xavier RC Primary, Oldbury, West Midlands\nSt. Francis Xavier Sixth Form College, Balham, London","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"St. Francis Xavier's RC Primary, Falkirk","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier College Preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College_Preparatory_(Arizona)"}],"sub_title":"Arizona","text":"Xavier College Preparatory, Phoenix","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier College Preparatory High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_College_Preparatory_High_School_(California)"}],"sub_title":"California","text":"Xavier College Preparatory High School, Palm Desert","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier High School, Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(Connecticut)"}],"sub_title":"Connecticut","text":"Xavier High School, Middletown","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Georgia","text":"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Brunswick[13]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier Charter School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Charter_School"}],"sub_title":"Idaho","text":"Xavier Charter School, Twin Falls","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Xavier_University"}],"sub_title":"Illinois","text":"St. Xavier University, Chicago","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier High School, Cedar Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa)"}],"sub_title":"Iowa","text":"Xavier High School, Cedar Rapids","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier High School, Junction City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier_High_School_(Kansas)"}],"sub_title":"Kansas","text":"St. Xavier High School, Junction City","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Xavier High School, Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier_High_School_(Louisville)"}],"sub_title":"Kentucky","text":"St. Xavier High School, Louisville","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier University of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Xavier University Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University_Preparatory_School"}],"sub_title":"Louisiana","text":"Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans\nXavier University Preparatory School, New Orleans","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Xaverian Brothers High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Massachusetts","text":"Xavier High School, Concord\nXaverian Brothers High School, Westwood","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sartell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartell,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Minnesota","text":"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Sartell[14]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"Xavier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(New_York_City)"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"St. Francis Xavier Elementary School, Bronx, New York City\nXavier High School, Manhattan, New York City","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athenaeum of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier High School, Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier_High_School_(Cincinnati)"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier Commercial School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier_Commercial_School"},{"link_name":"Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University"}],"sub_title":"Ohio","text":"St. Francis Xavier Seminary, now Athenaeum of Ohio, Cincinnati\nSt. Xavier High School, Cincinnati\nSt. Xavier Commercial School, Cincinnati (defunct)\nXavier University, Cincinnati","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rhode Island","text":"St. Xavier's High School, Providence","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier High School, Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_High_School_(Sumter,_South_Carolina)"}],"sub_title":"South Carolina","text":"St. Francis Xavier High School, Sumter","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Texas","text":"Xavier Educational Academy, Houston","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Utah","text":"St. Francis Xavier School, Kearns","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier High School, Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_High_School_(Appleton,_Wisconsin)"}],"sub_title":"Wisconsin","text":"Xavier High School, Appleton","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kutama College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutama_College"}],"text":"St Francis Xavier College, Zvimba, Mashonaland West, commonly known as Kutama College","title":"Zimbabwe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier Institute for Higher Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Mansion"}],"text":"Xavier Institute for Higher Learning","title":"Fiction"}]
[]
[{"title":"St. Francis Xavier School (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_School_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Xavier University (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"List of Jesuit institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_institutions"},{"title":"St. Xavier (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Xavier (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"St. Francis Xavier (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_(disambiguation)"}]
[{"reference":"\"St Xavier's College, Bangalore\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thexaviers.com/","url_text":"\"St Xavier's College, Bangalore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to St Xavier High School\". Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stxavierhighschool.org/","url_text":"\"Welcome to St Xavier High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Xavier's High School Ailwal Azamgarh\". Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xaviersazamgarh.org/","url_text":"\"St. Xavier's High School Ailwal Azamgarh\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Francis Xavier Inter College\". Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stfxaviersknp.org/","url_text":"\"St. Francis Xavier Inter College\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Xavier's Inter College BHEL\". Retrieved 13 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stxavierbheljhansi.org/","url_text":"\"St. Xavier's Inter College BHEL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact us\". St. Xavier's World School. Retrieved 13 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://stxaviersworldschool.com/contact-us-2/","url_text":"\"Contact us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Gonda\". St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School.","urls":[{"url":"http://stxaviersgonda.in/","url_text":"\"Welcome to St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Gonda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to St. Xavier's High School, Greater Noida West\". St. Xavier's High School.","urls":[{"url":"https://stxaviersgn.in/","url_text":"\"Welcome to St. Xavier's High School, Greater Noida West\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Francis Xavier Catholic School\". Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfx.school.nz/","url_text":"\"St Francis Xavier Catholic School\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Francis Xavier High School\". Retrieved 18 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.fxsh.tyc.edu.tw/","url_text":"\"St. Francis Xavier High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School\". Retrieved 16 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfxcs.org/","url_text":"\"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Sartell, Minnesota\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stfrancissartellschool.org/","url_text":"\"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Sartell, Minnesota\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=List_of_schools_named_after_Francis_Xavier&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=List_of_schools_named_after_Francis_Xavier","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://stxaviershighschoolamba.in/","external_links_name":"http://stxaviershighschoolamba.in/"},{"Link":"http://www.thexaviers.com/","external_links_name":"\"St Xavier's College, Bangalore\""},{"Link":"https://www.stxavierhighschool.org/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to St Xavier High School\""},{"Link":"https://www.xavierrampura.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.xavierrampura.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.xaviersazamgarh.org/","external_links_name":"\"St. Xavier's High School Ailwal Azamgarh\""},{"Link":"http://www.stfxaviersknp.org/","external_links_name":"\"St. Francis Xavier Inter College\""},{"Link":"http://www.stxavierbheljhansi.org/","external_links_name":"\"St. Xavier's Inter College BHEL\""},{"Link":"http://stxaviersworldschool.com/contact-us-2/","external_links_name":"\"Contact us\""},{"Link":"http://stxaviersgonda.in/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Gonda\""},{"Link":"https://stxaviersgn.in/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to St. Xavier's High School, Greater Noida West\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfx.school.nz/","external_links_name":"\"St Francis Xavier Catholic School\""},{"Link":"http://en.fxsh.tyc.edu.tw/","external_links_name":"\"St. Francis Xavier High School\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfxcs.org/","external_links_name":"\"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School\""},{"Link":"http://www.stfrancissartellschool.org/","external_links_name":"\"St. Francis Xavier Catholic School, Sartell, Minnesota\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Ethics_Committee
United States House Committee on Ethics
["1 Members","1.1 Members, 118th Congress","2 Past committee rosters","2.1 117th Congress","2.2 116th Congress","2.3 115th Congress","2.4 114th Congress","2.5 113th Congress","2.6 112th Congress","3 Function","4 History","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Standing committee of the United States House of Representatives House Committee on EthicsStanding committeeActiveUnited States House of Representatives118th CongressHistoryFormed1967LeadershipChairMichael Guest (R) Since January 3, 2023 (2023-01-03)Ranking memberSusan Wild (D) Since January 3, 2023 (2023-01-03)StructureSeats10Political partiesMajority (5)   Republican (5) Minority (5)   Democratic (5) JurisdictionPurpose"to administer travel, gift, financial disclosure, outside income, and other regulations; advise members and staff; issue advisory opinions and investigate potential ethics violations"Policy areasEthicsSenate counterpartUnited States Senate Select Committee on EthicsWebsiteethics.house.govRulesRule X.1(o), Rules of the House of RepresentativesEthics Committee Rules This article is part of a series on theUnited States Houseof RepresentativesGreat Seal of the United States House of Representatives History of the House Members Current members (by senioritynon-votingwomen) Former members Hill committees (DCCCNRCC) Speaker of the House (list of speakerslist of elections) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Congressional districts Apportionment (Huntington–Hill method) RedistrictingGerrymandering General ticketPlural district Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session (list)Saxbe fix Committees (list)Procedures Origination ClauseQuorum call Unanimous consentSalaries Articles of impeachment Self-executing ruleRules suspension Places United States Capitol House office buildings (CannonFordLongworthO'NeillRayburn) United States portalvte The U.S. House Committee on Ethics, often known simply as the Ethics Committee, is one of the committees of the United States House of Representatives. Before the 112th Congress, it was known as the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct. The House Ethics Committee has often received criticism. In response to criticism, the House created the Office of Congressional Ethics (OCE), an independent non-partisan entity established to monitor ethical conduct in the House. Members The committee has an equal number of members from each party, unlike the rest of the committees, which are constituted with the majority of members and the committee chair coming from the party that controls the House. This even split has limited its power by giving either political party an effective veto over the actions of the committee. Members may not serve more than three terms on the committee, unless they serve as chair in their fourth term. Members, 118th Congress Majority Minority Michael Guest, Mississippi, Chair David Joyce, Ohio John Rutherford, Florida Andrew Garbarino, New York Michelle Fischbach, Minnesota Susan Wild, Pennsylvania, Ranking Member Veronica Escobar, Texas Mark DeSaulnier, California Deborah K. Ross, North Carolina Glenn Ivey, Maryland Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 79 (D), H.Res. 80 (R), H.Res. 84 (chair) Past committee rosters 117th Congress Majority Minority Ted Deutch, Florida, Chair (until September 30, 2022) Susan Wild, Pennsylvania Chair (from September 30, 2022) Dean Phillips, Minnesota Veronica Escobar, Texas Mondaire Jones, New York Jackie Walorski, Indiana, Ranking Member (until August 3, 2022) Michael Guest, Mississippi, Ranking Member (from August 19, 2022) David Joyce, Ohio John Rutherford, Florida Kelly Armstrong, North Dakota Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R), H.Res. 95 (R) 116th Congress Majority Minority Ted Deutch, Florida, Chair Grace Meng, New York Susan Wild, Pennsylvania Dean Phillips, Minnesota Anthony Brown, Maryland Kenny Marchant, Texas, Ranking Member John Ratcliffe, Texas (until May 22, 2020) George Holding, North Carolina Jackie Walorski, Indiana Michael Guest, Mississippi Sources: H.Res. 31 (chair), H.Res. 32 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 113 (R), H.Res. 125 (D), H.Res. 148 (D) 115th Congress Majority Minority Susan Brooks, Indiana, Chairwoman Pat Meehan, Pennsylvania, until January 2018 Kenny Marchant, Texas Leonard Lance, New Jersey Mimi Walters, California John Ratcliffe, Texas, from January 2018 Ted Deutch, Florida, Ranking Member Yvette Clarke, New York Jared Polis, Colorado Anthony Brown, Maryland Steve Cohen, Tennessee Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 56, H.Res. 127 (D), H.Res. 685 (R) 114th Congress Majority Minority Charlie Dent, Pennsylvania, Chairman Pat Meehan, Pennsylvania Trey Gowdy, South Carolina Susan Brooks, Indiana Kenny Marchant, Texas Linda Sánchez, California, Ranking Member Mike Capuano, Massachusetts Yvette Clarke, New York Ted Deutch, Florida John B. Larson, Connecticut Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 30, H.Res. 71 (D) 113th Congress Majority Minority Mike Conaway, Texas, Chairman Charlie Dent, Pennsylvania Pat Meehan, Pennsylvania Trey Gowdy, South Carolina Susan Brooks, Indiana Linda Sánchez, California, Ranking Member Pedro Pierluisi, Puerto Rico Mike Capuano, Massachusetts Yvette Clarke, New York Ted Deutch, Florida Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 7, H.Res. 42 (D) 112th Congress Majority Minority Jo Bonner, Alabama, Chairman Michael McCaul, Texas Mike Conaway, Texas Charlie Dent, Pennsylvania Gregg Harper, Mississippi Linda Sánchez, California, Ranking Member John Yarmuth, Kentucky Donna Edwards, Maryland Pedro Pierluisi, Puerto Rico Joe Courtney, Connecticut Source: Resolutions (H.Res. 6 and H.Res. 62) electing members to certain standing committees of the House of Representatives. Function The Ethics Committee has many functions, but they all revolve around the standards of ethical conduct for members of the House. Under this authority, it: Agrees on a set of rules that regulate what behavior is considered ethical for members (rules relating to gifts, travel, campaign activities, treatment of staff, conflicts of interest, etc. are typical) Conducts investigations into whether members have violated these standards Makes recommendations to the whole House on what action, if any, should be taken as a result of the investigations (e.g. censure, expulsion from the House, or nothing if the member is found not to be violating a rule) Provides advice to members before they (the members) take action, so as to avoid uncertainty over ethical culpability. History The committee has a long history; the first matter it handled was on January 30, 1798, when Rep. Matthew Lyon of Vermont was accused of "gross indecency" after he spat on Rep. Roger Griswold of Connecticut after an exchange of insults (a week later, another complaint was filed against Lyon, this time for "gross indecency of language in his defense before this House"). Since the early days of the House, the committee's reports have gotten much more technical, delving into the details of campaign finance and other financial arcana. As a result of the criminal investigation of Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX), and lobbyist Jack Abramoff, there was pressure on the Ethics Committee to take action to admonish members involved in their activities. However, action was slow and the responsibility for impeding its progress was attributed to then-Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Dennis Hastert. When the committee did admonish Tom DeLay for a third time, Hastert removed three Republicans from the panel, including chairman Joel Hefley, (R-CO). Hastert had his own personal ethical problems, such as when he failed to take action when warned about Mark Foley's sexual relationships with young congressional pages. The new chairman, Doc Hastings (R-WA), acted to rein in the panel, leading to a Democratic boycott and preventing a quorum. The stalemate lasted three months until Hastings backed down. By then the committee was left broken and unable to take action in the DeLay case, the full Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal, or other cases such as that of ranking Ethics Committee Democrat Jim McDermott (D-WA), who revealed violations by Newt Gingrich without authorization to the press. On November 16, 2010, Charles Rangel (D-NY) was found guilty on 11 of the 12 charges against him by the adjudicatory subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee. They included solicitation of funds and donations for the non-profit Rangel Center from those with business before the Ways and Means Committee and the improper use of Congressional letterhead and other House resources in those solicitations; for submitting incomplete and inaccurate financial disclosures, for using an apartment as an office despite having Congressional dealings with its landlord and for failing to pay taxes on a Dominican villa. On March 29, 2010, the OCE released a report dated January 28, 2010, that concluded Rep. Nathan Deal (R-GA) appeared to have improperly used his office staff to pressure Georgia officials to continue the exclusive, no-bid state vehicle inspection program that generated hundreds of thousands of dollars a year for his family's auto salvage business, Gainesville Salvage & Disposal. The Ethics Committee never reported or commented on any investigation of Deal. On March 1, 2010, Deal resigned his seat saying he was concentrating on a run for governor, which excluded him from the Office of Congressional Ethics' jurisdiction. Besides Deal, another Georgia Republican, Rep. Paul Broun, accused of paying a consultant with taxpayer funds in his 2014 bid for a U.S. Senate race, avoided answering to charges by losing that primary and leaving office. The OCE discovered, via a difficult investigation, that a 2013 trip nine members took to Azerbaijan was paid for by funds laundered for the purpose from the Azerbaijani government. The Ethics committee had asked the OCE to drop the case, only approving release of a summary finding in 2015, deeming the full report "not appropriate for release because the referral followed the OCE Board’s decision not to cease its investigations." On January 2, 2017, one day before the 115th United States Congress was scheduled to convene for its first session, the House Republican majority voted 119–74 to effectively place the OCE under direct control of the House Ethics Committee, making any subsequent reviews of possible violations of criminal law by Congressional members dependent upon approval following referral to the Ethics Committee itself, or to federal law enforcement agencies. The new rules would have prevented the OCE from independently releasing public statements on pending or completed investigations. House Judiciary Committee chair Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.) defended the action on the rules amendment saying it "builds upon and strengthens the existing Office of Congressional Ethics by maintaining its primary area of focus of accepting and reviewing complaints from the public and referring them, if appropriate, to the Committee on Ethics." House Republicans reversed their plan to gut the OCE less than 24 hours after the initial vote, under bipartisan pressure from Representatives, their constituents and the president-elect, Donald Trump. In addition to negative Trump tweets, criticism was widespread including from Judicial Watch, the Project on Government Oversight, former Representative Bob Ney (R-OH), who was convicted of receiving bribes, and Abramoff, the lobbyist who provided such bribes. See also United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics List of current United States House of Representatives committees References ^ Hooper, Molly K. (December 22, 2010). "New GOP rules will make it tougher for House to raise debt ceiling". The Hill. Retrieved 2011-01-06. ^ Attkisson, Sharyl (October 25, 2010). "A Double Standard for House Ethics?". CBS News. ^ Parker, Ashley (December 7, 2010). "Waters Calls for Investigation of House Ethics Committee". The New York Times. ^ Pershing, Ben (December 7, 2010). "Despite critics, Hill ethics office likely to survive". The Washington Post. ^ Wang, Marian (March 11, 2010). "Investigating the Investigators: How the House Ethics Committee Works". ProPublica. Retrieved February 22, 2012. ^ Norm Ornstein, This Isn't Dennis Hastert's First Scandal, The Atlantic (June 3, 2015). ^ Mann, Thomas E.; Ornstein, Norman J. (2006). The Broken Branch. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0195368711. ^ Bookman, Jay (August 2, 2010). "Rangel, Waters ethics cases represent laudable progress". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 22, 2012. ^ "Tom DeLay's Transgressions: A Pattern of Misbehavior". Common Cause. Retrieved February 22, 2012. ^ Newman, Andy (November 16, 2010). "Rangel's Ethics Violations". The New York Times. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (November 16, 2010). "Rep. Charles Rangel Convicted of Violating House Ethics Rules". ABC News. ^ Kocieniewski, David (November 16, 2010). "Rangel Found Guilty By Ethics Panel". The New York Times. p. A24. ^ Lipton, Eric (March 29, 2010). "Ethics Report Faults Ex-Congressman". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2017. ^ OCE (March 26, 2010). "Review No. 09-1022" (PDF). ^ Elliott, Justin (March 1, 2010). "Did GOP Rep Resign To Squelch Ethics Probe?". Tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com. Retrieved January 5, 2017. ^ Bluestein, Greg (July 3, 2013). "Deal sells controversial salvage yard as he prepares for 2014 election". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved January 5, 2017. ^ Embattled congressional ethics office previously probed Nathan Deal, Paul Broun, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Tamar Hallerman, January 4, 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017. ^ Rep. Broun leaves congress with ethics case hanging, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Bret Schrade, January 10, 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2017. ^ House GOP’s Blueprint To Gut Ethics Office Looks Like It Was Copied From Azerbaijan Scandal, The Huffington Post, Laura Barron-Lopez, January 4, 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ Lipton, Eric (2017-01-02). "With No Warning, House Republicans Vote to Gut Independent Ethics Office". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-04. ^ Walsh, Deirdre; Diaz, Daniella (3 January 2017). "House GOP guts ethics panel". CNN. Retrieved 2017-01-04. ^ Cassata, Donna. "House GOP votes to gut independent ethics office". Pilotonline.com. Retrieved 3 January 2017. ^ "House Republicans Back Down on Bid to Gut Ethics Office". The New York Times. Washington, DC. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ^ After Backlash, Including From Trump, House GOP Drops Weakening Of Ethics Office, National Public Radio, Susan Davis & Brian Naylor, January 3, 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016. External links Committee on Ethics, official site (Archive) House Ethics Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov. vteCurrent United States congressional committeesSenate (list)Standing Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs Other Aging (special) International Narcotics Control (permanent caucus) Ethics (select) Indian Affairs (permanent select) Intelligence (select) House (list)Standing Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Accountability Rules Science, Space, and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Other Intelligence (permanent select) Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party (select) Joint (list) (Conference) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies (special) Library Printing Taxation CommissionassignmentsJoint Capitol Historical Society (advisory group) China COVID-19 Oversight Cyberspace Solarium Security and Cooperation in Europe House Democracy Partnership Human Rights Related Congressional subcommittees Defunct committees Select or special committees
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"112th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Office of Congressional Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics"}],"text":"The U.S. House Committee on Ethics, often known simply as the Ethics Committee, is one of the committees of the United States House of Representatives. Before the 112th Congress, it was known as the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct.[1]The House Ethics Committee has often received criticism.[2][3][4][5] In response to criticism, the House created the Office of Congressional Ethics (OCE), an independent non-partisan entity established to monitor ethical conduct in the House.","title":"United States House Committee on Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"}],"text":"The committee has an equal number of members from each party, unlike the rest of the committees, which are constituted with the majority of members and the committee chair coming from the party that controls the House. This even split has limited its power by giving either political party an effective veto over the actions of the committee. Members may not serve more than three terms on the committee, unless they serve as chair in their fourth term.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/79"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/80"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/84"}],"sub_title":"Members, 118th Congress","text":"Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 79 (D), H.Res. 80 (R), H.Res. 84 (chair)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/9"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/10"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/62"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/63"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/95"}],"sub_title":"117th Congress","text":"Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 9 (chair), H.Res. 10 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 62 (D), H.Res. 63 (R), H.Res. 95 (R)","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/31"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/32"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/113"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/125"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/148"}],"sub_title":"116th Congress","text":"Sources: H.Res. 31 (chair), H.Res. 32 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 113 (R), H.Res. 125 (D), H.Res. 148 (D)","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/6"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/56"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/127"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/685"}],"sub_title":"115th Congress","text":"Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 56, H.Res. 127 (D), H.Res. 685 (R)","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/6"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/30"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/71"}],"sub_title":"114th Congress","text":"Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 30, H.Res. 71 (D)","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/6"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/7"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/42"}],"sub_title":"113th Congress","text":"Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 7, H.Res. 42 (D)","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.Res. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/6"},{"link_name":"H.Res. 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/62"}],"sub_title":"112th Congress","text":"Source:Resolutions (H.Res. 6 and H.Res. 62) electing members to certain standing committees of the House of Representatives.","title":"Past committee rosters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"The Ethics Committee has many functions, but they all revolve around the standards of ethical conduct for members of the House. Under this authority, it:Agrees on a set of rules that regulate what behavior is considered ethical for members (rules relating to gifts, travel, campaign activities, treatment of staff, conflicts of interest, etc. are typical)\nConducts investigations into whether members have violated these standards\nMakes recommendations to the whole House on what action, if any, should be taken as a result of the investigations (e.g. censure, expulsion from the House, or nothing if the member is found not to be violating a rule)\nProvides advice to members before they (the members) take action, so as to avoid uncertainty over ethical culpability.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Roger Griswold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Griswold"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"campaign finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance"},{"link_name":"Tom DeLay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLay"},{"link_name":"Jack Abramoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Abramoff"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hastert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hastert"},{"link_name":"Joel Hefley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Hefley"},{"link_name":"Mark Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Foley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Doc Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Abramoff_Indian_lobbying_scandal"},{"link_name":"Jim McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McDermott"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Charles Rangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rangel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nathan Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Deal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Paul Broun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broun"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"115th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bob Goodlatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_reversal_OCE-23"},{"link_name":"tweets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Judicial Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Watch"},{"link_name":"Project on Government Oversight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_on_Government_Oversight"},{"link_name":"Bob Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ney"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The committee has a long history; the first matter it handled was on January 30, 1798, when Rep. Matthew Lyon of Vermont was accused of \"gross indecency\" after he spat on Rep. Roger Griswold of Connecticut after an exchange of insults (a week later, another complaint was filed against Lyon, this time for \"gross indecency of language in his defense before this House\"). Since the early days of the House, the committee's reports have gotten much more technical, delving into the details of campaign finance and other financial arcana.As a result of the criminal investigation of Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX), and lobbyist Jack Abramoff, there was pressure on the Ethics Committee to take action to admonish members involved in their activities. However, action was slow and the responsibility for impeding its progress was attributed to then-Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Dennis Hastert. When the committee did admonish Tom DeLay for a third time, Hastert removed three Republicans from the panel, including chairman Joel Hefley, (R-CO). Hastert had his own personal ethical problems, such as when he failed to take action when warned about Mark Foley's sexual relationships with young congressional pages.[6] The new chairman, Doc Hastings (R-WA), acted to rein in the panel, leading to a Democratic boycott and preventing a quorum. The stalemate lasted three months until Hastings backed down. By then the committee was left broken and unable to take action in the DeLay case, the full Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal, or other cases such as that of ranking Ethics Committee Democrat Jim McDermott (D-WA), who revealed violations by Newt Gingrich without authorization to the press.[7][8][9]On November 16, 2010, Charles Rangel (D-NY) was found guilty on 11 of the 12 charges against him by the adjudicatory subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee. They included solicitation of funds and donations for the non-profit Rangel Center from those with business before the Ways and Means Committee and the improper use of Congressional letterhead and other House resources in those solicitations; for submitting incomplete and inaccurate financial disclosures, for using an apartment as an office despite having Congressional dealings with its landlord and for failing to pay taxes on a Dominican villa.[10][11][12]On March 29, 2010, the OCE released a report dated January 28, 2010, that concluded Rep. Nathan Deal (R-GA) appeared to have improperly used his office staff to pressure Georgia officials to continue the exclusive, no-bid state vehicle inspection program that generated hundreds of thousands of dollars a year for his family's auto salvage business, Gainesville Salvage & Disposal.[13]\nThe Ethics Committee never reported or commented on any investigation of Deal.[14] On March 1, 2010, Deal resigned his seat saying he was concentrating on a run for governor, which excluded him from the Office of Congressional Ethics' jurisdiction.[15][16] Besides Deal, another Georgia Republican, Rep. Paul Broun, accused of paying a consultant with taxpayer funds in his 2014 bid for a U.S. Senate race, avoided answering to charges by losing that primary and leaving office.[17][18]The OCE discovered, via a difficult investigation, that a 2013 trip nine members took to Azerbaijan was paid for by funds laundered for the purpose from the Azerbaijani government. The Ethics committee had asked the OCE to drop the case, only approving release of a summary finding in 2015, deeming the full report \"not appropriate for release because the referral followed the OCE Board’s decision not to cease its investigations.\"[19]On January 2, 2017, one day before the 115th United States Congress was scheduled to convene for its first session, the House Republican majority voted 119–74 to effectively place the OCE under direct control of the House Ethics Committee, making any subsequent reviews of possible violations of criminal law by Congressional members dependent upon approval following referral to the Ethics Committee itself, or to federal law enforcement agencies. The new rules would have prevented the OCE from independently releasing public statements on pending or completed investigations.[20][21] House Judiciary Committee chair Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.) defended the action on the rules amendment saying it \"builds upon and strengthens the existing Office of Congressional Ethics by maintaining its primary area of focus of accepting and reviewing complaints from the public and referring them, if appropriate, to the Committee on Ethics.\"[22] House Republicans reversed their plan to gut the OCE less than 24 hours after the initial vote, under bipartisan pressure from Representatives, their constituents and the president-elect, Donald Trump.[23] In addition to negative Trump tweets, criticism was widespread including from Judicial Watch, the Project on Government Oversight, former Representative Bob Ney (R-OH), who was convicted of receiving bribes, and Abramoff, the lobbyist who provided such bribes.[24]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics"},{"title":"List of current United States House of Representatives committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees"}]
[{"reference":"Hooper, Molly K. (December 22, 2010). \"New GOP rules will make it tougher for House to raise debt ceiling\". The Hill. Retrieved 2011-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/homenews/house/78078-new-gop-rules-will-make-it-tougher-for-house-to-raise-ceiling-on-federal-debt/","url_text":"\"New GOP rules will make it tougher for House to raise debt ceiling\""}]},{"reference":"Attkisson, Sharyl (October 25, 2010). \"A Double Standard for House Ethics?\". CBS News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20020521-503544.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody","url_text":"\"A Double Standard for House Ethics?\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Ashley (December 7, 2010). \"Waters Calls for Investigation of House Ethics Committee\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/waters-calls-for-investigation-of-house-ethics-committee/","url_text":"\"Waters Calls for Investigation of House Ethics Committee\""}]},{"reference":"Pershing, Ben (December 7, 2010). \"Despite critics, Hill ethics office likely to survive\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/06/AR2010120605768.html","url_text":"\"Despite critics, Hill ethics office likely to survive\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Marian (March 11, 2010). \"Investigating the Investigators: How the House Ethics Committee Works\". ProPublica. Retrieved February 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.propublica.org/blog/item/investigating-the-investigators-how-the-house-ethics-committee-works-311","url_text":"\"Investigating the Investigators: How the House Ethics Committee Works\""}]},{"reference":"Mann, Thomas E.; Ornstein, Norman J. (2006). The Broken Branch. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0195368711.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195368711","url_text":"0195368711"}]},{"reference":"Bookman, Jay (August 2, 2010). \"Rangel, Waters ethics cases represent laudable progress\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.ajc.com/jay-bookman-blog/2010/08/02/rangel-waters-ethics-cases-represent-laudable-progress/","url_text":"\"Rangel, Waters ethics cases represent laudable progress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom DeLay's Transgressions: A Pattern of Misbehavior\". Common Cause. Retrieved February 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=476747","url_text":"\"Tom DeLay's Transgressions: A Pattern of Misbehavior\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Andy (November 16, 2010). \"Rangel's Ethics Violations\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/rangel-found-to-have-violated-multiple-ethics-rules/","url_text":"\"Rangel's Ethics Violations\""}]},{"reference":"de Vogue, Ariane (November 16, 2010). \"Rep. Charles Rangel Convicted of Violating House Ethics Rules\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rep-charles-rangel-ethics-trial-house-panel-deliberates/story?id=12159790","url_text":"\"Rep. Charles Rangel Convicted of Violating House Ethics Rules\""}]},{"reference":"Kocieniewski, David (November 16, 2010). \"Rangel Found Guilty By Ethics Panel\". The New York Times. p. A24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/nyregion/17rangel.html","url_text":"\"Rangel Found Guilty By Ethics Panel\""}]},{"reference":"Lipton, Eric (March 29, 2010). \"Ethics Report Faults Ex-Congressman\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/us/30ethics.html","url_text":"\"Ethics Report Faults Ex-Congressman\""}]},{"reference":"OCE (March 26, 2010). \"Review No. 09-1022\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://oce.house.gov/disclosures/Review_No_09-022_Referral_to_Standards.pdf","url_text":"\"Review No. 09-1022\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Justin (March 1, 2010). \"Did GOP Rep Resign To Squelch Ethics Probe?\". Tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com. Retrieved January 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/did-gop-rep-resign-to-squelch-ethics-probe","url_text":"\"Did GOP Rep Resign To Squelch Ethics Probe?\""}]},{"reference":"Bluestein, Greg (July 3, 2013). \"Deal sells controversial salvage yard as he prepares for 2014 election\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved January 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajc.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/deal-sells-controversial-salvage-yard-prepares-for-2014-election/IP7mgQJQNqN2wRTJRrYD3I/","url_text":"\"Deal sells controversial salvage yard as he prepares for 2014 election\""}]},{"reference":"Lipton, Eric (2017-01-02). \"With No Warning, House Republicans Vote to Gut Independent Ethics Office\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/politics/with-no-warning-house-republicans-vote-to-hobble-independent-ethics-office.html","url_text":"\"With No Warning, House Republicans Vote to Gut Independent Ethics Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Deirdre; Diaz, Daniella (3 January 2017). \"House GOP guts ethics panel\". CNN. Retrieved 2017-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/02/politics/office-of-congressional-ethics-oversight-of-ethics-committee-amendment/index.html","url_text":"\"House GOP guts ethics panel\""}]},{"reference":"Cassata, Donna. \"House GOP votes to gut independent ethics office\". Pilotonline.com. Retrieved 3 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_HOUSE_REPUBLICANS_ETHICS?SITE=VANOV&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-01-02-21-37-00","url_text":"\"House GOP votes to gut independent ethics office\""}]},{"reference":"\"House Republicans Back Down on Bid to Gut Ethics Office\". The New York Times. Washington, DC. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/03/us/politics/trump-house-ethics-office.html","url_text":"\"House Republicans Back Down on Bid to Gut Ethics Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ethics.house.gov/","external_links_name":"ethics.house.gov"},{"Link":"https://ethics.house.gov/about/committee-rules","external_links_name":"Ethics Committee Rules"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/79","external_links_name":"H.Res. 79"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/80","external_links_name":"H.Res. 80"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/84","external_links_name":"H.Res. 84"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/9","external_links_name":"H.Res. 9"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/10","external_links_name":"H.Res. 10"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/62","external_links_name":"H.Res. 62"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/63","external_links_name":"H.Res. 63"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/95","external_links_name":"H.Res. 95"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/31","external_links_name":"H.Res. 31"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/32","external_links_name":"H.Res. 32"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/113","external_links_name":"H.Res. 113"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/125","external_links_name":"H.Res. 125"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/148","external_links_name":"H.Res. 148"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/6","external_links_name":"H.Res. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/56","external_links_name":"H.Res. 56"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/127","external_links_name":"H.Res. 127"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/685","external_links_name":"H.Res. 685"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/6","external_links_name":"H.Res. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/30","external_links_name":"H.Res. 30"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/71","external_links_name":"H.Res. 71"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/6","external_links_name":"H.Res. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/7","external_links_name":"H.Res. 7"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/42","external_links_name":"H.Res. 42"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/6","external_links_name":"H.Res. 6"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/62","external_links_name":"H.Res. 62"},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/homenews/house/78078-new-gop-rules-will-make-it-tougher-for-house-to-raise-ceiling-on-federal-debt/","external_links_name":"\"New GOP rules will make it tougher for House to raise debt ceiling\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20020521-503544.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody","external_links_name":"\"A Double Standard for House Ethics?\""},{"Link":"http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/waters-calls-for-investigation-of-house-ethics-committee/","external_links_name":"\"Waters Calls for Investigation of House Ethics Committee\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/06/AR2010120605768.html","external_links_name":"\"Despite critics, Hill ethics office likely to survive\""},{"Link":"https://www.propublica.org/blog/item/investigating-the-investigators-how-the-house-ethics-committee-works-311","external_links_name":"\"Investigating the Investigators: How the House Ethics Committee Works\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/dennis-hastert-scandal/394754/","external_links_name":"This Isn't Dennis Hastert's First Scandal"},{"Link":"http://blogs.ajc.com/jay-bookman-blog/2010/08/02/rangel-waters-ethics-cases-represent-laudable-progress/","external_links_name":"\"Rangel, Waters ethics cases represent laudable progress\""},{"Link":"http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=476747","external_links_name":"\"Tom DeLay's Transgressions: A Pattern of Misbehavior\""},{"Link":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/rangel-found-to-have-violated-multiple-ethics-rules/","external_links_name":"\"Rangel's Ethics Violations\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rep-charles-rangel-ethics-trial-house-panel-deliberates/story?id=12159790","external_links_name":"\"Rep. Charles Rangel Convicted of Violating House Ethics Rules\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/nyregion/17rangel.html","external_links_name":"\"Rangel Found Guilty By Ethics Panel\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/us/30ethics.html","external_links_name":"\"Ethics Report Faults Ex-Congressman\""},{"Link":"http://oce.house.gov/disclosures/Review_No_09-022_Referral_to_Standards.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Review No. 09-1022\""},{"Link":"http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/did-gop-rep-resign-to-squelch-ethics-probe","external_links_name":"\"Did GOP Rep Resign To Squelch Ethics Probe?\""},{"Link":"http://www.ajc.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/deal-sells-controversial-salvage-yard-prepares-for-2014-election/IP7mgQJQNqN2wRTJRrYD3I/","external_links_name":"\"Deal sells controversial salvage yard as he prepares for 2014 election\""},{"Link":"http://politics.blog.ajc.com/2017/01/04/embattled-congressional-ethics-office-had-targeted-nathan-deal-paul-broun/","external_links_name":"Embattled congressional ethics office previously probed Nathan Deal, Paul Broun"},{"Link":"http://www.myajc.com/news/rep-broun-leaves-congress-with-ethics-case-hanging/XQ4k1HsGhGUCSdGZbFW13I/","external_links_name":"Rep. Broun leaves congress with ethics case hanging"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/office-of-congressional-ethics-azerbaijan-investigation_us_586d8f22e4b0c4be0af2e08a","external_links_name":"House GOP’s Blueprint To Gut Ethics Office Looks Like It Was Copied From Azerbaijan Scandal"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/politics/with-no-warning-house-republicans-vote-to-hobble-independent-ethics-office.html","external_links_name":"\"With No Warning, House Republicans Vote to Gut Independent Ethics Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/02/politics/office-of-congressional-ethics-oversight-of-ethics-committee-amendment/index.html","external_links_name":"\"House GOP guts ethics panel\""},{"Link":"http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_HOUSE_REPUBLICANS_ETHICS?SITE=VANOV&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-01-02-21-37-00","external_links_name":"\"House GOP votes to gut independent ethics office\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/03/us/politics/trump-house-ethics-office.html","external_links_name":"\"House Republicans Back Down on Bid to Gut Ethics Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/03/508043376/after-trump-tweets-criticism-house-gop-drops-weakening-of-house-ethics-office","external_links_name":"After Backlash, Including From Trump, House GOP Drops Weakening Of Ethics Office"},{"Link":"https://ethics.house.gov/","external_links_name":"Committee on Ethics"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwa00hsso00/","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/committee/house-ethics/hsso00","external_links_name":"House Ethics Committee"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_(MP_died_1620/21)
John Cotton (MP died 1620 or 1621)
["1 Biography","2 References"]
English politician Sir John Cotton (1543? – 1620 or 1621), of Landwade, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician. Biography Cotton was the eldest son of MP, John Cotton of Landwade, Cambridgeshire, Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in 1549/50. He succeeded his father in 1594 and was knighted between 1597 and 1 October 1601. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Cambridgeshire in 1582, served as Custos Rotulorum of Cambridgeshire from 1600 to 1621 (except for 1617) and custos rotulorum of the Isle of Ely from 1601. He was pricked High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1591–92 and appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire in 1596. He was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) in the Parliament of England for Cambridgeshire in 1593 and 1601. He married three times: firstly Elizabeth, the daughter of Thomas Caryll of Warnham, Sussex, secondly Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Humphrey Bradbourne of Derbyshire and thirdly Anne, the daughter of Sir Richard Hoghton, 1st Baronet of Hoghton Tower and the granddaughter of Sir Richard Houghton, Steward of Amounderness. References ^ History of Parliament: Sir Richard Houghton, accessed May 2017 "COTTON, John (?1543-1620/1), of Landwade, Cambs". History of Parliament Online. This article about a 16th-century Member of the Parliament of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 17th-century Member of the Parliament of England (up to 1707) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landwade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwade"}],"text":"Sir John Cotton (1543? – 1620 or 1621), of Landwade, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.","title":"John Cotton (MP died 1620 or 1621)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_(MP_died_1593)"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in 1549/50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Cambridgeshire_and_Huntingdonshire#1500.E2.80.931599"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"Custos Rotulorum of Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cambridgeshire_and_Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Hoghton, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoghton,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Cotton was the eldest son of MP, John Cotton of Landwade, Cambridgeshire, Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in 1549/50. He succeeded his father in 1594 and was knighted between 1597 and 1 October 1601.He was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Cambridgeshire in 1582, served as Custos Rotulorum of Cambridgeshire from 1600 to 1621 (except for 1617) and custos rotulorum of the Isle of Ely from 1601. He was pricked High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1591–92 and appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire in 1596.He was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) in the Parliament of England for Cambridgeshire in 1593 and 1601.He married three times: firstly Elizabeth, the daughter of Thomas Caryll of Warnham, Sussex, secondly Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Humphrey Bradbourne of Derbyshire and thirdly Anne, the daughter of Sir Richard Hoghton, 1st Baronet of Hoghton Tower and the granddaughter of Sir Richard Houghton, Steward of Amounderness.[1]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"COTTON, John (?1543-1620/1), of Landwade, Cambs\". History of Parliament Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/cotton-john-1543-16201","url_text":"\"COTTON, John (?1543-1620/1), of Landwade, Cambs\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/houghton-sir-richard-1496-or-98-1559","external_links_name":"History of Parliament: Sir Richard Houghton"},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/cotton-john-1543-16201","external_links_name":"\"COTTON, John (?1543-1620/1), of Landwade, Cambs\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Cotton_(MP_died_1620_or_1621)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Cotton_(MP_died_1620_or_1621)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGPP1
SGPP1
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens SGPP1IdentifiersAliasesSGPP1, SPPase1, sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1, SPP-1External IDsOMIM: 612826; MGI: 2135760; HomoloGene: 101696; GeneCards: SGPP1; OMA:SGPP1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 14 (human)Band14q23.2Start63,684,216 bpEnd63,728,065 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 12 (mouse)Band12|12 C3Start75,761,023 bpEnd75,782,503 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inlymph nodeplacentaislet of LangerhansC1 segmentendometriumhuman kidneyright lobe of liverBrodmann area 9Achilles tendonprefrontal cortexTop expressed inseminal vesiculalobe of prostatedecidualacrimal glandgastrulaskin of abdomenproximal tubuleparotid glandright kidneygastric mucosaMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function hydrolase activity sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity Cellular component integral component of membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane endoplasmic reticulum membrane plasma membrane nucleus nucleoplasm Biological process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway sphingosine metabolic process sphingolipid biosynthetic process extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway dephosphorylation sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process sphingolipid metabolic process ER to Golgi ceramide transport regulation of keratinocyte differentiation regulation of epidermis development Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez8153781535EnsemblENSG00000126821ENSG00000285281ENSMUSG00000021054UniProtQ9BX95Q9JI99RefSeq (mRNA)NM_030791NM_030750RefSeq (protein)NP_110418NP_109675Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 63.68 – 63.73 MbChr 12: 75.76 – 75.78 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGPP1 gene. References ^ a b c ENSG00000285281 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000126821, ENSG00000285281 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021054 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Mandala SM, Thornton R, Galve-Roperh I, Poulton S, Peterson C, Olivera A, Bergstrom J, Kurtz MB, Spiegel S (Aug 2000). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a lipid phosphohydrolase that degrades sphingosine-1- phosphate and induces cell death". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97 (14): 7859–64. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7859M. doi:10.1073/pnas.120146897. PMC 16635. PMID 10859351. ^ "Entrez Gene: SGPP1 sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1". Further reading Ogawa C, Kihara A, Gokoh M, Igarashi Y (2003). "Identification and characterization of a novel human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase, hSPP2". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2): 1268–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209514200. PMID 12411432. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Heilig R, Eckenberg R, Petit JL, et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14". Nature. 421 (6923): 601–7. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..601H. doi:10.1038/nature01348. PMID 12508121. Johnson KR, Johnson KY, Becker KP, et al. (2003). "Role of human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in the regulation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and cell viability". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (36): 34541–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301741200. PMID 12815058. Le Stunff H, Mikami A, Giussani P, et al. (2004). "Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in epidermal growth factor-induced chemotaxis". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (33): 34290–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404907200. PMID 15180992. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Giussani P, Maceyka M, Le Stunff H, et al. (2006). "Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi trafficking of ceramide". Mol. Cell. Biol. 26 (13): 5055–69. doi:10.1128/MCB.02107-05. PMC 1489178. PMID 16782891. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. This article on a gene on human chromosome 14 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10859351-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGPP1 gene.[5][6]","title":"SGPP1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Identification and characterization of a novel human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase, hSPP2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209514200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M209514200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209514200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12411432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12411432"},{"link_name":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002PNAS...9916899M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.242603899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"139241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12477932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932"},{"link_name":"\"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01348"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2003Natur.421..601H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..601H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature01348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01348"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12508121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508121"},{"link_name":"\"Role of human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in the regulation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and cell viability\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M301741200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M301741200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M301741200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12815058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12815058"},{"link_name":"\"Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in epidermal growth factor-induced chemotaxis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M404907200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M404907200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M404907200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15180992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15180992"},{"link_name":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.2596504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"528928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15489334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334"},{"link_name":"\"Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi trafficking of ceramide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489178"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/MCB.02107-05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.02107-05"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1489178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489178"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16782891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16782891"},{"link_name":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17081983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_14"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SGPP1&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-14-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-14-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-14-stub"}],"text":"Ogawa C, Kihara A, Gokoh M, Igarashi Y (2003). \"Identification and characterization of a novel human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase, hSPP2\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2): 1268–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209514200. PMID 12411432.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nHeilig R, Eckenberg R, Petit JL, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14\". Nature. 421 (6923): 601–7. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..601H. doi:10.1038/nature01348. PMID 12508121.\nJohnson KR, Johnson KY, Becker KP, et al. (2003). \"Role of human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in the regulation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and cell viability\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (36): 34541–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301741200. PMID 12815058.\nLe Stunff H, Mikami A, Giussani P, et al. (2004). \"Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in epidermal growth factor-induced chemotaxis\". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (33): 34290–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404907200. PMID 15180992.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nGiussani P, Maceyka M, Le Stunff H, et al. (2006). \"Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi trafficking of ceramide\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 26 (13): 5055–69. doi:10.1128/MCB.02107-05. PMC 1489178. PMID 16782891.\nOlsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983.This article on a gene on human chromosome 14 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=81537","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=81535","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Mandala SM, Thornton R, Galve-Roperh I, Poulton S, Peterson C, Olivera A, Bergstrom J, Kurtz MB, Spiegel S (Aug 2000). \"Molecular cloning and characterization of a lipid phosphohydrolase that degrades sphingosine-1- phosphate and induces cell death\". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97 (14): 7859–64. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7859M. doi:10.1073/pnas.120146897. PMC 16635. PMID 10859351.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16635","url_text":"\"Molecular cloning and characterization of a lipid phosphohydrolase that degrades sphingosine-1- phosphate and induces cell death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.7859M","url_text":"2000PNAS...97.7859M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.120146897","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.120146897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16635","url_text":"16635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10859351","url_text":"10859351"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: SGPP1 sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=81537","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: SGPP1 sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1\""}]},{"reference":"Ogawa C, Kihara A, Gokoh M, Igarashi Y (2003). \"Identification and characterization of a novel human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase, hSPP2\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2): 1268–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.M209514200. PMID 12411432.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209514200","url_text":"\"Identification and characterization of a novel human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase, hSPP2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209514200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M209514200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12411432","url_text":"12411432"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Heilig R, Eckenberg R, Petit JL, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14\". Nature. 421 (6923): 601–7. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..601H. doi:10.1038/nature01348. PMID 12508121.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01348","url_text":"\"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..601H","url_text":"2003Natur.421..601H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01348","url_text":"10.1038/nature01348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508121","url_text":"12508121"}]},{"reference":"Johnson KR, Johnson KY, Becker KP, et al. (2003). \"Role of human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in the regulation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and cell viability\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (36): 34541–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301741200. PMID 12815058.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M301741200","url_text":"\"Role of human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in the regulation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and cell viability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M301741200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M301741200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12815058","url_text":"12815058"}]},{"reference":"Le Stunff H, Mikami A, Giussani P, et al. (2004). \"Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in epidermal growth factor-induced chemotaxis\". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (33): 34290–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404907200. PMID 15180992.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M404907200","url_text":"\"Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in epidermal growth factor-induced chemotaxis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M404907200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M404907200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15180992","url_text":"15180992"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Giussani P, Maceyka M, Le Stunff H, et al. (2006). \"Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi trafficking of ceramide\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 26 (13): 5055–69. doi:10.1128/MCB.02107-05. PMC 1489178. PMID 16782891.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489178","url_text":"\"Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi trafficking of ceramide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.02107-05","url_text":"10.1128/MCB.02107-05"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489178","url_text":"1489178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16782891","url_text":"16782891"}]},{"reference":"Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983","url_text":"17081983"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/17720","external_links_name":"SGPP1"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/612826","external_links_name":"612826"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:2135760","external_links_name":"2135760"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=101696","external_links_name":"101696"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SGPP1","external_links_name":"SGPP1"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000126821","external_links_name":"SGPP1 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000126821","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000021054","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000126821","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/81537/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016787","external_links_name":"hydrolase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042392","external_links_name":"sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070780","external_links_name":"dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021","external_links_name":"integral component of membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005789","external_links_name":"endoplasmic reticulum membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005783","external_links_name":"endoplasmic reticulum"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020","external_links_name":"membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886","external_links_name":"plasma membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634","external_links_name":"nucleus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005654","external_links_name":"nucleoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097193","external_links_name":"intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006670","external_links_name":"sphingosine metabolic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030148","external_links_name":"sphingolipid biosynthetic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097191","external_links_name":"extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016311","external_links_name":"dephosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006668","external_links_name":"sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006665","external_links_name":"sphingolipid metabolic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035621","external_links_name":"ER to Golgi ceramide transport"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045616","external_links_name":"regulation of keratinocyte differentiation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045682","external_links_name":"regulation of epidermis development"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=81537&rn=1","external_links_name":"81537"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=81535&rn=1","external_links_name":"81535"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000126821;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000126821"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000285281;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000285281"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000021054;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSMUSG00000021054"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9BX95","external_links_name":"Q9BX95"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9JI99","external_links_name":"Q9JI99"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_030791","external_links_name":"NM_030791"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_030750","external_links_name":"NM_030750"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_110418","external_links_name":"NP_110418"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_109675","external_links_name":"NP_109675"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr14:63684216-63728065","external_links_name":"Chr 14: 63.68 – 63.73 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr12:75761023-75782503","external_links_name":"Chr 12: 75.76 – 75.78 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000126821,","external_links_name":"ENSG00000285281 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000126821, ENSG00000285281"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000021054","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021054"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=81537","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=81535","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16635","external_links_name":"\"Molecular cloning and characterization of a lipid phosphohydrolase that degrades sphingosine-1- phosphate and induces cell death\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.7859M","external_links_name":"2000PNAS...97.7859M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.120146897","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.120146897"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16635","external_links_name":"16635"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10859351","external_links_name":"10859351"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=81537","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: SGPP1 sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209514200","external_links_name":"\"Identification and characterization of a novel human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase, hSPP2\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M209514200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M209514200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12411432","external_links_name":"12411432"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","external_links_name":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","external_links_name":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","external_links_name":"139241"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","external_links_name":"12477932"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01348","external_links_name":"\"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..601H","external_links_name":"2003Natur.421..601H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01348","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature01348"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508121","external_links_name":"12508121"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M301741200","external_links_name":"\"Role of human sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in the regulation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and cell viability\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M301741200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M301741200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12815058","external_links_name":"12815058"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M404907200","external_links_name":"\"Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 in epidermal growth factor-induced chemotaxis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M404907200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M404907200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15180992","external_links_name":"15180992"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","external_links_name":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","external_links_name":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","external_links_name":"528928"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","external_links_name":"15489334"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489178","external_links_name":"\"Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi trafficking of ceramide\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.02107-05","external_links_name":"10.1128/MCB.02107-05"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489178","external_links_name":"1489178"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16782891","external_links_name":"16782891"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","external_links_name":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983","external_links_name":"17081983"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SGPP1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_poets_laureate_in_Alberta
Municipal poets laureate in Alberta
["1 Calgary","2 Banff","3 Edmonton","4 See also","5 References"]
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of Municipal Poets Laureate in Alberta, Canada. Calgary Calgary's current poet laureate is Wakefield Brewster (2022-2024). He was preceded in office by Natalie Meisner (2020 – 2022), Sheri-D Wilson (2018-2020), Micheline Maylor (2016 – 2018), Derek Beaulieu (2014 – 2016), and Kris Demeanor (2012 – 2014). Banff Banff has had three poets laureate, Derek Beaulieu (2022-2023), Amelie Patternson (2017-2018) and Steven Ross Smith (2019-2020) Edmonton The current Poet Laureate of Edmonton is Shima Aisha Robinson, with the chosen pen name of Dwennimmen (2023-2025). The previous laureate was Titilope Sonuga (2021-2023). She was preceded in office by Nisha Patel (2019 – 2021), Ahmed “Knowmadic” Ali (2017-2019), Pierrette Requier (2015 – 2017), Mary Pinkoski (2013 – 2015), Anna Marie Sewell (2011 – 2012), Roland Pemberton (2006 – 2011), E.D. Blodgett (2007 – 2009), and Alice Major (2005 – 2007). See also Poetry portal Poet Laureate of Toronto Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate Municipal Poets Laureate in British Columbia, Canada Municipal Poets Laureate in Ontario, Canada References ^ "Calgary Poet Laureate". Calgary Arts Development. 18 February 2022. ^ "Micheline Maylor named Calgary's poet laureate". Calgary Herald. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-04-26. ^ "Calgary's new poet laureate is Micheline Maylor". CBC.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-10. ^ "The Poets Laureate of Canada". NUVO Magazine. Retrieved 2016-11-13. ^ "Kris Demeanor named Calgary’s first poet laureate" Archived 2020-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. Calgary Herald, March 18, 2012. ^ "Banff Poet Laureate". ^ https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/edmonton_archives/poet-laureate ^ "Titilope Sonuga named Edmonton's ninth poet laureate". edmontonjournal. Retrieved 27 July 2022. ^ "Poet Laureate". ^ "Remembering the life of Edward BLODGETT 1935 - 2018". vtePoets Laureate and National PoetsCountries Canada Netherlands New Zealand United Kingdom Ireland Scotland Wales United States U.S. States Alabama Alaska California Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia West Virginia Washington Wisconsin Wyoming Canadian Provincial Poets Ontario Municipal Poets District of Columbia Halifax Philadelphia Toronto Municipalities in California Municipalities in New Mexico Municipalities in Massachusetts
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a list of Municipal Poets Laureate in Alberta, Canada.","title":"Municipal poets laureate in Alberta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wakefield_Brewster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Natalie Meisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Meisner"},{"link_name":"Sheri-D Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheri-D_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Micheline Maylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheline_Maylor"},{"link_name":"Derek Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"Kris Demeanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Demeanor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maylor-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maylor2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nuvo-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Demeanor-5"}],"text":"Calgary's current poet laureate is Wakefield Brewster (2022-2024). He was preceded in office by Natalie Meisner (2020 – 2022), Sheri-D Wilson (2018-2020), Micheline Maylor (2016 – 2018), Derek Beaulieu (2014 – 2016), and Kris Demeanor (2012 – 2014).[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Calgary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Derek Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"Amelie Patternson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelie_Patternson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steven Ross Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Ross_Smith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Banff has had three poets laureate, Derek Beaulieu (2022-2023), Amelie Patternson (2017-2018) and Steven Ross Smith (2019-2020) [6]","title":"Banff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Titilope Sonuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titilope_Sonuga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sonuga-8"},{"link_name":"Ahmed “Knowmadic” Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowmadic"},{"link_name":"Pierrette Requier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierrette_Requier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mary Pinkoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Pinkoski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Marie Sewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Marie_Sewell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland Pemberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Weapon"},{"link_name":"E.D. Blodgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.D._Blodgett"},{"link_name":"Alice Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Major"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blodgett-10"}],"text":"The current Poet Laureate of Edmonton is Shima Aisha Robinson, with the chosen pen name of Dwennimmen (2023-2025). [7] The previous laureate was Titilope Sonuga (2021-2023).[8] She was preceded in office by Nisha Patel (2019 – 2021), Ahmed “Knowmadic” Ali (2017-2019), Pierrette Requier (2015 – 2017), Mary Pinkoski (2013 – 2015), Anna Marie Sewell (2011 – 2012), Roland Pemberton (2006 – 2011), E.D. Blodgett (2007 – 2009), and Alice Major (2005 – 2007).[9][10]","title":"Edmonton"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"title":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"},{"title":"Poet Laureate of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_Toronto"},{"title":"Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Parliamentary_Poet_Laureate"},{"title":"Municipal Poets Laureate in British Columbia, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Poets_Laureate_in_British_Columbia,_Canada"},{"title":"Municipal Poets Laureate in Ontario, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Poets_Laureate_in_Ontario,_Canada"}]
[{"reference":"\"Calgary Poet Laureate\". Calgary Arts Development. 18 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://calgaryartsdevelopment.com/what-were-working-on/engagement/calgary-poet-laureate/","url_text":"\"Calgary Poet Laureate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Micheline Maylor named Calgary's poet laureate\". Calgary Herald. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/books/micheline-maylor-named-calgarys-poet-laureate","url_text":"\"Micheline Maylor named Calgary's poet laureate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calgary's new poet laureate is Micheline Maylor\". CBC.ca. Retrieved 2016-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-poet-laureate-named-micheline-maylor-1.3551653","url_text":"\"Calgary's new poet laureate is Micheline Maylor\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Poets Laureate of Canada\". NUVO Magazine. Retrieved 2016-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://nuvomagazine.com/culture/the-poets-laureate-of-canada","url_text":"\"The Poets Laureate of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banff Poet Laureate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://banffpoetlaureate.ca/","url_text":"\"Banff Poet Laureate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Titilope Sonuga named Edmonton's ninth poet laureate\". edmontonjournal. Retrieved 27 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/books/titilope-sonuga-named-edmontons-ninth-poet-laureate","url_text":"\"Titilope Sonuga named Edmonton's ninth poet laureate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poet Laureate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edmontonarts.ca/eac_projects/poet_laureate/","url_text":"\"Poet Laureate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering the life of Edward BLODGETT 1935 - 2018\".","urls":[{"url":"http://vancouversunandprovince.remembering.ca/obituary/edward-blodgett-1935-2018-1071346558","url_text":"\"Remembering the life of Edward BLODGETT 1935 - 2018\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Municipal_poets_laureate_in_Alberta&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Municipal_poets_laureate_in_Alberta","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://calgaryartsdevelopment.com/what-were-working-on/engagement/calgary-poet-laureate/","external_links_name":"\"Calgary Poet Laureate\""},{"Link":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/books/micheline-maylor-named-calgarys-poet-laureate","external_links_name":"\"Micheline Maylor named Calgary's poet laureate\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-poet-laureate-named-micheline-maylor-1.3551653","external_links_name":"\"Calgary's new poet laureate is Micheline Maylor\""},{"Link":"http://nuvomagazine.com/culture/the-poets-laureate-of-canada","external_links_name":"\"The Poets Laureate of Canada\""},{"Link":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/Kris+Demeanor+named+Calgary+first+poet+laureate/6324477/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Kris Demeanor named Calgary’s first poet laureate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022130506/http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/Kris+Demeanor+named+Calgary+first+poet+laureate/6324477/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://banffpoetlaureate.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Banff Poet Laureate\""},{"Link":"https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/edmonton_archives/poet-laureate","external_links_name":"https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/edmonton_archives/poet-laureate"},{"Link":"https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/books/titilope-sonuga-named-edmontons-ninth-poet-laureate","external_links_name":"\"Titilope Sonuga named Edmonton's ninth poet laureate\""},{"Link":"https://www.edmontonarts.ca/eac_projects/poet_laureate/","external_links_name":"\"Poet Laureate\""},{"Link":"http://vancouversunandprovince.remembering.ca/obituary/edward-blodgett-1935-2018-1071346558","external_links_name":"\"Remembering the life of Edward BLODGETT 1935 - 2018\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Street
Friday Street
["1 History and geography","2 Landmarks","2.1 Tillingbourne Waterfall","3 In film, fiction and the media","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°11′51″N 0°23′08″W / 51.19757°N 0.38555°W / 51.19757; -0.38555For the street in the City of London, see Friday Street, London. Hamlet in EnglandFriday StreetHamletHammer Pond at Friday StreetFriday StreetLocation within SurreyOS grid referenceTQ129455DistrictMole ValleyShire countySurreyRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townDorkingPostcode districtRH5Dialling code01306PoliceSurreyFireSurreyAmbulanceSouth East Coast UK ParliamentMole Valley List of places UK England Surrey 51°11′51″N 0°23′08″W / 51.19757°N 0.38555°W / 51.19757; -0.38555 Friday Street is a hamlet on the gentle lower north slope of Leith Hill in Surrey, England. It is in a wooded headwater ravine, just to the south of Wotton and the A25, a single rather than dual carriageway road, running between Guildford to the west and Dorking to the east. It is part of the Surrey Hills AONB. History and geography Main articles: Wotton, Surrey and Wealden iron industry Friday Street is part of the relatively sparsely populated civil parish of Wotton. Central to Friday Street on most maps is its hammer pond, fed by the Friday Street stream, a tributary of the River Tillingbourne. It is one of three in the Vale of Holmesdale in Surrey, being in a narrow band of ironstone-rich hills, the Greensand Ridge. These were in use from the medieval age until the early 19th century when wholly surpassed by metalwork production specialist centres, principally Sheffield and the West Midlands, assisted by cheap inter-regional transport, coal replacing charcoal as a fuel and by technological advances. Fewer than 20 houses have been built and the area is surrounded by the second largest wooded common in Surrey, Wotton Common also known as Leith Hill Common, preceded by the Hurtmoor in the same range of hills. In censuses conducted by the Office for National Statistics, Friday Street is too small to make up a census unit centred on it, without including other land, and has varied map definitions. Landmarks Wotton House, the largest house, is on the northern borders of the hamlet. The next largest, the Grade II listed Pond Cottage, was built, according to Historic England, "possibly for an iron master". It is a timber framed 17th century house, clad in galleted Bargate rubble to the lower storey with bricks above and its wall plate exposed under a tiled roof. An inn on the edge of the hamlet bears the name of Stephan Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of King John and signatory of Magna Carta. The current building of the inn replaces an earlier building that burnt down in the 1930s. It won Surrey Life’s Food and Drink Awards and Pub of the Year in 2016 but closed in 2020, was sold and converted into a house. Martin Tupper, poet and antiquarian, wrote a biography of Stephan Langton in 1858 depicting his time in this area. Tillingbourne Waterfall The Tillingbourne Waterfall near Friday Street Not far from the source of the River Tillingbourne at Tilling Springs is Surrey's tallest waterfall, situated to the east of a public footpath heading north towards Wotton between the hamlets of Friday Street and Broadmoor. In film, fiction and the media Friday Street also features as the title of a song on the album Heavy Soul by Surrey native Paul Weller. In 1984 Friday Street was used as a location for the BBC Television series The Tripods based on the books by John Christopher, where, for the sake of the story it became the fictional future village of "Wherton." See also Surrey portal References ^ 2011 census interactive maps Archived January 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ Grid square map Ordnance survey website ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1294094)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 January 2014. ^ "Stephan Langton Inn, Friday Street". What Pub. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ Cole-Lomas, Lauren (19 January 2024). "Surrey's most secluded pub never to welcome customers again". Surrey Live. Retrieved 20 January 2024. ^ Martin Farquhar Tupper (1858). "Stephan Langton". archive.org. External links Media related to Friday Street, Surrey at Wikimedia Commons Friday Street at InfoBritain.com Nearest Settlements Gomshall Wotton Dorking Abinger Friday Street Holmwood Holmbury St Mary Ockley Coldharbour
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friday Street, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Street,_London"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Leith Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith_Hill"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"A25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A25_road"},{"link_name":"dual carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford"},{"link_name":"Dorking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorking"},{"link_name":"Surrey Hills AONB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Hills_AONB"}],"text":"For the street in the City of London, see Friday Street, London.Hamlet in EnglandFriday Street is a hamlet on the gentle lower north slope of Leith Hill in Surrey, England. It is in a wooded headwater ravine, just to the south of Wotton and the A25, a single rather than dual carriageway road, running between Guildford to the west and Dorking to the east. It is part of the Surrey Hills AONB.","title":"Friday Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Wotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotton,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"hammer pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealden_iron_industry"},{"link_name":"River Tillingbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tillingbourne"},{"link_name":"Vale of Holmesdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Holmesdale"},{"link_name":"ironstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironstone"},{"link_name":"Greensand Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensand_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"Leith Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith_Hill"},{"link_name":"Hurtmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaslake"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os-2"}],"text":"Friday Street is part of the relatively sparsely populated civil parish of Wotton. Central to Friday Street on most maps is its hammer pond, fed by the Friday Street stream, a tributary of the River Tillingbourne. It is one of three in the Vale of Holmesdale in Surrey, being in a narrow band of ironstone-rich hills, the Greensand Ridge. These were in use from the medieval age until the early 19th century when wholly surpassed by metalwork production specialist centres, principally Sheffield and the West Midlands, assisted by cheap inter-regional transport, coal replacing charcoal as a fuel and by technological advances.Fewer than 20 houses have been built and the area is surrounded by the second largest wooded common in Surrey, Wotton Common also known as Leith Hill Common, preceded by the Hurtmoor in the same range of hills.In censuses conducted by the Office for National Statistics, Friday Street is too small to make up a census unit centred on it, without including other land, and has varied map definitions.[1][2]","title":"History and geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wotton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotton_House,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"timber framed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framed"},{"link_name":"Bargate rubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargate_stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"Stephan Langton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Langton"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Martin Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Farquhar_Tupper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tupper-6"}],"text":"Wotton House, the largest house, is on the northern borders of the hamlet. The next largest, the Grade II listed Pond Cottage, was built, according to Historic England, \"possibly for an iron master\". It is a timber framed 17th century house, clad in galleted Bargate rubble to the lower storey with bricks above and its wall plate exposed under a tiled roof.[3]An inn on the edge of the hamlet bears the name of Stephan Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of King John and signatory of Magna Carta. The current building of the inn replaces an earlier building that burnt down in the 1930s.[4] It won Surrey Life’s Food and Drink Awards and Pub of the Year in 2016 but closed in 2020, was sold and converted into a house.[5] Martin Tupper, poet and antiquarian, wrote a biography of Stephan Langton in 1858 depicting his time in this area.[6]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tillingbourne_Waterfall.jpg"},{"link_name":"waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Wotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotton,_Surrey"}],"sub_title":"Tillingbourne Waterfall","text":"The Tillingbourne Waterfall near Friday StreetNot far from the source of the River Tillingbourne at Tilling Springs is Surrey's tallest waterfall, situated to the east of a public footpath heading north towards Wotton between the hamlets of Friday Street and Broadmoor.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Soul_(Paul_Weller_album)"},{"link_name":"Paul Weller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Weller"},{"link_name":"The Tripods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tripods_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tripods"},{"link_name":"John Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Youd"}],"text":"Friday Street also features as the title of a song on the album Heavy Soul by Surrey native Paul Weller.In 1984 Friday Street was used as a location for the BBC Television series The Tripods based on the books by John Christopher, where, for the sake of the story it became the fictional future village of \"Wherton.\"","title":"In film, fiction and the media"}]
[{"image_text":"The Tillingbourne Waterfall near Friday Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tillingbourne_Waterfall.jpg/220px-Tillingbourne_Waterfall.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EnglandSurrey.png"},{"title":"Surrey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Surrey"}]
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1294094)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1294094","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1294094)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Stephan Langton Inn, Friday Street\". What Pub. Retrieved 21 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://whatpub.com/pubs/REI/178/stephan-langton-inn-friday-street","url_text":"\"Stephan Langton Inn, Friday Street\""}]},{"reference":"Cole-Lomas, Lauren (19 January 2024). \"Surrey's most secluded pub never to welcome customers again\". Surrey Live. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/property-news/surreys-most-secluded-pub-never-28471346","url_text":"\"Surrey's most secluded pub never to welcome customers again\""}]},{"reference":"Martin Farquhar Tupper (1858). \"Stephan Langton\". archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stephanlangton02tupp","url_text":"\"Stephan Langton\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Friday_Street&params=51.19757_N_0.38555_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°11′51″N 0°23′08″W / 51.19757°N 0.38555°W / 51.19757; -0.38555"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Friday_Street&params=51.197568_N_0.385551_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Friday+Street","external_links_name":"TQ129455"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Friday_Street&params=51.19757_N_0.38555_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°11′51″N 0°23′08″W / 51.19757°N 0.38555°W / 51.19757; -0.38555"},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-interactive-content/index.html","external_links_name":"2011 census interactive maps"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160129132219/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-interactive-content/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=TQ1345","external_links_name":"Grid square map"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1294094","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1294094)\""},{"Link":"https://whatpub.com/pubs/REI/178/stephan-langton-inn-friday-street","external_links_name":"\"Stephan Langton Inn, Friday Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/property-news/surreys-most-secluded-pub-never-28471346","external_links_name":"\"Surrey's most secluded pub never to welcome customers again\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/stephanlangton02tupp","external_links_name":"\"Stephan Langton\""},{"Link":"http://www.infobritain.co.uk/Friday_Street.htm","external_links_name":"Friday Street at InfoBritain.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)
Fort Livingstone (Saskatchewan)
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°53′58″N 101°57′44″W / 51.89944°N 101.96222°W / 51.89944; -101.96222Historic site and former capital of the North-West Territories, Canada Fort LivingstoneSketch of Fort Livingstone circa 1877TypeFort, Military StructureLocationPelly, Saskatchewan, CanadaNearest citySt. Philips No. 301Built1874ArchitectDepartment of Public Works (Canada)Governing bodyParks CanadaImportant eventsFirst capital of the North-West Territories 1876-1877Former post of the North-West Mounted PoliceWebsiteParks Canada official website National Historic Site of CanadaDesignated1923 PlaceFort LivingstoneFort LivingstoneLocation of Fort Livingstone in SaskatchewanCoordinates: 51°53′58″N 101°57′44″W / 51.89944°N 101.96222°W / 51.89944; -101.96222 Fort Livingstone was founded as an outpost in North-West Territories, Canada. The outpost briefly served as the capital city for the North-West Territories government for the years of 1874 to 1876 until it moved to Battleford, Saskatchewan, and headquarters for the North-West Mounted Police for the same period, until they moved their headquarters to Fort Macleod, Alberta. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923. It was also designated a provincial Protected Area in 1986. The nearest inhabited site is Pelly, Saskatchewan. See also History of Northwest Territories capital cities List of protected areas of Saskatchewan References ^ Fort Livingstone National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ^ Fort Livingstone Protected Area. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ^ "Fort Livingstone National Historic Site". Tourism Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 29 December 2023. External links Seats of Government of the Northwest Territories Fort Livingstone historical site vteProtected Areas in SaskatchewanNational parks Grasslands National Park Prince Albert National Park Provincial parks Athabasca Sand Dunes Battlefords, The Blackstrap Buffalo Pound Candle Lake Cannington Manor Clarence-Steepbank Lakes Clearwater River Crooked Lake Cumberland House Cypress Hills Danielson Douglas Duck Mountain Echo Valley Fort Carlton Fort Pitt Good Spirit Lake Great Blue Heron Provincial Park Greenwater Lake Katepwa Point Lac La Ronge Last Mountain House Makwa Lake Meadow Lake Moose Mountain Narrow Hills Pike Lake Porcupine Hills Rowan's Ravine Saskatchewan Landing St. Victor Petroglyphs Steele Narrows Touchwood Hills Post Wildcat Hill Wood Mountain Post National Historic Sites ofCanada in Saskatchewan Addison Sod House Batoche Battle of Cut Knife Battle of Duck Lake Battle of Fish Creek Battleford Court House Bell Farm Biggar railway station Canadian Bank of Commerce Claybank Brick Plant College Building Cumberland House Cypress Hills Massacre Doukhobor Dugout House Doukhobors at Veregin Esterhazy Flour Mill Forestry Farm Park and Zoo Former Prince Albert City Hall Fort de la Corne Fort Battleford Fort Carlton Fort Espérance Fort Livingstone Fort Pelly Fort Pitt Fort Qu'Appelle Fort Walsh Frenchman Butte Government House Gravelbourg Ecclesiastical Buildings Gray Burial Site Holy Trinity Church Humboldt Post Office Île-à-la-Crosse Keyhole Castle Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary Moose Jaw Court House Motherwell Homestead Next of Kin Memorial Avenue Old Government House / Saint-Charles Scholasticate Prince Albert Arts Centre Saskatchewan Legislative Building and Grounds Saskatoon station (Canadian Pacific Railway) Seager Wheeler's Maple Grove Farm Steele Narrows Wanuskewin Urban and regional parks Carlton Trail Regional Park Cenotaph Fishing Lake Regional Park Palliser Regional Park Statue of Queen Elizabeth II riding Burmese Statue of Sir John A. Macdonald Victoria Park Wascana Centre Museums The Evolution of Education Museum Historical Society Museum Mendel Art Gallery RCMP Heritage Centre Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections Royal Saskatchewan Museum Saskatchewan Railway Museum Saskatchewan Western Development Museum vteNational Historic Sites of Canada by locationProvinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Hamilton Kingston Niagara Ottawa Toronto Prince Edward Island Quebec Montreal Quebec City Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Other countries France Category History portal Canada portal WikiProject 51°53′58″N 101°57′44″W / 51.89944°N 101.96222°W / 51.89944; -101.96222 This article about a location in the Census Division No. 9 of Saskatchewan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte   This Canadian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This military base or fortification article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North-West Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northwest_Territories_capital_cities"},{"link_name":"Battleford, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleford,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"North-West Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Fort Macleod, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Macleod,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pelly, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelly,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Historic site and former capital of the North-West Territories, CanadaPlaceFort Livingstone was founded as an outpost in North-West Territories, Canada.\nThe outpost briefly served as the capital city for the North-West Territories government for the years of 1874 to 1876 until it moved to Battleford, Saskatchewan, and headquarters for the North-West Mounted Police for the same period, until they moved their headquarters to Fort Macleod, Alberta.The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923.[1] It was also designated a provincial Protected Area in 1986.[2]The nearest inhabited site is Pelly, Saskatchewan.[3]","title":"Fort Livingstone (Saskatchewan)"}]
[]
[{"title":"History of Northwest Territories capital cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northwest_Territories_capital_cities"},{"title":"List of protected areas of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Saskatchewan"}]
[{"reference":"\"Fort Livingstone National Historic Site\". Tourism Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tourismsaskatchewan.com/provincialpark/963/fort-livingstone-national-historic-site#sort=relevancy","url_text":"\"Fort Livingstone National Historic Site\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)&params=51_53_58_N_101_57_44_W_","external_links_name":"51°53′58″N 101°57′44″W / 51.89944°N 101.96222°W / 51.89944; -101.96222"},{"Link":"http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/sk/livingstone/index.aspx","external_links_name":"Parks Canada official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)&params=51_53_58_N_101_57_44_W_type:city","external_links_name":"51°53′58″N 101°57′44″W / 51.89944°N 101.96222°W / 51.89944; -101.96222"},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=11599&pid=0","external_links_name":"Fort Livingstone National Historic Site of Canada"},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=16227&pid=0","external_links_name":"Fort Livingstone Protected Area"},{"Link":"https://www.tourismsaskatchewan.com/provincialpark/963/fort-livingstone-national-historic-site#sort=relevancy","external_links_name":"\"Fort Livingstone National Historic Site\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023910/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/lt-gov/capitals.htm","external_links_name":"Seats of Government of the Northwest Territories"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312142723/http://www.pelly.ca/ftlivingstone.html","external_links_name":"Fort Livingstone historical site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)&params=51_53_58_N_101_57_44_W_","external_links_name":"51°53′58″N 101°57′44″W / 51.89944°N 101.96222°W / 51.89944; -101.96222"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgaillard-sur-Save
