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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_regression	Linear regression	["1 Formulation","1.1 Notation and terminology","1.2 Example","1.3 Assumptions","1.4 Interpretation","2 Extensions","2.1 Simple and multiple linear regression","2.2 General linear models","2.3 Heteroscedastic models","2.4 Generalized linear models","2.5 Hierarchical linear models","2.6 Errors-in-variables","2.7 Group effects","2.8 Others","3 Estimation methods","3.1 Least-squares estimation and related techniques","3.2 Maximum-likelihood estimation and related techniques","3.3 Other estimation techniques","4 Applications","4.1 Trend line","4.2 Epidemiology","4.3 Finance","4.4 Economics","4.5 Environmental science","4.6 Building science","4.7 Machine learning","5 History","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Sources","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Statistical modeling method Part of a series onRegression analysis Models Linear regression Simple regression Polynomial regression General linear model Generalized linear model Vector generalized linear model Discrete choice Binomial regression Binary regression Logistic regression Multinomial logistic regression Mixed logit Probit Multinomial probit Ordered logit Ordered probit Poisson Multilevel model Fixed effects Random effects Linear mixed-effects model Nonlinear mixed-effects model Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Robust Quantile Isotonic Principal components Least angle Local Segmented Errors-in-variables Estimation Least squares Linear Non-linear Ordinary Weighted Generalized Generalized estimating equation Partial Total Non-negative Ridge regression Regularized Least absolute deviations Iteratively reweighted Bayesian Bayesian multivariate Least-squares spectral analysis Background Regression validation Mean and predicted response Errors and residuals Goodness of fit Studentized residual Gauss–Markov theorem Mathematics portalvte In statistics, linear regression is a statistical model which estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables (also known as dependent and independent variables). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression. This term is distinct from multivariate linear regression, where multiple correlated dependent variables are predicted, rather than a single scalar variable. If the explanatory variables are measured with error then errors-in-variables models are required, also known as measurement error models. In linear regression, the relationships are modeled using linear predictor functions whose unknown model parameters are estimated from the data. Such models are called linear models. Most commonly, the conditional mean of the response given the values of the explanatory variables (or predictors) is assumed to be an affine function of those values; less commonly, the conditional median or some other quantile is used. Like all forms of regression analysis, linear regression focuses on the conditional probability distribution of the response given the values of the predictors, rather than on the joint probability distribution of all of these variables, which is the domain of multivariate analysis. Linear regression was the first type of regression analysis to be studied rigorously, and to be used extensively in practical applications. This is because models which depend linearly on their unknown parameters are easier to fit than models which are non-linearly related to their parameters and because the statistical properties of the resulting estimators are easier to determine. Linear regression has many practical uses. Most applications fall into one of the following two broad categories: If the goal is error i.e variance reduction in prediction or forecasting, linear regression can be used to fit a predictive model to an observed data set of values of the response and explanatory variables. After developing such a model, if additional values of the explanatory variables are collected without an accompanying response value, the fitted model can be used to make a prediction of the response. If the goal is to explain variation in the response variable that can be attributed to variation in the explanatory variables, linear regression analysis can be applied to quantify the strength of the relationship between the response and the explanatory variables, and in particular to determine whether some explanatory variables may have no linear relationship with the response at all, or to identify which subsets of explanatory variables may contain redundant information about the response. Linear regression models are often fitted using the least squares approach, but they may also be fitted in other ways, such as by minimizing the "lack of fit" in some other norm (as with least absolute deviations regression), or by minimizing a penalized version of the least squares cost function as in ridge regression (L2-norm penalty) and lasso (L1-norm penalty). Use of the Mean Squared Error(MSE) as the cost on a dataset that has many large outliers, can result in a model that fits the outliers more than the true data due to the higher importance assigned by MSE to large errors. So, cost functions that are robust to outliers should be used if the dataset has many large outliers. Conversely, the