Montgaillard-sur-Save
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 43°15′18″N 0°43′48″E / 43.255°N 0.73°E / 43.255; 0.73 Commune in Occitania, FranceMontgaillard-sur-SaveCommuneLocation of Montgaillard-sur-Save Montgaillard-sur-SaveShow map of FranceMontgaillard-sur-SaveShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°15′18″N 0°43′48″E / 43.255°N 0.73°E / 43.255; 0.73CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentHaute-GaronneArrondissementSaint-GaudensCantonSaint-GaudensGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Julien ChainetArea14.13 km2 (1.59 sq mi)Population (2021)72 • Density17/km2 (45/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code31378 /31350Elevation255–363 m (837–1,191 ft) (avg. 369 m or 1,211 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Montgaillard-sur-Save (French pronunciation: , literally Montgaillard on Save; Occitan: Montgalhard de Sava) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department of southwestern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% 196268—     196883+22.1% 197564−22.9% 198263−1.6% 199069+9.5% 199966−4.3% 200878+18.2% See also Communes of the Haute-Garonne department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgaillard-sur-Save. vteCommunes of the department of Haute-Garonne Agassac Aignes Aigrefeuille Alan Albiac Ambax Anan Antichan-de-Frontignes Antignac Arbas Arbon Ardiège Arguenos Argut-Dessous Arlos Arnaud-Guilhem Artigue Aspet Aspret-Sarrat Aucamville Aulon Auragne Aureville Auriac-sur-Vendinelle Auribail Aurignac Aurin Ausseing Ausson Aussonne Auterive Auzas Auzeville-Tolosane Auzielle Avignonet-Lauragais Ayguesvives Azas Bachas Bachos Bagiry Bagnères-de-Luchon Balesta Balma Barbazan Baren Bax Baziège Bazus Beauchalot Beaufort Beaumont-sur-Lèze Beaupuy Beauteville Beauville Beauzelle Belberaud Belbèze-de-Lauragais Belbèze-en-Comminges Bélesta-en-Lauragais Bellegarde-Sainte-Marie Bellesserre Benque Benque-Dessous-et-Dessus Bérat Bessières Bezins-Garraux Billière Binos Blagnac Blajan Bois-de-la-Pierre Boissède Bondigoux Bonrepos-Riquet Bonrepos-sur-Aussonnelle Bordes-de-Rivière Le Born Boudrac Bouloc Boulogne-sur-Gesse Bourg-d'Oueil Bourg-Saint-Bernard Boussan Boussens Boutx Bouzin Bragayrac Brax Bretx Brignemont Bruguières Burgalays Le Burgaud Buzet-sur-Tarn Cabanac-Cazaux Cabanac-Séguenville Le Cabanial Cadours Caignac Calmont Cambernard Cambiac Canens Capens Caragoudes Caraman Carbonne Cardeilhac Cassagnabère-Tournas Cassagne Castagnac Castagnède Castanet-Tolosan Castelbiague Castelgaillard Castelginest Castelmaurou Castelnau-d'Estrétefonds Castelnau-Picampeau Le Castéra Castéra-Vignoles Casties-Labrande Castillon-de-Larboust Castillon-de-Saint-Martory Cathervielle Caubiac Caubous Caujac Cazac Cazarilh-Laspènes Cazaril-Tambourès Cazaunous Cazaux-Layrisse Cazeaux-de-Larboust Cazeneuve-Montaut Cazères Cépet Cessales Charlas Chaum Chein-Dessus Ciadoux Cier-de-Luchon Cier-de-Rivière Cierp-Gaud Cintegabelle Cirès Clarac Clermont-le-Fort Colomiers Cornebarrieu Corronsac Coueilles Couladère Couret Cox Cugnaux Cuguron Le Cuing Daux Deyme Donneville Drémil-Lafage Drudas Eaunes Empeaux Encausse-les-Thermes Eoux Escalquens Escanecrabe Escoulis Espanès Esparron Esperce Estadens Estancarbon Esténos Eup Fabas Le Faget Falga Le Fauga Fenouillet Figarol Flourens Folcarde Fonbeauzard Fonsorbes Fontenilles Forgues Fos Fougaron Fourquevaux Le Fousseret Francarville Francazal Francon Franquevielle Le Fréchet Fronsac Frontignan-de-Comminges Frontignan-Savès Fronton Frouzins Fustignac Gagnac-sur-Garonne Gaillac-Toulza Galié Ganties Garac Gardouch Gargas Garidech Garin Gauré Gémil Génos Gensac-de-Boulogne Gensac-sur-Garonne Gibel Gouaux-de-Larboust Gouaux-de-Luchon Goudex Gourdan-Polignan Goutevernisse Gouzens Goyrans Gragnague Gratens Gratentour Grazac Grenade Grépiac Le Grès Guran Herran His Huos L'Isle-en-Dodon Issus Izaut-de-l'Hôtel Jurvielle Juzes Juzet-de-Luchon Juzet-d'Izaut Labarthe-Inard Labarthe-Rivière Labarthe-sur-Lèze Labastide-Beauvoir Labastide-Clermont Labastide-Paumès Labastide-Saint-Sernin Labastidette Labège Labroquère Labruyère-Dorsa Lacaugne Lacroix-Falgarde Laffite-Toupière Lafitte-Vigordane Lagarde Lagardelle-sur-Lèze Lagrâce-Dieu Lagraulet-Saint-Nicolas Lahage Lahitère Lalouret-Laffiteau Lamasquère Landorthe Lanta Lapeyrère Lapeyrouse-Fossat Larcan Laréole Larra Larroque Lasserre-Pradère Latoue Latour Latrape Launac Launaguet Lautignac Lauzerville Lavalette Lavelanet-de-Comminges Lavernose-Lacasse Layrac-sur-Tarn Lécussan Lège Léguevin Lescuns Lespinasse Lespiteau Lespugue Lestelle-de-Saint-Martory Lévignac Lherm Lieoux Lilhac Lodes Longages Loubens-Lauragais Loudet Lourde Luscan Lussan-Adeilhac Lux La Magdelaine-sur-Tarn Mailholas Malvezie Mancioux Mane Marignac Marignac-Lasclares Marignac-Laspeyres Marliac Marquefave Marsoulas Martisserre Martres-de-Rivière Martres-Tolosane Mascarville Massabrac Mauran Mauremont Maurens Mauressac Maureville Mauvaisin Mauvezin Mauzac Mayrègne Mazères-sur-Salat Melles Menville Mérenvielle Mervilla Merville Milhas Mirambeau Miramont-de-Comminges Miremont Mirepoix-sur-Tarn Molas Moncaup Mondavezan Mondilhan Mondonville Mondouzil Monès Monestrol Mons Montaigut-sur-Save Montastruc-de-Salies Montastruc-la-Conseillère Montastruc-Savès Montauban-de-Luchon Montaut Montberaud Montbernard Montberon Montbrun-Bocage Montbrun-Lauragais Montclar-de-Comminges Montclar-Lauragais Mont-de-Galié Montégut-Bourjac Montégut-Lauragais Montespan Montesquieu-Guittaut Montesquieu-Lauragais Montesquieu-Volvestre Montgaillard-de-Salies Montgaillard-Lauragais Montgaillard-sur-Save Montgazin Montgeard Montgiscard Montgras Montjoire Montlaur Montmaurin Montoulieu-Saint-Bernard Montoussin Montpitol Montrabé Montréjeau Montsaunès Mourvilles-Basses Mourvilles-Hautes Moustajon Muretsubpr Nailloux Nénigan Nizan-Gesse Noé Nogaret Noueilles Odars Ondes Oô Ore Palaminy Paulhac Payssous Péchabou Pechbonnieu Pechbusque Péguilhan Pelleport Peyrissas Peyrouzet Peyssies Pibrac Pin-Balma Le Pin-Murelet Pinsaguel Pins-Justaret Plagne Plagnole Plaisance-du-Touch Le Plan Pointis-de-Rivière Pointis-Inard Polastron Pompertuzat Ponlat-Taillebourg Portet-d'Aspet Portet-de-Luchon Portet-sur-Garonne Poubeau Poucharramet Pouy-de-Touges Pouze Préserville Proupiary Prunet Puydaniel Puymaurin Puysségur Quint-Fonsegrives Ramonville-Saint-Agne Razecueillé Rebigue Régades Renneville Revel Rieucazé Rieumajou Rieumes Rieux-Volvestre Riolas Roquefort-sur-Garonne Roques Roquesérière Roquettes Rouède Rouffiac-Tolosan Roumens Sabonnères Saccourvielle Saiguède Saint-Alban Saint-André Saint-Araille Saint-Aventin Saint-Béat-Lez Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges Saint-Cézert Saint-Christaud Saint-Clar-de-Rivière Sainte-Foy-d'Aigrefeuille Sainte-Foy-de-Peyrolières Sainte-Livrade Saint-Élix-le-Château Saint-Élix-Séglan Saint-Félix-Lauragais Saint-Ferréol-de-Comminges Saint-Frajou Saint-Gaudenssubpr Saint-Geniès-Bellevue Saint-Germier Saint-Hilaire Saint-Ignan Saint-Jean Saint-Jean-Lherm Saint-Jory Saint-Julia Saint-Julien-sur-Garonne Saint-Lary-Boujean Saint-Laurent Saint-Léon Saint-Loup-Cammas Saint-Loup-en-Comminges Saint-Lys Saint-Mamet Saint-Marcel-Paulel Saint-Marcet Saint-Martory Saint-Médard Saint-Michel Saint-Orens-de-Gameville Saint-Paul-d'Oueil Saint-Paul-sur-Save Saint-Pé-d'Ardet Saint-Pé-Delbosc Saint-Pierre Saint-Pierre-de-Lages Saint-Plancard Saint-Rome Saint-Rustice Saint-Sauveur Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze Saint-Thomas Saint-Vincent Sajas Saleich Salerm Salies-du-Salat Salles-et-Pratviel Salles-sur-Garonne La Salvetat-Lauragais La Salvetat-Saint-Gilles Saman Samouillan Sana Sarrecave Sarremezan Saubens Saussens Sauveterre-de-Comminges Saux-et-Pomarède Savarthès Savères Sédeilhac Ségreville Seilh Seilhan Sénarens Sengouagnet Sepx Seyre Seysses Signac Sode Soueich Tarabel Terrebasse Thil Touille Toulousepref Tournefeuille Les Tourreilles Toutens Trébons-de-Luchon Trébons-sur-la-Grasse L'Union Urau Vacquiers Valcabrère Valentine Vallègue Vallesvilles Varennes Vaudreuille Vaux Vendine Venerque Verfeil Vernet Vieille-Toulouse Vieillevigne Vignaux Vigoulet-Auzil Villariès Villate Villaudric Villefranche-de-Lauragais Villematier Villemur-sur-Tarn Villeneuve-de-Rivière Villeneuve-Lécussan Villeneuve-lès-Bouloc Villeneuve-Tolosane Villenouvelle pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Haute-Garonne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mɔ̃ɡajaʁ syʁ sav]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(Garonne)"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Haute-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Occitania, FranceMontgaillard-sur-Save (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ɡajaʁ syʁ sav], literally Montgaillard on Save; Occitan: Montgalhard de Sava) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department of southwestern France.","title":"Montgaillard-sur-Save"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Haute-Garonne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Haute-Garonne_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-31378","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montgaillard-sur-Save&params=43.255_N_0.73_E_type:city(72)_region:FR-31","external_links_name":"43°15′18″N 0°43′48″E / 43.255°N 0.73°E / 43.255; 0.73"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montgaillard-sur-Save&params=43.255_N_0.73_E_type:city(72)_region:FR-31","external_links_name":"43°15′18″N 0°43′48″E / 43.255°N 0.73°E / 43.255; 0.73"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-31378","external_links_name":"31378"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-31378","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15255373g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15255373g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgaillard-sur-Save&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_802
BMW 802
["1 Design and development","1.1 BMW 803","1.2 BMW 802","1.3 P.8011","1.4 Cancellation","2 Specifications (BMW 802)","2.1 General characteristics","2.2 Components","2.3 Performance","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","5 Bibliography"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) BMW 802 Type Radial engine Manufacturer BMW First run 1943 The BMW 802 was a large air-cooled radial aircraft engine, built using two rows of nine cylinders to produce what was essentially an 18-cylinder version of the 14-cylinder BMW 801. Although promising at first, development dragged on and the project was eventually cancelled to concentrate on jet engines instead. Design and development Soon after the 801 entered testing, BMW engineers turned to building much larger versions. BMW 803 One idea was to bolt two 801s back to back. Although seemingly a simple concept, the resulting, 83.5 litre displacement BMW 803 was in fact fantastically complicated. The power of the engine could only practically be used in extremely large propellers, or, as selected, a contra-rotating pair of propellers. This required a large gearbox on the front of the engine, which combined with the layout of the cylinders, left no room for airflow over the cylinders. This demanded the addition of liquid cooling. BMW 802 Another idea was to add more cylinders to the 801 design, and since radials need to have an odd number of cylinders per row, the next size up was a two-row 9-cylinder design. The 802 emerged with an almost identical displacement to the American 18-cylinder Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone and just 54 cm3 (3.3 cu in) larger than the British Bristol Centaurus. One problem with the 801 was its poor altitude performance, due almost entirely to its single-stage two-speed, mechanically driven supercharger. Since the 802 was not a necessity given the success and emerging flexibility of the 801's basic design, the engineers decided to take the time needed to address this problem by including an improved two-stage, three-speed supercharger. The lowest-speed setting would not "rob" as much power at low altitudes, allowing the engine to produce 2,600 PS (1,912 kW) for takeoff, and still produce 1,600 PS (1,176 kW) at 12,000 m (39,000 ft). This was a dramatic improvement on the 801A's 1,600 PS (1,176 kW) for takeoff and 1,380 PS (1,015 kW) maximum at 4,500 m (14,800 ft), especially notable considering the engine was less than 30% larger in displacement. In addition, airflow through the engine had been carefully managed by the BMW aviation powerplant engineering team to enable the straightest possible path into and out of the engine. A twelve-blade fan, almost identical in appearance to the 801's, and stator compressed incoming air, then fed some into the supercharger. The rest was channeled into three paths, the intercooler and the front and rear cylinder baffles. All three streams rejoined behind the rearmost row of cylinders into the exhaust. The combination of the fan and ejector thrust from the exhaust balanced the total internal engine drag. Looking at competing German engines in the 2,000 hp 'class', the engine weighed 1,530 kg (3,370 lb), the same weight as the complex DB 606, which consisted of twinned water-cooled V12 Daimler-Benz DB 601s coupled together, which generated some 2,700 PS (1,986 kW) at sea level for takeoff. The American Wright Duplex-Cyclone radial engine, however, only weighed 1,212 kg (2,670 lb) for nearly the same displacement and engine configuration as the 802. The 802 was eventually projected to be capable of producing 3,000 hp (2,200 kW; 3,000 PS), a power level that the Duplex-Cyclone would not equal and surpass until the post-war years, up to some 2,610 kW (3,500 hp) through the addition of a trio of power-recovery turbines in later models. P.8011 A further improvement led to P.8011, which replaced the supercharger with two smaller turbochargers, driving contra-rotating propellers. This raised the takeoff power to about 2,800 PS (2,059 kW), (some report 2,900 PS (2,133 kW)) and dramatically improved altitude performance. As with most German turbocharger projects, the lack of quality high-temperature alloys meant the project was never able to enter production. Cancellation Development was still underway in late 1943 when BMW decided the project wasn't worthwhile. With their BMW 003 axial-flow turbojet engine finally maturing and considerably larger models of turbojet and even turboprop powerplants entering the prototype phase from both BMW and their competitors, it appeared that large piston engines weren't worth building. Postwar, the British scientific mission's leader, Sir Roy Fedden, called it "interesting and innovative" and considered it "one of the most interesting piston engines seen in Germany". Specifications (BMW 802) General characteristics Type: 18-cylinder supercharged two-row radial engine Bore: 156 mm (6.142 in) Stroke: 156 mm (6.142 in) Displacement: 53.671 L (3,275.2 in3) Dry weight: 1,530 kg (3,380 lb) Components Valvetrain: One intake and one sodium-cooled exhaust valve per cylinder Supercharger: Gear-driven single-stage three-speed Fuel system: Fuel injection Cooling system: Air-cooled Performance Power output: 1,912 kW (2,563 hp) for takeoff 1,176 kW (1,575 hp) at 12,000 m (39,000 ft) Specific power: 35.6 kW/L (0.78 hp/in3) Compression ratio: 6.5:1 Power-to-weight ratio: 1.25 kW/kg (0.76 hp/lb) See also Related development BMW 801 BMW 803 Comparable engines Bristol Centaurus Hitachi Ha-51 Nakajima Homare Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp Shvetsov ASh-73 Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone Related lists List of aircraft engines References Notes ^ a b c Christopher, p. 81 ^ Christopher, pp. 81–82 ^ a b c Christopher, p. 82 ^ quoted in Christopher, p. 81 Bibliography Bingham, Victor (1998). Major Piston Aero Engines of World War II. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-012-2. Christopher, John (2013). The Race for Hitler's X-Planes: Britain's 1945 Mission to Capture Secret Luftwaffe Technology. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6457-2. Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day (5th ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X. vteBMW aircraft enginesPiston engines BMW IIIa BMW IV BMW V BMW VI BMW VII BMW VII BMW X BMW 114 BMW 116 BMW 117 BMW 132 BMW 139 BMW 801 BMW 802 BMW 803 Bramo 323 Turbojets BMW 003 BMW 018 Turbofans BR700 Turboprops BMW 028 Turboshafts 6012 6022 Rockets BMW 109-718 Aeroderivatives BMW GT 101
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"aircraft engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"BMW 801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801"},{"link_name":"jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"}],"text":"The BMW 802 was a large air-cooled radial aircraft engine, built using two rows of nine cylinders to produce what was essentially an 18-cylinder version of the 14-cylinder BMW 801. Although promising at first, development dragged on and the project was eventually cancelled to concentrate on jet engines instead.","title":"BMW 802"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Soon after the 801 entered testing, BMW engineers turned to building much larger versions.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMW 803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_803"}],"sub_title":"BMW 803","text":"One idea was to bolt two 801s back to back. Although seemingly a simple concept, the resulting, 83.5 litre displacement BMW 803 was in fact fantastically complicated. The power of the engine could only practically be used in extremely large propellers, or, as selected, a contra-rotating pair of propellers. This required a large gearbox on the front of the engine, which combined with the layout of the cylinders, left no room for airflow over the cylinders. This demanded the addition of liquid cooling.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-3350"},{"link_name":"Bristol Centaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Centaurus"},{"link_name":"supercharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal-type_supercharger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c1-1"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"stator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stator"},{"link_name":"intercooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c1-1"},{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz DB 601s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601#Variants"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c1-1"},{"link_name":"power-recovery turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-compound_engine"}],"sub_title":"BMW 802","text":"Another idea was to add more cylinders to the 801 design, and since radials need to have an odd number of cylinders per row, the next size up was a two-row 9-cylinder design. The 802 emerged with an almost identical displacement to the American 18-cylinder Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone and just 54 cm3 (3.3 cu in) larger than the British Bristol Centaurus.One problem with the 801 was its poor altitude performance, due almost entirely to its single-stage two-speed, mechanically driven supercharger. Since the 802 was not a necessity given the success and emerging flexibility of the 801's basic design, the engineers decided to take the time needed to address this problem by including an improved two-stage,[1] three-speed supercharger. The lowest-speed setting would not \"rob\" as much power at low altitudes, allowing the engine to produce 2,600 PS (1,912 kW) for takeoff, and still produce 1,600 PS (1,176 kW) at 12,000 m (39,000 ft). This was a dramatic improvement on the 801A's 1,600 PS (1,176 kW) for takeoff and 1,380 PS (1,015 kW) maximum at 4,500 m (14,800 ft), especially notable considering the engine was less than 30% larger in displacement.In addition, airflow through the engine had been carefully managed by the BMW aviation powerplant engineering team to enable the straightest possible path into and out of the engine.[2] A twelve-blade fan, almost identical in appearance to the 801's, and stator compressed incoming air, then fed some into the supercharger. The rest was channeled into three paths, the intercooler and the front and rear cylinder baffles. All three streams rejoined behind the rearmost row of cylinders into the exhaust.[3] The combination of the fan and ejector thrust from the exhaust balanced the total internal engine drag.[3]Looking at competing German engines in the 2,000 hp 'class', the engine weighed 1,530 kg (3,370 lb),[1] the same weight as the complex DB 606, which consisted of twinned water-cooled V12 Daimler-Benz DB 601s coupled together, which generated some 2,700 PS (1,986 kW) at sea level for takeoff. The American Wright Duplex-Cyclone radial engine, however, only weighed 1,212 kg (2,670 lb) for nearly the same displacement and engine configuration as the 802. The 802 was eventually projected to be capable of producing 3,000 hp (2,200 kW; 3,000 PS),[1] a power level that the Duplex-Cyclone would not equal and surpass until the post-war years, up to some 2,610 kW (3,500 hp) through the addition of a trio of power-recovery turbines in later models.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turbochargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"}],"sub_title":"P.8011","text":"A further improvement led to P.8011, which replaced the supercharger with two smaller turbochargers, driving contra-rotating propellers. This raised the takeoff power to about 2,800 PS (2,059 kW), (some report 2,900 PS (2,133 kW)) and dramatically improved altitude performance. As with most German turbocharger projects, the lack of quality high-temperature alloys meant the project was never able to enter production.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMW 003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_003"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"Roy Fedden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Fedden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-3"}],"sub_title":"Cancellation","text":"Development was still underway in late 1943 when BMW decided the project wasn't worthwhile. With their BMW 003 axial-flow turbojet engine finally maturing and considerably larger models of turbojet and even turboprop powerplants entering the prototype phase from both BMW and their competitors, it appeared that large piston engines weren't worth building. Postwar, the British scientific mission's leader, Sir Roy Fedden, called it \"interesting and innovative\"[4] and considered it \"one of the most interesting piston engines seen in Germany\".[3]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specifications (BMW 802)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement"},{"link_name":"Dry weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_weight"}],"sub_title":"General characteristics","text":"Type: 18-cylinder supercharged two-row radial engine\nBore: 156 mm (6.142 in)\nStroke: 156 mm (6.142 in)\nDisplacement: 53.671 L (3,275.2 in3)\nDry weight: 1,530 kg (3,380 lb)","title":"Specifications (BMW 802)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valvetrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvetrain"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"Supercharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"Fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Valvetrain: One intake and one sodium-cooled exhaust valve per cylinder\nSupercharger: Gear-driven single-stage three-speed\nFuel system: Fuel injection\nCooling system: Air-cooled","title":"Specifications (BMW 802)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Specific power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_density"},{"link_name":"Compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"},{"link_name":"Power-to-weight ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Power output: \n1,912 kW (2,563 hp) for takeoff\n1,176 kW (1,575 hp) at 12,000 m (39,000 ft)\nSpecific power: 35.6 kW/L (0.78 hp/in3)\nCompression ratio: 6.5:1\nPower-to-weight ratio: 1.25 kW/kg (0.76 hp/lb)","title":"Specifications (BMW 802)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84037-012-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-012-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-6457-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6457-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7509-4479-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4479-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BMW_aeroengines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BMW_aeroengines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BMW_aeroengines"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"Piston engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_engine"},{"link_name":"BMW IIIa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_IIIa"},{"link_name":"BMW IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_IV"},{"link_name":"BMW V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_V"},{"link_name":"BMW VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_VI"},{"link_name":"BMW VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_VII"},{"link_name":"BMW VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_VII"},{"link_name":"BMW X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_X_(engine)"},{"link_name":"BMW 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_114"},{"link_name":"BMW 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_116"},{"link_name":"BMW 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_117"},{"link_name":"BMW 132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_132"},{"link_name":"BMW 139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_139&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BMW 801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801"},{"link_name":"BMW 802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"BMW 803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_803"},{"link_name":"Bramo 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramo_323"},{"link_name":"Turbojets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"BMW 003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_003"},{"link_name":"BMW 018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_018"},{"link_name":"Turbofans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"BR700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_BR700"},{"link_name":"Turboprops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"BMW 028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_028&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turboshafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"6012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_6012"},{"link_name":"6022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_Turbo_6022"},{"link_name":"Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"BMW 109-718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_109-718"},{"link_name":"Aeroderivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroderivative_gas_turbine"},{"link_name":"BMW GT 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_GT_101"}],"text":"Bingham, Victor (1998). Major Piston Aero Engines of World War II. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-012-2.\nChristopher, John (2013). The Race for Hitler's X-Planes: Britain's 1945 Mission to Capture Secret Luftwaffe Technology. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6457-2.\nGunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day (5th ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X.vteBMW aircraft enginesPiston engines\nBMW IIIa\nBMW IV\nBMW V\nBMW VI\nBMW VII\nBMW VII\nBMW X\nBMW 114\nBMW 116\nBMW 117\nBMW 132\nBMW 139\nBMW 801\nBMW 802\nBMW 803\nBramo 323\nTurbojets\nBMW 003\nBMW 018\nTurbofans\nBR700\nTurboprops\nBMW 028\nTurboshafts\n6012\n6022\nRockets\nBMW 109-718\nAeroderivatives\nBMW GT 101","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"BMW 801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_801"},{"title":"BMW 803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_803"},{"title":"Bristol Centaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Centaurus"},{"title":"Hitachi Ha-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_Ha-51"},{"title":"Nakajima Homare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Homare"},{"title":"Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-2800_Double_Wasp"},{"title":"Shvetsov ASh-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-73"},{"title":"Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-3350_Duplex-Cyclone"},{"title":"List of aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engines"}]
[{"reference":"Bingham, Victor (1998). Major Piston Aero Engines of World War II. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-012-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-012-2","url_text":"1-84037-012-2"}]},{"reference":"Christopher, John (2013). The Race for Hitler's X-Planes: Britain's 1945 Mission to Capture Secret Luftwaffe Technology. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6457-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6457-2","url_text":"978-0-7524-6457-2"}]},{"reference":"Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day (5th ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4479-X","url_text":"0-7509-4479-X"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eje_Central_metro_station
Eje Central metro station
["1 Name and pictogram","2 General information","3 Ridership","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 19°21′41″N 99°09′05″W / 19.361351°N 99.151416°W / 19.361351; -99.151416Mexico City metro station Eje CentralSTC rapid transitPlatformsGeneral informationCoordinates19°21′41″N 99°09′05″W / 19.361351°N 99.151416°W / 19.361351; -99.151416Operated bySistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC)Line(s) (Observatorio - Tláhuac)Platforms2 side platformsTracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesOther informationStatusIn serviceHistoryOpened30 October 2012 (2012-10-30)Key dates3 May 2021 (2021-05-03)Temporarily closed15 January 2023 (2023-01-15)ReopenedPassengers20232,628,353Rank137/195 Services Preceding station Mexico City Metro Following station Parque de los Venadostoward Observatorio Line 12 Ermitatoward Tláhuac Route map Legend Tláhuac yard Tláhuac Tlaltenco Zapotitlán Nopalera Olivos Tezonco Periférico Oriente Calle 11 Lomas Estrella San Andrés Tomatlán Culhuacán Atlalilco Mexicaltzingo Ermita Eje Central Parque de los Venados Zapata Hospital 20 de Noviembre Insurgentes Sur Mixcoac OperationalUnder construction Valentín Campa Álvaro Obregón Observatorio This diagram: viewtalkedit Location Eje CentralLocation within Mexico CityArea map Eje Central is a station on Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro. The station is located between Parque de los Venados and Ermita. It was opened on 30 October 2012 as a part of the first stretch of Line 12 between Mixcoac and Tláhuac. Name and pictogram The station receives its name due to being located at the intersection between Eje Central (Lázaro Cardenas) and Avenida Popocatépetl. The station's pictogram shows the outline of a Mexico City trolleybus, since Line 1 of Mexico City trolleybus service (also known as the Zero Emissions Corridor) runs all the way on the Eje Central. General information The station is located south of the city center in the Portales Sur neighborhood in the Benito Juárez borough and it is built underground. From 23 April to 22 June 2020, the station was temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. Ridership Annual passenger ridership Year Ridership Average daily Rank % change Ref. 2023 2,628,353 7,200 137/195 NA 2022 0 0 176/195 −100.00% 2021 664,899 1,821 187/195 −67.97% 2020 2,075,787 5,671 153/195 −49.09% 2019 4,077,416 11,171 147/195 +6.57% 2018 3,826,126 10,482 151/195 +9.52% 2017 3,493,383 9,570 155/195 +4.87% 2016 3,331,007 9,101 154/195 +37.78% 2015 2,417,695 6,623 168/195 −0.68% 2014 2,434,342 6,669 170/195 −10.74% References ^ "12 datos de la 'La línea dorada' del Metro inaugurada este martes" (in Spanish). Aristegui Noticias. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ Navarrete, Shelma (15 January 2023). "A 20 meses del desplome de la Línea 12, reabren tramo Mixcoac-Atlalilco". Expansión (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ a b c d "Afluencia de estación por línea 2023" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2024. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ a b Schwandl, Robert. "UrbanRail.Net > Central America > Mexico > Ciudad de Mexico Metro". Retrieved 2 May 2015. ^ "Eje Central". Sistema de Transporte Colectivo de la Ciudad de México. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ^ "Eje Central". Metro CDMX (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "Cierre temporal de estaciones" (PDF) (in Spanish). Metro CDMX. Retrieved 25 April 2020. ^ Hernández, Eduardo (13 June 2020). "Coronavirus. Este es el plan para reabrir estaciones del Metro, Metrobús y Tren ligero". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2020. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2021" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2020" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2021. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2019" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2018" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2017" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2016" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2015" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020. ^ "Afluencia de estación por línea 2014" (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2015. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020. External links Media related to Eje Central (station) at Wikimedia Commons vteMexico City Metro stationsLine 1 Observatorio Tacubaya Juanacatlán Chapultepec Sevilla Insurgentes Cuauhtémoc Balderas Salto del Agua Isabel la Católica Pino Suárez Merced Candelaria San Lázaro Moctezuma Balbuena Boulevard Puerto Aéreo Gómez Farías Zaragoza Pantitlán Line 2 Cuatro Caminos Panteones Tacuba Cuitláhuac Popotla Colegio Militar Normal San Cosme Revolución Hidalgo Bellas Artes Allende Zócalo/Tenochtitlan Pino Suárez San Antonio Abad Chabacano Viaducto Xola Villa de Cortés Nativitas Portales Ermita General Anaya Tasqueña Line 3 Indios Verdes Deportivo 18 de Marzo Potrero La Raza Tlatelolco Guerrero Hidalgo Juárez Balderas Niños Héroes / Poder Judicial CDMX Hospital General Centro Médico Etiopía / Plaza de la Transparencia Eugenia División del Norte Zapata Coyoacán Viveros / Derechos Humanos Miguel Ángel de Quevedo Copilco Universidad Line 4 Martín Carrera Talismán Bondojito Consulado Canal del Norte Morelos Candelaria Fray Servando Jamaica Santa Anita Line 5 Politécnico Instituto del Petróleo Autobuses del Norte La Raza Misterios Valle Gómez Consulado Eduardo Molina Aragón Oceanía Terminal Aérea Hangares Pantitlán Line 6 El Rosario Tezozómoc UAM-Azcapotzalco Ferrería/Arena Ciudad de México Norte 45 Vallejo Instituto del Petróleo Lindavista Deportivo 18 de Marzo La Villa-Basílica Martín Carrera Line 7 El Rosario Aquiles Serdán Camarones Refinería Tacuba San Joaquín Polanco Auditorio Constituyentes Tacubaya San Pedro de los Pinos San Antonio Mixcoac Barranca del Muerto Line 8 Garibaldi / Lagunilla Bellas Artes San Juan de Letrán Salto del Agua Doctores Obrera Chabacano La Viga Santa Anita Coyuya Iztacalco Apatlaco Aculco Escuadrón 201 Atlalilco Iztapalapa Cerro de la Estrella UAM-I Constitución de 1917 Line 9 Tacubaya Patriotismo Chilpancingo Centro Médico Lázaro Cárdenas Chabacano Jamaica Mixiuhca Velódromo Ciudad Deportiva Puebla Pantitlán Line A Pantitlán Agrícola Oriental Canal de San Juan Tepalcates Guelatao Peñón Viejo Acatitla Santa Marta Los Reyes La Paz Line B Ciudad Azteca Plaza Aragón Olímpica Ecatepec Múzquiz Río de los Remedios Impulsora Nezahualcóyotl Villa de Aragón Bosque de Aragón Deportivo Oceanía Oceanía Romero Rubio Ricardo Flores Magón San Lázaro Morelos Tepito Lagunilla Garibaldi / Lagunilla Guerrero Buenavista Line 12 Observatorio Álvaro Obregón Valentín Campa Mixcoac Insurgentes Sur Hospital 20 de Noviembre Zapata Parque de los Venados Eje Central Ermita Mexicaltzingo Atlalilco Culhuacán San Andrés Tomatlán Lomas Estrella Calle 11 Periférico Oriente Tezonco Olivos Nopalera Zapotitlán Tlaltenco Tláhuac indicates the station is under construction or reconstruction vteBenito Juárez, Mexico CityAreas Ciudad de los Deportes Del Valle Extremadura Insurgentes Insurgentes Mixcoac Insurgentes San Borja Mixcoac Nápoles Narvarte Noche Buena San José Insurgentes San Pedro de los Pinos San Juan Xoco Schools Colegio Suizo de México Colegio la Florida Colegio Simón Bolívar (USB) Colegio La Salle Simón Bolívar New Continent School Campus Ciudad de México Colegio Williams Campus Mixcoac Escuela Mexicana del Valle / Americana Escuela Sierra Nevada Centro Educativo Nemi Tomás Alva Edison School Instituto Simón Bolívar Universities Panamerican University Simón Bolívar University Mexico City Metrostations Coyoacán División del Norte Eje Central Ermita Etiopía / Plaza de la Transparencia Eugenia Hospital 20 de Noviembre Insurgentes Sur Mixcoac Nativitas Parque de los Venados Portales San Pedro de los Pinos Viaducto Villa de Cortés Xola Zapata Landmarks Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes Mítikah Estadio Ciudad de los Deportes Parque Hundido Plaza México Plaza Universidad Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros Torre AXA México (formerly Mexicana de Aviación Tower) World Trade Center Mexico City Category Authority control databases: Geographic Structurae
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Line 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro_Line_12"},{"link_name":"Mexico City Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schwandl-4"},{"link_name":"Parque de los Venados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_de_los_Venados_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Ermita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermita_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Tláhuac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tl%C3%A1huac"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schwandl-4"}],"text":"Mexico City metro stationEje Central is a station on Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro.[4] The station is located between Parque de los Venados and Ermita. It was opened on 30 October 2012 as a part of the first stretch of Line 12 between Mixcoac and Tláhuac.[4]","title":"Eje Central metro station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eje Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eje_Central"},{"link_name":"Mexico City trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The station receives its name due to being located at the intersection between Eje Central (Lázaro Cardenas) and Avenida Popocatépetl. The station's pictogram shows the outline of a Mexico City trolleybus, since Line 1 of Mexico City trolleybus service (also known as the Zero Emissions Corridor) runs all the way on the Eje Central.[5]","title":"Name and pictogram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portales Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonia_Portales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benito Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez,_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The station is located south of the city center in the Portales Sur neighborhood in the Benito Juárez borough and it is built underground.[6]From 23 April to 22 June 2020, the station was temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.[7][8]","title":"General information"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ridership"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"12 datos de la 'La línea dorada' del Metro inaugurada este martes\" (in Spanish). Aristegui Noticias. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aristeguinoticias.com/3010/mexico/12-datos-de-la-la-linea-dorada-inaugurada-este-martes/","url_text":"\"12 datos de la 'La línea dorada' del Metro inaugurada este martes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Aristegui","url_text":"Aristegui Noticias"}]},{"reference":"Navarrete, Shelma (15 January 2023). \"A 20 meses del desplome de la Línea 12, reabren tramo Mixcoac-Atlalilco\". Expansión (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://politica.expansion.mx/cdmx/2023/01/15/a-20-meses-del-desplome-de-la-linea-12-reabren-tramo-de-mixcoac-a-atlalilco","url_text":"\"A 20 meses del desplome de la Línea 12, reabren tramo Mixcoac-Atlalilco\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115171429/https://politica.expansion.mx/cdmx/2023/01/15/a-20-meses-del-desplome-de-la-linea-12-reabren-tramo-de-mixcoac-a-atlalilco","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2023\" [Station traffic per line 2023] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2024. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/operacion/mas-informacion/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2023\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043358/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/operacion/mas-informacion/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schwandl, Robert. \"UrbanRail.Net > Central America > Mexico > Ciudad de Mexico Metro\". Retrieved 2 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urbanrail.net/am/mexi/mexico.htm","url_text":"\"UrbanRail.Net > Central America > Mexico > Ciudad de Mexico Metro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eje Central\". Sistema de Transporte Colectivo de la Ciudad de México. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metro.cdmx.gob.mx/red2/estacion.html?id=151","url_text":"\"Eje Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eje Central\". Metro CDMX (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/la-red/linea-12-2/eje-central","url_text":"\"Eje Central\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cierre temporal de estaciones\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Metro CDMX. Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/Banners/FASE3M%20OK.pdf","url_text":"\"Cierre temporal de estaciones\""}]},{"reference":"Hernández, Eduardo (13 June 2020). \"Coronavirus. Este es el plan para reabrir estaciones del Metro, Metrobús y Tren ligero\". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/coronavirus-este-es-el-plan-para-reabrir-estaciones-del-metro-metrobus-y-tren-ligero","url_text":"\"Coronavirus. Este es el plan para reabrir estaciones del Metro, Metrobús y Tren ligero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)","url_text":"El Universal"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2021\" [Station traffic per line 2021] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-estacion-por-linea_2021","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307203941/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-estacion-por-linea_2021","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2020\" [Station traffic per line 2020] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2021. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluenciadeestacionporlinea2020","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210621220125/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluenciadeestacionporlinea2020","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2019\" [Station traffic per line 2019] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2019","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2019\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200408025317/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2019","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2018\" [Station traffic per line 2018] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2018","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190606150059/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2017\" [Station traffic per line 2017] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2017","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503211908/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2017","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2016\" [Station traffic per line 2016] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2016","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503212130/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2015\" [Station traffic per line 2015] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2015","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503212430/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2015","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2014\" [Station traffic per line 2014] (in Spanish). Sistema Transporte Colectivo Metro. 2015. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2014","url_text":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503212750/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2014","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eje_Central_metro_station&params=19.361351_N_99.151416_W_region:MX-DIF_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"19°21′41″N 99°09′05″W / 19.361351°N 99.151416°W / 19.361351; -99.151416"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eje_Central_metro_station&params=19.361351_N_99.151416_W_region:MX-DIF_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"19°21′41″N 99°09′05″W / 19.361351°N 99.151416°W / 19.361351; -99.151416"},{"Link":"https://aristeguinoticias.com/3010/mexico/12-datos-de-la-la-linea-dorada-inaugurada-este-martes/","external_links_name":"\"12 datos de la 'La línea dorada' del Metro inaugurada este martes\""},{"Link":"https://politica.expansion.mx/cdmx/2023/01/15/a-20-meses-del-desplome-de-la-linea-12-reabren-tramo-de-mixcoac-a-atlalilco","external_links_name":"\"A 20 meses del desplome de la Línea 12, reabren tramo Mixcoac-Atlalilco\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115171429/https://politica.expansion.mx/cdmx/2023/01/15/a-20-meses-del-desplome-de-la-linea-12-reabren-tramo-de-mixcoac-a-atlalilco","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/operacion/mas-informacion/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2023\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240127043358/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/operacion/mas-informacion/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.urbanrail.net/am/mexi/mexico.htm","external_links_name":"\"UrbanRail.Net > Central America > Mexico > Ciudad de Mexico Metro\""},{"Link":"http://www.metro.cdmx.gob.mx/red2/estacion.html?id=151","external_links_name":"\"Eje Central\""},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/la-red/linea-12-2/eje-central","external_links_name":"\"Eje Central\""},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/Banners/FASE3M%20OK.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cierre temporal de estaciones\""},{"Link":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/coronavirus-este-es-el-plan-para-reabrir-estaciones-del-metro-metrobus-y-tren-ligero","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus. Este es el plan para reabrir estaciones del Metro, Metrobús y Tren ligero\""},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-estacion-por-linea_2021","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307203941/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-estacion-por-linea_2021","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluenciadeestacionporlinea2020","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210621220125/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluenciadeestacionporlinea2020","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2019","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2019\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200408025317/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2019","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2018","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190606150059/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2018","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2017","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503211908/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2017","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2016","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2016\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503212130/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2016","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2015","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2015\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503212430/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2015","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2014","external_links_name":"\"Afluencia de estación por línea 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200503212750/https://metro.cdmx.gob.mx/afluencia-de-estacion-por-linea-2014","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20057372","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Osborne
Dorothy Osborne
["1 Life","2 Publication history","3 Critical appreciations","4 References","5 External links"]
British letter writer (1627–1695) Dorothy, Lady Temple, Gaspar Netscher, 1671 Dorothy Osborne, Lady Temple (1627–1695) was a British writer of letters and wife of Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet. Life Osborne was born at Chicksands Priory, Bedfordshire, England, the youngest of twelve children of Sir Peter Osborne, Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Guernsey under King Charles I, by his wife Dorothy Danvers, a sister of Sir John Danvers the regicide. The Osbornes were a staunchly Royalist family. After refusing a long string of suitors put forth by her family, including her cousin Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, Henry Cromwell (son of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell) and Sir Justinian Isham, in 1654 Dorothy Osborne married Sir William Temple, a man with whom she had carried on a lengthy clandestine courtship that was largely epistolary in nature. It is for her letters to Temple, which were witty, progressive and socially illuminating, that Osborne is remembered. Only Osborne's side of the correspondence survives, comprising a collection of 79 letters held in the British Library (ADD. MSS. 33975). Osborne fell in love with Temple in 1647, when the pair were both about nineteen years old. Although both families opposed the match on financial grounds, seventeenth-century marriages frequently being business arrangements, she steadfastly remained single. Following the death of her father, the couple's families sanctioned the match, bringing to a close nearly seven years of intermittent courtship—the latter two marked by the famous exchange of letters. The wedding took place on 25 December 1654, and the marriage lasted until Lady Temple's death on 7 February 1695. Although there is little extant trace of Osborne after she wed, a few of her married notes and letters survive, though they lack the wit and verve of her courtship letters. Scattered references indicate that Osborne was keenly involved in her husband's diplomatic career and matters of state. Sir William's career posted the couple abroad for periods of their married life, including time in both Brussels (in the Spanish Netherlands) and the Dutch Republic. Temple was Ambassador in The Hague twice, latterly during the marriage negotiations of William and Mary. In 1671 Charles II of England used Dorothy to provoke the Third Anglo-Dutch War by letting her on 24 August sail through the Dutch fleet on the royal yacht Merlin, demanding to be saluted with white smoke. Osborne was an important and acknowledged figure in the later marriage negotiations because of her friendship with both William III of Orange and Princess Mary. Osborne's close friendship with Mary lasted until the Queen's death in 1694. Osborne (Lady Temple) had nine children, all but two of whom died in infancy. A daughter, Diana, succumbed to smallpox at age fourteen, and a son, John, ended his life in his twenties, but not before he had married and fathered two children, providing Sir William and Lady Temple with two granddaughters: Elizabeth and Dorothy Temple. Lady Temple died at Moor Park, Surrey, and is buried in the west aisle of Westminster Abbey, along with her husband Sir William Temple, daughter Diana Temple and Temple's sister, Martha, Lady Giffard, whose adult life was spent as a member of the Osborne/Temple household. Publication history Dorothy Osborne's letters have been published numerous times since their initial appearance in print in 1888. The most recent edition is edited by Kenneth Parker: Dorothy Osborne: Letters to Sir William Temple, 1652–54: Observations on Love, Literature, Politics and Religion (Ashgate, 2002), although that edition is not without problems for specialised users, namely with regards to the correct order of some of the letters, many of which were undated and are difficult to place sequentially. The text of editor Sir Edward Parry's 1888 edition is available online at . Parry's edition is particularly valuable for its useful commentary, although unfortunately he did not retain the original orthography for his transcription, and the "modern English" in some cases lessens the considerable charm of Osborne's prose. G. C. Moore Smith's (1928) and Parker's critical editions retain Osborne's spelling and punctuation. Critical appreciations F. L. Lucas, "The Perfect Letter-Writer", essay in his Studies French and English (London, 1934, pp. 151–174  ; repr. 1951, 1969). Originally "A Seventeenth-Century Courtship : The Love Letters of Dorothy Osborne,” Listener, 22 Jan 1930 – text of a wireless talk, reprinted in Life and Letters, Vol. 5 No. 26, July 1930, and in Modern Short Biographies, ed. M. Balch (Harcourt Brace, N. Y., 1935). Lord David Cecil, Two Quiet Lives: Dorothy Osborne and Thomas Gray (London, 1948) References ^ Osborne, Dorothy (2002). Parker, Kenneth (ed.). Dorothy Osborne: Letters to Sir William Temple, 1652-1654: Observation on Love, Literature, Politics and Religion. 1aldershot, Burlington USA, Singapore, Sydney: Ashgate. pp. 7–8, 12. ISBN 0-7546-0382-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) External links Library resources about Dorothy Osborne Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Dorothy Osborne Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works by Dorothy Osborne at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Dorothy Osborne at Internet Archive Letters from Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple, 1652–54 (1888), from Internet Archive. Works by Dorothy Osborne at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) "The True Love" episode of What'sHerName Podcast on Dorothy Osborne with guest Professor Bernard Capp of the British Academy. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothy,_Lady_Temple_by_Gaspar_Netscher.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Netscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Netscher"},{"link_name":"letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(message)"},{"link_name":"Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Temple,_1st_Baronet"}],"text":"Dorothy, Lady Temple, Gaspar Netscher, 1671Dorothy Osborne, Lady Temple (1627–1695) was a British writer of letters and wife of Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet.","title":"Dorothy Osborne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicksands Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicksands_Priory"},{"link_name":"John Danvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Danvers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Henry Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Sir Justinian Isham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Justinian_Isham,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"royal yacht Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Merlin_(1666)"},{"link_name":"William III of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Moor Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor_Park,_Farnham"}],"text":"Osborne was born at Chicksands Priory, Bedfordshire, England, the youngest of twelve children of Sir Peter Osborne, Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Guernsey under King Charles I, by his wife Dorothy Danvers, a sister of Sir John Danvers the regicide. The Osbornes were a staunchly Royalist family.After refusing a long string of suitors put forth by her family, including her cousin Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, Henry Cromwell (son of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell) and Sir Justinian Isham, in 1654 Dorothy Osborne married Sir William Temple, a man with whom she had carried on a lengthy clandestine courtship that was largely epistolary in nature. It is for her letters to Temple, which were witty, progressive and socially illuminating, that Osborne is remembered. Only Osborne's side of the correspondence survives, comprising a collection of 79 letters held in the British Library (ADD. MSS. 33975).Osborne fell in love with Temple in 1647, when the pair were both about nineteen years old. Although both families opposed the match on financial grounds, seventeenth-century marriages frequently being business arrangements, she steadfastly remained single. Following the death of her father, the couple's families sanctioned the match, bringing to a close nearly seven years of intermittent courtship—the latter two marked by the famous exchange of letters. The wedding took place on 25 December 1654, and the marriage lasted until Lady Temple's death on 7 February 1695.[1]Although there is little extant trace of Osborne after she wed, a few of her married notes and letters survive, though they lack the wit and verve of her courtship letters. Scattered references indicate that Osborne was keenly involved in her husband's diplomatic career and matters of state. Sir William's career posted the couple abroad for periods of their married life, including time in both Brussels (in the Spanish Netherlands) and the Dutch Republic. Temple was Ambassador in The Hague twice, latterly during the marriage negotiations of William and Mary. In 1671 Charles II of England used Dorothy to provoke the Third Anglo-Dutch War by letting her on 24 August sail through the Dutch fleet on the royal yacht Merlin, demanding to be saluted with white smoke. Osborne was an important and acknowledged figure in the later marriage negotiations because of her friendship with both William III of Orange and Princess Mary. Osborne's close friendship with Mary lasted until the Queen's death in 1694.Osborne (Lady Temple) had nine children, all but two of whom died in infancy. A daughter, Diana, succumbed to smallpox at age fourteen, and a son, John, ended his life in his twenties, but not before he had married and fathered two children, providing Sir William and Lady Temple with two granddaughters: Elizabeth and Dorothy Temple.Lady Temple died at Moor Park, Surrey, and is buried in the west aisle of Westminster Abbey, along with her husband Sir William Temple, daughter Diana Temple and Temple's sister, Martha, Lady Giffard, whose adult life was spent as a member of the Osborne/Temple household.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.library.upenn.edu/women/osborne/letters/letters.html"}],"text":"Dorothy Osborne's letters have been published numerous times since their initial appearance in print in 1888. The most recent edition is edited by Kenneth Parker: Dorothy Osborne: Letters to Sir William Temple, 1652–54: Observations on Love, Literature, Politics and Religion (Ashgate, 2002), although that edition is not without problems for specialised users, namely with regards to the correct order of some of the letters, many of which were undated and are difficult to place sequentially. The text of editor Sir Edward Parry's 1888 edition is available online at [1]. Parry's edition is particularly valuable for its useful commentary, although unfortunately he did not retain the original orthography for his transcription, and the \"modern English\" in some cases lessens the considerable charm of Osborne's prose. G. C. Moore Smith's (1928) and Parker's critical editions retain Osborne's spelling and punctuation.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. L. Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._L._Lucas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ia600401.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=1/items/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish.djvu"},{"link_name":"Life and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"Lord David Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_David_Cecil"}],"text":"F. L. Lucas, \"The Perfect Letter-Writer\", essay in his Studies French and English (London, 1934, pp. 151–174 [2] ; repr. 1951, 1969). Originally \"A Seventeenth-Century Courtship : The Love Letters of Dorothy Osborne,” Listener, 22 Jan 1930 – text of a wireless talk, reprinted in Life and Letters, Vol. 5 No. 26, July 1930, and in Modern Short Biographies, ed. M. Balch (Harcourt Brace, N. Y., 1935).\nLord David Cecil, Two Quiet Lives: Dorothy Osborne and Thomas Gray (London, 1948)","title":"Critical appreciations"}]
[{"image_text":"Dorothy, Lady Temple, Gaspar Netscher, 1671","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dorothy%2C_Lady_Temple_by_Gaspar_Netscher.jpg/220px-Dorothy%2C_Lady_Temple_by_Gaspar_Netscher.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Osborne, Dorothy (2002). Parker, Kenneth (ed.). Dorothy Osborne: Letters to Sir William Temple, 1652-1654: Observation on Love, Literature, Politics and Religion. 1aldershot, Burlington USA, Singapore, Sydney: Ashgate. pp. 7–8, 12. ISBN 0-7546-0382-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0382-2","url_text":"0-7546-0382-2"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/osborne/letters/letters.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://ia600401.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=1/items/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish.djvu","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106968876&library=OLBP","external_links_name":"Online books"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106968876","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106968876&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=106968876&library=OLBP","external_links_name":"Online books"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=106968876","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=106968876&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/4674","external_links_name":"Works by Dorothy Osborne"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Osborne%2C%20Dorothy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Dorothy%20Osborne%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Osborne%2C%20Dorothy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dorothy%20Osborne%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Dorothy%20Osborne%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Osborne%2C%20Dorothy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Dorothy%20Osborne%22%29%20OR%20%28%221627-1695%22%20AND%20Osborne%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Dorothy Osborne"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lettersfromdorot00tempiala","external_links_name":"Letters from Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple, 1652–54"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/82","external_links_name":"Works by Dorothy Osborne"},{"Link":"https://www.whatshernamepodcast.com/dorothy-osborne/","external_links_name":"\"The True Love\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/244091/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109303532","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/106968876","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4wpCKJrgvHVtd8M9VYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2055471","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14583651h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14583651h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119557770","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276431105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88167248","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2017954665&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p123549841","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660782905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/322734","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/996748","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hq4b7h","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/105460168","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_top-ten_singles_in_2021
List of UK top-ten singles in 2021
["1 Background","1.1 Multiple entries","1.2 \"Last Christmas\" finally reaches number-one","1.3 Olivia Rodrigo becomes youngest solo artist to score UK chart double","1.4 Little Mix set a new chart record","1.5 Måneskin become first Italian act with two simultaneous UK top-ten singles","1.6 ABBA score first top-ten single in forty years","1.7 Elton John's comeback year","1.8 Adele scores first UK number-one single in six years and sets new chart record","1.9 LadBaby makes chart history with fourth consecutive Christmas number-one single","1.10 Chart debuts","1.11 Best-selling singles","2 Top-ten singles","3 Entries by artist","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
2020s in music in the UK Number-one singlesNumber-one albumsBest-selling singlesBest-selling albums Events 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Charts 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 ←2010s Ed Sheeran achieved a total of seven top 10 singles in 2021, the most of any artist during the year. Sheeran occupied the top spot of the UK chart for fifteen consecutive weeks between July and October with the singles "Bad Habits" (which became the year's best-selling single) and "Shivers". In December, his festive collaboration with Elton John, "Merry Christmas", entered the chart at number-one, and was knocked off the top spot two weeks later by Sheeran and John's collaboration with LadBaby, "Sausage Rolls for Everyone", which became the 70th UK Christmas number-one single. Olivia Rodrigo was this year's breakthrough artist, achieving four top 10 entries, including the number-one hits "Drivers License" and "Good 4 U", which both feature in the list of this year's top 10 best-selling singles. Rodrigo also became the youngest solo artist to achieve the coveted UK chart double after "Good 4 U" climbed to number-one in the UK Singles Chart in the same week her debut album Sour entered the UK Albums Chart at number-one. Adele made a return to the UK Singles Chart in 2021 after a five-year absence with "Easy on Me", which spent eight non-consecutive weeks at number-one and scored the biggest opening week of the year. She achieved two further top 10 hits later in the year with "Oh My God" and "I Drink Wine". Elton John topped the UK Singles Chart three times this year with "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" (a collaboration with Dua Lipa), "Merry Christmas", and "Sausage Rolls for Everyone" (both featuring Ed Sheeran and the latter featuring LadBaby), bringing his tally of UK number-one singles to ten. When "Cold Heart" topped the chart, John achieved his first number-one single in the UK chart since 2005. The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom. Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical singles and digital downloads, with airplay figures excluded from the official chart. Since 2014, the singles chart has been based on both sales and streaming, with the ratio altered in 2017 to 150:1 streams and only three singles by the same artist eligible for the chart. From July 2018, video streams from YouTube Music and Spotify among others began to be counted for the Official Charts. This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 2021, as well as singles which peaked in 2020 and 2022 but were in the top 10 in 2021. The entry date is when the song appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced). One-hundred and five singles were in the top 10 this year. Fourteen singles from 2020 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while "Seventeen Going Under" by Sam Fender, "Coming for You" by SwitchOTR featuring A1 x J1, "Overseas" by D-Block Europe featuring Central Cee, "ABCDEFU" by Gayle, "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" by Brenda Lee and "Come On Home for Christmas" by George Ezra were all released in 2021 but did not reach their peak until 2022. "Sweet Melody" by Little Mix, "34+35" by Ariana Grande, "Step into Christmas" by Elton John, "This Christmas" by Jess Glynne, "Whoopty" by CJ and "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" by Justin Bieber were the singles from 2020 to reach their peak in 2021. The Kid Laroi, Mimi Webb, Olivia Rodrigo, Sam Fender and Tom Grennan were among the many artists who achieved their first top 10 single in 2021. "Last Christmas" by Wham!, originally released in 1984, topped the chart for the first time in the first week of 2021. The first new number-one single of the year was "Sweet Melody" by Little Mix. Overall, thirteen different songs peaked at number-one in 2021, with Ed Sheeran (4) having the most songs hit that position. Background Multiple entries One hundred and five singles charted in the top 10 in 2021, with ninety-two singles reaching their peak this year (including the re-entry "Last Christmas"). "Last Christmas" finally reaches number-one On New Year's Day 2021 (7 January 2021, week ending), Wham!'s iconic festive classic "Last Christmas", written by the group's lead singer George Michael, finally reached the coveted number-one spot in the UK chart. Upon its initial release in 1984, the single peaked at number two for five consecutive weeks. It returned to number two in 2017, one year after George Michael's death. The single finally reached the top spot more than 36 years after its initial release, the longest amount of time for a song to reach number-one, surpassing Tony Christie's almost 16 year-long record for the longest time a single has taken to top the UK Singles Chart after its initial release with "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo?" in March 2005, which had itself taken 33 years 4 months to top the chart (with Peter Kay, though credited, only actually appearing in the video). Prior to it reaching number one, "Last Christmas" had for many years held the record as the highest-selling single never to top the charts, with 1.9 million copies sold (not including streams). Olivia Rodrigo becomes youngest solo artist to score UK chart double On 28 May 2021 (3 June 2021, week ending), American singer Olivia Rodrigo became the youngest solo artist to achieve the coveted UK chart double at 18 years and 3 months old. Her single "Good 4 U" climbed to number-one in the UK Singles Chart after debuting at number two the previous week, while her debut album Sour entered the UK Albums Chart at number-one. Rodrigo became the first artist since Sam Smith in 2015 to garner a UK chart double with a debut album. Little Mix set a new chart record On 29 July 2021, British girl group Little Mix became the first girl group to spend a 100 weeks inside the Top 10 of the Official UK Singles Chart. Heartbreak Anthem, the trio's collaboration with Swedish music duo Galantis, and French DJ David Guetta, placed at number 7, marking their 100th week in the Top 10 across all of their releases. Måneskin become first Italian act with two simultaneous UK top-ten singles On 25 June 2021 (1 July 2021, week ending), rock group Måneskin, winners of the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, became the first act from Italy to have two singles in the top-ten of the UK Singles Chart simultaneously with "I Wanna Be Your Slave" at number six and "Beggin'" (a cover of the 1967 song by Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons) at number ten. ABBA score first top-ten single in forty years On 10 September 2021 (16 September 2021, week ending), Swedish pop music legends ABBA returned to the top-ten of the UK Singles Chart for the first time in almost forty years when "Don't Shut Me Down" debuted at number nine, becoming their 20th top-ten single. The group's last single to reach the top-ten of the UK charts was "One of Us", which peaked at number three in December 1981. Elton John's comeback year 2021 proved to be the comeback year for Elton John in the UK Singles Chart, with the British music icon earning the eighth, ninth and tenth number-one singles of his career in less than three months. On 15 October 2021 (21 October 2021, week ending), he achieved his first UK number-one single in sixteen years when his collaboration with Dua Lipa, "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)", rose to the top of the UK Singles Chart during its fifth week in the top-ten. On 10 December 2021 (16 December 2021, week ending), his festive collaboration with Ed Sheeran, "Merry Christmas", entered the chart at number-one. The song claimed 76,700 chart sales in its first week, including 22,100 pure sales (physical + digital downloads) and 7.6 million streams. It also earned the biggest week of CD single sales of 2021, with 8,100 copies sold on disc during its first week of release. On 24 December 2021 (30 December 2021, week ending), after two weeks at number-one, "Merry Christmas" was denied the Christmas number-one single by Sheeran and John's collaboration with LadBaby, "Sausage Rolls for Everyone". Adele scores first UK number-one single in six years and sets new chart record On 22 October 2021 (28 October 2021, week ending), Adele returned to the UK Singles Chart after a five-year absence when her single "Easy on Me" entered the chart at number-one. The song amassed 217,300 chart sales in its first week, the highest first week figure since Ed Sheeran's "Shape Of You", which earned 226,800 in January 2017. Adele also set a new chart record with the single as "Easy On Me" racked up 24 million streams in the UK in its first week of release, the most streams for a song in one week – topping Ariana Grande's record of 16.9 million set back in January 2019 with "7 Rings". "Easy On Me" also earned the biggest week of digital download sales of 2021 so far, with 23,500. LadBaby makes chart history with fourth consecutive Christmas number-one single LadBaby made chart history this year when his song "Sausage Rolls for Everyone", a sausage roll-themed parody of Ed Sheeran and Elton John's number-one single "Merry Christmas", and also featuring Sheeran and John, debuted at number-one in the UK Singles Chart on 24 December 2021 (30 December 2021, week ending), giving the Nottingham-born YouTuber and musician his fourth consecutive Christmas number-one single. LadBaby became only the second act in history, after The Beatles, to secure four Christmas number-one singles, but was the very first to achieve four consecutive Christmas chart-toppers, surpassing the records of both The Beatles and The Spice Girls. "Sausage Rolls for Everyone" also became the 70th Christmas number-one single in the history of the UK Singles Chart since its introduction in 1952. Chart debuts Thirty-one artists achieved their first charting top 10 single in 2021, either as a lead or featured artist. Of these, five artists went on to record another hit single that year: A1 x J1, Ardee, The Kid Laroi, Måneskin and Polo G. Central Cee and Tom Grennan both scored two more chart hits this year. Olivia Rodrigo achieved three more chart hits in her breakthrough year. The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single. Artist Number of top 10s First entry Chart position Other entries Olivia Rodrigo 4 "Drivers License" 1 "Good 4 U" (1), "Deja Vu" (4), "Traitor" (5) Tom Grennan 3 "Little Bit of Love" 7 "Let's Go Home Together" (10), "By Your Side" (9) Central Cee 3 "Commitment Issues" 9 "Obsessed With You" (5), "Overseas" (8) Polo G 2 "Patience" 3 "Rapstar" (3) Måneskin 2 "I Wanna Be Your Slave" 5 "Beggin'" (7) The Kid Laroi 2 "Without You" 2 "Stay" (2) ArrDee 2 "Oliver Twist" 6 "Wasted" (6) A1 x J1 2 "Latest Trends" 2 "Coming for You" (10) Shane Codd 1 "Get Out My Head" 6 — Nathan Evans 1 "Wellerman (Sea Shanty)" 1 — Billen Ted HVME 1 "Goosebumps (Remix)" 8 — 6lack 1 "Calling My Phone" 2 — Riton 1 "Friday" 4 — Mufasa & Hypeman Yungblud 1 "Patience" 3 — Daniel Caesar 1 "Peaches" 2 — Mimi Webb 1 "Good Without" 8 — Jonasu 1 "Black Magic" 3 — Jack Harlow 1 "Industry Baby" 3 — Rain Radio 1 "Talk About" 9 — DJ Craig Gorman Saweetie 1 "Out Out" 6 — Glass Animals 1 "Heat Waves" 5 — CKay 1 "Love Nwantiti (Ah Ah Ah)" 3 — Joeboy Kuami Eugene Sam Fender 1 "Seventeen Going Under" 3 — SwitchOTR 1 "Coming for You" 5 — D-Block Europe 1 "Overseas" 6 — Gayle 1 "ABCDEFU" 1 — 1 Whilst Saweetie is a featured artist on the single version of "Confetti", the Official Charts does not recognise her as a featured artist for this particular entry. Notes Jesy Nelson earned her first UK top ten debut in October 2021 with "Boyz". This also became her first top 10 since her departure from UK girl band Little Mix in December 2020. Best-selling singles Ed Sheeran had the best-selling single of the year with "Bad Habits". The song spent 22 weeks in the top 10 (including eleven weeks at number-one), sold over 1,700,000 copies and was certified 2× platinum by the BPI. "Good 4 U" by Olivia Rodrigo came in second place, while Olivia Rodrigo's "Drivers License", "Save Your Tears" by The Weeknd and "Montero (Call Me By Your Name)" by Lil Nas X made up the top five. Songs by Dua Lipa, The Kid Laroi and Justin Bieber, Glass Animals, The Weeknd ("Blinding Lights") and Russ Millions and Tion Wayne were also in the top ten best-selling singles of the year. Top-ten singles Key Symbol Meaning ‡ Single peaked in 2020 but still in chart in 2021. ♦ Single released in 2021 but peaked in 2022. (#) Year-end top-ten single position and rank Entered The date that the single first appeared in the chart. Peak Highest position that the single reached in the UK Singles Chart. Entered (week ending) Weeksintop10 Single Artist Peak Peakreached (week ending) Weeksatpeak Singles in 2020 8 October 2020 12 "You Broke Me First" ‡ Tate McRae 3 29 October 2020 1 5 November 2020 13 "Sweet Melody" Little Mix 1 14 January 2021 1 12 November 2020 6 "34+35" Ariana Grande 3 28 January 2021 1 19 November 2020 6 "Levitating" ‡ (#6) Dua Lipa 5 3 December 2020 2 10 December 2020 10 "All I Want for Christmas Is You" ‡ Mariah Carey 1 17 December 2020 2 10 "Last Christmas" Wham! 1 7 January 2021 1 9 "Fairytale of New York" ‡ The Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl 4 17 December 2020 2 17 December 2020 8 "Merry Christmas Everyone" ‡ Shakin' Stevens 6 17 December 2020 6 4 "Do They Know It's Christmas?" ‡ Band Aid 7 24 December 2020 1 5 "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" ‡ Michael Bublé 7 17 December 2020 2 3 "Step into Christmas" Elton John 8 7 January 2021 1 24 December 2020 3 "This Christmas" Jess Glynne 3 7 January 2021 1 5 "Whoopty" CJ 3 14 January 2021 1 31 December 2020 2 "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" Justin Bieber 4 7 January 2021 1 Singles in 2021 14 January 2021 5 "Afterglow" Ed Sheeran 2 14 January 2021 1 6 "Anyone" Justin Bieber 4 14 January 2021 1 8 "Get Out My Head" Shane Codd 6 14 January 2021 1 10 "Without You" The Kid Laroi 2 4 February 2021 1 9 "Paradise" Meduza featuring Dermot Kennedy 5 4 February 2021 1 21 January 2021 10 "Drivers License" (#3) Olivia Rodrigo 1 21 January 2021 9 28 January 2021 12 "Don't Play" Anne-Marie, KSI & Digital Farm Animals 2 28 January 2021 1 4 February 2021 14 "Wellerman" Nathan Evans, 220 Kid & Billen Ted 1 25 March 2021 2 11 February 2021 1 "Money Talks" Fredo featuring Dave 3 11 February 2021 1 18 February 2021 1 "Bringing It Back" Digga D & AJ Tracey 5 18 February 2021 1 12 "The Business" Tiësto 3 18 March 2021 1 5 "Goosebumps (Remix)" Travis Scott & HVME 8 11 March 2021 1 25 February 2021 6 "Calling My Phone" Lil Tjay & 6lack 2 25 February 2021 2 14 "Friday" Riton & Nightcrawlers featuring Mufasa & Hypeman 4 1 April 2021 1 18 March 2021 1 "What's Next" Drake 4 18 March 2021 1 1 "Lemon Pepper Freestyle" Drake featuring Rick Ross 6 18 March 2021 1 1 "Wants and Needs" Drake featuring Lil Baby 10 18 March 2021 1 25 March 2021 4 "Latest Trends" A1 x J1 2 25 March 2021 2 2 "Patience" KSI featuring Yungblud & Polo G 3 25 March 2021 1 10 "Bed" Joel Corry, Raye & David Guetta 3 29 April 2021 2 1 "Commitment Issues" Central Cee 9 25 March 2021 1 1 April 2021 9 "Peaches" Justin Bieber featuring Daniel Caesar & Giveon 2 15 April 2021 4 1 "Hold On" Justin Bieber 10 1 April 2021 1 8 April 2021 9 "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" (#5) Lil Nas X 1 8 April 2021 5 2 "Your Love (9PM)" ATB x Topic x A7S 8 8 April 2021 2 8 "Little Bit of Love" Tom Grennan 7 29 April 2021 1 22 April 2021 5 "Rapstar" Polo G 3 22 April 2021 1 1 "Titanium" Dave 9 22 April 2021 1 11 "Kiss Me More" Doja Cat featuring SZA 3 13 May 2021 6 29 April 2021 1 "Let's Go Home Together" Ella Henderson & Tom Grennan 10 29 April 2021 1 6 May 2021 7 "Body" (#10) Russ Millions & Tion Wayne 1 13 May 2021 3 13 May 2021 1 "Your Power" Billie Eilish 5 13 May 2021 1 14 "Save Your Tears" (#4) The Weeknd 2 17 June 2021 2 20 May 2021 2 "Anywhere Away from Here" Rag'n'Bone Man & Pink 9 20 May 2021 2 27 May 2021 9 "Good 4 U" (#2) Olivia Rodrigo 1 3 June 2021 5 3 June 2021 2 "Butter" BTS 3 3 June 2021 1 4 "Deja Vu" Olivia Rodrigo 4 3 June 2021 2 5 "Traitor" 5 17 June 2021 1 12 "Heartbreak Anthem" Galantis, David Guetta & Little Mix 3 15 July 2021 2 5 "Good Without" Mimi Webb 8 1 July 2021 1 10 June 2021 3 "Confetti" Little Mix 9 10 June 2021 1 17 June 2021 4 "Oliver Twist" ArrDee 6 24 June 2021 1 24 June 2021 9 "I Wanna Be Your Slave" Måneskin 5 8 July 2021 3 1 July 2021 6 "Holiday" KSI 2 1 July 2021 1 8 "Beggin'" Måneskin 6 29 July 2021 1 8 July 2021 22 "Bad Habits" (#1) Ed Sheeran 1 8 July 2021 11 1 "You Right" Doja Cat & The Weeknd 9 8 July 2021 1 2 "By Your Side" Calvin Harris & Tom Grennan 9 15 July 2021 1 15 July 2021 2 "Three Lions" Baddiel, Skinner & The Lightning Seeds 4 15 July 2021 2 22 July 2021 6 "Clash" Dave featuring Stormzy 2 5 August 2021 1 10 "Stay" (#7) The Kid Laroi & Justin Bieber 2 29 July 2021 6 29 July 2021 7 "Black Magic" Jonasu 3 12 August 2021 2 8 "Remember" Becky Hill & David Guetta 3 26 August 2021 3 5 August 2021 1 "Verdansk" Dave 4 5 August 2021 1 1 "In the Fire" 6 5 August 2021 1 12 August 2021 7 "Happier Than Ever" Billie Eilish 4 19 August 2021 1 26 August 2021 2 "Wasted" Digga D & ArrDee 6 26 August 2021 1 9 "Industry Baby" Lil Nas X & Jack Harlow 3 30 September 2021 1 3 "Talk About" Rain Radio & DJ Craig Gorman 9 26 August 2021 3 2 September 2021 1 "Visiting Hours" Ed Sheeran 5 2 September 2021 1 11 "Out Out" Joel Corry & Jax Jones featuring Charli XCX & Saweetie 6 9 September 2021 1 9 September 2021 1 "Hurricane" Kanye West 7 9 September 2021 1 1 "Kiss My (Uh-Oh)" Anne-Marie & Little Mix 10 9 September 2021 1 16 September 2021 5 "Girls Want Girls" Drake featuring Lil Baby 2 16 September 2021 2 2 "Fair Trade" Drake featuring Travis Scott 3 16 September 2021 1 1 "Champagne Poetry" Drake 5 16 September 2021 1 1 "Don't Shut Me Down" ABBA 9 16 September 2021 1 10 "Heat Waves" (#8) Glass Animals 5 14 October 2021 3 23 September 2021 12 "Shivers" Ed Sheeran 1 23 September 2021 4 10 "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" Elton John & Dua Lipa 1 21 October 2021 1 9 "Obsessed With You" Central Cee 4 30 September 2021 2 30 September 2021 9 "Love Nwantiti (Ah Ah Ah)" CKay featuring Joeboy & Kuami Eugene 3 14 October 2021 2 3 "Thats What I Want" Lil Nas X 10 30 September 2021 3 7 October 2021 3 "My Universe" Coldplay & BTS 3 7 October 2021 1 21 October 2021 1 "Boyz" Jesy Nelson featuring Nicki Minaj 4 21 October 2021 1 28 October 2021 13 "Easy on Me" Adele 1 28 October 2021 8 11 November 2021 5 "Overpass Graffiti" Ed Sheeran 4 11 November 2021 1 2 "Meet Me at Our Spot" The Anxiety (Willow Smith & Tyler Cole) 10 11 November 2021 2 18 November 2021 7 "Flowers (Say My Name)" ArrDee 5 18 November 2021 2 25 November 2021 3 "All Too Well (Taylor's Version)" Taylor Swift 3 25 November 2021 1 14 "Seventeen Going Under" ♦ Sam Fender 3 13 January 2022 1 4 "Coming for You" ♦ SwitchOTR featuring A1 x J1 5 13 January 2022 1 2 December 2021 2 "Oh My God" Adele 2 2 December 2021 1 2 "I Drink Wine" 4 2 December 2021 1 12 "Overseas" ♦ D-Block Europe featuring Central Cee 6 10 February 2022 1 9 December 2021 10 "ABCDEFU" ♦ Gayle 1 20 January 2022 1 16 December 2021 4 "Merry Christmas" Ed Sheeran & Elton John 1 16 December 2021 3 4 "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" ♦ Brenda Lee 5 6 January 2022 1 30 December 2021 1 "Sausage Rolls for Everyone" LadBaby featuring Ed Sheeran & Elton John 1 30 December 2021 1 1 "Boris Johnson Is Still a Fucking Cunt" The Kunts 5 30 December 2021 1 2 "Come On Home for Christmas" ♦ George Ezra 8 6 January 2022 1 Entries by artist See also: List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2020s § 2021 Former Little Mix member Jesy Nelson earned her first top 10 single independent of the group in October 2021 with "Boyz", featuring guest vocals from Nicki Minaj, which peaked at number four. Additionally, her vocals are featured on Little Mix's "Sweet Melody", which reached number-one in January. KSI reached the UK top 10 three times this year with the singles "Don't Play", "Patience" and "Holiday", which all peaked within the top three. Italian rock group Måneskin gained success following their win in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, securing two UK top 10 entries: "I Wanna Be Your Slave" and "Beggin'". They also became the first act from Italy to have two singles in the top-ten of the UK Singles Chart simultaneously. The following table shows artists who have achieved two or more top 10 entries in 2021, including singles that reached their peak in 2020. The figures include both main artists and featured artists, while appearances on ensemble charity records are also counted for each artist. The total number of weeks an artist spent in the top ten in 2021 is also shown. Entries Artist Weeks Singles 7 Ed Sheeran 31 "Afterglow", "Bad Habits", "Visiting Hours", "Shivers", "Overpass Graffiti", "Merry Christmas"*, "Sausage Rolls for Everyone"* 6 Drake 6 "What's Next", "Lemon Pepper Freestyle", "Wants and Needs", "Girls Want Girls", "Fair Trade", "Champagne Poetry" 5 Justin Bieber 26 "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", "Anyone", "Peaches", "Hold On", "Stay" Dave 8 "Money Talks", "Titanium", "Clash", "Verdansk", "In the Fire" 4 Elton John 14 "Step Into Christmas", "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)", "Merry Christmas"*, "Sausage Rolls for Everyone"* Little Mix 19 "Sweet Melody", "Heartbreak Anthem", "Confetti", "Kiss My (Uh-Oh)" Olivia Rodrigo 18 "Drivers License", "Good 4 U", "Deja Vu", "Traitor" 3 David Guetta 26 "Bed", "Heartbreak Anthem", "Remember" Adele 9 "Easy on Me", "Oh My God", "I Drink Wine" KSI 20 "Don't Play", "Patience", "Holiday" Tom Grennan 10 "Little Bit of Love", "Let's Go Home Together", "By Your Side" ArrDee 10 "Oliver Twist", "Wasted", "Flowers (Say My Name)" Central Cee 11 "Commitment Issues", "Obsessed With You", "Overseas" Lil Nas X 20 "Montero (Call Me By Your Name)", "Industry Baby", "Thats What I Want" 2 Anne-Marie 13 "Don't Play", "Kiss My (Uh-Oh)" Joel Corry 21 "Bed", "Out Out" Jesy Nelson 7 "Sweet Melody", "Boyz" Dua Lipa 12 "Levitating", "Cold Heart (Pnau remix)" Digga D 3 "Bringing It Back", "Wasted" George Michael 5 "Last Christmas"*, "Do They Know It's Christmas?" A1 x J1 5 "Latest Trends", "Coming for You" Doja Cat 12 "Kiss Me More", "You Right" Billie Eilish 9 "Your Power", "Happier Than Ever" Polo G 7 "Patience", "Rapstar" Travis Scott 7 "Goosebumps (Remix)", "Fair Trade" Lil Baby 6 "Wants and Needs", "Girls Want Girls" The Kid Laroi 20 "Without You", "Stay" The Weeknd 14 "Save Your Tears", "You Right" Måneskin 9 "I Wanna Be Your Slave", "Beggin'" BTS 5 "Butter", "My Universe" Notes a "Sweet Melody" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 7 January 2021 (week ending). b "34+35" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 10 December 2020 (week ending). c "All I Want fot Christmas Is You" re-entered the top 10 at number 2 on 10 December 2020 (week ending), and peaked at number-one for the first time ever on 17 December 2020 (week ending). d "Last Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 10 December 2020 (week ending). Having originally peaked at number 2 in 1984, the song reached number-one for the first time ever on 7 January 2021 (week ending). e "Fairytale of New York" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 10 December 2020 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 2 upon release in 1987. f "Merry Christmas Everyone" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 17 December 2020 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 1 upon release in 1985. g Released as a charity single by Band Aid in 1984 to aid famine relief in Ethiopia. h "Do They Know It's Christmas?" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 17 December 2020 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 1 upon release in 1984. i "It's Beginning to Look A lot Like Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 7 January 2021 (week ending). j "Step Into Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 17 December 2020 (week ending). k "This Christmas" entered the top 10 at number 9 on 24 December 2020 (week ending). l "Whoopty" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 14 January 2021 (week ending). m "Levitating" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 14 January 2021 (week ending). n "34+35" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 14 January 2021 (week ending). o "You Broke Me First" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 14 January 2021 (week ending). p Figure includes a top-ten hit as a member of the group Wham! q Figure includes an appearance on the "Do They Know It's Christmas?" charity single by Band Aid. r "34+35" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 28 January 2021 (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion. s "Get Out My Head" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 11 February 2021 (week ending). t "Latest Trends" entered the top 10 at number 2 on 25 March (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Aitch. u "Goosebumps (Remix)" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 25 March 2021 (week ending). v Figure includes a feature on "Money Talks". w Figure includes a feature on "Patience". x "Body" entered the top 10 at number 4 on 6 May 2021 (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Bugzy Malone, Fivio Foreign, Darkoo, Buni, ArrDee, E1 and ZT. y "Save Your Tears" entered the top 10 at number 8 on 13 May 2021 (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Ariana Grande. z "Drivers License" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 10 June 2021 (week ending). aa "Traitor" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 17 June 2021 (week ending). bb "Three Lions" re-entered the top 10 at number 4 on 15 July 2021 (week ending), following England's success in the UEFA Euro 2020. cc "Traitor" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 15 July 2021 (week ending). dd "Save Your Tears" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 12 August 2021 (week ending). ee "Holiday" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 26 August 2021 (week ending). ff "Kiss My (Uh-Oh)" entered the top 10 at number 10 on 9 September (week ending), following the subsequent Girl Power remix featuring Raye, Becky Hill and Stefflon Don. gg Figure includes a feature on "Wants and Needs". hh Figure includes a feature on "Girls Want Girls". ii "Happier Than Ever" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 14 October 2021 (week ending). jj Figure includes a feature on top-ten hit "Sweet Melody" as a then member of Little Mix. kk "My Universe" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 28 October 2021 (week ending) following the release of the album Music of the Spheres. ll "That's What I Want" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 28 October 2021 (week ending). mm Figure includes a feature on "Coming for You". nn Figure includes a feature on "Overseas". oo "All I Want fot Christmas Is You" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 9 December 2021 (week ending). pp "Last Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 4 on 9 December 2021 (week ending). qq "Merry Christmas Everyone" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 16 December 2021 (week ending). rr "Fairytale of New York" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 16 December 2021 (week ending). ss "It's Beginning to Look A lot Like Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 16 December 2021 (week ending). tt "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 16 December 2021 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 6 upon release in 1962. It reached a new peak of number 5 on 6 January 2022 (week ending). uu "Seventeen Going Under" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 23 December 2021 (week ending). vv "It's Beginning to Look A lot Like Christmas" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 6 January 2022 (week ending). ww "Easy on Me" re-entered the top 10 at number-one on 13 January 2022 (week ending). ww "ABCDEFU" re-entered the top 10 at number 2 on 13 January 2022 (week ending). yy "Seventeen Going Under" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 13 January 2022 (week ending). zz "Coming for You" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 13 January 2022 (week ending). aaa "Flowers (Say My Name)" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 13 January 2022 (week ending). bbb "Overseas" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 13 January 2022 (week ending). ccc "Shivers" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 13 January 2022 (week ending). ddd "Flowers (Say My Name)" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 27 January 2022 (week ending). References ^ a b "The Official Charts Company". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 December 2014. ^ Roberts, David (2005). Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums (18th ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. p. 14. ISBN 1-904994-00-8. ^ "New singles formats to save the charts". BBC News. 16 October 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ^ "Official Singles Chart rules are changing to help new bands break through". Newsbeat. British Broadcasting Corporation. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ Homewood, Ben (19 December 2016). "Official Charts Company changes conversion rate to reflect rise in streaming". Music Week. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ "Wham's Last Christmas finally reaches Number 1, sets Official Chart record". www.officialcharts.com. ^ Savage, Mark (1 January 2021). "Wham!'s Last Christmas goes to number one for the first time". BBC News. London. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (1 January 2021). "Last Christmas by Wham! reaches No 1 for first time after 36 years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ "Olivia Rodrigo becomes youngest solo artist to score Official UK Chart Double". Official Charts Company. May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021. ^ "Maneskin make history with two Top 10 entries on the Official Singles Chart". Official Charts Company. June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "ABBA score first UK Official Chart Top 10 single in nearly 40 years with Don't Shut Me Down". Official Charts Company. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021. ^ "Elton John and Dua Lipa's Cold Heart (Pnau Remix) claims Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart". Official Charts Company. October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021. ^ "Ed Sheeran & Elton John's Merry Christmas debuts at Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart". Official Charts Company. December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021. ^ a b "LadBaby score 2021's Christmas Number 1, make Official Chart history with Sausage Rolls For Everyone: "Thank you for all the support, positivity and love"". Official Charts Company. December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. ^ "Adele's Easy On Me makes record-breaking Number 1 debut on the Official Singles Chart". Official Charts Company. October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021. External links 2021 singles chart archive at the Official Charts Company (click on relevant week) vteLists of UK top-ten singles1950s 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 See also List of UK Singles Chart number ones List of artists with the most UK top-ten singles vteUK music chartsUK singlesNumber ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Number one artists Most number ones Christmas Posthumous Scottish One-hit wonders in Scotland Instrumental Simultaneous UK and U.S. Simultaneous with album Top tens 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Most top tens Best-selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s (decade) 2010s 1900s 21st century All time Yearly Most-downloaded (2000s) Most streamed Million-sellers Platinum singles (pre-2000) Platinum singles (post-2000) Most weeks on chart One-hit wonders Records and statistics UK albumsNumber ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Most number ones Number-one in most decades Christmas Posthumous Simultaneous UK and U.S. Simultaneous with single Top tens 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Most top tens Best-selling 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s (decade) 2010s 21st century All time Yearly Most weeks on chart One-hit wonders Genre chartsNumber ones Afrobeats Singles Americana Albums Christian & Gospel Albums Classical Artist Albums Country (albums/airplay) Dance (singles/albums) Indie (singles/albums) Indie Breakers (singles/albums) Jazz & Blues Albums R&B (singles/albums) Rock & Metal Singles and Albums Specialist Classical Albums Other chartsCurrent Album Downloads Albums Streaming Audio Streaming Compilations Midweeks Progressive Record Store (2010s/2020s) Singles Downloads (2000s/2010s/2020s) List of UK Singles Sales Chart number ones UKHot40 Vinyl Albums Vinyl Singles The Official Big Top 40 Former 1952–1969 1Xtra Classical Singles Number-one EPs Fab 40 Fresh 40 Hit40UK Mersey Beat The Network Chart Show NME Official Subscription Plays Chart Pepsi Chart Pick of the Pops Record Mirror Top Pops Related Charts Plus Hit Music Media Research Information Bureau Music Week Official Charts Company The Official Chart Timeline of chart shows on UK radio UK Video Charts British Hit Singles & Albums The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles UKChartsPlus Record production portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Sheeran-6896.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Bad Habits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Habits_(Ed_Sheeran_song)"},{"link_name":"Shivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivers_(Ed_Sheeran_song)"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"LadBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LadBaby"},{"link_name":"Sausage Rolls for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_Rolls_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"70th UK Christmas number-one single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_Christmas_number_ones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivia_Rodrigo_at_Vice_President%27s_West_Wing_office_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Drivers License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivers_License_(song)"},{"link_name":"Good 4 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_4_U"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Sour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_(album)"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adele_for_Vogue_in_2021.png"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Easy on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_on_Me"},{"link_name":"Oh My God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_My_God_(Adele_song)"},{"link_name":"I Drink Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Drink_Wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elton_John_Cannes_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Cold Heart (Pnau remix)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Heart_(Pnau_remix)"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sausage Rolls for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_Rolls_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"LadBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LadBaby"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"physical singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single"},{"link_name":"digital downloads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rules-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"YouTube Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Music"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_British_music"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_top-ten_singles_in_2020"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_top-ten_singles_in_2022"},{"link_name":"Seventeen Going Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Going_Under_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sam Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fender"},{"link_name":"A1 x J1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_x_J1"},{"link_name":"D-Block Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Block_Europe"},{"link_name":"Central Cee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cee"},{"link_name":"ABCDEFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCDEFU"},{"link_name":"Gayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayle_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockin%27_Around_the_Christmas_Tree"},{"link_name":"Brenda Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Lee"},{"link_name":"Come On Home for Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Come_Home_for_Christmas#George_Ezra"},{"link_name":"George Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Sweet Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Melody_(song)"},{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"34+35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34%2B35"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Step into Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_into_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"This Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Christmas_(Donny_Hathaway_song)#Jess_Glynne_version"},{"link_name":"Jess Glynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Glynne"},{"link_name":"Whoopty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoopty"},{"link_name":"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockin%27_Around_the_Christmas_Tree#Justin_Bieber_version"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"The Kid Laroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kid_Laroi"},{"link_name":"Mimi Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Webb"},{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Sam Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fender"},{"link_name":"Tom Grennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Grennan"},{"link_name":"Last Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Wham!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wham!"},{"link_name":"Sweet Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Melody_(song)"},{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"}],"text":"Ed Sheeran achieved a total of seven top 10 singles in 2021, the most of any artist during the year. Sheeran occupied the top spot of the UK chart for fifteen consecutive weeks between July and October with the singles \"Bad Habits\" (which became the year's best-selling single) and \"Shivers\". In December, his festive collaboration with Elton John, \"Merry Christmas\", entered the chart at number-one, and was knocked off the top spot two weeks later by Sheeran and John's collaboration with LadBaby, \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\", which became the 70th UK Christmas number-one single.Olivia Rodrigo was this year's breakthrough artist, achieving four top 10 entries, including the number-one hits \"Drivers License\" and \"Good 4 U\", which both feature in the list of this year's top 10 best-selling singles. Rodrigo also became the youngest solo artist to achieve the coveted UK chart double after \"Good 4 U\" climbed to number-one in the UK Singles Chart in the same week her debut album Sour entered the UK Albums Chart at number-one.Adele made a return to the UK Singles Chart in 2021 after a five-year absence with \"Easy on Me\", which spent eight non-consecutive weeks at number-one and scored the biggest opening week of the year. She achieved two further top 10 hits later in the year with \"Oh My God\" and \"I Drink Wine\".Elton John topped the UK Singles Chart three times this year with \"Cold Heart (Pnau remix)\" (a collaboration with Dua Lipa), \"Merry Christmas\", and \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\" (both featuring Ed Sheeran and the latter featuring LadBaby), bringing his tally of UK number-one singles to ten. When \"Cold Heart\" topped the chart, John achieved his first number-one single in the UK chart since 2005.The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom.[1] Since 2004 the chart has been based on the sales of both physical singles and digital downloads, with airplay figures excluded from the official chart.[2][3] Since 2014, the singles chart has been based on both sales and streaming, with the ratio altered in 2017 to 150:1 streams and only three singles by the same artist eligible for the chart.[4][5] From July 2018, video streams from YouTube Music and Spotify among others began to be counted for the Official Charts. This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 2021, as well as singles which peaked in 2020 and 2022 but were in the top 10 in 2021. The entry date is when the song appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced).One-hundred and five singles were in the top 10 this year. Fourteen singles from 2020 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while \"Seventeen Going Under\" by Sam Fender, \"Coming for You\" by SwitchOTR featuring A1 x J1, \"Overseas\" by D-Block Europe featuring Central Cee, \"ABCDEFU\" by Gayle, \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" by Brenda Lee and \"Come On Home for Christmas\" by George Ezra were all released in 2021 but did not reach their peak until 2022. \"Sweet Melody\" by Little Mix, \"34+35\" by Ariana Grande, \"Step into Christmas\" by Elton John, \"This Christmas\" by Jess Glynne, \"Whoopty\" by CJ and \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" by Justin Bieber were the singles from 2020 to reach their peak in 2021. The Kid Laroi, Mimi Webb, Olivia Rodrigo, Sam Fender and Tom Grennan were among the many artists who achieved their first top 10 single in 2021.\"Last Christmas\" by Wham!, originally released in 1984, topped the chart for the first time in the first week of 2021. The first new number-one single of the year was \"Sweet Melody\" by Little Mix. Overall, thirteen different songs peaked at number-one in 2021, with Ed Sheeran (4) having the most songs hit that position.","title":"List of UK top-ten singles in 2021"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Last Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Christmas"}],"sub_title":"Multiple entries","text":"One hundred and five singles charted in the top 10 in 2021, with ninety-two singles reaching their peak this year (including the re-entry \"Last Christmas\").","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wham!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wham!"},{"link_name":"Last Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Christmas"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"Tony Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Christie"},{"link_name":"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Is_This_The_Way_To)_Amarillo%3F"},{"link_name":"Peter Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savage-2021-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaumont-Thomas-2021-8"}],"sub_title":"\"Last Christmas\" finally reaches number-one","text":"On New Year's Day 2021 (7 January 2021, week ending), Wham!'s iconic festive classic \"Last Christmas\", written by the group's lead singer George Michael, finally reached the coveted number-one spot in the UK chart. Upon its initial release in 1984, the single peaked at number two for five consecutive weeks. It returned to number two in 2017, one year after George Michael's death. The single finally reached the top spot more than 36 years after its initial release, the longest amount of time for a song to reach number-one, surpassing Tony Christie's almost 16 year-long record for the longest time a single has taken to top the UK Singles Chart after its initial release with \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo?\" in March 2005, which had itself taken 33 years 4 months to top the chart (with Peter Kay, though credited, only actually appearing in the video). Prior to it reaching number one, \"Last Christmas\" had for many years held the record as the highest-selling single never to top the charts, with 1.9 million copies sold (not including streams).[6][7][8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Good 4 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_4_U"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Sour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_(album)"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Sam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Smith"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Olivia Rodrigo becomes youngest solo artist to score UK chart double","text":"On 28 May 2021 (3 June 2021, week ending), American singer Olivia Rodrigo became the youngest solo artist to achieve the coveted UK chart double at 18 years and 3 months old. Her single \"Good 4 U\" climbed to number-one in the UK Singles Chart after debuting at number two the previous week, while her debut album Sour entered the UK Albums Chart at number-one. Rodrigo became the first artist since Sam Smith in 2015 to garner a UK chart double with a debut album.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Anthem"},{"link_name":"Galantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galantis"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Little Mix set a new chart record","text":"On 29 July 2021, British girl group Little Mix became the first girl group to spend a 100 weeks inside the Top 10 of the Official UK Singles Chart. Heartbreak Anthem, the trio's collaboration with Swedish music duo Galantis, and French DJ David Guetta, placed at number 7, marking their 100th week in the Top 10 across all of their releases.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Måneskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Be Your Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Your_Slave"},{"link_name":"Beggin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggin%27"},{"link_name":"Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Måneskin become first Italian act with two simultaneous UK top-ten singles","text":"On 25 June 2021 (1 July 2021, week ending), rock group Måneskin, winners of the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, became the first act from Italy to have two singles in the top-ten of the UK Singles Chart simultaneously with \"I Wanna Be Your Slave\" at number six and \"Beggin'\" (a cover of the 1967 song by Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons) at number ten.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Don't Shut Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shut_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"One of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_of_Us_(ABBA_song)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"ABBA score first top-ten single in forty years","text":"On 10 September 2021 (16 September 2021, week ending), Swedish pop music legends ABBA returned to the top-ten of the UK Singles Chart for the first time in almost forty years when \"Don't Shut Me Down\" debuted at number nine, becoming their 20th top-ten single. The group's last single to reach the top-ten of the UK charts was \"One of Us\", which peaked at number three in December 1981.[11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Cold Heart (Pnau remix)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Heart_(Pnau_remix)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Christmas number-one single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_Christmas_number_ones"},{"link_name":"LadBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LadBaby"},{"link_name":"Sausage Rolls for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_Rolls_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadBaby-14"}],"sub_title":"Elton John's comeback year","text":"2021 proved to be the comeback year for Elton John in the UK Singles Chart, with the British music icon earning the eighth, ninth and tenth number-one singles of his career in less than three months.On 15 October 2021 (21 October 2021, week ending), he achieved his first UK number-one single in sixteen years when his collaboration with Dua Lipa, \"Cold Heart (Pnau remix)\", rose to the top of the UK Singles Chart during its fifth week in the top-ten.[12]On 10 December 2021 (16 December 2021, week ending), his festive collaboration with Ed Sheeran, \"Merry Christmas\", entered the chart at number-one. The song claimed 76,700 chart sales in its first week, including 22,100 pure sales (physical + digital downloads) and 7.6 million streams. It also earned the biggest week of CD single sales of 2021, with 8,100 copies sold on disc during its first week of release.[13]On 24 December 2021 (30 December 2021, week ending), after two weeks at number-one, \"Merry Christmas\" was denied the Christmas number-one single by Sheeran and John's collaboration with LadBaby, \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\".[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Easy on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_on_Me"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Shape Of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_Of_You"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"7 Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Rings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Adele scores first UK number-one single in six years and sets new chart record","text":"On 22 October 2021 (28 October 2021, week ending), Adele returned to the UK Singles Chart after a five-year absence when her single \"Easy on Me\" entered the chart at number-one. The song amassed 217,300 chart sales in its first week, the highest first week figure since Ed Sheeran's \"Shape Of You\", which earned 226,800 in January 2017. Adele also set a new chart record with the single as \"Easy On Me\" racked up 24 million streams in the UK in its first week of release, the most streams for a song in one week – topping Ariana Grande's record of 16.9 million set back in January 2019 with \"7 Rings\". \"Easy On Me\" also earned the biggest week of digital download sales of 2021 so far, with 23,500.[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LadBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LadBaby"},{"link_name":"Sausage Rolls for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_Rolls_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Christmas number-one single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_Christmas_number_ones"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"The Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadBaby-14"}],"sub_title":"LadBaby makes chart history with fourth consecutive Christmas number-one single","text":"LadBaby made chart history this year when his song \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\", a sausage roll-themed parody of Ed Sheeran and Elton John's number-one single \"Merry Christmas\", and also featuring Sheeran and John, debuted at number-one in the UK Singles Chart on 24 December 2021 (30 December 2021, week ending), giving the Nottingham-born YouTuber and musician his fourth consecutive Christmas number-one single. LadBaby became only the second act in history, after The Beatles, to secure four Christmas number-one singles, but was the very first to achieve four consecutive Christmas chart-toppers, surpassing the records of both The Beatles and The Spice Girls. \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\" also became the 70th Christmas number-one single in the history of the UK Singles Chart since its introduction in 1952.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A1 x J1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_x_J1"},{"link_name":"Ardee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardee"},{"link_name":"The Kid Laroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kid_Laroi"},{"link_name":"Måneskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin"},{"link_name":"Polo G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_G"},{"link_name":"Central Cee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cee"},{"link_name":"Tom Grennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Grennan"},{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Saweetie1"},{"link_name":"Saweetie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saweetie"},{"link_name":"Confetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confetti_(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Jesy Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesy_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_(Jesy_Nelson_song)"},{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"}],"sub_title":"Chart debuts","text":"Thirty-one artists achieved their first charting top 10 single in 2021, either as a lead or featured artist. Of these, five artists went on to record another hit single that year: A1 x J1, Ardee, The Kid Laroi, Måneskin and Polo G. Central Cee and Tom Grennan both scored two more chart hits this year. Olivia Rodrigo achieved three more chart hits in her breakthrough year.The following table (collapsed on desktop site) does not include acts who had previously charted as part of a group and secured their first top 10 solo single.1 Whilst Saweetie is a featured artist on the single version of \"Confetti\", the Official Charts does not recognise her as a featured artist for this particular entry.NotesJesy Nelson earned her first UK top ten debut in October 2021 with \"Boyz\". This also became her first top 10 since her departure from UK girl band Little Mix in December 2020.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Bad Habits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Habits_(Ed_Sheeran_song)"},{"link_name":"BPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"Good 4 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_4_U"},{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Drivers License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivers_License_(song)"},{"link_name":"Save Your Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Your_Tears"},{"link_name":"The Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"Montero (Call Me By Your Name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montero_(Call_Me_By_Your_Name)"},{"link_name":"Lil Nas X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Nas_X"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"The Kid Laroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kid_Laroi"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Glass Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Animals"},{"link_name":"Blinding Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_Lights"},{"link_name":"Russ Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Millions"},{"link_name":"Tion Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tion_Wayne"},{"link_name":"the top ten best-selling singles of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_British_music#Top_singles_of_the_year"}],"sub_title":"Best-selling singles","text":"Ed Sheeran had the best-selling single of the year with \"Bad Habits\". The song spent 22 weeks in the top 10 (including eleven weeks at number-one), sold over 1,700,000 copies and was certified 2× platinum by the BPI. \"Good 4 U\" by Olivia Rodrigo came in second place, while Olivia Rodrigo's \"Drivers License\", \"Save Your Tears\" by The Weeknd and \"Montero (Call Me By Your Name)\" by Lil Nas X made up the top five. Songs by Dua Lipa, The Kid Laroi and Justin Bieber, Glass Animals, The Weeknd (\"Blinding Lights\") and Russ Millions and Tion Wayne were also in the top ten best-selling singles of the year.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key","title":"Top-ten singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2020s § 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_2020s#2021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Mix_6_-_Jesy_Nelson_(38119717714)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"Jesy Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesy_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_(Jesy_Nelson_song)"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Sweet Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Melody"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KSI2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"KSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSI_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Don't Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Play"},{"link_name":"Patience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_(KSI_song)"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_(KSI_song)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maneskin_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Måneskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Be Your Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Your_Slave"},{"link_name":"Beggin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggin%27"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"See also: List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2020s § 2021Former Little Mix member Jesy Nelson earned her first top 10 single independent of the group in October 2021 with \"Boyz\", featuring guest vocals from Nicki Minaj, which peaked at number four. Additionally, her vocals are featured on Little Mix's \"Sweet Melody\", which reached number-one in January.KSI reached the UK top 10 three times this year with the singles \"Don't Play\", \"Patience\" and \"Holiday\", which all peaked within the top three.Italian rock group Måneskin gained success following their win in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, securing two UK top 10 entries: \"I Wanna Be Your Slave\" and \"Beggin'\". They also became the first act from Italy to have two singles in the top-ten of the UK Singles Chart simultaneously.The following table shows artists who have achieved two or more top 10 entries in 2021, including singles that reached their peak in 2020. The figures include both main artists and featured artists, while appearances on ensemble charity records are also counted for each artist. The total number of weeks an artist spent in the top ten in 2021 is also shown.","title":"Entries by artist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Sweeta"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_34+35b"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Allc"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Lastd"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Fairytalee"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Merryf"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Band_Aidg"},{"link_name":"famine relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Doh"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Bubl%C3%A9i"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Stepj"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Thisk"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Whooptyl"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Levitatingm"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_34+35n"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Youo"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Georgep"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Georgeq"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_34+35r"},{"link_name":"Doja Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doja_Cat"},{"link_name":"Megan Thee Stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Get_Out_My_Heads"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Latest_Trendst"},{"link_name":"Aitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitch_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Goosebumpsu"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Davev"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Polow"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Bodyx"},{"link_name":"Bugzy Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugzy_Malone"},{"link_name":"Fivio Foreign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivio_Foreign"},{"link_name":"Darkoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkoo"},{"link_name":"ArrDee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrDee"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Savey"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Driversz"},{"link_name":"aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Traitoraa"},{"link_name":"bb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Threebb"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020"},{"link_name":"cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Traitorcc"},{"link_name":"dd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Save2dd"},{"link_name":"ee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Holidayee"},{"link_name":"ff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Kissff"},{"link_name":"Raye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raye"},{"link_name":"Becky Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Hill"},{"link_name":"Stefflon Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefflon_Don"},{"link_name":"gg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Lilgg"},{"link_name":"hh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Lil2hh"},{"link_name":"ii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Happier_Than_Everii"},{"link_name":"jj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Jesyjj"},{"link_name":"kk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Universekk"},{"link_name":"Music of the Spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Spheres_(Coldplay_album)"},{"link_name":"ll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Thatsll"},{"link_name":"mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A1J1mm"},{"link_name":"nn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Central_Ceenn"},{"link_name":"oo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Alloo"},{"link_name":"pp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Lastpp"},{"link_name":"qq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Merryqq"},{"link_name":"rr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Fairytalerr"},{"link_name":"ss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Bubl%C3%A9ss"},{"link_name":"tt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Rockin'tt"},{"link_name":"uu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Sam_Fenderuu"},{"link_name":"vv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Bubl%C3%A9vv"},{"link_name":"ww","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Easy_on_Meww"},{"link_name":"ww","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Gayleww"},{"link_name":"yy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Sam_Fender_2yy"},{"link_name":"zz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Coming_for_Youzz"},{"link_name":"aaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_ArrDeeaaa"},{"link_name":"bbb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Overseasbbb"},{"link_name":"ccc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Shiversccc"},{"link_name":"ddd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_ArrDee_2ddd"}],"text":"a \"Sweet Melody\" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 7 January 2021 (week ending).\nb \"34+35\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 10 December 2020 (week ending).\nc \"All I Want fot Christmas Is You\" re-entered the top 10 at number 2 on 10 December 2020 (week ending), and peaked at number-one for the first time ever on 17 December 2020 (week ending).\nd \"Last Christmas\" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 10 December 2020 (week ending). Having originally peaked at number 2 in 1984, the song reached number-one for the first time ever on 7 January 2021 (week ending).\ne \"Fairytale of New York\" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 10 December 2020 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 2 upon release in 1987.\nf \"Merry Christmas Everyone\" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 17 December 2020 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 1 upon release in 1985.\ng Released as a charity single by Band Aid in 1984 to aid famine relief in Ethiopia.\nh \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 17 December 2020 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 1 upon release in 1984.\ni \"It's Beginning to Look A lot Like Christmas\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 7 January 2021 (week ending).\nj \"Step Into Christmas\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 17 December 2020 (week ending).\nk \"This Christmas\" entered the top 10 at number 9 on 24 December 2020 (week ending).\nl \"Whoopty\" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 14 January 2021 (week ending).\nm \"Levitating\" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 14 January 2021 (week ending).\nn \"34+35\" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 14 January 2021 (week ending).\no \"You Broke Me First\" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 14 January 2021 (week ending).\np Figure includes a top-ten hit as a member of the group Wham!\nq Figure includes an appearance on the \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" charity single by Band Aid.\nr \"34+35\" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 28 January 2021 (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion.\ns \"Get Out My Head\" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 11 February 2021 (week ending).\nt \"Latest Trends\" entered the top 10 at number 2 on 25 March (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Aitch.\nu \"Goosebumps (Remix)\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 25 March 2021 (week ending).\nv Figure includes a feature on \"Money Talks\".\nw Figure includes a feature on \"Patience\".\nx \"Body\" entered the top 10 at number 4 on 6 May 2021 (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Bugzy Malone, Fivio Foreign, Darkoo, Buni, ArrDee, E1 and ZT.\ny \"Save Your Tears\" entered the top 10 at number 8 on 13 May 2021 (week ending), following the subsequent remix featuring Ariana Grande.\nz \"Drivers License\" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 10 June 2021 (week ending).\naa \"Traitor\" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 17 June 2021 (week ending).\nbb \"Three Lions\" re-entered the top 10 at number 4 on 15 July 2021 (week ending), following England's success in the UEFA Euro 2020.\ncc \"Traitor\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 15 July 2021 (week ending).\ndd \"Save Your Tears\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 12 August 2021 (week ending).\nee \"Holiday\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 26 August 2021 (week ending).\nff \"Kiss My (Uh-Oh)\" entered the top 10 at number 10 on 9 September (week ending), following the subsequent Girl Power remix featuring Raye, Becky Hill and Stefflon Don.\ngg Figure includes a feature on \"Wants and Needs\".\nhh Figure includes a feature on \"Girls Want Girls\".\nii \"Happier Than Ever\" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 14 October 2021 (week ending).\njj Figure includes a feature on top-ten hit \"Sweet Melody\" as a then member of Little Mix.\nkk \"My Universe\" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 28 October 2021 (week ending) following the release of the album Music of the Spheres.\nll \"That's What I Want\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 28 October 2021 (week ending).\nmm Figure includes a feature on \"Coming for You\".\nnn Figure includes a feature on \"Overseas\".\noo \"All I Want fot Christmas Is You\" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 9 December 2021 (week ending).\npp \"Last Christmas\" re-entered the top 10 at number 4 on 9 December 2021 (week ending).\nqq \"Merry Christmas Everyone\" re-entered the top 10 at number 6 on 16 December 2021 (week ending).\nrr \"Fairytale of New York\" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 16 December 2021 (week ending).\nss \"It's Beginning to Look A lot Like Christmas\" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 16 December 2021 (week ending).\ntt \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 16 December 2021 (week ending), having originally peaked at number 6 upon release in 1962. It reached a new peak of number 5 on 6 January 2022 (week ending).\nuu \"Seventeen Going Under\" re-entered the top 10 at number 9 on 23 December 2021 (week ending).\nvv \"It's Beginning to Look A lot Like Christmas\" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 6 January 2022 (week ending).\nww \"Easy on Me\" re-entered the top 10 at number-one on 13 January 2022 (week ending).\nww \"ABCDEFU\" re-entered the top 10 at number 2 on 13 January 2022 (week ending).\nyy \"Seventeen Going Under\" re-entered the top 10 at number 3 on 13 January 2022 (week ending).\nzz \"Coming for You\" re-entered the top 10 at number 5 on 13 January 2022 (week ending).\naaa \"Flowers (Say My Name)\" re-entered the top 10 at number 7 on 13 January 2022 (week ending).\nbbb \"Overseas\" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 13 January 2022 (week ending).\nccc \"Shivers\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 13 January 2022 (week ending).\nddd \"Flowers (Say My Name)\" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 27 January 2022 (week ending).","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Ed Sheeran achieved a total of seven top 10 singles in 2021, the most of any artist during the year. Sheeran occupied the top spot of the UK chart for fifteen consecutive weeks between July and October with the singles \"Bad Habits\" (which became the year's best-selling single) and \"Shivers\". In December, his festive collaboration with Elton John, \"Merry Christmas\", entered the chart at number-one, and was knocked off the top spot two weeks later by Sheeran and John's collaboration with LadBaby, \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\", which became the 70th UK Christmas number-one single.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ed_Sheeran-6896.jpg/200px-Ed_Sheeran-6896.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olivia Rodrigo was this year's breakthrough artist, achieving four top 10 entries, including the number-one hits \"Drivers License\" and \"Good 4 U\", which both feature in the list of this year's top 10 best-selling singles. Rodrigo also became the youngest solo artist to achieve the coveted UK chart double after \"Good 4 U\" climbed to number-one in the UK Singles Chart in the same week her debut album Sour entered the UK Albums Chart at number-one.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Olivia_Rodrigo_at_Vice_President%27s_West_Wing_office_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Olivia_Rodrigo_at_Vice_President%27s_West_Wing_office_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adele made a return to the UK Singles Chart in 2021 after a five-year absence with \"Easy on Me\", which spent eight non-consecutive weeks at number-one and scored the biggest opening week of the year. She achieved two further top 10 hits later in the year with \"Oh My God\" and \"I Drink Wine\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Adele_for_Vogue_in_2021.png/200px-Adele_for_Vogue_in_2021.png"},{"image_text":"Elton John topped the UK Singles Chart three times this year with \"Cold Heart (Pnau remix)\" (a collaboration with Dua Lipa), \"Merry Christmas\", and \"Sausage Rolls for Everyone\" (both featuring Ed Sheeran and the latter featuring LadBaby), bringing his tally of UK number-one singles to ten. When \"Cold Heart\" topped the chart, John achieved his first number-one single in the UK chart since 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elton_John_Cannes_2019.jpg/200px-Elton_John_Cannes_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Little Mix member Jesy Nelson earned her first top 10 single independent of the group in October 2021 with \"Boyz\", featuring guest vocals from Nicki Minaj, which peaked at number four. Additionally, her vocals are featured on Little Mix's \"Sweet Melody\", which reached number-one in January.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Little_Mix_6_-_Jesy_Nelson_%2838119717714%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Little_Mix_6_-_Jesy_Nelson_%2838119717714%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"KSI reached the UK top 10 three times this year with the singles \"Don't Play\", \"Patience\" and \"Holiday\", which all peaked within the top three.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/KSI2019.jpg/150px-KSI2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Italian rock group Måneskin gained success following their win in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, securing two UK top 10 entries: \"I Wanna Be Your Slave\" and \"Beggin'\". They also became the first act from Italy to have two singles in the top-ten of the UK Singles Chart simultaneously.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Maneskin_2018.jpg/150px-Maneskin_2018.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Official Charts Company\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/","url_text":"\"The Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2005). Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums (18th ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. p. 14. ISBN 1-904994-00-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_British_Hit_Singles_%26_Albums","url_text":"Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles and Albums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiT_Entertainment","url_text":"Guinness World Records Limited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-00-8","url_text":"1-904994-00-8"}]},{"reference":"\"New singles formats to save the charts\". BBC News. 16 October 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3196892.stm","url_text":"\"New singles formats to save the charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Singles Chart rules are changing to help new bands break through\". Newsbeat. British Broadcasting Corporation. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/40405357/official-singles-chart-rules-are-changing-to-help-new-bands-break-through","url_text":"\"Official Singles Chart rules are changing to help new bands break through\""}]},{"reference":"Homewood, Ben (19 December 2016). \"Official Charts Company changes conversion rate to reflect rise in streaming\". Music Week. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/official-charts-company-changes-conversion-rate-to-reflect-rise-in-streaming/066932","url_text":"\"Official Charts Company changes conversion rate to reflect rise in streaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wham's Last Christmas finally reaches Number 1, sets Official Chart record\". www.officialcharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/whams-last-christmas-finally-reaches-number-1-and-sets-official-uk-chart-record__32041/","url_text":"\"Wham's Last Christmas finally reaches Number 1, sets Official Chart record\""}]},{"reference":"Savage, Mark (1 January 2021). \"Wham!'s Last Christmas goes to number one for the first time\". BBC News. London. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/entertainment-arts-55509575","url_text":"\"Wham!'s Last Christmas goes to number one for the first time\""}]},{"reference":"Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (1 January 2021). \"Last Christmas by Wham! reaches No 1 for first time after 36 years\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jan/01/last-christmas-by-wham-reaches-no-1-for-first-time-after-36-years","url_text":"\"Last Christmas by Wham! reaches No 1 for first time after 36 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olivia Rodrigo becomes youngest solo artist to score Official UK Chart Double\". Official Charts Company. May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/olivia-rodrigo-becomes-youngest-solo-artist-ever-to-score-official-uk-chart-double-with-sour-and-good-4-u__33250/","url_text":"\"Olivia Rodrigo becomes youngest solo artist to score Official UK Chart Double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maneskin make history with two Top 10 entries on the Official Singles Chart\". Official Charts Company. June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/maneskin-make-history-with-two-top-10-entries-on-the-official-singles-chart__33461/","url_text":"\"Maneskin make history with two Top 10 entries on the Official Singles Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABBA score first UK Official Chart Top 10 single in nearly 40 years with Don't Shut Me Down\". Official Charts Company. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-score-first-uk-official-chart-top-10-single-in-nearly-40-years-with-dont-shut-me-down__34012/","url_text":"\"ABBA score first UK Official Chart Top 10 single in nearly 40 years with Don't Shut Me Down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elton John and Dua Lipa's Cold Heart (Pnau Remix) claims Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart\". Official Charts Company. October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/elton-john-and-dua-lipa-s-cold-heart-pnau-remix-claims-number-1-on-the-official-singles-chart__34232/","url_text":"\"Elton John and Dua Lipa's Cold Heart (Pnau Remix) claims Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Sheeran & Elton John's Merry Christmas debuts at Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart\". Official Charts Company. December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ed-sheeran-elton-johns-merry-christmas-debuts-at-number-1-on-the-official-singles-chart__34653/","url_text":"\"Ed Sheeran & Elton John's Merry Christmas debuts at Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"LadBaby score 2021's Christmas Number 1, make Official Chart history with Sausage Rolls For Everyone: \"Thank you for all the support, positivity and love\"\". Official Charts Company. December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ladbaby-score-2021s-christmas-number-1-make-official-chart-history-with-sausage-rolls-for-everyone-thank-you-for-all-the-support-positivity-and-love-__34827/","url_text":"\"LadBaby score 2021's Christmas Number 1, make Official Chart history with Sausage Rolls For Everyone: \"Thank you for all the support, positivity and love\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adele's Easy On Me makes record-breaking Number 1 debut on the Official Singles Chart\". Official Charts Company. October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/adeles-easy-on-me-makes-record-breaking-number-1-debut-on-the-official-singles-chart__34286/","url_text":"\"Adele's Easy On Me makes record-breaking Number 1 debut on the Official Singles Chart\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Official Charts Company\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3196892.stm","external_links_name":"\"New singles formats to save the charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/40405357/official-singles-chart-rules-are-changing-to-help-new-bands-break-through","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart rules are changing to help new bands break through\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/official-charts-company-changes-conversion-rate-to-reflect-rise-in-streaming/066932","external_links_name":"\"Official Charts Company changes conversion rate to reflect rise in streaming\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/whams-last-christmas-finally-reaches-number-1-and-sets-official-uk-chart-record__32041/","external_links_name":"\"Wham's Last Christmas finally reaches Number 1, sets Official Chart record\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/entertainment-arts-55509575","external_links_name":"\"Wham!'s Last Christmas goes to number one for the first time\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jan/01/last-christmas-by-wham-reaches-no-1-for-first-time-after-36-years","external_links_name":"\"Last Christmas by Wham! reaches No 1 for first time after 36 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/olivia-rodrigo-becomes-youngest-solo-artist-ever-to-score-official-uk-chart-double-with-sour-and-good-4-u__33250/","external_links_name":"\"Olivia Rodrigo becomes youngest solo artist to score Official UK Chart Double\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/maneskin-make-history-with-two-top-10-entries-on-the-official-singles-chart__33461/","external_links_name":"\"Maneskin make history with two Top 10 entries on the Official Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/abba-score-first-uk-official-chart-top-10-single-in-nearly-40-years-with-dont-shut-me-down__34012/","external_links_name":"\"ABBA score first UK Official Chart Top 10 single in nearly 40 years with Don't Shut Me Down\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/elton-john-and-dua-lipa-s-cold-heart-pnau-remix-claims-number-1-on-the-official-singles-chart__34232/","external_links_name":"\"Elton John and Dua Lipa's Cold Heart (Pnau Remix) claims Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ed-sheeran-elton-johns-merry-christmas-debuts-at-number-1-on-the-official-singles-chart__34653/","external_links_name":"\"Ed Sheeran & Elton John's Merry Christmas debuts at Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ladbaby-score-2021s-christmas-number-1-make-official-chart-history-with-sausage-rolls-for-everyone-thank-you-for-all-the-support-positivity-and-love-__34827/","external_links_name":"\"LadBaby score 2021's Christmas Number 1, make Official Chart history with Sausage Rolls For Everyone: \"Thank you for all the support, positivity and love\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/adeles-easy-on-me-makes-record-breaking-number-1-debut-on-the-official-singles-chart__34286/","external_links_name":"\"Adele's Easy On Me makes record-breaking Number 1 debut on the Official Singles Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20210101/7501/","external_links_name":"2021 singles chart archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_AME_Church_of_Vicksburg
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Vicksburg, Mississippi)
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 32°21′16″N 90°52′43″W / 32.354565°N 90.878701°W / 32.354565; -90.878701Historic church in Mississippi, United States United States historic placeBethel African Methodist Episcopal ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesMississippi Landmark No. 149-VKS-4135.2-NR-ML Show map of MississippiShow map of the United StatesLocation805 Monroe St., Vicksburg, MississippiCoordinates32°21′16″N 90°52′43″W / 32.354565°N 90.878701°W / 32.354565; -90.878701Built1912Architectural styleRomanesqueMPSVicksburg MPSNRHP reference No.92000858USMS No.149-VKS-4135.2-NR-MLSignificant datesAdded to NRHPJuly 30, 1992Designated USMSNovember 10, 2005 Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) church located at 805 Monroe Street in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1992; and is listed as a Mississippi Landmark since November 10, 1992. History The church's congregation was established in 1864, making it the first A.M.E. church in the state. Its first church was a preexisting church building built in 1828; this was demolished to make way for the present building, which was completed in 1912. The church has a Romanesque Revival design with an auditorium plan, a common style for church buildings built in Mississippi at the time. The building features a four-story tower on the north side topped by a crenellated pyramid roof, stained glass rose windows on three sides, and a cross gabled roof with a corbelled parapet. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bethel AME Church (Vicksburg, Mississippi). ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Bethel A.M.E. Church". Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH). ^ Bell, Nancy H. (July 30, 1990). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church". National Park Service. Retrieved January 16, 2017. Accompanied by photos. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Mississippi on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in Mississippi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Methodist Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDAH-2"}],"text":"Historic church in Mississippi, United StatesUnited States historic placeBethel African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) church located at 805 Monroe Street in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1992;[1] and is listed as a Mississippi Landmark since November 10, 1992.[2]","title":"Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Vicksburg, Mississippi)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanesque Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"crenellated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenellated"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"rose windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_window"},{"link_name":"corbelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbel"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The church's congregation was established in 1864, making it the first A.M.E. church in the state. Its first church was a preexisting church building built in 1828; this was demolished to make way for the present building, which was completed in 1912. The church has a Romanesque Revival design with an auditorium plan, a common style for church buildings built in Mississippi at the time. The building features a four-story tower on the north side topped by a crenellated pyramid roof, stained glass rose windows on three sides, and a cross gabled roof with a corbelled parapet.[3]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Bethel A.M.E. Church\". Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=27074&view=facts&y=1025","url_text":"\"Bethel A.M.E. Church\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Nancy H. (July 30, 1990). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church\". National Park Service. Retrieved January 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=212d6ab0-96f5-40f9-b2b5-cf9ce4b14602","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Vicksburg,_Mississippi)&params=32.354565_N_90.878701_W_type:landmark_region:US-MS","external_links_name":"32°21′16″N 90°52′43″W / 32.354565°N 90.878701°W / 32.354565; -90.878701"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Vicksburg,_Mississippi)&params=32.354565_N_90.878701_W_type:landmark_region:US-MS","external_links_name":"32°21′16″N 90°52′43″W / 32.354565°N 90.878701°W / 32.354565; -90.878701"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64500332_text","external_links_name":"Vicksburg MPS"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/92000858","external_links_name":"92000858"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=27074&view=facts&y=1025","external_links_name":"\"Bethel A.M.E. Church\""},{"Link":"https://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=212d6ab0-96f5-40f9-b2b5-cf9ce4b14602","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church\""},{"Link":"https://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=4d1a2d7a-03ad-4d6f-ab8b-d703faa1529f","external_links_name":"Accompanied by photos"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Vicksburg,_Mississippi)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(Vicksburg,_Mississippi)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_interval
Wolf interval
["1 Temperament and the wolf","1.1 Quarter comma meantone","1.2 Pythagorean tuning","1.3 Five-limit tuning","2 \"Taming the wolf\"","2.1 Keep the piano keyboard","2.2 Keep the two-dimensional tuning system","3 Footnotes","4 References"]
Dissonant musical interval This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wolf interval" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wolf fifth on C Playⓘ Pythagorean wolf fifth as eleven just perfect fifths In music theory, the wolf fifth (sometimes also called Procrustean fifth, or imperfect fifth) is a particularly dissonant musical interval spanning seven semitones. Strictly, the term refers to an interval produced by a specific tuning system, widely used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: the quarter-comma meantone temperament. More broadly, it is also used to refer to similar intervals (of close, but variable magnitudes) produced by other tuning systems, including Pythagorean and most meantone temperaments. When the twelve notes within the octave of a chromatic scale are tuned using the quarter-comma meantone systems of temperament, one of the twelve intervals apparently spanning seven semitones is actually a diminished sixth, which turns out to be much wider than the in-tune genuine fifths, In mean-tone systems, this interval is usually from C♯ to A♭ or from G♯ to E♭ but can be moved in either direction to favor certain groups of keys. The eleven perfect fifths sound almost perfectly consonant. Conversely, the diminished sixth used as a substitute is severely dissonant: It sounds like the howl of a wolf, because of a phenomenon called beating. Since the diminished sixth is nominally enharmonically equivalent to a perfect fifth, but in meantone temperament, enharmonic notes are only nearby (within about 1/4 sharp or 1/4 flat); the discordance of substituted interval is called the "wolf fifth". Besides the above-mentioned quarter comma meantone, other tuning systems may produce severely dissonant diminished sixths. Conversely, in 12 tone equal temperament (12-TET), which is currently the most commonly used tuning system, the diminished sixth is not a wolf fifth, as it has exactly the same size as a perfect fifth. By extension, any interval which is perceived as severely dissonant and regarded as "howling like a wolf" is called a wolf interval. For instance, in quarter comma meantone, the augmented second, augmented third, augmented fifth, diminished fourth, and diminished seventh may be called wolf intervals, as their frequency ratio significantly deviates from the ratio of the corresponding justly tuned interval (see Size of quarter-comma meantone intervals). Meantone and wolf fifths A mean fifth followed by a wolf fifth in quarter-comma meantone temperament Problems playing this file? See media help. Temperament and the wolf The reason for "wolf" tones in meantone tunings is the bad practice of performers pressing the key for an enharmonic note as a substitute for a note that has not been tuned on the keyboard; e.g. pressing the black key tuned to G♯ when the music calls for A♭. In all meantone tuning systems, sharps and flats are not equivalent; a relic of which, that persists in modern musical practice, is to fastidiously distinguish the musical notation for two notes which are the same pitch in equal temperament ("enharmonic") and played with the same key on an equal tempered keyboard (such as C♯ and D♭, or E♯ and F♮), despite the fact that they are the same in all but theory. In order to close the circle of fifths in 12 note scales, twelve fifths must average out to 700 cents Each of the first eleven fifths (starting with the fifth below the tonic, the subdominant: F in the key of C, when each black key is tuned to a meantone sharp / no flats) has a value of 700 − ε cents, where ε is some small number of cents that all fifths are detuned by. In meantone temperament tuning systems, the twelfth and last fifth does not exist in the 12 note octave on the keyboard. The actual note available is really a diminished sixth: The interval is 700 + 11 ε cents, and is not a correct meantone fifth, which would be 700 − ε cents. The difference of 12 ε cents between the available pitch and the intended pitch is the source of the "wolf". The "wolf" effect is particularly grating for values of 12 ε cents that approach 20~25 cents A simplistic reaction to the problem is: "Of course it sounds awful: You're playing the wrong note!" With only 12 notes available in a conventional keyboard's octave, in meantone tunings there must always be omitted notes. For example, one choice for tuning an instrument in meantone, to play music in the key of C♮, would be A     B♭   B     C   C♯           D     E♭   E     F   F♯     G   G♯   with this set of chosen notes in bold face, and some of the omitted notes shown in grey. This limitation on the set meantone notes and their sharps and flats that can be tuned on a keyboard at any one time, was the main reason that Baroque period keyboard and orchestral harp performers were obliged to retune their instruments in mid-performance breaks, in order to make available all the accidentals called for by the next piece of music. Some music that modulates too far between keys cannot be played on a single keyboard or single harp, no matter how it is tuned: In the example tuning above, music that modulates from C major into both A major (which needs G♯ for the seventh note) and C minor (which needs A♭ for its sixth note) is not possible, since each of the two meantone notes, G♯ and A♭, both require the same string in each octave on the instrument to be tuned to their different pitches. For expediency, keyboard players substitute the wrong diminished sixth interval for a genuine meantone fifth (or neglect retuning their instrument). Though not available, a genuine meantone fifth would be consonant, but in meantone tuning systems (where ε isn't zero) the sharp of any note is always different from the flat of the note above it. A meantone keyboard that allowed unlimited modulation theoretically would require an infinite number of separate sharp and flat keys, and then double sharps and double flats, and so on: There must inevitably be missing pitches on a standard keyboard with only 12 notes in an octave. The value of ε changes depending on the tuning system. In other tuning systems (such as Pythagorean tuning and twelfth-comma meantone), each of the eleven fifths may have a size of 700 + ε cents, thus the diminished sixth is 700 − 11 ε cents. If their difference 12 ε , is very large, as in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system, the diminished sixth is used as a substitute for a fifth, it is called a "wolf fifth". In terms of frequency ratios, in order to close the circle of fifths, the product of the fifths' ratios must be 128 (since the twelve fifths, if closed in a circle, span seven octaves exactly; an octave is 2:1, and 27 = 128), and if f is the size of a fifth, 128 : f 11, or f 11 : 128, will be the size of the wolf. We likewise find varied tunings for the thirds: Major thirds must average 400 cents, and to each pair of thirds of size 400 ∓ 4 ε cents we have a third (or diminished fourth) of 400 ± 8 ε cents, leading to eight thirds 4 ε cents narrower or wider, and four diminished fourths 8 ε cents wider or narrower than average. Three of these diminished fourths form major triads with perfect fifths, but one of them forms a major triad substituting the diminished sixth for a real fifth. If the diminished sixth is a wolf interval, this triad is called the wolf major triad. Similarly, we obtain nine minor thirds of 300 ± 3 ε cents and three minor thirds (or augmented seconds) of 300 ∓ 9 ε cents. Quarter comma meantone In quarter-comma meantone, the frequency ratio for the fifth is 4 √ 5  , which is about 3.42157 cents flatter than an equal tempered 700 cents, (or exactly one twelfth of a diesis) and so the wolf is about 737.637 cents, or 35.682 cents sharper than a perfect fifth of ratio exactly 3:2, and this is the original "howling" wolf fifth. The flat minor thirds are only about 2.335 cents sharper than a subminor third of ratio 7:6, and the sharp major thirds, of ratio exactly 32:25, are about 7.712 cents flatter than the supermajor third of 9:7 . Meantone tunings with slightly flatter fifths produce even closer approximations to the subminor and supermajor thirds and corresponding triads. These thirds therefore hardly deserve the appellation of wolf, and in fact historically have not been given that name. The wolf fifth of quarter-comma meantone can be approximated by the 7-limit just interval 49:32, which has a size of 737.652 cents. Pythagorean tuning In Pythagorean tuning, there are eleven justly tuned fifths sharper than 700 cents by about 1.955 cents (or exactly one twelfth of a Pythagorean comma), and hence one fifth will be flatter by twelve times that, which is 23.460 cents (one Pythagorean comma) flatter than a just fifth. A fifth this flat can also be regarded as "howling like a wolf." There are also now eight sharp and four flat major thirds. Five-limit tuning Five-limit tuning was designed to maximize the number of pure intervals, but even in this system several intervals are markedly impure. 5-limit tuning yields a much larger number of wolf intervals with respect to Pythagorean tuning, which can be considered a 3-limit just intonation tuning. Namely, while Pythagorean tuning determines only 2 wolf intervals (a fifth and a fourth), the 5-limit symmetric scales produce 12 of them, and the asymmetric scale 14. It is also important to note that the two fifths, three minor thirds, and three major sixths marked in orange in the tables (ratio 40:27, 32:27, and 27:16; or G↓, E♭↓, and A↑), even though they do not completely meet the conditions to be wolf intervals, deviate from the corresponding pure ratio by an amount (1 syntonic comma, i.e., 81:80, or about 21.5 cents) large enough to be clearly perceived as dissonant. Five-limit tuning determines one diminished sixth of size 1024:675 (about 722 cents, i.e. 20 cents sharper than the 3:2 Pythagorean perfect fifth). Whether this interval should be considered dissonant enough to be called a wolf fifth is a controversial matter. Five-limit tuning also creates two impure perfect fifths of size 40:27. Five-limit fifths are about 680 cents; less pure than the 3:2 Pythagorean and/or just 701.95500 cent perfect fifth . They are not diminished sixths, but relative to the Pythagorean perfect fifth they are less consonant (about 20 cents flatter) and hence, they might be considered to be wolf fifths. The corresponding inversion is an impure perfect fourth of size 27:20 (about 520 cents). For instance, in the C major diatonic scale, an impure perfect fifth arises between D and A, and its inversion arises between A and D. Since in this context the term perfect is interpreted to mean 'perfectly consonant', the impure perfect fourth and perfect fifth are sometimes simply called the imperfect fourth and fifth. However, the widely adopted standard naming convention for musical intervals classifies them as perfect intervals, together with the octave and unison. This is also true for any perfect fourth or perfect fifth which slightly deviates from the perfectly consonant 4:3 or 3:2 ratios (for instance, those tuned using 12 tone equal or quarter-comma meantone temperament). Conversely, the expressions imperfect fourth and imperfect fifth do not conflict with the standard naming convention when they refer to a dissonant augmented third or diminished sixth (e.g. the wolf fourth and fifth in Pythagorean tuning). "Taming the wolf" Wolf intervals are a consequence of mapping a two-dimensional temperament to a one-dimensional keyboard. The only solution is to make the number of dimensions match. That is, either: Keep the (one-dimensional) piano keyboard, and shift to a one-dimensional temperament (e.g., equal temperament), or Keep the two-dimensional temperament, and shift to a two-dimensional keyboard. Keep the piano keyboard When the perfect fifth is tempered to be exactly 700 cents wide (that is, tempered by almost exactly 1/11 of a syntonic comma, or precisely 1/12 of a Pythagorean comma) then the tuning is identical to the now-standard 12 tone equal temperament. Because of the compromises (and wolf intervals) forced on meantone tunings by the one-dimensional piano-style keyboard, well temperaments and eventually equal temperament became more popular. A fifth of the size Mozart favored, at or near the 55 equal temperament fifth of 698.182 cents, will have a wolf of 720 cents: 18.045 cents sharper than a justly tuned fifth. This howls far less acutely, but is still noticeable. The wolf can be tamed by adopting equal temperament or a well temperament. The very intrepid may simply want to treat it as a xenharmonic music interval; depending on the size of the meantone fifth it can be made to be exactly 20:13 or 17:11, or less commonly to 32:21 or 49:32 . With a more extreme meantone temperament, like 19 equal temperament, the wolf is large enough that it is closer in size to a sixth than a fifth, and sounds like a different interval altogether rather than a mistuned fifth. Keep the two-dimensional tuning system Figure 1: The Wicki isomorphic keyboard, invented by Kaspar Wicki in 1896. Figure 2: The syntonic temperament’s tuning continuum. To use a two-dimensional temperament without wolf intervals, one needs a two-dimensional keyboard that is "isomorphic" with that temperament. A keyboard and temperament are isomorphic if they are generated by the same intervals. For example, the Wicki keyboard shown in Figure 1 is generated by the same musical intervals as the syntonic temperament—that is, by the octave and tempered perfect fifth—so they are isomorphic. On an isomorphic keyboard, any given musical interval has the same shape wherever it appears—in any octave, key, and tuning—except at the edges. For example, on Wicki's keyboard, from any given note, the note that is a tempered perfect fifth higher is always up-and-rightwardly adjacent to the given note. There are no wolf intervals within the note-span of this keyboard. The only problem is at the edge, on the note E♯. The note that is a tempered perfect fifth higher than E♯ is B♯, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A♯, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B♯ button, when playing an E♯ power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B♯, such as C, to play instead of the missing B♯. That is, the interval from E♯ to C would be a "wolf interval" on this keyboard. In 19-TET, the interval from E♯ to C♭ would be (enharmonic to) a perfect fifth. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has fewer buttons per octave than the tuning has enharmonically distinct notes. For example, the isomorphic keyboard in Figure 2 has 19 buttons per octave, so the above-cited edge condition, from E♯ to C, is not a wolf interval in 12-TET, 17-TET, or 19-TET; however, it is a wolf interval in 26-TET, 31-TET, and 53-TET. In these latter tunings, using electronic transposition could keep the current key's notes centered on the isomorphic keyboard, in which case these wolf intervals would very rarely be encountered in tonal music, despite modulation to exotic keys. A keyboard that is isomorphic with the syntonic temperament, such as Wicki's keyboard above, retains its isomorphism in any tuning within the tuning continuum of the syntonic temperament, even when changing tuning dynamically among such tunings. Plamondon, Milne & Sethares (2009), Figure 2, shows the valid tuning range of the syntonic temperament. Footnotes ^ Technically, the actual note present on the keyboard where the desired next fifth would be, is not a fifth, but rather a diminished sixth. ^ No such 700 cents exact average for fifth inervals exists meantone systems: Their fifths – and all repeated intervals – form a helix, not a circle. ^ The size of ε is around 1–4 cents, and is different for each particular meantone system used. As a technicality, equal temperament happens to be a meantone temperament for which the value of ε is zero. ^ 20~25 cents, or a quarter-sharp / quarter flat, is the typical size of the several discrepant musical intervals called "commas". Note that a quarter-comma is a different interval than a quarter-sharp. ^ Of course, double sharps and double flats are infeasible for the key of C major / A minor. ^ If a performer could get the use of an extra instrument, an alternative to retuning is to switch seats to a spare instrument already tuned for the upcoming piece. ^ Note that wind instruments, bowed stringed instruments, and singers have no such need for a retuning session, since players always microtune every note they produce "on the fly". On the other hand, players of stringed instruments with movable frets, such as the oud face a similar problem; performers on fixed-fret instruments likewise are limited to the keys which are compatible with the positions of the frets, although it is possible to microtune by tugging on a string using the finger that presses it down. References ^ Silver, A.L. Leigh (1971). Musimatics, or the Nun's Fiddle (PDF) (Report). p. 354 – via lit.gfax.ch/tunings. ^ a b Paul, Oscar (1885). A Manual of Harmony for use in Music-Schools and Seminaries and for Self-Instruction. Translated by Schirmer, G. Theodore Baker. p. 165 – via Internet Archive (archive.org). ... musical interval 'pythagorean major third'. ^ "The wolf fifth". robertinventor.com. ^ Duffin, Ross W. (2007). How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony (and Why You Should Care). New York, NY: W.W. Norton. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-393-06227-4. ^ Weber, Godfrey (1841). "Definition of perfect consonance". General Music Teacher – via Internet Archive (archive.org). perfect concord. ^ a b c Milne, Andrew; Sethares, William; Plamondon, James (December 2007). "Invariant fingerings across a tuning continuum". Computer Music Journal. 31 (4): 15–32. doi:10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15. S2CID 27906745. Retrieved 2013-07-11 – via mitpressjournals.org. ^ Gaskins, Robert (September 2003). "The Wicki system – an 1896 precursor of the Hayden system". Concertina Library: Digital Reference Collection for Concertinas. Retrieved 2013-07-11. ^ a b c Plamondon, J.; Milne, A.; Sethares, W.A. (2009). "Dynamic tonality: Extending the framework of tonality into the 21st century" (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the South Central Chapter of the College Music Society. Annual Conference of the South Central Chapter of the College Music Society – via sethares.engr.wisc.edu. vteIntervalsTwelve-semitone(post-BachWestern)(Numbers in bracketsare the number ofsemitones in theinterval.)Perfect unison (0) fourth (5) fifth (7) octave (12) Major second (2) third (4) sixth (9) seventh (11) Minor second (1) third (3) sixth (8) seventh (10) Augmented unison (1) second (3) third (5) fourth (6) fifth (8) sixth (10) seventh (12) Diminished second (0) third (2) fourth (4) fifth (6) sixth (7) seventh (9) octave (11) Compound ninth (13 or 14) tenth (15 or 16) eleventh (17 or 18) twelfth (18 or 19) thirteenth (20 or 21) fourteenth (22 or 23) fifteenth (24) Othertuningsystems24-tone equal temperament(Numbers in brackets referto fractional semitones.)Neutral quarter tone (1⁄2) second (1+1⁄2) third (3+1⁄2) major fourth (5+1⁄2) minor fifth (6+1⁄2) sixth (8+1⁄2) seventh (10+1⁄2) Just intonations(Numbers in bracketsrefer to pitch ratios.)7-limit septimal quarter tone (36:35) septimal third tone (28:27) septimal chromatic semitone (21:20) septimal diatonic semitone (15:14) supermajor second (8:7) subminor third (7:6) supermajor third (9:7) subminor fifth (7:5) supermajor fourth (10:7) subminor seventh (7:4) Higher-limit minor diatonic semitone (17-limit) OtherintervalsGroups Microtone 5-limit Comma Pseudo-octave Pythagorean interval Subminor and supermajor Semitones Pythagorean limma Pythagorean apotome Major limma Quarter tones Quarter tone Septimal quarter tone Undecimal quarter tone Commas Pythagorean comma (23.5 cents) Syntonic comma (21.5 cents) Holdrian comma (22.6 cents) Septimal comma (27.3 cents) Lesser diesis (41.1 cents) Greater diesis (62.6 cents) Septimal diesis (35.7 cents) Diaschisma (19.5 cents) Semicomma (10.1 cents) Septimal semicomma (13.8 cents) Kleisma (8.1 cents) Septimal kleisma (7.7 cents) Schisma (1.95 cents) Breedsma (0.72 cents) Ragisma (0.4 cents) Measurement Cent Centitone Millioctave Savart Others Wolf Ditone Semiditone Secor Incomposite interval List of pitch intervals
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_fifth_on_C.png"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Wolf_fifth_on_C.mid/Wolf_fifth_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_fifth_on_C.mid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_wolf_fifth.png"},{"link_name":"music theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-2"},{"link_name":"dissonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance"},{"link_name":"interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone"},{"link_name":"tuning system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning#Tuning_systems"},{"link_name":"quarter-comma meantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-comma_meantone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"meantone temperaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"chromatic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale"},{"link_name":"tuned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning"},{"link_name":"semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone"},{"link_name":"diminished sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_sixth"},{"link_name":"fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duffin2007-5"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"beating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)"},{"link_name":"enharmonically equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonically_equivalent"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"12 tone equal temperament (12-TET)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-tone_equal_temperament#Twelve-tone_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"augmented second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_second"},{"link_name":"augmented third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_third"},{"link_name":"augmented fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_fifth"},{"link_name":"diminished fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_fourth"},{"link_name":"diminished seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_seventh"},{"link_name":"justly tuned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"Size of quarter-comma meantone intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_comma_meantone#Size_of_intervals"},{"link_name":"Meantone and wolf fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mean5th_Wolf_5th.ogg"},{"link_name":"quarter-comma meantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-comma_meantone"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"text":"Wolf fifth on C PlayⓘPythagorean wolf fifth as eleven just perfect fifthsIn music theory, the wolf fifth (sometimes also called Procrustean fifth,\nor imperfect fifth)[1][2]\nis a particularly dissonant musical interval spanning seven semitones. Strictly, the term refers to an interval produced by a specific tuning system, widely used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: the quarter-comma meantone temperament.[3] More broadly, it is also used to refer to similar intervals (of close, but variable magnitudes) produced by other tuning systems, including Pythagorean and most meantone temperaments.When the twelve notes within the octave of a chromatic scale are tuned using the quarter-comma meantone systems of temperament, one of the twelve intervals apparently spanning seven semitones is actually a diminished sixth, which turns out to be much wider than the in-tune genuine fifths,[a]\nIn mean-tone systems, this interval is usually from C♯ to A♭ or from G♯ to E♭ but can be moved in either direction to favor certain groups of keys.[4]\nThe eleven perfect fifths sound almost perfectly consonant. Conversely, the diminished sixth used as a substitute is severely dissonant: It sounds like the howl of a wolf, because of a phenomenon called beating. Since the diminished sixth is nominally enharmonically equivalent to a perfect fifth, but in meantone temperament, enharmonic notes are only nearby (within about 1/4 sharp or 1/4 flat); the discordance of substituted interval is called the \"wolf fifth\".Besides the above-mentioned quarter comma meantone, other tuning systems may produce severely dissonant diminished sixths. Conversely, in 12 tone equal temperament (12-TET), which is currently the most commonly used tuning system, the diminished sixth is not a wolf fifth, as it has exactly the same size as a perfect fifth.By extension, any interval which is perceived as severely dissonant and regarded as \"howling like a wolf\" is called a wolf interval. For instance, in quarter comma meantone, the augmented second, augmented third, augmented fifth, diminished fourth, and diminished seventh may be called wolf intervals, as their frequency ratio significantly deviates from the ratio of the corresponding justly tuned interval (see Size of quarter-comma meantone intervals).Meantone and wolf fifths\n\nA mean fifth followed by a wolf fifth in quarter-comma meantone temperament\nProblems playing this file? See media help.","title":"Wolf interval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enharmonic note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic_equivalence"},{"link_name":"meantone tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_tuning"},{"link_name":"musical notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_notation"},{"link_name":"equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"\"enharmonic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic_equivalence"},{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theory"},{"link_name":"circle of fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths"},{"link_name":"fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(music)"},{"link_name":"subdominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdominant"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"diminished sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_sixth"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"key of C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_of_C"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Baroque period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_(music)"},{"link_name":"orchestral harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral_harp"},{"link_name":"accidentals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_(music)"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"C major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_major"},{"link_name":"A major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_major"},{"link_name":"seventh note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_seventh"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"sixth note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_sixth"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"circle of fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths"},{"link_name":"product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Major thirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"triads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(music)"},{"link_name":"minor thirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_third"}],"text":"The reason for \"wolf\" tones in meantone tunings is the bad practice of performers pressing the key for an enharmonic note as a substitute for a note that has not been tuned on the keyboard; e.g. pressing the black key tuned to G♯ when the music calls for A♭. In all meantone tuning systems, sharps and flats are not equivalent; a relic of which, that persists in modern musical practice, is to fastidiously distinguish the musical notation for two notes which are the same pitch in equal temperament (\"enharmonic\") and played with the same key on an equal tempered keyboard (such as C♯ and D♭, or E♯ and F♮), despite the fact that they are the same in all but theory.In order to close the circle of fifths in 12 note scales, twelve fifths must average out to 700 cents[b]\nEach of the first eleven fifths (starting with the fifth below the tonic, the subdominant: F in the key of C, when each black key is tuned to a meantone sharp / no flats) has a value of 700 − ε cents, where ε is some small number of cents that all fifths are detuned by.[c]\nIn meantone temperament tuning systems, the twelfth and last fifth does not exist in the 12 note octave on the keyboard. The actual note available is really a diminished sixth: The interval is 700 + 11 ε cents, and is not a correct meantone fifth, which would be 700 − ε cents. The difference of 12 ε cents between the available pitch and the intended pitch is the source of the \"wolf\". The \"wolf\" effect is particularly grating for values of 12 ε cents that approach 20~25 cents[d]\nA simplistic reaction to the problem is: \"Of course it sounds awful: You're playing the wrong note!\"With only 12 notes available in a conventional keyboard's octave, in meantone tunings there must always be omitted notes. For example, one choice for tuning an instrument in meantone, to play music in the key of C♮, would beA  \n[no A♯]  \nB♭  \nB  \n[no B♯ and no C♭]  \nC  \nC♯  \n[no D♭]  \n   \n \n\n\nD  \n[no D♯]  \nE♭  \nE  \n[no E♯ and no F♭]  \nF  \nF♯  \n[no G♭]  \nG  \nG♯   [choose one of either G♯ or A♭]with this set of chosen notes in bold face, and some of the omitted notes shown in grey.[e]This limitation on the set meantone notes and their sharps and flats that can be tuned on a keyboard at any one time, was the main reason that Baroque period keyboard and orchestral harp performers were obliged to retune their instruments in mid-performance breaks, in order to make available all the accidentals called for by the next piece of music.[f][g]\nSome music that modulates too far between keys cannot be played on a single keyboard or single harp, no matter how it is tuned: In the example tuning above, music that modulates from C major into both A major (which needs G♯ for the seventh note) and C minor (which needs A♭ for its sixth note) is not possible, since each of the two meantone notes, G♯ and A♭, both require the same string in each octave on the instrument to be tuned to their different pitches.For expediency, keyboard players substitute the wrong diminished sixth interval for a genuine meantone fifth (or neglect retuning their instrument). Though not available, a genuine meantone fifth would be consonant, but in meantone tuning systems (where ε isn't zero) the sharp of any note is always different from the flat of the note above it. A meantone keyboard that allowed unlimited modulation theoretically would require an infinite number of separate sharp and flat keys, and then double sharps and double flats, and so on: There must inevitably be missing pitches on a standard keyboard with only 12 notes in an octave. The value of ε changes depending on the tuning system. In other tuning systems (such as Pythagorean tuning and twelfth-comma meantone), each of the eleven fifths may have a size of 700 + ε cents, thus the diminished sixth is 700 − 11 ε cents. If their difference 12 ε , is very large, as in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system, the diminished sixth is used as a substitute for a fifth, it is called a \"wolf fifth\".In terms of frequency ratios, in order to close the circle of fifths, the product of the fifths' ratios must be 128 (since the twelve fifths, if closed in a circle, span seven octaves exactly; an octave is 2:1, and 27 = 128), and if f is the size of a fifth, 128 : f 11, or f 11 : 128, will be the size of the wolf.We likewise find varied tunings for the thirds: Major thirds must average 400 cents, and to each pair of thirds of size 400 ∓ 4 ε cents we have a third (or diminished fourth) of 400 ± 8 ε cents, leading to eight thirds 4 ε cents narrower or wider, and four diminished fourths 8 ε cents wider or narrower than average. Three of these diminished fourths form major triads with perfect fifths, but one of them forms a major triad substituting the diminished sixth for a real fifth. If the diminished sixth is a wolf interval, this triad is called the wolf major triad.Similarly, we obtain nine minor thirds of 300 ± 3 ε cents and three minor thirds (or augmented seconds) of 300 ∓ 9 ε cents.","title":"Temperament and the wolf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quarter-comma meantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-comma_meantone"},{"link_name":"diesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesis"},{"link_name":"perfect fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"subminor third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_minor_third"},{"link_name":"supermajor third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_major_third"},{"link_name":"just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"}],"sub_title":"Quarter comma meantone","text":"In quarter-comma meantone, the frequency ratio for the fifth is 4 √ 5  , which is about 3.42157 cents flatter than an equal tempered 700 cents, (or exactly one twelfth of a diesis) and so the wolf is about 737.637 cents, or 35.682 cents sharper than a perfect fifth of ratio exactly 3:2, and this is the original \"howling\" wolf fifth.The flat minor thirds are only about 2.335 cents sharper than a subminor third of ratio 7:6, and the sharp major thirds, of ratio exactly 32:25, are about 7.712 cents flatter than the supermajor third of 9:7 . Meantone tunings with slightly flatter fifths produce even closer approximations to the subminor and supermajor thirds and corresponding triads. These thirds therefore hardly deserve the appellation of wolf, and in fact historically have not been given that name.The wolf fifth of quarter-comma meantone can be approximated by the 7-limit just interval 49:32, which has a size of 737.652 cents.","title":"Temperament and the wolf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"justly tuned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_comma"}],"sub_title":"Pythagorean tuning","text":"In Pythagorean tuning, there are eleven justly tuned fifths sharper than 700 cents by about 1.955 cents (or exactly one twelfth of a Pythagorean comma), and hence one fifth will be flatter by twelve times that, which is 23.460 cents (one Pythagorean comma) flatter than a just fifth. A fifth this flat can also be regarded as \"howling like a wolf.\" There are also now eight sharp and four flat major thirds.","title":"Temperament and the wolf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five-limit tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-limit_tuning"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"syntonic comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_comma"},{"link_name":"dissonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance"},{"link_name":"Five-limit tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-limit_tuning"},{"link_name":"just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(interval)"},{"link_name":"C major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"diatonic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_scale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-2"},{"link_name":"musical intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"link_name":"unison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unison"},{"link_name":"12 tone equal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-tone_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"quarter-comma meantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-comma_meantone"},{"link_name":"augmented third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_third"},{"link_name":"diminished sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_sixth"}],"sub_title":"Five-limit tuning","text":"Five-limit tuning was designed to maximize the number of pure intervals, but even in this system several intervals are markedly impure. 5-limit tuning yields a much larger number of wolf intervals with respect to Pythagorean tuning, which can be considered a 3-limit just intonation tuning. Namely, while Pythagorean tuning determines only 2 wolf intervals (a fifth and a fourth), the 5-limit symmetric scales produce 12 of them, and the asymmetric scale 14. It is also important to note that the two fifths, three minor thirds, and three major sixths marked in orange in the tables (ratio 40:27, 32:27, and 27:16; or G↓, E♭↓, and A↑), even though they do not completely meet the conditions to be wolf intervals, deviate from the corresponding pure ratio by an amount (1 syntonic comma, i.e., 81:80, or about 21.5 cents) large enough to be clearly perceived as dissonant.Five-limit tuning determines one diminished sixth of size 1024:675 (about 722 cents, i.e. 20 cents sharper than the 3:2 Pythagorean perfect fifth). Whether this interval should be considered dissonant enough to be called a wolf fifth is a controversial matter.Five-limit tuning also creates two impure perfect fifths of size 40:27.\nFive-limit fifths are about 680 cents; less pure than the 3:2 Pythagorean and/or just 701.95500 cent perfect fifth .\n\nThey are not diminished sixths, but relative to the Pythagorean perfect fifth they are less consonant (about 20 cents flatter) and hence, they might be considered to be wolf fifths. The corresponding inversion is an impure perfect fourth of size 27:20 (about 520 cents). For instance, in the C major diatonic scale, an impure perfect fifth arises between D and A, and its inversion arises between A and D.Since in this context the term perfect is interpreted to mean 'perfectly consonant',[5] the impure perfect fourth and perfect fifth are sometimes simply called the imperfect fourth and fifth.[2] However, the widely adopted standard naming convention for musical intervals classifies them as perfect intervals, together with the octave and unison. This is also true for any perfect fourth or perfect fifth which slightly deviates from the perfectly consonant 4:3 or 3:2 ratios (for instance, those tuned using 12 tone equal or quarter-comma meantone temperament). Conversely, the expressions imperfect fourth and imperfect fifth do not conflict with the standard naming convention when they refer to a dissonant augmented third or diminished sixth (e.g. the wolf fourth and fifth in Pythagorean tuning).","title":"Temperament and the wolf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milne2007-13"},{"link_name":"equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"}],"text":"Wolf intervals are a consequence of mapping a two-dimensional temperament to a one-dimensional keyboard.[6]\nThe only solution is to make the number of dimensions match. That is, either:Keep the (one-dimensional) piano keyboard, and shift to a one-dimensional temperament (e.g., equal temperament), orKeep the two-dimensional temperament, and shift to a two-dimensional keyboard.","title":"\"Taming the wolf\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)"},{"link_name":"syntonic comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_comma"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_comma"},{"link_name":"equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"wolf intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"well temperaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_temperament"},{"link_name":"55 equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=55_equal_temperament&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"well temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_temperament"},{"link_name":"xenharmonic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenharmonic_music"},{"link_name":"19 equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_equal_temperament"}],"sub_title":"Keep the piano keyboard","text":"When the perfect fifth is tempered to be exactly 700 cents wide (that is, tempered by almost exactly 1/11 of a syntonic comma, or precisely 1/12 of a Pythagorean comma) then the tuning is identical to the now-standard 12 tone equal temperament.Because of the compromises (and wolf intervals) forced on meantone tunings by the one-dimensional piano-style keyboard, well temperaments and eventually equal temperament became more popular.A fifth of the size Mozart favored, at or near the 55 equal temperament fifth of 698.182 cents, will have a wolf of 720 cents: 18.045 cents sharper than a justly tuned fifth. This howls far less acutely, but is still noticeable.The wolf can be tamed by adopting equal temperament or a well temperament. The very intrepid may simply want to treat it as a xenharmonic music interval; depending on the size of the meantone fifth it can be made to be exactly 20:13 or 17:11, or less commonly to 32:21 or 49:32 .With a more extreme meantone temperament, like 19 equal temperament, the wolf is large enough that it is closer in size to a sixth than a fifth, and sounds like a different interval altogether rather than a mistuned fifth.","title":"\"Taming the wolf\""},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isomorphic_Note_Layout.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaskins2003-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank-2_temperaments_with_the_generator_close_to_a_fifth_and_period_an_octave.jpg"},{"link_name":"syntonic temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_temperament"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milne2007-13"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic"},{"link_name":"syntonic temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_temperament"},{"link_name":"octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"link_name":"perfect fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"isomorphic keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard"},{"link_name":"power chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_chord"},{"link_name":"19-TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"enharmonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milne2007-13"},{"link_name":"12-TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"17-TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"19-TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"31-TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"53-TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plamondon2009-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plamondon2009-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plamondon2009-15"}],"sub_title":"Keep the two-dimensional tuning system","text":"Figure 1: The Wicki isomorphic keyboard, invented by Kaspar Wicki in 1896.[7]Figure 2: The syntonic temperament’s tuning continuum.[6]To use a two-dimensional temperament without wolf intervals, one needs a two-dimensional keyboard that is \"isomorphic\" with that temperament. A keyboard and temperament are isomorphic if they are generated by the same intervals. For example, the Wicki keyboard shown in Figure 1 is generated by the same musical intervals as the syntonic temperament—that is, by the octave and tempered perfect fifth—so they are isomorphic.On an isomorphic keyboard, any given musical interval has the same shape wherever it appears—in any octave, key, and tuning—except at the edges. For example, on Wicki's keyboard, from any given note, the note that is a tempered perfect fifth higher is always up-and-rightwardly adjacent to the given note. There are no wolf intervals within the note-span of this keyboard. The only problem is at the edge, on the note E♯. The note that is a tempered perfect fifth higher than E♯ is B♯, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A♯, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B♯ button, when playing an E♯ power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B♯, such as C, to play instead of the missing B♯. That is, the interval from E♯ to C would be a \"wolf interval\" on this keyboard. In 19-TET, the interval from E♯ to C♭ would be (enharmonic to) a perfect fifth.However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has fewer buttons per octave than the tuning has enharmonically distinct notes.[6] For example, the isomorphic keyboard in Figure 2 has 19 buttons per octave, so the above-cited edge condition, from E♯ to C, is not a wolf interval in 12-TET, 17-TET, or 19-TET; however, it is a wolf interval in 26-TET, 31-TET, and 53-TET. In these latter tunings, using electronic transposition could keep the current key's notes centered on the isomorphic keyboard, in which case these wolf intervals would very rarely be encountered in tonal music, despite modulation to exotic keys.[8]A keyboard that is isomorphic with the syntonic temperament, such as Wicki's keyboard above, retains its isomorphism in any tuning within the tuning continuum of the syntonic temperament, even when changing tuning dynamically among such tunings.[8] Plamondon, Milne & Sethares (2009),[8] Figure 2, shows the valid tuning range of the syntonic temperament.","title":"\"Taming the wolf\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"diminished sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_sixth"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)"},{"link_name":"helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"commas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_(music)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"double sharps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_sharp"},{"link_name":"double flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_flat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"wind instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument"},{"link_name":"bowed stringed instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowed_stringed_instrument"},{"link_name":"singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"frets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fret"},{"link_name":"oud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud"}],"text":"^ \nTechnically, the actual note present on the keyboard where the desired next fifth would be, is not a fifth, but rather a diminished sixth.\n\n^ \nNo such 700 cents exact average for fifth inervals exists meantone systems: Their fifths – and all repeated intervals – form a helix, not a circle.\n\n^ \nThe size of ε is around 1–4 cents, and is different for each particular meantone system used. As a technicality, equal temperament happens to be a meantone temperament for which the value of ε is zero.\n\n^ \n20~25 cents, or a quarter-sharp / quarter flat, is the typical size of the several discrepant musical intervals called \"commas\". Note that a quarter-comma is a different interval than a quarter-sharp.\n\n^ \nOf course, double sharps and double flats are infeasible for the key of C major / A minor.\n\n^ \nIf a performer could get the use of an extra instrument, an alternative to retuning is to switch seats to a spare instrument already tuned for the upcoming piece.\n\n^ \nNote that wind instruments, bowed stringed instruments, and singers have no such need for a retuning session, since players always microtune every note they produce \"on the fly\". On the other hand, players of stringed instruments with movable frets, such as the oud face a similar problem; performers on fixed-fret instruments likewise are limited to the keys which are compatible with the positions of the frets, although it is possible to microtune by tugging on a string using the finger that presses it down.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Wolf fifth on C Playⓘ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wolf_fifth_on_C.png/220px-Wolf_fifth_on_C.png"},{"image_text":"Pythagorean wolf fifth as eleven just perfect fifths","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pythagorean_wolf_fifth.png/220px-Pythagorean_wolf_fifth.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 1: The Wicki isomorphic keyboard, invented by Kaspar Wicki in 1896.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Isomorphic_Note_Layout.jpg/550px-Isomorphic_Note_Layout.jpg"},{"image_text":"Figure 2: The syntonic temperament’s tuning continuum.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rank-2_temperaments_with_the_generator_close_to_a_fifth_and_period_an_octave.jpg/250px-Rank-2_temperaments_with_the_generator_close_to_a_fifth_and_period_an_octave.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Silver, A.L. Leigh (1971). Musimatics, or the Nun's Fiddle (PDF) (Report). p. 354 – via lit.gfax.ch/tunings.","urls":[{"url":"http://lit.gfax.ch/tunings/Musimatics_or_the_Nun's_Fiddle.pdf","url_text":"Musimatics, or the Nun's Fiddle"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Oscar (1885). A Manual of Harmony for use in Music-Schools and Seminaries and for Self-Instruction. Translated by Schirmer, G. Theodore Baker. p. 165 – via Internet Archive (archive.org). ... musical interval 'pythagorean major third'.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WEJAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"A Manual of Harmony for use in Music-Schools and Seminaries and for Self-Instruction"}]},{"reference":"\"The wolf fifth\". robertinventor.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://robertinventor.com/wiki/index.php?title=Wolf_fifth&oldid=22807","url_text":"\"The wolf fifth\""}]},{"reference":"Duffin, Ross W. (2007). How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony (and Why You Should Care). New York, NY: W.W. Norton. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-393-06227-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06227-4","url_text":"978-0-393-06227-4"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Godfrey (1841). \"Definition of perfect consonance\". General Music Teacher – via Internet Archive (archive.org). perfect concord.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_20oBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"General Music Teacher"}]},{"reference":"Milne, Andrew; Sethares, William; Plamondon, James (December 2007). \"Invariant fingerings across a tuning continuum\". Computer Music Journal. 31 (4): 15–32. doi:10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15. S2CID 27906745. Retrieved 2013-07-11 – via mitpressjournals.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sethares","url_text":"Sethares, William"},{"url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15","url_text":"\"Invariant fingerings across a tuning continuum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Music_Journal","url_text":"Computer Music Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fcomj.2007.31.4.15","url_text":"10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27906745","url_text":"27906745"}]},{"reference":"Gaskins, Robert (September 2003). \"The Wicki system – an 1896 precursor of the Hayden system\". Concertina Library: Digital Reference Collection for Concertinas. Retrieved 2013-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.concertina.com/gaskins/wicki/","url_text":"\"The Wicki system – an 1896 precursor of the Hayden system\""}]},{"reference":"Plamondon, J.; Milne, A.; Sethares, W.A. (2009). \"Dynamic tonality: Extending the framework of tonality into the 21st century\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the South Central Chapter of the College Music Society. Annual Conference of the South Central Chapter of the College Music Society – via sethares.engr.wisc.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/paperspdf/CMS2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Dynamic tonality: Extending the framework of tonality into the 21st century\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wolf+interval%22","external_links_name":"\"Wolf interval\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wolf+interval%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wolf+interval%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wolf+interval%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wolf+interval%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wolf+interval%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://lit.gfax.ch/tunings/Musimatics_or_the_Nun's_Fiddle.pdf","external_links_name":"Musimatics, or the Nun's Fiddle"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WEJAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"A Manual of Harmony for use in Music-Schools and Seminaries and for Self-Instruction"},{"Link":"http://robertinventor.com/wiki/index.php?title=Wolf_fifth&oldid=22807","external_links_name":"\"The wolf fifth\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_20oBAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"General Music Teacher"},{"Link":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15","external_links_name":"\"Invariant fingerings across a tuning continuum\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fcomj.2007.31.4.15","external_links_name":"10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27906745","external_links_name":"27906745"},{"Link":"http://www.concertina.com/gaskins/wicki/","external_links_name":"\"The Wicki system – an 1896 precursor of the Hayden system\""},{"Link":"http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/paperspdf/CMS2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dynamic tonality: Extending the framework of tonality into the 21st century\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_and_Ball_Ground
The Bat and Ball Ground
["1 Cricketing history","2 Records on the ground","3 Other uses","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°26′13″N 0°21′54″E / 51.437°N 0.365°E / 51.437; 0.365Sports ground in Gravesend, Kent The Bat & Ball GroundThe BatGround informationLocationGravesend, KentCoordinates51°26′13″N 0°21′54″E / 51.437°N 0.365°E / 51.437; 0.365Establishment1845OwnerGravesend Cricket ClubTeam information Kent County Cricket Club (1849–1971)Gravesend Cricket Club (1881–present)As of 25 November 2017Source: CricketArchive The Bat & Ball Ground is a cricket and sports ground in Gravesend in Kent. The ground was used as a first-class cricket venue by Kent County Cricket Club between 1849 and 1971. It remains in use by Gravesend Cricket Club who have used the ground as their home since their formation in 1881. The site also has lawn bowls and tennis facilities and is the home of Gravesend Bowls Club. The ground is situated south of Gravesend town centre on the western side of the A227 Wrotham Road. The Bat and Ball Inn, which was named after the ground, is on the eastern side of the ground. Cricketing history The first recorded cricket match on the site of the ground was in 1840 when a Gravesend team played Penenden Heath. It is believed by local historians that a new wicket was laid down at the ground in 1845 by Tom Adams who had played for Kent sides before and after the formation the County Club in 1842. Adams operated the ground in its early days, possibly along with another Gravesend cricketer William Smith. The cricket ground was laid out in the grounds of Ruckland House, described as a "large mansion", and used as the private cricket ground for the house. It was later owned by the Darnley family from Cobham Hall to the south of Gravesend, and by the Billings family. Kent County Cricket Club first used the ground in 1849 for a match against an All-England Eleven in the grounds first first-class cricket match. From 1849 to 1971 the ground was the venue for 142 first-class matches for Kent, the last of which saw them play the touring Pakistan team in 1971. The ground was used regularly for County Championship matches by Kent between the start of the Championship in 1890 and 1970 with one or two matches scheduled by the county at the ground in almost every season. Kent played the touring Australian side on the ground in 1893 and two matches were played by the South of England cricket team against Australian tourists in 1884 and 1886. Non-first class matches held on the ground include one of the first matches played by the Australian Aboriginal team which toured England in 1868 – the first tour by any Australian side. The team had arrived at Gravesend and were taken to lunch at the Bat and Ball inn next to the ground. The first matches on the tours of England by the West Indies in 1933 and Indian team in 1936 were at the ground, both against teams organised by Kent great Tich Freeman, and the West Indian tourists of 1939 played against a team organised by Les Ames at the Bat and Ball Ground. In 1963 the West Indies returned again to play the Club Cricket Conference. The ground has also played host to 24 matches involving the Kent Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship and Second XI Championship. In local cricket, the ground is the home venue of Gravesend Cricket Club who play in the Kent Cricket League. Records on the ground A total of 145 games classified by sources as first-class cricket matches were played on the ground. All except two matches featured Kent as the home side. The South of England cricket team played two first-class matches on the ground in the 1880s. Highest total: 561 by Kent against Nottinghamshire, 1908 Lowest total: 18 by Kent against Sussex, 1867 Highest partnership: 296, 4th wicket by KL Hutchings and FE Woolley, for Kent against Northants, 1908 Highest individual score: 257, WG Grace for Gloucestershire against Kent, 1895 Best bowling in an innings: 8/40, AP Freeman for Kent against Leicestershire, 1935 Best bowling in a match: 15/142, AP Freeman for Kent against Essex, 1931 Other uses The ground has been used for a number of sports and was used during the winter by Gravesend and Old Gravesendians Hockey Clubs for a number of years for field hockey matches. It has also been used for school sports, association football, rugby union and was flooded and used as an ice skating rink during the harsh winter of 1895. Notes ^ a b CricketArchive lists 143 matches played by Kent sides on the ground. Kent County Cricket Club sources detail 142 matches played by the club on the ground. Kent do not include a number of matches played by the county in the 19th century where 13 or more players were included in the Kent side as first-class matches. These are accepted as first-class matches by some other sources. An 1854 match between a Kent XV and a United England Eleven took place on the ground which is not classified as a first-class match by Kent sources. References ^ a b Planning application, Gravesham Borough Council, July 2007. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ Explorer Map 162 – Greenwich & Gravesend, Ordnance Survey, 2015-09-16. ^ a b Other matches played on Bat and Ball Ground, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ 1838–1852, Discover Gravesham, Gravesham Borough Council. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ a b c Milton H (1979) Kent cricket grounds, in The Cricket Statistician, no. 28, December 1979, pp.2–10. ^ Grounds records in Kent County Cricket Club Annual 2017, pp.210–211. Canterbury: Kent County Cricket Club. ^ a b c d First-Class Matches played on Bat and Ball Ground, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ Ricketts O (2013) Aboriginal cricket: The first Australian tour of England, 1868, BBC News, 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ 1853 - 1872, Discover Gravesham, Gravesham Borough Council. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ Minor Counties Championship Matches played on Bat and Ball Ground, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ Second XI Championship Matches played on Bat and Ball Ground, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ Welcome to Gravesend Cricket Club Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, Gravesend Cricket Club. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ Olympic cash boost for Gravesend Cricket Club, Kent Online, 2011-12-30. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ The Gravesend Project, JGC Sports Turf. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ^ Kent Records, in Kent County Cricket Club Annual 2018, p.141. Canterbury: Kent County Cricket Club. ^ Kent v United England Eleven, CricketArchive. Archived 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2018-05-26. External links Bat and Ball Ground on Cricinfo vteKent County Cricket Club Kent County Cricket Club Kent Women Canterbury Cricket Week Tunbridge Wells Cricket Week Players Current squad All players Captains Gentlemen of Kent players Pre-county club players Category:Kent cricketers GroundsCurrent grounds Beckenham (KCCC Ground) Canterbury (St Lawrence Ground) Tunbridge Wells (Nevill Ground) Previous grounds All grounds Beckenham (Foxgrove Road) Blackheath Catford Dartford Dover Folkestone Gillingham Gravesend Maidstone Tonbridge Tunbridge Wells (Higher Common Ground) Records First-class records List A records Twenty20 records Seasons List of seasons 1906 1909 1910 1913 1967 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1995 2001 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Gravesend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Gravesend Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"lawn bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_bowls"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbc-1"},{"link_name":"A227 Wrotham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A227_road"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osx162-2"}],"text":"Sports ground in Gravesend, KentThe Bat & Ball Ground is a cricket and sports ground in Gravesend in Kent. The ground was used as a first-class cricket venue by Kent County Cricket Club between 1849 and 1971. It remains in use by Gravesend Cricket Club who have used the ground as their home since their formation in 1881. The site also has lawn bowls and tennis facilities and is the home of Gravesend Bowls Club.[1]The ground is situated south of Gravesend town centre on the western side of the A227 Wrotham Road. The Bat and Ball Inn, which was named after the ground, is on the eastern side of the ground.[2]","title":"The Bat and Ball Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camisc-3"},{"link_name":"Tom Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Adams_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(Kent_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbc-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graves38-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonacs-5"},{"link_name":"Darnley family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Darnley"},{"link_name":"Cobham Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobham_Hall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonacs-5"},{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matches-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17annual210-7"},{"link_name":"touring Pakistan team in 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_England_in_1971"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcm-8"},{"link_name":"County Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcm-8"},{"link_name":"the touring Australian side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1893"},{"link_name":"South of England cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1884"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1886"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcm-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal team which toured England in 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_cricket_team_in_England_in_1868"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc9jul13-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gravesham-10"},{"link_name":"West Indies in 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1933"},{"link_name":"Indian team in 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1936"},{"link_name":"Tich Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tich_Freeman"},{"link_name":"West Indian tourists of 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1939"},{"link_name":"Les Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Ames"},{"link_name":"1963 the West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1963"},{"link_name":"Club Cricket Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Cricket_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camisc-3"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties_Championship"},{"link_name":"Second XI Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_XI_Championship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camcc-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gravesend Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Kent Cricket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Cricket_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcc-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko30dec11-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jgc-15"}],"text":"The first recorded cricket match on the site of the ground was in 1840 when a Gravesend team played Penenden Heath.[3] It is believed by local historians that a new wicket was laid down at the ground in 1845 by Tom Adams who had played for Kent sides before and after the formation the County Club in 1842. Adams operated the ground in its early days, possibly along with another Gravesend cricketer William Smith. The cricket ground was laid out in the grounds of Ruckland House, described as a \"large mansion\",[1][4] and used as the private cricket ground for the house.[5] It was later owned by the Darnley family from Cobham Hall to the south of Gravesend, and by the Billings family.[5]Kent County Cricket Club first used the ground in 1849 for a match against an All-England Eleven in the grounds first first-class cricket match. From 1849 to 1971 the ground was the venue for 142[A] first-class matches for Kent,[6] the last of which saw them play the touring Pakistan team in 1971.[7] The ground was used regularly for County Championship matches by Kent between the start of the Championship in 1890 and 1970 with one or two matches scheduled by the county at the ground in almost every season.[7] Kent played the touring Australian side on the ground in 1893 and two matches were played by the South of England cricket team against Australian tourists in 1884 and 1886.[7]Non-first class matches held on the ground include one of the first matches played by the Australian Aboriginal team which toured England in 1868 – the first tour by any Australian side. The team had arrived at Gravesend and were taken to lunch at the Bat and Ball inn next to the ground.[8][9] The first matches on the tours of England by the West Indies in 1933 and Indian team in 1936 were at the ground, both against teams organised by Kent great Tich Freeman, and the West Indian tourists of 1939 played against a team organised by Les Ames at the Bat and Ball Ground. In 1963 the West Indies returned again to play the Club Cricket Conference.[3]The ground has also played host to 24 matches involving the Kent Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship and Second XI Championship.[10][11] In local cricket, the ground is the home venue of Gravesend Cricket Club who play in the Kent Cricket League.[12][13][14]","title":"Cricketing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matches-6"},{"link_name":"South of England cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcm-8"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"KL Hutchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Hutchings"},{"link_name":"FE Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Woolley"},{"link_name":"Northants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"WG Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WG_Grace"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"AP Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tich_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"}],"text":"A total of 145 games classified by sources as first-class cricket matches were played on the ground. All except two matches featured Kent as the home side.[A] The South of England cricket team played two first-class matches on the ground in the 1880s.[7]Highest total: 561 by Kent against Nottinghamshire, 1908\nLowest total: 18 by Kent against Sussex, 1867\nHighest partnership: 296, 4th wicket by KL Hutchings and FE Woolley, for Kent against Northants, 1908\nHighest individual score: 257, WG Grace for Gloucestershire against Kent, 1895\nBest bowling in an innings: 8/40, AP Freeman for Kent against Leicestershire, 1935\nBest bowling in a match: 15/142, AP Freeman for Kent against Essex, 1931","title":"Records on the ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonacs-5"}],"text":"The ground has been used for a number of sports and was used during the winter by Gravesend and Old Gravesendians Hockey Clubs for a number of years for field hockey matches. It has also been used for school sports, association football, rugby union and was flooded and used as an ice skating rink during the harsh winter of 1895.[5]","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-matches_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-matches_6-1"},{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18annual141-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca1854-17"}],"text":"^ a b CricketArchive lists 143 matches played by Kent sides on the ground. Kent County Cricket Club sources detail 142 matches played by the club on the ground. Kent do not include a number of matches played by the county in the 19th century where 13 or more players were included in the Kent side as first-class matches. These are accepted as first-class matches by some other sources.[15] An 1854 match between a Kent XV and a United England Eleven took place on the ground which is not classified as a first-class match by Kent sources.[16]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Bat_and_Ball_Ground&params=51.437_N_0.365_E_type:landmark_scale:3000_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°26′13″N 0°21′54″E / 51.437°N 0.365°E / 51.437; 0.365"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Bat_and_Ball_Ground&params=51.437_N_0.365_E_type:landmark_scale:3000_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°26′13″N 0°21′54″E / 51.437°N 0.365°E / 51.437; 0.365"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/503.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://democracy.gravesham.gov.uk/Published/C00000106/M00000728/AI00002085/$BatandBall2.docA.ps.pdf","external_links_name":"Planning application"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/503_misc.html","external_links_name":"Other matches played on Bat and Ball Ground"},{"Link":"http://www.discovergravesham.co.uk/gravesend-chronology/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:1838-1852&catid=44&Itemid=225","external_links_name":"1838–1852"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/503_f.html","external_links_name":"First-Class Matches played on Bat and Ball Ground"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23225434","external_links_name":"Aboriginal cricket: The first Australian tour of England, 1868"},{"Link":"http://www.discovergravesham.co.uk/gravesend-chronology/1853-1872.html","external_links_name":"1853 - 1872"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/503_minc.html","external_links_name":"Minor Counties Championship Matches played on Bat and Ball Ground"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/503_sec.html","external_links_name":"Second XI Championship Matches played on Bat and Ball Ground"},{"Link":"http://www.gravesendcc.co.uk/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Welcome to Gravesend Cricket Club"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171122044238/http://www.gravesendcc.co.uk/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kentonline.co.uk/gravesend/news/olympic-cash-boost-for-gravesend-a68529/","external_links_name":"Olympic cash boost for Gravesend Cricket Club"},{"Link":"http://www.jgcsportsturf.com/gravesend-cricket-wicket-project","external_links_name":"The Gravesend Project"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314011044/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1/1018.html","external_links_name":"Kent v United England Eleven"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57013.html","external_links_name":"Bat and Ball Ground"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_O%27Neil