least squares approach can be used to fit models that are not linear models. Thus, although the terms "least squares" and "linear model" are closely linked, they are not synonymous. Formulation In linear regression, the observations (red) are assumed to be the result of random deviations (green) from an underlying relationship (blue) between a dependent variable (y) and an independent variable (x). Given a data set { y i , x i 1 , … , x i p } i = 1 n {\displaystyle \{y_{i},\,x_{i1},\ldots ,x_{ip}\}_{i=1}^{n}} of n statistical units, a linear regression model assumes that the relationship between the dependent variable y and the vector of regressors x is linear. This relationship is modeled through a disturbance term or error variable ε — an unobserved random variable that adds "noise" to the linear relationship between the dependent variable and regressors. Thus the model takes the form y i = β 0 + β 1 x i 1 + ⋯ + β p x i p + ε i = x i T β + ε i , i = 1 , … , n , {\displaystyle y_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\cdots +\beta _{p}x_{ip}+\varepsilon _{i}=\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\mathsf {T}}{\boldsymbol {\beta }}+\varepsilon _{i},\qquad i=1,\ldots ,n,} where T denotes the transpose, so that xiTβ is the inner product between vectors xi and β. Often these n equations are stacked together and written in matrix notation as y = X β + ε , {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} =\mathbf {X} {\boldsymbol {\beta }}+{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }},\,} where y = [ y 1 y 2 ⋮ y n ] , {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} ={\begin{bmatrix}y_{1}\\y_{2}\\\vdots \\y_{n}\end{bmatrix}},\quad } X = [ x 1 T x 2 T ⋮ x n T ] = [ 1 x 11 ⋯ x 1 p 1 x 21 ⋯ x 2 p ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 1 x n 1 ⋯ x n p ] , {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} ={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {x} _{1}^{\mathsf {T}}\\\mathbf {x} _{2}^{\mathsf {T}}\\\vdots \\\mathbf {x} _{n}^{\mathsf {T}}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&x_{11}&\cdots &x_{1p}\\1&x_{21}&\cdots &x_{2p}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\1&x_{n1}&\cdots &x_{np}\end{bmatrix}},} β = [ β 0 β 1 β 2 ⋮ β p ] , ε = [ ε 1 ε 2 ⋮ ε n ] . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}={\begin{bmatrix}\beta _{0}\\\beta _{1}\\\beta _{2}\\\vdots \\\beta _{p}\end{bmatrix}},\quad {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}={\begin{bmatrix}\varepsilon _{1}\\\varepsilon _{2}\\\vdots \\\varepsilon _{n}\end{bmatrix}}.} Notation and terminology y {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} } is a vector of observed values y i ( i = 1 , … , n ) {\displaystyle y_{i}\ (i=1,\ldots ,n)} of the variable called the regressand, endogenous variable, response variable, target variable, measured variable, criterion variable, or dependent variable. This variable is also sometimes known as the predicted variable, but this should not be confused with predicted values, which are denoted y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {y}}} . The decision as to which variable in a data set is modeled as the dependent variable and which are modeled as the independent variables may be based on a presumption that the value of one of the variables is caused by, or directly influenced by the other variables. Alternatively, there may be an operational reason to model one of the variables in terms of the others, in which case there need be no presumption of causality. X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } may be seen as a matrix of row-vectors x i ⋅ {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i\cdot }} or of n-dimensional column-vectors x ⋅ j {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{\cdot j}} , which are known as regressors, exogenous variables, explanatory variables, covariates, input variables, predictor variables, or independent variables (not to be confused with the concept of independent random variables). The matrix X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } is sometimes called the design matrix. Usually a constant is included as one of the regressors. In particular, x i 0 = 1 {\displaystyle x_{i0}=1} for i = 1 , … , n {\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,n} . The corresponding element of β is called the intercept. Many statistical inference procedures for linear models require an intercept to be present, so it is often included even if theoretical considerations suggest that its value should be zero. Sometimes one of the regressors can be a non-linear function of another regressor or of the data values, as in polynomial regression and segmented regression. The model remains linear as long as it is linear in the parameter vector β. The values xij may be viewed as either observed values of random variables Xj or as fixed values chosen prior to observing the dependent variable. Both interpretations may be appropriate in different cases, and they generally lead to the same estimation procedures; however different approaches to asymptotic analysis are used in these two situations. β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} is a ( p + 1 ) {\displaystyle (p+1)} -dimensional parameter vector, where β 0 {\displaystyle \beta _{0}} is the intercept term (if one is included in the model—otherwise β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} is p-dimensional). Its elements are known as effects or regression coefficients (although the latter term is sometimes reserved for the estimated effects). In simple linear regression, p=1, and the coefficient is known as regression slope. Statistical estimation and inference in linear regression focuses on β. The elements of this parameter vector are interpreted as the partial derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to the various independent variables. ε {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}} is a vector of values ε i {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}} . This part of the model is called the error term, disturbance term, or sometimes noise (in contrast with the "signal" provided by the rest of the model). This variable captures all other factors which influence the dependent variable y other than the regressors x. The relationship between the error term and the regressors, for example their correlation, is a crucial consideration in formulating a linear regression model, as it will determine the appropriate estimation method. Fitting a linear model to a given data set usually requires estimating the regression coefficients β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} such that the error term ε = y − X β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}=\mathbf {y} -\mathbf {X} {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} is minimized. For example, it is common to use the sum of squared errors ‖ ε ‖ 2 2 {\displaystyle \\|{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}\\|_{2}^{2}} as a measure of ε {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}} for minimization. Example Consider a situation where a small ball is being tossed up in the air and then we measure its heights of ascent hi at various moments in time ti. Physics tells us that, ignoring the drag, the relationship can be modeled as h i = β 1 t i + β 2 t i 2 + ε i , {\displaystyle h_{i}=\beta _{1}t_{i}+\beta _{2}t_{i}^{2}+\varepsilon _{i},} where β1 determines the initial velocity of the ball, β2 is proportional to the standard gravity, and εi is due to measurement errors. Linear regression can be used to estimate the values of β1 and β2 from the measured data. This model is non-linear in the time variable, but it is linear in the parameters β1 and β2; if we take regressors xi = (xi1, xi2) = (ti, ti2), the model takes on the standard form h i = x i T β + ε i . {\displaystyle h_{i}=\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\mathsf {T}}{\boldsymbol {\beta }}+\varepsilon _{i}.} Assumptions See also: Ordinary least squares § Assumptions Standard linear regression models with standard estimation techniques make a number of assumptions about the predictor variables, the response variables and their relationship. Numerous extensions have been developed that allow each of these assumptions to be relaxed (i.e. reduced to a weaker form), and in some cases eliminated entirely. Generally these extensions make the estimation procedure more complex and time-consuming, and may also require more data in order to produce an equally precise model. Example of a cubic polynomial regression, which is a type of linear regression. Although polynomial regression fits a nonlinear model to the data, as a statistical estimation problem it is linear, in the sense that the regression function E(y \| x) is linear in the unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. For this reason, polynomial regression is considered to be a special case of multiple linear regression. The following are the major assumptions made by standard linear regression models with standard estimation techniques (e.g. ordinary least squares): Weak exogeneity. This essentially means that the predictor variables x can be treated as fixed values, rather than random variables. This means, for example, that the predictor variables are assumed to be error-free—that is, not contaminated with measurement errors. Although this assumption is not realistic in many settings, dropping it leads to significantly more difficult errors-in-variables models. Linearity. This means that the mean of the response variable is a linear combination of the parameters (regression coefficients) and the predictor variables. Note that this assumption is much less restrictive than it may at first seem. Because the predictor variables are treated as fixed values (see above), linearity is really only a restriction on the parameters. The predictor variables themselves can be arbitrarily transformed, and in fact multiple copies of the same underlying predictor variable can be added, each one transformed differently. This technique is used, for example, in polynomial regression, which uses linear regression to fit the response variable as an arbitrary polynomial function (up to a given degree) of a predictor variable. With this much flexibility, models such as polynomial regression often have "too much power", in that they tend to overfit the data. As a result, some kind of regularization must typically be used to prevent unreasonable solutions coming out of the estimation process. Common examples are ridge regression and lasso regression. Bayesian linear