Kitty O'Neil
["1 Early life","2 Racing and stunt career","3 Land speed record","3.1 Attempt prevented by sponsors","4 Later years and death","5 Tribute","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
American stuntwoman and racer (1946–2018) For the 19th-century variety theatre dancer, see Kitty O'Neil (dancer). Kitty O'NeilO'Neil and the SMI Motivator, Oregon 1976Born(1946-03-24)March 24, 1946Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.DiedNovember 2, 2018(2018-11-02) (aged 72)Eureka, South Dakota, U.S.Occupation(s)Stuntwoman, race car driver Kitty Linn O'Neil ((1946-03-24)March 24, 1946 – (2018-11-02)November 2, 2018) was an American stuntwoman and auto-racer, often called "the fastest woman in the world" for her various speed records. Her women's absolute land speed record stood until 2019. An illness in early childhood left her deaf, and more illnesses in early adulthood cut short a career in competitive diving. O'Neil subsequently moved into car racing and became a pioneering woman in the stunt industry in Hollywood. She appeared in numerous television and film projects, lent her likeness to an action figure, was honored at the 91st Academy Awards, and in March 2023 with a Doodle in the Google search. Early life Kitty Linn O'Neil was born in Corpus Christi, Texas on March 24, 1946. John O'Neil, her father, was an officer in the United States Army Air Forces, who had been an oil wildcatter. He died in an airplane crash during Kitty's childhood. Her mother, Patsy Compton O'Neil, self-identified as being of Cherokee descent. At five months of age, O'Neil contracted simultaneous childhood diseases, losing her hearing. After her deafness became apparent at the age of two, her mother taught her lip-reading and speech, eventually becoming a speech therapist and co-founding a school for students with hearing impairment in Wichita Falls, Texas. As a teenager, Kitty became a competitive 10-meter platform diver and 3-meter springboard diver, winning Amateur Athletic Union diving championships. She trained beginning in 1964 with diving coach Sammy Lee. Before the trials for the 1964 Olympics, she broke her wrist and contracted spinal meningitis, threatening her ability to walk and ending her contention for a position on the Olympic diving team. She competed in 100m backstroke and 100m freestyle swimming at the 1965 Summer Deaflympics. After recovering from meningitis, she lost interest in diving, and turned to water skiing, scuba diving, skydiving and hang gliding, stating that diving "wasn't scary enough for me". In her late 30s, she underwent two treatments for cancer. Racing and stunt career By 1970, O'Neil had taken up racing on water and land, participating in the Baja 500 and Mint 400. She met stuntmen Hal Needham and Ron Hambleton while racing motorcycles, and lived with Hambleton, giving up racing for a time. In the mid-1970s, she entered stunt work, training with Needham, Hambleton and Dar Robinson. In 1976, she was one of two stuntwomen, Janet Brady being the other to join Stunts Unlimited, the leading stunt group. As a stuntwoman, she appeared in The Bionic Woman, Airport '77, The Blues Brothers, Smokey and the Bandit II and other television and film productions. In 1978, her stunt career inspired a Kitty O'Neil action figure, made by Mattel. O'Neil performing her stunt off the Valley Hilton in 1979. In filming for a 1979 episode of Wonder Woman, O'Neil was hired to perform a stunt of high difficulty for Jeannie Epper, Lynda Carter's usual stunt double. In the process, she set a women's high-fall record of 127 feet (39 m) at the 12-story Valley Hilton in Sherman Oaks, California. She credited her small size, at 5'-2" and 97 pounds (44 kg), for allowing her to withstand impact forces. She later broke her record with a 180-foot (55 m) fall from a helicopter. In 1977, O'Neil set a women's record for speed on water of 275 miles per hour (443 km/h), and she held a 1970 women's water skiing record of 104.85 miles per hour (168.74 km/h). Land speed record On 6 December 1976, in southeastern Oregon's Alvord Desert, O'Neil set the land-speed record for female drivers. She piloted a $350,000 (equivalent to $1.9 million in 2023) hydrogen peroxide powered three-wheeled rocket car built by Bill Fredrick called the "SMI Motivator". It reached an average speed of 512.710 mph (825.127 km/h), with a peak speed of 621 miles per hour (999 km/h). O'Neil's runs reportedly used 60% of the available thrust, and O'Neil estimated that she could have exceeded 700 miles per hour (1,100 km/h) with full power. Attempt prevented by sponsors Restrained by her contract, O'Neil struggled with sponsors at the time. She was contracted to break only the women's land speed record, and was obligated to allow Hal Needham to set the overall record. According to her contract, she was not supposed to exceed 400 miles per hour (640 km/h). Needham's sponsor, toy company Marvin Glass and Associates, was preparing a Hal Needham action figure and obtained an injunction to stop further runs by O'Neil. A spokesman was reported (incorrectly according to Sports Illustrated) to say it is "unbecoming and degrading for a woman to set a land speed record." Needham did not set a record or even drive the car, and a legal effort by O'Neil and Hambleton to allow O'Neil another attempt failed. The sponsors received negative publicity for removing O'Neil from the car, and the Needham action figures were not marketed. Later years and death In 1977 in the Mojave Desert, O'Neil piloted a hydrogen peroxide-powered rocket dragster built by Ky Michaelson with an average speed of 279.5 mph (449.8 km/h). Since the run was not repeated according to NHRA rules, it is not recognized as an official drag racing record. In 1979, O'Neil's experiences served as the basis for a biographical film, Silent Victory: The Kitty O'Neil Story, starring Stockard Channing. O'Neil commented that about half of the film was an accurate depiction. O'Neil stepped away from stunt and speed work in 1982 after stunt colleagues were killed while performing. She moved to Minneapolis with Michaelson, and eventually moved to Eureka, South Dakota, with Raymond Wald. When she retired, O'Neil had set 22 speed records on land and water. She died on November 2, 2018, of pneumonia in Eureka, South Dakota, at age 72. In 2019, she was featured in the Oscars' In Memoriam segment. Tribute On March 24, 2023, Google celebrated O'Neil's posthumous 77th birthday with a doodle. Notes ^ The list of diseases varies according to the source, many mentioning measles and smallpox, others listing measles, mumps and chicken pox. In a 1979 interview with the Washington Post, O'Neil mentions measles and smallpox. Although not impossible, smallpox was a highly unlikely disease in 1940s Texas. Smallpox was extremely rare by then, but not quite eradicated. The last endemic case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949, in the Rio Grande valley of Texas. The 1977 People article mentions chicken pox, a much more likely childhood disease. Deafness is one possible outcome of both measles and mumps. ^ News articles from the time reported that she was Hambleton's wife, which was not the case References ^ "1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record". History. November 13, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ Sandomir, Richard (November 6, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ Smith, Harrison (November 4, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72". Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ Barnes, Mike (November 5, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ Steve Wennerstrom Collection (1836 - 2014) (PDF). The University of Texas at Austin. ^ Castro, Bernardo. "Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo". Autopapo UOL. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ "Quem foi Kitty O'Neill, que superou surdez para se tornar dublê de sucesso e recordista mundial de velocidade". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Morais, Esmael (March 24, 2023). "Google homenageia Kitty O'Neil com Doodle pelo seu 77º aniversário; saiba mais sobre a mulher mais rápida do mundo". Blog do Esmael (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ a b c Hayward, Anthony (November 12, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Stunts, Women In (November 2, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil". Women In Stunts. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Castro, Bernardo. "Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo". Autopapo UOL (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ a b c Barnes, Mike (November 5, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ Hendrickson, Paul (May 5, 1979). "The Daredevil". Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ "Last U.S. Smallpox Outbreak Left Mental Scars on Witnesses". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. September 26, 2001. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ a b Jares, Sue Ellen (January 4, 1977). "The Renaissance Woman of Danger—That's Tiny Kitty O'Neil". People. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ a b Cobb, Marnee (May 18, 1977). "The Day Kitty O'Neil Couldn't Break the Record". Lakeland Register. ^ a b c d e Smith, Harrison (November 4, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72". Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ "Kitty Linn O'NEIL – ICSD". ^ a b c d e Sandomir, Richard (November 6, 2018). "Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ a b c d "1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record". History. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ "First female member of Stunts Unlimited Kitty O'Neil Dies at 72". Stunts Unlimited. November 5, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ "Fastest land speed record (female)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ a b Phinzey, Coles (January 17, 1977). "A Rocket Ride to Glory and Gloom". Sports Illustrated Vault. Retrieved November 7, 2018. ^ "Kitty O'Neil – Oscars In Memoriam 2019". oscar.go.com. ^ Desk, OV Digital (March 23, 2023). "Google celebrates Kitty O'Neil birthday with a doodle". Observer Voice. Retrieved March 23, 2023. ^ Kitty O'Neil's 77th Birthday Google. Retrieved March 23, 2023. Further reading Moore, Matthew S.; Panara, Robert F. (1998). Great deaf Americans (2. ed., 2. print. ed.). Rochester, N.Y.: Deaf Life Press. ISBN 0963401661. Ireland, Karin (1980). Kitty O'Neil, daredevil woman (Library ed.). New York, N.Y.: Harvey House. ISBN 0817800042. Libby, Bill; O'Neil, Kitty (1981). Kitty, a story of triumph in a soundless world (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. ISBN 0688003559. External links Kitty O'Neil at IMDb Silent Victory: The Kitty O'Neil Story at IMDb Photo: Dressed as Wonder Woman, O'Neil leaping, February 12, 1979 – (Bettmann Archive/Getty Images) Photo: O'Neil leaping off the Valley Hilton in Sherman Oaks, California, as Wonder Woman in 1979 – (R.L. Oliver/Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive/UCLA Library Special Collections via The New York Times) Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kitty O'Neil (dancer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_O%27Neil_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"stuntwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_performer"},{"link_name":"auto-racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandomir12-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith12-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes12-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"women's absolute land speed record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_speed_record#Women's_land_speed_record"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"91st Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"For the 19th-century variety theatre dancer, see Kitty O'Neil (dancer).Kitty Linn O'Neil ((1946-03-24)March 24, 1946 – (2018-11-02)November 2, 2018) was an American stuntwoman and auto-racer,[1][2][3][4] often called \"the fastest woman in the world\" for her various speed records.[5][6][7][8] Her women's absolute land speed record stood until 2019.An illness in early childhood left her deaf, and more illnesses in early adulthood cut short a career in competitive diving.[9] O'Neil subsequently moved into car racing and became a pioneering woman in the stunt industry in Hollywood.[9] She appeared in numerous television and film projects, lent her likeness to an action figure,[9] was honored at the 91st Academy Awards,[10] and in March 2023 with a Doodle in the Google search.[11]","title":"Kitty O'Neil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corpus Christi, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes1-12"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"wildcatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcatter"},{"link_name":"Cherokee descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_descent"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jares1-15"},{"link_name":"lip-reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip-reading"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"platform diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_diving"},{"link_name":"springboard diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springboard_diving"},{"link_name":"Amateur Athletic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb1-17"},{"link_name":"Sammy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Lee_(diver)"},{"link_name":"1964 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"spinal meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_meningitis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes1-12"},{"link_name":"1965 Summer Deaflympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Summer_Deaflympics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"water skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_skiing"},{"link_name":"scuba diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"skydiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skydiving"},{"link_name":"hang gliding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_gliding"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandomir1-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-21"}],"text":"Kitty Linn O'Neil was born in Corpus Christi, Texas on March 24, 1946.[12] John O'Neil, her father, was an officer in the United States Army Air Forces, who had been an oil wildcatter. He died in an airplane crash during Kitty's childhood. Her mother, Patsy Compton O'Neil, self-identified as being of Cherokee descent. At five months of age, O'Neil contracted simultaneous childhood diseases,[nb 1][15] losing her hearing. After her deafness became apparent at the age of two, her mother taught her lip-reading and speech, eventually becoming a speech therapist and co-founding a school for students with hearing impairment in Wichita Falls, Texas.As a teenager, Kitty became a competitive 10-meter platform diver and 3-meter springboard diver, winning Amateur Athletic Union diving championships.[16] She trained beginning in 1964 with diving coach Sammy Lee. Before the trials for the 1964 Olympics, she broke her wrist and contracted spinal meningitis, threatening her ability to walk and ending her contention for a position on the Olympic diving team.[17][12] She competed in 100m backstroke and 100m freestyle swimming at the 1965 Summer Deaflympics.[18] After recovering from meningitis, she lost interest in diving, and turned to water skiing, scuba diving, skydiving and hang gliding, stating that diving \"wasn't scary enough for me\".[19] In her late 30s, she underwent two treatments for cancer.[20]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baja 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_500"},{"link_name":"Mint 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_400"},{"link_name":"Hal Needham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Needham"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Dar Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneilObit-23"},{"link_name":"The Bionic Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bionic_Woman"},{"link_name":"Airport '77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_%2777"},{"link_name":"The Blues Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Smokey and the Bandit II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_and_the_Bandit_II"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandomir1-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Wonder_Woman%22_stuntwoman_Kitty_O%27Neil_leaping_off_Valley_Hilton_in_Sherman_Oaks,_Calif.,_1979_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jeannie Epper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Epper"},{"link_name":"Lynda Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Carter"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes1-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb1-17"}],"text":"By 1970, O'Neil had taken up racing on water and land, participating in the Baja 500 and Mint 400. She met stuntmen Hal Needham and Ron Hambleton while racing motorcycles, and lived with Hambleton,[nb 2] giving up racing for a time. In the mid-1970s, she entered stunt work, training with Needham, Hambleton and Dar Robinson. In 1976, she was one of two stuntwomen, Janet Brady being the other to join Stunts Unlimited, the leading stunt group.[21] As a stuntwoman, she appeared in The Bionic Woman, Airport '77, The Blues Brothers, Smokey and the Bandit II and other television and film productions. In 1978, her stunt career inspired a Kitty O'Neil action figure, made by Mattel.[19]O'Neil performing her stunt off the Valley Hilton in 1979.In filming for a 1979 episode of Wonder Woman, O'Neil was hired to perform a stunt of high difficulty for Jeannie Epper, Lynda Carter's usual stunt double. In the process, she set a women's high-fall record of 127 feet (39 m) at the 12-story Valley Hilton in Sherman Oaks, California. She credited her small size, at 5'-2\" and 97 pounds (44 kg), for allowing her to withstand impact forces. She later broke her record with a 180-foot (55 m) fall from a helicopter. In 1977, O'Neil set a women's record for speed on water of 275 miles per hour (443 km/h), and she held a 1970 women's water skiing record of 104.85 miles per hour (168.74 km/h).[17][12][16]","title":"Racing and stunt career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Alvord Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvord_Desert"},{"link_name":"land-speed record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-speed_record"},{"link_name":"hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guinness1-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phinzey1-25"}],"text":"On 6 December 1976, in southeastern Oregon's Alvord Desert, O'Neil set the land-speed record for female drivers. She piloted a $350,000 (equivalent to $1.9 million in 2023) hydrogen peroxide powered three-wheeled rocket car built by Bill Fredrick called the \"SMI Motivator\". It reached an average speed of 512.710 mph (825.127 km/h), with a peak speed of 621 miles per hour (999 km/h).O'Neil's runs reportedly used 60% of the available thrust, and O'Neil estimated that she could have exceeded 700 miles per hour (1,100 km/h) with full power.[17][20][22][23]","title":"Land speed record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvin Glass and Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Glass_and_Associates"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandomir1-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phinzey1-25"}],"sub_title":"Attempt prevented by sponsors","text":"Restrained by her contract, O'Neil struggled with sponsors at the time. She was contracted to break only the women's land speed record, and was obligated to allow Hal Needham to set the overall record. According to her contract, she was not supposed to exceed 400 miles per hour (640 km/h). Needham's sponsor, toy company Marvin Glass and Associates, was preparing a Hal Needham action figure and obtained an injunction to stop further runs by O'Neil.[19] A spokesman was reported (incorrectly according to Sports Illustrated) to say it is \"unbecoming and degrading for a woman to set a land speed record.\" Needham did not set a record or even drive the car, and a legal effort by O'Neil and Hambleton to allow O'Neil another attempt failed. The sponsors received negative publicity for removing O'Neil from the car, and the Needham action figures were not marketed.[23]","title":"Land speed record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"rocket dragster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_dragster"},{"link_name":"NHRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHRA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-21"},{"link_name":"Stockard Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockard_Channing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandomir1-20"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Eureka, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-21"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith1-18"},{"link_name":"Oscars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 1977 in the Mojave Desert, O'Neil piloted a hydrogen peroxide-powered rocket dragster built by Ky Michaelson with an average speed of 279.5 mph (449.8 km/h). Since the run was not repeated according to NHRA rules, it is not recognized as an official drag racing record.[20]In 1979, O'Neil's experiences served as the basis for a biographical film, Silent Victory: The Kitty O'Neil Story, starring Stockard Channing. O'Neil commented that about half of the film was an accurate depiction.[17][19]O'Neil stepped away from stunt and speed work in 1982 after stunt colleagues were killed while performing. She moved to Minneapolis with Michaelson, and eventually moved to Eureka, South Dakota, with Raymond Wald. When she retired, O'Neil had set 22 speed records on land and water.[20]She died on November 2, 2018, of pneumonia in Eureka, South Dakota, at age 72.[17] In 2019, she was featured in the Oscars' In Memoriam segment.[24]","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_doodle"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"On March 24, 2023, Google celebrated O'Neil's posthumous 77th birthday with a doodle.[25][26]","title":"Tribute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"mumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps"},{"link_name":"chicken pox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_pox"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hendrickson1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smallpox1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jares1-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandomir1-20"}],"text":"^ The list of diseases varies according to the source, many mentioning measles and smallpox, others listing measles, mumps and chicken pox. In a 1979 interview with the Washington Post, O'Neil mentions measles and smallpox.[13] Although not impossible, smallpox was a highly unlikely disease in 1940s Texas. Smallpox was extremely rare by then, but not quite eradicated. The last endemic case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949, in the Rio Grande valley of Texas.[14] The 1977 People article mentions chicken pox, a much more likely childhood disease.[15] Deafness is one possible outcome of both measles and mumps.\n\n^ News articles from the time reported that she was Hambleton's wife, which was not the case[19]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great deaf Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatdeafamerica00moor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0963401661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0963401661"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0817800042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817800042"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0688003559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688003559"}],"text":"Moore, Matthew S.; Panara, Robert F. (1998). Great deaf Americans (2. ed., 2. print. ed.). Rochester, N.Y.: Deaf Life Press. ISBN 0963401661.\nIreland, Karin (1980). Kitty O'Neil, daredevil woman (Library ed.). New York, N.Y.: Harvey House. ISBN 0817800042.\nLibby, Bill; O'Neil, Kitty (1981). Kitty, a story of triumph in a soundless world (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. ISBN 0688003559.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"O'Neil performing her stunt off the Valley Hilton in 1979.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/%22Wonder_Woman%22_stuntwoman_Kitty_O%27Neil_leaping_off_Valley_Hilton_in_Sherman_Oaks%2C_Calif.%2C_1979_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%22Wonder_Woman%22_stuntwoman_Kitty_O%27Neil_leaping_off_Valley_Hilton_in_Sherman_Oaks%2C_Calif.%2C_1979_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record\". History. November 13, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/deaf-stuntwoman-kitty-oneil-sets-womens-land-speed-record","url_text":"\"1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record\""}]},{"reference":"Sandomir, Richard (November 6, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72\". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/obituaries/kitty-oneil-dead.html","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Harrison (November 4, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72\". Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/kitty-oneil-deaf-daredevil-who-became-worlds-fastest-woman-dies-at-72/2018/11/04/5d88dc9c-e044-11e8-8f5f-a55347f48762_story.html","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Mike (November 5, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kitty-oneil-dead-hollywood-stuntwoman-daredevil-was-72-1158193","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Wennerstrom Collection (1836 - 2014) (PDF). The University of Texas at Austin.","urls":[{"url":"https://starkcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Wennerstrom_Steve_1836-2014_FA_v5.pdf","url_text":"Steve Wennerstrom Collection (1836 - 2014)"}]},{"reference":"Castro, Bernardo. \"Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo\". Autopapo UOL. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://autopapo.uol.com.br/curta/kitty-oneil-google-homenagem/","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quem foi Kitty O'Neill, que superou surdez para se tornar dublê de sucesso e recordista mundial de velocidade\". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2023/03/24/quem-foi-kitty-oneill-que-superou-surdez-para-se-tornar-duble-de-sucesso-e-recordista-mundial-de-velocidade.ghtml","url_text":"\"Quem foi Kitty O'Neill, que superou surdez para se tornar dublê de sucesso e recordista mundial de velocidade\""}]},{"reference":"Morais, Esmael (March 24, 2023). \"Google homenageia Kitty O'Neil com Doodle pelo seu 77º aniversário; saiba mais sobre a mulher mais rápida do mundo\". Blog do Esmael (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esmaelmorais.com.br/google-homenageia-kitty-oneil-com-doodle-pelo-seu-77o-aniversario-saiba-mais-sobre-a-mulher-mais-rapida-do-mundo/","url_text":"\"Google homenageia Kitty O'Neil com Doodle pelo seu 77º aniversário; saiba mais sobre a mulher mais rápida do mundo\""}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Anthony (November 12, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/nov/12/kitty-oneil-obituary","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Stunts, Women In (November 2, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil\". Women In Stunts. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womeninstunts.com/kitty-oneil/","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil\""}]},{"reference":"Castro, Bernardo. \"Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo\". Autopapo UOL (in Portuguese). Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://autopapo.uol.com.br/curta/kitty-oneil-google-homenagem/","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Mike (November 5, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kitty-oneil-dead-hollywood-stuntwoman-daredevil-was-72-1158193","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72\""}]},{"reference":"Hendrickson, Paul (May 5, 1979). \"The Daredevil\". Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/05/05/the-daredevil/89b14982-3b62-4eac-bb02-d0a634521b5f/","url_text":"\"The Daredevil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Last U.S. Smallpox Outbreak Left Mental Scars on Witnesses\". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. September 26, 2001. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/26/news/mn-18048","url_text":"\"Last U.S. Smallpox Outbreak Left Mental Scars on Witnesses\""}]},{"reference":"Jares, Sue Ellen (January 4, 1977). \"The Renaissance Woman of Danger—That's Tiny Kitty O'Neil\". People. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/the-renaissance-woman-of-danger-thats-tiny-kitty-oneil-vol-7-no-3/","url_text":"\"The Renaissance Woman of Danger—That's Tiny Kitty O'Neil\""}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Marnee (May 18, 1977). \"The Day Kitty O'Neil Couldn't Break the Record\". Lakeland Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19770518&id=WXVhAAAAIBAJ&pg=7270,4969579","url_text":"\"The Day Kitty O'Neil Couldn't Break the Record\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Harrison (November 4, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72\". Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/kitty-oneil-deaf-daredevil-who-became-worlds-fastest-woman-dies-at-72/2018/11/04/5d88dc9c-e044-11e8-8f5f-a55347f48762_story.html","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kitty Linn O'NEIL – ICSD\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/kitty-oneil","url_text":"\"Kitty Linn O'NEIL – ICSD\""}]},{"reference":"Sandomir, Richard (November 6, 2018). \"Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72\". New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/obituaries/kitty-oneil-dead.html","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record\". History. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053410/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/deaf-stuntwoman-kitty-oneil-sets-womens-land-speed-record","url_text":"\"1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record\""},{"url":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/deaf-stuntwoman-kitty-oneil-sets-womens-land-speed-record","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First female member of Stunts Unlimited Kitty O'Neil Dies at 72\". Stunts Unlimited. November 5, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stuntsunlimited.com/su-member-kitty-oneil/","url_text":"\"First female member of Stunts Unlimited Kitty O'Neil Dies at 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fastest land speed record (female)\". Guinness World Records. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-land-speed-record-(female)/","url_text":"\"Fastest land speed record (female)\""}]},{"reference":"Phinzey, Coles (January 17, 1977). \"A Rocket Ride to Glory and Gloom\". Sports Illustrated Vault. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1977/01/17/565972/a-rocket-ride-to-glory-and-gloom","url_text":"\"A Rocket Ride to Glory and Gloom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kitty O'Neil – Oscars In Memoriam 2019\". oscar.go.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://oscar.go.com/photos/2019/oscars-in-memoriam-2019-photos/059fac44f9663d6d16f53c30fdfb8853761860afa5d5831fb92f558f1705a478","url_text":"\"Kitty O'Neil – Oscars In Memoriam 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Desk, OV Digital (March 23, 2023). \"Google celebrates Kitty O'Neil birthday with a doodle\". Observer Voice. Retrieved March 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://observervoice.com/google-celebrates-kitty-oneil-birthday-with-a-doodle-17582/","url_text":"\"Google celebrates Kitty O'Neil birthday with a doodle\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Matthew S.; Panara, Robert F. (1998). Great deaf Americans (2. ed., 2. print. ed.). Rochester, N.Y.: Deaf Life Press. ISBN 0963401661.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatdeafamerica00moor","url_text":"Great deaf Americans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0963401661","url_text":"0963401661"}]},{"reference":"Ireland, Karin (1980). Kitty O'Neil, daredevil woman (Library ed.). New York, N.Y.: Harvey House. ISBN 0817800042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817800042","url_text":"0817800042"}]},{"reference":"Libby, Bill; O'Neil, Kitty (1981). Kitty, a story of triumph in a soundless world (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. ISBN 0688003559.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688003559","url_text":"0688003559"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/deaf-stuntwoman-kitty-oneil-sets-womens-land-speed-record","external_links_name":"\"1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/obituaries/kitty-oneil-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/kitty-oneil-deaf-daredevil-who-became-worlds-fastest-woman-dies-at-72/2018/11/04/5d88dc9c-e044-11e8-8f5f-a55347f48762_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kitty-oneil-dead-hollywood-stuntwoman-daredevil-was-72-1158193","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72\""},{"Link":"https://starkcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Wennerstrom_Steve_1836-2014_FA_v5.pdf","external_links_name":"Steve Wennerstrom Collection (1836 - 2014)"},{"Link":"https://autopapo.uol.com.br/curta/kitty-oneil-google-homenagem/","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo\""},{"Link":"https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2023/03/24/quem-foi-kitty-oneill-que-superou-surdez-para-se-tornar-duble-de-sucesso-e-recordista-mundial-de-velocidade.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Quem foi Kitty O'Neill, que superou surdez para se tornar dublê de sucesso e recordista mundial de velocidade\""},{"Link":"https://www.esmaelmorais.com.br/google-homenageia-kitty-oneil-com-doodle-pelo-seu-77o-aniversario-saiba-mais-sobre-a-mulher-mais-rapida-do-mundo/","external_links_name":"\"Google homenageia Kitty O'Neil com Doodle pelo seu 77º aniversário; saiba mais sobre a mulher mais rápida do mundo\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/nov/12/kitty-oneil-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.womeninstunts.com/kitty-oneil/","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil\""},{"Link":"https://autopapo.uol.com.br/curta/kitty-oneil-google-homenagem/","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil: Google presta homenagem à mulher mais rápida do mundo\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kitty-oneil-dead-hollywood-stuntwoman-daredevil-was-72-1158193","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Famed Hollywood Stuntwoman and Daredevil, Dies at 72\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/05/05/the-daredevil/89b14982-3b62-4eac-bb02-d0a634521b5f/","external_links_name":"\"The Daredevil\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/26/news/mn-18048","external_links_name":"\"Last U.S. Smallpox Outbreak Left Mental Scars on Witnesses\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/archive/the-renaissance-woman-of-danger-thats-tiny-kitty-oneil-vol-7-no-3/","external_links_name":"\"The Renaissance Woman of Danger—That's Tiny Kitty O'Neil\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19770518&id=WXVhAAAAIBAJ&pg=7270,4969579","external_links_name":"\"The Day Kitty O'Neil Couldn't Break the Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/kitty-oneil-deaf-daredevil-who-became-worlds-fastest-woman-dies-at-72/2018/11/04/5d88dc9c-e044-11e8-8f5f-a55347f48762_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil, deaf daredevil who became 'world's fastest woman,' dies at 72\""},{"Link":"https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/kitty-oneil","external_links_name":"\"Kitty Linn O'NEIL – ICSD\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/obituaries/kitty-oneil-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil, Stuntwoman and Speed Racer, Is Dead at 72\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053410/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/deaf-stuntwoman-kitty-oneil-sets-womens-land-speed-record","external_links_name":"\"1976: Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/deaf-stuntwoman-kitty-oneil-sets-womens-land-speed-record","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://stuntsunlimited.com/su-member-kitty-oneil/","external_links_name":"\"First female member of Stunts Unlimited Kitty O'Neil Dies at 72\""},{"Link":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-land-speed-record-(female)/","external_links_name":"\"Fastest land speed record (female)\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/1977/01/17/565972/a-rocket-ride-to-glory-and-gloom","external_links_name":"\"A Rocket Ride to Glory and Gloom\""},{"Link":"https://oscar.go.com/photos/2019/oscars-in-memoriam-2019-photos/059fac44f9663d6d16f53c30fdfb8853761860afa5d5831fb92f558f1705a478","external_links_name":"\"Kitty O'Neil – Oscars In Memoriam 2019\""},{"Link":"https://observervoice.com/google-celebrates-kitty-oneil-birthday-with-a-doodle-17582/","external_links_name":"\"Google celebrates Kitty O'Neil birthday with a doodle\""},{"Link":"https://doodles.google/doodle/kitty-oneils-77th-birthday/","external_links_name":"Kitty O'Neil's 77th Birthday"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatdeafamerica00moor","external_links_name":"Great deaf Americans"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0642030/","external_links_name":"Kitty O'Neil"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079910/","external_links_name":"Silent Victory: The Kitty O'Neil Story"},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/stunt-woman-kitty-oneils-face-mirrors-the-strain-of-stunt-news-photo/515554684","external_links_name":"O'Neil leaping"},{"Link":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/12/30/magazine/30mag-tltl-oneil/30mag-tltl-oneil-master675.jpg","external_links_name":"O'Neil leaping"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42140/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1293724","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCRCT3yCHQGycKJPqCwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1170882277","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79101555","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Energy_of_Denmark
Ministry of Transport (Denmark)
["1 History","2 List of ministers","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ministry of Transport" Denmark – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Danish Ministry of TransportDepartment overviewFormed1892Preceding DepartmentMinistry of InteriorJurisdiction Kingdom of DenmarkHeadquartersCopenhagenEmployees135Annual budget€18.77 million (current)Department executivesThomas Danielsen MP, Minister for TransportJakob Heinsen, Permanent SecretaryWebsitewww.trm.dk/en.aspx The Danish Ministry of Transport (Danish: Transportministeriet) is the Danish ministry in charge of coordinating and realizing the transport politics of Denmark. The Ministry is headed by a Permanent Secretary. The Ministry of Transport employs approximately 140 staff. The daily administration and handling of tasks and assignments on transport are carried out by a number of institutions, executive agencies, corporations, councils and boards. Counting every institution and every corporation the Ministry employs around 40.000 people History The Ministry of Transport was founded in 1892 under the name Ministry for Public Works ("Ministeriet for offentlige Arbejder"). In 1987 it changed name to Ministry of Traffic ("Trafikministeriet"), though briefly known as Ministry of Traffic and Communication ("Trafik- og Kommunikationsministeriet") during 1988 to 1989. In 2005 the energy sector was detached from Ministry of the Environment and attached to the Ministry of Traffic. In turn, the name was changed to Ministry of Transport and Energy; the energy department was transferred to what is now known as the Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy in 2007. List of ministers No. Portrait Name(Born-Died) Term Political Party Government Took office Left office Duration Minister for Public Works(Minister for offentlige arbejder) 1 Hans Peter Ingerslev(1831–1896)15 January 189420 April 1896 †2 years, 96 daysHøjreEstrup CabinetReedtz-Thott Cabinet 2 Hugo Egmont Hørring(1842–1909)20 April 189623 May 18971 year, 33 daysHøjreReedtz-Thott Cabinet 3 Christian Juul-Rysensteen (1838–1907)24 April 190024 July 19011 year, 88 daysHøjreSehested Cabinet 4 Viggo Hørup(1841–1902)24 July 190115 February 1902 †206 daysVenstre ReformDeuntzer Cabinet 5 Christopher Hage (1848–1930)15 February 190214 January 19052 years, 334 daysVenstre ReformDeuntzer Cabinet 6 Svend Høgsbro (1855–1910)14 January 190524 July 19083 years, 192 daysVenstreChristensen I Cabinet 7 Jens Jensen-Sønderup (1862–1949)24 July 190816 August 19091 year, 23 daysVenstreChristensen II CabinetNeergaard I Cabinet 8 Thomas C. Larsen (1854–1944)16 August 190928 October 190973 daysVenstreHolstein-Ledreborg Cabinet 9 Jens Jørgen Jensen-Onsted (1860–1933)28 October 19092 February 191097 daysSocial LiberalsZahle I Cabinet 10 Wilhelm Weimann (1868–1942)2 February 19105 July 1910153 daysVenstreZahle I Cabinet (8) Thomas C. Larsen (1854–1944)5 July 191021 June 19132 years, 351 daysVenstreBerntsen Cabinet 11 Jens Hassing-Jørgensen (1872–1952)21 June 191329 March 19206 years, 282 daysSocial LiberalsZahle II Cabinet 12 N.C. Monberg (1856–1930)29 March 19205 April 19207 daysIndependentLiebe Cabinet 13 K. Riis-Hansen (1876–1937)5 April 19205 May 192030 daysIndependentFriis Cabinet 14 Marius Abel Nielsen Slebsager (1874–1962)5 May 192023 April 19243 years, 354 daysVenstreNeergaard II Cabinet–III 15 Johannes Friis-Skotte(1874–1946)23 April 192414 December 19262 years, 235 daysSocial DemocratsStauning I Cabinet 16 Johannes Stensballe (1874–1956)14 December 192630 April 19292 years, 137 daysVenstreMadsen-Mygdal Cabinet (15) Johannes Friis-Skotte(1874–1946)30 April 19294 November 19356 years, 188 daysSocial DemocratsStauning II Cabinet 17 Niels Peter Fisker (1886–1939)4 November 193515 September 19393 years, 315 daysSocial DemocratsStauning III Cabinet 18 Axel I. Sørensen (1882–1947)15 September 19398 July 1940297 daysSocial DemocratsStauning IV Cabinet–V 19 Gunnar Larsen(1902–1973)8 July 194029 August 19433 years, 46 daysIndependentStauning VI CabinetBuhl I CabinetScavenius Cabinet No Danish government (29 August 1943 – 5 May 1945). Office is assumed by the permanent secretary. 20 Carl Petersen(1894–1984)5 May 19457 November 1945186 daysSocial DemocratsBuhl II Cabinet Minister for Traffic(Trafikminister) 21 Alfred Jensen(1903–1988)5 May 19457 November 1945186 daysCommunistsBuhl II Cabinet Minister for Public Works(Minister for offentlige arbejder) 22 Niels Elgaard (1879–1963)7 November 194513 November 19472 years, 6 daysVenstreKristensen Cabinet (20) Carl Petersen(1894–1984)13 November 194717 September 19502 years, 308 daysSocial DemocratsHedtoft I Cabinet 23 Frede Nielsen (1891–1954)17 September 195030 October 195043 daysSocial DemocratsHedtoft II Cabinet 24 Victor Larsen (1890–1952)30 October 195025 April 19521 year, 178 daysConservativesEriksen Cabinet 25 Jørgen Jørgensen (da)(1891–1963)25 April 195230 September 19531 year, 158 daysConservativesEriksen Cabinet (20) Carl Petersen(1894–1984)30 September 19531 September 19551 year, 336 daysSocial DemocratsHedtoft III CabinetHansen I Cabinet 26 Kai Lindberg(1899–1985)1 September 195528 November 196611 years, 88 daysSocial DemocratsHansen I Cabinet–IIKampmann I Cabinet–IIKrag I Cabinet–II 27 Svend Horn (1906–1992)28 November 19662 February 19681 year, 66 daysSocial DemocratsKrag II Cabinet 28 Ove Guldberg(1918–2008)2 February 196811 October 19713 years, 251 daysVenstreBaunsgaard Cabinet 29 Jens Kampmann (born 1937)11 October 197119 December 19732 years, 69 daysSocial DemocratsKrag III CabinetJørgensen I Cabinet 30 Kresten Damsgaard (1903–1992)19 December 197313 February 19751 year, 56 daysVenstreHartling Cabinet 31 Niels Matthiasen (1924–1980)13 February 197526 February 19772 years, 13 daysSocial DemocratsJørgensen II Cabinet 32 Kjeld Olesen(born 1932)26 February 197730 August 19781 year, 185 daysSocial DemocratsJørgensen II Cabinet 33 Ivar Hansen(1938–2003)30 August 197826 October 19791 year, 57 daysVenstreJørgensen III Cabinet 34 Jens Risgaard Knudsen (1925–1997)26 October 197915 October 19811 year, 354 daysSocial DemocratsJørgensen IV Cabinet 35 Knud Heinesen(born 1932)15 October 198130 December 198176 daysSocial DemocratsJørgensen V Cabinet 36 J.K. Hansen (1926–2023)30 December 198110 September 1982254 daysSocial DemocratsJørgensen V Cabinet 37 Arne Melchior(1924–2016)10 September 198214 August 19863 years, 338 daysCentre DemocratsSchlüter I Cabinet Minister for Traffic(Trafikminister) 38 Frode Nør Christensen (born 1948)14 August 19863 June 19881 year, 294 daysCentre DemocratsSchlüter I Cabinet–II 39 H.P. Clausen (1928–1998)3 June 198810 January 1989221 daysConservativesSchlüter III Cabinet 40 Knud Østergaard (1922–1993)10 January 198918 December 19901 year, 342 daysConservativesSchlüter III Cabinet 41 Kaj Ikast(1935–2020)18 December 199025 January 19932 years, 38 daysConservativesSchlüter IV Cabinet 42 Helge Mortensen (born 1941)25 January 199328 January 19941 year, 3 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen I Cabinet 43 Jan Trøjborg(1955–2012)28 January 199430 December 19962 years, 337 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen I Cabinet–II 44 Bjørn Westh(born 1944)30 December 199623 March 19981 year, 83 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen III Cabinet 45 Sonja Mikkelsen(born 1955)23 March 199823 February 20001 year, 337 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen IV Cabinet 46 Jacob Buksti(1947–2016)23 February 200027 November 20011 year, 277 daysSocial DemocratsPoul Nyrup Rasmussen IV Cabinet 47 Flemming Hansen(1939–2021)27 November 200118 February 20053 years, 83 daysConservativesAnders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet Minister for Transport(Transportminister) (47) Flemming Hansen(1939–2021)18 February 200512 September 20072 years, 206 daysConservativesAnders Fogh Rasmussen II Cabinet 48 Jakob Axel Nielsen(born 1967)12 September 200723 November 200772 daysConservativesAnders Fogh Rasmussen II Cabinet 49 Carina Christensen(born 1972)23 November 200710 September 2008292 daysConservativesAnders Fogh Rasmussen III Cabinet 50 Lars Barfoed(born 1957)10 September 200823 February 20101 year, 166 daysConservativesAnders Fogh Rasmussen III CabinetLars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet 51 Hans Christian Schmidt(born 1953)23 February 20103 October 20111 year, 222 daysVenstreLars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet 52 Henrik Dam Kristensen(born 1957)3 October 20119 August 20131 year, 310 daysSocial DemocratsThorning-Schmidt I Cabinet 53 Pia Olsen Dyhr(born 1971)9 August 20133 February 2014178 daysSFThorning-Schmidt I Cabinet 54 Magnus Heunicke(born 1975)3 February 201428 June 20151 year, 145 daysSocial DemocratsThorning-Schmidt II Cabinet Minister for Transport, and Building(Transport- og bygningsminister) (51) Hans Christian Schmidt(born 1953)28 June 201528 November 20161 year, 153 daysVenstreLars Løkke Rasmussen II Cabinet Minister for Transport, Building, and Housing(Transport-, bygnings- og boligminister) 55 Ole Birk Olesen(born 1972)28 November 201627 June 20192 years, 211 daysLiberal AllianceLars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet Minister for Transport(Transportminister) 56 Benny Engelbrecht(born 1970)27 June 20194 February 20222 years, 222 daysSocial DemocratsFrederiksen I Cabinet 57 Trine Bramsen(born 1981)4 February 202215 December 2022314 daysSocial DemocratsFrederiksen I Cabinet 58 Thomas Danielsen(born 1983)15 December 20221 year, 188 daysVenstreFrederiksen II Cabinet See also Wind power in Denmark Notes ^ On 29 August 1943, the Danish government resigned, refusing to grant further concessions to Nazi Germany. All government operations were assumed by the permanent secretaries of the individual departments, and this arrangement lasted until the Liberation of Denmark on 5 May 1945. Since King Christian X never accepted the resignation of the government, it existed de jure until a new cabinet was formed on 5 May 1945. References ^ http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/Undersoegelser/2011/~/media/UBA4/Undersoegelser/2011/20110117_Staten_ansaetter_ikke_seniorer_2011_02.pdf ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links Official ministry website vte Danish ministries and ministerial officesMinistriesCurrent: Business Culture Defence Climate and Energy Employment Environment Finance Foreign Affairs Interior and Housing Justice Health State of Denmark Science, Technology and Innovation Social Affairs Taxation Transport MinistersCurrent: Prime Minister (list) Minister for Building and Housing Minister of Business Affairs Minister for Children Minister of Climate and Energy Minister of Culture Minister of Defence (list) Minister for Development Cooperation Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs (list) Minister for Elderly Affairs Minister of Education Minister for Employment Minister for Environment Minister for Finance (list) Minister of Fisheries Minister for Food (list) Minister of Foreign Affairs (list) Minister for Gender Equality Minister of Health Minister for Integration Minister of the Interior (list) Minister of Justice (list) Minister for Nordic Cooperation Minister for Public Utilities Minister for Taxation (list) Minister for Transport Minister of Science Minister for Social Affairs Historical: Minister of Agriculture Minister of Commerce Minister for Economic Affairs Minister of European Affairs Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs Minister for Greenland (list) Minister for Holstein and Lauenburg Minister for Iceland Kultus Minister Minister for the Monarchy's Joint Internal Affairs Minister of the Navy Minister for Public Innovation Minister for Public Works Minister for Schleswig Minister for South Jutland Minister for Trade Minister of War Minister without Portfolio Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"transport politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_politics"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"}],"text":"The Danish Ministry of Transport (Danish: Transportministeriet) is the Danish ministry in charge of coordinating and realizing the transport politics of Denmark.The Ministry is headed by a Permanent Secretary. The Ministry of Transport employs approximately 140 staff. The daily administration and handling of tasks and assignments on transport are carried out by a number of institutions, executive agencies, corporations, councils and boards. Counting every institution and every corporation the Ministry employs around 40.000 people","title":"Ministry of Transport (Denmark)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Ministry_of_the_Environment"},{"link_name":"Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Ministry_of_Climate_and_Energy"}],"text":"The Ministry of Transport was founded in 1892 under the name Ministry for Public Works (\"Ministeriet for offentlige Arbejder\"). In 1987 it changed name to Ministry of Traffic (\"Trafikministeriet\"), though briefly known as Ministry of Traffic and Communication (\"Trafik- og Kommunikationsministeriet\") during 1988 to 1989. In 2005 the energy sector was detached from Ministry of the Environment and attached to the Ministry of Traffic. In turn, the name was changed to Ministry of Transport and Energy; the energy department was transferred to what is now known as the Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy in 2007.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-August43_3-0"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Christian X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark"}],"text":"^ On 29 August 1943, the Danish government resigned, refusing to grant further concessions to Nazi Germany. All government operations were assumed by the permanent secretaries of the individual departments, and this arrangement lasted until the Liberation of Denmark on 5 May 1945. Since King Christian X never accepted the resignation of the government, it existed de jure until a new cabinet was formed on 5 May 1945.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/50px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Wind power in Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark"}]
[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032336/http://www.trm.dk/~/media/Files/Publication/2013/Finanslov%202013%20Pjece.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.trm.dk/~/media/Files/Publication/2013/Finanslov%202013%20Pjece.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ministry+of+Transport%22+Denmark","external_links_name":"\"Ministry of Transport\" Denmark"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ministry+of+Transport%22+Denmark+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ministry+of+Transport%22+Denmark&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ministry+of+Transport%22+Denmark+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ministry+of+Transport%22+Denmark","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ministry+of+Transport%22+Denmark&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.trm.dk/en.aspx","external_links_name":"www.trm.dk/en.aspx"},{"Link":"http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/Undersoegelser/2011/~/media/UBA4/Undersoegelser/2011/20110117_Staten_ansaetter_ikke_seniorer_2011_02.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.ugebreveta4.dk/Undersoegelser/2011/~/media/UBA4/Undersoegelser/2011/20110117_Staten_ansaetter_ikke_seniorer_2011_02.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032336/http://www.trm.dk/~/media/Files/Publication/2013/Finanslov%202013%20Pjece.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.trm.dk/~/media/Files/Publication/2013/Finanslov%202013%20Pjece.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.trm.dk/","external_links_name":"Official ministry website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406073120","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_Gordon
Huntley Gordon
["1 Profile","2 Partial filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian actor (1879–1956) For the early American racecar driver, see Huntley Gordon (racing driver). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Huntley Gordon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Huntley GordonGordon in The Beloved Imposter (1918)Born(1879-10-08)October 8, 1879Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDied(1956-12-07)December 7, 1956 (aged 77)Van Nuys, California, United StatesYears active1916–1941 Huntley Ashworth Gordon (October 8, 1879 – December 7, 1956) was a Canadian actor who began his career in the Silent Film era. Profile This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Huntley Gordon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gordon was born in Montreal, Quebec, educated in both Canada and England. He had various jobs including working in a bank, in a silver mine, contracting, as a commercial traveller, and being a cigarette factory owner before settling on the stage and at one time acted with Ethel Barrymore. His Broadway credits included Life (1914) and Our Mrs. McChesney (1915). He began his screen career in 1916 when given a chance by Thomas Ince. Gordon was once a model for Arrow Collars; he was once painted by American commercial illustrator J. C. Leyendecker. He served in the Canadian Army during World War I and began a career in motion pictures in England where he had been stationed during the war. With his suave manner and classic good looks he was sought out in Hollywood, California where he acted in both silent and talking films. In Hollywood, he appeared in numerous films including starring opposite Gloria Swanson in the 1923 film Bluebeard's 8th Wife. That same year he starred in The Wanters with Norma Shearer and Marie Prevost. For most of his career, Gordon traveled between America and Britain, making films in both countries, appearing in more than 120 films. He was with MGM studios when he retired from film in 1940 and invested in the manufacture of silk stockings, a lucrative business at a time when Canadian and British women could not get them due to the rationing brought on by the Second World War. Although he no longer made motion pictures, Huntley Gordon remained active in the world of network radio. Gordon died of a heart attack in Van Nuys, California, and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Partial filmography The Conflict (1916) The Eleventh Commandment (1918) Men (1918) The Common Cause (1919) The Unknown Quantity (1919) The Glorious Lady (1919) Atonement (1919) Out Yonder (1919) Out of the Snows (1920) The Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920) Red Foam (1920) Enchantment (1921) Chivalrous Charley (1921) Society Snobs (1921) Tropical Love (1921) The Girl from Nowhere (1921) At the Stage Door (1921) Beyond the Rainbow (1922) What Fools Men Are (1922) When the Desert Calls (1922) Reckless Youth (1922) What's Wrong with the Women? (1922) Why Announce Your Marriage? (1922) His Wife's Husband (1922) The Famous Mrs. Fair (1923) Your Friend and Mine (1923) Bluebeard's 8th Wife (1923) Chastity (1923) The Social Code (1923) The Wanters (1923) Pleasure Mad (1923) Shadows of Paris (1924) True as Steel (1924) The Enemy Sex (1924) Wine (1924) Daring Love (1924) Married Flirts (1924) So This Is Marriage (1924) The Great Divide (1925) Never the Twain Shall Meet (1925) Her Second Chance (1926) Silken Shackles (1926) The Gilded Butterfly (1926) The Golden Web (1926) Lost at Sea (1926) Sensation Seekers (1927) Don't Tell the Wife (1927) Gypsy of the North (1928) A Certain Young Man (1928) Name the Woman (1928) Our Dancing Daughters (1928) Outcast (1928) Sinners in Love (1928) Melody Lane (1929) The Marriage Playground (1929) New Movietone Follies of 1930 (1930) Sally of the Subway (1932) Night World (1932) Broadway to Cheyenne (1932) The Phantom Express (1932) Speed Madness (1932) Midnight Warning (1933) Secrets (1933) The World Gone Mad (1933) Corruption (1933) She Had to Choose (1934) Their Big Moment (1934) Dancing Man (1934) Murder by Television (1935) Daniel Boone (1936) China Passage (1937) Stage Door (1937) Idol of the Crowds (1937) Gangster's Boy (1938) Mr. Wong in Chinatown (1939) Phantom Of Chinatown (1940) References ^ "Huntley Gordon: 1880 Baptism certificate (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)". Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017 – via CineArtistes.com. Huntley Ashworth son of J. Ashworth Gordon and of Annie Jane Newcomb his wife was born on the eight day of October one thousand eight hundred and seventy nine and was baptized on the seventeenth day of January one thousand eight hundred and eighty ^ 1881 Census of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, District 90, page 70. Gordon's birth year is corroborated by the 1891 and 1901 Censuses of Canada. ^ "Huntley Gordon". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019. ^ St. Johns, Ivan (April 1925). "He's the Original Collar Ad Model". Photoplay. New York: Photoplay Publishing Company. Retrieved August 21, 2015. ^ "Photoplay (Jan - Jun 1925)". Chicago, Photoplay Magazine Publishing Company. 1925. ^ Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland. ISBN 9780786450190. Retrieved October 15, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huntley Gordon. Huntley Gordon at IMDb signed portrait(archived) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntley Gordon (racing driver)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_Gordon_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the early American racecar driver, see Huntley Gordon (racing driver).Huntley Ashworth Gordon (October 8, 1879[1][2] – December 7, 1956) was a Canadian actor who began his career in the Silent Film era.","title":"Huntley Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Ethel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince"},{"link_name":"Arrow Collars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arrow_Collar_Man"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"J. C. Leyendecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Leyendecker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"Gloria Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Swanson"},{"link_name":"Bluebeard's 8th Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebeard%27s_8th_Wife"},{"link_name":"The Wanters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wanters"},{"link_name":"Norma Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer"},{"link_name":"Marie Prevost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Prevost"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_California"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Glendale)"},{"link_name":"Glendale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gordon was born in Montreal, Quebec, educated in both Canada and England. He had various jobs including working in a bank, in a silver mine, contracting, as a commercial traveller, and being a cigarette factory owner before settling on the stage and at one time acted with Ethel Barrymore.[citation needed] His Broadway credits included Life (1914) and Our Mrs. McChesney (1915).[3]He began his screen career in 1916 when given a chance by Thomas Ince. Gordon was once a model for Arrow Collars;[4] he was once painted by American commercial illustrator J. C. Leyendecker.[5]He served in the Canadian Army during World War I and began a career in motion pictures in England where he had been stationed during the war. With his suave manner and classic good looks he was sought out in Hollywood, California where he acted in both silent and talking films.In Hollywood, he appeared in numerous films including starring opposite Gloria Swanson in the 1923 film Bluebeard's 8th Wife. That same year he starred in The Wanters with Norma Shearer and Marie Prevost.For most of his career, Gordon traveled between America and Britain, making films in both countries, appearing in more than 120 films. He was with MGM studios when he retired from film in 1940 and invested in the manufacture of silk stockings, a lucrative business at a time when Canadian and British women could not get them due to the rationing brought on by the Second World War. Although he no longer made motion pictures, Huntley Gordon remained active in the world of network radio.Gordon died of a heart attack in Van Nuys, California, and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.[6]","title":"Profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conflict"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Commandment_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"The Common Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Common_Cause_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Unknown Quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unknown_Quantity_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"The Glorious Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glorious_Lady"},{"link_name":"Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"Out Yonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_Yonder"},{"link_name":"Out of the Snows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Snows"},{"link_name":"The Frisky Mrs. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frisky_Mrs._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Red Foam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Foam"},{"link_name":"Enchantment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchantment_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"Chivalrous Charley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalrous_Charley"},{"link_name":"Society Snobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Snobs"},{"link_name":"Tropical Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Love"},{"link_name":"The Girl from Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_from_Nowhere_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"At the Stage Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Stage_Door"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"What Fools Men Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Fools_Men_Are"},{"link_name":"When the Desert Calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Desert_Calls"},{"link_name":"Reckless Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckless_Youth_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"What's Wrong with the Women?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Wrong_with_the_Women%3F"},{"link_name":"Why Announce Your Marriage?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Announce_Your_Marriage%3F"},{"link_name":"His Wife's Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Wife%27s_Husband_(1922_American_film)"},{"link_name":"The Famous Mrs. Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Mrs._Fair"},{"link_name":"Your Friend and Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Friend_and_Mine"},{"link_name":"Bluebeard's 8th Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebeard%27s_8th_Wife"},{"link_name":"Chastity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chastity_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"The Social Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Code_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"The Wanters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wanters"},{"link_name":"Pleasure Mad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_Mad"},{"link_name":"Shadows of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_Paris_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"True as Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_as_Steel_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Enemy Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enemy_Sex"},{"link_name":"Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Daring Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daring_Love"},{"link_name":"Married Flirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_Flirts"},{"link_name":"So This Is Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_This_Is_Marriage"},{"link_name":"The Great Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Divide_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Never the Twain Shall Meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_the_Twain_Shall_Meet_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Her Second Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Second_Chance_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Silken Shackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silken_Shackles"},{"link_name":"The Gilded Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gilded_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"The Golden Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Web_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Lost at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_at_Sea_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sensation Seekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_Seekers"},{"link_name":"Don't Tell the Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Tell_the_Wife_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Gypsy of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"A Certain Young Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Certain_Young_Man"},{"link_name":"Name the Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_the_Woman_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Our Dancing Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Dancing_Daughters"},{"link_name":"Outcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcast_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Sinners in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinners_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Melody Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Lane_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"The Marriage Playground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_Playground"},{"link_name":"New Movietone Follies of 1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Movietone_Follies_of_1930"},{"link_name":"Sally of the Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_of_the_Subway"},{"link_name":"Night World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_World_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Broadway to Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_to_Cheyenne"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Express_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Speed Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Madness_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Midnight Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Warning"},{"link_name":"Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The World Gone Mad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Gone_Mad"},{"link_name":"Corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"She Had to Choose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Had_to_Choose"},{"link_name":"Their Big Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Their_Big_Moment"},{"link_name":"Dancing Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"Murder by Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_by_Television"},{"link_name":"Daniel Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"China Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Passage"},{"link_name":"Stage Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Door"},{"link_name":"Idol of the Crowds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_of_the_Crowds"},{"link_name":"Gangster's Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster%27s_Boy"},{"link_name":"Mr. Wong in Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Wong_in_Chinatown"},{"link_name":"Phantom Of Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Of_Chinatown"}],"text":"The Conflict (1916)\nThe Eleventh Commandment (1918)\nMen (1918)\nThe Common Cause (1919)\nThe Unknown Quantity (1919)\nThe Glorious Lady (1919)\nAtonement (1919)\nOut Yonder (1919)\nOut of the Snows (1920)\nThe Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920)\nRed Foam (1920)\nEnchantment (1921)\nChivalrous Charley (1921)\nSociety Snobs (1921)\nTropical Love (1921)\nThe Girl from Nowhere (1921)\nAt the Stage Door (1921)\nBeyond the Rainbow (1922)\nWhat Fools Men Are (1922)\nWhen the Desert Calls (1922)\nReckless Youth (1922)\nWhat's Wrong with the Women? (1922)\nWhy Announce Your Marriage? (1922)\nHis Wife's Husband (1922)\nThe Famous Mrs. Fair (1923)\nYour Friend and Mine (1923)\nBluebeard's 8th Wife (1923)\nChastity (1923)\nThe Social Code (1923)\nThe Wanters (1923)\nPleasure Mad (1923)\nShadows of Paris (1924)\nTrue as Steel (1924)\nThe Enemy Sex (1924)\nWine (1924)\nDaring Love (1924)\nMarried Flirts (1924)\nSo This Is Marriage (1924)\nThe Great Divide (1925)\nNever the Twain Shall Meet (1925)\nHer Second Chance (1926)\nSilken Shackles (1926)\nThe Gilded Butterfly (1926)\nThe Golden Web (1926)\nLost at Sea (1926)\nSensation Seekers (1927)\nDon't Tell the Wife (1927)\nGypsy of the North (1928)\nA Certain Young Man (1928)\nName the Woman (1928)\nOur Dancing Daughters (1928)\nOutcast (1928)\nSinners in Love (1928)\nMelody Lane (1929)\nThe Marriage Playground (1929)\nNew Movietone Follies of 1930 (1930)\nSally of the Subway (1932)\nNight World (1932)\nBroadway to Cheyenne (1932)\nThe Phantom Express (1932)\nSpeed Madness (1932)\nMidnight Warning (1933)\nSecrets (1933)\nThe World Gone Mad (1933)\nCorruption (1933)\nShe Had to Choose (1934)\nTheir Big Moment (1934)\nDancing Man (1934)\nMurder by Television (1935)\nDaniel Boone (1936)\nChina Passage (1937)\nStage Door (1937)\nIdol of the Crowds (1937)\nGangster's Boy (1938)\nMr. Wong in Chinatown (1939)\nPhantom Of Chinatown (1940)","title":"Partial filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Huntley Gordon: 1880 Baptism certificate (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017 – via CineArtistes.com. Huntley Ashworth son of J. Ashworth Gordon and of Annie Jane Newcomb his wife was born on the eight day of October one thousand eight hundred and seventy nine and was baptized on the seventeenth day of January one thousand eight hundred and eighty","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cineartistes.com/?page=images&id=4461&type=3","url_text":"\"Huntley Gordon: 1880 Baptism certificate (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20170521171844/http://www.cineartistes.com/?page=images&id=1101&type=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Huntley Gordon\". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015015452/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/huntley-gordon-42611","url_text":"\"Huntley Gordon\""},{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/huntley-gordon-42611","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"St. Johns, Ivan (April 1925). \"He's the Original Collar Ad Model\". Photoplay. New York: Photoplay Publishing Company. Retrieved August 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pho28chic#page/n775/mode/2up","url_text":"\"He's the Original Collar Ad Model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoplay","url_text":"Photoplay"}]},{"reference":"\"Photoplay (Jan - Jun 1925)\". Chicago, Photoplay Magazine Publishing Company. 1925.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pho28chic#page/n775/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Photoplay (Jan - Jun 1925)\""}]},{"reference":"Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland. ISBN 9780786450190. Retrieved October 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZraJCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22+actor&pg=PA51","url_text":"Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786450190","url_text":"9780786450190"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22","external_links_name":"\"Huntley Gordon\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Huntley+Gordon%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22","external_links_name":"\"Huntley Gordon\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Huntley+Gordon%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.cineartistes.com/?page=images&id=4461&type=3","external_links_name":"\"Huntley Gordon: 1880 Baptism certificate (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170521171844/http://www.cineartistes.com/?page=images&id=1101&type=3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015015452/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/huntley-gordon-42611","external_links_name":"\"Huntley Gordon\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/huntley-gordon-42611","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/pho28chic#page/n775/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"He's the Original Collar Ad Model\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/pho28chic#page/n775/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Photoplay (Jan - Jun 1925)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZraJCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Huntley+Gordon%22+actor&pg=PA51","external_links_name":"Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0330265/","external_links_name":"Huntley Gordon"},{"Link":"https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/1925-silent-movie-film-actor-huntley-1823905278","external_links_name":"signed portrait"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000038602753","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48297190","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCwj7wfTHMd88GjFfjG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5316475","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87911994","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rs6k54","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rvar_%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson_Sm%C3%A1rason
Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason
["1 Publications and discography","2 References"]
Icelandic musician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Örvar. Örvar Þóreyjarson SmárasonÖrvar in Belfast in 2011Background informationBorn1977 (age 46–47)OriginIcelandGenresExperimentalOccupation(s)Musician, poet, authorMusical artist Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason (born 1977) is a founding member of Icelandic experimental band múm, and has been a part-time member of other Icelandic bands such as Benni Hemm Hemm, Singapore Sling, Slowblow, Andhéri, Skakkamanage, FM Belfast and Represensitive Man. In Iceland, Örvar is also known as a poet and author. Gamall þrjótur, nýjir tímar ("Old villain, new times") a book of poetry was published in 2005 as a part of Nýhil's Nordic literature series. It was preceded by the critically acclaimed novella Úfin, strokin ("Ruffled, stroked"), released in 2005 and described as "a detective boy novel updated for modern girls". He studied screenwriting at FAMU in Prague. Publications and discography For discography as part of múm, see múm § Discography. Úfin, strokin ("Ruffled, stroked") (2005) – novella Scapigliata, lisciata (Italian translation of Úfin, Strokin) (Scritturapura, Italy, 2008) – novella Gamall þrjótur, nýjir tímar ("Old villain, new times") (Nýhil, 2005) – poetry To Fruits Turn the Youth (Afterhours, Japan, 2007) – Illustrations, drawings and poetry Team Dreams (Morr Music, 2017) collaborative album of Sin Fang, Sóley and Örvar Smárason Light is Liquid (Morr Music, 2018) first solo album References ^ Kellman, Andy. "Biography: Múm". Allmusic. Retrieved 24 May 2010. ^ grapevine.is (20 August 2009). "Optimistic, Hopeless, Content – The Reykjavik Grapevine". grapevine.is. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason Discography at Discogs". discogs.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ a b "Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, parole "scapigliate" + musica + aperitivo « circospetto! genova da un altro punto di vista". Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "Mumのオルヴァル、初のヴィジュアル・ブック： Afterhours". afterhoursmagazine.jp. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "Afterparty". Sinfang. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ "Light is Liquid, by Örvar Smárason". vteMúm Gunnar Örn Tynes Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason Gyða Valtýsdóttir Samuli Kosminen Róbert Sturla Reynisson Sigurlaug Gísladóttir Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir Ólöf Arnalds Eiríkur Orri Olafsson Hildur Guðnadóttir Studio albums Yesterday Was Dramatic – Today Is OK Finally We Are No One Summer Make Good Go Go Smear the Poison Ivy Sing Along to Songs You Don't Know Smilewound Soundtracks Blái hnötturinn Compilations Please Smile My Noise Bleed Late Night Tales Extended plays Dusk Log The Peel Session Singles "Green Grass of Tunnel" "Whistle" Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz This article about an Icelandic musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"múm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grapevine-2"},{"link_name":"Benni Hemm Hemm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benni_Hemm_Hemm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Singapore Sling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Sling_(band)"},{"link_name":"Slowblow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowblow"},{"link_name":"Andhéri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andh%C3%A9ri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skakkamanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skakkamanage"},{"link_name":"FM Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-3"},{"link_name":"Represensitive Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Represensitive_Man&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Nýhil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDhil"},{"link_name":"Nordic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_literature"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"FAMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_and_TV_School_of_The_Academy_of_Performing_Arts_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Örvar.Musical artistÖrvar Þóreyjarson Smárason (born 1977) is a founding member of Icelandic experimental band múm,[1][2] and has been a part-time member of other Icelandic bands such as Benni Hemm Hemm, Singapore Sling, Slowblow, Andhéri, Skakkamanage, FM Belfast[3] and Represensitive Man.In Iceland, Örvar is also known as a poet and author. Gamall þrjótur, nýjir tímar (\"Old villain, new times\") a book of poetry was published in 2005 as a part of Nýhil's Nordic literature series. It was preceded by the critically acclaimed[citation needed] novella Úfin, strokin (\"Ruffled, stroked\"), released in 2005 and described as \"a detective boy novel updated for modern girls\".[citation needed] He studied screenwriting at FAMU in Prague.[citation needed]","title":"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"múm § Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAm#Discography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circospetto-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circospetto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afterhoursmagazine-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For discography as part of múm, see múm § Discography.Úfin, strokin (\"Ruffled, stroked\") (2005) – novella[4]\nScapigliata, lisciata (Italian translation of Úfin, Strokin) (Scritturapura, Italy, 2008) – novella[4]\nGamall þrjótur, nýjir tímar (\"Old villain, new times\") (Nýhil, 2005) – poetry\nTo Fruits Turn the Youth (Afterhours, Japan, 2007) – Illustrations, drawings and poetry[5]\nTeam Dreams (Morr Music, 2017) collaborative album of Sin Fang, Sóley and Örvar Smárason [6]\nLight is Liquid (Morr Music, 2018) first solo album [7]","title":"Publications and discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kellman, Andy. \"Biography: Múm\". Allmusic. Retrieved 24 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p482752/biography","url_text":"\"Biography: Múm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"grapevine.is (20 August 2009). \"Optimistic, Hopeless, Content – The Reykjavik Grapevine\". grapevine.is. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grapevine.is/Features/ReadArticle/Feature-Mum-Optimistic-Hopeless-Content","url_text":"\"Optimistic, Hopeless, Content – The Reykjavik Grapevine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason Discography at Discogs\". discogs.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason","url_text":"\"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason Discography at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, parole \"scapigliate\" + musica + aperitivo « circospetto! genova da un altro punto di vista\". Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080628143032/http://circospetto.net:80/2008/06/25/orvar-%C3%BEoreyjarson-smarason-parole-scapigliate-musica-aperitivo/","url_text":"\"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, parole \"scapigliate\" + musica + aperitivo « circospetto! genova da un altro punto di vista\""},{"url":"http://circospetto.net/2008/06/25/orvar-%C3%BEoreyjarson-smarason-parole-scapigliate-musica-aperitivo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mumのオルヴァル、初のヴィジュアル・ブック： Afterhours\". afterhoursmagazine.jp. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afterhoursmagazine.jp/main/goods/mum.php","url_text":"\"Mumのオルヴァル、初のヴィジュアル・ブック： Afterhours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afterparty\". Sinfang. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sinfang-soley-orvarsmarason.bandcamp.com/","url_text":"\"Afterparty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Light is Liquid, by Örvar Smárason\".","urls":[{"url":"https://oervarsmarason.bandcamp.com/album/light-is-liquid","url_text":"\"Light is Liquid, by Örvar Smárason\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason%22","external_links_name":"\"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p482752/biography","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Múm\""},{"Link":"https://www.grapevine.is/Features/ReadArticle/Feature-Mum-Optimistic-Hopeless-Content","external_links_name":"\"Optimistic, Hopeless, Content – The Reykjavik Grapevine\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/%C3%96rvar+%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson+Sm%C3%A1rason","external_links_name":"\"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason Discography at Discogs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080628143032/http://circospetto.net:80/2008/06/25/orvar-%C3%BEoreyjarson-smarason-parole-scapigliate-musica-aperitivo/","external_links_name":"\"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, parole \"scapigliate\" + musica + aperitivo « circospetto! genova da un altro punto di vista\""},{"Link":"http://circospetto.net/2008/06/25/orvar-%C3%BEoreyjarson-smarason-parole-scapigliate-musica-aperitivo/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.afterhoursmagazine.jp/main/goods/mum.php","external_links_name":"\"Mumのオルヴァル、初のヴィジュアル・ブック： Afterhours\""},{"Link":"https://sinfang-soley-orvarsmarason.bandcamp.com/","external_links_name":"\"Afterparty\""},{"Link":"https://oervarsmarason.bandcamp.com/album/light-is-liquid","external_links_name":"\"Light is Liquid, by Örvar Smárason\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308697924","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMjWBmmjXdGhP8MtbfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1160481776","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2014009414","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/94bda70f-60ca-4e70-b2c8-4b651296b32d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96rvar_%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson_Sm%C3%A1rason&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_Vadului
Câineni
["1 Natives","2 References"]
Coordinates: 45°30′N 24°18′E / 45.50°N 24.30°E / 45.50; 24.30Commune in Vâlcea, RomaniaCâineniCommuneSaint Nicholas Church in Câinenii MiciLocation in Vâlcea CountyCâineniLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 45°30′N 24°18′E / 45.50°N 24.30°E / 45.50; 24.30CountryRomaniaCountyVâlceaGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Ion Nicolae (PNL)Area254.77 km2 (98.37 sq mi)Population (2021-12-01)2,484 • Density9.7/km2 (25/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.VLWebsitecomunacaineni.ro Câineni is a commune located in Vâlcea County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Câinenii Mari, Câinenii Mici (the commune centre), Greblești, Priloage, Râu Vadului, and Robești. Natives Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck Emilia Vătășoiu References ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 9 June 2021. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. vteVâlcea County, RomaniaCities Râmnicu Vâlcea (county seat) Drăgășani Towns Băbeni Băile Govora Băile Olănești Bălcești Berbești Brezoi Călimănești Horezu Ocnele Mari Communes Alunu Amărăști Bărbătești Berislăvești Boișoara Budești Bujoreni Bunești Câineni Cernișoara Copăceni Costești Crețeni Dăești Dănicei Diculești Drăgoești Fârtățești Făurești Frâncești Galicea Ghioroiu Glăvile Golești Grădiștea Gușoeni Ionești Lăcusteni Lădești Laloșu Lăpușata Livezi Lungești Măciuca Mădulari Malaia Măldărești Mateești Mihăești Milcoiu Mitrofani Muereasca Nicolae Bălcescu Olanu Orlești Oteșani Păușești Păușești-Măglași Perișani Pesceana Pietrari Popești Prundeni Racovița Roești Roșiile Runcu Sălătrucel Scundu Sinești Șirineasa Slătioara Stănești Ștefănești Stoenești Stoilești Stroești Șușani Sutești Tetoiu Titești Tomșani Vaideeni Valea Mare Vlădești Voicești Voineasa Zătreni This Vâlcea County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Vâlcea County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2lcea_County"},{"link_name":"Oltenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltenia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"Commune in Vâlcea, RomaniaCâineni is a commune located in Vâlcea County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Câinenii Mari, Câinenii Mici (the commune centre), Greblești, Priloage, Râu Vadului, and Robești.","title":"Câineni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Cu%C8%9Bescu-Storck"},{"link_name":"Emilia Vătășoiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_V%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%99oiu"}],"text":"Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck\nEmilia Vătășoiu","title":"Natives"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 9 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=C%C3%A2ineni&params=45.50_N_24.30_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"45°30′N 24°18′E / 45.50°N 24.30°E / 45.50; 24.30"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=C%C3%A2ineni&params=45.50_N_24.30_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"45°30′N 24°18′E / 45.50°N 24.30°E / 45.50; 24.30"},{"Link":"http://comunacaineni.ro/","external_links_name":"comunacaineni.ro"},{"Link":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","external_links_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ineni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineal_descent
Patrilineality
["1 In the Bible","2 Agnatic succession","3 Genetic genealogy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Tracing of kinship through the male line Part of a series on theAnthropology of kinship Basic concepts Family Lineage Affinity Consanguinity Marriage Incest taboo Endogamy Exogamy Moiety Monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Concubinage Polyandry Bride price Bride service Dowry Parallel / cross cousins Cousin marriage Levirate Sororate Posthumous marriage Joking relationship Clan Cohabitation Fictive / Milk / Nurture kinship Descent Cognatic / Bilateral Matrilateral Lineal Collateral House society Avunculate Linealities Ambilineality Unilineality Matrilineality Patrilineality Household forms and residence Extended Matrifocal Matrilocal Neolocal Nuclear Patrilocal Terminology Kinship terminology Classificatory terminologies By group Iroquois Crow Omaha Eskimo (Inuit) Hawaiian Sudanese Dravidian (debated) Case studies Australian Aboriginal Burmese Chinese Philippine Polyandry in Tibet / in India Feminist Chambri Mosuo Sexuality Coming of Age in Samoa Major theorists Diane Bell Tom Boellstorff Jack Goody W. D. Hamilton Gilbert Herdt Don Kulick Roger Lancaster Louise Lamphere Eleanor Leacock Claude Lévi-Strauss Bronisław Malinowski Margaret Mead Henrietta Moore Lewis H. Morgan Stephen O. Murray Michelle Rosaldo Gayle Rubin David M. Schneider Marilyn Strathern Related articles Alliance theory Matrilineal / matrilocal societies Feminist anthropology Sex and Repression in Savage Society Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship "The Traffic in Women" Social anthropologyCultural anthropologyvte Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is sometimes distinguished from cognate kinship, through the mother's lineage, also called the spindle side or the distaff side. A patriline ("father line") is a person's father, and additional ancestors, as traced only through males. In the Bible In the Bible, family and tribal membership appears to be transmitted through the father. For example, a person is considered to be a priest or Levite, if his father is a priest or Levite, and the members of all the Twelve Tribes are called Israelites because their father is Israel (Jacob). In the first lines of the New Testament, the descent of Jesus Christ from King David is counted through the male lineage. Agnatic succession Patrilineal or agnatic succession gives priority to or restricts inheritance of a throne or fief to male heirs descended from the original title holder through males only. Traditionally, agnatic succession is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties. The prevalent forms of dynastic succession in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa were male-preference primogeniture, agnatic primogeniture, or agnatic seniority until after World War II. The agnatic succession model, also known as Salic law, meant the total exclusion of women as hereditary monarchs and restricted succession to thrones and inheritance of fiefs or land to men in parts of medieval and later Europe. This form of strict agnatic inheritance has been officially revoked in all extant European monarchies except the Principality of Liechtenstein. By the 21st century, most ongoing European monarchies had replaced their traditional agnatic succession with absolute primogeniture, meaning that the first child born to a monarch inherits the throne, regardless of the child's sex. Genetic genealogy Main articles: Genealogical DNA test and Y-chromosomal Adam The fact that human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines and agnatic kinships of men to be traced through genetic analysis. Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. An identification of a very rare and previously unknown Y-chromosome variant in 2012 led researchers to estimate that Y-chromosomal Adam lived 338,000 years ago (237,000 to 581,000 years ago with 95% confidence), judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies. Before this discovery, estimates of the date when Y-chromosomal Adam lived were much more recent, estimated to be tens of thousands of years. See also Agnatic seniority Derbfine Family name Historical inheritance systems Hypodescent Hyperdescent Matrilineality Matriname Order of succession Patricide Patrilocal residence Primogeniture Royal and noble ranks Y chromosome References ^ "spear side". Dictionary.com. ^ "Cognate Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-05-13. ^ Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana; Hammer, Michael (2013). "An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (3): 454–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002. PMC 3591855. PMID 23453668. External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Agnates". vteFamily History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family First-degree relatives Parent mother father Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second-degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Uncle/Aunt Niece/Nephew Third-degree relatives Great-grandparent Great-grandchild Great-uncle/Great-aunt Cousin Family-in-law Spouse wife husband Parent-in-law Sibling-in-law Child-in-law daughter-in-law son-in-law Stepfamily Stepparent stepfather stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship terminology Kinship Australian Aboriginal kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Family of choice Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Chinese kinship Hawaiian kinship Sudanese kinship Eskimo kinship Iroquois kinship Crow kinship Omaha kinship Genealogyand lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Lineal descendant collateral descent Matrilineality Patrilineality Progenitor Clan Royal descent Family trees Pedigree chart Genogram Ahnentafel Genealogical numbering systems Seize quartiers Quarters of nobility Relationships Agape (parental love) Eros (marital love) Philia (brotherly love) Storge (familial love) Filial piety Polyfidelity Holidays Mother's Day U.S. Father's Day Father–Daughter Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Parents' Day Children's Day Japan Family Day Canada American Family Day International Day of Families National Family Week UK National Adoption Day Related Single parent Only child Wedding anniversary Godparent Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood Astronaut family Incest Dysfunctional family Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognatic_kinship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side[1] or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is sometimes distinguished from cognate[2] kinship, through the mother's lineage, also called the spindle side or the distaff side.A patriline (\"father line\") is a person's father, and additional ancestors, as traced only through males.","title":"Patrilineality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen"},{"link_name":"Levite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite"},{"link_name":"Twelve Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"}],"text":"In the Bible, family and tribal membership appears to be transmitted through the father. For example, a person is considered to be a priest or Levite, if his father is a priest or Levite, and the members of all the Twelve Tribes are called Israelites because their father is Israel (Jacob).In the first lines of the New Testament, the descent of Jesus Christ from King David is counted through the male lineage.","title":"In the Bible"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty"},{"link_name":"dynastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty"},{"link_name":"male-preference primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male-preference_primogeniture"},{"link_name":"agnatic primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture"},{"link_name":"agnatic seniority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_seniority"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Salic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law"},{"link_name":"Principality of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"absolute primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_primogeniture"}],"text":"Patrilineal or agnatic succession gives priority to or restricts inheritance of a throne or fief to male heirs descended from the original title holder through males only. Traditionally, agnatic succession is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties. The prevalent forms of dynastic succession in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa were male-preference primogeniture, agnatic primogeniture, or agnatic seniority until after World War II. The agnatic succession model, also known as Salic law, meant the total exclusion of women as hereditary monarchs and restricted succession to thrones and inheritance of fiefs or land to men in parts of medieval and later Europe. This form of strict agnatic inheritance has been officially revoked in all extant European monarchies except the Principality of Liechtenstein.By the 21st century, most ongoing European monarchies had replaced their traditional agnatic succession with absolute primogeniture, meaning that the first child born to a monarch inherits the throne, regardless of the child's sex.","title":"Agnatic succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y-chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"Y-chromosomal Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam"},{"link_name":"most recent common ancestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor"},{"link_name":"95% confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95%25_confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"molecular clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock"},{"link_name":"genetic marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_marker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mendez13-3"}],"text":"The fact that human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines and agnatic kinships of men to be traced through genetic analysis.Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. An identification of a very rare and previously unknown Y-chromosome variant in 2012 led researchers to estimate that Y-chromosomal Adam lived 338,000 years ago (237,000 to 581,000 years ago with 95% confidence), judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies.[3] Before this discovery, estimates of the date when Y-chromosomal Adam lived were much more recent, estimated to be tens of thousands of years.","title":"Genetic genealogy"}]
[]
[{"title":"Agnatic seniority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_seniority"},{"title":"Derbfine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbfine"},{"title":"Family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name"},{"title":"Historical inheritance systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_inheritance_systems"},{"title":"Hypodescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodescent"},{"title":"Hyperdescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdescent"},{"title":"Matrilineality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality"},{"title":"Matriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriname"},{"title":"Order of succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"title":"Patricide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricide"},{"title":"Patrilocal residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilocal_residence"},{"title":"Primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"},{"title":"Royal and noble ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks"},{"title":"Y chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"}]