regression can also be used, which by its nature is more or less immune to the problem of overfitting. (In fact, ridge regression and lasso regression can both be viewed as special cases of Bayesian linear regression, with particular types of prior distributions placed on the regression coefficients.) Visualization of heteroscedasticity in a scatter plot against 100 random fitted values using MatlabConstant variance (a.k.a. homoscedasticity). This means that the variance of the errors does not depend on the values of the predictor variables. Thus the variability of the responses for given fixed values of the predictors is the same regardless of how large or small the responses are. This is often not the case, as a variable whose mean is large will typically have a greater variance than one whose mean is small. For example, a person whose income is predicted to be $100,000 may easily have an actual income of $80,000 or $120,000—i.e., a standard deviation of around $20,000—while another person with a predicted income of $10,000 is unlikely to have the same $20,000 standard deviation, since that would imply their actual income could vary anywhere between −$10,000 and $30,000. (In fact, as this shows, in many cases—often the same cases where the assumption of normally distributed errors fails—the variance or standard deviation should be predicted to be proportional to the mean, rather than constant.) The absence of homoscedasticity is called heteroscedasticity. In order to check this assumption, a plot of residuals versus predicted values (or the values of each individual predictor) can be examined for a "fanning effect" (i.e., increasing or decreasing vertical spread as one moves left to right on the plot). A plot of the absolute or squared residuals versus the predicted values (or each predictor) can also be examined for a trend or curvature. Formal tests can also be used; see Heteroscedasticity. The presence of heteroscedasticity will result in an overall "average" estimate of variance being used instead of one that takes into account the true variance structure. This leads to less precise (but in the case of ordinary least squares, not biased) parameter estimates and biased standard errors, resulting in misleading tests and interval estimates. The mean squared error for the model will also be wrong. Various estimation techniques including weighted least squares and the use of heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors can handle heteroscedasticity in a quite general way. Bayesian linear regression techniques can also be used when the variance is assumed to be a function of the mean. It is also possible in some cases to fix the problem by applying a transformation to the response variable (e.g., fitting the logarithm of the response variable using a linear regression model, which implies that the response variable itself has a log-normal distribution rather than a normal distribution). To check for violations of the assumptions of linearity, constant variance, and independence of errors within a linear regression model, the residuals are typically plotted against the predicted values (or each of the individual predictors). An apparently random scatter of points about the horizontal midline at 0 is ideal, but cannot rule out certain kinds of violations such as autocorrelation in the errors or their correlation with one or more covariates. Independence of errors. This assumes that the errors of the response variables are uncorrelated with each other. (Actual statistical independence is a stronger condition than mere lack of correlation and is often not needed, although it can be exploited if it is known to hold.) Some methods such as generalized least squares are capable of handling correlated errors, although they typically require significantly more data unless some sort of regularization is used to bias the model towards assuming uncorrelated errors. Bayesian linear regression is a general way of handling this issue. Lack of perfect multicollinearity in the predictors. For standard least squares estimation methods, the design matrix X must have full column rank p; otherwise perfect multicollinearity exists in the predictor variables, meaning a linear relationship exists between two or more predictor variables. This can be caused by accidentally duplicating a variable in the data, using a linear transformation of a variable along with the original (e.g., the same temperature measurements expressed in Fahrenheit and Celsius), or including a linear combination of multiple variables in the model, such as their mean. It can also happen if there is too little data available compared to the number of parameters to be estimated (e.g., fewer data points than regression coefficients). Near violations of this assumption, where predictors are highly but not perfectly correlated, can reduce the precision of parameter estimates (see Variance inflation factor). In the case of perfect multicollinearity, the parameter vector β will be non-identifiable—it has no unique solution. In such a case, only some of the parameters can be identified (i.e., their values can only be estimated within some linear subspace of the full parameter space Rp). See partial least squares regression. Methods for fitting linear models with multicollinearity have been developed, some of which require additional assumptions such as "effect sparsity"—that a large fraction of the effects are exactly zero. Note that the more computationally expensive iterated algorithms for parameter estimation, such as those used in generalized linear models, do not suffer from this problem. Assumption of Zero Mean of Residuals: In regression analysis, another critical assumption is that the mean of the residuals is zero or close to zero. This assumption is fundamental for the validity of any conclusions drawn from the least squares estimates of the parameters. Residuals are the differences between the observed values and the values predicted by the model. If the mean of these residuals is not zero, it implies that the model consistently overestimates or underestimates the observed values, indicating a potential bias in the model estimation. Ensuring that the mean of the residuals is zero allows the model to be considered unbiased in terms of its error, which is crucial for the accurate interpretation of the regression coefficients. Violations of these assumptions can result in biased estimations of β, biased standard errors, untrustworthy confidence intervals and significance tests. Beyond these assumptions, several other statistical properties of the data strongly influence the performance of different estimation methods: The statistical relationship between the error terms and the regressors plays an important role in determining whether an estimation procedure has desirable sampling properties such as being unbiased and consistent. The arrangement, or probability distribution of the predictor variables x has a major influence on the precision of estimates of β. Sampling and design of experiments are highly developed subfields of statistics that provide guidance for collecting data in such a way to achieve a precise estimate of β. For an example on how to test these assumptions in practical scenarios, see this comprehensive guide on Kaggle: Regression Basics with Assumption Testing. Interpretation The data sets in the Anscombe's quartet are designed to have approximately the same linear regression line (as well as nearly identical means, standard deviations, and correlations) but are graphically very different. This illustrates the pitfalls of relying solely on a fitted model to understand the relationship between variables. A fitted linear regression model can be used to identify the relationship between a single predictor variable xj and the response variable y when all the other predictor variables in the model are "held fixed". Specifically, the interpretation of βj is the expected change in y for a one-unit change in xj when the other covariates are held fixed—that is, the expected value of the partial derivative of y with respect to xj. This is sometimes called the unique effect of xj on y. In contrast, the marginal effect of xj on y can be assessed using a correlation coefficient or simple linear regression model relating only xj to y; this effect is the total derivative of y with respect to xj. Care must be taken when interpreting regression results, as some of the regressors may not allow for marginal changes (such as dummy variables, or the intercept term), while others cannot be held fixed (recall the example from the introduction: it would be impossible to "hold ti fixed" and at the same time change the value of ti2). It is possible that the unique effect can be nearly zero even when the marginal effect is large. This may imply that some other covariate captures all the information in xj, so that once that variable is in the model, there is no contribution of xj to the variation in y. Conversely, the unique effect of xj can be large while its marginal effect is nearly zero. This would happen if the other covariates explained a great deal of the variation of y, but they mainly explain variation in a way that is complementary to what is captured by xj. In this case, including the other variables in the model reduces the part of the variability of y that is unrelated to xj, thereby strengthening the apparent relationship with xj. The meaning of the expression "held fixed" may depend on how the values of the predictor variables arise. If the experimenter directly sets the values of the predictor variables according to a study design, the comparisons of interest may literally correspond to comparisons among units whose predictor variables have been "held fixed" by the experimenter. Alternatively, the expression "held fixed" can refer to a selection that takes place in the context of data analysis. In this case, we "hold a variable fixed" by restricting our attention to the subsets of the data that happen to have a common value for the given predictor variable. This is the only interpretation of "held fixed" that can be used in an observational study. The notion of a "unique effect" is appealing when studying a complex system where multiple interrelated components influence the response variable. In some cases, it can literally be interpreted as the causal effect of an intervention that is linked to the value of a predictor variable. However, it has been argued that in many cases multiple regression analysis fails to clarify the relationships between the predictor variables and the response variable when the predictors are correlated with