[{"reference":"\"spear side\". Dictionary.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/spear-side","url_text":"\"spear side\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cognate Definition & Meaning\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cognate","url_text":"\"Cognate Definition & Meaning\""}]},{"reference":"Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana; Hammer, Michael (2013). \"An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree\". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (3): 454–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002. PMC 3591855. PMID 23453668.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591855","url_text":"\"An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2013.02.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591855","url_text":"3591855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23453668","url_text":"23453668"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/spear-side","external_links_name":"\"spear side\""},{"Link":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cognate","external_links_name":"\"Cognate Definition & Meaning\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591855","external_links_name":"\"An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2013.02.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591855","external_links_name":"3591855"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23453668","external_links_name":"23453668"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1072060841","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph561682&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain_of_England
Lord Great Chamberlain
["1 Duties","2 Succession","3 History of the office","3.1 20th and 21st centuries","4 Lord Great Chamberlains, 1130–1779","5 Joint hereditary Lord Great Chamberlains, 1780–present","6 Persons exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, 1780–present","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Great Officer of State for England Not to be confused with the Lord Chamberlain. Lord Great Chamberlain of EnglandIncumbentRupert Carington, 7th Baron Carringtonsince 8 September 2022 Joint hereditary officeholders Cholmondeley share: The 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (50%) Ancaster share: The 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (25%) Carrington share: The 10th Earl of Albemarle (5%) Nicholas Llewellen Palmer (5%) Harry Legge-Bourke (5%) Lorraine Wilson (1.66%) Tatiana Dent (1.66%) Ines Garton (1.66%) The 8th Marquess of Donegall (1%) Jan Witold Kwiatkowski (1%) James Hamilton-Russell (1%) Christopher Findlay (1%) Michael Basset (1%) Last updated 22 July 2018 StyleThe Right HonourableTypeGreat Officer of StateAppointerThe MonarchTerm lengthAt His Majesty's pleasureFormationc. 1126First holderRobert MaletSuperseded byLord High Treasurer (in monetary affairs)SuccessionHereditarySalaryUnpaid The Lord Great Chamberlain of England is the sixth of the Great Officers of State, ranking beneath the Lord Privy Seal but above the Lord High Constable. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is an ancient one, being first created circa 1126 in Norman times and in continuous existence since 1138. The incumbent is Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington. Duties The Lord Great Chamberlain is entrusted by the Sovereign with custody of the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British Parliament, and serves as his or her representative therein. The Lord Great Chamberlain enjoys plenary jurisdiction in those precincts of the Palace of Westminster not assigned to either the House of Lords or the House of Commons, namely, the Royal Apartments and Central Lobby. To this end, the Lord Great Chamberlain is responsible for the use, preservation, and occupation of such spaces. In addition, the Lord Great Chamberlain is one of three commissioners which exercise control and maintenance over Westminster Hall and the Crypt Chapel; the other commissioners are the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords and the Speaker of the House of Commons, respectively. The Lord Great Chamberlain performs other less routine functions as custodian of the Palace of Westminster. For example, the Lord Great Chamberlain introduces peers and bishops to the House of Lords, accompanied by Black Rod, and welcomes foreign heads of state visiting the Palace of Westminster. Likewise, the Lord Great Chamberlain is responsible for attending upon the Sovereign whenever he or she is present at the parliamentary estate. In the latter case, the Lord Great Chamberlain is authorized to make any administrative arrangements necessary for delivery of services required by the Sovereign. However, the Lord Great Chamberlain’s most publicly visible parliamentary role, in practice, is participating in state openings of Parliament. To this end, the Lord Great Chamberlain receives the Sovereign at Norman Porch, enrobes him or her with the Robe of State and the Imperial State Crown in the Robing Room, and leads the Sovereign’s procession through the Royal Gallery and the Prince's Chamber into the Lords Chamber. It is also the Lord Great Chamberlain who, upon the command of the Sovereign, directs Black Rod to summon members of the House of Commons to attend the House of Lords for the purpose of hearing the speech from the throne. Parliamentary responsibilities aside, the Lord Great Chamberlain also has a major part to play in royal coronations, having the right to dress the monarch on coronation day and to serve the monarch water before and after the coronation banquet. Likewise, the Lord Great Chamberlain invests the monarch with the insignia of rule during the coronation service. On state occasions like coronations, the Lord Great Chamberlain wears a distinctive scarlet court uniform and bears a gold key and a white staff as the insignia of his office. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is distinct from the non-hereditary office of Lord Chamberlain of the Household, a position in the monarch's household. This office arose in the 14th century as a deputy of the Lord Great Chamberlain to fulfil the latter's duties in the Royal Household, but now they are quite distinct. The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that a hereditary peer exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain (as well as the Earl Marshal) be exempt from such a rule, in order to perform ceremonial functions. Succession The position is a hereditary one, held since 1780 in gross. At any one time, a single person actually exercises the office of Lord Great Chamberlain. The various individuals who hold fractions of the office are properly each Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain. They choose one individual of the rank of a knight or higher to be the Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain. Under an agreement made in 1912, the right to exercise the office for a given reign rotates among three families (of the then three joint office holders) in proportion to the fraction of the office held. For instance, the Marquesses of Cholmondeley hold one-half of the office, and may therefore exercise the office or appoint a deputy every alternate reign. Whenever one of the three shares of the 1912 agreement is split further, the joint heirs of this share have to agree among each other, who should be their deputy or any mechanism to determine who of them has the right to choose a deputy. History of the office The Lord Great Chamberlain, the 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (left), holding his white staff of office; the Lord Speaker, Baroness Hayman; and the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, showing US President Barack Obama around Members' Lobby during a tour of the Palace in May 2011. The office was originally held by Robert Malet, a son of one of the leading companions of William the Conqueror. In 1133, however, King Henry I declared Malet's estates and titles forfeit, and awarded the office of Lord Great Chamberlain to Aubrey de Vere, whose son was created Earl of Oxford. Thereafter, the Earls of Oxford held the title almost continuously until 1526, with a few intermissions due to the forfeiture of some Earls for treason. In 1526, however, the fourteenth Earl of Oxford died, leaving his aunts as his heirs. The earldom was inherited by a more distant heir-male, his second cousin. The Sovereign (at that time Henry VIII) then decreed that the office belonged to the Crown, and was not transmitted along with the earldom. The Sovereign appointed the fifteenth Earl to the office, but the appointment was deemed for life and was not hereditary. The family's association with the office was interrupted in 1540, when the fifteenth earl died and Thomas Cromwell, the King's chief adviser, was appointed Lord Great Chamberlain. After Cromwell's attainder and execution later the same year, the office passed through a few more court figures, until 1553, when it was passed back to the De Vere family, the sixteenth Earl of Oxford, again as an uninheritable life appointment. Later, Queen Mary I ruled that the Earls of Oxford were indeed entitled to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain on an hereditary basis. Thus, the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth Earls of Oxford held the position on a hereditary basis until 1626, when the eighteenth Earl died, again leaving a distant relative as heir male, but a closer one as a female heir. The House of Lords eventually ruled that the office belonged to the heir general, Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, who later became Earl of Lindsey. The office remained vested in the Earls of Lindsey, who later became Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven. In 1779, however, the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven died, leaving two sisters as female heirs, and an uncle as an heir male. The uncle became the fifth and last Duke, but the House of Lords ruled that the two sisters were jointly Lord Great Chamberlain and could appoint a Deputy to fulfil the functions of the office. The barony of Willoughby de Eresby went into abeyance between the two sisters, but the Sovereign terminated the abeyance and granted the title to the elder sister, Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain, however, was divided between Priscilla and her younger sister Georgiana. Priscilla's share was eventually split between two of her granddaughters, and has been split several more times since then. By contrast, Georgiana's share has been inherited by a single male heir each time; that individual has in each case been the Marquess of Cholmondeley, a title created for Georgiana's husband. 20th and 21st centuries 6 May 2023: Lord Carrington (Lord Great Chamberlain since 2022) on his way to the Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla (with Baroness Manningham-Buller, LG). In 1902 it was ruled by the House of Lords that the then joint office holders (the 1st Earl of Ancaster, the 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley, and the Earl Carrington, later Marquess of Lincolnshire) had to agree on a deputy to exercise the office, subject to the approval of the Sovereign. Should there be no such agreement, the Sovereign should appoint a deputy until an agreement be reached. In 1912 an agreement was reached. The office, or right to appoint the person to exercise the office, would thereafter rotate among the three joint office holders and their heirs after them, changing at the start of each successive reign. Cholmondeley and his heirs would serve in every other reign; Ancaster and Carrington would each serve once in four reigns. As the Cholmondeley share and the Ancaster share (held since 1983 by the Baroness Willoughby de Eresby) are not further split, each of these holders decides in his or her turn to act as Lord Great Chamberlain or to name a person who will act as Lord Great Chamberlain. The Carrington share was divided at his death among his five daughters and their heirs, and has since been further divided, with 11 people holding shares as of September 2022. At accession of Charles III the turn fell to the Carrington heirs who named their cousin Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington to act as Lord Great Chamberlain. Being descended from the Earl's younger brother he himself has no share of the office. On 6 May 2023 the Lord Great Chamberlain presented spurs to King Charles III as part of his coronation. The spurs were included among the first English coronation ornaments in 1189 and were used during the coronation of Richard I. Lord Great Chamberlains, 1130–1779 Portrait Name Term of office Monarch(reign) Robert Malet 1130 1133 Henry I(1100–1135) Aubrey de Vere II 1133 1141 Stephen(1135–1154) Aubrey de Vere1st Earl of Oxford 1141 1194 Henry II(1154–1189) Richard I(1189–1199) Aubrey de Vere2nd Earl of Oxford 1194 1214 John(1199–1216) Robert de Vere3rd Earl of Oxford 1214 1221 Henry III(1216–1272) Hugh de Vere4th Earl of Oxford 1221 1263 Robert de Vere5th Earl of Oxford 1263 1265 unclear, perhaps vacant 1265 1267 unclear, perhaps againRobert de Vere5th Earl of Oxford 1267 1296 Edward I(1272–1307) Robert de Vere6th Earl of Oxford 1296 1331 Edward II(1307–1327) Edward III(1327–1377) John de Vere7th Earl of Oxford 1331 1360 Thomas de Vere8th Earl of Oxford 1360 1371 Robert de VereDuke of IrelandKG 1371 1388 Richard II(1377–1399) John Holland1st Duke of Exeter 1398 1399 Aubrey de Vere10th Earl of Oxford 1399 1400 Henry IV(1399–1413) Richard de Vere11th Earl of Oxford 1400 1417 Henry V(1413–1422) John de Vere12th Earl of Oxford 1417 1462 Henry VI(1422–1461) Edward IV(1461–1470) John de Vere13th Earl of OxfordKG KB 1462 1464 Richard Neville16th Earl of WarwickKG 1464 1471 Henry VI(1470–1471) unclear 1471 1475 Edward IV(1471–1483) Henry Percy4th Earl of Northumberland 1475 1485 Edward V(1483) Richard III(1483–1485) John de Vere13th Earl of OxfordKG KB 1485 1513 Henry VII(1485–1509) Henry VIII(1509–1547) John de Vere14th Earl of Oxford 1513 1526 John de Vere15th Earl of OxfordKG PC 1526 1540 Thomas Cromwell1st Earl of EssexKG PC 1540 1540 Robert Radcliffe1st Earl of SussexKG KB PC 1540 1542 Edward Seymour1st Duke of SomersetKG 1543 1547 John Dudley1st Duke of NorthumberlandKG 1547 1549 Edward VI(1547–1553) William Parr1st Marquess of NorthamptonKG 1549 1553 John de Vere16th Earl of Oxford 1553 1562 Mary I(1553–1558) Elizabeth I(1558–1603) Edward de Vere17th Earl of Oxford 1562 1604 James I(1603–1625) Henry de Vere18th Earl of Oxford 1604 1625 Robert Bertie1st Earl of Lindsay 1625 1642 Charles I(1625–1649) Montagu Bertie2nd Earl of LindsayKG PC 1642 1666 Interregnum(1649–1660) Charles II(1660–1685) Robert Bertie3rd Earl of LindsayPC FRS 1666 1701 James II(1685–1688) Mary II(1689–1694)William III(1689–1702) Robert Bertie1st Duke of Ancaster and KestevenPC 1701 1723 Anne(1702–1714) George I(1714–1727) Peregrine Bertie2nd Duke of Ancaster and KestevenPC 1723 1742 George II(1727–1760) Peregrine Bertie3rd Duke of Ancaster and KestevenPC 1742 1778 George III(1760–1820) Robert Bertie4th Duke of Ancaster and KestevenPC 1778 1779 Joint hereditary Lord Great Chamberlains, 1780–present The fractions show the holder's share in the office, and the date they held it. The current (as of 2022) holders of the office are shown in bold face. Joint hereditary Lord Great Chamberlains, 1780–present Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby1⁄2 1780–1828Georgiana Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley1⁄2 1780–1838 Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby1⁄2 1828–1865George Cholmondeley, 2nd Marquess of Cholmondeley1⁄2 1838–1870William Cholmondeley, 3rd Marquess of Cholmondeley1⁄2 1870–1884 Albyric Drummond-Willoughby, 23rd Baron Willoughby de Eresby1⁄2 1865–1870Clementina Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby1⁄4 1870–1888Charlotte Augusta Carrington, Lady Carrington1⁄4 1870–1879Charles George Cholmondeley Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster1⁄4 1888–1910Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire1⁄4 1879–1928George Cholmondeley, 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley1⁄2 1884–1923 Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster1⁄4 1910–1951Marjorie Wilson, Baroness Nunburnholme1⁄20 1928–1968Lady Alexandra Llewellen Palmer1⁄20 1928–1955Ruperta Legge, Countess of Dartmouth1⁄20 1928–1963Judith Keppel, Countess of AlbemarleLady Victoria Weld-Forester1⁄20 1928–1966George Cholmondeley, 5th Marquess of Cholmondeley1⁄2 1923–1968 James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster1⁄4 1951–1983Charles Wilson, 3rd Baron Nunburnholme1⁄20 1968–1974Brig. Anthony Llewellen Palmer1⁄20 1955–1990Col. Charles Timothy Llewellen PalmerLady Mary Findlay1⁄100 1963–2003Lady Elizabeth Basset1⁄100 1963–2000Lady Diana Matthews1⁄100 1963–1970Lady Barbara Kwiatkowska1⁄100 1963–2013Josceline Chichester, Marchioness of Donegall1⁄100 1963–1995Derek Keppel, Viscount Bury1⁄20 1928–1968Sir Henry Legge-Bourke1⁄20 1966–1973Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley1⁄2 1968–1990 Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby1⁄4 1983–Ben Wilson, 4th Baron Nunburnholme1⁄20 1974–1998Julian Llewellen Palmer1⁄20 1990–2002Cdr Jonathan Findlay1⁄100 2003–2015Bryan Basset1⁄100 2000–2010Col James Hamilton-Russell1⁄100 1970–Jan Witold Kwiatkowski1⁄100 2013–Patrick Chichester, 8th Marquess of Donegall1⁄100 1995–Rufus Keppel, 10th Earl of Albemarle1⁄20 1968–William Legge-Bourke1⁄20 1973–2009David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley1⁄2 1990– The Hon. Lorraine Wilson1⁄80 1998–20221⁄60 2022–The Hon. Tatiana Dent1⁄80 1998–20221⁄60 2022–The Hon. Ines Garton1⁄80 1998–20221⁄60 2022–The Hon. Ysabel Williams1⁄80 1998–2022Nicholas Llewellen Palmer1⁄20 2002–Christopher Findlay1⁄100 2015–David Basset1⁄100 2010Michael James Basset1⁄100 2010–Capt. Harry Legge-Bourke1⁄20 2009– Persons exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, 1780–present Portrait Name Term of office Monarch(reign) Peter Burrell1st Baron Gwydyr 1780 1820 George III(1760–1820) George IV(1820–1830) Peter Drummond-Burrell22nd Baron Willoughby de EresbyPC 1821 1830 George Cholmondeley2nd Marquess of CholmondeleyPC 1830 1837 William IV(1830–1837) Peter Drummond-Burrell22nd Baron Willoughby de EresbyPC 1837 1865 Victoria(1837–1901) Albyric Drummond-Willoughby23rd Baron Willoughby de Eresby 1865 1870 Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby25th Baron Willoughby de EresbyPC 1871 1901 George Cholmondeley4th Marquess of CholmondeleyPC DL 1901 1910 Edward VII(1901–1910) Charles Wynn-Carington1st Marquess of LincolnshireKG GCMG PC JP DL 1910 1928 George V(1910–1936) William LeggeViscount LewishamGCVO TD 1928 1936 George Cholmondeley5th Marquess of CholmondeleyGCVO 1936 Edward VIII(1936) Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby2nd Earl of AncasterGCVO JP DL 1936 1951 George VI(1936–1952) James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby3rd Earl of AncasterTD 1951 1952 George Cholmondeley5th Marquess of CholmondeleyGCVO 1952 1966 Elizabeth II(1952–2022) Hugh Cholmondeley6th Marquess of CholmondeleyGCVO MC DL 1966 1990 David Cholmondeley7th Marquess of CholmondeleyGCVO DL 1990 2022 Rupert Carington7th Baron CarringtonDL 2022 present Charles III(2022–present) Notes ^ From the Restoration until 1963, the Lord Great Chamberlain was responsible for physical plant and facility management throughout the Palace of Westminster, in effect serving as a property manager for the entire parliamentary estate. References ^ "No. 52335". The London Gazette. 14 November 1990. p. 17651. THE QUEEN has been pleased by Warrant under Her Majesty's Royal Sign Manual, bearing date 5th November 1990, to approve the selection of David George Philip, Marquess of Cholmondeley to perform and execute the office of Lord Great Chamberlain of England. ^ Daniel Brittain (27 November 2022). "Changing of the Lord: How Lord Carrington became the new Lord Great Chamberlain". PoliticsHome. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ Michale Torrance (30 November 2021). "Governance and Administration of the House of Lords" (PDF). House of Lords Library. p. 22. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "Records of the Lord Great Chamberlain". Parliamentary Archives of the United Kingdom. October 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "Lord Great Chamberlain". UK Parliament. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ Daniel Brittain (19 April 2023). "Being Lord Great Chamberlain is an honour my father would have hated". The Times. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ Allan Burton, PhD - The Antiquary (7 November 2023). "What is the State Opening of Parliament?". YouTube. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "State Opening: how it happens". UK Parliament. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ Round, J. Horace (June 1902). "The Lord Great Chamberlain". Monthly Review. 7 (21): 42–58. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ Sophie French (4 May 2023). "Lord Great Chamberlain interview: 'I've been preparing for a long time mentally'". PoliticsHome. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "King Charles will dress himself at the coronation - Lord Great Chamberlain". Times Radio. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "House of Lords Journal Volume 36: May 1781 21-30". Journal of the House of Lords Volume 36, 1779-1783. London: British History Online. 1767–1830. pp. 296–309. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020. ^ "Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. May 6, 1902. Archived 2021-01-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ Thomas Mortimer, ed. (1776). The British Plutarch. p. 115. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2016-06-02. ^ Loades, D. (2004) Intrigue and Treason: the Tudor Court, 1547–1558 Harlow: Pearson, p.309 ^ "Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. May 6, 1902. Archived 2021-01-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ Great Officers of State: The Lord Great Chamberlain and The Earl Marshal Archived 6 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Royal Family. debretts.com Archived 2019-08-24 at the Wayback Machine. Debrett's Limited. Accessed 17 September 2013. ^ "Position of the Lord Great Chamberlain following the demise of the monarch (Freedom of Information request)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2021-09-24. ^ HL Deb, 15 March 2019 vol 796 c1213 ^ "Oaths - Hansard - UK Parliament". ^ "Coronation: Take a look at the special 1661 golden spurs presented to the King". forces.net. 6 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023. ^ 'Rymer's Foedera with Syllabus: January–June 1464', in Rymer's Foedera Volume 11, ed. Thomas Rymer (London, 1739–1745), pp. 512–531. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol11/pp512-531 Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ 'Rymer's Foedera with Syllabus: 1487', in Rymer's Foedera Volume 12, ed. Thomas Rymer (London, 1739–1745), pp. 320–331. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol12/pp320-331 Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ 'Henry VIII: August 1540, 1-10', in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 15, 1540, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1896), pp. 481–488. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol15/pp481-488 Archived 2020-09-25 at the Wayback Machine . ^ 'Henry VIII: January 1543, 6-10', in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 18, Part 1, January–July 1543, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1901), pp. 7–21. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol18/no1/pp7-21 Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ 'Officers of State during the period covered', in The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550–1563, ed. J. G. Nichols (London, 1848), pp. xiv–xix. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ 'Officers of State during the period covered', in The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550–1563, ed. J. G. Nichols (London, 1848), pp. xiv–xix. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine .  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lord Great Chamberlain". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. External links www.debretts.com 1965 decisions regarding the Lord Great Chamberlain's responsibilities in the Palace of Westminster Planning Act 2008, s. 227(5)(h,i) Principal Office Holders in the House of Lords. House of Lords Library Note (LLN 2015/007), includes a very brief overview of the Lord Great Chamberlain www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk UK Parliamentary Archives, Records of the Lord Great Chamberlain vteGreat Officers of State of England and ScotlandGreat Officers of Stateof EnglandLord High Steward Vacant Lord High Chancellor Alex Chalk MP (as Secretary of State for Justice) Lord High Treasurer Vacant Lord President of the Council Penny Mordaunt MP (also Leader of the House of Commons) Lord Privy Seal Nicholas True, Baron True (also Leader of the House of Lords) Lord Great Chamberlain In gross: Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington Lord High Constable Vacant Earl Marshal Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk Lord High Admiral Charles III (in right of the Crown)1 Officers of Stateof ScotlandGreaterLord High Chancellor Abolished in 1707 (see Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain) Lord High Treasurer Abolished in 1707 (see Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain) Lord Privy Seal Vacant since 1921 Lord Secretary Abolished in 1709 LesserLord Clerk Register Lady Elish Angiolini Lord Advocate Dorothy Bain Lord Treasurer-depute Abolished in 1707 Lord Justice Clerk Leeona Dorrian, Lady Dorrian Officers of the Crownof ScotlandLord President of the Council Privy Council abolished in 1708 Lord High Chamberlain Resigned to the Crown in 1703 Lord High Steward William, Duke of Rothesay (as Prince and Great Steward of Scotland) Lord High Constable Merlin Hay, Earl of Erroll Knight Marischal Vacant since 1863 Earl Marischal Forfeit in 1716 Lord High Admiral2 Abolished in 1707 Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland2 John Swinney MSP (as First Minister of Scotland) 1 Office is either vested in the Crown, or vacant. Status is currently debated. 2 There is debate around whether these offices constitute Officers of the Crown.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Great Officers of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lord Privy Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal"},{"link_name":"Lord High Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_England"},{"link_name":"Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Carington,_7th_Baron_Carrington"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Lord Chamberlain.The Lord Great Chamberlain of England[1] is the sixth of the Great Officers of State, ranking beneath the Lord Privy Seal but above the Lord High Constable. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is an ancient one, being first created circa 1126 in Norman times and in continuous existence since 1138. The incumbent is Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington.","title":"Lord Great Chamberlain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"British Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Royal Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Monarch%E2%80%99s_rooms"},{"link_name":"Central Lobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Central_Lobby"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall"},{"link_name":"Crypt Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Undercroft"},{"link_name":"Lord Speaker of the House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Speaker_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Temporal"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Spiritual"},{"link_name":"Black Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rod"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"state openings of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Norman Porch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Norman_Porch"},{"link_name":"Robe of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_of_State"},{"link_name":"Imperial State Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown"},{"link_name":"Robing Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Robing_Room"},{"link_name":"Royal Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Royal_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Prince's Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Prince's_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Lords Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Lords_Chamber"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"speech from the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montly_review-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"white staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_of_office#White_Staves"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"monarch's household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_King_and_Queen"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"hereditary peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer"},{"link_name":"Earl Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marshal"}],"text":"The Lord Great Chamberlain is entrusted by the Sovereign with custody of the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British Parliament, and serves as his or her representative therein.[2] The Lord Great Chamberlain enjoys plenary jurisdiction in those precincts of the Palace of Westminster not assigned to either the House of Lords or the House of Commons, namely, the Royal Apartments and Central Lobby. To this end, the Lord Great Chamberlain is responsible for the use, preservation, and occupation of such spaces.[a] In addition, the Lord Great Chamberlain is one of three commissioners which exercise control and maintenance over Westminster Hall and the Crypt Chapel; the other commissioners are the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords and the Speaker of the House of Commons, respectively.[4]The Lord Great Chamberlain performs other less routine functions as custodian of the Palace of Westminster. For example, the Lord Great Chamberlain introduces peers and bishops to the House of Lords, accompanied by Black Rod, and welcomes foreign heads of state visiting the Palace of Westminster. Likewise, the Lord Great Chamberlain is responsible for attending upon the Sovereign whenever he or she is present at the parliamentary estate. In the latter case, the Lord Great Chamberlain is authorized to make any administrative arrangements necessary for delivery of services required by the Sovereign.[5][6]However, the Lord Great Chamberlain’s most publicly visible parliamentary role, in practice, is participating in state openings of Parliament. To this end, the Lord Great Chamberlain receives the Sovereign at Norman Porch, enrobes him or her with the Robe of State and the Imperial State Crown in the Robing Room, and leads the Sovereign’s procession through the Royal Gallery and the Prince's Chamber into the Lords Chamber.[7] It is also the Lord Great Chamberlain who, upon the command of the Sovereign, directs Black Rod to summon members of the House of Commons to attend the House of Lords for the purpose of hearing the speech from the throne.[8]Parliamentary responsibilities aside, the Lord Great Chamberlain also has a major part to play in royal coronations, having the right to dress the monarch on coronation day and to serve the monarch water before and after the coronation banquet. Likewise, the Lord Great Chamberlain invests the monarch with the insignia of rule during the coronation service.[9][10] On state occasions like coronations, the Lord Great Chamberlain wears a distinctive scarlet court uniform and bears a gold key and a white staff as the insignia of his office.[11]The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is distinct from the non-hereditary office of Lord Chamberlain of the Household, a position in the monarch's household. This office arose in the 14th century as a deputy of the Lord Great Chamberlain to fulfil the latter's duties in the Royal Household, but now they are quite distinct.The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that a hereditary peer exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain (as well as the Earl Marshal) be exempt from such a rule, in order to perform ceremonial functions.","title":"Duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_in_gross"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The position is a hereditary one, held since 1780 in gross.\nAt any one time, a single person actually exercises the office of Lord Great Chamberlain.\nThe various individuals who hold fractions of the office are properly each Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain.\nThey choose one individual of the rank of a knight or higher to be the Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain.[12][13]\nUnder an agreement made in 1912, the right to exercise the office for a given reign rotates among three families (of the then three joint office holders) in proportion to the fraction of the office held.\nFor instance, the Marquesses of Cholmondeley hold one-half of the office, and may therefore exercise the office or appoint a deputy every alternate reign.\nWhenever one of the three shares of the 1912 agreement is split further, the joint heirs of this share have to agree among each other, who should be their deputy or any mechanism to determine who of them has the right to choose a deputy.","title":"Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster,_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"7th Marquess of Cholmondeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cholmondeley,_7th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley"},{"link_name":"Baroness Hayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_Hayman"},{"link_name":"John Bercow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bercow"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Robert Malet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Malet"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"King Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Aubrey de Vere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere_II"},{"link_name":"Earl of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"heir male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_male"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bertie,_1st_Earl_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Earl of Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Ancaster_and_Kesteven"},{"link_name":"Willoughby de Eresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby"},{"link_name":"abeyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeyance"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Bertie,_21st_Baroness_Willoughby_de_Eresby"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Cholmondeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Cholmondeley"},{"link_name":"Georgiana's husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_1st_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley"}],"text":"The Lord Great Chamberlain, the 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (left), holding his white staff of office; the Lord Speaker, Baroness Hayman; and the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, showing US President Barack Obama around Members' Lobby during a tour of the Palace in May 2011.The office was originally held by Robert Malet, a son of one of the leading companions of William the Conqueror. In 1133, however, King Henry I declared Malet's estates and titles forfeit, and awarded the office of Lord Great Chamberlain to Aubrey de Vere, whose son was created Earl of Oxford. Thereafter, the Earls of Oxford held the title almost continuously until 1526, with a few intermissions due to the forfeiture of some Earls for treason. In 1526, however, the fourteenth Earl of Oxford died, leaving his aunts as his heirs. The earldom was inherited by a more distant heir-male, his second cousin. The Sovereign (at that time Henry VIII) then decreed that the office belonged to the Crown, and was not transmitted along with the earldom. The Sovereign appointed the fifteenth Earl to the office, but the appointment was deemed for life and was not hereditary. The family's association with the office was interrupted in 1540, when the fifteenth earl died and Thomas Cromwell, the King's chief adviser, was appointed Lord Great Chamberlain.[14] After Cromwell's attainder and execution later the same year, the office passed through a few more court figures, until 1553, when it was passed back to the De Vere family, the sixteenth Earl of Oxford, again as an uninheritable life appointment.[15] Later, Queen Mary I ruled that the Earls of Oxford were indeed entitled to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain on an hereditary basis.Thus, the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth Earls of Oxford held the position on a hereditary basis until 1626, when the eighteenth Earl died, again leaving a distant relative as heir male, but a closer one as a female heir. The House of Lords eventually ruled that the office belonged to the heir general, Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, who later became Earl of Lindsey. The office remained vested in the Earls of Lindsey, who later became Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven.In 1779, however, the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven died, leaving two sisters as female heirs, and an uncle as an heir male. The uncle became the fifth and last Duke, but the House of Lords ruled that the two sisters were jointly Lord Great Chamberlain and could appoint a Deputy to fulfil the functions of the office. The barony of Willoughby de Eresby went into abeyance between the two sisters, but the Sovereign terminated the abeyance and granted the title to the elder sister, Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain, however, was divided between Priscilla and her younger sister Georgiana. Priscilla's share was eventually split between two of her granddaughters, and has been split several more times since then. By contrast, Georgiana's share has been inherited by a single male heir each time; that individual has in each case been the Marquess of Cholmondeley, a title created for Georgiana's husband.","title":"History of the office"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_King%27s_Coronation_(52875339738).jpg"},{"link_name":"Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla"},{"link_name":"Baroness Manningham-Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_Manningham_Buller"},{"link_name":"LG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"the 1st Earl of Ancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby,_1st_Earl_of_Ancaster"},{"link_name":"the 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_4th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley"},{"link_name":"the Earl Carrington, later Marquess of Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wynn-Carington,_1st_Marquess_of_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrett-18"},{"link_name":"the Baroness Willoughby de Eresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby,_28th_Baroness_Willoughby_de_Eresby"},{"link_name":"Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Carington,_7th_Baron_Carrington"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"King Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla"},{"link_name":"Richard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"20th and 21st centuries","text":"6 May 2023: Lord Carrington (Lord Great Chamberlain since 2022) on his way to the Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla (with Baroness Manningham-Buller, LG).In 1902 it was ruled by the House of Lords that the then joint office holders (the 1st Earl of Ancaster, the 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley, and the Earl Carrington, later Marquess of Lincolnshire) had to agree on a deputy to exercise the office, subject to the approval of the Sovereign. Should there be no such agreement, the Sovereign should appoint a deputy until an agreement be reached.[16]In 1912 an agreement was reached. The office, or right to appoint the person to exercise the office, would thereafter rotate among the three joint office holders and their heirs after them, changing at the start of each successive reign. Cholmondeley and his heirs would serve in every other reign; Ancaster and Carrington would each serve once in four reigns.[17]As the Cholmondeley share and the Ancaster share (held since 1983 by the Baroness Willoughby de Eresby) are not further split, each of these holders decides in his or her turn to act as Lord Great Chamberlain or to name a person who will act as Lord Great Chamberlain. The Carrington share was divided at his death among his five daughters and their heirs, and has since been further divided, with 11 people holding shares as of September 2022. At accession of Charles III the turn fell to the Carrington heirs who named their cousin Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington to act as Lord Great Chamberlain.[18][19][20] Being descended from the Earl's younger brother he himself has no share of the office.On 6 May 2023 the Lord Great Chamberlain presented spurs to King Charles III as part of his coronation. The spurs were included among the first English coronation ornaments in 1189 and were used during the coronation of Richard I.[21]","title":"History of the office"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lord Great Chamberlains, 1130–1779"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Great_Chamberlain&action=edit"}],"text":"The fractions show the holder's share in the office, and the date they held it. The current (as of 2022[update]) holders of the office are shown in bold face.","title":"Joint hereditary Lord Great Chamberlains, 1780–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Persons exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, 1780–present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"physical plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_plant"},{"link_name":"facility management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility_management"},{"link_name":"property manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_management"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ From the Restoration until 1963, the Lord Great Chamberlain was responsible for physical plant and facility management throughout the Palace of Westminster, in effect serving as a property manager for the entire parliamentary estate.[3]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Lord Great Chamberlain, the 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (left), holding his white staff of office; the Lord Speaker, Baroness Hayman; and the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, showing US President Barack Obama around Members' Lobby during a tour of the Palace in May 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"6 May 2023: Lord Carrington (Lord Great Chamberlain since 2022) on his way to the Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla (with Baroness Manningham-Buller, LG).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_King%27s_Coronation_%2852875339738%29.jpg/220px-The_King%27s_Coronation_%2852875339738%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"No. 52335\". The London Gazette. 14 November 1990. p. 17651. THE QUEEN has been pleased by Warrant under Her Majesty's Royal Sign Manual, bearing date 5th November 1990, to approve the selection of David George Philip, Marquess of Cholmondeley to perform and execute the office of Lord Great Chamberlain of England.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52335/page/17651","url_text":"\"No. 52335\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Brittain (27 November 2022). \"Changing of the Lord: How Lord Carrington became the new Lord Great Chamberlain\". PoliticsHome. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/changing-of-the-lord-how-lord-carrington-became-the-new-lord-great-chamberlain","url_text":"\"Changing of the Lord: How Lord Carrington became the new Lord Great Chamberlain\""}]},{"reference":"Michale Torrance (30 November 2021). \"Governance and Administration of the House of Lords\" (PDF). House of Lords Library. p. 22. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-2021-0034/LLN-2021-0034.pdf","url_text":"\"Governance and Administration of the House of Lords\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records of the Lord Great Chamberlain\". Parliamentary Archives of the United Kingdom. October 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_LGC","url_text":"\"Records of the Lord Great Chamberlain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Great Chamberlain\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/lord-great-chamberlain/?id=32625","url_text":"\"Lord Great Chamberlain\""}]},{"reference":"Daniel Brittain (19 April 2023). \"Being Lord Great Chamberlain is an honour my father would have hated\". The Times. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/being-lord-great-chamberlain-is-an-honour-my-father-would-have-hated-gnfr6jxrr","url_text":"\"Being Lord Great Chamberlain is an honour my father would have hated\""}]},{"reference":"Allan Burton, PhD - The Antiquary (7 November 2023). \"What is the State Opening of Parliament?\". YouTube. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJcEot6Tpo","url_text":"\"What is the State Opening of Parliament?\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Opening: how it happens\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/stateopening/timetable/","url_text":"\"State Opening: how it happens\""}]},{"reference":"Round, J. Horace (June 1902). \"The Lord Great Chamberlain\". Monthly Review. 7 (21): 42–58. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Horace_Round","url_text":"Round, J. Horace"},{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/129d740347a02536/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=8056","url_text":"\"The Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220730223719/https://www.proquest.com/openview/129d740347a02536/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=8056","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sophie French (4 May 2023). \"Lord Great Chamberlain interview: 'I've been preparing for a long time mentally'\". PoliticsHome. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/lord-great-chamberlain-one-oldest-offices-crown","url_text":"\"Lord Great Chamberlain interview: 'I've been preparing for a long time mentally'\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Charles will dress himself at the coronation - Lord Great Chamberlain\". Times Radio. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X82Owzwfn8","url_text":"\"King Charles will dress himself at the coronation - Lord Great Chamberlain\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords Journal Volume 36: May 1781 21-30\". Journal of the House of Lords Volume 36, 1779-1783. London: British History Online. 1767–1830. pp. 296–309. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol36/pp296-309#p134","url_text":"Journal of the House of Lords Volume 36, 1779-1783"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129082248/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol36/pp296-309#p134","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. May 6, 1902.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902-05-06/debates/05337074-f74d-4e05-92a7-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain","url_text":"\"Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Mortimer, ed. (1776). The British Plutarch. p. 115. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2016-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mortimer_(writer)","url_text":"Thomas Mortimer"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115","url_text":"The British Plutarch"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181224193927/https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. May 6, 1902.","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902-05-06/debates/05337074-f74d-4e05-92a7-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain","url_text":"\"Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Position of the Lord Great Chamberlain following the demise of the monarch (Freedom of Information request)\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2021-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house-of-lords-foi-and-data-protection/foi-responses---calendar-year-2019/foi-3165---response.pdf","url_text":"\"Position of the Lord Great Chamberlain following the demise of the monarch (Freedom of Information request)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924065834/https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house-of-lords-foi-and-data-protection/foi-responses---calendar-year-2019/foi-3165---response.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Oaths - Hansard - UK Parliament\".","urls":[{"url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2022-09-10/debates/21FEC3F8-2F0D-4ED6-B5E4-A4A5C3CD34B4/Oaths","url_text":"\"Oaths - Hansard - UK Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronation: Take a look at the special 1661 golden spurs presented to the King\". forces.net. 6 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forces.net/king-charles-iii-coronation/take-look-special-ceremonial-spurs-1661-will-be-part-coronation#:~:text=In%20the%20coronation%20of%20King,the%20spurs%20to%20His%20Majesty.","url_text":"\"Coronation: Take a look at the special 1661 golden spurs presented to the King\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Lord Great Chamberlain\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lord_Great_Chamberlain","url_text":"Lord Great Chamberlain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Great_Chamberlain&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52335/page/17651","external_links_name":"\"No. 52335\""},{"Link":"https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/changing-of-the-lord-how-lord-carrington-became-the-new-lord-great-chamberlain","external_links_name":"\"Changing of the Lord: How Lord Carrington became the new Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"Link":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-2021-0034/LLN-2021-0034.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Governance and Administration of the House of Lords\""},{"Link":"https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_LGC","external_links_name":"\"Records of the Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/lord-great-chamberlain/?id=32625","external_links_name":"\"Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/being-lord-great-chamberlain-is-an-honour-my-father-would-have-hated-gnfr6jxrr","external_links_name":"\"Being Lord Great Chamberlain is an honour my father would have hated\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJcEot6Tpo","external_links_name":"\"What is the State Opening of Parliament?\""},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/stateopening/timetable/","external_links_name":"\"State Opening: how it happens\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/129d740347a02536/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=8056","external_links_name":"\"The Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220730223719/https://www.proquest.com/openview/129d740347a02536/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=8056","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/lord-great-chamberlain-one-oldest-offices-crown","external_links_name":"\"Lord Great Chamberlain interview: 'I've been preparing for a long time mentally'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X82Owzwfn8","external_links_name":"\"King Charles will dress himself at the coronation - Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol36/pp296-309#p134","external_links_name":"Journal of the House of Lords Volume 36, 1779-1783"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201129082248/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol36/pp296-309#p134","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902-05-06/debates/05337074-f74d-4e05-92a7-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain","external_links_name":"\"Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128005509/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902-05-06/debates/05337074-f74d-4e05-92a7-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"The British Plutarch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181224193927/https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902-05-06/debates/05337074-f74d-4e05-92a7-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain","external_links_name":"\"Office Of Lord Great Chamberlain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128005509/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1902-05-06/debates/05337074-f74d-4e05-92a7-73116832f120/OfficeOfLordGreatChamberlain","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.debretts.com/people/royal-family/the-royal-household/great-officers-of-state.aspx","external_links_name":"Great Officers of State: The Lord Great Chamberlain and The Earl Marshal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031947/http://www.debretts.com/people/royal-family/the-royal-household/great-officers-of-state.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.debretts.com/","external_links_name":"debretts.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190824141932/https://www.debretts.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house-of-lords-foi-and-data-protection/foi-responses---calendar-year-2019/foi-3165---response.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Position of the Lord Great Chamberlain following the demise of the monarch (Freedom of Information request)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924065834/https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/foi/house-of-lords-foi-and-data-protection/foi-responses---calendar-year-2019/foi-3165---response.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/html/Lords/2019-03-15/LordsChamber#1213","external_links_name":"HL Deb, 15 March 2019 vol 796 c1213"},{"Link":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2022-09-10/debates/21FEC3F8-2F0D-4ED6-B5E4-A4A5C3CD34B4/Oaths","external_links_name":"\"Oaths - Hansard - UK Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://www.forces.net/king-charles-iii-coronation/take-look-special-ceremonial-spurs-1661-will-be-part-coronation#:~:text=In%20the%20coronation%20of%20King,the%20spurs%20to%20His%20Majesty.","external_links_name":"\"Coronation: Take a look at the special 1661 golden spurs presented to the King\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol11/pp512-531","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol11/pp512-531"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127092807/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol11/pp512-531","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol12/pp320-331","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol12/pp320-331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127094418/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rymer-foedera/vol12/pp320-331","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol15/pp481-488","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol15/pp481-488"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200925211510/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol15/pp481-488","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol18/no1/pp7-21","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol18/no1/pp7-21"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127091521/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol18/no1/pp7-21","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127090641/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127090641/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/xiv-xix","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031947/http://www.debretts.com/people/royal-family/the-royal-household/great-officers-of-state.aspx","external_links_name":"www.debretts.com"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1965/mar/23/control-and-custody-of-the-palace-of","external_links_name":"1965 decisions regarding the Lord Great Chamberlain's responsibilities in the Palace of Westminster"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/29/section/227","external_links_name":"Planning Act 2008, s. 227(5)(h,i)"},{"Link":"http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/LLN-2015-007/LLN-2015-007.pdf","external_links_name":"Principal Office Holders in the House of Lords"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928130935/http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/index1088.htm","external_links_name":"www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_LGC","external_links_name":"UK Parliamentary Archives, Records of the Lord Great Chamberlain"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_tightlacing_on_the_body
Tightlacing
["1 History","2 Process","3 Criticism","4 Notable adherents","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]
Practice of wearing a tightly laced corset An advertisement for corsets with waist sizes from 15 to 23 inches (38 to 58 cm) A woman wearing a tight-laced corset, 1890. Note that Victorian photo editing techniques were likely used on this image, simulating a narrower waist. Tightlacing (also called corset training) is the practice of wearing an increasingly tightly laced corset to achieve cosmetic modifications to the figure and posture or to experience the sensation of bodily restriction. The process originates in mid-19th century Europe and was highly controversial. At the peak of the prevalence of tightlacing, there was much public backlash both from medical doctors and dress reformers, and it was often ridiculed as vain by the general public. Due to a combination of evolving fashion trends, social change regarding the roles of women, and material shortages brought on by World War I and II, tightlacing, and corsets in general, fell out of favor entirely by the early 20th century. History See also: History of corsets, Corset, and Corset controversy The corset was a standard undergarment in Western dress for about 400 years beginning in the late 16th century and ending around the beginning of the 20th century. However, the practice of tightlacing began only in the late 1820s and 1830s, after the advent of the steel eyelet in 1827. The use of steel in both eyelets and boning allowed wearers to lace their corsets significantly tighter without damaging the garment.: 13  Additionally, corsets were among the first garments to be mass-manufactured via assembly line. This increased the accessibility of high-quality corsets and meant that middle- and lower-class women could purchase corsets where before they may have worn corded "jumps". Dress historian David Kunzle maintains that tightlacing was largely the domain of middle to lower middle class women hoping to increase their station in life; he estimates that the average corseted waist size of the 1880s was approximately 21 inches (53 cm), with an uncorseted waist size of about 27 inches (69 cm). Boarding schools for such young women incorporated corset training into their education, instructing students to sleep in corsets and achieve ever-smaller waistlines. In the late years of the Victorian era, medical reports and rumors claimed that tightlacing was fatally detrimental to health (see Victorian dress reform). Women who suffered to achieve small waists were also condemned for their vanity and excoriated from the pulpit as slaves to fashion. Dress reformers exhorted women to abandon the tyranny of stays and free their waists for work and healthy exercise, with an emphasis on the negative consequences to one's reproductive system. Despite the efforts of dress reformers to eliminate the corset, and despite medical and clerical warnings, women persisted in tightlacing, although a number of design changes were made to the standard corset which purported to alleviate its effects on the wearer's health. By the 1910s and 20s, the corset had begun to fall out of fashion entirely, driven by both cultural and practical changes. The need for steel during World War I and World War II made corsets a luxury rather than a necessity. At the same time, first-wave feminism, the Artistic Dress movement, and the flapper subculture popularized less exaggerated silhouettes, and elasticated girdles and brassieres began to rise in popularity to create a less rigidly shaped figure. Although the structured, corseted wasp-waist made a resurgence after World War II in the form of the New Look, there was soon backlash with hippie culture; meanwhile, the rise of popular fitness culture meant that diet, liposuction, and exercise became the preferred methods of achieving a thin waist. Corsets were no longer fashionable, but they entered the underworld of the fetish, along with items such as bondage gear and vinyl catsuits, as well as alternative and runway fashions, as seen in the work of Vivienne Westwood or in the goth subculture. They are often worn as top garments rather than underwear. Historical reenactors often wear corsets, but few tightlace. Process Achieving extremely small waist sizes requires a long period of training with ever-smaller corsets, ideally during one's pre-teen or teen years. A number of accounts of the corset training process take place under the regime of a finishing school, as achieving a very small waist was thought to make a woman appear refined and fashionable and thus increase the wearer's ability to attract a suitable husband. Although there was no standardized system of corset training, some contemporary accounts give us an idea of what this training period was like. Corsets were begun at whatever age one's mother or female guardian felt was appropriate, which could be as young as seven or as old as 18 or 19. Each of my own daughters – I have four – on her seventh birthday was provided with a snugly-fitting pair of corsets, which she wore from that time out, by night as well as by day, unless in case of decided illness. As the child grew, more bones were added, and the chest and hip measure was increased, but no alteration was made in the waist, and no expansion being allowed during the hours of sleep, its tenuity was retained and there was no necessity of resorting to tight-lacing, which becomes requisite where corsets are not worn until the figure has grown large.— Letter to the editor, The Boston Globe Corset makers themselves could also give a woman a regimen of increasingly smaller corsets:In our business, we constantly find women who want to have the waist made smaller and who are willing to endure anything in the world except hanging to get a little waist. ... We measure the corset, pulling the measurements snug. And we tell the woman to wear it as tightly as she can comfortably do. Then we suggest a series of corsets, each a little smaller than the last, thus making the transition a slow and easy one from a big waist to a little one.A common practice was to sleep with corsets still on, to prevent the waist from expanding again at night. To prevent girls from loosening or cutting the laces at night, different strategies were employed, such as using corporal punishment, tying an unusual knot that couldn't be replicated, fastening a padlock chain around the waist, or even, in one case, tying the child's hands behind her back. However, some felt this method cruel and unnecessary, recommending a looser corset for nighttime or foregoing the nighttime corset completely. In 1895, The West Australian published an account purporting to be from the early 1860s, the diary of a student at an all-girls boarding school which described how their school madams trained girls to achieve waists ranging from 14 inches (36 cm) to 19 inches (48 cm) at a rate of a quarter-inch (.6 cm) per month. The narrator reports a reduction from 23 inches (58 cm) to 14 inches (36 cm), and a subsequent interview with a corsetmaking firm corroborated that such sizes were not unusual during that period. Another account from a "fashionable school in London" fondly recalls the practice as a source of rivalry and pride among schoolgirls in her youth, reporting a reduction of about one inch per month, ultimately achieving a waist of 13 inches (33 cm) from her original 23 inches (58 cm). A bar chart of waist sizes achieved by London fashion models of 1896 over the course of six months of waist training. Note that the "before" and "after" waist sizes are both corseted sizes. Every morning one of the maids used to come to assist us to dress, and a governess superintended, to see that our corsets were drawn as tight as possible. After the first few minutes every morning I felt no pain, and the only ill effects apparently were occasional headaches and loss of appetite. Generally all the blame is laid by parents on the principal of the school, but it is often a subject of the greatest rivalry among the girls to see which can get the smallest waist, and often while servant was drawing in the waist of my friend to the utmost of her strength, the young lady, though being tightened till she had hardly breath to speak, would urge the maid to pull the stays yet closer, and tell her not to let the lace slip in the least.Although most of these accounts describe adolescent girls, there are some sources which confirm that this process can take place at older ages, albeit with more difficulty. Many records of older women who tightlaced were induced to do so by their husbands, such as in the case of Ethel Granger, and had an element of sexual fetishism. The majority of people taking part in tightlacing were likely teenagers or young adults; the smallest waist sizes on record should be contextualized as such. Tightlacing appears to have been a source of great pride and at times pleasure for many practitioners. However, there were also many who protested or were totally unable to achieve significant reductions. In 1896, a fashion house employee reported that, of the shop girls who undertook the training process to achieve the desired waist size of 19 inches (48 cm), "out of every 100 girls she found three could not lace at all, six laced with difficulty, eight eventually gave up, ten endured the bondage, seventy really enjoyed it, and three laced excessively." Dress historian David Kunzle theorized that some enthusiastic fans of tightlacing may have experienced sexual pleasure when tightlacing, or by rubbing against the front of the corset, which contributed to the moral outrage against the practice. Although such issues could not be discussed openly, many testimonials report feeling a pleasant numb or tingling sensation when tightlacing. Criticism The practice of tightlacing drew criticism from a wide variety of groups. The practice was widely ridiculed in satirical sources such as newspaper cartoons, which depicted the practice as frivolous, harmful, and unattractive."A cutting wind, or the fatal effects of tight-lacing", a satirical cartoon from around 1820 Advertisement of corsets for children, 1886 American women active in the anti-slavery and temperance movements, with experience in public speaking and political agitation, advocated for and wore sensible clothing that would not restrict their movement, although corsets were a part of their wardrobe. While supporters of fashionable dress contended that corsets maintained an upright, "good figure", and were a necessary physical structure for a moral and well-ordered society, dress reformers maintained that women's fashions were not only physically detrimental, but "the results of male conspiracy to make women subservient by cultivating them in slave psychology". They believed a change in fashions could change the position of women in society, allowing for greater social mobility, independence from men and marriage, and the ability to work for wages, as well as physical movement and comfort. Along with activists, many doctors spoke out against the practice. One Doctor Lewis writes in an 1882 edition of The North American Review: A girl who has indulged in tight lacing should not marry. She may be a very devoted wife, yet her husband will secretly regret his marriage. Physicians of experience know what is meant, while thousands of husbands will not only know, but deeply feel the meaning of this hint. This likely alluded to problems with the reproductive organs experienced by women who wore corsets, and demonstrates the difficulties of explaining this issue due to sexual taboos. This pushback led to a number of developments in the design of the corset. Because of the public health outcry surrounding corsets and tightlacing, some doctors took it upon themselves to become corsetieres. Many doctors helped to fit their patients with corsets to avoid the dangers of ill-fitting corsets, and some doctors even designed corsets themselves. Roxey Ann Caplin became a widely renowned corset maker, enlisting the help of her husband, a physician, to create corsets which she purported to be more respectful of human anatomy. Health corsets and "rational corsets" became popular alternatives to the boned corset. They included features such as wool lining, watch springs as boning, elastic paneling, and other features purported to be less detrimental to one's health. The practice of training girls to tightlace at an early age seems to have completely fallen out of favor by the early 20th century, seen as a curiosity of a more foolish time. Notable adherents Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Sisi); 16 inches (41 cm) Polaire; about 1914; 13–14 inches (33–36 cm) Cathie Jung; 2006; 15 inches (38 cm) Dita Von Teese; 16.5 inches (42 cm) Maud of Wales; queen of Norway; 18 inches (45 cm) Ethel Granger; 13 inches (33 cm) See also Body modification Hourglass corset Skin-tight garment Zentai References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tightlacing. ^ a b c Steele, Valerie (2001). The Corset: A Cultural History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09953-3. ^ a b c d Summers, Leigh (2001). Bound to Please: A History of the Victorian Corset (reprint ed.). Berg Publishers. ISBN 185973510X. ^ a b Kunzle, David (2006). Fashion and Fetishism: Corsets, tight lacing, and other forms of body sculpture. History Press. ISBN 0750938099. ^ "The Inaccuracies of History's Most Fetishised Undergarment • T Australia". 14 July 2022. ^ a b c Stevenson, NJ (2011). The Chronology of Fashion. London: The Ivy Press. ^ a b "Corsets and Such, A Devotee of the Corset" Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Boston Globe (8 January 1888) ^ "Women Must All Tighten Up" Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Daily Tribune (29 December 1907) ^ a b c "Wasp Waist Contests" Amador Ledger (21 July 1911) ^ a b "Figure Training at a Fashionable Boarding School". The West Australian. 2 November 1895. p. 10. Retrieved 22 April 2024. ^ a b Waugh, Norah. Corsets and Crinolines New York: Theater Arts Books, 1954, p. 141 ^ a b c d e "Women's Kingdom" Toronto Daily Mail (7 April 1883) p. 5 ^ a b "The Ladies Page Western Mail (12 June 1896) ^ Kunzle, David (2006). Fashion and Fetishism: Corsets, tight lacing, and other forms of body sculpture. History Press. ISBN 0750938099. ^ "The Proof of the Pudding" Toronto Daily Mail (5 May 1883) p. 5 ^ "Woman's dress, a question of the day". Early Canadiana Online. Retrieved 26 March 2012. ^ Dress and Morality by Aileen Ribeiro, (Homes and Meier Publishers Inc: New York. 1986) p. 134 ^ Riegel, Robert E. (1963). "Women's Clothes and Women's Right". American Quarterly. 15 (3): 390–401. doi:10.2307/2711370. JSTOR 2711370. ^ Riegel, Robert E. (1963). "Women's Clothes and Women's Right". American Quarterly. 15 (3): 391. doi:10.2307/2711370. JSTOR 2711370. ^ The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 1882. Further reading Le corset; étude physiologique et pratique Tight Lacing, Peter Farrer. ISBN 0-9512385-8-2 The Corset and the Crinoline. A Book of Modes and Costumes from remote periods to the present time. Lord William Barry. (1869) Valerie Steele, The Corset: A Cultural History. Yale University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-300-09953-3. David Kunzle, "Fashion and fetishism: a social history of the corset, tight-lacing, and other forms of body-sculpture in the West", Rowman and Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 0-8476-6276-4 Bound To Please: A History of the Victorian Corset, Leigh Summers, Berg Publishers, 2001. ISBN 1-85973-510-X vteCorsets and corsetmakingTypes of corset Basque Corsage Corselet Girdle Waist cincher Corsetmaking Bone (corsetry) Busk Spoon busk History Corset controversy Metal corset Hourglass corset Roxey Ann Caplin Corset fetishism Body modification Bondage corset Neck corset Tightlacing Training corset Wasp waist Corset manufacturers Baystate Frederick's of Hollywood Kraus Spirella Strouse, Adler Vollers The Warner Brothers Corset Co. Worcester Categories Corsetry Fashion Foundation garments vteSexual fetishismActions, states Aquaphilia Autassassinophilia Coprophilia Cuckold / Cuckquean Emetophilia Erotic hypnosis Erotic lactation Erotic spanking Exhibitionism Forced seduction Gaining and feeding Impregnation Macrophilia Medical fetishism Omorashi Paraphilic infantilism (adult baby) Pregnancy Smoking Tickling Total enclosure Transvestic Tightlacing Tamakeri Urolagnia Vorarephilia Wet and messy fetishism Body parts Armpit Breast Belly Buttocks Eyeball Fat Feet Hands Height Hair Legs Navels Noses Clothing Boots Ballet boots Boot worship Thigh-high boots Boot fetishism Clowns Corset Diapers Gloves Pantyhose Latex Rubber and PVC Shoes Spandex Underwear Uniforms Objects Balloons Dolls Latex and PVC Robots Spandex Controversial / illegal Lust murder Necrophilia Rape fantasy Zoophilia Culture / media Artists Fetish art Fetish clubs Fashion Magazines Models Websites FetLife wikiFeet Race Asian fetish Ethnic pornography Sexual racism Related topics BDSM International Fetish Day Kink Leather subculture Leather Pride flag Sexual roleplay Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giraud-15inch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wasp_waist.png"},{"link_name":"corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset"},{"link_name":"controversial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset_controversy"},{"link_name":"dress reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"An advertisement for corsets with waist sizes from 15 to 23 inches (38 to 58 cm)A woman wearing a tight-laced corset, 1890. Note that Victorian photo editing techniques were likely used on this image, simulating a narrower waist.Tightlacing (also called corset training) is the practice of wearing an increasingly tightly laced corset to achieve cosmetic modifications to the figure and posture or to experience the sensation of bodily restriction. The process originates in mid-19th century Europe and was highly controversial. At the peak of the prevalence of tightlacing, there was much public backlash both from medical doctors and dress reformers, and it was often ridiculed as vain by the general public. Due to a combination of evolving fashion trends, social change regarding the roles of women, and material shortages brought on by World War I and II, tightlacing, and corsets in general, fell out of favor entirely by the early 20th century.","title":"Tightlacing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of corsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_corsets"},{"link_name":"Corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset"},{"link_name":"Corset controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset_controversy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"eyelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelets"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:132-2"},{"link_name":"assembly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Victorian dress reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:132-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"first-wave feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"Artistic Dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_Dress"},{"link_name":"flapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Look_(style_of_clothing)"},{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"fitness culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_culture"},{"link_name":"liposuction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposuction"},{"link_name":"exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"},{"link_name":"fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"catsuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catsuit"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"goth subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture"},{"link_name":"Historical reenactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reenactment"}],"text":"See also: History of corsets, Corset, and Corset controversyThe corset was a standard undergarment in Western dress for about 400 years beginning in the late 16th century and ending around the beginning of the 20th century.[1] However, the practice of tightlacing began only in the late 1820s and 1830s, after the advent of the steel eyelet in 1827. The use of steel in both eyelets and boning allowed wearers to lace their corsets significantly tighter without damaging the garment.[2]: 13Additionally, corsets were among the first garments to be mass-manufactured via assembly line. This increased the accessibility of high-quality corsets and meant that middle- and lower-class women could purchase corsets where before they may have worn corded \"jumps\".[1] Dress historian David Kunzle maintains that tightlacing was largely the domain of middle to lower middle class women hoping to increase their station in life; he estimates that the average corseted waist size of the 1880s was approximately 21 inches (53 cm), with an uncorseted waist size of about 27 inches (69 cm).[3] Boarding schools for such young women incorporated corset training into their education, instructing students to sleep in corsets and achieve ever-smaller waistlines.[4]In the late years of the Victorian era, medical reports and rumors claimed that tightlacing was fatally detrimental to health (see Victorian dress reform).[1] Women who suffered to achieve small waists were also condemned for their vanity and excoriated from the pulpit as slaves to fashion. Dress reformers exhorted women to abandon the tyranny of stays and free their waists for work and healthy exercise, with an emphasis on the negative consequences to one's reproductive system.[2]Despite the efforts of dress reformers to eliminate the corset, and despite medical and clerical warnings, women persisted in tightlacing, although a number of design changes were made to the standard corset which purported to alleviate its effects on the wearer's health. By the 1910s and 20s, the corset had begun to fall out of fashion entirely, driven by both cultural and practical changes. The need for steel during World War I and World War II made corsets a luxury rather than a necessity. At the same time, first-wave feminism, the Artistic Dress movement, and the flapper subculture popularized less exaggerated silhouettes, and elasticated girdles and brassieres began to rise in popularity to create a less rigidly shaped figure.[5] Although the structured, corseted wasp-waist made a resurgence after World War II in the form of the New Look, there was soon backlash with hippie culture; meanwhile, the rise of popular fitness culture meant that diet, liposuction, and exercise became the preferred methods of achieving a thin waist. Corsets were no longer fashionable, but they entered the underworld of the fetish, along with items such as bondage gear and vinyl catsuits, as well as alternative and runway fashions, as seen in the work of Vivienne Westwood[5] or in the goth subculture. They are often worn as top garments rather than underwear. Historical reenactors often wear corsets, but few tightlace.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finishing school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finishing_school"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:132-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kingdom-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kingdom-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kingdom-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kingdom-11"},{"link_name":"The West Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waist_sizes_achieved_after_a_six-month_period_by_London_fashion_models_of_1896.png"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kingdom-11"},{"link_name":"Ethel Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Granger"},{"link_name":"sexual fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Achieving extremely small waist sizes requires a long period of training with ever-smaller corsets, ideally during one's pre-teen or teen years. A number of accounts of the corset training process take place under the regime of a finishing school, as achieving a very small waist was thought to make a woman appear refined and fashionable and thus increase the wearer's ability to attract a suitable husband.Although there was no standardized system of corset training, some contemporary accounts give us an idea of what this training period was like. Corsets were begun at whatever age one's mother or female guardian felt was appropriate, which could be as young as seven or as old as 18 or 19.[6]Each of my own daughters – I have four – on her seventh birthday was provided with a snugly-fitting pair of corsets, which she wore from that time out, by night as well as by day, unless in case of decided illness. As the child grew, more bones were added, and the chest and hip measure was increased, but no alteration was made in the waist, and no expansion being allowed during the hours of sleep, its tenuity was retained and there was no necessity of resorting to tight-lacing, which becomes requisite where corsets are not worn until the figure has grown large.— Letter to the editor, The Boston GlobeCorset makers themselves could also give a woman a regimen of increasingly smaller corsets:[7]In our business, we constantly find women who want to have the waist made smaller and who are willing to endure anything in the world except hanging to get a little waist. ... We measure the corset, pulling the measurements snug. And we tell the woman to wear it as tightly as she can comfortably do. Then we suggest a series of corsets, each a little smaller than the last, thus making the transition a slow and easy one from a big waist to a little one.A common practice was to sleep with corsets still on, to prevent the waist from expanding again at night.[2][6][8][9][10] To prevent girls from loosening or cutting the laces at night, different strategies were employed, such as using corporal punishment,[11] tying an unusual knot that couldn't be replicated,[8] fastening a padlock chain around the waist,[11] or even, in one case, tying the child's hands behind her back.[11] However, some felt this method cruel and unnecessary, recommending a looser corset for nighttime or foregoing the nighttime corset completely.[11]In 1895, The West Australian published an account purporting to be from the early 1860s, the diary of a student at an all-girls boarding school which described how their school madams trained girls to achieve waists ranging from 14 inches (36 cm) to 19 inches (48 cm) at a rate of a quarter-inch (.6 cm) per month. The narrator reports a reduction from 23 inches (58 cm) to 14 inches (36 cm), and a subsequent interview with a corsetmaking firm corroborated that such sizes were not unusual during that period.[9]Another account from a \"fashionable school in London\" fondly recalls the practice as a source of rivalry and pride among schoolgirls in her youth, reporting a reduction of about one inch per month, ultimately achieving a waist of 13 inches (33 cm) from her original 23 inches (58 cm).[10]A bar chart of waist sizes achieved by London fashion models of 1896 over the course of six months of waist training.[12] Note that the \"before\" and \"after\" waist sizes are both corseted sizes.Every morning one of the maids used to come to assist us to dress, and a governess superintended, to see that our corsets were drawn as tight as possible. After the first few minutes every morning I felt no pain, and the only ill effects apparently were occasional headaches and loss of appetite. [...] Generally all the blame is laid by parents on the principal of the school, but it is often a subject of the greatest rivalry among the girls to see which can get the smallest waist, and often while servant was drawing in the waist of my friend to the utmost of her strength, the young lady, though being tightened till she had hardly breath to speak, would urge the maid to pull the stays yet closer, and tell her not to let the lace slip in the least.Although most of these accounts describe adolescent girls, there are some sources which confirm that this process can take place at older ages, albeit with more difficulty.[11] Many records of older women who tightlaced were induced to do so by their husbands, such as in the case of Ethel Granger, and had an element of sexual fetishism.[3] The majority of people taking part in tightlacing were likely teenagers or young adults; the smallest waist sizes on record should be contextualized as such.Tightlacing appears to have been a source of great pride and at times pleasure for many practitioners. However, there were also many who protested or were totally unable to achieve significant reductions. In 1896, a fashion house employee reported that, of the shop girls who undertook the training process to achieve the desired waist size of 19 inches (48 cm), \"out of every 100 girls she found three could not lace at all, six laced with difficulty, eight eventually gave up, ten endured the bondage, seventy really enjoyed it, and three laced excessively.\"[12] Dress historian David Kunzle theorized that some enthusiastic fans of tightlacing may have experienced sexual pleasure when tightlacing, or by rubbing against the front of the corset, which contributed to the moral outrage against the practice. Although such issues could not be discussed openly, many testimonials report feeling a pleasant numb or tingling sensation when tightlacing.[13][14]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatal_effects_of_tight-lacing_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif"},{"link_name":"anti-slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"temperance movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The North American Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_American_Review"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"corsetieres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsetiere"},{"link_name":"Roxey Ann Caplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxey_Ann_Caplin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:132-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"}],"text":"The practice of tightlacing drew criticism from a wide variety of groups. The practice was widely ridiculed in satirical sources such as newspaper cartoons, which depicted the practice as frivolous, harmful, and unattractive.\"A cutting wind, or the fatal effects of tight-lacing\", a satirical cartoon from around 1820Advertisement of corsets for children, 1886American women active in the anti-slavery and temperance movements, with experience in public speaking and political agitation, advocated for and wore sensible clothing that would not restrict their movement, although corsets were a part of their wardrobe.[15] While supporters of fashionable dress contended that corsets maintained an upright, \"good figure\", and were a necessary physical structure for a moral and well-ordered society, dress reformers maintained that women's fashions were not only physically detrimental, but \"the results of male conspiracy to make women subservient by cultivating them in slave psychology\".[16][17] They believed a change in fashions could change the position of women in society, allowing for greater social mobility, independence from men and marriage, and the ability to work for wages, as well as physical movement and comfort.[18]Along with activists, many doctors spoke out against the practice. One Doctor Lewis writes in an 1882 edition of The North American Review:[19]A girl who has indulged in tight lacing should not marry. She may be a very devoted wife, yet her husband will secretly regret his marriage. Physicians of experience know what is meant, while thousands of husbands will not only know, but deeply feel the meaning of this hint.This likely alluded to problems with the reproductive organs experienced by women who wore corsets, and demonstrates the difficulties of explaining this issue due to sexual taboos.This pushback led to a number of developments in the design of the corset. Because of the public health outcry surrounding corsets and tightlacing, some doctors took it upon themselves to become corsetieres. Many doctors helped to fit their patients with corsets to avoid the dangers of ill-fitting corsets, and some doctors even designed corsets themselves. Roxey Ann Caplin became a widely renowned corset maker, enlisting the help of her husband, a physician, to create corsets which she purported to be more respectful of human anatomy.[2] Health corsets and \"rational corsets\" became popular alternatives to the boned corset. They included features such as wool lining,[5] watch springs as boning, elastic paneling, and other features purported to be less detrimental to one's health. The practice of training girls to tightlace at an early age seems to have completely fallen out of favor by the early 20th century, seen as a curiosity of a more foolish time.[8]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empress Elisabeth of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Polaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaire"},{"link_name":"Cathie Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathie_Jung"},{"link_name":"Dita Von Teese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dita_Von_Teese"},{"link_name":"Maud of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ethel Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Granger"}],"text":"Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Sisi); 16 inches (41 cm)\nPolaire; about 1914; 13–14 inches (33–36 cm)\nCathie Jung; 2006; 15 inches (38 cm)\nDita Von Teese; 16.5 inches (42 cm)\nMaud of Wales; queen of Norway; 18 inches (45 cm)\nEthel Granger; 13 inches (33 cm)","title":"Notable adherents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le corset; étude physiologique et pratique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_corset;_%C3%A9tude_physiologique_et_pratique_1900"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9512385-8-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9512385-8-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-09953-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09953-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8476-6276-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-6276-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85973-510-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-510-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corsetry"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corsetry"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corsetry"},{"link_name":"Corsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset"},{"link_name":"corsetmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsetmaker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USpatent436431_1890_front.png"},{"link_name":"corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Corsage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodice"},{"link_name":"Corselet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corselet"},{"link_name":"Girdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girdle"},{"link_name":"Waist cincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waist_cincher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USpatent436431_1890_back.png"},{"link_name":"Corsetmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsetmaker"},{"link_name":"Bone (corsetry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_(corsetry)"},{"link_name":"Busk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busk_(corsetry)"},{"link_name":"Spoon busk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon_busk"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_corsets"},{"link_name":"Corset controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset_controversy"},{"link_name":"Metal corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_corset"},{"link_name":"Hourglass corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass_corset"},{"link_name":"Roxey Ann Caplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxey_Ann_Caplin"},{"link_name":"Corset fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_fashion"},{"link_name":"Body modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_modification"},{"link_name":"Bondage corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_corset"},{"link_name":"Neck corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_corset"},{"link_name":"Tightlacing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Training corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_corset"},{"link_name":"Wasp waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp_waist"},{"link_name":"Baystate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baystate_Corset_Block"},{"link_name":"Frederick's of Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Kraus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraus_Corset_Factory"},{"link_name":"Spirella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirella"},{"link_name":"Strouse, Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouse,_Adler_Company_Corset_Factory"},{"link_name":"Vollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vollers_Corset_Company"},{"link_name":"The Warner Brothers Corset Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnaco_Group"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Corset_Company_Factory"},{"link_name":"Corsetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Corsetry"},{"link_name":"Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion"},{"link_name":"Foundation garments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Foundation_garments"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Sexual fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Aquaphilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaphilia_(fetish)"},{"link_name":"Autassassinophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autassassinophilia"},{"link_name":"Coprophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprophilia"},{"link_name":"Cuckold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckold"},{"link_name":"Cuckquean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckquean"},{"link_name":"Emetophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetophilia"},{"link_name":"Erotic hypnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis"},{"link_name":"Erotic lactation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_lactation"},{"link_name":"Erotic spanking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_spanking"},{"link_name":"Exhibitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibitionism"},{"link_name":"Forced seduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_seduction"},{"link_name":"Gaining and feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaining_and_feeding"},{"link_name":"Impregnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impregnation_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Macrophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophilia"},{"link_name":"Medical fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Omorashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omorashi"},{"link_name":"Paraphilic infantilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism"},{"link_name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Tickling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickling_game"},{"link_name":"Total enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Transvestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Tightlacing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tamakeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamakeri"},{"link_name":"Urolagnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urolagnia"},{"link_name":"Vorarephilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorarephilia"},{"link_name":"Wet and messy fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_and_messy_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Body parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partialism"},{"link_name":"Armpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armpit_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Belly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_fetish"},{"link_name":"Buttocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_buttocks#Fetishism"},{"link_name":"Eyeball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculolinctus"},{"link_name":"Fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophilia"},{"link_name":"Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Navels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navel_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Noses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_fetish"},{"link_name":"Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Ballet boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_boot"},{"link_name":"Boot worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_worship"},{"link_name":"Thigh-high boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thigh-high_boots"},{"link_name":"Boot fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Clowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulrophilia"},{"link_name":"Corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Diapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaper_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glove_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Pantyhose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantyhose_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Rubber and PVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_and_PVC_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Spandex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Underwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwear_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_fetish"},{"link_name":"Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll_fetish"},{"link_name":"Latex and PVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Spandex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Lust murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust_murder"},{"link_name":"Necrophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia"},{"link_name":"Rape fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Zoophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia"},{"link_name":"Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fetish_artists"},{"link_name":"Fetish art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_art"},{"link_name":"Fetish clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_club"},{"link_name":"Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_fashion"},{"link_name":"Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_magazine"},{"link_name":"Models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_model"},{"link_name":"FetLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FetLife"},{"link_name":"wikiFeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiFeet"},{"link_name":"Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Asian fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_fetish"},{"link_name":"Ethnic pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_pornography"},{"link_name":"Sexual racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_racism"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"International Fetish Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fetish_Day"},{"link_name":"Kink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kink_(sexual)"},{"link_name":"Leather subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"link_name":"Leather Pride flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag"},{"link_name":"Sexual roleplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_roleplay"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sexual_fetishism"}],"text":"Le corset; étude physiologique et pratique\nTight Lacing, Peter Farrer. ISBN 0-9512385-8-2\nThe Corset and the Crinoline. A Book of Modes and Costumes from remote periods to the present time. Lord William Barry. (1869)\nValerie Steele, The Corset: A Cultural History. Yale University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-300-09953-3.\nDavid Kunzle, \"Fashion and fetishism: a social history of the corset, tight-lacing, and other forms of body-sculpture in the West\", Rowman and Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 0-8476-6276-4\nBound To Please: A History of the Victorian Corset, Leigh Summers, Berg Publishers, 2001. ISBN 1-85973-510-XvteCorsets and corsetmakingTypes of corset\nBasque\nCorsage\nCorselet\nGirdle\nWaist cincher\nCorsetmaking\nBone (corsetry)\nBusk\nSpoon busk\nHistory\nCorset controversy\nMetal corset\nHourglass corset\nRoxey Ann Caplin\nCorset fetishism\nBody modification\nBondage corset\nNeck corset\nTightlacing\nTraining corset\nWasp waist\nCorset manufacturers\nBaystate\nFrederick's of Hollywood\nKraus\nSpirella\nStrouse, Adler\nVollers\nThe Warner Brothers Corset Co.\nWorcester\nCategories\nCorsetry\nFashion\nFoundation garmentsvteSexual fetishismActions, states\nAquaphilia\nAutassassinophilia\nCoprophilia\nCuckold / Cuckquean\nEmetophilia\nErotic hypnosis\nErotic lactation\nErotic spanking\nExhibitionism\nForced seduction\nGaining and feeding\nImpregnation\nMacrophilia\nMedical fetishism\nOmorashi\nParaphilic infantilism (adult baby)\nPregnancy\nSmoking\nTickling\nTotal enclosure\nTransvestic\nTightlacing\nTamakeri\nUrolagnia\nVorarephilia\nWet and messy fetishism\nBody parts\nArmpit\nBreast\nBelly\nButtocks\nEyeball\nFat\nFeet\nHands\nHeight\nHair\nLegs\nNavels\nNoses\nClothing\nBoots\nBallet boots\nBoot worship\nThigh-high boots\nBoot fetishism\nClowns\nCorset\nDiapers\nGloves\nPantyhose\nLatex\nRubber and PVC\nShoes\nSpandex\nUnderwear\nUniforms\nObjects\nBalloons\nDolls\nLatex and PVC\nRobots\nSpandex\nControversial / illegal\nLust murder\nNecrophilia\nRape fantasy\nZoophilia\nCulture / media\nArtists\nFetish art\nFetish clubs\nFashion\nMagazines\nModels\nWebsites\nFetLife\nwikiFeet\nRace\nAsian fetish\nEthnic pornography\nSexual racism\nRelated topics\nBDSM\nInternational Fetish Day\nKink\nLeather subculture\nLeather Pride flag\nSexual roleplay\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"An advertisement for corsets with waist sizes from 15 to 23 inches (38 to 58 cm)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giraud-15inch.jpg/220px-Giraud-15inch.jpg"},{"image_text":"A woman wearing a tight-laced corset, 1890. Note that Victorian photo editing techniques were likely used on this image, simulating a narrower waist.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wasp_waist.png/220px-Wasp_waist.png"},{"image_text":"A bar chart of waist sizes achieved by London fashion models of 1896 over the course of six months of waist training.[12] Note that the \"before\" and \"after\" waist sizes are both corseted sizes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Waist_sizes_achieved_after_a_six-month_period_by_London_fashion_models_of_1896.png/220px-Waist_sizes_achieved_after_a_six-month_period_by_London_fashion_models_of_1896.png"},{"image_text":"\"A cutting wind, or the fatal effects of tight-lacing\", a satirical cartoon from around 1820","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fatal_effects_of_tight-lacing_cropped.jpg/220px-Fatal_effects_of_tight-lacing_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement of corsets for children, 1886","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif/220px-GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif"}]
[{"title":"Body modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_modification"},{"title":"Hourglass corset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass_corset"},{"title":"Skin-tight garment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin-tight_garment"},{"title":"Zentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentai"}]
[{"reference":"Steele, Valerie (2001). The Corset: A Cultural History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09953-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09953-3","url_text":"0-300-09953-3"}]},{"reference":"Summers, Leigh (2001). Bound to Please: A History of the Victorian Corset (reprint ed.). Berg Publishers. ISBN 185973510X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/185973510X","url_text":"185973510X"}]},{"reference":"Kunzle, David (2006). Fashion and Fetishism: Corsets, tight lacing, and other forms of body sculpture. History Press. ISBN 0750938099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750938099","url_text":"0750938099"}]},{"reference":"\"The Inaccuracies of History's Most Fetishised Undergarment • T Australia\". 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://taustralia.com.au/the-inaccuracies-of-historys-most-fetishised-undergarment/#","url_text":"\"The Inaccuracies of History's Most Fetishised Undergarment • T Australia\""}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, NJ (2011). The Chronology of Fashion. London: The Ivy Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Figure Training at a Fashionable Boarding School\". The West Australian. 2 November 1895. p. 10. Retrieved 22 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4547020","url_text":"\"Figure Training at a Fashionable Boarding School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian","url_text":"The West Australian"}]},{"reference":"Kunzle, David (2006). Fashion and Fetishism: Corsets, tight lacing, and other forms of body sculpture. History Press. ISBN 0750938099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750938099","url_text":"0750938099"}]},{"reference":"\"Woman's dress, a question of the day\". Early Canadiana Online. Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadiana.org/view/91023/0011","url_text":"\"Woman's dress, a question of the day\""}]},{"reference":"Riegel, Robert E. (1963). \"Women's Clothes and Women's Right\". American Quarterly. 15 (3): 390–401. doi:10.2307/2711370. JSTOR 2711370.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711370","url_text":"10.2307/2711370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711370","url_text":"2711370"}]},{"reference":"Riegel, Robert E. (1963). \"Women's Clothes and Women's Right\". American Quarterly. 15 (3): 391. doi:10.2307/2711370. JSTOR 2711370.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711370","url_text":"10.2307/2711370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711370","url_text":"2711370"}]},{"reference":"The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 1882.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jZgJW1AG2LUC&dq=%22A+girl+who+has+indulged+in+tight+lacing+should+not+marry.%22&pg=PA510","url_text":"The North American Review"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://taustralia.com.au/the-inaccuracies-of-historys-most-fetishised-undergarment/#","external_links_name":"\"The Inaccuracies of History's Most Fetishised Undergarment • T Australia\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/712839452.html?dids=712839452:712839452&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+8%2C+1888&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+(1872-1922)&edition=&startpage=17&desc=CORSETS+AND+SUCH.","external_links_name":"\"Corsets and Such, A Devotee of the Corset\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020131330/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/712839452.html?dids=712839452:712839452&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+8,+1888&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+(1872-1922)&edition=&startpage=17&desc=CORSETS+AND+SUCH.","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://secure.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/403740111.html?dids=403740111:403740111&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+29%2C+1907&author=MARIAN+MARTINEAU&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune+(1872-1963)&edition=&startpage=F4&desc=Waist+of+1908+to+Be+Small%3B+Women+Must+All+Tighten+Up.","external_links_name":"\"Women Must All Tighten Up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154642/https://secure.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/403740111.html?dids=403740111:403740111&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+29,+1907&author=MARIAN+MARTINEAU&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune+(1872-1963)&edition=&startpage=F4&desc=Waist+of+1908+to+Be+Small%3B+Women+Must+All+Tighten+Up.","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=AL19110721.2.30&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------","external_links_name":"\"Wasp Waist Contests\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4547020","external_links_name":"\"Figure Training at a Fashionable Boarding School\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4TOpqqG69KYC&dat=18830407&printsec=frontpage","external_links_name":"\"Women's Kingdom\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33131015?searchTerm=reducing%20corset&searchLimits=l-decade=189%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1896%7C%7C%7Cl-category=Article%7Ccategory%3AArticle#pstart3328782","external_links_name":"\"The Ladies Page"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UP1MAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9jQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4608,2577118","external_links_name":"\"The Proof of the Pudding\""},{"Link":"http://www.canadiana.org/view/91023/0011","external_links_name":"\"Woman's dress, a question of the day\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711370","external_links_name":"10.2307/2711370"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711370","external_links_name":"2711370"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711370","external_links_name":"10.2307/2711370"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711370","external_links_name":"2711370"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jZgJW1AG2LUC&dq=%22A+girl+who+has+indulged+in+tight+lacing+should+not+marry.%22&pg=PA510","external_links_name":"The North American Review"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yondu