each other and are not assigned following a study design. Extensions Numerous extensions of linear regression have been developed, which allow some or all of the assumptions underlying the basic model to be relaxed. Simple and multiple linear regression Example of simple linear regression, which has one independent variable The very simplest case of a single scalar predictor variable x and a single scalar response variable y is known as simple linear regression. The extension to multiple and/or vector-valued predictor variables (denoted with a capital X) is known as multiple linear regression, also known as multivariable linear regression (not to be confused with multivariate linear regression). Multiple linear regression is a generalization of simple linear regression to the case of more than one independent variable, and a special case of general linear models, restricted to one dependent variable. The basic model for multiple linear regression is Y i = β 0 + β 1 X i 1 + β 2 X i 2 + … + β p X i p + ϵ i {\displaystyle Y_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}X_{i1}+\beta _{2}X_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{p}X_{ip}+\epsilon _{i}} for each observation i = 1 , … , n {\textstyle i=1,\ldots ,n} . In the formula above we consider n observations of one dependent variable and p independent variables. Thus, Yi is the ith observation of the dependent variable, Xij is ith observation of the jth independent variable, j = 1, 2, ..., p. The values βj represent parameters to be estimated, and εi is the ith independent identically distributed normal error. In the more general multivariate linear regression, there is one equation of the above form for each of m > 1 dependent variables that share the same set of explanatory variables and hence are estimated simultaneously with each other: Y i j = β 0 j + β 1 j X i 1 + β 2 j X i 2 + … + β p j X i p + ϵ i j {\displaystyle Y_{ij}=\beta _{0j}+\beta _{1j}X_{i1}+\beta _{2j}X_{i2}+\ldots +\beta _{pj}X_{ip}+\epsilon _{ij}} for all observations indexed as i = 1, ... , n and for all dependent variables indexed as j = 1, ... , m. Nearly all real-world regression models involve multiple predictors, and basic descriptions of linear regression are often phrased in terms of the multiple regression model. Note, however, that in these cases the response variable y is still a scalar. Another term, multivariate linear regression, refers to cases where y is a vector, i.e., the same as general linear regression. General linear models The general linear model considers the situation when the response variable is not a scalar (for each observation) but a vector, yi. Conditional linearity of E ( y ∣ x i ) = x i T B {\displaystyle E(\mathbf {y} \mid \mathbf {x} _{i})=\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\mathsf {T}}B} is still assumed, with a matrix B replacing the vector β of the classical linear regression model. Multivariate analogues of ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS) have been developed. "General linear models" are also called "multivariate linear models". These are not the same as multivariable linear models (also called "multiple linear models"). Heteroscedastic models Various models have been created that allow for heteroscedasticity, i.e. the errors for different response variables may have different variances. For example, weighted least squares is a method for estimating linear regression models when the response variables may have different error variances, possibly with correlated errors. (See also Weighted linear least squares, and Generalized least squares.) Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors is an improved method for use with uncorrelated but potentially heteroscedastic errors. Generalized linear models Generalized linear models (GLMs) are a framework for modeling response variables that are bounded or discrete. This is used, for example: when modeling positive quantities (e.g. prices or populations) that vary over a large scale—which are better described using a skewed distribution such as the log-normal distribution or Poisson distribution (although GLMs are not used for log-normal data, instead the response variable is simply transformed using the logarithm function); when modeling categorical data, such as the choice of a given candidate in an election (which is better described using a Bernoulli distribution/binomial distribution for binary choices, or a categorical distribution/multinomial distribution for multi-way choices), where there are a fixed number of choices that cannot be meaningfully ordered; when modeling ordinal data, e.g. ratings on a scale from 0 to 5, where the different outcomes can be ordered but where the quantity itself may not have any absolute meaning (e.g. a rating of 4 may not be "twice as good" in any objective sense as a rating of 2, but simply indicates that it is better than 2 or 3 but not as good as 5). Generalized linear models allow for an arbitrary link function, g, that relates the mean of the response variable(s) to the predictors: E ( Y ) = g − 1 ( X B ) {\displaystyle E(Y)=g^{-1}(XB)} . The link function is often related to the distribution of the response, and in particular it typically has the effect of transforming between the ( − ∞ , ∞ ) {\displaystyle (-\infty ,\infty )} range of the linear predictor and the range of the response variable. Some common examples of GLMs are: Poisson regression for count data. Logistic regression and probit regression for binary data. Multinomial logistic regression and multinomial probit regression for categorical data. Ordered logit and ordered probit regression for ordinal data. Single index models allow some degree of nonlinearity in the relationship between x and y, while preserving the central role of the linear predictor β′x as in the classical linear regression model. Under certain conditions, simply applying OLS to data from a single-index model will consistently estimate β up to a proportionality constant. Hierarchical linear models Hierarchical linear models (or multilevel regression) organizes the data into a hierarchy of regressions, for example where A is regressed on B, and B is regressed on C. It is often used where the variables of interest have a natural hierarchical structure such as in educational statistics, where students are nested in classrooms, classrooms are nested in schools, and schools are nested in some administrative grouping, such as a school district. The response variable might be a measure of student achievement such as a test score, and different covariates would be collected at the classroom, school, and school district levels. Errors-in-variables Errors-in-variables models (or "measurement error models") extend the traditional linear regression model to allow the predictor variables X to be observed with error. This error causes standard estimators of β to become biased. Generally, the form of bias is an attenuation, meaning that the effects are biased toward zero. Group effects Further information: Multicollinearity This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. The specific problem is: Overly detailed. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In a multiple linear regression model y = β 0 + β 1 x 1 + ⋯ + β p x p + ε , {\displaystyle y=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{1}+\cdots +\beta _{p}x_{p}+\varepsilon ,} parameter β j {\displaystyle \beta _{j}} of predictor variable x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} represents the individual effect of x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} . It has an interpretation as the expected change in the response variable y {\displaystyle y} when x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} increases by one unit with other predictor variables held constant. When x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} is strongly correlated with other predictor variables, it is improbable that x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} can increase by one unit with other variables held constant. In this case, the interpretation of β j {\displaystyle \beta _{j}} becomes problematic as it is based on an improbable condition, and the effect of x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} cannot be evaluated in isolation. For a group of predictor variables, say, { x 1 , x 2 , … , x q } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{q}\}} , a group effect ξ ( w ) {\displaystyle \xi (\mathbf {w} )} is defined as a linear combination of their parameters ξ ( w ) = w 1 β 1 + w 2 β 2 + ⋯ + w q β q , {\displaystyle \xi (\mathbf {w} )=w_{1}\beta _{1}+w_{2}\beta _{2}+\dots +w_{q}\beta _{q},} where w = ( w 1 , w 2 , … , w q ) ⊺ {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} =(w_{1},w_{2},\dots ,w_{q})^{\intercal }} is a weight vector satisfying ∑ j = 1 q \| w j \| = 1 {\textstyle \sum _{j=1}^{q}\|w_{j}\|=1} . Because of the constraint on w j {\displaystyle {w_{j}}} , ξ ( w ) {\displaystyle \xi (\mathbf {w} )} is also referred to as a normalized group effect. A group effect ξ ( w ) {\displaystyle \xi (\mathbf {w} )} has an interpretation as the expected change in y {\displaystyle y} when variables in the group x 1 , x 2 , … , x q {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{q}} change by the amount w 1 , w 2 , … , w q {\displaystyle w_{1},w_{2},\dots ,w_{q}} , respectively, at the same time with variables not in the group held constant. It generalizes the individual effect of a variable to a group of variables in that ( i {\displaystyle i} ) if q = 1 {\displaystyle q=1} , then the group effect reduces to an individual effect, and ( i i {\displaystyle ii} ) if w i = 1 {\displaystyle w_{i}=1} and w j = 0 {\displaystyle w_{j}=0} for j ≠ i {\displaystyle j\neq i} , then the group effect also reduces to an individual effect. A group effect ξ ( w ) {\displaystyle \xi (\mathbf {w} )} is said to be meaningful if the underlying simultaneous changes of the q {\displaystyle q} variables ( w 1 , w 2 , … , w q ) ⊺ {\displaystyle (w_{1},w_{2},\dots ,w_{q})^{\intercal }} is probable. Group effects provide a means to study the collective impact of strongly correlated predictor variables in linear regression models. Individual effects of such variables are not well-defined as their parameters do not have good interpretations. Furthermore, when the sample size is not large, none of their parameters can be accurately estimated by the least squares regression due to the multicollinearity problem. Nevertheless, there are meaningful group effects that have good interpretations and can be accurately estimated by the least squares