Yondu
["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Earth-691","2.2 Earth-616","3 Powers and abilities","3.1 Weapons","4 In other media","4.1 Television","4.2 Marvel Cinematic Universe","4.3 Video games","5 Collected editions","6 References","7 External links"]
Fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics Comics character YonduThe two versions of Yondu on the variant cover for Yondu #2 Art by Alex GarnerPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceMarvel Super-Heroes #18 (January 1969)Created byArnold DrakeGene ColanIn-story informationAlter egoYondu UdontaSpeciesCentaurianTeam affiliationsGuardians of the GalaxyAvengersRavagersAbilitiesExpert archerEmpathic relationship with all life forms Yondu Udonta, or simply Yondu (/ˈjɒnduː/), is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The original version of the character is depicted as the last survivor of his species, a spiritual warrior who can control his arrows through sound waves, and a founding member of the original Guardians of the Galaxy from the 31st century of the alternate reality of Earth-691. Following the release of the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), in which Michael Rooker portrays a contemporary, cyborg, space pirate version of Yondu, Marvel Comics introduced this version of the character to their mainstream Earth-616 continuity. Rooker would also go on to appear as Yondu in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), What If...? (2021), The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022), and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). Moreover, characters based on the present day Yondu have appeared in the Guardians of the Galaxy TV series and several video games. Publication history The Earth-691 version of Yondu first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes #18 (January 1969), written by Arnold Drake and penciled by Gene Colan. According to Roy Thomas, all of the original Guardians of the Galaxy were created in a conference between Drake and Stan Lee, but it remains uncertain whether each individual character was created by Drake, Lee, or both. Writer Steve Gerber included the character when he revived the team in several Marvel titles: Marvel Two-In-One #4–5 (July–Sept. 1974), Giant Size Defenders #5, and Defenders #26–29 (July-Nov. 1975), and Marvel Presents #3–12 (Feb. 1976 – Aug. 1977). Yondu appeared along with the rest of the original Guardians of the Galaxy team in the 2014 series Guardians 3000. Writer Dan Abnett described him as "the instinct" of the team. The Earth-616 version of Yondu first appeared in Star-Lord #2 and was created by Sam Humphries and Javier Garron. Fictional character biography Earth-691 Yondu on the cover of Guardians of the Galaxy #44 (January 1994). Art by Steve Montano and Kevin West. Yondu Udonta is a member of the Zatoan tribe, part of a race of Centaurians that are native to Centauri IV. He functions as a hunter. His homeworld was the first planet to be colonized by humans that was outside the solar system. Yondu is born in the late 30th century. Yondu's people had fled from contact with overwhelming Earth colonizers who had begun arriving in 2940 A.D. In 3006 A.D., Vance Astro, an astronaut from Earth, lands on Yondu's planet with an antiquated propulsion ship. Vance encounters Yondu during the latter's trial of manhood. Yondu attacks him, but is repelled by Vance's powers. Vance keeps this secret as Yondu's action was illegal. Yondu works with Vance when the Badoon, an alien race, overtakes the planet later that year. All the other Centaurians are believed to have been slaughtered. Vance and Yondu escape in his ship to fetch help but the Badoon capture them easily. The duo are taken to Earth which, by 3007 A.D., has also been conquered. When questioned, Vance pretends to be unfriendly with Yondu. They later escape and team up with Charlie-27 of the Jupiter colony and Martinex of the Pluto colony, forming the Guardians of the Galaxy to fight the Badoon. For the next seven years, the four survivors attack the Badoon's outposts in the solar system. In 3014 A.D., the Guardians team with the time-traveling Thing, Captain America, and Sharon Carter to retake New York City from the Badoon forces. In 3015 A.D., the Guardians time-travel to the 20th Century and return to 3015 A.D. with the Defenders and later meet Starhawk. After humanity defeats the Brotherhood of Badoon occupiers, the Sisterhood of Badoon arrive and remove the males from Earth. Yondu and the Guardians team with the time-traveling Thor, and battle Korvac and his Minions of Menace. Yondu travels to the present alongside his fellow Guardians, and assists the Avengers against Korvac. In 3017 A.D., Yondu and the Guardians go on a quest to find the lost shield of Captain America. They battle Taserface and the Stark, and defeat the Stark. Yondu's right hand is later destroyed by Interface, and replaced by Martinex with a bionic appendage. Yondu later leaves the team when it is revealed that a small enclave of his people have survived on Centauri IV. These Kikaahe ("cave dwellers") escaped death at the hands of the Badoon because the walls of the cavern where they lived contained the mineral trillite ("yaka") which blocks radio waves, thereby shielding them from sensors. Since his newfound people will not accept his bionic weapon-hand, Yondu allows the Guardians to use their advanced medical technology to restore his flesh-and-blood hand. During their farewells, Vance apologizes for what he had thought was unacceptable treatment of Yondu during their earlier adventurers. Earth-616 The Earth-616 version of Yondu has been identified by writer Sam Humphries as "the great, great, great, great, great, great, great grandfather of the Yondu in the original Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians 3000." In this reality, Yondu is the leader of the Ravagers, a group of space pirates. Yondu finds Peter Quill when his ship malfunctions and strands him in space. After the Ravagers save Peter, he tries to steal their ship, managing to outsmart every member of the crew and capturing Yondu. After Yondu frees himself from his restraints and attacks Peter, he gives him a choice between letting himself be released into space without more trouble or execution. Peter instead asks to join his crew. Yondu is initially skeptical of this idea, but after he learns Peter, like him, is a homeless orphan, Yondu allows him to stay on the ship with the Ravagers as their cleaning boy. Peter uses the opportunity to learn everything he can from space. Later, Yondu makes him an official Ravager. Powers and abilities As a member of the marsupial alien race of the planet Centauri IV, Yondu possesses an intuitive mystical "sixth sense" perception that permits him limited empathic relationships with other lifeforms. The higher the lifeform, the more limited is his empathic potential. Additionally, Yondu possesses an intuitive rapport with nature, particularly with his own world, but also with any world that still possesses natural wildlife. With this rapport, he can sense incongruous elements (foreign bodies or substances) or focus on specific elements within the whole (such as the location of a given plant). He is also sensitive to mystical beings and forces and is able to detect their presence and activities without effort. Yondu is able to replenish his own inner strength by going into a trance and communing with natural forces. Yondu is an above average physical specimen of his race. He has slightly more strength and endurance than the average human male. As a hunter, Yondu is an expert in the use of bow and arrow. His ability to whistle with a range of four octaves aids his archery (see Weapons, below). The native Centaurian language is a system of grunts, clicks, and whistles, but Yondu has managed to master the English language, although it is painful for him to speak for too long without resting his throat. He is an excellent hand-to-hand combatant, and a highly skilled hunter and tracker. He has extensive knowledge of the social and religious customs of the natives of Centauri IV. Weapons Yondu uses a 5-foot (1.5 m) single curve bow and a quiver of arrows composed of yaka, a special sound-sensitive metal found only on Centauri IV. A yaka arrow can actually change its trajectory in response to certain high-octave whistle-sounds some Centaurians can produce. Yondu is so skillful at controlling his arrows, he can cause an arrow to return to his hand or weave its way through a crowd of people without touching them. Yondu's arrows are 15 inches (38 cm) in length and are very flexible. He carries about 20 of them at one time. In Secret Wars, Yondu utilizes his expertise in archery by shooting "drone-arrows" to give the Guardians an eye in the sky. Yondu's right hand is replaced for a time by a bionic device called a weapons concealment appendage, a metal cup replacing his right hand. Thus, he could no longer practice archery nor perform functions requiring him to grasp with his right hand. The device can release from within itself a number of weapons, including a mace, a hatchet, a scythe, a barbed spear, and others; when not in use the weapons are concealed within the appendage at a reduced size, until enlarged by Pym particles. Yondu's bionic weapon-hand is later replaced with a duplicate of his original hand. In other media Television Yondu, based on the MCU incarnation (see below), appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2015), voiced by James Arnold Taylor. Yondu appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat, voiced again by James Arnold Taylor. Marvel Cinematic Universe Michael Rooker as Yondu at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International. See also: Yondu Udonta (Marvel Cinematic Universe) Yondu Udonta appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Michael Rooker. This version is a cyborg space pirate whose Yaka arrow is controlled by a head-mounted fin in addition to whistling. Additionally, he is the leader of one of several Ravager factions. Udonta first appears in the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). In 1988, he kidnaps a young Peter Quill on behalf of the latter's father, Ego, but chooses to raise the boy as a Ravager instead. In the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, the greater Ravager community exile Udonta and his faction after discovering they broke the Ravager code by trafficking children. Following this, Ayesha of the Sovereign hire Udonta to track down the Guardians of the Galaxy in retaliation for Rocket stealing their amulax batteries. Udonta and his Ravagers capture Rocket and Groot. However, when he announces his intent to renege on the deal, Taserface launches a mutiny, captures him, and executes all of Udonta's loyalists while Nebula destroys his control fin. With Rocket, Groot, and Kraglin Obfonteri's help, Udonta secures a prototype fin so he can kill the mutineers before escaping to help Quill and the other Guardians defeat Ego. Amidst this, Udonta sacrifices himself to save Quill, having grown to see him as a son. At Udonta's funeral, Quill declares him his real father while Rocket informs the other Ravagers of Udonta's redemption and Kraglin inherits the Yaka arrow. Alternate timeline variants of Udonta appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...?, voiced by Rooker. Udonta appears in animated flashback sequences in the live-action television special The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special. A vision of Udonta makes a cameo appearance in the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, Video games Yondu appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 2.0, voiced by Chris Edgerly. Yondu appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight. Yondu appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2. Yondu, based on the MCU incarnation, appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. Additionally, his mainstream comics counterpart appears as part of the "Classic Guardians of the Galaxy" DLC pack. Yondu appears in Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, voiced by Mark Barbolak. This version has history with Peter Quill and Rocket Raccoon. In a flashback in episode one, Quill recalls Yondu claiming that his mother told the latter to watch over him. If Quill trusts Yondu, he agrees to go with him. If Quill does not, Yondu will forcibly drag the former to his new home. In episode two, the Guardians of the Galaxy enlist Yondu to help repair their starship, the Milano. If the player chooses not to join Rocket in traveling to Halfworld, the latter will steal Yondu's ship, leading to Yondu accompanying the Guardians. Yondu appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions. Yondu appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest. Collected editions Title Material collected Published date ISBN Yondu: My Two Yondus Yondu #1-5 July 2020 978-1302921095 References ^ a b Buttery, Jarrod (July 2013). "Explore the Marvel Universe of the 31st Century with... the Guardians of the Galaxy". Back Issue! (65). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 24–35. ^ "Marvel's Old Guardians Up To New Tricks in GUARDIANS 3000". Newsarama.com. 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2016-08-01. ^ Marvel Super-Heroes #18. Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Two-in-One #5. Marvel Comics. ^ Giant-Size Defenders #5. Marvel Comics. ^ Defenders #26-29 ^ Marvel Presents #3. Marvel Comics. ^ Thor Annual #6. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers #167-168, 170, 173, 175-177. Marvel Comics. ^ Guardians of the Galaxy #1-4. Marvel Comics. ^ a b Guardians of the Galaxy #16. Marvel Comics. ^ Guardians of the Galaxy #25. Marvel Comics. ^ a b Guardians of the Galaxy Annual #2. Marvel Comics. ^ Richards, Dave (October 22, 2015). "Humphries & Garron Chronicle the Legendary Rise of 'Star-Lord'". CBR.com ^ Humphries, Sam (w), Garron, Javier (a). Star-Lord #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Humphries, Sam (w), Garron, Javier (a). Star-Lord #2. Marvel Comics. ^ Star-Lord #3. Marvel Comics. ^ "Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: "The voice of #Yondu & #Cosmo has voiced The Leader, Spider-Man and Silver Surfer in series & games #GuardiansVoiceCast #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy"". Twitter. 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2016-08-01. ^ "Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: "James Arnold Taylor (@JATactor) will voice Yondu & Cosmo in #DisneyXD's #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy! #GuardiansVoiceCast "". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-08-01. ^ End credits for Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat ^ "Michael Rooker Joins 'Guardians Of The Galaxy'". Deadline Hollywood. April 16, 2013. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013. ^ Ching, Albert (July 23, 2016). "SDCC: Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016. ^ Hughes, William (21 July 2019). "Marvel just released an extremely intriguing cast list for Disney+'s animated What If…?". A.V. Club. Retrieved 21 July 2019. ^ Paige, Rachel (October 25, 2022). "Unwrap the 'The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special' Trailer". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ Perry, Spencer (October 25, 2022). "Former Guardians of the Galaxy Star to Return in New Holiday Special". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ Kelley, Aidan (May 5, 2023). "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3': Every Cameo Explained". Collider. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ "Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced". IGN. April 30, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014. ^ "Behind the Voice Actors". Behindthevoiceactors.com. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Netmarble Unveils Guardians of the Galaxy Update for 'Marvel Future Fight'". Marvel Entertainment. June 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015. ^ "Yondu | Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2". Marvelavengersalliance2.com. Retrieved 2016-08-01. ^ "Classic Guardians of the Galaxy Character Pack | Xbox". www.xbox.com. Retrieved 2021-11-01. ^ "Voice Of Yondu - Guardians of the Galaxy | Behind The Voice Actors". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "CHAMPION SPOTLIGHT - YONDU". MARVEL CONTEST OF CHAMPIONS. 24 May 2017. ^ "Piecing Together Marvel Puzzle Quest: Yondu". News - Marvel.com. External links Yondu at the Marvel Universe wiki Yondu on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki Yondu at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) vteMarvel Comics' Earth-691Titles Cyberspace 3000 Guardians of the Galaxy Characters Aleta Charlie-27 Killraven Korvac Martinex Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro Yondu Related articles Badoon List of Guardians of the Galaxy members vteGuardians of the Galaxy Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members1969 team members Charlie-27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Vance Astro/Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Agent Venom Angela Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Hulkling Jack Flag Mantis Marvel Boy Moondragon Nebula Nova (Richard Rider) Quasar (Phyla-Vell) Rocket Raccoon Star-Lord Wiccan Supportingcharacters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Captain Marvel Iron Man Thor Cosmic Ghost Rider Fantastic Four Thing Fin Fang Foom Howard the Duck Inhumans Kismet Kree Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Quasar (Wendell Vaughn) Shi'ar Imperial Guard Skrulls Starjammers Symbiote Uatu the Watcher X-Men Kitty Pryde Antagonists Annihilus Ayesha Badoon Black Order Blastaar Blood Brothers Brood Celestials Chitauri Collector Ego the Living Planet Elders of the Universe Fin Fang Foom Galactus Grandmaster Hala the Accuser High Evolutionary J'son Kang the Conqueror Korath the Pursuer Korvac Kree Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrulls Supreme Intelligence Symbiote Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation: Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other mediaMarvel Cinematic Universe Guardians of the Galaxy soundtrack accolades Vol. 2 soundtrack I Am Groot Holiday Special soundtrack Vol. 3 soundtrack Characters Drax Gamora Groot Mantis Nebula Peter Quill Rocket Guardians of the Galaxy (animated series) Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series Marvel's Wastelanders Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy (2021 video game) Related Asgardians of the Galaxy Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind Alien races vteStan LeeMediaTitles Backstreet Project Heroes for Hope How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way Just Imagine... Marvel Fireside Books Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos Stan Lee's God Woke The Amazing Spider-Man The Incredible Hulk The Sensational Spider-Man Ultimo Uncanny X-Men Storylines "Astonishing Tales" "Epic Illustrated" "Marvel Super-Heroes" "Green Goblin Reborn!" "If This Be My Destiny...!" "Snafu" "Stan Lee Meets..." "The Galactus Trilogy" "The Six Arms Saga" "This Man... This Monster!" "Venus" Shows Heroman Stan Lee's Superhumans Stan Lee's World of Heroes Stan Lee's Lucky Man Stripperella The Reflection Who Wants to Be a Superhero? Who Wants to Be a Superhero? (U.K. TV series) Films The Comic Book Greats Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters & Marvels The Condor Lightspeed Mosaic Related Joan Boocock Lee (wife) Larry Lieber (brother) List of cameos Stan Lee Foundation Stan Lee Media productions Stan Lee's LA Comic Con POW! Entertainment CreatedCharactersHeroes Ant-Man / Giant-Man Hank Pym Bill Foster Avengers Black Knight Sir Percy Dane Whitman Black Panther Black Widow (Natasha Romanova) Blonde Phantom Brother Voodoo Captain Marvel Mar-Vell Linda Carter Millie Collins Daredevil Destroyer Doctor Druid Doctor Strange Falcon Fantastic Four Human Torch Invisible Woman Mister Fantastic Thing Forbush Man Frankenstein Monster Goliath Groot Guardians of the Galaxy Hawkeye Hercules Howling Commandos Izzy Cohen Dum Dum Dugan Nick Fury Gabe Jones Eric Koenig Rebel Ralston Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Dino Manelli Hulk Inhumans Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak the Shatterer Lockjaw Medusa Triton Iron Man Ka-Zar Kid Colt Man-Thing Marvel Boy (Robert Grayson) Mimic Prowler Quicksilver Ravage 2099 Rawhide Kid Scarlet Witch Sersi She-Hulk S.H.I.E.L.D. Spider-Man Stan Lee's Mighty 7 Starborn Swordsman The Guardian Project Thor Two-Gun Kid Venus Vision Adam Warlock Wasp Witness Wonder Man X-Men Angel Beast Cyclops Iceman Jean Grey Professor X Yondu Zombie Villains Abomination Absorbing Man A.I.M. Air-Walker Amphibion Annihilus Ape-Man Ares Asbestos Man Attuma Awesome Android Baron Mordo Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Batroc the Leaper Beetle Abner Jenkins Big Man Frederick Foswell Black Knight (Nathan Garrett) Blastaar Blizzard Blob Boomerang Brotherhood of Mutants Burglar Cat-Man Chameleon Circus of Crime Clown Cobra Collector Count Nefaria Crime Master Crimson Dynamo Cyttorak Death-Stalker Destroyer Diablo Doctor Doom Doctor Faustus Doctor Octopus Doombot Doomsday Man Dormammu Dorrek VII Dragon Man Dredmund the Druid Eel Egghead Ego the Living Planet Electro Emissaries of Evil Enchantress Enclave Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Executioner Fafnir Femizons Fenris Wolf Fin Fang Foom Fixer Richard Fisk Freak Frightful Four Funky Flashman Galactus Galaxy Master Gibbon Giganto Gladiator Gorgilla Green Goblin Norman Osborn Grey Gargoyle Grizzly Growing Man Hate-Monger Hela High Evolutionary Hippolyta Human Cannonball HYDRA Immortus Impossible Man Jackal Jester Erik Josten Juggernaut Kaecilius Kala Kaluu Kangaroo Kang the Conqueror Karnilla Kingpin Klaw Krang Kraven the Hunter Laufey Leader Leap-Frog Living Brain Living Laser Lizard Loki Looter/Meteor Man Lucifer Machinesmith Madame Masque Mad Thinker Maggia Magneto Man-Beast Mandarin Mangog Man Mountain Marko Masked Marauder Master Khan Mastermind Masters of Evil Matador Maximus Melter Mentallo Mephisto Merlin Metal Master Midgard Serpent Mimic Mindless Ones Miracle Man Mister Fear Mister Hyde MODOK Molecule Man Mole Man Molten Man Monsteroso Mordred Morgan le Fay Morrat Mother Night Mysterio Nightmare Overmind Owl Painter Plantman Plunderer Pluto Porcupine Princess Python Prowler Psycho-Man Purple Man Puppet Master Radioactive Man Ravonna Rattler Red Barbarian Red Ghost Rhino Ringmaster Ronan the Accuser Sandman Scarecrow Scorpion Secret Empire Sentinel Master Mold Bolivar Trask Sentry Shocker Silvermane Sinister Six Sleeper Sons of the Serpent Spencer Smythe Spider-Slayer Spymaster Farley Stillwell Stranger Mendel Stromm Strongman Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Surtur Swordsman Glenn Talbot Thunderbolt Ross Tiboro Tinkerer Titanium Man Toad Yuri Topolov Trapster Tricephalous Tumbler Tyrannus Ulik Ultimo Unicorn Unus the Untouchable Vanisher Vulture Whiplash Whirlwind Wizard Wong-Chu Wrecker Yon-Rogg Ymir Zarrko Supporting Liz Allan Ancient One Artemis Athena Aunt May Balder Sally Avril Betty Brant Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Clea Billy Connors Martha Connors Eternity Vanessa Fisk Jane Foster Frigga Goom Agatha Harkness Happy Hogan Happy Sam Sawyer Heimdall Hera H.E.R.B.I.E. Hermes J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Edwin Jarvis Rick Jones Ned Leeds Living Tribunal Willie Lumpkin Alicia Masters Jack Murdock Foggy Nelson Neptune Harry Osborn Odin Karen Page Richard and Mary Parker Pepper Potts Redwing Franklin Richards Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Betty Ross Shalla-Bal Sif Jasper Sitwell George Stacy Gwen Stacy Supreme Intelligence Franklin Storm T'Chaka Teen Brigade Flash Thompson Tyr Uatu Uncle Ben Anna Watson Mary Jane Watson Wong Wyatt Wingfoot Valkyrior Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Yancy Street Gang Ho Yinsen Zabu Zeus Species Asgardians Kree Giants Goblins Mutants New Men Olympians Skrulls Trolls Uranians Watchers Locations andbusinesses Asgard Avengers Mansion Baxter Building Daily Bugle Latveria Midtown High School Negative Zone Oscorp Sanctum Sanctorum Savage Land Stark Industries Stark Tower Subterranea Wakanda X-Mansion Objects Cerebro Cosmic Cube Eye of Agamotto Mjolnir Norn Stones Ultimate Nullifier Vibranium Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈjɒnduː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"original Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)"},{"link_name":"alternate reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Earth-691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-691"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Rooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rooker"},{"link_name":"Earth-616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-616"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"What If...?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If...%3F_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Holiday_Special"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._3"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Comics characterYondu Udonta, or simply Yondu (/ˈjɒnduː/), is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The original version of the character is depicted as the last survivor of his species, a spiritual warrior who can control his arrows through sound waves, and a founding member of the original Guardians of the Galaxy from the 31st century of the alternate reality of Earth-691.Following the release of the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), in which Michael Rooker portrays a contemporary, cyborg, space pirate version of Yondu, Marvel Comics introduced this version of the character to their mainstream Earth-616 continuity. Rooker would also go on to appear as Yondu in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), What If...? (2021), The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022), and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). Moreover, characters based on the present day Yondu have appeared in the Guardians of the Galaxy TV series and several video games.","title":"Yondu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth-691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-691"},{"link_name":"Marvel Super-Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Super-Heroes_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Drake"},{"link_name":"penciled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penciled"},{"link_name":"Gene Colan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Colan"},{"link_name":"Roy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-back65-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gerber"},{"link_name":"Marvel Two-In-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Two-In-One"},{"link_name":"Giant Size Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenders_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Presents"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-back65-1"},{"link_name":"Guardians 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_3000"},{"link_name":"Dan Abnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Abnett"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Earth-616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-616"},{"link_name":"Star-Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-Lord"},{"link_name":"Sam Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Javier Garron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javier_Garron&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Earth-691 version of Yondu first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes #18 (January 1969), written by Arnold Drake and penciled by Gene Colan. According to Roy Thomas, all of the original Guardians of the Galaxy were created in a conference between Drake and Stan Lee, but it remains uncertain whether each individual character was created by Drake, Lee, or both.[1] Writer Steve Gerber included the character when he revived the team in several Marvel titles: Marvel Two-In-One #4–5 (July–Sept. 1974), Giant Size Defenders #5, and Defenders #26–29 (July-Nov. 1975), and Marvel Presents #3–12 (Feb. 1976 – Aug. 1977).[1]Yondu appeared along with the rest of the original Guardians of the Galaxy team in the 2014 series Guardians 3000. Writer Dan Abnett described him as \"the instinct\" of the team.[2]The Earth-616 version of Yondu first appeared in Star-Lord #2 and was created by Sam Humphries and Javier Garron.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_44.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)"},{"link_name":"Steve Montano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Montano_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kevin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_West_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Centaurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurian_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Centauri IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centauri_IV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vance Astro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Astro"},{"link_name":"Badoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badoon"},{"link_name":"Charlie-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie-27"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Martinex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinex"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Sharon Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenders_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Starhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhawk_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Korvac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korvac"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"shield of Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America%27s_shield"},{"link_name":"Taserface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taserface"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GotG16-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GotGA2-13"}],"sub_title":"Earth-691","text":"Yondu on the cover of Guardians of the Galaxy #44 (January 1994). Art by Steve Montano and Kevin West.Yondu Udonta is a member of the Zatoan tribe, part of a race of Centaurians that are native to Centauri IV. He functions as a hunter. His homeworld was the first planet to be colonized by humans that was outside the solar system. Yondu is born in the late 30th century. Yondu's people had fled from contact with overwhelming Earth colonizers who had begun arriving in 2940 A.D.In 3006 A.D., Vance Astro, an astronaut from Earth, lands on Yondu's planet with an antiquated propulsion ship. Vance encounters Yondu during the latter's trial of manhood. Yondu attacks him, but is repelled by Vance's powers. Vance keeps this secret as Yondu's action was illegal. Yondu works with Vance when the Badoon, an alien race, overtakes the planet later that year. All the other Centaurians are believed to have been slaughtered. Vance and Yondu escape in his ship to fetch help but the Badoon capture them easily. The duo are taken to Earth which, by 3007 A.D., has also been conquered. When questioned, Vance pretends to be unfriendly with Yondu. They later escape and team up with Charlie-27 of the Jupiter colony and Martinex of the Pluto colony, forming the Guardians of the Galaxy to fight the Badoon.[3]For the next seven years, the four survivors attack the Badoon's outposts in the solar system. In 3014 A.D., the Guardians team with the time-traveling Thing, Captain America, and Sharon Carter to retake New York City from the Badoon forces.[4] In 3015 A.D., the Guardians time-travel to the 20th Century[5] and return to 3015 A.D. with the Defenders and later meet Starhawk.[6] After humanity defeats the Brotherhood of Badoon occupiers, the Sisterhood of Badoon arrive and remove the males from Earth.[7]Yondu and the Guardians team with the time-traveling Thor, and battle Korvac and his Minions of Menace.[8] Yondu travels to the present alongside his fellow Guardians, and assists the Avengers against Korvac.[9] In 3017 A.D., Yondu and the Guardians go on a quest to find the lost shield of Captain America. They battle Taserface and the Stark, and defeat the Stark.[10] Yondu's right hand is later destroyed by Interface, and replaced by Martinex with a bionic appendage.[11] Yondu later leaves the team when it is revealed that a small enclave of his people have survived on Centauri IV.[12] These Kikaahe (\"cave dwellers\") escaped death at the hands of the Badoon because the walls of the cavern where they lived contained the mineral trillite (\"yaka\") which blocks radio waves, thereby shielding them from sensors. Since his newfound people will not accept his bionic weapon-hand, Yondu allows the Guardians to use their advanced medical technology to restore his flesh-and-blood hand. During their farewells, Vance apologizes for what he had thought was unacceptable treatment of Yondu during their earlier adventurers.[13]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Humphries"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ravagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravagers_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"space pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_pirate"},{"link_name":"Peter Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-Lord"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Earth-616","text":"The Earth-616 version of Yondu has been identified by writer Sam Humphries as \"the great, great, great, great, great, great, great grandfather of the Yondu in the original Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians 3000.\"[14] In this reality, Yondu is the leader of the Ravagers, a group of space pirates. Yondu finds Peter Quill when his ship malfunctions and strands him in space.[15] After the Ravagers save Peter, he tries to steal their ship, managing to outsmart every member of the crew and capturing Yondu. After Yondu frees himself from his restraints and attacks Peter, he gives him a choice between letting himself be released into space without more trouble or execution. Peter instead asks to join his crew. Yondu is initially skeptical of this idea, but after he learns Peter, like him, is a homeless orphan, Yondu allows him to stay on the ship with the Ravagers as their cleaning boy. Peter uses the opportunity to learn everything he can from space.[16] Later, Yondu makes him an official Ravager.[17]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marsupial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"}],"text":"As a member of the marsupial alien race of the planet Centauri IV, Yondu possesses an intuitive mystical \"sixth sense\" perception that permits him limited empathic relationships with other lifeforms. The higher the lifeform, the more limited is his empathic potential. Additionally, Yondu possesses an intuitive rapport with nature, particularly with his own world, but also with any world that still possesses natural wildlife. With this rapport, he can sense incongruous elements (foreign bodies or substances) or focus on specific elements within the whole (such as the location of a given plant). He is also sensitive to mystical beings and forces and is able to detect their presence and activities without effort. Yondu is able to replenish his own inner strength by going into a trance and communing with natural forces.Yondu is an above average physical specimen of his race. He has slightly more strength and endurance than the average human male. As a hunter, Yondu is an expert in the use of bow and arrow. His ability to whistle with a range of four octaves aids his archery (see Weapons, below). The native Centaurian language is a system of grunts, clicks, and whistles, but Yondu has managed to master the English language, although it is painful for him to speak for too long without resting his throat. He is an excellent hand-to-hand combatant, and a highly skilled hunter and tracker. He has extensive knowledge of the social and religious customs of the natives of Centauri IV.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secret Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Wars_(2015)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GotG16-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GotGA2-13"}],"sub_title":"Weapons","text":"Yondu uses a 5-foot (1.5 m) single curve bow and a quiver of arrows composed of yaka, a special sound-sensitive metal found only on Centauri IV. A yaka arrow can actually change its trajectory in response to certain high-octave whistle-sounds some Centaurians can produce. Yondu is so skillful at controlling his arrows, he can cause an arrow to return to his hand or weave its way through a crowd of people without touching them. Yondu's arrows are 15 inches (38 cm) in length and are very flexible. He carries about 20 of them at one time. In Secret Wars, Yondu utilizes his expertise in archery by shooting \"drone-arrows\" to give the Guardians an eye in the sky.[volume & issue needed]Yondu's right hand is replaced for a time by a bionic device called a weapons concealment appendage, a metal cup replacing his right hand.[11] Thus, he could no longer practice archery nor perform functions requiring him to grasp with his right hand. The device can release from within itself a number of weapons, including a mace, a hatchet, a scythe, a barbed spear, and others; when not in use the weapons are concealed within the appendage at a reduced size, until enlarged by Pym particles. Yondu's bionic weapon-hand is later replaced with a duplicate of his original hand.[13]","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Arnold Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arnold_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_-_Guardians_of_the_Galaxy:_The_Thanos_Threat"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Yondu, based on the MCU incarnation (see below), appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2015), voiced by James Arnold Taylor.[18][19]\nYondu appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat, voiced again by James Arnold Taylor.[20]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Rooker_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con_International"},{"link_name":"Yondu Udonta (Marvel Cinematic Universe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yondu_Udonta_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Michael Rooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rooker"},{"link_name":"Ravager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravagers_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RookerGotG-21"},{"link_name":"Peter Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Quill_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GotGV2Fin-22"},{"link_name":"Ayesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe#Sovereign"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Taserface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taserface_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Kraglin Obfonteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraglin_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"What If...?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If...%3F_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Holiday_Special"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReleaseDateMarvel-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yondu-25"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","text":"Michael Rooker as Yondu at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International.See also: Yondu Udonta (Marvel Cinematic Universe)Yondu Udonta appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Michael Rooker. This version is a cyborg space pirate whose Yaka arrow is controlled by a head-mounted fin in addition to whistling. Additionally, he is the leader of one of several Ravager factions.Udonta first appears in the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014).[21] In 1988, he kidnaps a young Peter Quill on behalf of the latter's father, Ego, but chooses to raise the boy as a Ravager instead.\nIn the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2,[22] the greater Ravager community exile Udonta and his faction after discovering they broke the Ravager code by trafficking children. Following this, Ayesha of the Sovereign hire Udonta to track down the Guardians of the Galaxy in retaliation for Rocket stealing their amulax batteries. Udonta and his Ravagers capture Rocket and Groot. However, when he announces his intent to renege on the deal, Taserface launches a mutiny, captures him, and executes all of Udonta's loyalists while Nebula destroys his control fin. With Rocket, Groot, and Kraglin Obfonteri's help, Udonta secures a prototype fin so he can kill the mutineers before escaping to help Quill and the other Guardians defeat Ego. Amidst this, Udonta sacrifices himself to save Quill, having grown to see him as a son. At Udonta's funeral, Quill declares him his real father while Rocket informs the other Ravagers of Udonta's redemption and Kraglin inherits the Yaka arrow.\nAlternate timeline variants of Udonta appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...?, voiced by Rooker.[23]\nUdonta appears in animated flashback sequences in the live-action television special The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special.[24][25]\nA vision of Udonta makes a cameo appearance in the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3,[26]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney Infinity 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Infinity_2.0"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Chris Edgerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Edgerly"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Future Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Future_Fight"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Avengers_Alliance#Marvel:_Avengers_Alliance_2"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_2"},{"link_name":"Classic Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)"},{"link_name":"DLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy:_The_Telltale_Series"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-32"},{"link_name":"Marvel Contest of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Contest_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Marvel Puzzle Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Puzzle_Quest"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Yondu appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 2.0,[27] voiced by Chris Edgerly.[28]\nYondu appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.[29]\nYondu appears in Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2.[30]\nYondu, based on the MCU incarnation, appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. Additionally, his mainstream comics counterpart appears as part of the \"Classic Guardians of the Galaxy\" DLC pack.[31]\nYondu appears in Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, voiced by Mark Barbolak.[32] This version has history with Peter Quill and Rocket Raccoon. In a flashback in episode one, Quill recalls Yondu claiming that his mother told the latter to watch over him. If Quill trusts Yondu, he agrees to go with him. If Quill does not, Yondu will forcibly drag the former to his new home. In episode two, the Guardians of the Galaxy enlist Yondu to help repair their starship, the Milano. If the player chooses not to join Rocket in traveling to Halfworld, the latter will steal Yondu's ship, leading to Yondu accompanying the Guardians.\nYondu appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.[33]\nYondu appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.[34]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collected editions"}]
[{"image_text":"Yondu on the cover of Guardians of the Galaxy #44 (January 1994). Art by Steve Montano and Kevin West.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_44.jpg/220px-Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_44.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michael Rooker as Yondu at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Michael_Rooker_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/220px-Michael_Rooker_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Buttery, Jarrod (July 2013). \"Explore the Marvel Universe of the 31st Century with... the Guardians of the Galaxy\". Back Issue! (65). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 24–35.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Issue!","url_text":"Back Issue!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing","url_text":"TwoMorrows Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel's Old Guardians Up To New Tricks in GUARDIANS 3000\". Newsarama.com. 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2016-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsarama.com/21436-marvels-old-guardians-up-to-new-tricks-in-guardians-3000.html","url_text":"\"Marvel's Old Guardians Up To New Tricks in GUARDIANS 3000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: \"The voice of #Yondu & #Cosmo has voiced The Leader, Spider-Man and Silver Surfer in series & games #GuardiansVoiceCast #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy\"\". Twitter. 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2016-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Marvel/status/568500511491690497","url_text":"\"Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: \"The voice of #Yondu & #Cosmo has voiced The Leader, Spider-Man and Silver Surfer in series & games #GuardiansVoiceCast #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: \"James Arnold Taylor (@JATactor) will voice Yondu & Cosmo in #DisneyXD's #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy! #GuardiansVoiceCast \"\". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Marvel/status/568507822784163840","url_text":"\"Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: \"James Arnold Taylor (@JATactor) will voice Yondu & Cosmo in #DisneyXD's #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy! #GuardiansVoiceCast \"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Rooker Joins 'Guardians Of The Galaxy'\". Deadline Hollywood. April 16, 2013. Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/04/michael-rooker-guardians-of-the-galaxy-casting-marvel-movie/","url_text":"\"Michael Rooker Joins 'Guardians Of The Galaxy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418080150/http://www.deadline.com/2013/04/michael-rooker-guardians-of-the-galaxy-casting-marvel-movie/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ching, Albert (July 23, 2016). \"SDCC: Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-marvel-studios-reveals-latest-phase-3-secrets","url_text":"\"SDCC: Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160725143033/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-marvel-studios-reveals-latest-phase-3-secrets","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, William (21 July 2019). \"Marvel just released an extremely intriguing cast list for Disney+'s animated What If…?\". A.V. Club. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.avclub.com/marvel-just-released-an-extremely-intriguing-cast-list-1836569935","url_text":"\"Marvel just released an extremely intriguing cast list for Disney+'s animated What If…?\""}]},{"reference":"Paige, Rachel (October 25, 2022). \"Unwrap the 'The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special' Trailer\". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-trailer","url_text":"\"Unwrap the 'The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special' Trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel.com","url_text":"Marvel.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025203028/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-trailer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Spencer (October 25, 2022). \"Former Guardians of the Galaxy Star to Return in New Holiday Special\". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/guardians-of-the-galaxy-star-michael-rooker-yondu-return-holiday-special/","url_text":"\"Former Guardians of the Galaxy Star to Return in New Holiday Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicBook.com","url_text":"ComicBook.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025215037/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/guardians-of-the-galaxy-star-michael-rooker-yondu-return-holiday-special/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Aidan (May 5, 2023). \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3': Every Cameo Explained\". Collider. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-3-cameos-explained/","url_text":"\"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3': Every Cameo Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"\"Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced\". IGN. April 30, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/04/30/disney-infinity-marvel-super-heroes-announced","url_text":"\"Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Behind the Voice Actors\". Behindthevoiceactors.com. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Chris-Edgerly/","url_text":"\"Behind the Voice Actors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netmarble Unveils Guardians of the Galaxy Update for 'Marvel Future Fight'\". Marvel Entertainment. June 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613191500/http://marvel.com/news/video_games/24718/netmarble_unveils_guardians_of_the_galaxy_update_for_marvel_future_fight","url_text":"\"Netmarble Unveils Guardians of the Galaxy Update for 'Marvel Future Fight'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment"},{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/video_games/24718/netmarble_unveils_guardians_of_the_galaxy_update_for_marvel_future_fight","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yondu | Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2\". Marvelavengersalliance2.com. Retrieved 2016-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://marvelavengersalliance2.com/aa2_characters/yondu/","url_text":"\"Yondu | Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Guardians of the Galaxy Character Pack | Xbox\". www.xbox.com. Retrieved 2021-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xbox.com/en-gb/games/store/Classic-Guardians-of-the-Galaxy-Character-Pack/BST1S1VC091W","url_text":"\"Classic Guardians of the Galaxy Character Pack | Xbox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voice Of Yondu - Guardians of the Galaxy | Behind The Voice Actors\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Guardians-of-the-Galaxy/Yondu/","url_text":"\"Voice Of Yondu - Guardians of the Galaxy | Behind The Voice Actors\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHAMPION SPOTLIGHT - YONDU\". MARVEL CONTEST OF CHAMPIONS. 24 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://playcontestofchampions.com/champion-spotlight-yondu/","url_text":"\"CHAMPION SPOTLIGHT - YONDU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piecing Together Marvel Puzzle Quest: Yondu\". News - Marvel.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.marvel.com/games/71039/piecing-together-marvel-puzzle-quest-yondu/","url_text":"\"Piecing Together Marvel Puzzle Quest: Yondu\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.newsarama.com/21436-marvels-old-guardians-up-to-new-tricks-in-guardians-3000.html","external_links_name":"\"Marvel's Old Guardians Up To New Tricks in GUARDIANS 3000\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbr.com/humphries-garron-chronicle-the-legendary-rise-of-star-lord/","external_links_name":"\"Humphries & Garron Chronicle the Legendary Rise of 'Star-Lord'\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Marvel/status/568500511491690497","external_links_name":"\"Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: \"The voice of #Yondu & #Cosmo has voiced The Leader, Spider-Man and Silver Surfer in series & games #GuardiansVoiceCast #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy\"\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Marvel/status/568507822784163840","external_links_name":"\"Marvel Entertainment on Twitter: \"James Arnold Taylor (@JATactor) will voice Yondu & Cosmo in #DisneyXD's #GuardiansOfTheGalaxy! #GuardiansVoiceCast \"\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/04/michael-rooker-guardians-of-the-galaxy-casting-marvel-movie/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Rooker Joins 'Guardians Of The Galaxy'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418080150/http://www.deadline.com/2013/04/michael-rooker-guardians-of-the-galaxy-casting-marvel-movie/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-marvel-studios-reveals-latest-phase-3-secrets","external_links_name":"\"SDCC: Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160725143033/http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/sdcc-marvel-studios-reveals-latest-phase-3-secrets","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.avclub.com/marvel-just-released-an-extremely-intriguing-cast-list-1836569935","external_links_name":"\"Marvel just released an extremely intriguing cast list for Disney+'s animated What If…?\""},{"Link":"https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-trailer","external_links_name":"\"Unwrap the 'The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special' Trailer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025203028/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/guardians-of-the-galaxy-holiday-special-trailer","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/guardians-of-the-galaxy-star-michael-rooker-yondu-return-holiday-special/","external_links_name":"\"Former Guardians of the Galaxy Star to Return in New Holiday Special\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025215037/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/guardians-of-the-galaxy-star-michael-rooker-yondu-return-holiday-special/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/guardians-of-the-galaxy-3-cameos-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3': Every Cameo Explained\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/04/30/disney-infinity-marvel-super-heroes-announced","external_links_name":"\"Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Chris-Edgerly/","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Voice Actors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613191500/http://marvel.com/news/video_games/24718/netmarble_unveils_guardians_of_the_galaxy_update_for_marvel_future_fight","external_links_name":"\"Netmarble Unveils Guardians of the Galaxy Update for 'Marvel Future Fight'\""},{"Link":"http://marvel.com/news/video_games/24718/netmarble_unveils_guardians_of_the_galaxy_update_for_marvel_future_fight","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://marvelavengersalliance2.com/aa2_characters/yondu/","external_links_name":"\"Yondu | Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.xbox.com/en-gb/games/store/Classic-Guardians-of-the-Galaxy-Character-Pack/BST1S1VC091W","external_links_name":"\"Classic Guardians of the Galaxy Character Pack | Xbox\""},{"Link":"http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Guardians-of-the-Galaxy/Yondu/","external_links_name":"\"Voice Of Yondu - Guardians of the Galaxy | Behind The Voice Actors\""},{"Link":"https://playcontestofchampions.com/champion-spotlight-yondu/","external_links_name":"\"CHAMPION SPOTLIGHT - YONDU\""},{"Link":"https://news.marvel.com/games/71039/piecing-together-marvel-puzzle-quest-yondu/","external_links_name":"\"Piecing Together Marvel Puzzle Quest: Yondu\""},{"Link":"https://www.marvel.com/characters/yondu","external_links_name":"Yondu"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel:Yondu_Udonta_(Earth-691)","external_links_name":"Yondu"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel","external_links_name":"Marvel Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2018010101/http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=4748","external_links_name":"Yondu"},{"Link":"http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=4748","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stack
2010 Austin suicide attack
["1 Joseph Stack","2 Events","2.1 Suicide note","3 Aftermath","3.1 Economic costs to IRS","4 Reaction","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 30°23′6″N 97°44′37″W / 30.38500°N 97.74361°W / 30.38500; -97.74361Suicide by pilot in Austin, Texas 2010 Austin suicide attackPart of Terrorism in the United StatesPanorama of the building the day after the plane crashLocation9430 Research BoulevardAustin, Texas, U.S.Coordinates30°23′6″N 97°44′37″W / 30.38500°N 97.74361°W / 30.38500; -97.74361DateFebruary 18, 2010 (2010-02-18) 9:56 local (15:56 UTC) (UTC-6)TargetInternal Revenue Service field office in Austin, TexasAttack typeSuicide attackWeaponsFixed-wing aircraft (Piper Dakota)Deaths2 (including the perpetrator)Injured13VictimVernon HunterPerpetratorAndrew Joseph Stack IIIMotiveAnger towards IRS policies The 2010 Austin suicide attack occurred on February 18, 2010, when Andrew Joseph Stack III deliberately crashed his single-engine Piper Dakota light aircraft into Building I of the Echelon office complex in Austin, Texas, United States, killing himself and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) manager Vernon Hunter. Thirteen others were injured, two severely. The four-story office building housed an IRS field office occupying the top three floors, along with a couple of private businesses on the first floor. Prior to the crash, Stack had posted a suicide note to his website, expressing his disillusionment with corporations and government agencies such as the IRS. Stack is also suspected of having set fire that morning to his two-story North Austin house, which was mostly destroyed. In the aftermath, there was increased debate over the policies of the IRS, and different forms of protest. In response to the attack, the IRS spent more than $38.6 million, with $6.4 million spent to recover and resume work at the building, and over $32 million spent to increase security at other IRS sites in the U.S. However, the spending on security changes was questioned as being ineffective, as none of it would actually prevent airplanes from crashing into the buildings. The building was repaired by December 2011. Joseph Stack Andrew Joseph Stack III (August 31, 1956 – February 18, 2010) lived in the Scofield Farms neighborhood in North Austin, and worked as an embedded software consultant. He grew up in Pennsylvania and had two brothers and two sisters. Stack was orphaned at age four, and spent some time at a Catholic orphanage. He graduated from the Milton Hershey School in 1974 and studied engineering at Harrisburg Area Community College from 1975 to 1977, but did not graduate. His first marriage, to Ginger Stack, which ended in divorce, produced a daughter, Samantha Bell. In 2007, Stack married Sheryl Housh, who had a daughter from a previous marriage. In 1985, Stack, along with his first wife, incorporated Prowess Engineering. In 1994, he failed to file a state tax return. In 1998, the Stacks divorced, and a year later his wife filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing Federal tax liabilities totaling nearly $126,000. In 1995, Stack started Software Systems Service Corp, which was suspended in 2004 for non-payment of state taxes. Stack obtained a pilot's certificate in 1994 and owned a Velocity Elite XL-RG plane, in addition to the Piper Dakota (aircraft registration N2889D) he flew into the Echelon building. He had been using the Georgetown Municipal Airport for four and a half years and paid $236.25 a month to rent a hangar. There has been speculation that Stack replaced seats on his aircraft with extra drums of fuel prior to the collision. Stack's accountant confirmed that at the time of the incident, he was being audited by the Internal Revenue Service for failure to report income. Events About an hour before the crash, Stack allegedly set fire to his $230,000 house located on Dapplegrey Lane in North Austin; the house was mostly destroyed in the fire. He then drove to a hangar he rented at Georgetown Municipal Airport, approximately 20 miles to the north. He boarded his single-engine Piper Dakota airplane and took off around 9:45 a.m. Central Standard Time. He indicated to the control tower his flight would be "going southbound, sir." After taking off, his last broadcast words were "thanks for your help, have a great day." About ten minutes later, his plane descended and collided at full speed with Echelon I, a building containing offices for 190 IRS employees, resulting in a large fireball and explosion. The building is located near the intersection of Research Boulevard (U.S. Route 183) and Mopac Expressway (Loop 1). Suicide note Wikinews has related news: Plane crashes into office block in Austin, Texas On the morning of the crash, Stack posted a suicide note on his website, embeddedart.com. The HTML source code of the web page shows the letter was composed using Microsoft Word starting two days prior, February 16, at 19:24Z (1:24 p.m. CST). The document also shows that it was saved 27 times with the last being February 18 at 06:42Z (12:42 a.m. CST). In the note, he begins by expressing displeasure with the government, the bailout of financial institutions, politicians, the conglomerate companies of General Motors, Enron and Arthur Andersen, unions, drug and health care insurance companies, and the Catholic Church. He then describes his life as an engineer, including his meeting with a poor widow who never got the pension benefits she was promised, the effect of Section 1706 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on independent contractor engineers, the September 11 attacks, airline bailouts that benefited only the airlines but not the suffering engineers, and how a CPA he hired seemed to side with the government to take extra tax money from him. The note also mentions Stack's having issues with taxes, debt, and the IRS and his having a long-running feud with the organization. While the IRS also has a larger regional office in Austin, the field office located in Echelon I performed tax audits, seizures, investigations and collections. The note ended with: I saw it written once that the definition of insanity is repeating the same process over and over and expecting the outcome to suddenly be different. I am finally ready to stop this insanity. Well, Mr. Big Brother IRS man, let's try something different; take my pound of flesh and sleep well. The communist creed: From each according to his ability, to each according to his need. The capitalist creed: From each according to his gullibility, to each according to his greed.— Joe Stack (1956–2010), 02/18/2010 Aftermath Vernon Hunter, a 68-year-old Revenue Officer Group Manager for the IRS, was killed in the incident along with Joseph Stack. Thirteen people were reported as injured, two of them critically. Debris from the crash reportedly shattered the windshield of a car being driven on the southbound access road of Highway 183 in front of the building. Another driver on the southbound access road of Highway 183 had his windows and sunroof shattered during the impact, and had debris fall inside his car, yet escaped uninjured. Robin DeHaven, a glass worker and former combat engineer for the United States Army, saw the collision while commuting to a customer's house for his job, and used the extension ladder on his truck to rescue six people from the 2nd floor of the building. By coincidence, the Travis County Hazardous Materials Team — an inter-agency group of firefighters from outside the City of Austin — had just assembled for training across the freeway from the targeted building, observed the low and fast flight of Stack's plane, and heard the blast impact. They immediately responded, attacking the fire and initiating search-and-rescue. Several City of Austin fire engines for the area of the Echelon building were already deployed at the fire at Stack's home at the time of the impact. Georgetown Municipal Airport was temporarily evacuated while a bomb disposal team searched Stack's abandoned vehicle. An inspection into the Echelon building's structural integrity was concluded six days after the incident and a preliminary decision was made to repair the building rather than demolish it. Those repairs were substantially complete by December 2011. Economic costs to IRS The IRS spent more than $38.6 million after the suicide attack. For the immediate response, document recovery, and to resume operations at the center, the IRS spent USD $6,421,942. Of this amount, USD $3,258,213 was spent on document recovery. Also, the IRS spent a total of USD $32.3 million to improve IRS building security across the United States, with USD $32.2 million ($43.6 million in 2023) "to evaluate and enhance employee safety and physical security at IRS facilities", although it was not explained what physical security measures were intended to preventing airplanes from flying into buildings. The IRS said, because of the 2010 Austin terrorist attack and the emergency plans in place, there was no direct budgetary impact on the IRS's ability to provide taxpayer services or enforce tax laws. An additional $1,236,634 was spent on a security risk assessment to be performed by the private Georgia based logistical and engineering services firm Unified Consultants Group, Inc. A July 25, 2012 audit, released shortly after the incident cost analysis, performed by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, determined that the contract was mismanaged by the IRS. The security-review process was determined to have had multiple problems, and many of the sites were not inspected by the contractor. The audit placed the blame on the IRS agency's individuals responsible for defining, negotiating, and administering the contract, with potentially 100% of funds being used inefficiently and the security improvements of IRS sites may have been ineffective. Reaction The United States Department of Homeland Security issued a statement saying that the incident did not appear to be linked to organized international terrorist groups. White House spokesman Robert Gibbs reaffirmed what Homeland Security said, and that President Barack Obama was briefed on the incident. The President expressed his concern and commended the courageous actions of the first responders. The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) launched two F-16 fighter aircraft from Ellington Airport in Houston, Texas, to conduct an air patrol in response to the crash. That action was reported as standard operating procedure in this situation. The company hosting embeddedart.com, T35 Hosting, took Stack's website offline "due to the sensitive nature of the events that transpired in Texas this morning and in compliance with a request from the FBI." Several groups supporting Stack on the social networking website Facebook appeared following the incident and the news of the accompanying manifesto. These were immediately shut down by Facebook staff. Austin police chief Art Acevedo stated that the incident was not the action of a major terrorist organization. He also cited "some heroic actions on the part of federal employees" that "will be told at the appropriate time." The Federal Bureau of Investigation stated that it was investigating the incident "as a criminal matter of an assault on a federal officer" and that it was not being considered terrorism at this time. However, two members of the United States House of Representatives, both of whose districts include the Austin area, made statements to the contrary. Rep. Lloyd Doggett (D-Texas) stated, "Like the larger-scale tragedy in Oklahoma City, this was a cowardly act of domestic terrorism." Mike McCaul (R-Texas), told a reporter that, "it sounds like it to me." Georgetown University Professor Bruce Hoffman stated that for this to be considered an act of terrorism, "there has to be some political motive and it has to send a broader message that seeks some policy change. From what I've heard, that doesn't appear to be the case. It appears he was very mad at the and this was a cathartic outburst of violence. His motivation was the key." A USA Today headline used the term "a chilling echo of terrorism." Citing the copy of Joseph Stack's note posted online, blogger Joan McCarter observed on the Daily Kos website that, "Obviously Stack was not a mentally healthy person, and he was embittered at capitalism, including crony capitalism, and health insurance companies and the government." She also stated that Stack could not be connected with the Tea Party movement, but argued that the incident "should inject a bit of caution into the anti-government flame-throwers on the right." The website Ace of Spades HQ disputed any connection to the movement and additionally stated Stack was not "right wing", citing Stack's criticism of politicians for not doing anything about health care reform. In an interview with ABC's Good Morning America, Joe Stack's adult daughter, Samantha Bell, who now lives in Norway, stated initially that she considered her father to be a hero, because she felt that now people might listen. While she does not agree with his specific actions involving the plane crash, she does agree with his actions about speaking out against "injustice" and "the government." Bell subsequently retracted aspects of her statement, saying her father was "not a hero" and adding, "We are mourning for Vernon Hunter." Five days after her husband Vernon Hunter's death, Valerie Hunter filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Sheryl Mann Stack, Andrew Joseph Stack's widow in federal District Court. The lawsuit alleges that Sheryl had a duty to "avoid a foreseeable risk of injury to others," including her late husband and failed to do so by not warning others about her late husband. The lawsuit also mentions that Stack was required by law to fly his plane at an altitude 1,000 feet (305 m) above the highest obstacle. At a March 8, 2010, benefit event, Stack's widow, Sheryl, publicly offered condolences for the victims of the attack. Former Iowa congressman Steve King (R-Iowa) has made several statements regarding Stack including, I think if we'd abolished the IRS back when I first advocated it, he wouldn't have a target for his airplane. And I'm still for abolishing the IRS, I've been for it for thirty years and I'm for a national sales tax (in its place). Academic and activist Noam Chomsky cited Joe Stack's letter as indicative of some of the public sentiment in the U.S., stated that several of Stack's assertions are accurate or based on real grievances, and urged people to "help" the Joseph Stacks of the world get involved in constructive popular movements instead of letting the Joseph Stacks "destroy themselves, and maybe the world," in order to prevent a process similar to how legitimate and valid popular grievances of the German people in the 1920s and 1930s were manipulated by the Nazis towards violence and away from constructive ends. The Internal Revenue Service formally designates certain individuals as potentially dangerous taxpayers (PDTs). In response to an inquiry after the attack, an IRS spokesperson declined to state whether Stack had been designated as a PDT. See also Aviation portal Tax protester Big government Domestic terrorism Suicide by pilot References ^ a b Longoria, Bobby (February 22, 2010). "Community mourns loss of victim in plane crash". The Daily Texan. Retrieved 2010-02-22. ^ Miller, Carlin D (February 18, 2010). "Joe Stack Plane Crash Austin Aftermath: 13 Injured, Two Critically". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016. ^ a b Gonzalez, Anna M (February 19, 2010). "2 dead after plane crashes into North Austin building". News 8 Austin. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ "Wife of Pilot in Texas Plane Attack Offers 'Sincerest Sympathy' to Victims". FoxNews.com. Associated Press. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.. Notes 13 injured and Vernon Hunter killed. ^ Cronan, Carl (February 18, 2010). "Echelon Building Destroyed in Plane Crash". GlobeSt.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ a b c d Kerkman, Maggie (February 19, 2010). "Victim in Austin Plane Crash Identified". LiveShots via FoxNews.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ Novak, Shonda (February 18, 2010). "Building's architect is glad safety features apparently worked". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ "Travis County Property Information". Travis County Appraisal District. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ "Suicide Note" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ a b c d e f "Accounting for the Austin Incident". Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. July 10, 2012. pp. 3, 4, and 5. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012. ^ a b "TaxNetUSA: Travis County Property Information". TravisCAD.org. Travis Central Appraisal District. February 16, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ "Pilot, IRS worker identified as those killed in Texas crash". CNN. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ a b Grisales, Claudia (February 18, 2010). "Burned house, plane crash linked to same person". The Blotter via Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ a b c d e f Breed, Allen G. (February 21, 2010). "Simmering for decades, a Texas engineer's grudge against the IRS explodes into suicidal flight". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ Root, Jay; Carlton, Jeff (February 18, 2010). "Friends and band mates say they never saw Texas pilot's passion for a bitter feud with the IRS". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Fausset, Richard (February 20, 2010). "Austin pilot 'was always even-keeled'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 20, 2010. ^ a b "Daughter says pilot in Texas IRS crash was a hero". Arizona Republic. February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ a b Mattingly, David; Lavandera, Ed; Cratty, Carol (February 20, 2010). "Texas plane may have been loaded with extra fuel". CNN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010. ^ "Stack in middle of audit at time of crash". News8 Austin. February 25, 2010. ^ Delony, Doug; Associated Press staff (February 18, 2010). "Austin Plane Crash, House Fire Could Be Connected". MyFoxHouston.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Gonzales, Suzannah (February 19, 2010). "Plane crash suspect's home mostly destroyed by fire". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ Fausset, Richard (February 19, 2010). "Suicide pilot crashes into building in Texas housing IRS offices". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. ^ a b c Meserve, Jeanne; Simon, Mallory (February 18, 2010). "Remains of 2 found after Austin plane crash". CNN. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Mitchell, Mike (February 19, 2010). "Suicide Pilot Joseph Andrew Stack Crashes Into IRS Building". AvStop.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. ^ "FAA Registry – N2889D". FAA.gov. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Gold, Russell; Sechler, Bob; Perez, Evan (February 19, 2010). "Tax Protester Crashes Plane Into IRS Office". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2010. ^ "Pilot's communication with tower before crash into office building". February 20, 2010. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. ^ "News 8, KVUE, and KEYE Covering Austin Plane Crash Into Eschelon Building". Media-Newswire.com. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ a b Levin, Alan; Frank, Thomas; Jayson, Sharon (February 19, 2010). "In Austin, a chilling echo of terrorism". USATODAY. Archived from the original on February 28, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. ^ a b Henricks, Mark (February 18, 2010). "AFP: US pilot in plane attack on Texas tax office". AFP. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. ^ Kanalley, Craig (February 18, 2010). "Joe Stack STATEMENT: Alleged Suicide Note From Austin Pilot Posted Online". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ "Embeddedart.com". DomainTools.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ a b c d "Well Mr. Big Brother IRS man... take my pound of flesh and sleep well". Embeddedart.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ a b Veneziani, Vince (February 18, 2010). "Joseph Andrew Stack Revised His Death Letter 27 Times Before Settling On The Final Draft". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ a b "Who Was Joseph Stack?" (video). FoxNews.com. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ Plohetski, Tony (February 19, 2010). "Plane hits Northwest Austin office building". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ Bellacosa, Keri (February 18, 2010). "Eyewitness Describes Debris Hitting Car". Fox 7 Austin. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ Macedo, Diane (February 18, 2010). "Glass Worker Turns Hero After Plane Crashes Into Texas Building". FoxNews.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ a b c Schwartz, Jeremy; Plohetski, Tony (February 20, 2010). "Lucky coincidence may have saved lives". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ "Pilot's Car at Airport Causes Bomb Scare". CBS. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ Flener, Matt (February 24, 2010). "Manager: Crash site building will stand". KXAN. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. ^ MICHAEL COHN (July 18, 2012), "Austin Plane Crash Cost IRS $38.6 Million", Accounting Today, archived from the original on August 20, 2012, retrieved October 9, 2012 ^ "Prime Award Spending Data". USASpending.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2012-10-08. ^ a b An Independent Risk Assessment of Facility Physical Security Was Not Performed in Compliance With Contract Requirements, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, July 25, 2012, archived from the original on September 26, 2012, retrieved October 9, 2012 ^ a b Gibbs, Robert (February 18, 2010). "On the Plane Crash in Austin". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ Jackson, Pat (February 18, 2010). "Small plane is crashed into tax offices in Texas". Reuters AlertNet. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Gallaga, Omar L (February 18, 2010). "New Jersey Web host comments on plane crash-related suicide note site". Digital Savant via Austin360.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Cogan, Marin (February 18, 2010). "Facebook fans praise pilot in plane crash". Politico.com. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ Shiff, Blair (February 18, 2010). "People take to Facebook to defend pilot". KXAN-TV. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ Quigley, Robert (February 18, 2010). "New Facebook Groups Salute Austin Crash Pilot Joe Stack". GeekoSystem. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ Martinez, Edecio; CBS (February 18, 2010). "Joe Stack Was Lone Wolf, Says Austin Police Chief". Crimesider via CBSNews.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016. ^ Yager, Jordy (February 19, 2010). "Muslim group wants government to call plane attack terrorism". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ Madigan, Tim (February 20, 2010). "Experts call Austin plane crash a 'cathartic outburst,' not terrorism". Star-Telegram. Retrieved February 20, 2010. ^ "Story Emerging on Austin Crash". Daily Kos. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010. ^ Jonsson, Patrik (February 18, 2010). "Joe Stack: Antitax 'terrorist' or solo IRS-hater?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Andrea Canning; Lee Ferran (February 22, 2010). "EXCLUSIVE: Stack's Daughter Retracts 'Hero' Statement". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010. ^ Plohetski, Tony (February 23, 2010). "IRS worker's widow sues pilot's wife". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ "Joseph Stack's widow offers public condolences to victims". News8 Austin. March 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010. ^ Fang, Lee (February 22, 2010). "Rep. King Justifies Suicide Attack On IRS: Sympathizes With Hatred Of IRS, Hopes For Its Destruction". Think Progress. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. ^ Hancock, Jason (February 24, 2010). "King on suicide pilot: 'I understand the deep frustration with the I.R.S.'". The Iowa Independent. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. ^ "Noam Chomsky on Joe Stack" on YouTube ^ "Remembering Fascism: Learning From the Past" Archived 2010-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Truthout.org. ^ Ball, Andrea (March 1, 2010). "Threats, contempt come with job for IRS workers". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2020-03-10. External links "Well Mr. Big Brother IRS man... take my pound of flesh and sleep well." – Archive of Stack's suicide note from his website, Embeddedart.com Facebook takes down groups supporting Austin crash pilot at Wikinews vteAviation accidents and incidents in 2010 (2010) Jan 2 Danube Wings Flight 8230Jan 24 Taban Air Flight 6437Jan 25 Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409Feb 18 Austin suicide attackMar 22 Aviastar-TU Flight 1906Apr 7 United Airlines Flight 663Apr 10 Smolensk air disasterApr 13 Cathay Pacific Flight 780Apr 13 Merpati Nusantara Flight 836Apr 13 AeroUnion Flight 302May 12 Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771May 17 Pamir Airways Flight 112May 22 Air India Express Flight 812Jun 19 Air Service Berlin Douglas C-47Jun 20 Aéro-Service C-212 crashJul 26 Israeli Air Force CH-53 crashJul 27 Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460Jul 28 Airblue Flight 202Jul 28 Alaska USAF C-17 crashJul 31 Conair CV-580 crashAug 3 Katekavia Flight 9357Aug 9 Alaskan DHC-3 Turbo OtterAug 16 AIRES Flight 8250Aug 24 Agni Air Flight 101Aug 24 Henan Airlines Flight 8387Aug 25 Filair Let L-410 crashSep 3 UPS Airlines Flight 6Sep 4 Fox Glacier FU-24 crashSep 7 Alrosa Flight 514Sep 13 Conviasa Flight 2350Oct 6 Tajik National Guard Mil Mi-8Oct 12 Transafrik International Flight 662Oct 29 Transatlantic aircraft bomb plotNov 4 Qantas Flight 32Nov 4 Aero Caribbean Flight 883Nov 5 JS Air Flight 201Nov 11 Tarco Air An-24 crashNov 28 Sun Way Flight 4412Dec 4 Dagestan Airlines Flight 372Dec 15 Tara Air Twin Otter crash 2009   ◄    ►   2011
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piper Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"light aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globest100218-5"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox100219-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman-architect-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tc501514-8"},{"link_name":"suicide note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_note"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suicideNote-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIGTA-2012-10-074-10"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"text":"Suicide by pilot in Austin, TexasThe 2010 Austin suicide attack occurred on February 18, 2010, when Andrew Joseph Stack III deliberately crashed his single-engine Piper Dakota light aircraft into Building I of the Echelon office complex in Austin, Texas, United States,[5] killing himself and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) manager Vernon Hunter.[6] Thirteen others were injured, two severely. The four-story[7][8] office building housed an IRS field office occupying the top three floors, along with a couple of private businesses on the first floor. Prior to the crash, Stack had posted a suicide note to his website, expressing his disillusionment with corporations and government agencies such as the IRS.[9] Stack is also suspected of having set fire that morning to his two-story North Austin house, which was mostly destroyed.In the aftermath, there was increased debate over the policies of the IRS, and different forms of protest. In response to the attack, the IRS spent more than $38.6 million,[10] with $6.4 million spent to recover and resume work at the building, and over $32 million spent to increase security at other IRS sites in the U.S. However, the spending on security changes was questioned as being ineffective,[by whom?] as none of it would actually prevent airplanes from crashing into the buildings. The building was repaired by December 2011.","title":"2010 Austin suicide attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"embedded software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_software"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TravisCAD-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn100223-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman100218-13"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breed_Allen_G-14"},{"link_name":"Milton Hershey School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Hershey_School"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Area Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Area_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat100218-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat100220-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breed_Allen_G-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stacks_daughter-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breed_Allen_G-14"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breed_Allen_G-14"},{"link_name":"Velocity Elite XL-RG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_XL"},{"link_name":"Piper Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"aircraft registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breed_Allen_G-14"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailytexan-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb19-18"},{"link_name":"accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant"},{"link_name":"audited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_audit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news8267908-19"}],"text":"Andrew Joseph Stack III (August 31, 1956 – February 18, 2010) lived in the Scofield Farms neighborhood in North Austin, and worked as an embedded software consultant.[11][12][13] He grew up in Pennsylvania and had two brothers and two sisters. Stack was orphaned at age four, and spent some time at a Catholic orphanage.[14] He graduated from the Milton Hershey School in 1974 and studied engineering at Harrisburg Area Community College from 1975 to 1977, but did not graduate.[15][16] His first marriage, to Ginger Stack, which ended in divorce, produced a daughter, Samantha Bell.[14][17] In 2007, Stack married Sheryl Housh, who had a daughter from a previous marriage.[14]In 1985, Stack, along with his first wife, incorporated Prowess Engineering. In 1994, he failed to file a state tax return. In 1998, the Stacks divorced, and a year later his wife filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing Federal tax liabilities totaling nearly $126,000. In 1995, Stack started Software Systems Service Corp, which was suspended in 2004 for non-payment of state taxes.[14]Stack obtained a pilot's certificate in 1994 and owned a Velocity Elite XL-RG plane, in addition to the Piper Dakota (aircraft registration N2889D) he flew into the Echelon building.[14] He had been using the Georgetown Municipal Airport for four and a half years and paid $236.25 a month to rent a hangar.[1] There has been speculation that Stack replaced seats on his aircraft with extra drums of fuel prior to the collision.[18]Stack's accountant confirmed that at the time of the incident, he was being audited by the Internal Revenue Service for failure to report income.[19]","title":"Joseph Stack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb19-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TravisCAD-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myfoxh100218-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox100219-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman251951-21"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat100219-22"},{"link_name":"Piper Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn100218-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avstop210-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA_registry-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj506-26"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breed_Allen_G-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman20100220-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn100218-23"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnwire100218-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acrash19-29"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183"},{"link_name":"Loop 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_1"}],"text":"About an hour before the crash, Stack allegedly set fire to his $230,000[18] house located on Dapplegrey Lane in North Austin;[11][20] the house was mostly destroyed in the fire.[6][21] He then drove to a hangar he rented at Georgetown Municipal Airport, approximately 20 miles to the north.[22] He boarded his single-engine Piper Dakota airplane and took off around 9:45 a.m. Central Standard Time.[23][24][25][26] He indicated to the control tower his flight would be \"going southbound, sir.\"[14] After taking off, his last broadcast words were \"thanks for your help, have a great day.\"[27]About ten minutes later, his plane descended and collided at full speed with Echelon I, a building containing offices for 190 IRS employees, resulting in a large fireball and explosion.[23][28][29] The building is located near the intersection of Research Boulevard (U.S. Route 183) and Mopac Expressway (Loop 1).","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plane crashes into office block in Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Plane_crashes_into_office_block_in_Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman100218-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp100218-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffpost100218-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embeddedart_whois-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embed-suicide_note-33"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time#Time_zones"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(Americas)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rev27-34"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time#Time_zones"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rev27-34"},{"link_name":"bailout of financial institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008"},{"link_name":"conglomerate companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Enron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron"},{"link_name":"Arthur Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen"},{"link_name":"unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Research_and_Manufacturers_of_America"},{"link_name":"health care insurance companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embed-suicide_note-33"},{"link_name":"Tax Reform Act of 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"CPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant"},{"link_name":"IRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foxnews4024706-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foxnews4024706-35"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)"},{"link_name":"pound of flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_need"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embed-suicide_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Suicide note","text":"Wikinews has related news:\n Plane crashes into office block in Austin, TexasOn the morning of the crash, Stack posted a suicide note on his website, embeddedart.com.[13][30][31][32][33] The HTML source code of the web page shows the letter was composed using Microsoft Word starting two days prior, February 16, at 19:24Z (1:24 p.m. CST).[34] The document also shows that it was saved 27 times with the last being February 18 at 06:42Z (12:42 a.m. CST).[34]In the note, he begins by expressing displeasure with the government, the bailout of financial institutions, politicians, the conglomerate companies of General Motors, Enron and Arthur Andersen, unions, drug and health care insurance companies, and the Catholic Church.[33] He then describes his life as an engineer, including his meeting with a poor widow who never got the pension benefits she was promised, the effect of Section 1706 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on independent contractor engineers, the September 11 attacks, airline bailouts that benefited only the airlines but not the suffering engineers, and how a CPA he hired seemed to side with the government to take extra tax money from him.The note also mentions Stack's having issues with taxes, debt, and the IRS and his having a long-running feud with the organization.[35] While the IRS also has a larger regional office in Austin, the field office located in Echelon I performed tax audits, seizures, investigations and collections.[35]The note ended with:I saw it written once that the definition of insanity is repeating the same process over and over and expecting the outcome to suddenly be different. I am finally ready to stop this insanity. Well, Mr. Big Brother IRS man, let's try something different; take my pound of flesh and sleep well.\nThe communist creed: From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.\n\nThe capitalist creed: From each according to his gullibility, to each according to his greed.— Joe Stack (1956–2010), 02/18/2010[33]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox100219-6"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman100219-36"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news8-100219-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox100219-6"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox7-21810-37"},{"link_name":"combat engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox100218-38"},{"link_name":"Travis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hazmat-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hazmat-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hazmat-39"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"bomb disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposal"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs6221286-40"},{"link_name":"inspection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_inspection"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kxanmanager-41"}],"text":"Vernon Hunter, a 68-year-old Revenue Officer Group Manager for the IRS, was killed in the incident along with Joseph Stack.[6][36] Thirteen people were reported as injured, two of them critically. Debris from the crash reportedly shattered the windshield of a car being driven on the southbound access road of Highway 183 in front of the building.[3] Another driver on the southbound access road of Highway 183 had his windows and sunroof shattered during the impact, and had debris fall inside his car, yet escaped uninjured.[6][37] Robin DeHaven, a glass worker and former combat engineer for the United States Army, saw the collision while commuting to a customer's house for his job, and used the extension ladder on his truck to rescue six people from the 2nd floor of the building.[38] By coincidence, the Travis County Hazardous Materials Team — an inter-agency group of firefighters from outside the City of Austin — had just assembled for training across the freeway from the targeted building, observed the low and fast flight of Stack's plane, and heard the blast impact.[39] They immediately responded, attacking the fire and initiating search-and-rescue.[39] Several City of Austin fire engines for the area of the Echelon building were already deployed at the fire at Stack's home at the time of the impact.[39]Georgetown Municipal Airport was temporarily evacuated while a bomb disposal team searched Stack's abandoned vehicle.[40]An inspection into the Echelon building's structural integrity was concluded six days after the incident and a preliminary decision was made to repair the building rather than demolish it.[41] Those repairs were substantially complete by December 2011.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIGTA-2012-10-074-10"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acctoday-42"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIGTA-2012-10-074-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIGTA-2012-10-074-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIGTA-2012-10-074-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIGTA-2012-10-074-10"},{"link_name":"Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Inspector_General_for_Tax_Administration"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usaspending-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigta201210075-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigta201210075-44"}],"sub_title":"Economic costs to IRS","text":"The IRS spent more than $38.6 million after the suicide attack.[10][42]For the immediate response, document recovery, and to resume operations at the center, the IRS spent USD $6,421,942.[10] Of this amount, USD $3,258,213 was spent on document recovery.[10]Also, the IRS spent a total of USD $32.3 million to improve IRS building security across the United States, with USD $32.2 million ($43.6 million in 2023) \"to evaluate and enhance employee safety and physical security at IRS facilities\", although it was not explained what physical security measures were intended to preventing airplanes from flying into buildings.[10] The IRS said, because of the 2010 Austin terrorist attack and the emergency plans in place, there was no direct budgetary impact on the IRS's ability to provide taxpayer services or enforce tax laws.[10]An additional $1,236,634 was spent on a security risk assessment to be performed by the private Georgia based logistical and engineering services firm Unified Consultants Group, Inc. A July 25, 2012 audit, released shortly after the incident cost analysis, performed by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, determined that the contract was mismanaged by the IRS.[43][44] The security-review process was determined to have had multiple problems, and many of the sites were not inspected by the contractor. The audit placed the blame on the IRS agency's individuals responsible for defining, negotiating, and administering the contract, with potentially 100% of funds being used inefficiently and the security improvements of IRS sites may have been ineffective.[44]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn100218-23"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Robert Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitehouse-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitehouse-45"},{"link_name":"North American Aerospace Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"F-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Ellington Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afp100218-30"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alertnet-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austin360-47"},{"link_name":"social networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Art Acevedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Acevedo"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbsnewsLoneWolf-51"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Doggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Doggett"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"the larger-scale tragedy in Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing"},{"link_name":"domestic terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_terrorism"},{"link_name":"Mike McCaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCaul"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathartic_outburst-53"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acrash19-29"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embed-suicide_note-33"},{"link_name":"Daily Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos"},{"link_name":"crony capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism"},{"link_name":"Tea Party movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyKos-54"},{"link_name":"Ace of Spades HQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_of_Spades_HQ"},{"link_name":"right wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_wing"},{"link_name":"politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"health care reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-55"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stacks_daughter-17"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retraction-56"},{"link_name":"wrongful death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_death"},{"link_name":"lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman273334-57"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news8-268727-58"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Steve King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_King"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"IRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"national sales tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sales_tax"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thinkprogress222-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iowa28640-60"},{"link_name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"potentially dangerous taxpayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentially_dangerous_taxpayer"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman306383-63"}],"text":"The United States Department of Homeland Security issued a statement saying that the incident did not appear to be linked to organized international terrorist groups.[23] White House spokesman Robert Gibbs reaffirmed what Homeland Security said, and that President Barack Obama was briefed on the incident.[45] The President expressed his concern and commended the courageous actions of the first responders.[45] The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) launched two F-16 fighter aircraft from Ellington Airport in Houston, Texas, to conduct an air patrol in response to the crash. That action was reported as standard operating procedure in this situation.[30]The company hosting embeddedart.com, T35 Hosting, took Stack's website offline \"due to the sensitive nature of the events that transpired in Texas this morning and in compliance with a request from the FBI.\"[46][47] Several groups supporting Stack on the social networking website Facebook appeared following the incident and the news of the accompanying manifesto. These were immediately shut down by Facebook staff.[48][49][50]Austin police chief Art Acevedo stated that the incident was not the action of a major terrorist organization. He also cited \"some heroic actions on the part of federal employees\" that \"will be told at the appropriate time.\"[51]The Federal Bureau of Investigation stated that it was investigating the incident \"as a criminal matter of an assault on a federal officer\" and that it was not being considered terrorism at this time.[52]However, two members of the United States House of Representatives, both of whose districts include the Austin area, made statements to the contrary. Rep. Lloyd Doggett (D-Texas) stated, \"Like the larger-scale tragedy in Oklahoma City, this was a cowardly act of domestic terrorism.\" Mike McCaul (R-Texas), told a reporter that, \"it sounds like it [was a terrorist attack] to me.\" Georgetown University Professor Bruce Hoffman stated that for this to be considered an act of terrorism, \"there has to be some political motive and it has to send a broader message that seeks some policy change. From what I've heard, that doesn't appear to be the case. It appears he was very mad at the [IRS] and this was a cathartic outburst of violence. His motivation was the key.\"[53] A USA Today headline used the term \"a chilling echo of terrorism.\"[29]Citing the copy of Joseph Stack's note posted online,[33] blogger Joan McCarter observed on the Daily Kos website that, \"Obviously Stack was not a mentally healthy person, and he was embittered at capitalism, including crony capitalism, and health insurance companies and the government.\" She also stated that Stack could not be connected with the Tea Party movement, but argued that the incident \"should inject a bit of caution into the anti-government flame-throwers on the right.\"[54] The website Ace of Spades HQ disputed any connection to the movement and additionally stated Stack was not \"right wing\", citing Stack's criticism of politicians for not doing anything about health care reform.[55]In an interview with ABC's Good Morning America, Joe Stack's adult daughter, Samantha Bell, who now lives in Norway, stated initially that she considered her father to be a hero, because she felt that now people might listen. While she does not agree with his specific actions involving the plane crash, she does agree with his actions about speaking out against \"injustice\" and \"the government.\"[17] Bell subsequently retracted aspects of her statement, saying her father was \"not a hero\" and adding, \"We are mourning for Vernon Hunter.\"[56]Five days after her husband Vernon Hunter's death, Valerie Hunter filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Sheryl Mann Stack, Andrew Joseph Stack's widow in federal District Court. The lawsuit alleges that Sheryl had a duty to \"avoid a foreseeable risk of injury to others,\" including her late husband and failed to do so by not warning others about her late husband. The lawsuit also mentions that Stack was required by law to fly his plane at an altitude 1,000 feet (305 m) above the highest obstacle.[57][needs update] At a March 8, 2010, benefit event, Stack's widow, Sheryl, publicly offered condolences for the victims of the attack.[58]Former Iowa congressman Steve King\n(R-Iowa) has made several statements regarding Stack including,I think if we'd abolished the IRS back when I first advocated it, he wouldn't have a target for his airplane. And I'm still for abolishing the IRS, I've been for it for thirty years and I'm for a national sales tax (in its place).[59][60]Academic and activist Noam Chomsky cited Joe Stack's letter as indicative of some of the public sentiment in the U.S., stated that several of Stack's assertions are accurate or based on real grievances, and urged people to \"help\" the Joseph Stacks of the world get involved in constructive popular movements instead of letting the Joseph Stacks \"destroy themselves, and maybe the world,\" in order to prevent a process similar to how legitimate and valid popular grievances of the German people in the 1920s and 1930s were manipulated by the Nazis towards violence and away from constructive ends.[61][62]The Internal Revenue Service formally designates certain individuals as potentially dangerous taxpayers (PDTs). In response to an inquiry after the attack, an IRS spokesperson declined to state whether Stack had been designated as a PDT.[63]","title":"Reaction"}]
[]
[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Tax protester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_protester"},{"title":"Big government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_government"},{"title":"Domestic terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_terrorism"},{"title":"Suicide by pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot"}]
[{"reference":"Longoria, Bobby (February 22, 2010). \"Community mourns loss of victim in plane crash\". The Daily Texan. Retrieved 2010-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytexanonline.com/top-stories/community-mourns-loss-of-victim-in-plane-crash-1.2163632","url_text":"\"Community mourns loss of victim in plane crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Texan","url_text":"The Daily Texan"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Carlin D (February 18, 2010). \"Joe Stack Plane Crash Austin Aftermath: 13 Injured, Two Critically\". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-plane-crash-austin-aftermath-13-injured-two-critically/","url_text":"\"Joe Stack Plane Crash Austin Aftermath: 13 Injured, Two Critically\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074926/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-plane-crash-austin-aftermath-13-injured-two-critically/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Anna M (February 19, 2010). \"2 dead after plane crashes into North Austin building\". News 8 Austin. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news8austin.com/content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=267349","url_text":"\"2 dead after plane crashes into North Austin building\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222221450/http://www.news8austin.com/content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=267349","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wife of Pilot in Texas Plane Attack Offers 'Sincerest Sympathy' to Victims\". FoxNews.com. Associated Press. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220175709/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586781,00.html","url_text":"\"Wife of Pilot in Texas Plane Attack Offers 'Sincerest Sympathy' to Victims\""},{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586781,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cronan, Carl (February 18, 2010). \"Echelon Building Destroyed in Plane Crash\". GlobeSt.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225231009/http://www.globest.com/news/1601_1601/austin/183606-1.html","url_text":"\"Echelon Building Destroyed in Plane Crash\""},{"url":"http://www.globest.com/news/1601_1601/austin/183606-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kerkman, Maggie (February 19, 2010). \"Victim in Austin Plane Crash Identified\". LiveShots via FoxNews.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222024847/http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/02/19/victim-in-austin-plane-crash-identified/","url_text":"\"Victim in Austin Plane Crash Identified\""},{"url":"http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/02/19/victim-in-austin-plane-crash-identified/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Novak, Shonda (February 18, 2010). \"Building's architect is glad safety features apparently worked\". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statesman.com/news/local/building-s-architect-is-glad-safety-features-apparently-251874.html","url_text":"\"Building's architect is glad safety features apparently worked\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travis County Property Information\". Travis County Appraisal District. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728125303/http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=501514","url_text":"\"Travis County Property Information\""},{"url":"http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=501514","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suicide Note\" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://writing.upenn.edu/epc/mirrors/tomraworth.com/stack.pdf","url_text":"\"Suicide Note\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accounting for the Austin Incident\". Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. July 10, 2012. pp. 3, 4, and 5. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210074_oa_highlights.html","url_text":"\"Accounting for the Austin Incident\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Inspector_General_for_Tax_Administration","url_text":"Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926112047/http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210074_oa_highlights.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TaxNetUSA: Travis County Property Information\". TravisCAD.org. Travis Central Appraisal District. February 16, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221121744/http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=362591","url_text":"\"TaxNetUSA: Travis County Property Information\""},{"url":"http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=362591","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pilot, IRS worker identified as those killed in Texas crash\". CNN. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/22/texas.plane.crash/index.html","url_text":"\"Pilot, IRS worker identified as those killed in Texas crash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224174953/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/22/texas.plane.crash/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grisales, Claudia (February 18, 2010). \"Burned house, plane crash linked to same person\". The Blotter via Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/18/house_fire_in_north_austin.html","url_text":"\"Burned house, plane crash linked to same person\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221053026/http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/18/house_fire_in_north_austin.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Breed, Allen G. (February 21, 2010). \"Simmering for decades, a Texas engineer's grudge against the IRS explodes into suicidal flight\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226191529/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-stacks-journey%2C0%2C7094353.story?page=1","url_text":"\"Simmering for decades, a Texas engineer's grudge against the IRS explodes into suicidal flight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-stacks-journey,0,7094353.story?page=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Root, Jay; Carlton, Jeff (February 18, 2010). \"Friends and band mates say they never saw Texas pilot's passion for a bitter feud with the IRS\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223054613/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-pilot%2C0%2C5307694.story","url_text":"\"Friends and band mates say they never saw Texas pilot's passion for a bitter feud with the IRS\""},{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-pilot,0,5307694.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fausset, Richard (February 20, 2010). \"Austin pilot 'was always even-keeled'\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-na-plane-crash-austin20-2010feb20,0,7182522.story","url_text":"\"Austin pilot 'was always even-keeled'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daughter says pilot in Texas IRS crash was a hero\". Arizona Republic. February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/02/22/20100222pilot-called-hero.html","url_text":"\"Daughter says pilot in Texas IRS crash was a hero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Republic","url_text":"Arizona Republic"}]},{"reference":"Mattingly, David; Lavandera, Ed; Cratty, Carol (February 20, 2010). \"Texas plane may have been loaded with extra fuel\". CNN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/19/texas.plane.crash/index.html","url_text":"\"Texas plane may have been loaded with extra fuel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223021711/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/19/texas.plane.crash/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stack in middle of audit at time of crash\". News8 Austin. February 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news8austin.com/content/your_news/default.asp?ArID=267903","url_text":"\"Stack in middle of audit at time of crash\""}]},{"reference":"Delony, Doug; Associated Press staff (February 18, 2010). \"Austin Plane Crash, House Fire Could Be Connected\". MyFoxHouston.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/news/texas/100218-austin-plane-crash-house-fire-connected","url_text":"\"Austin Plane Crash, House Fire Could Be Connected\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222032109/http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/news/texas/100218-austin-plane-crash-house-fire-connected","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, Suzannah (February 19, 2010). \"Plane crash suspect's home mostly destroyed by fire\". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120922/NEWS/309229018","url_text":"\"Plane crash suspect's home mostly destroyed by fire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221064706/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/plane-crash-suspect-s-home-mostly-destroyed-by-251951.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fausset, Richard (February 19, 2010). \"Suicide pilot crashes into building in Texas housing IRS offices\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/19/nation/la-na-plane-crash-austin19-2010feb19","url_text":"\"Suicide pilot crashes into building in Texas housing IRS offices\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223013141/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/19/nation/la-na-plane-crash-austin19-2010feb19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meserve, Jeanne; Simon, Mallory (February 18, 2010). \"Remains of 2 found after Austin plane crash\". CNN. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/18/texas.plane.crash/index.html","url_text":"\"Remains of 2 found after Austin plane crash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220072734/http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/18/texas.plane.crash/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Mike (February 19, 2010). \"Suicide Pilot Joseph Andrew Stack Crashes Into IRS Building\". AvStop.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://avstop.com/news_feb_2010/Suicide_Pilot_Joseph_Andrew_Stack_Crashes_Into_IRS_Building.htm","url_text":"\"Suicide Pilot Joseph Andrew Stack Crashes Into IRS Building\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101029200102/http://avstop.com/news_feb_2010/Suicide_Pilot_Joseph_Andrew_Stack_Crashes_Into_IRS_Building.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry – N2889D\". FAA.gov. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=2889D","url_text":"\"FAA Registry – N2889D\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222202341/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=2889D","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gold, Russell; Sechler, Bob; Perez, Evan (February 19, 2010). \"Tax Protester Crashes Plane Into IRS Office\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315004575073401102945506","url_text":"\"Tax Protester Crashes Plane Into IRS Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150611063844/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315004575073401102945506","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pilot's communication with tower before crash into office building\". February 20, 2010. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/20/pilots_communication_with_towe.html","url_text":"\"Pilot's communication with tower before crash into office building\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225041555/http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/20/pilots_communication_with_towe.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News 8, KVUE, and KEYE Covering Austin Plane Crash Into Eschelon Building\". Media-Newswire.com. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://media-newswire.com/release_1112649.html","url_text":"\"News 8, KVUE, and KEYE Covering Austin Plane Crash Into Eschelon Building\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221171946/http://media-newswire.com/release_1112649.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Levin, Alan; Frank, Thomas; Jayson, Sharon (February 19, 2010). \"In Austin, a chilling echo of terrorism\". USATODAY. Archived from the original on February 28, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/NEWS/usaedition/2010-02-19-1Acrash19_CV_U.htm","url_text":"\"In Austin, a chilling echo of terrorism\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100228010156/http://www.usatoday.com/NEWS/usaedition/2010-02-19-1Acrash19_CV_U.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Henricks, Mark (February 18, 2010). \"AFP: US pilot in plane attack on Texas tax office\". AFP. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225061522/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gG8OrV8qf8ZJK4vUET3IW1qHm4dA","url_text":"\"AFP: US pilot in plane attack on Texas tax office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"AFP"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gG8OrV8qf8ZJK4vUET3IW1qHm4dA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kanalley, Craig (February 18, 2010). \"Joe Stack STATEMENT: Alleged Suicide Note From Austin Pilot Posted Online\". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/18/joe-stack-statement-alleg_n_467539.html","url_text":"\"Joe Stack STATEMENT: Alleged Suicide Note From Austin Pilot Posted Online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221081748/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/18/joe-stack-statement-alleg_n_467539.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Embeddedart.com\". DomainTools.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://whois.domaintools.com/embeddedart.com","url_text":"\"Embeddedart.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160130130515/http://whois.domaintools.com/embeddedart.com","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Well Mr. Big Brother IRS man... take my pound of flesh and sleep well\". Embeddedart.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100227020404/http://www.embeddedart.com/","url_text":"\"Well Mr. Big Brother IRS man... take my pound of flesh and sleep well\""},{"url":"http://embeddedart.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Veneziani, Vince (February 18, 2010). \"Joseph Andrew Stack Revised His Death Letter 27 Times Before Settling On The Final Draft\". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/joe-stack-revised-his-death-letter-27-times-before-settling-on-the-final-draft-2010-2","url_text":"\"Joseph Andrew Stack Revised His Death Letter 27 Times Before Settling On The Final Draft\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221124947/http://www.businessinsider.com/joe-stack-revised-his-death-letter-27-times-before-settling-on-the-final-draft-2010-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who Was Joseph Stack?\" (video). FoxNews.com. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://video.foxnews.com/v/4024706/who-was-joseph-stack","url_text":"\"Who Was Joseph Stack?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224220240/http://video.foxnews.com/v/4024706/who-was-joseph-stack","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Plohetski, Tony (February 19, 2010). \"Plane hits Northwest Austin office building\". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120922/NEWS/309229211","url_text":"\"Plane hits Northwest Austin office building\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221064711/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/plane-hits-northwest-austin-office-building-251925.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bellacosa, Keri (February 18, 2010). \"Eyewitness Describes Debris Hitting Car\". Fox 7 Austin. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myfoxaustin.com/dpp/news/local/21810-Eyewitness-Describes-Debris-Hitting-Car","url_text":"\"Eyewitness Describes Debris Hitting Car\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223021713/http://www.myfoxaustin.com/dpp/news/local/21810-Eyewitness-Describes-Debris-Hitting-Car","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Macedo, Diane (February 18, 2010). \"Glass Worker Turns Hero After Plane Crashes Into Texas Building\". FoxNews.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220175658/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586682,00.html","url_text":"\"Glass Worker Turns Hero After Plane Crashes Into Texas Building\""},{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586682,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Jeremy; Plohetski, Tony (February 20, 2010). \"Lucky coincidence may have saved lives\". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/NEWS/20120920/Lucky-coincidence-may-have-saved-lives","url_text":"\"Lucky coincidence may have saved lives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223074248/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/lucky-coincidence-may-have-saved-lives-262042.html?imw=Y","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pilot's Car at Airport Causes Bomb Scare\". CBS. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/18/national/main6221286.shtml","url_text":"\"Pilot's Car at Airport Causes Bomb Scare\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223013836/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/18/national/main6221286.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flener, Matt (February 24, 2010). \"Manager: Crash site building will stand\". KXAN. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226180410/http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/manager%3A-crash-site-building-will-stand","url_text":"\"Manager: Crash site building will stand\""},{"url":"http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/manager%3A-crash-site-building-will-stand","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MICHAEL COHN (July 18, 2012), \"Austin Plane Crash Cost IRS $38.6 Million\", Accounting Today, archived from the original on August 20, 2012, retrieved October 9, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accountingtoday.com/news/irs-plane-crash-austin-63334-1.html","url_text":"\"Austin Plane Crash Cost IRS $38.6 Million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820032645/http://www.accountingtoday.com/news/irs-plane-crash-austin-63334-1.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Award Spending Data\". USASpending.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2012-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121214161520/http://www.usaspending.gov/search?form_fields=%7B%22search_term%22:%22TIRNO-10-C-00041%22%7D","url_text":"\"Prime Award Spending Data\""},{"url":"http://www.usaspending.gov/search?form_fields=%7B%22search_term%22%3A%22TIRNO-10-C-00041%22%7D","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"An Independent Risk Assessment of Facility Physical Security Was Not Performed in Compliance With Contract Requirements, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, July 25, 2012, archived from the original on September 26, 2012, retrieved October 9, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210075_oa_highlights.html","url_text":"An Independent Risk Assessment of Facility Physical Security Was Not Performed in Compliance With Contract Requirements"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926113718/http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210075_oa_highlights.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Robert (February 18, 2010). \"On the Plane Crash in Austin\". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gibbs","url_text":"Gibbs, Robert"},{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/02/18/plane-crash-austin","url_text":"\"On the Plane Crash in Austin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170127092724/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/02/18/plane-crash-austin","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Pat (February 18, 2010). \"Small plane is crashed into tax offices in Texas\". Reuters AlertNet. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N18209435.htm","url_text":"\"Small plane is crashed into tax offices in Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Gallaga, Omar L (February 18, 2010). \"New Jersey Web host comments on plane crash-related suicide note site\". Digital Savant via Austin360.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austin360.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/digitalsavant/entries/2010/02/18/new_jersey_web.html","url_text":"\"New Jersey Web host comments on plane crash-related suicide note site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221092209/http://www.austin360.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/digitalsavant/entries/2010/02/18/new_jersey_web.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cogan, Marin (February 18, 2010). \"Facebook fans praise pilot in plane crash\". Politico.com. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/02/18/20100218plane-crash-facebook-fans-politico.html","url_text":"\"Facebook fans praise pilot in plane crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico.com","url_text":"Politico.com"}]},{"reference":"Shiff, Blair (February 18, 2010). \"People take to Facebook to defend pilot\". KXAN-TV. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221060045/http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/local/people-take-to-facebook-to-defend-pilot","url_text":"\"People take to Facebook to defend pilot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXAN-TV","url_text":"KXAN-TV"},{"url":"http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/local/people-take-to-facebook-to-defend-pilot","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Quigley, Robert (February 18, 2010). \"New Facebook Groups Salute Austin Crash Pilot Joe Stack\". GeekoSystem. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geekosystem.com/joe-stack-facebook-groups-joseph-andrew-stack/","url_text":"\"New Facebook Groups Salute Austin Crash Pilot Joe Stack\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221075127/http://www.geekosystem.com/joe-stack-facebook-groups-joseph-andrew-stack/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Edecio; CBS (February 18, 2010). \"Joe Stack Was Lone Wolf, Says Austin Police Chief\". Crimesider via CBSNews.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-was-lone-wolf-says-austin-police-chief/","url_text":"\"Joe Stack Was Lone Wolf, Says Austin Police Chief\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085347/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-was-lone-wolf-says-austin-police-chief/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yager, Jordy (February 19, 2010). \"Muslim group wants government to call plane attack terrorism\". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/61922-muslim-group-wants-government-to-call-plane-attack-terrorism/","url_text":"\"Muslim group wants government to call plane attack terrorism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Hill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223033855/http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/82387-muslim-group-wants-government-to-call-austin-plane-attack-terrorism","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Madigan, Tim (February 20, 2010). \"Experts call Austin plane crash a 'cathartic outburst,' not terrorism\". Star-Telegram. Retrieved February 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.star-telegram.com/crime/story/1983037.html","url_text":"\"Experts call Austin plane crash a 'cathartic outburst,' not terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Story Emerging on Austin Crash\". Daily Kos. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailykos.com/story/2010/2/18/838350/-Story-Emerging-on-Austin-Crash","url_text":"\"Story Emerging on Austin Crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos","url_text":"Daily Kos"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221054042/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2010/2/18/838350/-Story-Emerging-on-Austin-Crash","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jonsson, Patrik (February 18, 2010). \"Joe Stack: Antitax 'terrorist' or solo IRS-hater?\". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0218/Joe-Stack-Antitax-terrorist-or-solo-IRS-hater","url_text":"\"Joe Stack: Antitax 'terrorist' or solo IRS-hater?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor","url_text":"The Christian Science Monitor"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220235215/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0218/Joe-Stack-Antitax-terrorist-or-solo-IRS-hater","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andrea Canning; Lee Ferran (February 22, 2010). \"EXCLUSIVE: Stack's Daughter Retracts 'Hero' Statement\". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/joe-stacks-daughter-samantha-bell-calls-dad-hero/story?id=9903329","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Stack's Daughter Retracts 'Hero' Statement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224081605/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/joe-stacks-daughter-samantha-bell-calls-dad-hero/story?id=9903329","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Plohetski, Tony (February 23, 2010). \"IRS worker's widow sues pilot's wife\". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120920/NEWS/309208971","url_text":"\"IRS worker's widow sues pilot's wife\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226182244/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/irs-workers-widow-sues-pilots-wife-273334.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Stack's widow offers public condolences to victims\". News8 Austin. March 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news8austin.com/content/your_news/default.asp?ArID=268727","url_text":"\"Joseph Stack's widow offers public condolences to victims\""}]},{"reference":"Fang, Lee (February 22, 2010). \"Rep. King Justifies Suicide Attack On IRS: Sympathizes With Hatred Of IRS, Hopes For Its Destruction\". Think Progress. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://thinkprogress.org/2010/02/22/king-justifies-irs-terrorism/","url_text":"\"Rep. King Justifies Suicide Attack On IRS: Sympathizes With Hatred Of IRS, Hopes For Its Destruction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Progress","url_text":"Think Progress"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224103810/http://thinkprogress.org/2010/02/22/king-justifies-irs-terrorism/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hancock, Jason (February 24, 2010). \"King on suicide pilot: 'I understand the deep frustration with the I.R.S.'\". The Iowa Independent. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310015727/http://iowaindependent.com/28640/king-on-suicide-pilot-i-understand-the-deep-frustration-with-the-i-r-s","url_text":"\"King on suicide pilot: 'I understand the deep frustration with the I.R.S.'\""},{"url":"http://iowaindependent.com/28640/king-on-suicide-pilot-i-understand-the-deep-frustration-with-the-i-r-s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Andrea (March 1, 2010). \"Threats, contempt come with job for IRS workers\". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2020-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120901/NEWS/309016332","url_text":"\"Threats, contempt come with job for IRS workers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman","url_text":"Austin American-Statesman"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304060914/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/threats-contempt-come-with-job-for-irs-workers-306383.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2010_Austin_suicide_attack&params=30_23_6_N_97_44_37_W_dim:500_type:event_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"30°23′6″N 97°44′37″W / 30.38500°N 97.74361°W / 30.38500; -97.74361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2010_Austin_suicide_attack&params=30_23_6_N_97_44_37_W_dim:500_type:event_region:US-TX","external_links_name":"30°23′6″N 97°44′37″W / 30.38500°N 97.74361°W / 30.38500; -97.74361"},{"Link":"http://www.dailytexanonline.com/top-stories/community-mourns-loss-of-victim-in-plane-crash-1.2163632","external_links_name":"\"Community mourns loss of victim in plane crash\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-plane-crash-austin-aftermath-13-injured-two-critically/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Stack Plane Crash Austin Aftermath: 13 Injured, Two Critically\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074926/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-plane-crash-austin-aftermath-13-injured-two-critically/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.news8austin.com/content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=267349","external_links_name":"\"2 dead after plane crashes into North Austin building\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222221450/http://www.news8austin.com/content/top_stories/default.asp?ArID=267349","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220175709/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586781,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Wife of Pilot in Texas Plane Attack Offers 'Sincerest Sympathy' to Victims\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586781,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225231009/http://www.globest.com/news/1601_1601/austin/183606-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Echelon Building Destroyed in Plane Crash\""},{"Link":"http://www.globest.com/news/1601_1601/austin/183606-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222024847/http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/02/19/victim-in-austin-plane-crash-identified/","external_links_name":"\"Victim in Austin Plane Crash Identified\""},{"Link":"http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/02/19/victim-in-austin-plane-crash-identified/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.statesman.com/news/local/building-s-architect-is-glad-safety-features-apparently-251874.html","external_links_name":"\"Building's architect is glad safety features apparently worked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728125303/http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=501514","external_links_name":"\"Travis County Property Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=501514","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://writing.upenn.edu/epc/mirrors/tomraworth.com/stack.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Suicide Note\""},{"Link":"http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210074_oa_highlights.html","external_links_name":"\"Accounting for the Austin Incident\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926112047/http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210074_oa_highlights.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221121744/http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=362591","external_links_name":"\"TaxNetUSA: Travis County Property Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.traviscad.org/travisdetail.php?theKey=362591","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/22/texas.plane.crash/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Pilot, IRS worker identified as those killed in Texas crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224174953/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/22/texas.plane.crash/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/18/house_fire_in_north_austin.html","external_links_name":"\"Burned house, plane crash linked to same person\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221053026/http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/18/house_fire_in_north_austin.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226191529/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-stacks-journey%2C0%2C7094353.story?page=1","external_links_name":"\"Simmering for decades, a Texas engineer's grudge against the IRS explodes into suicidal flight\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-stacks-journey,0,7094353.story?page=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223054613/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-pilot%2C0%2C5307694.story","external_links_name":"\"Friends and band mates say they never saw Texas pilot's passion for a bitter feud with the IRS\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-plane-crash-pilot,0,5307694.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-na-plane-crash-austin20-2010feb20,0,7182522.story","external_links_name":"\"Austin pilot 'was always even-keeled'\""},{"Link":"http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/02/22/20100222pilot-called-hero.html","external_links_name":"\"Daughter says pilot in Texas IRS crash was a hero\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/19/texas.plane.crash/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas plane may have been loaded with extra fuel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223021711/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/19/texas.plane.crash/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news8austin.com/content/your_news/default.asp?ArID=267903","external_links_name":"\"Stack in middle of audit at time of crash\""},{"Link":"http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/news/texas/100218-austin-plane-crash-house-fire-connected","external_links_name":"\"Austin Plane Crash, House Fire Could Be Connected\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222032109/http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/news/texas/100218-austin-plane-crash-house-fire-connected","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120922/NEWS/309229018","external_links_name":"\"Plane crash suspect's home mostly destroyed by fire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221064706/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/plane-crash-suspect-s-home-mostly-destroyed-by-251951.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/19/nation/la-na-plane-crash-austin19-2010feb19","external_links_name":"\"Suicide pilot crashes into building in Texas housing IRS offices\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223013141/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/19/nation/la-na-plane-crash-austin19-2010feb19","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/18/texas.plane.crash/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Remains of 2 found after Austin plane crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220072734/http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/18/texas.plane.crash/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://avstop.com/news_feb_2010/Suicide_Pilot_Joseph_Andrew_Stack_Crashes_Into_IRS_Building.htm","external_links_name":"\"Suicide Pilot Joseph Andrew Stack Crashes Into IRS Building\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101029200102/http://avstop.com/news_feb_2010/Suicide_Pilot_Joseph_Andrew_Stack_Crashes_Into_IRS_Building.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=2889D","external_links_name":"\"FAA Registry – N2889D\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222202341/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=2889D","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315004575073401102945506","external_links_name":"\"Tax Protester Crashes Plane Into IRS Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150611063844/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315004575073401102945506","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/20/pilots_communication_with_towe.html","external_links_name":"\"Pilot's communication with tower before crash into office building\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225041555/http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/blotter/entries/2010/02/20/pilots_communication_with_towe.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://media-newswire.com/release_1112649.html","external_links_name":"\"News 8, KVUE, and KEYE Covering Austin Plane Crash Into Eschelon Building\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221171946/http://media-newswire.com/release_1112649.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/NEWS/usaedition/2010-02-19-1Acrash19_CV_U.htm","external_links_name":"\"In Austin, a chilling echo of terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100228010156/http://www.usatoday.com/NEWS/usaedition/2010-02-19-1Acrash19_CV_U.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225061522/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gG8OrV8qf8ZJK4vUET3IW1qHm4dA","external_links_name":"\"AFP: US pilot in plane attack on Texas tax office\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gG8OrV8qf8ZJK4vUET3IW1qHm4dA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/18/joe-stack-statement-alleg_n_467539.html","external_links_name":"\"Joe Stack STATEMENT: Alleged Suicide Note From Austin Pilot Posted Online\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221081748/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/18/joe-stack-statement-alleg_n_467539.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://whois.domaintools.com/embeddedart.com","external_links_name":"\"Embeddedart.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160130130515/http://whois.domaintools.com/embeddedart.com","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100227020404/http://www.embeddedart.com/","external_links_name":"\"Well Mr. Big Brother IRS man... take my pound of flesh and sleep well\""},{"Link":"http://embeddedart.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/joe-stack-revised-his-death-letter-27-times-before-settling-on-the-final-draft-2010-2","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Andrew Stack Revised His Death Letter 27 Times Before Settling On The Final Draft\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221124947/http://www.businessinsider.com/joe-stack-revised-his-death-letter-27-times-before-settling-on-the-final-draft-2010-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://video.foxnews.com/v/4024706/who-was-joseph-stack","external_links_name":"\"Who Was Joseph Stack?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224220240/http://video.foxnews.com/v/4024706/who-was-joseph-stack","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120922/NEWS/309229211","external_links_name":"\"Plane hits Northwest Austin office building\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221064711/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/plane-hits-northwest-austin-office-building-251925.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.myfoxaustin.com/dpp/news/local/21810-Eyewitness-Describes-Debris-Hitting-Car","external_links_name":"\"Eyewitness Describes Debris Hitting Car\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223021713/http://www.myfoxaustin.com/dpp/news/local/21810-Eyewitness-Describes-Debris-Hitting-Car","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220175658/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586682,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Glass Worker Turns Hero After Plane Crashes Into Texas Building\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,586682,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.statesman.com/NEWS/20120920/Lucky-coincidence-may-have-saved-lives","external_links_name":"\"Lucky coincidence may have saved lives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223074248/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/lucky-coincidence-may-have-saved-lives-262042.html?imw=Y","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/18/national/main6221286.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Pilot's Car at Airport Causes Bomb Scare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223013836/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/18/national/main6221286.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226180410/http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/manager%3A-crash-site-building-will-stand","external_links_name":"\"Manager: Crash site building will stand\""},{"Link":"http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/manager%3A-crash-site-building-will-stand","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.accountingtoday.com/news/irs-plane-crash-austin-63334-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Austin Plane Crash Cost IRS $38.6 Million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820032645/http://www.accountingtoday.com/news/irs-plane-crash-austin-63334-1.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121214161520/http://www.usaspending.gov/search?form_fields=%7B%22search_term%22:%22TIRNO-10-C-00041%22%7D","external_links_name":"\"Prime Award Spending Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.usaspending.gov/search?form_fields=%7B%22search_term%22%3A%22TIRNO-10-C-00041%22%7D","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210075_oa_highlights.html","external_links_name":"An Independent Risk Assessment of Facility Physical Security Was Not Performed in Compliance With Contract Requirements"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926113718/http://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2012reports/201210075_oa_highlights.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/02/18/plane-crash-austin","external_links_name":"\"On the Plane Crash in Austin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170127092724/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/02/18/plane-crash-austin","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N18209435.htm","external_links_name":"\"Small plane is crashed into tax offices in Texas\""},{"Link":"http://www.austin360.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/digitalsavant/entries/2010/02/18/new_jersey_web.html","external_links_name":"\"New Jersey Web host comments on plane crash-related suicide note site\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221092209/http://www.austin360.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/digitalsavant/entries/2010/02/18/new_jersey_web.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/02/18/20100218plane-crash-facebook-fans-politico.html","external_links_name":"\"Facebook fans praise pilot in plane crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221060045/http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/local/people-take-to-facebook-to-defend-pilot","external_links_name":"\"People take to Facebook to defend pilot\""},{"Link":"http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/local/people-take-to-facebook-to-defend-pilot","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.geekosystem.com/joe-stack-facebook-groups-joseph-andrew-stack/","external_links_name":"\"New Facebook Groups Salute Austin Crash Pilot Joe Stack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221075127/http://www.geekosystem.com/joe-stack-facebook-groups-joseph-andrew-stack/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-was-lone-wolf-says-austin-police-chief/","external_links_name":"\"Joe Stack Was Lone Wolf, Says Austin Police Chief\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085347/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/joe-stack-was-lone-wolf-says-austin-police-chief/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/61922-muslim-group-wants-government-to-call-plane-attack-terrorism/","external_links_name":"\"Muslim group wants government to call plane attack terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223033855/http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/82387-muslim-group-wants-government-to-call-austin-plane-attack-terrorism","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.star-telegram.com/crime/story/1983037.html","external_links_name":"\"Experts call Austin plane crash a 'cathartic outburst,' not terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailykos.com/story/2010/2/18/838350/-Story-Emerging-on-Austin-Crash","external_links_name":"\"Story Emerging on Austin Crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221054042/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2010/2/18/838350/-Story-Emerging-on-Austin-Crash","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0218/Joe-Stack-Antitax-terrorist-or-solo-IRS-hater","external_links_name":"\"Joe Stack: Antitax 'terrorist' or solo IRS-hater?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220235215/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0218/Joe-Stack-Antitax-terrorist-or-solo-IRS-hater","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/joe-stacks-daughter-samantha-bell-calls-dad-hero/story?id=9903329","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Stack's Daughter Retracts 'Hero' Statement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224081605/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/joe-stacks-daughter-samantha-bell-calls-dad-hero/story?id=9903329","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120920/NEWS/309208971","external_links_name":"\"IRS worker's widow sues pilot's wife\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226182244/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/irs-workers-widow-sues-pilots-wife-273334.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.news8austin.com/content/your_news/default.asp?ArID=268727","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Stack's widow offers public condolences to victims\""},{"Link":"http://thinkprogress.org/2010/02/22/king-justifies-irs-terrorism/","external_links_name":"\"Rep. King Justifies Suicide Attack On IRS: Sympathizes With Hatred Of IRS, Hopes For Its Destruction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224103810/http://thinkprogress.org/2010/02/22/king-justifies-irs-terrorism/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310015727/http://iowaindependent.com/28640/king-on-suicide-pilot-i-understand-the-deep-frustration-with-the-i-r-s","external_links_name":"\"King on suicide pilot: 'I understand the deep frustration with the I.R.S.'\""},{"Link":"http://iowaindependent.com/28640/king-on-suicide-pilot-i-understand-the-deep-frustration-with-the-i-r-s","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTbfUlGt2Sw","external_links_name":"\"Noam Chomsky on Joe Stack\""},{"Link":"http://www.truthout.org/remembering-fascism-learning-from-past58724","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Fascism: Learning From the Past\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100424092337/http://www.truthout.org//remembering-fascism-learning-from-past58724","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.statesman.com/article/20120901/NEWS/309016332","external_links_name":"\"Threats, contempt come with job for IRS workers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304060914/http://www.statesman.com/news/local/threats-contempt-come-with-job-for-irs-workers-306383.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100227020404/http://www.embeddedart.com/","external_links_name":"\"Well Mr. Big Brother IRS man... take my pound of flesh and sleep well.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/*/Embeddedart.com","external_links_name":"Embeddedart.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_M%C3%A4kinen
Matti Mäkinen
["1 See also","2 References"]
Finnish orienteering competitor Matti Mäkinen Medal record Men's orienteering Representing  Finland World Championships 1976 Aviemore Relay Matti Mäkinen (born 18 January 1947 in Paimio) is a Finnish orienteering competitor. He received a bronze medal in the relay event at the 1976 World Orienteering Championships in Aviemore, together with Hannu Mäkirinta, Markku Salminen and Kimmo Rauhamäki. See also List of orienteers List of orienteering events References ^ "World Orienteering Championships 1976". International Orienteering Federation. Retrieved 14 July 2017. This biographical article about a Finnish orienteer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paimio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paimio"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"orienteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering"},{"link_name":"competitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition"},{"link_name":"bronze medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_race"},{"link_name":"World Orienteering Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Orienteering_Championships"},{"link_name":"Hannu Mäkirinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannu_M%C3%A4kirinta"},{"link_name":"Markku Salminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markku_Salminen"},{"link_name":"Kimmo Rauhamäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmo_Rauham%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iof-woc1976-1"}],"text":"Matti Mäkinen (born 18 January 1947 in Paimio) is a Finnish orienteering competitor. He received a bronze medal in the relay event at the 1976 World Orienteering Championships in Aviemore, together with Hannu Mäkirinta, Markku Salminen and Kimmo Rauhamäki.[1]","title":"Matti Mäkinen"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of orienteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orienteers"},{"title":"List of orienteering events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orienteering_events"}]
[{"reference":"\"World Orienteering Championships 1976\". International Orienteering Federation. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://orienteering.org/events/?event_id=21","url_text":"\"World Orienteering Championships 1976\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Orienteering_Federation","url_text":"International Orienteering Federation"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://orienteering.org/events/?event_id=21","external_links_name":"\"World Orienteering Championships 1976\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matti_M%C3%A4kinen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Koshland
Marian Koshland
["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]
American immunologist (1921–1997) Marian KoshlandBornMarian ElliottOctober 25, 1921New Haven, Connecticut, USDiedOctober 28, 1997(1997-10-28) (aged 76)Berkeley, California, USAlma materVassar College (B.S.)University of Chicago (M.S.; Ph.D.)Known forResearch into antibodies and immune responseSpouseDaniel E. Koshland Jr. (1920–2007)Children5, including Douglas KoshlandAwardsFASEB Excellence in Science Award (1989)Scientific careerFieldsImmunology, bacteriologyInstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley Marian Elliott "Bunny" Koshland (October 25, 1921 – October 28, 1997) was an American immunologist who discovered that the differences in amino acid composition of antibodies explain the efficiency and effectiveness with which they combat a huge range of foreign invaders. Biography Marian Elliott was born on October 25, 1921, in New Haven, Connecticut, to Margrethe Schmidt Elliott and Walter Elliott. Her mother was a teacher who had emigrated from Denmark and her father was a hardware salesman of Southern Baptist background. When she was four, her younger brother contracted typhoid fever, and she was tutored by two neighbor girls. She was something of a tomboy, befriending three Jewish boys with whom she would attend Works Progress Administration theater productions. She was the only girl in her class who dared to handle a three-foot black constrictor snake, for which she won a can of rattlesnake meat. Marian attended Vassar College in New York and graduated in 1942 with a degree in bacteriology. She then attended the University of Chicago, where she received her M.S. in bacteriology in 1943. In Chicago, she worked on reducing the spread of respiratory diseases and was a member of a research team that developed a vaccine for cholera. While at Chicago, she met Daniel E. Koshland Jr., a biochemist and heir to the Levi Strauss fortune. In 1945, she joined him in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and spent a year working on the Manhattan Project, researching the biological effects of radiation. The two married in 1946 and returned to Chicago, where Marian received her Ph.D. in immunology from the University of Chicago in 1949. Marian's sister-in-law later recalled that her professor did not want to give her a Ph.D. because Marian was pregnant and he thought she would waste it. In 1949, she moved with Daniel to Boston, where Marian spent two years in a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard Medical School's Department of Bacteriology. They later both worked at the Brookhaven National Laboratory for 13 years. In the early 1950s, Marian Koshland demonstrated the molecular differences between serum-borne and secreted antibodies. By the 1960s, she had turned her attention to the origins of antibody specificity. Jim Allison, a colleague from Berkeley, said "Bunny analyzed polyclonal antibodies directed against two different haptens, and on the basis of exquisitely careful amino acid composition analyses, convincingly showed that these antibodies had different amino acid compositions and therefore must differ in their amino acid sequence. These data had a profound effect on theories of antibody formation and how antibody specificity was generated. Legend has it that at the annual meeting of the American Association of Immunology where she first presented her data, her talk was received by a standing ovation—quite high praise indeed." In 1965, Koshland became a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, joining its faculty in 1970. She studied molecular biology with David Baltimore in his M.I.T. lab in the late 1970s. From 1982 to 1989 she was chair of Berkeley's Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Later she led that department's Graduate Affairs Division. She also served on the board of the National Science Foundation and was a president of the Council of American Association of Immunologists in 1982 and in 1983. She won the inaugural Excellence in Science Award from the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in 1989 and was honored by the AAI Committee for the Status of Women in Science. Koshland died in Berkeley, California, on October 28, 1997, of lung cancer. The Marian Koshland Science Museum was in Washington, D.C., and featured exhibits geared toward the general public; the Marian E. Koshland Integrated Natural Science Center at Haverford College houses the elite liberal arts college's science departments. Both are named in her honor. Koshland's children, Catherine Koshland and Douglas Koshland, both attended Haverford and, as of September 2021, hold positions at U.C. Berkeley; Catherine has served as executive vice chancellor and provost since July 1, 2021, and Douglas is a professor of molecular and cell biology. Entrance to the Marian Koshland Bioscience and Natural Resource Library in the Valley Life Sciences Building, at U.C.B. Publications Koshland, Marian E.; Englberger, Frieda M.; Shapanka, Rosyln (March 1964). "Differences in the Amino Acid Composition of a Third Rabbit Antibody". Science. 143 (3612): 1330–1331. Bibcode:1964Sci...143.1330K. doi:10.1126/science.143.3612.1330. PMID 17799240. S2CID 35924531. Koshland, Marian Elliott (April 1996). "Sheer Luck Made Me An Immunologist". Annual Review of Immunology. 14: viii–xv. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00. PMID 8962690. References ^ a b c d e f g Guyer, Ruth Levy. "Marian E. Koshland Biographical Memoir" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved July 9, 2012. ^ Koshland, Marian Elliott (April 1996). "Sheer Luck Made Me An Immunologist". Annual Review of Immunology. 14: viii–xv. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00. PMID 8962690. ^ Barron, James (October 30, 1997). "Marian Koshland, 76, Expert On How Antibodies Fight Ills". The New York Times. ^ a b Maugh II, Thomas H. (July 26, 2007). "Daniel Koshland Jr., 87; UC Berkeley molecular biologist, editor of the journal Science". Los Angeles Times. ^ "OBITUARY – Marian Elliott Koshland". San Francisco Chronicle. October 29, 1997. ^ a b c Allison, Jim (July 15, 1998). "In Memoriam Marian Koshland 1921–1997". The Journal of Immunology. 161 (2): 545–546. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.545. PMID 9687240. S2CID 1271640. ^ Sanders, Robert (November 6, 1997). "UC Berkeley Professor Marian Koshland, a noted immunologist and educator, has died at 76". University of California at Berkeley. ^ "Home | Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost". evcp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Faculty Research Page". Molecular and Cell Biology. Retrieved 2021-09-17. External links Finding Aid to the Marian E. Koshland Papers, 1950-1995, The Bancroft Library Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immunologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology"},{"link_name":"antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"}],"text":"Marian Elliott \"Bunny\" Koshland (October 25, 1921 – October 28, 1997) was an American immunologist who discovered that the differences in amino acid composition of antibodies explain the efficiency and effectiveness with which they combat a huge range of foreign invaders.","title":"Marian Koshland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-1"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-1"},{"link_name":"typhoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-1"},{"link_name":"tomboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomboy"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheer_Luck-2"},{"link_name":"Vassar College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College"},{"link_name":"bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"M.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.S."},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_vaccine"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Daniel E. Koshland Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr."},{"link_name":"Levi Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-4"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-4"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-1"},{"link_name":"polyclonal antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies"},{"link_name":"haptens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapten"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Memoriam-6"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"David Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"M.I.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.I.T."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Memoriam-6"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Excellence in Science Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASEB_Excellence_in_Science_Award"},{"link_name":"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Memoriam-6"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Marian Koshland Science Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Koshland_Science_Museum"},{"link_name":"Haverford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College"},{"link_name":"Douglas Koshland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Koshland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marian_Koshland_Bioscience_%26_Natural_Resource_Library_entrance.JPG"},{"link_name":"Valley Life Sciences Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_Life_Sciences_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.C.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_Libraries"}],"text":"Marian Elliott was born on October 25, 1921, in New Haven, Connecticut, to Margrethe Schmidt Elliott and Walter Elliott.[1] Her mother was a teacher who had emigrated from Denmark and her father was a hardware salesman of Southern Baptist background.[1] When she was four, her younger brother contracted typhoid fever, and she was tutored by two neighbor girls.[1] She was something of a tomboy, befriending three Jewish boys with whom she would attend Works Progress Administration theater productions. She was the only girl in her class who dared to handle a three-foot black constrictor snake, for which she won a can of rattlesnake meat.[2]Marian attended Vassar College in New York and graduated in 1942 with a degree in bacteriology. She then attended the University of Chicago, where she received her M.S. in bacteriology in 1943. In Chicago, she worked on reducing the spread of respiratory diseases and was a member of a research team that developed a vaccine for cholera.[1][3]While at Chicago, she met Daniel E. Koshland Jr., a biochemist and heir to the Levi Strauss fortune.[4] In 1945, she joined him in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and spent a year working on the Manhattan Project, researching the biological effects of radiation.[1] The two married in 1946[4] and returned to Chicago, where Marian received her Ph.D. in immunology from the University of Chicago in 1949. Marian's sister-in-law later recalled that her professor did not want to give her a Ph.D. because Marian was pregnant and he thought she would waste it.[5] In 1949, she moved with Daniel to Boston, where Marian spent two years in a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard Medical School's Department of Bacteriology. They later both worked at the Brookhaven National Laboratory for 13 years.[1]In the early 1950s, Marian Koshland demonstrated the molecular differences between serum-borne and secreted antibodies.[1] By the 1960s, she had turned her attention to the origins of antibody specificity. Jim Allison, a colleague from Berkeley, said \"Bunny analyzed polyclonal antibodies directed against two different haptens, and on the basis of exquisitely careful amino acid composition analyses, convincingly showed that these antibodies had different amino acid compositions and therefore must differ in their amino acid sequence. These data had a profound effect on theories of antibody formation and how antibody specificity was generated. Legend has it that at the annual meeting of the American Association of Immunology where she first presented her data, her talk was received by a standing ovation—quite high praise indeed.\"[6]In 1965, Koshland became a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, joining its faculty in 1970. She studied molecular biology with David Baltimore in his M.I.T. lab in the late 1970s.[6] From 1982 to 1989 she was chair of Berkeley's Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Later she led that department's Graduate Affairs Division. She also served on the board of the National Science Foundation and was a president of the Council of American Association of Immunologists in 1982 and in 1983. She won the inaugural Excellence in Science Award from the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in 1989 and was honored by the AAI Committee for the Status of Women in Science.[6]Koshland died in Berkeley, California, on October 28, 1997, of lung cancer.[7]The Marian Koshland Science Museum was in Washington, D.C., and featured exhibits geared toward the general public; the Marian E. Koshland Integrated Natural Science Center at Haverford College houses the elite liberal arts college's science departments. Both are named in her honor. Koshland's children, Catherine Koshland and Douglas Koshland, both attended Haverford[citation needed] and, as of September 2021, hold positions at U.C. Berkeley; Catherine has served as executive vice chancellor and provost since July 1, 2021,[8] and Douglas is a professor of molecular and cell biology.[9]Entrance to the Marian Koshland Bioscience and Natural Resource Library in the Valley Life Sciences Building, at U.C.B.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1964Sci...143.1330K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Sci...143.1330K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.143.3612.1330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.143.3612.1330"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17799240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17799240"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35924531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35924531"},{"link_name":"Annual Review of Immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Immunology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.immunol.14.1.00"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8962690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962690"}],"text":"Koshland, Marian E.; Englberger, Frieda M.; Shapanka, Rosyln (March 1964). \"Differences in the Amino Acid Composition of a Third Rabbit Antibody\". Science. 143 (3612): 1330–1331. Bibcode:1964Sci...143.1330K. doi:10.1126/science.143.3612.1330. PMID 17799240. S2CID 35924531.\nKoshland, Marian Elliott (April 1996). \"Sheer Luck Made Me An Immunologist\". Annual Review of Immunology. 14: viii–xv. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00. PMID 8962690.","title":"Publications"}]
[{"image_text":"Entrance to the Marian Koshland Bioscience and Natural Resource Library in the Valley Life Sciences Building, at U.C.B.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Marian_Koshland_Bioscience_%26_Natural_Resource_Library_entrance.JPG/220px-Marian_Koshland_Bioscience_%26_Natural_Resource_Library_entrance.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Koshland, Marian E.; Englberger, Frieda M.; Shapanka, Rosyln (March 1964). \"Differences in the Amino Acid Composition of a Third Rabbit Antibody\". Science. 143 (3612): 1330–1331. Bibcode:1964Sci...143.1330K. doi:10.1126/science.143.3612.1330. PMID 17799240. S2CID 35924531.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Sci...143.1330K","url_text":"1964Sci...143.1330K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.143.3612.1330","url_text":"10.1126/science.143.3612.1330"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17799240","url_text":"17799240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35924531","url_text":"35924531"}]},{"reference":"Koshland, Marian Elliott (April 1996). \"Sheer Luck Made Me An Immunologist\". Annual Review of Immunology. 14: viii–xv. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00. PMID 8962690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Immunology","url_text":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.immunol.14.1.00","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962690","url_text":"8962690"}]},{"reference":"Guyer, Ruth Levy. \"Marian E. Koshland Biographical Memoir\" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved July 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/mkoshland.pdf","url_text":"\"Marian E. Koshland Biographical Memoir\""}]},{"reference":"Koshland, Marian Elliott (April 1996). \"Sheer Luck Made Me An Immunologist\". Annual Review of Immunology. 14: viii–xv. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00. PMID 8962690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Immunology","url_text":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.immunol.14.1.00","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962690","url_text":"8962690"}]},{"reference":"Barron, James (October 30, 1997). \"Marian Koshland, 76, Expert On How Antibodies Fight Ills\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/30/us/marian-koshland-76-expert-on-how-antibodies-fight-ills.html","url_text":"\"Marian Koshland, 76, Expert On How Antibodies Fight Ills\""}]},{"reference":"Maugh II, Thomas H. (July 26, 2007). \"Daniel Koshland Jr., 87; UC Berkeley molecular biologist, editor of the journal Science\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/26/local/me-koshland26","url_text":"\"Daniel Koshland Jr., 87; UC Berkeley molecular biologist, editor of the journal Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"OBITUARY – Marian Elliott Koshland\". San Francisco Chronicle. October 29, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/OBITUARY-Marian-Elliott-Koshland-2799290.php","url_text":"\"OBITUARY – Marian Elliott Koshland\""}]},{"reference":"Allison, Jim (July 15, 1998). \"In Memoriam Marian Koshland 1921–1997\". The Journal of Immunology. 161 (2): 545–546. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.545. PMID 9687240. S2CID 1271640.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jimmunol.org/content/161/2/545.full","url_text":"\"In Memoriam Marian Koshland 1921–1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.161.2.545","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.545"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9687240","url_text":"9687240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1271640","url_text":"1271640"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Robert (November 6, 1997). \"UC Berkeley Professor Marian Koshland, a noted immunologist and educator, has died at 76\". University of California at Berkeley.","urls":[{"url":"http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/97legacy/11_06_97a.html","url_text":"\"UC Berkeley Professor Marian Koshland, a noted immunologist and educator, has died at 76\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost\". evcp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://evcp.berkeley.edu/","url_text":"\"Home | Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty Research Page\". Molecular and Cell Biology. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/all/koshlandd","url_text":"\"Faculty Research Page\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Sci...143.1330K","external_links_name":"1964Sci...143.1330K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.143.3612.1330","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.143.3612.1330"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17799240","external_links_name":"17799240"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35924531","external_links_name":"35924531"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.immunol.14.1.00","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962690","external_links_name":"8962690"},{"Link":"http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/mkoshland.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Marian E. Koshland Biographical Memoir\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.immunol.14.1.00","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.00"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8962690","external_links_name":"8962690"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/30/us/marian-koshland-76-expert-on-how-antibodies-fight-ills.html","external_links_name":"\"Marian Koshland, 76, Expert On How Antibodies Fight Ills\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/26/local/me-koshland26","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Koshland Jr., 87; UC Berkeley molecular biologist, editor of the journal Science\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/OBITUARY-Marian-Elliott-Koshland-2799290.php","external_links_name":"\"OBITUARY – Marian Elliott Koshland\""},{"Link":"http://www.jimmunol.org/content/161/2/545.full","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam Marian Koshland 1921–1997\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.161.2.545","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.545"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9687240","external_links_name":"9687240"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1271640","external_links_name":"1271640"},{"Link":"http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/97legacy/11_06_97a.html","external_links_name":"\"UC Berkeley Professor Marian Koshland, a noted immunologist and educator, has died at 76\""},{"Link":"https://evcp.berkeley.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Home | Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost\""},{"Link":"http://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/all/koshlandd","external_links_name":"\"Faculty Research Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb6h4nb85c/?query=Marian%2520Koshland","external_links_name":"Finding Aid to the Marian E. Koshland Papers, 1950-1995"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/457480/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67704260","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdVgWd6PFGGBKWhyCqQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00124144","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirwais_Ashraf
Mirwais Ashraf
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Afghanistan cricketer Mirwais AshrafChairman of Afghanistan Cricket BoardIncumbentAssumed office 6 November 2021Preceded byAzizullah Fazli Personal informationBorn (1988-06-30) 30 June 1988 (age 35)Kunduz, Kunduz Province, AfghanistanBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm fast-mediumInternational information National sideAfghanistan (2009-2015)ODI debut (cap 12)30 August 2009 v NetherlandsLast ODI17 January 2015 v IrelandODI shirt no.16T20I debut (cap 12)4 February 2010 v CanadaLast T20I08 December 2013 v PakistanT20I shirt no.16 Domestic team information YearsTeam2017Band-e-Amir Region2017Amo Sharks Career statistics Competition ODI T20I FC LA Matches 46 25 31 75 Runs scored 387 128 892 947 Batting average 14.33 11.63 19.82 19.32 100s/50s 0/1 0/1 0/3 0/4 Top score 52* 28* 87 79 Balls bowled 2,009 392 3,456 3,171 Wickets 46 14 51 81 Bowling average 29.56 31.71 32.45 26.60 5 wickets in innings 0 0 1 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 4/35 2/6 6/35 4/35 Catches/stumpings 8/– 5/– 21/– 15/–Source: Cricinfo, 21 September 2022 Medal record Representing  Afghanistan Men's Cricket Asian Games 2010 Guangzhou Team Mirwais Ashraf Khan (Pashto: ميرويس اشرف خان) (born June 30, 1988) is an Afghan cricketer who plays for the national cricket team and has served as Chairman of the Afghanistan Cricket Board since 6 November 2021. Khan is a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium bowler. Career Ashraf made his One Day International (ODI) debut against the Netherlands at the VRA Cricket Ground on 30 August 2009. His first-class cricket debut was against the same opponents in Afghanistan's debut match in the Intercontinental Cup, where in the Netherlands' second innings he took four wickets for 24 runs to help set up an historic Afghan win by one wicket. In September 2019, he was the leading wicket-taker in the 2019 Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, with 16 dismissals in six matches. References ^ Khawrin, Esmat (6 November 2021). "Mirwais Ashraf appointed cricket board chief" – via pajhwok.com. ^ "Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, 2019: Most wickets". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 September 2019. External links Mirwais Ashraf on Cricinfo vteAfghanistan squad – 2015 Cricket World Cup 1 Najibullah 7 Nabi (c) 10 Dawlat 14 Gulbadin 16 Ashraf 20 Shapoor 23 Ahmadi 28 Shafiqullah 33 Nasir 44 Afghan 45 Shinwari 48 Nawroz 55 Aftab 66 Hassan 78 Zazai (wk) 87 Ghani Coach: Moles This biographical article related to Afghan cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fast-medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam_bowler"}],"text":"Mirwais Ashraf Khan (Pashto: ميرويس اشرف خان) (born June 30, 1988) is an Afghan cricketer who plays for the national cricket team and has served as Chairman of the Afghanistan Cricket Board since 6 November 2021.[1] Khan is a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium bowler.","title":"Mirwais Ashraf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"VRA Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRA_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_ICC_Intercontinental_Cup"},{"link_name":"innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings#Cricket"},{"link_name":"2019 Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ghazi_Amanullah_Khan_Regional_One_Day_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ashraf made his One Day International (ODI) debut against the Netherlands at the VRA Cricket Ground on 30 August 2009. His first-class cricket debut was against the same opponents in Afghanistan's debut match in the Intercontinental Cup, where in the Netherlands' second innings he took four wickets for 24 runs to help set up an historic Afghan win by one wicket.In September 2019, he was the leading wicket-taker in the 2019 Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, with 16 dismissals in six matches.[2]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Khawrin, Esmat (6 November 2021). \"Mirwais Ashraf appointed cricket board chief\" – via pajhwok.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/06/mirwais-ashraf-appointed-cricket-board-chief/","url_text":"\"Mirwais Ashraf appointed cricket board chief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, 2019: Most wickets\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 24 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13326;type=tournament","url_text":"\"Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, 2019: Most wickets\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/afghanistan/content/player/387420.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://pajhwok.com/2021/11/06/mirwais-ashraf-appointed-cricket-board-chief/","external_links_name":"\"Mirwais Ashraf appointed cricket board chief\""},{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13326;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament, 2019: Most wickets\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/afghanistan/content/player/387420.html","external_links_name":"Mirwais Ashraf"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirwais_Ashraf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariateguist_Unified_Party
Mariateguist Unified Party
["1 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mariateguist Unified Party" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Peruvian political party Mariateguist Unified Party Partido Unificado MariateguistaAbbreviationPUMLeaderJavier Diez CansecoAgustín Haya de la TorreSantiago PedráglioHugo BlancoEduardo CáceresCarlos TapiaFounded1984Merger ofVRMIRPRTPCRIdeologyCommunismMarxism-LeninismMariateguismPolitics of PeruPolitical partiesElections Mariateguist Unified Party (in Spanish: Partido Unificado Mariateguista – PUM) was a political party in Peru founded in 1984 by Revolutionary Vanguard (VR), Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), Workers Revolutionary Party (PRT) and a sector of Revolutionary Communist Party (PCR). Leaders included Javier Diez Canseco, Agustín Haya de la Torre, Santiago Pedráglio, Hugo Blanco, Eduardo Cáceres and Carlos Tapia. Maria Elena Moyano was also a member of PUM. PUM was a part of United Left (IU). In 1990, PUM withdrew from IU. In 1995, it rejoined IU, together with UNIR. References ^ Roberts, K.M. (2014). Changing Course in Latin America. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-521-85687-4. Retrieved 28 May 2019. vtePolitical parties in Peru Parliamentary parties Alliance for Progress Free Peru Go on Country Podemos Perú Popular Action Popular Force Popular Renewal (formerly National Solidarity) Purple Party Together for Peru (formerly Peruvian Humanist Party) We Are Peru Extra-parliamentary parties Agricultural People's Front National Alliance of Workers, Farmers, University Students, and Reservists Democratic Green Party Faith in Peru Front of Hope 2021 Let's Save Peru Modern Peru Patriotic Party of Peru The People First – Community, Ecology, Liberty, and Progress People's Liberty Peruvian Aprista Party Peru Action (formerly Peru Nation) Peru First PRIN Political Party United Peru Democratic Party Parties in process of registering I Believe Party Christian People's Party Lo Justo por el Perú New Peru People's Voices Unity and Peace Party Workers and Entrepreneurs Party Works Civic Party Parties without registration Christian Democratic Party Citizen Force Communist Party of Peru - Red Fatherland Democratic Alliance Make Country Militarized Communist Party of Peru Movement for Socialism Peru Secure Homeland (formerly Cambio 90) Peruvian Communist Party Socialist Party Active coalitions Together for Peru (incl. Peruvian Humanist Party, Peruvian Communist Party, Movement for Socialism) Defunct parties Advancing All for Peru All for Victory And It's Called Peru Broad Front (incl. Land and Freedom, Sowing Movement) Contigo (formerly Peruvians for Change) Decentralist Social Force Party Democratic Force Democratic Reconstruction Direct Democracy Forward Hayist Bases Movement Hope Front Independent Moralizing Front Independent Patriotic Legion Justice, Technology, and Ecology Let's Go Peru Let's Make Progress Peru Liberty Movement National Awakening National Force National Justice National Renewal National United Renaissance National Victory (formerly National Restoration) New Left Movement New Majority Odriist National Union Order Peru Progressing Peru Now Peruvian Nationalist Party Peruvian Resurgence Possible Peru Project Country Radical Change Revolutionary Union Sí Cumple Union for Peru With Force Peru Youth Independent Movement Former coalitions Alliance for the Future (2006) Alliance for the Great Change (2011) Alliance for the Progress of Peru (2016) APRA-UNO Coalition (1963-1968) Avancemos (2000) Center Front (2006) Cambio 90 – New Majority (1995-2000, 2001-2006) Decentralization Coalition (2006) FREDEMO (1990) National Democratic Front (1945) National Front of Workers and Peasants National Solidarity Alliance (2011) National Unity (2001, 2006) People's Solution (2001) Popular Alliance (2016) Possible Peru Alliance (2011) Peru Wins (2011) Peru 2000 (2000) Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Peru Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Other IdRef This article about a Peruvian political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts_2014_p._18-1"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Vanguard"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Left Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Workers Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Javier Diez Canseco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Diez_Canseco"},{"link_name":"Agustín Haya de la Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Haya_de_la_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santiago Pedráglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Pedr%C3%A1glio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugo Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Blanco_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_C%C3%A1ceres"},{"link_name":"Maria Elena Moyano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Elena_Moyano"},{"link_name":"United Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"UNIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Union"}],"text":"Peruvian political partyMariateguist Unified Party (in Spanish: Partido Unificado Mariateguista – PUM)[1] was a political party in Peru founded in 1984 by Revolutionary Vanguard (VR), Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), Workers Revolutionary Party (PRT) and a sector of Revolutionary Communist Party (PCR). Leaders included Javier Diez Canseco, Agustín Haya de la Torre, Santiago Pedráglio, Hugo Blanco, Eduardo Cáceres and Carlos Tapia. Maria Elena Moyano was also a member of PUM.PUM was a part of United Left (IU). In 1990, PUM withdrew from IU. In 1995, it rejoined IU, together with UNIR.","title":"Mariateguist Unified Party"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Roberts, K.M. (2014). Changing Course in Latin America. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-521-85687-4. Retrieved 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KmW8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PR18","url_text":"Changing Course in Latin America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85687-4","url_text":"978-0-521-85687-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mariateguist+Unified+Party%22","external_links_name":"\"Mariateguist Unified Party\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mariateguist+Unified+Party%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mariateguist+Unified+Party%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mariateguist+Unified+Party%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mariateguist+Unified+Party%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mariateguist+Unified+Party%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KmW8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PR18","external_links_name":"Changing Course in Latin America"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152107776","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85210216","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/155377566","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariateguist_Unified_Party&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mullins_(American_politician)
James Mullins (American politician)
["1 Early life and Civil War","2 State legislature","3 Congress","4 Later life","5 References"]
American politician For the U.S. Air Force general, see James P. Mullins. James MullinsMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Tennessee's 4th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869Preceded byEdmund CooperSucceeded byLewis TillmanMember of the Tennessee House of RepresentativesIn office1865-1867 Personal detailsBorn(1807-09-15)September 15, 1807Bedford County, Tennessee, U.S.DiedJune 26, 1873(1873-06-26) (aged 65)Shelbyville, Tennessee, U.S.Resting placeArnold CemeteryShelbyville, Tennessee, U.S.Political partyRepublicanProfessionmillwright, politician James Mullins (September 15, 1807 – June 26, 1873) was an American politician who represented Tennessee's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1867 to 1869. He also served a single term in the Tennessee House of Representatives (1865–1867). Described as a "fierce fanatic of the Republican Party," Mullins supported the initiatives of Governor William G. Brownlow in the state legislature, most notably leading efforts to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. Mullins opposed Southern secession at the outbreak of the Civil War, and served in the Union Army as an advisor to General William Rosecrans during the war. Early life and Civil War Mullins was born at "Three Forks of the Duck River" in Bedford County, Tennessee, on September 15, 1807. He initially worked as a farmer, but gradually turned to the milling business. By the outbreak of the Civil War, he had become a successful millwright, and owned several slaves. He was appointed a colonel in the Tennessee state militia in 1831, and served as Sheriff of Bedford County from 1840 to 1846. In 1843, he petitioned the state government for tax relief for Bedford County. Mullins was originally a member of the Whig Party. After that party's dissolution in the mid-1850s, he aligned with the nativist American Party ("Know Nothings"), and was a member of the Bedford County delegation at Tennessee's American Party conventions in Nashville in February 1856 and February 1857 (his fellow Bedford Countian, William H. Wisener, was president of the latter convention). By the late 1850s, Mullins had thrown his support behind the Opposition Party, a hodgepodge group of ex-Whigs, ex-Know Nothings, and disgruntled Democrats formed to counter the rising secessionist sentiments championed by Southern Democrats. Mullins represented Bedford at the state's Opposition Party conventions in March 1859 and February 1860. Mullins' opposition to secession put him at odds with Bedford County and Middle Tennessee in general, and he was compelled to flee in 1862. During the Civil War, he served in the Union Army from 1862 to 1864 as a member of the staff of General Williams Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland. He was with the Army of the Cumberland at the battles of Stones River and Hoover's Gap, and during the Tullahoma Campaign. In the years following the war, Mullins remained committed to Southern Unionist causes. He was a member of the Union League of America, and was a featured speaker at the Loyal Southern Convention in Philadelphia in September 1866. State legislature At a statewide convention of Tennessee Unionists in January 1865, Mullins was nominated for the seat representing Bedford and Rutherford counties in the Tennessee House of Representatives. He was elected to the seat on March 4 of that year. The legislature convened in April, and quickly ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery. While the state legislature was dominated during this period by Southern Unionists (ex-Confederates were barred from voting), a rift quickly developed between the "conservatives," who were aligned nationally with President Andrew Johnson, and the "radicals," who supported Governor William G. Brownlow, and were aligned nationally with the Radical Republicans. Conservatives, led by Speaker of the House William Heiskell, generally sought a return to pre-Civil War conditions (though with slavery outlawed), while Radicals wanted to extend voting rights to African-Americans and punish former Confederates. Mullins voted with the Radical block, and became one of Brownlow's staunchest allies in the state house. In February 1866, a franchise bill was introduced in the legislature that would give Governor Brownlow the power to throw out the votes of any county in any election in which ex-Confederates were suspected of casting ballots. Conservative legislators opposed the bill, but having little chance of stopping its passage, fled the capital in an attempt to prevent a quorum. Mullins loudly accused the Speaker of the House, William Heiskell, of organizing the quorum bust. Enraged, Heiskell called Mullins a "God damned old liar and a damned thief," and threw his gavel at Mullins. Reports differ as to Mullins' response, with at least one stating he had to be restrained from attacking Heiskell, and another stating he merely placed the gavel in his pocket and called Heiskell a "darned old fool." The franchise bill passed a few weeks later. Mullins was praised by radicals and derided by conservatives for his actions in the legislature. Brownlow's newspaper, the Knoxville Whig, stated that Mullins was a "terror to the copperheads" in the legislature, and described him as an "old patriot" who "stands like the pillars of the Alleghenies, unheeding the storms of copperheadism and treason, which beat in unrelenting fury above his head." The Cleveland Banner, on the other hand, stated that Mullins was "making an ass of himself." In July 1866, Brownlow called a special session of the General Assembly to consider the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended civil rights to African Americans. Conservatives vehemently opposed the amendment and organized another quorum bust. After two of the quorum-busting legislators were arrested and confined to the House chamber, the radicals argued this constituted a quorum, and pushed through the vote in favor ratifying the amendment. Heiskell resigned the Speakership in disgust. Mullins served as Speaker pro tempore at various times in late 1866 and early 1867. Congress Mullins was on the ballot for the 4th district congressional seat in 1865, but lost by a wide margin to Edmund Cooper, a state senator. A friend and confidant of Andrew Johnson, Cooper opposed the Radicals' agenda in Congress, and thus drew the ire of Brownlow. With the backing of Brownlow, Mullins again opposed Cooper for the congressional seat in 1867. Determined to defeat Johnson's ally, Brownlow dispatched two state guard companies to the fourth district, and prevented a large number of previously-eligible voters from registering. As a result, Mullins easily defeated Cooper, 9,448 votes to 3,225. In Congress, Mullins served on the Committee on Territories and the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions. He was described as a "remarkably ready debater" who gave speeches "characterized by much native wit as well as rugged common sense." He voted to impeach Andrew Johnson in February 1868, and voted in favor of the Fifteenth Amendment (which extended voting rights to minorities) in February 1869. During the late 1860s, Mullins became embroiled in a scandal when the Tennessee National Bank of Memphis, where the state's school fund had been deposited, failed. Mullins and several other former state legislators were accused of accepting bribes in exchange for supporting a measure that allowed the state treasurer (who eventually committed suicide) to deposit the fund in the Memphis bank. Mullins denied the charge, but his reputation nevertheless suffered. Mullins did not seek reelection to a second consecutive term. The Brownlow faction was only able to hold the seat after Brownlow (using the powers granted him by the franchise law that Mullins and Heiskell had squabbled over) disqualified the votes from several counties, allowing Lewis Tillman to win. Mullins ran for the seat again in 1870, but with former Confederates having regained the right to vote, he was badly defeated by the Democratic candidate, John Morgan Bright, 11,827 votes to 1,843. Later life In April 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Mullins internal revenue collector of the fourth district. He held this office until his death. Mullins' support of black suffrage and other initiatives of the Radical Republicans made him a target of the burgeoning Ku Klux Klan. While Mullins was campaigning for Congress in October 1870, a group of Klansmen attacked his farm, burning his barn, stables, and mills. In January 1871, a group of Klansmen attempted to break into the home of J.L. Roseborough in Shelbyville, presumably to attack Mullins, who was boarding there, but failed to gain entry. Mullins died of cholera in Shelbyville on June 26, 1873. He is interred in the Arnold Cemetery near Shelbyville. References ^ "Mullins on Roderick," Nashville Union and American, 9 October 1870, p. 3. ^ "Ratification of the Constitutional Amendment," Knoxville Whig, 25 July 1866, p. 2. ^ a b c d William Horatio Barnes, "James Mullins," The Fortieth Congress of the United States: Historical and Biographical, Vol. 2 (G.E. Perine, 1870), p. 322. ^ a b "Representatives in the Legislature of Tennessee," Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator, 26 April 1865, p. 1. ^ "James Mullins". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 5 April 2013. ^ Tennessee Petitions, 1843 Archived 2013-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, TN.gov. Retrieved: 13 April 2014. ^ "American State Convention," Nashville Daily Patriot, 13 February 1856, p. 2. ^ "Proceedings of the American State Convention," Daily Nashville Patriot, 2 May 1857, p. 2. ^ "Opposition State Convention," Nashville Patriot, 30 March 1859, p. 2. ^ "Opposition State Convention," Nashville Patriot, 23 February 1860, p. 2. ^ Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, 1 September 1866, p. 7. ^ Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, 18 September 1866, p. 4. ^ "Candidates for the Legislature," Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator, 15 February 1865, p. 2. ^ a b c d E. Merton Coulter, William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands Archived 2010-07-08 at the Wayback Machine (University of Tennessee Press, 1999; originally published in 1937), pp. 283-286. ^ a b "Honest Jim Mullins: Death of Noted Tennessean by Cholera," Jonesborough Herald and Tribune, 10 July 1873, p. 2. ^ "Hon. James Mullins," Knoxville Whig, 7 March 1866, p. 2. ^ "Queries," Knoxville Whig, 8 August 1866, p. 2. Accessed at Library of Congress Chronicling America database, 11 May 2013. ^ Coulter, William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands Archived 2010-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 311-314. ^ Acts of the State of Tennessee for the Years 1866-1867 (S.C. Mercer, 1866), pp. 74, 286-287, e.g. ^ "Message from the Governor: The August Election," Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator, 6 December 1865, p. 2. ^ a b Glenna Schroeder-Lien, Richard Zuczek, Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion (ABC-CLIO, 2001), pp. 66-68. ^ Index to Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-First Congress (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1870), p. 282. ^ Edmund Gibson Ross, History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (New Mexican Printing Company, 1896), p. 76. ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Being the Third Session of the Fortieth Congress (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1869), pp. 449-450. ^ "Unparalleled Corruption: The 'Sacred' School Fund and Who Got It," Fayetteville Observer, 11 February 1969, p. 2. ^ The Papers of Andrew Johnson, September 1868-April 1869 (University of Tennessee Press, 1999), p. 431n. ^ Coulter, William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands, pp. 366-367. ^ Nashville Union and American, 9 December 1870, p. 2. ^ Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States, Vol. 17 (United States Senate, 1901), p. 1116. ^ Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States, Vol. 19 (United States Senate, 1901), p. 138. ^ "Midnight K.K. and Rebel Incendiaries," Knoxville Weekly Chronicle, 26 October 1870, p. 1. ^ "Ku Klux Outrages," Knoxville Daily Chronicle, 19 January 1871. ^ "James Mullins". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 5 April 2013. Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Mullins (American politician). U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byEdmund Cooper Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district March 4, 1867 - March 3, 1869 Succeeded byLewis Tillman Authority control databases: People US Congress
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James P. Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Mullins"},{"link_name":"Tennessee's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Tennessee House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William G. Brownlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratification-2"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"William Rosecrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rosecrans"}],"text":"For the U.S. Air Force general, see James P. Mullins.James Mullins (September 15, 1807 – June 26, 1873) was an American politician who represented Tennessee's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1867 to 1869. He also served a single term in the Tennessee House of Representatives (1865–1867). Described as a \"fierce fanatic of the Republican Party,\"[1] Mullins supported the initiatives of Governor William G. Brownlow in the state legislature, most notably leading efforts to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.[2]Mullins opposed Southern secession at the outbreak of the Civil War, and served in the Union Army as an advisor to General William Rosecrans during the war.","title":"James Mullins (American politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedford County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"millwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwright"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ventilator-4"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Whig Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ventilator-4"},{"link_name":"Know Nothings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing"},{"link_name":"William H. Wisener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Wisener"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Opposition Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Army of the Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Stones River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River"},{"link_name":"Hoover's Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hoover%27s_Gap"},{"link_name":"Tullahoma Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullahoma_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-3"},{"link_name":"Southern Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Unionist"},{"link_name":"Union League of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_of_America"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Mullins was born at \"Three Forks of the Duck River\" in Bedford County, Tennessee, on September 15, 1807. He initially worked as a farmer, but gradually turned to the milling business. By the outbreak of the Civil War, he had become a successful millwright,[3] and owned several slaves.[4] He was appointed a colonel in the Tennessee state militia in 1831, and served as Sheriff of Bedford County from 1840 to 1846.[5] In 1843, he petitioned the state government for tax relief for Bedford County.[6]Mullins was originally a member of the Whig Party.[4] After that party's dissolution in the mid-1850s, he aligned with the nativist American Party (\"Know Nothings\"), and was a member of the Bedford County delegation at Tennessee's American Party conventions in Nashville in February 1856 and February 1857 (his fellow Bedford Countian, William H. Wisener, was president of the latter convention).[7][8] By the late 1850s, Mullins had thrown his support behind the Opposition Party, a hodgepodge group of ex-Whigs, ex-Know Nothings, and disgruntled Democrats formed to counter the rising secessionist sentiments championed by Southern Democrats. Mullins represented Bedford at the state's Opposition Party conventions in March 1859 and February 1860.[9][10]Mullins' opposition to secession put him at odds with Bedford County and Middle Tennessee in general, and he was compelled to flee in 1862. During the Civil War, he served in the Union Army from 1862 to 1864 as a member of the staff of General Williams Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland. He was with the Army of the Cumberland at the battles of Stones River and Hoover's Gap, and during the Tullahoma Campaign.[3]In the years following the war, Mullins remained committed to Southern Unionist causes. He was a member of the Union League of America,[11] and was a featured speaker at the Loyal Southern Convention in Philadelphia in September 1866.[12]","title":"Early life and Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"William G. Brownlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"William Heiskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heiskell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coulter2-14"},{"link_name":"quorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coulter2-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coulter2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coulter2-14"},{"link_name":"Knoxville Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow%27s_Whig"},{"link_name":"copperheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_tempore"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"At a statewide convention of Tennessee Unionists in January 1865, Mullins was nominated for the seat representing Bedford and Rutherford counties in the Tennessee House of Representatives.[13] He was elected to the seat on March 4 of that year. The legislature convened in April, and quickly ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery.While the state legislature was dominated during this period by Southern Unionists (ex-Confederates were barred from voting), a rift quickly developed between the \"conservatives,\" who were aligned nationally with President Andrew Johnson, and the \"radicals,\" who supported Governor William G. Brownlow, and were aligned nationally with the Radical Republicans. Conservatives, led by Speaker of the House William Heiskell, generally sought a return to pre-Civil War conditions (though with slavery outlawed), while Radicals wanted to extend voting rights to African-Americans and punish former Confederates. Mullins voted with the Radical block, and became one of Brownlow's staunchest allies in the state house.[14]In February 1866, a franchise bill was introduced in the legislature that would give Governor Brownlow the power to throw out the votes of any county in any election in which ex-Confederates were suspected of casting ballots. Conservative legislators opposed the bill, but having little chance of stopping its passage, fled the capital in an attempt to prevent a quorum. Mullins loudly accused the Speaker of the House, William Heiskell, of organizing the quorum bust. Enraged, Heiskell called Mullins a \"God damned old liar and a damned thief,\" and threw his gavel at Mullins.[14] Reports differ as to Mullins' response, with at least one stating he had to be restrained from attacking Heiskell,[14] and another stating he merely placed the gavel in his pocket and called Heiskell a \"darned old fool.\"[15] The franchise bill passed a few weeks later.[14]Mullins was praised by radicals and derided by conservatives for his actions in the legislature. Brownlow's newspaper, the Knoxville Whig, stated that Mullins was a \"terror to the copperheads\" in the legislature, and described him as an \"old patriot\" who \"stands like the pillars of the Alleghenies, unheeding the storms of copperheadism and treason, which beat in unrelenting fury above his head.\"[16] The Cleveland Banner, on the other hand, stated that Mullins was \"making an ass of himself.\"[17]In July 1866, Brownlow called a special session of the General Assembly to consider the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended civil rights to African Americans. Conservatives vehemently opposed the amendment and organized another quorum bust. After two of the quorum-busting legislators were arrested and confined to the House chamber, the radicals argued this constituted a quorum, and pushed through the vote in favor ratifying the amendment. Heiskell resigned the Speakership in disgust.[18] Mullins served as Speaker pro tempore at various times in late 1866 and early 1867.[19]","title":"State legislature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Cooper_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lien-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lien-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Committee on Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Territories"},{"link_name":"Committee on Revolutionary Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Revolutionary_Pensions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-3"},{"link_name":"impeach Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lewis Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Tillman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"John Morgan Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morgan_Bright"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Mullins was on the ballot for the 4th district congressional seat in 1865, but lost by a wide margin to Edmund Cooper, a state senator.[20] A friend and confidant of Andrew Johnson, Cooper opposed the Radicals' agenda in Congress, and thus drew the ire of Brownlow.[21] With the backing of Brownlow, Mullins again opposed Cooper for the congressional seat in 1867. Determined to defeat Johnson's ally, Brownlow dispatched two state guard companies to the fourth district, and prevented a large number of previously-eligible voters from registering.[21] As a result, Mullins easily defeated Cooper, 9,448 votes to 3,225.[22]In Congress, Mullins served on the Committee on Territories and the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions.[3] He was described as a \"remarkably ready debater\" who gave speeches \"characterized by much native wit as well as rugged common sense.\"[3] He voted to impeach Andrew Johnson in February 1868,[23] and voted in favor of the Fifteenth Amendment (which extended voting rights to minorities) in February 1869.[24]During the late 1860s, Mullins became embroiled in a scandal when the Tennessee National Bank of Memphis, where the state's school fund had been deposited, failed. Mullins and several other former state legislators were accused of accepting bribes in exchange for supporting a measure that allowed the state treasurer (who eventually committed suicide) to deposit the fund in the Memphis bank. Mullins denied the charge, but his reputation nevertheless suffered.[25][26]Mullins did not seek reelection to a second consecutive term. The Brownlow faction was only able to hold the seat after Brownlow (using the powers granted him by the franchise law that Mullins and Heiskell had squabbled over) disqualified the votes from several counties, allowing Lewis Tillman to win.[27] Mullins ran for the seat again in 1870, but with former Confederates having regained the right to vote, he was badly defeated by the Democratic candidate, John Morgan Bright, 11,827 votes to 1,843.[28]","title":"Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-15"},{"link_name":"interred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interred"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In April 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Mullins internal revenue collector of the fourth district.[29] He held this office until his death.[30]Mullins' support of black suffrage and other initiatives of the Radical Republicans made him a target of the burgeoning Ku Klux Klan. While Mullins was campaigning for Congress in October 1870, a group of Klansmen attacked his farm, burning his barn, stables, and mills.[31] In January 1871, a group of Klansmen attempted to break into the home of J.L. Roseborough in Shelbyville, presumably to attack Mullins, who was boarding there, but failed to gain entry.[32]Mullins died of cholera in Shelbyville on June 26, 1873.[15] He is interred in the Arnold Cemetery near Shelbyville.[33]","title":"Later life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"James Mullins\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 5 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001073","url_text":"\"James Mullins\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Mullins\". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 5 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/muller-mumper.html","url_text":"\"James Mullins\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033699/1870-10-09/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=12&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3","external_links_name":"Mullins on Roderick"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045629/1866-07-25/ed-1/seq-2/","external_links_name":"Ratification of the Constitutional Amendment"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eakBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22james+mullins%22+rosecrans","external_links_name":"James Mullins"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045586/1865-04-26/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=9&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=6","external_links_name":"Representatives in the Legislature of Tennessee"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001073","external_links_name":"\"James Mullins\""},{"Link":"http://www.tn.gov/tsla/history/misc/petition14.pdf","external_links_name":"Tennessee Petitions, 1843"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130712211930/http://www.tn.gov/tsla/history/misc/petition14.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053516/1856-02-13/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1850&sort=date&date2=1858&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=10&words=Bedford+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=mullins+bedford&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4","external_links_name":"American State Convention"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn96091000/1857-05-02/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=18&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4","external_links_name":"Proceedings of the American State Convention"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033711/1859-03-30/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=2&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5","external_links_name":"Opposition State Convention"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033711/1860-02-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=1&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5","external_links_name":"Opposition State Convention"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025925/1866-09-01/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=4&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3","external_links_name":"Philadelphia Evening Telegraph"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025925/1866-09-18/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1836&index=7&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=JAMES+MULLINS&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","external_links_name":"Philadelphia Evening Telegraph"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045586/1865-02-15/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=15&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3","external_links_name":"Candidates for the Legislature"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utk.edu/newfoundpress/pubs/coulter/brownlow_entire_book.pdf","external_links_name":"William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061900/http://www.lib.utk.edu/newfoundpress/pubs/coulter/brownlow_entire_book.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033429/1873-07-10/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1873&index=1&date2=1874&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=james+mullins&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","external_links_name":"Honest Jim Mullins: Death of Noted Tennessean by Cholera"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045629/1866-03-07/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&index=15&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","external_links_name":"Hon. James Mullins"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045629/1866-08-08/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1866&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Mullins&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=0&state=Tennessee&date2=1866&proxtext=mullins&y=-221&x=-927&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5","external_links_name":"Queries"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utk.edu/newfoundpress/pubs/coulter/brownlow_entire_book.pdf","external_links_name":"William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061900/http://www.lib.utk.edu/newfoundpress/pubs/coulter/brownlow_entire_book.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kIdaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22james+mullins%22+tennessee","external_links_name":"Acts of the State of Tennessee for the Years 1866-1867"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045586/1865-12-06/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=8&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=6","external_links_name":"Message from the Governor: The August Election"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_n9akv4qj98C&q=%22edmund+cooper%22+tennessee+%22andrew+johnson%22","external_links_name":"Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j0ELAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Index to Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-First Congress"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JGBuAAAAMAAJ&dq=house+vote+to+impeach+johnson+mullins&pg=PA76","external_links_name":"History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wyY2AQAAIAAJ&q=congressional+serial+set+february+1869+mullins","external_links_name":"Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Being the Third Session of the Fortieth Congress"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033395/1869-02-11/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&index=12&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1","external_links_name":"Unparalleled Corruption: The 'Sacred' School Fund and Who Got It"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0h0j93Cl45sC&q=tennessee+school+fund+tennessee+national+bank+memphis","external_links_name":"The Papers of Andrew Johnson, September 1868-April 1869"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033699/1870-12-09/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&date2=1878&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=12&words=James+Mullins&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=james+mullins&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5","external_links_name":"Nashville Union and American"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pUEhAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22james+mullins%22+internal+revenue+collector&pg=PA1116","external_links_name":"Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eeCHAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22james+mullins%22+collector+grant&pg=PA138","external_links_name":"Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033438/1870-10-26/ed-1/seq-5/","external_links_name":"Midnight K.K. and Rebel Incendiaries"},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033437/1871-01-19/ed-1/seq-1/","external_links_name":"Ku Klux Outrages"},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/muller-mumper.html","external_links_name":"\"James Mullins\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001073","external_links_name":"US Congress"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Gombert
Ensemble Gombert
["1 References","2 External links"]
Ensemble Gombert is a chamber choir based in Melbourne, Australia noted for its pure intonation and historic approach to choral sound and style. The ensemble was founded and is conducted by musicologist and organist John O'Donnell in 1990. The group is named after Nicolas Gombert (c. 1495 – 1560), whose music has largely been ignored in the centuries since his death, despite it having an exemplary reputation amongst his contemporaries. Although Ensemble Gombert performs a wide range of choral music, ranging from plainchant to contemporary works, it specialises in a cappella performance of Franco-Flemish music of the High Renaissance, that is, polyphonic music of the 16th century. The Ensemble has achieved an important place in the early music scene by re-introducing many forgotten Renaissance masterworks to the concert repertoire, using newly prepared editions by O’Donnell. These works are frequently juxtaposed in innovative programs with more widely known repertoire from later periods. Performances in recent years have included a program of little-known works by Franco-Flemish composers Johannes Ghiselin, Jacquet of Berchem, Gaspar van Weebeke, Andreas de Silva, Nicolas Payen and Josquin des Prez, a quincentennial celebration of Thomas Tallis, the first Australian performance of Arvo Pärt's 'Canon of Repentance' (composed in 1998), works by Jean Richafort and his parodists, a program of works originally written for Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, German Baroque masterpieces by Johann Hermann Schein, Michael Praetorius, Heinrich Schütz and Johann Sebastian Bach, Alessandro Scarlatti's 'Stabat mater', and an annual concert entitled 'Christmas to Candlemas' that presents works written for the numerous Christian feast-days in the forty-day Church season that begins on Christmas Day. The ensemble has broadcast extensively on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's ABC Classic FM radio network, as well as the Melbourne-based community arts station 3MBS. It has appeared at many festivals across Australia, including the annual Organs of the Goldfields Festival in Ballarat, and the Woodend Winter Arts Festival, has toured to the United States and Canada, and three times to Europe, and has released two CD recordings: Josquin to Martin on the Move label (2004) and Christmas to Candlemas for Tall Poppies Records (2006). The groups are mentioned regularly in the yearly critical round-up of the best classical music in Melbourne. References ^ "John O'Donnell - Move Records". Retrieved 28 December 2006. ^ "e21, Ensemble Gombert". The Age. Melbourne. 17 March 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2007. ^ "Ensemble gombert - Reviews". The Age. Melbourne. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2006. ^ "A cappella News:Ensemble Gombert". Retrieved 28 December 2006. ^ See, for example, Joseph Sargent, review of concert in San Francisco: "Crystalline polyphony". Retrieved 21 October 2011. ^ See, for example, Clive O'Connell, "Classical Year in Review", The Age, 26 Dec. 2016. External links Ensemble Gombert web page
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franco-Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_School_(music)"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music"},{"link_name":"polyphonic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony"},{"link_name":"Josquin des Prez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffax1-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Tallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tallis"},{"link_name":"Arvo Pärt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt"},{"link_name":"Jean Richafort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richafort"},{"link_name":"parodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_mass"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffax-3"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anews-4"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music"},{"link_name":"Johann Hermann Schein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein"},{"link_name":"Michael Praetorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Praetorius"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Candlemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemas"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ABC Classic FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Classic_FM"},{"link_name":"Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat"},{"link_name":"Woodend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodend,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_Records"},{"link_name":"Tall Poppies Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Poppies_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Although Ensemble Gombert performs a wide range of choral music, ranging from plainchant to contemporary works, it specialises in a cappella performance of Franco-Flemish music of the High Renaissance, that is, polyphonic music of the 16th century. The Ensemble has achieved an important place in the early music scene by re-introducing many forgotten Renaissance masterworks to the concert repertoire, using newly prepared editions by O’Donnell. These works are frequently juxtaposed in innovative programs with more widely known repertoire from later periods.Performances in recent years have included a program of little-known works by Franco-Flemish composers Johannes Ghiselin, Jacquet of Berchem, Gaspar van Weebeke, Andreas de Silva, Nicolas Payen and Josquin des Prez,[2] a quincentennial celebration of Thomas Tallis, the first Australian performance of Arvo Pärt's 'Canon of Repentance' (composed in 1998), works by Jean Richafort and his parodists,[3] a program of works originally written for Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor,[4] German Baroque masterpieces by Johann Hermann Schein, Michael Praetorius, Heinrich Schütz and Johann Sebastian Bach, Alessandro Scarlatti's 'Stabat mater', and an annual concert entitled 'Christmas to Candlemas' that presents works written for the numerous Christian feast-days in the forty-day Church season that begins on Christmas Day.The ensemble has broadcast extensively on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's ABC Classic FM radio network, as well as the Melbourne-based community arts station 3MBS. It has appeared at many festivals across Australia, including the annual Organs of the Goldfields Festival in Ballarat, and the Woodend Winter Arts Festival, has toured to the United States and Canada,[5] and three times to Europe, and has released two CD recordings: Josquin to Martin on the Move label (2004) and Christmas to Candlemas for Tall Poppies Records (2006). The groups are mentioned regularly in the yearly critical round-up of the best classical music in Melbourne.[6]","title":"Ensemble Gombert"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"John O'Donnell - Move Records\". Retrieved 28 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.move.com.au/artist.cfm/596","url_text":"\"John O'Donnell - Move Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"e21, Ensemble Gombert\". The Age. Melbourne. 17 March 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/16/1079199206530.html","url_text":"\"e21, Ensemble Gombert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ensemble gombert - Reviews\". The Age. Melbourne. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/reviews/ensemble-gombert/2005/09/11/1126377200139.html","url_text":"\"Ensemble gombert - Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"A cappella News:Ensemble Gombert\". Retrieved 28 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acappellanews.com/archive/000844.html","url_text":"\"A cappella News:Ensemble Gombert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crystalline polyphony\". Retrieved 21 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfcv.org/reviews/ensemble-gombert%E2%80%99s-crystalline-polyphony","url_text":"\"Crystalline polyphony\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.move.com.au/artist.cfm/596","external_links_name":"\"John O'Donnell - Move Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/16/1079199206530.html","external_links_name":"\"e21, Ensemble Gombert\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/reviews/ensemble-gombert/2005/09/11/1126377200139.html","external_links_name":"\"Ensemble gombert - Reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.acappellanews.com/archive/000844.html","external_links_name":"\"A cappella News:Ensemble Gombert\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfcv.org/reviews/ensemble-gombert%E2%80%99s-crystalline-polyphony","external_links_name":"\"Crystalline polyphony\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/classical-year-in-review-passion-highquality-performances-in-superior-efforts-20161220-gteprx.html","external_links_name":"Classical Year in Review"},{"Link":"http://www.ensemblegombert.com.au/","external_links_name":"Ensemble Gombert web page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tove
High Tove
["1 Topography","2 Geology","3 Ascents","4 Summit","5 References"]
Coordinates: 54°32′23″N 3°06′07″W / 54.53964°N 3.10199°W / 54.53964; -3.10199Fell in the Lake District, England High ToveThe slope of High Tove rising behind Watendlath and its tarnHighest pointElevation515 m (1,690 ft)Prominencec. 16 mParent peakHigh SeatListingWainwrightCoordinates54°32′23″N 3°06′07″W / 54.53964°N 3.10199°W / 54.53964; -3.10199GeographyHigh ToveLocation in Lake District, UK LocationCumbria, EnglandParent rangeLake District, Central FellsOS gridNY288166Topo mapOS Explorer OL4 High Tove is a fell in the English Lake District, close to the geographical centre of the Cumbrian hills. It forms part of the watershed between the Derwentwater and Thirlmere catchments, a ridge running broadly north-south. Topography Sitting astride the spine of the Central Fells, High Tove is an outlier of High Seat. It is separated from its taller northern neighbour by the Pewits, an extremely boggy depression. The ridge moves on south across further upland marsh towards Ullscarf, passing over the three rocky (and dry) outcrops of Middle Crag, Shivery Knott and Watendlath Fell (summit unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps). Armboth Fell lies to the south east of High Tove, connected to the ridge by a broad heathery saddle. High Tove covers around one and a half miles of the north-south ridge, which is approximately a mile in width. It is bounded on the west by Watendlath Gill and its main feeder, Blea Tarn Gill. These flow to Watendlath Tarn, a popular beauty spot. The tarn is available for private fishing, being well stocked with trout. It holds a wide selection of flora, including water lilies and is at least 50 ft deep. Fisher and Launchy Gills provide the eastern boundaries of High Tove, flowing north and south around Armboth Fell respectively. Both are feeders of Thirlmere. Geology The summit is an island outcrop of the Thirlmere Member in a sea of drift deposits. The Thirlmere Member comprises welded rhyodacitic tuff with breccia. Ascents A bridleway provides the pass from Watendlath to Armboth crossing the ridge. Unusually it keeps to the summit rather than a depression, in an attempt to avoid wet ground. A further path runs along the watershed, accompanied by a wire fence. This can prove useful for crossing the worst of the bogs. Summit The top has a large cairn, which in Wainwright's words offers a seat to travellers who wish to pour the water out of their boots. The views are good to the either side, the Helvellyn range nearby to the east and a wide selection of major fells visible on the opposite flank of the ridge. Higher neighbours obstruct the view to north and south. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to High Tove. ^ Don Blair: Exploring Lakeland Tarns: Lakeland Manor Press (2003): ISBN 0-9543904-1-5 ^ British Geological Survey: 1:50,000 series maps, England & Wales Sheet 29: BGS (1999) ^ a b Wainwright, A (1958). A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Book 3 The Central Fells. Westmorland Gazette. ^ Bill Birkett: Complete Lakeland Fells: Collins Willow (1994): ISBN 0-00-713629-3 ^ Mark Richards: The Central Fells: Collins (2003): ISBN 0-00-711365-X vteWainwright's Central Fells Armboth Fell Bleaberry Fell Blea Rigg Calf Crag Eagle Crag Gibson Knott Grange Fell Great Crag Harrison Stickle Helm Crag High Raise High Rigg High Seat High Tove Loft Crag Loughrigg Fell Pavey Ark Pike of Stickle Raven Crag Sergeant Man Sergeant's Crag Silver How Steel Fell Tarn Crag Thunacar Knott Ullscarf Walla Crag Full list of Wainwrights by area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell"},{"link_name":"Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District"},{"link_name":"Cumbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Derwentwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwentwater"},{"link_name":"Thirlmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirlmere"}],"text":"Fell in the Lake District, EnglandHigh Tove is a fell in the English Lake District, close to the geographical centre of the Cumbrian hills. It forms part of the watershed between the Derwentwater and Thirlmere catchments, a ridge running broadly north-south.","title":"High Tove"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Fells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Fells"},{"link_name":"High Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Seat_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Ullscarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullscarf"},{"link_name":"Armboth Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armboth_Fell"},{"link_name":"tarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn_(lake)"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"water lilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blair-1"}],"text":"Sitting astride the spine of the Central Fells, High Tove is an outlier of High Seat. It is separated from its taller northern neighbour by the Pewits, an extremely boggy depression. The ridge moves on south across further upland marsh towards Ullscarf, passing over the three rocky (and dry) outcrops of Middle Crag, Shivery Knott and Watendlath Fell (summit unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps). Armboth Fell lies to the south east of High Tove, connected to the ridge by a broad heathery saddle.High Tove covers around one and a half miles of the north-south ridge, which is approximately a mile in width. It is bounded on the west by Watendlath Gill and its main feeder, Blea Tarn Gill. These flow to Watendlath Tarn, a popular beauty spot. The tarn is available for private fishing, being well stocked with trout. It holds a wide selection of flora, including water lilies and is at least 50 ft deep.[1] Fisher and Launchy Gills provide the eastern boundaries of High Tove, flowing north and south around Armboth Fell respectively. Both are feeders of Thirlmere.","title":"Topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"breccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGS-2"}],"text":"The summit is an island outcrop of the Thirlmere Member in a sea of drift deposits. The Thirlmere Member comprises welded rhyodacitic tuff with breccia.[2]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bridleway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bridleway_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"pass from Watendlath to Armboth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hill_passes_of_the_Lake_District#Pass_over_High_Tove"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birkett-4"}],"text":"A bridleway provides the pass from Watendlath to Armboth crossing the ridge. Unusually it keeps to the summit rather than a depression, in an attempt to avoid wet ground. A further path runs along the watershed, accompanied by a wire fence. This can prove useful for crossing the worst of the bogs.[3][4]","title":"Ascents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn"},{"link_name":"Helvellyn range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvellyn_range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richards-5"}],"text":"The top has a large cairn, which in Wainwright's words offers a seat to travellers who wish to pour the water out of their boots.The views are good to the either side, the Helvellyn range nearby to the east and a wide selection of major fells visible on the opposite flank of the ridge. Higher neighbours obstruct the view to north and south.[3][5]","title":"Summit"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Wainwright, A (1958). A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Book 3 The Central Fells. Westmorland Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wainwright","url_text":"Wainwright, A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorial_Guide_to_the_Lakeland_Fells","url_text":"A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=High_Tove&params=54.53964_N_3.10199_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"54°32′23″N 3°06′07″W / 54.53964°N 3.10199°W / 54.53964; -3.10199"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=High_Tove&params=54.53964_N_3.10199_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"54°32′23″N 3°06′07″W / 54.53964°N 3.10199°W / 54.53964; -3.10199"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=High_Tove&params=54.539636_N_3.101985_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=High+Tove","external_links_name":"NY288166"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Canyon
Köprülü Canyon
["1 History","2 Geography","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°11′32″N 31°10′51″E / 37.19222°N 31.18083°E / 37.19222; 31.18083National park in Turkey Köprülü Canyon National ParkKöprülü Kanyon Milli ParkıIUCN category II (national park)Köprülü Canyon in Sütçüler, IspartaKöprülü Canyon NPLocationManavgat, Antalya Province, TurkeyNearest cityAntalyaCoordinates37°11′32″N 31°10′51″E / 37.19222°N 31.18083°E / 37.19222; 31.18083Area366 km2 (141 sq mi)EstablishedDecember 12, 1973; 50 years ago (1973-12-12)Governing bodyDirectorate-General of Nature Protection and National ParksMinistry of Environment and Forest Köprülü Canyon (Turkish: Köprülü Kanyon) is a canyon and a National Park in the Province of Antalya, Turkey. Covering an area of 366 km2 (141 sq mi), it was established as a national park by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on December 12, 1973. History Within the park are the ruins of the ancient Greco-Roman city of Selge, as well as the intact Eurymedon Bridge, called Oluk Köprü in Turkish. Geography The park is situated inside the province of Antayla in the district of Manavgat. The canyon is located 92 km (57 mi) northeast from Antalya City. The canyon's walls are as high as 100m (328 feet) and stretch for 14 km (8.7 mi) along the Köprü River. References ^ Yılmaz, Ersin; et al. (2009). "Prioritising and Determining of Ecotourism Strategy with Participatory Approach: A Case Studies of the Cehennemdere Valley and Köprülü Kanyon National Park" (PDF). Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı-Eastern Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute. ISBN 978-605-393-055-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2011-08-23. ^ Tufan-Çetin, Özge (2009). "Lichens of the Köprülü Canyon National Park in Turkey" (PDF). Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Environmental Protection & Control, 07058 Antalya, Turkey. Retrieved 2023-04-25. ^ a b "Antalya - Köprülü Canyon National Park". www.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2024-04-29. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Köprülü Kanyon. https://web.archive.org/web/20130626072635/http://www.antalya-ws.com/english/nparks/koprulu.asp Pictures of the Canyon https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99777/antalya---koprulu-canyon-national-park.html Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Culture and Tourism site. vteCanyons and gorges of Turkey Arapapıştı Canyon Cehennem Deresi Canyon Çatak Canyon Ersizlerdere Canyon Gökçeler Canyon Göksu Canyon Göynük Canyon Güver Canyon Harmankaya Canyon Nature Park Horma Canyon Ihlara Canyon İnceğiz Canyon İncesu Canyon Kapıkaya Canyon Kapuz Canyon Karanlık Canyon Kirpe Canyon Kisecik Canyon Köprülü Canyon Lamas Canyon Sadağı Canyon Nature Park Saklıkent National Park Sansarak Canyon Şahinderesi Canyon Şehriban Canyon Tohma Canyon Ulubey Canyon Nature Park Yazılı Canyon Nature Park Valla Canyon vteNational parks of TurkeyAegean Region Commander-in-Chief Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta Mount Honaz Marmaris Mount Sipylus Black Sea Region Altındere Valley Boğazköy-Alacahöyük Hatila Valley Lake Abant Mount Ilgaz Kaçkar Mountains Karagöl-Sahara Mount Kop Defensive Küre Mountains Yedigöller Central Anatolia Region Anti-Taurus Mountains Derebucak Çamlık Caves Lake Beyşehir Independence Path Battle of Sakarya Mount Sarıçalı Soğuksu Sultan Reedy Yozgat Pine Grove Eastern Anatolia Region Mount Ararat Battle of Manzikert Mount Kop Defense Munzur Valley Nene Hatun Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains Marmara Region Lake Gala İğneada Floodplain Forests Kazdağı Kuşcenneti Troy Uludağ Mediterranean Region, Turkey Altınbeşik Cave Beydağları Coast Mount Güllük-Termessos Karatepe-Aslantaş Kızıldağ Lake Kovada Köprülü Canyon Saklıkent Yumurtalık Lagoon Southeastern Anatolia Region Botan Valley Hakkari Cilo-Sat Mountains Mount Nemrut Tek Tek Mountains Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forest_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"National park in TurkeyKöprülü Canyon (Turkish: Köprülü Kanyon) is a canyon and a National Park in the Province of Antalya, Turkey. Covering an area of 366 km2 (141 sq mi), it was established as a national park by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on December 12, 1973.[1]","title":"Köprülü Canyon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selge"},{"link_name":"Eurymedon Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurymedon_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Within the park are the ruins of the ancient Greco-Roman city of Selge, as well as the intact Eurymedon Bridge, called Oluk Köprü in Turkish.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manavgat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manavgat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Köprü River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The park is situated inside the province of Antayla in the district of Manavgat.[3] The canyon is located 92 km (57 mi) northeast from Antalya City. The canyon's walls are as high as 100m (328 feet) and stretch for 14 km (8.7 mi) along the Köprü River.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Yılmaz, Ersin; et al. (2009). \"Prioritising and Determining of Ecotourism Strategy with Participatory Approach: A Case Studies of the Cehennemdere Valley and Köprülü Kanyon National Park\" (PDF). Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı-Eastern Mediterranean Forestry Research Institute. ISBN 978-605-393-055-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2011-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033806/http://www.doa.gov.tr/Teknik/Teknik29.pdf","url_text":"\"Prioritising and Determining of Ecotourism Strategy with Participatory Approach: A Case Studies of the Cehennemdere Valley and Köprülü Kanyon National Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-393-055-6","url_text":"978-605-393-055-6"},{"url":"http://www.doa.gov.tr/Teknik/Teknik29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tufan-Çetin, Özge (2009). \"Lichens of the Köprülü Canyon National Park in Turkey\" (PDF). Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Environmental Protection & Control, 07058 Antalya, Turkey. Retrieved 2023-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ozge-Tufan-Cetin/publication/264478368_Lichens_of_The_Koprulu_Canyon_National_Park_In_Turkey/links/5eb3fc4f45851523bd49d17b/Lichens-of-The-Koepruelue-Canyon-National-Park-In-Turkey.pdf","url_text":"\"Lichens of the Köprülü Canyon National Park in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antalya - Köprülü Canyon National Park\". www.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2024-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99777/antalya---koprulu-canyon-national-park.html","url_text":"\"Antalya - Köprülü Canyon National Park\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Canyon&params=37_11_32_N_31_10_51_E_region:TR-07_scale:1000000_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°11′32″N 31°10′51″E / 37.19222°N 31.18083°E / 37.19222; 31.18083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Canyon&params=37_11_32_N_31_10_51_E_region:TR-07_scale:1000000_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°11′32″N 31°10′51″E / 37.19222°N 31.18083°E / 37.19222; 31.18083"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033806/http://www.doa.gov.tr/Teknik/Teknik29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Prioritising and Determining of Ecotourism Strategy with Participatory Approach: A Case Studies of the Cehennemdere Valley and Köprülü Kanyon National Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.doa.gov.tr/Teknik/Teknik29.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ozge-Tufan-Cetin/publication/264478368_Lichens_of_The_Koprulu_Canyon_National_Park_In_Turkey/links/5eb3fc4f45851523bd49d17b/Lichens-of-The-Koepruelue-Canyon-National-Park-In-Turkey.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lichens of the Köprülü Canyon National Park in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99777/antalya---koprulu-canyon-national-park.html","external_links_name":"\"Antalya - Köprülü Canyon National Park\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130626072635/http://www.antalya-ws.com/english/nparks/koprulu.asp","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130626072635/http://www.antalya-ws.com/english/nparks/koprulu.asp"},{"Link":"https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99777/antalya---koprulu-canyon-national-park.html","external_links_name":"https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99777/antalya---koprulu-canyon-national-park.html"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/246644168","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4272259-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pyrmont
Bad Pyrmont
["1 History","2 Economy","3 Attractions","4 Notable people","5 Gallery","6 Twin towns – sister cities","7 See also","8 References","9 External links","9.1 Multimedia"]
Coordinates: 51°59′12″N 09°15′49″E / 51.98667°N 9.26361°E / 51.98667; 9.26361This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bad Pyrmont" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Lower Saxony, GermanyBad Pyrmont TownBad Pyrmont Holy Bath Coat of armsLocation of Bad Pyrmont within Hameln-Pyrmont district Bad Pyrmont Show map of GermanyBad Pyrmont Show map of Lower SaxonyCoordinates: 51°59′12″N 09°15′49″E / 51.98667°N 9.26361°E / 51.98667; 9.26361CountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyDistrictHameln-Pyrmont Subdivisions9 subdivisionsGovernment • Mayor (2021–26) Klaus Blome (CDU)Area • Total61.96 km2 (23.92 sq mi)Population (2022-12-31) • Total19,604 • Density320/km2 (820/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes31812Dialling codes05281Vehicle registrationHMWebsitewww.stadt-badpyrmont.de County (Principality) of PyrmontGrafschaft (Fürstentum) Pyrmont1194–1918StatusState of the Holy Roman Empire,State of the Confederation of the Rhine,State of the German Confederation,State of the North German Confederation,State of the German EmpireCapitalPyrmont, LügdeGovernmentPrincipalityHistorical eraMiddle Ages• Partitioned from Schwalenberg  1194• Comital line extinct; to Spiegelberg  1494• To Lippe 1557• To Gleichen 1583• To Waldeck 1625• Waldeck's rights over Pyrmont confirmed; Lügde ceded to Paderborn 1668• Regained independence 1805–12• Prussian administration from 1868• German Revolution 1918• Joined Prussian province of Hanover 1921 Preceded by Succeeded by County of Schwalenberg Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont Bad Pyrmont (German: ⓘ, also: ; West Low German: Bad Purmunt) is a town in the district of Hamelin-Pyrmont, in Lower Saxony, Germany, with a population close to 19,000. It is located on the river Emmer, about 10 km (6.2 mi) west of the Weser. Bad Pyrmont is a popular spa resort that gained its reputation as a fashionable place for princely vacations in the 17th and 18th centuries. The town is also the center of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Germany. History Formerly called Pyrmont, it was the seat of a small county during much of the Middle Ages. The county gained its independence from the County of Schwalenberg  in 1194. Independence was maintained until the extinction of the comital line in 1494, when the county was inherited by the County of Spiegelberg . In 1557, the county was inherited by Lippe, then by the County of Gleichen in 1583. In 1625, the county became part of the much larger County of Waldeck through inheritance. In 1668, the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court) ruled against the Bishopric of Paderborn's claims that Pyrmont had been collateral in a loan, confirming the Count of Waldeck's rights over Pyrmont, who ceded the Amt of Lügde — previously the county's capital — to the bishopric in compensation. In January 1712, the Count of Waldeck and Pyrmont was elevated to hereditary prince by Emperor Charles VI, the count having combined the two titles the previous year. For a brief period, from 1805 to 1812, Pyrmont was again a separate principality as a result of inheritance and partition after the death of the previous prince, but the two parts were united again in 1812. The principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont retained its status after the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and became a member of the German Confederation. In 1813, the inhabitants of Pyrmont began to protest at their lack of autonomy within Waldeck–Pyrmont and the separate constitutional nature of the two territories was confirmed the following year, until a formal union was established in 1849. From 1868 onward, the principality was administered by Prussia, but retained its legislative sovereignty. Prussian administration served to reduce administrative costs for the small state and was based on a ten-year contract that was repeatedly renewed. In 1871 it became a constituent state of the new German Empire. At the end of World War I, during the German Revolution the prince abdicated and Waldeck–Pyrmont became a free state within the Weimar Republic. On 30 November 1921, following a local plebiscite, the town and district of Pyrmont were detached and incorporated into the Prussian Province of Hanover, with Waldeck following into the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau in 1929. Economy As a spa town, Bad Pyrmont's economy is heavily geared towards tourism. Bad Pyrmonter mineral water is bottled in Bad Pyrmont. Attractions Bad Pyrmont features a large Kurpark, with a sizeable outdoor palm garden. The Baroque castle (1706–10) is part of a substantial complex of fortifications dating from the 16th century. The castle now houses the Museum of Municipal and Spa History. Notable people Emil Albes (1861–1923), German actor Max Born (1882–1970), Physicist, Nobel Prize winner and grandfather of Olivia Newton-John, spent his last years in Bad Pyrmont Rainer Brüninghaus (born 1949), German composer and jazz pianist Ferdinand Büchner (1823–1906), German flautist and composer Friedrich Drake (1805–1882), German sculptor Thomas Klenke (born 1966), German racing driver Paul-Gerhard Klumbies (born 1957), German protestant theologian Caren Marks (born 1964), German politician (SPD) Johannes Schraps (born 1983), German politician (SPD) Sigrid Sternebeck (born 1949), former member of the Red Army Faction Theodor Stroefer (1843–1927), German publisher Thomas Webel (born 1954), German politician (CDU) Helmut Wildt (1922–2007), German actor Detlef Zühlke (born 1947), German engineer and professor Gallery Pyrmont Castle Hylligen Born (Holy bath) The Avenue Königin-Emma-Platz (Queen Emma square) The Avenue between the baths and Pyrmont, 1780 Pyrmont Castle 1900 Pyrmont baths, 1900 Georg Fredrik ca 1750 Twin towns – sister cities Bad Pyrmont is twinned with: Anzio, Italy See also Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region Pyrmont, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney named after Bad Pyrmont References ^ "Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021" (PDF). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. 13 October 2021. ^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. ^ "60 anni di Gemellaggio tra Anzio e Bad Pyrmont". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bad Pyrmont. Official website Multimedia CBC Radio reports on surrender of the town, 22 April 1945 vteTowns and municipalities in Hameln-Pyrmont (district) Aerzen Bad Münder Bad Pyrmont Coppenbrügge Emmerthal Hamelin Hessisch Oldendorf Salzhemmendorf Coat of arms Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[baːt pʏʁˈmɔnt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/De-Bad_Pyrmont.ogg/De-Bad_Pyrmont.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Bad_Pyrmont.ogg"},{"link_name":"[- ˈpʏʁ-]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"West Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Low_German"},{"link_name":"Hamelin-Pyrmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamelin-Pyrmont"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Emmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmer_(Weser)"},{"link_name":"Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser"},{"link_name":"spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_spa"},{"link_name":"Religious Society of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends"}],"text":"Town in Lower Saxony, GermanyBad Pyrmont (German: [baːt pʏʁˈmɔnt] ⓘ, also: [- ˈpʏʁ-]; West Low German: Bad Purmunt) is a town in the district of Hamelin-Pyrmont, in Lower Saxony, Germany, with a population close to 19,000. It is located on the river Emmer, about 10 km (6.2 mi) west of the Weser. Bad Pyrmont is a popular spa resort that gained its reputation as a fashionable place for princely vacations in the 17th and 18th centuries. The town is also the center of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Germany.","title":"Bad Pyrmont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County of Schwalenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=County_of_Schwalenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafschaft_Schwalenberg"},{"link_name":"County of Spiegelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=County_of_Spiegelberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafen_von_Spiegelberg"},{"link_name":"Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"County of Gleichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Gleichen"},{"link_name":"Waldeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeck_(state)"},{"link_name":"Reichskammergericht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskammergericht"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Paderborn"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Amt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amt"},{"link_name":"Lügde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCgde"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"German Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution"},{"link_name":"free state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(government)"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Province of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"province of Hesse-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau"}],"text":"Formerly called Pyrmont, it was the seat of a small county during much of the Middle Ages. The county gained its independence from the County of Schwalenberg [de] in 1194. Independence was maintained until the extinction of the comital line in 1494, when the county was inherited by the County of Spiegelberg [de]. In 1557, the county was inherited by Lippe, then by the County of Gleichen in 1583.In 1625, the county became part of the much larger County of Waldeck through inheritance. In 1668, the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court) ruled against the Bishopric of Paderborn's claims that Pyrmont had been collateral in a loan, confirming the Count of Waldeck's rights over Pyrmont, who ceded the Amt of Lügde — previously the county's capital — to the bishopric in compensation. In January 1712, the Count of Waldeck and Pyrmont was elevated to hereditary prince by Emperor Charles VI, the count having combined the two titles the previous year.For a brief period, from 1805 to 1812, Pyrmont was again a separate principality as a result of inheritance and partition after the death of the previous prince, but the two parts were united again in 1812. The principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont retained its status after the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and became a member of the German Confederation. In 1813, the inhabitants of Pyrmont began to protest at their lack of autonomy within Waldeck–Pyrmont and the separate constitutional nature of the two territories was confirmed the following year, until a formal union was established in 1849.From 1868 onward, the principality was administered by Prussia, but retained its legislative sovereignty. Prussian administration served to reduce administrative costs for the small state and was based on a ten-year contract that was repeatedly renewed. In 1871 it became a constituent state of the new German Empire. At the end of World War I, during the German Revolution the prince abdicated and Waldeck–Pyrmont became a free state within the Weimar Republic. On 30 November 1921, following a local plebiscite, the town and district of Pyrmont were detached and incorporated into the Prussian Province of Hanover, with Waldeck following into the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau in 1929.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As a spa town, Bad Pyrmont's economy is heavily geared towards tourism.Bad Pyrmonter mineral water is bottled in Bad Pyrmont.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_tree"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"}],"text":"Bad Pyrmont features a large Kurpark, with a sizeable outdoor palm garden. The Baroque castle (1706–10) is part of a substantial complex of fortifications dating from the 16th century. The castle now houses the Museum of Municipal and Spa History.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emil Albes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Albes"},{"link_name":"Max Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born"},{"link_name":"Physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Olivia Newton-John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John"},{"link_name":"Rainer Brüninghaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCninghaus"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Büchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_B%C3%BCchner"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Drake"},{"link_name":"Thomas Klenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Klenke"},{"link_name":"Paul-Gerhard Klumbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Gerhard_Klumbies"},{"link_name":"Caren Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caren_Marks"},{"link_name":"Johannes Schraps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Schraps"},{"link_name":"Sigrid Sternebeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid_Sternebeck"},{"link_name":"Red Army Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_Faction"},{"link_name":"Theodor Stroefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Stroefer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Webel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Webel"},{"link_name":"Helmut Wildt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Wildt"},{"link_name":"Detlef Zühlke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Z%C3%BChlke"}],"text":"Emil Albes (1861–1923), German actor\nMax Born (1882–1970), Physicist, Nobel Prize winner and grandfather of Olivia Newton-John, spent his last years in Bad Pyrmont\nRainer Brüninghaus (born 1949), German composer and jazz pianist\nFerdinand Büchner (1823–1906), German flautist and composer\nFriedrich Drake (1805–1882), German sculptor\nThomas Klenke (born 1966), German racing driver\nPaul-Gerhard Klumbies (born 1957), German protestant theologian\nCaren Marks (born 1964), German politician (SPD)\nJohannes Schraps (born 1983), German politician (SPD)\nSigrid Sternebeck (born 1949), former member of the Red Army Faction\nTheodor Stroefer (1843–1927), German publisher\nThomas Webel (born 1954), German politician (CDU)\nHelmut Wildt (1922–2007), German actor\nDetlef Zühlke (born 1947), German engineer and professor","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Pyrmont_Kasteel_Pyrmont_Castle_Schloss_Pyrmont_Deutschland_Germany_Duitsland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pyrmont Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrmont_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Pyrmont_Hylligen_Born_Heilige_bron_Holy_source_fountain_Avenue_Hauptallee.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Pyrmont_Avenue_Hauptallee_Duitsland_Germany.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Pyrmont_K%C3%B6nigin-Emma-Platz_Duitsland_Germany.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Pyrmont_Zweyte_Ansicht_der_Promenade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_Pyrmont_1900.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quelle_Pyrmont_1900.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georg_Friedrich,_count_of_Waldeck,_painted_by_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein,_ca_1750.jpg"}],"text":"Pyrmont Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHylligen Born (Holy bath)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Avenue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKönigin-Emma-Platz (Queen Emma square)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Avenue between the baths and Pyrmont, 1780\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPyrmont Castle 1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPyrmont baths, 1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorg Fredrik ca 1750","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bad Pyrmont is twinned with:Anzio, Italy[3]","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bad_Pyrmont_in_HM.svg/235px-Bad_Pyrmont_in_HM.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wappen_Landkreis_Hameln-Pyrmont.svg/30px-Wappen_Landkreis_Hameln-Pyrmont.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover%E2%80%93Braunschweig%E2%80%93G%C3%B6ttingen%E2%80%93Wolfsburg_Metropolitan_Region"},{"title":"Pyrmont, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrmont,_New_South_Wales"}]
[{"reference":"\"Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021\" (PDF). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf","url_text":"\"Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen","url_text":"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen"}]},{"reference":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","url_text":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen","url_text":"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen"}]},{"reference":"\"60 anni di Gemellaggio tra Anzio e Bad Pyrmont\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comune.anzio.roma.it/archivio10_notizie-e-comunicati_0_1218.html","url_text":"\"60 anni di Gemellaggio tra Anzio e Bad Pyrmont\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bad_Pyrmont&params=51_59_12_N_09_15_49_E_type:city(19604)_region:DE-NI","external_links_name":"51°59′12″N 09°15′49″E / 51.98667°N 9.26361°E / 51.98667; 9.26361"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bad+Pyrmont%22","external_links_name":"\"Bad Pyrmont\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bad+Pyrmont%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bad+Pyrmont%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bad+Pyrmont%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bad+Pyrmont%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bad+Pyrmont%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bad_Pyrmont&params=51_59_12_N_09_15_49_E_type:city(19604)_region:DE-NI","external_links_name":"51°59′12″N 09°15′49″E / 51.98667°N 9.26361°E / 51.98667; 9.26361"},{"Link":"https://www.stadt-badpyrmont.de/","external_links_name":"www.stadt-badpyrmont.de"},{"Link":"https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/","external_links_name":"\"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.comune.anzio.roma.it/archivio10_notizie-e-comunicati_0_1218.html","external_links_name":"\"60 anni di Gemellaggio tra Anzio e Bad Pyrmont\""},{"Link":"https://www.stadt-badpyrmont.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/topics/1669-11484/","external_links_name":"CBC Radio reports on surrender of the town, 22 April 1945"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153623356","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcv3fx9mWYBpX9hvkkXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970047z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970047z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047920-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557474705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82023918","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1093138&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/e15e7349-bf2f-4b12-877d-48f4eb0f2d14","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_immigration_ban
Muslim immigration ban
["1 United States","2 Australia","3 India","4 Netherlands","5 Russia","6 References"]
About immigration ban of Muslims in countries A Muslim immigration ban is a ban, either absolute or from specific nations, on the immigration of Muslims to a specific nation. United States Main article: Trump travel ban U.S. President Donald Trump signing the order at the Pentagon, with Vice President Mike Pence (left) and Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis in 2017 On December 7, 2015, presidential candidate Donald Trump called for "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's representatives can figure out what the hell is going on." The Muslim immigration ban has been seen as a result of the influence of the counter-jihad movement. As President, Trump signed Executive Order 13769 on January 27, 2017, the first travel ban, which "suspended for 90 days the entry of certain aliens from seven countries: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen." Further executive orders and presidential proclamations removed some of these countries and added others, including non-Muslim majority countries. Formerly, the Naturalization Act of 1790 did not restrict immigration of Muslims, but indirectly prevented Muslim immigrants from obtaining citizenship, which was limited to any "free white person". Whiteness was associated with Christianity by the American courts, until the decision Ex Parte Mohriez recognized citizenship for a Saudi Muslim man in 1944. Australia A 2016 poll found that half of all Australians wanted to ban Muslim immigration, with 49% of Australians supporting a ban. In a 2017 poll of 2,000 people, 48% backed a ban, 27% were undecided, and a quarter opposed it. In 2017, Senator and One Nation leader Pauline Hanson after the London terror attack called for a Muslim immigration ban, saying "do not pray for London, pray for Muslim ban". This came one year after her maiden speech called for the same Ban. In 2018, Senator Fraser Anning during his maiden speech called for a plebiscite to reintroduce the White Australia policy, especially with regard to excluding Muslims. India Before he became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 2017, minister Yogi Adityanath praised former U.S. President Trump's position on a Muslim immigration ban and stated that “similar action needed to contain terror activities in this country.” Netherlands Geert Wilders is a prominent advocate for a ban on immigration from Muslim nations in the Netherlands. Russia Long time Russian leader of Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Vladimir Zhirinovsky had called for a ban on Muslim immigration. References ^ Johnson, Jenna (December 7, 2015). "Trump calls for 'total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2018. ^ Taylor, Jessica (December 7, 2015). "Trump Calls For 'Total And Complete Shutdown Of Muslims Entering' U.S." NPR. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2018. ^ Othen, Christopher (2018). Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency. Amberley. ISBN 9781445678009. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (February 13, 2017). "Trump's counter-jihad". Vox. ^ a b "Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States". Federal Register. March 9, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ a b "Maintaining Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats". Federal Register. April 13, 2018. ^ "Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats". Federal Register. September 27, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ "Improving Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats". Federal Register. February 5, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Beydoun, Khaled A. (August 19, 2016). "Opinion | America banned Muslims long before Donald Trump". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. ^ Kenny, Mark; Koziol, Michael (September 21, 2016). "Half of all Australians want to ban Muslim immigration: poll". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ Medhora, Shalailah (September 21, 2016). "One in two Australians want a ban on Muslim immigration, poll finds". triple j. ^ Hutchens, Gareth (September 22, 2016). "Pauline Hanson says 49% support for ban on Muslim immigration is too low". The Guardian. ^ "Australians support partial ban on Muslim immigration: survey". SBS News. October 26, 2017. ^ "'Go back to where you came from': Hanson wants Muslims shut out". abc.net.au. September 14, 2016. ^ "'Don't pray for London, pray for Muslim ban': Pauline Hanson responds to terror attack". au.finance.yahoo.com. March 23, 2017. ^ Remeikis, Amy (March 24, 2017). "Pauline Hanson says Islam is a disease Australia needs to 'vaccinate'". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". theaustralian.com.au. ^ Conifer, Dan (August 14, 2018). "'The final solution to the immigration problem': Anning calls for plebiscite on immigration". abc.net.au. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ "Fraser Anning: MP's full speech on Muslim immigration ban". News.Com.Au. August 14, 2018. ^ Kwai, Isabella (August 15, 2018). "Australian Senator Calls for 'Final Solution' to Muslim Immigration". The New York Times. ^ "BJP's Adityanath praises US Prez Trump's 'Muslim ban', recommends it for India". Hindustan Times. January 31, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ "BJP's Yogi Adityanath Praises Trump Ban, Compares Western UP To Kashmir". NDTV.com. January 31, 2017. ^ "Yogi Adityanath Seeks Trump-like Immigration Order in India". news18.com. January 31, 2017. ^ "In rich, low crime Netherlands, why is Wilders so popular?". abc.net.au. March 6, 2017. ^ "Geert Wilders calls for Trump-style Muslim travel ban in Europe". the Guardian. December 17, 2017. ^ "Dutch election frontrunner says 'Islam and freedom are not compatible'". The Independent. February 22, 2017. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. ^ "Dutch 'Trump' lawmaker's defense of travel ban sparks argument". CBS News. AP. January 31, 2017. ^ Nemtsova, Anna (September 7, 2016). "Russia's Trump, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Wants to Build a Wall, Ban Muslims, and Nuke the White House". The Daily Beast – via thedailybeast.com.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"}],"text":"A Muslim immigration ban is a ban, either absolute or from specific nations, on the immigration of Muslims to a specific nation.","title":"Muslim immigration ban"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_signing_order_January_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Mike Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence"},{"link_name":"Jim Mattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mattis"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"counter-jihad movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-jihad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 13769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13769"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-protecting-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maintaining-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-protecting-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maintaining-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Naturalization Act of 1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790"},{"link_name":"Ex Parte Mohriez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ex_Parte_Mohriez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"U.S. President Donald Trump signing the order at the Pentagon, with Vice President Mike Pence (left) and Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis in 2017On December 7, 2015, presidential candidate Donald Trump called for \"a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's representatives can figure out what the hell is going on.\"[1][2] The Muslim immigration ban has been seen as a result of the influence of the counter-jihad movement.[3][4]As President, Trump signed Executive Order 13769 on January 27, 2017, the first travel ban, which \"suspended for 90 days the entry of certain aliens from seven countries: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.\"[5][6] Further executive orders and presidential proclamations removed some of these countries and added others, including non-Muslim majority countries.[5][7][6][8]Formerly, the Naturalization Act of 1790 did not restrict immigration of Muslims, but indirectly prevented Muslim immigrants from obtaining citizenship, which was limited to any \"free white person\". Whiteness was associated with Christianity by the American courts, until the decision Ex Parte Mohriez recognized citizenship for a Saudi Muslim man in 1944.[9]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pauline Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Hanson"},{"link_name":"maiden speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Fraser Anning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Anning"},{"link_name":"plebiscite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscite"},{"link_name":"White Australia policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"A 2016 poll found that half of all Australians wanted to ban Muslim immigration, with 49% of Australians supporting a ban.[10][11][12] In a 2017 poll of 2,000 people, 48% backed a ban, 27% were undecided, and a quarter opposed it.[13]In 2017, Senator and One Nation leader Pauline Hanson after the London terror attack called for a Muslim immigration ban, saying \"do not pray for London, pray for Muslim ban\". This came one year after her maiden speech called for the same Ban.[14][15][16][17]In 2018, Senator Fraser Anning during his maiden speech called for a plebiscite to reintroduce the White Australia policy, especially with regard to excluding Muslims.[18][19][20]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Yogi Adityanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Before he became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 2017, minister Yogi Adityanath praised former U.S. President Trump's position on a Muslim immigration ban and stated that “similar action[s] [are] needed to contain terror activities in this country.”[21][22][23]","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geert Wilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Wilders"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Geert Wilders is a prominent advocate for a ban on immigration from Muslim nations in the Netherlands.[24][25][26][27]","title":"Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Zhirinovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Long time Russian leader of Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Vladimir Zhirinovsky had called for a ban on Muslim immigration.[28]","title":"Russia"}]
[{"image_text":"U.S. President Donald Trump signing the order at the Pentagon, with Vice President Mike Pence (left) and Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Trump_signing_order_January_27.jpg/200px-Trump_signing_order_January_27.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Johnson, Jenna (December 7, 2015). \"Trump calls for 'total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States'\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/","url_text":"\"Trump calls for 'total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210215181250/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/?noredirect=on","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Jessica (December 7, 2015). \"Trump Calls For 'Total And Complete Shutdown Of Muslims Entering' U.S.\" NPR. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2015/12/07/458836388/trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-u-s","url_text":"\"Trump Calls For 'Total And Complete Shutdown Of Muslims Entering' U.S.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210215181253/https://www.npr.org/2015/12/07/458836388/trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-u-s","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Othen, Christopher (2018). Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency. Amberley. ISBN 9781445678009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT274","url_text":"Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445678009","url_text":"9781445678009"}]},{"reference":"Beauchamp, Zack (February 13, 2017). \"Trump's counter-jihad\". Vox.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/13/14559822/trump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia","url_text":"\"Trump's counter-jihad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States\". Federal Register. March 9, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/03/09/2017-04837/protecting-the-nation-from-foreign-terrorist-entry-into-the-united-states","url_text":"\"Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maintaining Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\". Federal Register. April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/04/13/2018-07864/maintaining-enhanced-vetting-capabilities-and-processes-for-detecting-attempted-entry-into-the","url_text":"\"Maintaining Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\". Federal Register. September 27, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/09/27/2017-20899/enhancing-vetting-capabilities-and-processes-for-detecting-attempted-entry-into-the-united-states-by","url_text":"\"Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improving Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\". Federal Register. February 5, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/02/05/2020-02422/improving-enhanced-vetting-capabilities-and-processes-for-detecting-attempted-entry-into-the-united","url_text":"\"Improving Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\""}]},{"reference":"Beydoun, Khaled A. (August 19, 2016). \"Opinion | America banned Muslims long before Donald Trump\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-anti-muslim-stance-echoes-a-us-law-from-the-1700s/2016/08/18/6da7b486-6585-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | America banned Muslims long before Donald Trump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228103614/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-anti-muslim-stance-echoes-a-us-law-from-the-1700s/2016/08/18/6da7b486-6585-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Mark; Koziol, Michael (September 21, 2016). \"Half of all Australians want to ban Muslim immigration: poll\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/half-of-all-australians-want-to-ban-muslim-immigration-poll-20160921-grkufa.html","url_text":"\"Half of all Australians want to ban Muslim immigration: poll\""}]},{"reference":"Medhora, Shalailah (September 21, 2016). \"One in two Australians want a ban on Muslim immigration, poll finds\". triple j.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/half-of-australia-wants-muslim-ban/7865630","url_text":"\"One in two Australians want a ban on Muslim immigration, poll finds\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchens, Gareth (September 22, 2016). \"Pauline Hanson says 49% support for ban on Muslim immigration is too low\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/sep/22/pauline-hanson-says-49-support-for-ban-on-muslim-immigration-is-too-low","url_text":"\"Pauline Hanson says 49% support for ban on Muslim immigration is too low\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Australians support partial ban on Muslim immigration: survey\". SBS News. October 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australians-support-partial-ban-on-muslim-immigration-survey/tco4r4hgm","url_text":"\"Australians support partial ban on Muslim immigration: survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Go back to where you came from': Hanson wants Muslims shut out\". abc.net.au. September 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-14/one-nation-senator-pauline-hanson-makes-first-speech-to-senate/7845150","url_text":"\"'Go back to where you came from': Hanson wants Muslims shut out\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Don't pray for London, pray for Muslim ban': Pauline Hanson responds to terror attack\". au.finance.yahoo.com. March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/dont-pray-london-pray-muslim-035705276.html","url_text":"\"'Don't pray for London, pray for Muslim ban': Pauline Hanson responds to terror attack\""}]},{"reference":"Remeikis, Amy (March 24, 2017). \"Pauline Hanson says Islam is a disease Australia needs to 'vaccinate'\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/pauline-hanson-says-islam-is-a-disease-australia-needs-to-vaccinate-20170324-gv5w7z.html","url_text":"\"Pauline Hanson says Islam is a disease Australia needs to 'vaccinate'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps\". theaustralian.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fimmigration%2Fhanson-proposes-muslim-ban-to-solve-terror%2Fnews-story%2Fe6312724af91d1058d1c91fdc4030640&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=537c74bc1abe934dc116fdfcee8cb02f-1624133460","url_text":"\"Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps\""}]},{"reference":"Conifer, Dan (August 14, 2018). \"'The final solution to the immigration problem': Anning calls for plebiscite on immigration\". abc.net.au. Retrieved October 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/fraser-anning-maiden-speech-immigration-solution/10120270","url_text":"\"'The final solution to the immigration problem': Anning calls for plebiscite on immigration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fraser Anning: MP's full speech on Muslim immigration ban\". News.Com.Au. August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/fraser-anning-mps-full-speech-on-muslim-immigration-ban/news-story/1bffbc6235fe91172209eff86c8a7aa9","url_text":"\"Fraser Anning: MP's full speech on Muslim immigration ban\""}]},{"reference":"Kwai, Isabella (August 15, 2018). \"Australian Senator Calls for 'Final Solution' to Muslim Immigration\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/14/world/australia/final-solution-fraser-anning.html","url_text":"\"Australian Senator Calls for 'Final Solution' to Muslim Immigration\""}]},{"reference":"\"BJP's Adityanath praises US Prez Trump's 'Muslim ban', recommends it for India\". Hindustan Times. January 31, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-s-adityanath-praises-us-prez-trump-s-muslim-ban-recommends-it-for-india/story-KVpanqzFOYdmX0LLoPHpEP.html","url_text":"\"BJP's Adityanath praises US Prez Trump's 'Muslim ban', recommends it for India\""}]},{"reference":"\"BJP's Yogi Adityanath Praises Trump Ban, Compares Western UP To Kashmir\". NDTV.com. January 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-yogi-adityanath-praises-donald-trumps-immigration-ban-says-india-needs-it-1654430","url_text":"\"BJP's Yogi Adityanath Praises Trump Ban, Compares Western UP To Kashmir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yogi Adityanath Seeks Trump-like Immigration Order in India\". news18.com. January 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/politics/yogi-adityanth-seeks-trump-like-immigration-order-in-india-1342883.html","url_text":"\"Yogi Adityanath Seeks Trump-like Immigration Order in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"In rich, low crime Netherlands, why is Wilders so popular?\". abc.net.au. March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-06/why-is-geert-wilders-popular-in-netherlands-dutch-election/8329780","url_text":"\"In rich, low crime Netherlands, why is Wilders so popular?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geert Wilders calls for Trump-style Muslim travel ban in Europe\". the Guardian. December 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/17/geert-wilders-calls-for-trump-style-muslim-travel-ban-in-europe","url_text":"\"Geert Wilders calls for Trump-style Muslim travel ban in Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch election frontrunner says 'Islam and freedom are not compatible'\". The Independent. February 22, 2017. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/geert-wilders-dutch-pm-frontrunner-far-right-islamophobic-freedom-a7593466.html","url_text":"\"Dutch election frontrunner says 'Islam and freedom are not compatible'\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/geert-wilders-dutch-pm-frontrunner-far-right-islamophobic-freedom-a7593466.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch 'Trump' lawmaker's defense of travel ban sparks argument\". CBS News. AP. January 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/holland-geert-wilders-donald-trump-immigration-travel-ban-dutch-far-right/","url_text":"\"Dutch 'Trump' lawmaker's defense of travel ban sparks argument\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Nemtsova, Anna (September 7, 2016). \"Russia's Trump, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Wants to Build a Wall, Ban Muslims, and Nuke the White House\". The Daily Beast – via thedailybeast.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/07/russia-s-trump-vladimir-zhirinovsky-wants-to-build-a-wall-ban-muslims-and-nuke-the-white-house","url_text":"\"Russia's Trump, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Wants to Build a Wall, Ban Muslims, and Nuke the White House\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/","external_links_name":"\"Trump calls for 'total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210215181250/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/?noredirect=on","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2015/12/07/458836388/trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-u-s","external_links_name":"\"Trump Calls For 'Total And Complete Shutdown Of Muslims Entering' U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210215181253/https://www.npr.org/2015/12/07/458836388/trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-u-s","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT274","external_links_name":"Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency"},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/13/14559822/trump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia","external_links_name":"\"Trump's counter-jihad\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/03/09/2017-04837/protecting-the-nation-from-foreign-terrorist-entry-into-the-united-states","external_links_name":"\"Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/04/13/2018-07864/maintaining-enhanced-vetting-capabilities-and-processes-for-detecting-attempted-entry-into-the","external_links_name":"\"Maintaining Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/09/27/2017-20899/enhancing-vetting-capabilities-and-processes-for-detecting-attempted-entry-into-the-united-states-by","external_links_name":"\"Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\""},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/02/05/2020-02422/improving-enhanced-vetting-capabilities-and-processes-for-detecting-attempted-entry-into-the-united","external_links_name":"\"Improving Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-anti-muslim-stance-echoes-a-us-law-from-the-1700s/2016/08/18/6da7b486-6585-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Opinion | America banned Muslims long before Donald Trump\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228103614/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-anti-muslim-stance-echoes-a-us-law-from-the-1700s/2016/08/18/6da7b486-6585-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/half-of-all-australians-want-to-ban-muslim-immigration-poll-20160921-grkufa.html","external_links_name":"\"Half of all Australians want to ban Muslim immigration: poll\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/half-of-australia-wants-muslim-ban/7865630","external_links_name":"\"One in two Australians want a ban on Muslim immigration, poll finds\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/sep/22/pauline-hanson-says-49-support-for-ban-on-muslim-immigration-is-too-low","external_links_name":"\"Pauline Hanson says 49% support for ban on Muslim immigration is too low\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australians-support-partial-ban-on-muslim-immigration-survey/tco4r4hgm","external_links_name":"\"Australians support partial ban on Muslim immigration: survey\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-14/one-nation-senator-pauline-hanson-makes-first-speech-to-senate/7845150","external_links_name":"\"'Go back to where you came from': Hanson wants Muslims shut out\""},{"Link":"https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/dont-pray-london-pray-muslim-035705276.html","external_links_name":"\"'Don't pray for London, pray for Muslim ban': Pauline Hanson responds to terror attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/pauline-hanson-says-islam-is-a-disease-australia-needs-to-vaccinate-20170324-gv5w7z.html","external_links_name":"\"Pauline Hanson says Islam is a disease Australia needs to 'vaccinate'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fimmigration%2Fhanson-proposes-muslim-ban-to-solve-terror%2Fnews-story%2Fe6312724af91d1058d1c91fdc4030640&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=537c74bc1abe934dc116fdfcee8cb02f-1624133460","external_links_name":"\"Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/fraser-anning-maiden-speech-immigration-solution/10120270","external_links_name":"\"'The final solution to the immigration problem': Anning calls for plebiscite on immigration\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/fraser-anning-mps-full-speech-on-muslim-immigration-ban/news-story/1bffbc6235fe91172209eff86c8a7aa9","external_links_name":"\"Fraser Anning: MP's full speech on Muslim immigration ban\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/14/world/australia/final-solution-fraser-anning.html","external_links_name":"\"Australian Senator Calls for 'Final Solution' to Muslim Immigration\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-s-adityanath-praises-us-prez-trump-s-muslim-ban-recommends-it-for-india/story-KVpanqzFOYdmX0LLoPHpEP.html","external_links_name":"\"BJP's Adityanath praises US Prez Trump's 'Muslim ban', recommends it for India\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-yogi-adityanath-praises-donald-trumps-immigration-ban-says-india-needs-it-1654430","external_links_name":"\"BJP's Yogi Adityanath Praises Trump Ban, Compares Western UP To Kashmir\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/politics/yogi-adityanth-seeks-trump-like-immigration-order-in-india-1342883.html","external_links_name":"\"Yogi Adityanath Seeks Trump-like Immigration Order in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-06/why-is-geert-wilders-popular-in-netherlands-dutch-election/8329780","external_links_name":"\"In rich, low crime Netherlands, why is Wilders so popular?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/17/geert-wilders-calls-for-trump-style-muslim-travel-ban-in-europe","external_links_name":"\"Geert Wilders calls for Trump-style Muslim travel ban in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/geert-wilders-dutch-pm-frontrunner-far-right-islamophobic-freedom-a7593466.html","external_links_name":"\"Dutch election frontrunner says 'Islam and freedom are not compatible'\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/geert-wilders-dutch-pm-frontrunner-far-right-islamophobic-freedom-a7593466.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/holland-geert-wilders-donald-trump-immigration-travel-ban-dutch-far-right/","external_links_name":"\"Dutch 'Trump' lawmaker's defense of travel ban sparks argument\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/07/russia-s-trump-vladimir-zhirinovsky-wants-to-build-a-wall-ban-muslims-and-nuke-the-white-house","external_links_name":"\"Russia's Trump, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Wants to Build a Wall, Ban Muslims, and Nuke the White House\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcisse_Brunette
Narcisse Brunette
["1 Honours","2 References"]
French architect This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Narcisse BrunetteBorn15 August 1808Breuvery-sur-Coole, FranceDied8 October 1895(1895-10-08) (aged 87)2 place Royale, Reims, FranceOccupationArchitect Narcisse Brunette (15 August 1808 – 8 October 1895) was a French architect. A student of François Debret, Brunette began his career as an inspector and architect engaged in the work on the courthouse of Reims. In 1837, he was appointed architect of the city and hospices of Reims and diocesan architect. Brunette was, for nearly 50 years, architect of the city of Reims. He was responsible for the rescue of the Basilica of Saint-Remi and of Saint-Maurice. He built the churches of St. Andrew, St. Thomas, the vocational school, the retirement home (later demolished), the Manège and Circus and the Armory. He also restored the Mars Gate. Among his principal works were restoration of the Church of Saint-Jacques in Reims, the restoration and the enlargement of the general hospital and of the Hôtel de Ville; the construction of a covered market, several communal schools, the Church of Saint-Thomas, the Chapel of Saint-Marcoul, the infantry barracks, the gendarmerie barracks, five city gates in Reims, the office of measurement and conditioning of wool, several churches in the department of Marne and the seminary. He worked on the streets of Reims, a sewage system, paving the streets, and he also established a project for the restoration of the Roman triumphal arch at Reims, which was exhibited in 1835. In 1847, he published the drawing of the tomb of Saint Remi and, in 1850, the plan of the Gallo-Roman city. He published a "Notice on the Antiquities of Reims" in 1861. With his son, Ernest Brunette, he built, from 1863 to 1880, the facade of the Town Hall overlooking the street of Grosse-Écritoire. In 1846, Brunette married Josephine Philippine Rosalie Ponsin (1820–1901) in Reims. He was buried at the North Cemetery there. Honours On April 11, 1855, he received the Order of St. Gregory the Great and, on August 11, 1858, he was appointed Knight of the Legion of Honor. On March 21, 1870, he became an officer of the Academy. Narcisse-Brunette Street in Reims was named for him. References ^ Dossier sur la base Leonore Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Debret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Debret"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint-Remi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Remi"},{"link_name":"Manège and Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Man%C3%A8ge_and_Circus"},{"link_name":"Mars Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Mars"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Ville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Reims"}],"text":"Narcisse Brunette (15 August 1808 – 8 October 1895) was a French architect.A student of François Debret, Brunette began his career as an inspector and architect engaged in the work on the courthouse of Reims. In 1837, he was appointed architect of the city and hospices of Reims and diocesan architect.Brunette was, for nearly 50 years, architect of the city of Reims. He was responsible for the rescue of the Basilica of Saint-Remi and of Saint-Maurice. He built the churches of St. Andrew, St. Thomas, the vocational school, the retirement home (later demolished), the Manège and Circus and the Armory. He also restored the Mars Gate.Among his principal works were restoration of the Church of Saint-Jacques in Reims, the restoration and the enlargement of the general hospital and of the Hôtel de Ville; the construction of a covered market, several communal schools, the Church of Saint-Thomas, the Chapel of Saint-Marcoul, the infantry barracks, the gendarmerie barracks, five city gates in Reims, the office of measurement and conditioning of wool, several churches in the department of Marne and the seminary. He worked on the streets of Reims, a sewage system, paving the streets, and he also established a project for the restoration of the Roman triumphal arch at Reims, which was exhibited in 1835.In 1847, he published the drawing of the tomb of Saint Remi and, in 1850, the plan of the Gallo-Roman city. He published a \"Notice on the Antiquities of Reims\" in 1861.With his son, Ernest Brunette, he built, from 1863 to 1880, the facade of the Town Hall overlooking the street of Grosse-Écritoire.In 1846, Brunette married Josephine Philippine Rosalie Ponsin (1820–1901) in Reims. He was buried at the North Cemetery there.","title":"Narcisse Brunette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On April 11, 1855, he received the Order of St. Gregory the Great and, on August 11, 1858, he was appointed Knight of the Legion of Honor.[1] On March 21, 1870, he became an officer of the Academy.Narcisse-Brunette Street in Reims was named for him.","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER&FIELD_1=NOM&VALUE_1=brunette&NUMBER=3&GRP=0&REQ=%28%28brunette%29%20%3aNOM%20%29&USRNAME=nobody&USRPWD=4%24%2534P&SPEC=9&SYN=1&IMLY=&MAX1=1&MAX2=1&MAX3=100&DOM=All","external_links_name":"Dossier sur la base Leonore"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/306322572","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10464332h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10464332h","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(season_3)
Quantum Leap season 3
["1 Episodes","2 References"]
Season of television series Quantum LeapSeason 3DVD coverNo. of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseSeptember 28, 1990 (1990-09-28) –May 22, 1991 (1991-05-22)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 2 Next →Season 4 List of episodes Season three of Quantum Leap ran on NBC from September 28, 1990 to May 22, 1991. The series follows the exploits of Dr. Sam Beckett and his Project Quantum Leap (PQL), through which he involuntarily leaps through spacetime, temporarily taking over a host in order to correct historical mistakes. Season three consists of 22 episodes. The episode "The Leap Home (Part 2) - Vietnam" won the series its third of three consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Cinematography, while the episode "The Leap Home (Part 1)" earned a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series. Episodes Main article: List of Quantum Leap episodes No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byLeap details(Name, date & location)Original air dateProd.code Viewers(millions)321"The Leap Home (Part 1)"Joe NapolitanoDonald P. BellisarioSam BeckettNovember 25, 1969Elk Ridge, IndianaSeptember 28, 1990 (1990-09-28)6640112.1 Sam leaps into himself as a 16-year-old boy (Adam Logan) on Thanksgiving and Al tells him he is there to win a basketball game that was a turning point in many people's lives, but Sam wants to take the opportunity to prevent his sister (Olivia Burnette) from marrying an abusive alcoholic, his father from dying of a heart attack, and his brother (David Newsom) from getting killed in Vietnam. Note: Scott Bakula plays a dual role in this episode, also appearing as Sam's father, John Beckett. 332"The Leap Home (Part 2) – Vietnam"Michael ZinbergDonald P. BellisarioHerbert "Magic" WilliamsApril 7, 1970VietnamOctober 5, 1990 (1990-10-05)6640212.9 Sam leaps into Herbert "Magic" Williams (Christopher Kirby), a U.S Combat Swimmer in his brother's UDT/SEAL platoon in the Vietnam War, where he is given another chance to keep his brother (David Newsom) from dying, but runs into complications from news photographer Maggie (Andrea Thompson) and serious consequences for a close friend. Notes: 1) This is Sam's first leap out of the United States. 2) Tia Carrere and Patrick Warburton also guest star. 3) The character Herbert "Magic" Williams would later appear in a main role in the 2022 revival series, with Ernie Hudson replacing Christopher Kirby. 343"Leap of Faith"James Whitmore Jr.Story by : Nick Harding,Karen Hall &Tommy ThompsonTeleplay by : Tommy ThompsonFrancis "Frank" PistanoAugust 19, 1963Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaOctober 12, 1990 (1990-10-12)6640813.9 Sam leaps into Father Francis "Frank" Pistano (Bud Sabatino), a priest who must help prevent a fellow man of the cloth (Sandy McPeak) from losing his faith and self-control. 354"One Strobe over the Line"Michael ZinbergChris RuppenthalKarl GransonJune 15, 1965New York CityOctober 19, 1990 (1990-10-19)6640912.1 As Karl Granson (Danny McCoy Jr.), a well-known fashion photographer, Sam must protect a female fashion model (Marjorie Monaghan) from overdosing on amphetamines imposed on her by her manager (Susan Anton). 365"The Boogieman"Joe NapolitanoChris RuppenthalJoshua ReyOctober 31, 1964Coventry, MaineOctober 26, 1990 (1990-10-26)6641012.6 Sam leaps into horror novelist Joshua Rey (Chris Ruppenthal) on Halloween and finds himself surrounded by mysterious deaths. Al and Ziggy are not predicting the deaths, and Sam needs to prevent the strangulation of Joshua's fiance Mary (Valerie Mahaffey), but Sam is running out of time and suspects, while the only clues are messages detailing the deaths on a typewriter. Notes: 1) Set in Maine, Sam inadvertently gives Joshua Rey's young budding author friend, Stevie (a.k.a. Stephen King), plot ideas for a number of King's future best sellers. 2) The theme of an evil entity being upset that Sam is undoing its evil deeds is revisited in the season 5 story arc of the Evil Leaper, starting with "Deliver Us From Evil". 3) The 2nd Handlink makes its first aired appearance on the show. (A strange occurrence if Sam only dreamed about it) 376"Miss Deep South"Christopher T. WelchTommy ThompsonDarlene MontyJune 7, 1958LouisianaNovember 2, 1990 (1990-11-02)6640612.7 Sam leaps into Darlene Monty (Theresa Ring), a beauty pageant contestant who must protect a naive fellow contestant, Connie (Heather McAdam), from ruining her life by posing for nude photographs, and in the process must ensure that his host places at least third in the pageant so that she can win a scholarship and become a doctor. 387"Black on White on Fire"Joe NapolitanoDeborah PrattRay HarperAugust 11, 1965Watts, Los Angeles, CaliforniaNovember 9, 1990 (1990-11-09)6640312.6 Sam leaps into an African-American named Ray Harper (Garon Grigsby), a medical student engaged to Susan (Corie Henninger), who is white, on the day of the Watts riots. He must prevent Susan from being killed, while persuading her that they need to stay in Watts. Notes: Marc Alaimo and C.C.H. Pounder also guest star. Pounder later became Bakula's co-star on NCIS: New Orleans. 398"The Great Spontini"James Whitmore Jr.Cristy Dawson& Beverly BridgesHarry SpontiniMay 9, 1974Oakland, CaliforniaNovember 16, 1990 (1990-11-16)6641211.8 Sam leaps into a traveling amateur magician named Harry Spontini (Dan Birch), he must perform some real magic to prevent losing custody of his young daughter (Lauren Woodland) to his ex-wife (Amy Steel), as well as save the girl from performing a dangerous trick that will go wrong. Notes: Al Breaks the 1st Handlink in this episode and it's never seen again 409"Rebel Without a Clue"James Whitmore Jr.Story by : Nick Harding& Paul BrownTeleplay by : Randy Holland& Paul BrownShane "Funny Bone" ThomasSeptember 1, 1958Near Big Sur, CaliforniaNovember 30, 1990 (1990-11-30)6640713.0 Sam leaps into Shane "Funny Bone" Thomas (Kristopher Logan), a member of a biker gang where he meets a truck stop restaurant owner (Theodore Wilson) who lost his son to the Korean War and an idealistic young woman (Josie Bissett) who is going to die unless she gives up her reckless dream of living the hard life of Jack Kerouac. Note: Diedrich Bader and Mark Boone Junior also guest star. 4110"A Little Miracle"Michael WatkinsStory by : Sandy FriesTeleplay by : Sandy Fries &Robert A. WolterstorffReginald PearsonDecember 24, 1962New York, New YorkDecember 21, 1990 (1990-12-21)6641411.2 Sam leaps into Reginald Pearson (Milan Nicksic) on Christmas Eve, a personal valet to Scrooge-like industrialist Michael Blake (Charles Rocket). Blake is bent on demolishing a Lower Manhattan mission, despite the pleas of Salvation Army Captain Laura Downey (Melinda McGraw), forcing Sam and Al to show him his fate in an attempt to change his mind. Blake, because his "neurons and mesons are on a frequency close to" Sam's, can clearly see and hear Al. 4211"Runaway"Michael KatlemanPaul BrownButchie RickettJuly 4, 1964Carbon County, WyomingJanuary 4, 1991 (1991-01-04)6640513.0 Sam leaps into Butchie Rickett (Buff Borin), a 13-year-old boy who is on cross-country family summer roadtrip, from which Butchie's mother (Sandy Faison) will soon disappear, while also dealing with the assertiveness of the father (Sherman Howard) and the bullying of the older sister (Ami Foster). 4312"8½ Months"James Whitmore Jr.Deborah PrattBillie Jean CrockettNovember 15, 1955Claremore, OklahomaMarch 6, 1991 (1991-03-06)6642117.9 Sam leaps into Billie Jean Crockett (Priscilla Weems), a pregnant teenager being cared for by local woman Dottie (Lana Schwab), who needs to keep her baby and obtain the support of her own father (the episode's director, James Whitmore Jr.), a fact made all the more confusing by the fact that Sam seems to be pregnant even though he lacks the 'equipment' to carry a child. Note: Parley Baer also guest stars, as the local doctor. Anne Haney guest stars as Cassy Thailer, the adoption counselor. 4413"Future Boy"Michael SwitzerTommy ThompsonKenny "Future Boy" SharpOctober 6, 1957St. Louis, MissouriMarch 13, 1991 (1991-03-13)6641717.0 Sam leaps into Kenny "Future Boy" Sharp (Matt Marfoglia), an actor on a children's sci-fi show, and must work quickly to keep his eccentric co-star, Moe Stein (Richard Herd), from being killed. Stein had died when his grown daughter (Debra Stricklin) committed him to a mental institution because of his "wild" theories about traveling in time. In the process, Sam learns, much to his surprise, that Stein has independently come up with Sam's own 'string theory' of quantum leaping-due to Sam having written a 1957 letter to Stein asking about the string theory' of quantum leaping 4514"Private Dancer"Debbie AllenPaul BrownRod "Rod the Bod" McCartyOctober 6, 1979New York CityMarch 20, 1991 (1991-03-20)6641620.7 Sam is Rod "Rod the Bod" McCarty (Chris Solari), a Chippendales dancer who must help a deaf woman (Rhondee Beriault) find success as a professional dancer, before she goes down a road of prostitution and dies of AIDS. 4615"Piano Man"James Whitmore Jr.Ed ScharlachJoey DeNardoNovember 10, 1985Tularosa, New MexicoMarch 27, 1991 (1991-03-27)6641918.0 Sam leaps into Joey DeNardo (Sam Clay), a lounge singer in the witness protection program (hiding under the name Chuck Danner), who must keep himself and his accident-prone girlfriend, Lorraine (Marietta DePrima), from being killed for a murder he witnessed three years prior. Note: at 64 months, this episode had the narrowest margin between the date the episode aired and the historical date that Sam leapt into. 4716"Southern Comforts"Chris RuppenthalTommy ThompsonGilbert LaBonteAugust 4, 1961New Orleans, LouisianaApril 3, 1991 (1991-04-03)6442215.2 Sam leaps into Gilbert LaBonte (played by Richard White), the owner of a New Orleans brothel to prevent one of his girls, Gina (Georgia Emelin), from disappearing after a confrontation with her abusive husband, while also avoiding marriage to another of his girls, Gina's Aunt Marsha (Rita Taggart). Note: Diane Delano also guest stars. Lauren Tom guest stars as Sophie. David Graf guest stars as Sheriff Nolan. 4817"Glitter Rock"Andy CadiffChris RuppenthalGeoffrey "Tonic" MoleApril 12, 1974Detroit, MichiganApril 10, 1991 (1991-04-10)6440415.8 Sam is Geoffrey "Tonic" Mole (Bruce Michael Paine), the lead singer of a KISS-inspired rock band who in the original history was murdered by an unknown assailant in a crowd. Sam must find out whether it was the manager (Peter Noone), fellow band member Flash (Jonathan Gries), a random fan, or his host's estranged son (Christian Hoff) who did it, and stop them before the deed can take place. 4918"A Hunting We Will Go"Andy CadiffBeverly BridgesGordon O'ReillyJune 18, 1976ArkansasApril 17, 1991 (1991-04-17)6642416.5 Sam leaps into Gordon O'Reilly (Ken Kells), a bounty hunter handcuffed to a compulsively lying woman (Jane Sibbett) who is suspected of embezzling a large sum of money, and must decide whether his mission is to help the woman escape or bring her to justice. 5019"Last Dance Before An Execution"Michael WatkinsStory by : Bill Bigelow,Donald P. Bellisario& Deborah PrattTeleplay by : Deborah PrattJesuś OrtegaMay 12, 1971Tallahassee, FloridaMay 1, 1991 (1991-05-01)6642118.3 Sam leaps into Jesuś Ortega (Stephen Domingas), a man about to be executed by the electric chair, until he is suddenly given a temporary 48-hour reprieve to (apparently) try to prove his innocence. He is clandestinely helped by lawyer Lorrea Tearsa (Jenny Gago), from the office of the crooked DA (James Sloyan), who is intent on sentencing as many people as possible to death by withholding evidence. Note: strapped into the electric chair, with the switch about to be thrown, Sam says "Oh, God!", rather than his usual arrival exclamation of "Oh, boy!". 5120"Heart of a Champion"Joe NapolitanoTommy ThompsonTerry Sammis("Nikolai Russkie")July 23, 1955Atlanta, GeorgiaMay 8, 1991 (1991-05-08)6642516.5 Sam leaps into Terry Sammis (Jeff Hochendoner), a.k.a. "Nikolai Russkie", a professional wrestler of Lithuanian origins who must prevent his brother, Ronnie (Jerry Bossard), from dying of a heart attack during their championship tag team match. Note: Terry Funk also guest stars, as one of the championship tag team opponents. 5221"Nuclear Family"James Whitmore, Jr.Paul BrownEddie ElroyOctober 26, 1962Homestead, FloridaMay 15, 1991 (1991-05-15)6642613.3 Sam leaps into Eddie Elroy (Patrick M. Bruneau), a college student helping his brother Mac (Timothy Carhart) sell nuclear bomb shelters during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and must prevent their neighbor (Kurt Fuller) from being shot during a false air raid. 5322"Shock Theater"Joe NapolitanoDeborah PrattSam BeidermanOctober 3, 1954Havenwell, PennsylvaniaMay 22, 1991 (1991-05-22)6642818.6 Sam leaps into Sam Beiderman, a depressed mental patient who receives shock therapy as soon as Sam leaps in. This causes Sam's personality to become displaced, resulting in his assuming the identities of people he has leaped into before. It's up to Al to complete Sam's mission by helping Tibby (Scott Lawrence), a mentally challenged young man, learn how to read. Al is able to do so when he discovers that he and Sam can be seen by mentally ill people. He must also find a way to restore Sam's personality so he can leap, or else risk losing contact with him forever. Note: 1) This is the only episode where it is Al, not Sam, who does a musical number. 2) Brief cameo appearances are provided by the same actors who represented people Sam leapt into in previous episodes. 3) While not a full clip show, brief clips of past episodes are interspersed. References ^ a b "Primetime Emmy Awards | 1991 Awards". Internet Movie Database. Outstanding Cinematography for a Series (and) Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Series. Retrieved March 14, 2022. ^ "QUANTUM LEAP | Awards & Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved March 14, 2022. ^ Donlon, Brian (October 3, 1990). "NBC wins; CBS still surprises". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Sloan, Eugene (October 10, 1990). "NBC tops in ratings, barely". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Sloan, Eugene (October 17, 1990). "For CBS, baseball's a grounder". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (October 24, 1990). "CBS slides easily into first place". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (October 31, 1990). "CBS, no longer the long shot". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (November 7, 1990). "NBC wins with fewer viewers". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (November 14, 1990). "'Cheers' sweeps up for NBC". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (November 21, 1990). "ABC pulls past CBS in sweeps". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (December 5, 1990). "Ratings chill is setting in". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (December 26, 1990). "Special help in ABC win". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (January 9, 1991). "ABC News' winning streak ends". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (March 13, 1991). "'Baby Talk' helps ABC toddle past CBS to 2nd". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (March 20, 1991). "Basketball sinks CBS". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Sloan, Eugene (March 27, 1991). "'60 Minutes' is top hour again". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (April 3, 1991). "Oscar wins big for ABC". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Sloan, Eugene (April 10, 1991). "'Cheers', NBC rack up wins". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (April 17, 1991). "CBS ends the year with a win". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Sloan, Eugene (April 24, 1991). "'Stat' good ratings medicine". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (May 8, 1991). "Sweeps lure straying viewers". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (May 15, 1991). "Movies are NBC's ace". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (May 22, 1991). "The verdict: 'L.A. Law' No. 1". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. ^ Donlon, Brian (May 30, 1991). "Ratings start summer slump". Life. USA Today. p. 3D. vteQuantum LeapCharacters Sam Beckett Seasons 1 2 "Good Night, Dear Heart" "Pool Hall Blues" 3 4 5 Related 2022 TV series
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quantum Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sam Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Beckett"},{"link_name":"spacetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Cinematography_for_a_Single-Camera_Series_(One_Hour)#1990s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb1991-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelevisionAcademy-2"},{"link_name":"Creative Arts Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Arts_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Makeup_for_a_Single-Camera_Series_(Non-Prosthetic)#1990s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb1991-1"}],"text":"Season of television seriesSeason three of Quantum Leap ran on NBC from September 28, 1990 to May 22, 1991. The series follows the exploits of Dr. Sam Beckett and his Project Quantum Leap (PQL), through which he involuntarily leaps through spacetime, temporarily taking over a host in order to correct historical mistakes. Season three consists of 22 episodes.The episode \"The Leap Home (Part 2) - Vietnam\" won the series its third of three consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Cinematography,[1][2] while the episode \"The Leap Home (Part 1)\" earned a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series.[1]","title":"Quantum Leap season 3"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Primetime Emmy Awards | 1991 Awards\". Internet Movie Database. Outstanding Cinematography for a Series (and) Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Series. Retrieved March 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000223/1991/1","url_text":"\"Primetime Emmy Awards | 1991 Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"\"QUANTUM LEAP | Awards & Nominations\". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved March 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/quantum-leap","url_text":"\"QUANTUM LEAP | Awards & Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (October 3, 1990). \"NBC wins; CBS still surprises\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Eugene (October 10, 1990). \"NBC tops in ratings, barely\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Eugene (October 17, 1990). \"For CBS, baseball's a grounder\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (October 24, 1990). \"CBS slides easily into first place\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (October 31, 1990). \"CBS, no longer the long shot\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (November 7, 1990). \"NBC wins with fewer viewers\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (November 14, 1990). \"'Cheers' sweeps up for NBC\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (November 21, 1990). \"ABC pulls past CBS in sweeps\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (December 5, 1990). \"Ratings chill is setting in\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (December 26, 1990). \"Special help in ABC win\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (January 9, 1991). \"ABC News' winning streak ends\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (March 13, 1991). \"'Baby Talk' helps ABC toddle past CBS to 2nd\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (March 20, 1991). \"Basketball sinks CBS\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Eugene (March 27, 1991). \"'60 Minutes' is top hour again\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (April 3, 1991). \"Oscar wins big for ABC\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Eugene (April 10, 1991). \"'Cheers', NBC rack up wins\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (April 17, 1991). \"CBS ends the year with a win\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Eugene (April 24, 1991). \"'Stat' good ratings medicine\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (May 8, 1991). \"Sweeps lure straying viewers\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (May 15, 1991). \"Movies are NBC's ace\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (May 22, 1991). \"The verdict: 'L.A. Law' No. 1\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Donlon, Brian (May 30, 1991). \"Ratings start summer slump\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000223/1991/1","external_links_name":"\"Primetime Emmy Awards | 1991 Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/quantum-leap","external_links_name":"\"QUANTUM LEAP | Awards & Nominations\""}]