regression. A simple way to identify these meaningful group effects is to use an all positive correlations (APC) arrangement of the strongly correlated variables under which pairwise correlations among these variables are all positive, and standardize all p {\displaystyle p} predictor variables in the model so that they all have mean zero and length one. To illustrate this, suppose that { x 1 , x 2 , … , x q } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{q}\}} is a group of strongly correlated variables in an APC arrangement and that they are not strongly correlated with predictor variables outside the group. Let y ′ {\displaystyle y'} be the centred y {\displaystyle y} and x j ′ {\displaystyle x_{j}'} be the standardized x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} . Then, the standardized linear regression model is y ′ = β 1 ′ x 1 ′ + ⋯ + β p ′ x p ′ + ε . {\displaystyle y'=\beta _{1}'x_{1}'+\cdots +\beta _{p}'x_{p}'+\varepsilon .} Parameters β j {\displaystyle \beta _{j}} in the original model, including β 0 {\displaystyle \beta _{0}} , are simple functions of β j ′ {\displaystyle \beta _{j}'} in the standardized model. The standardization of variables does not change their correlations, so { x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x q ′ } {\displaystyle \{x_{1}',x_{2}',\dots ,x_{q}'\}} is a group of strongly correlated variables in an APC arrangement and they are not strongly correlated with other predictor variables in the standardized model. A group effect of { x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x q ′ } {\displaystyle \{x_{1}',x_{2}',\dots ,x_{q}'\}} is ξ ′ ( w ) = w 1 β 1 ′ + w 2 β 2 ′ + ⋯ + w q β q ′ , {\displaystyle \xi '(\mathbf {w} )=w_{1}\beta _{1}'+w_{2}\beta _{2}'+\dots +w_{q}\beta _{q}',} and its minimum-variance unbiased linear estimator is ξ ^ ′ ( w ) = w 1 β ^ 1 ′ + w 2 β ^ 2 ′ + ⋯ + w q β ^ q ′ , {\displaystyle {\hat {\xi }}'(\mathbf {w} )=w_{1}{\hat {\beta }}_{1}'+w_{2}{\hat {\beta }}_{2}'+\dots +w_{q}{\hat {\beta }}_{q}',} where β ^ j ′ {\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}_{j}'} is the least squares estimator of β j ′ {\displaystyle \beta _{j}'} . In particular, the average group effect of the q {\displaystyle q} standardized variables is ξ A = 1 q ( β 1 ′ + β 2 ′ + ⋯ + β q ′ ) , {\displaystyle \xi _{A}={\frac {1}{q}}(\beta _{1}'+\beta _{2}'+\dots +\beta _{q}'),} which has an interpretation as the expected change in y ′ {\displaystyle y'} when all x j ′ {\displaystyle x_{j}'} in the strongly correlated group increase by ( 1 / q ) {\displaystyle (1/q)} th of a unit at the same time with variables outside the group held constant. With strong positive correlations and in standardized units, variables in the group are approximately equal, so they are likely to increase at the same time and in similar amount. Thus, the average group effect ξ A {\displaystyle \xi _{A}} is a meaningful effect. It can be accurately estimated by its minimum-variance unbiased linear estimator ξ ^ A = 1 q ( β ^ 1 ′ + β ^ 2 ′ + ⋯ + β ^ q ′ ) {\textstyle {\hat {\xi }}_{A}={\frac {1}{q}}({\hat {\beta }}_{1}'+{\hat {\beta }}_{2}'+\dots +{\hat {\beta }}_{q}')} , even when individually none of the β j ′ {\displaystyle \beta _{j}'} can be accurately estimated by β ^ j ′ {\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}_{j}'} . Not all group effects are meaningful or can be accurately estimated. For example, β 1 ′ {\displaystyle \beta _{1}'} is a special group effect with weights w 1 = 1 {\displaystyle w_{1}=1} and w j = 0 {\displaystyle w_{j}=0} for j ≠ 1 {\displaystyle j\neq 1} , but it cannot be accurately estimated by β ^ 1 ′ {\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}'_{1}} . It is also not a meaningful effect. In general, for a group of q {\displaystyle q} strongly correlated predictor variables in an APC arrangement in the standardized model, group effects whose weight vectors w {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} } are at or near the centre of the simplex ∑ j = 1 q w j = 1 {\textstyle \sum _{j=1}^{q}w_{j}=1} ( w j ≥ 0 {\displaystyle w_{j}\geq 0} ) are meaningful and can be accurately estimated by their minimum-variance unbiased linear estimators. Effects with weight vectors far away from the centre are not meaningful as such weight vectors represent simultaneous changes of the variables that violate the strong positive correlations of the standardized variables in an APC arrangement. As such, they are not probable. These effects also cannot be accurately estimated. Applications of the group effects include (1) estimation and inference for meaningful group effects on the response variable, (2) testing for "group significance" of the q {\displaystyle q} variables via testing H 0 : ξ A = 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}:\xi _{A}=0} versus H 1 : ξ A ≠ 0 {\displaystyle H_{1}:\xi _{A}\neq 0} , and (3) characterizing the region of the predictor variable space over which predictions by the least squares estimated model are accurate. A group effect of the original variables { x 1 , x 2 , … , x q } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{q}\}} can be expressed as a constant times a group effect of the standardized variables { x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … , x q ′ } {\displaystyle \{x_{1}',x_{2}',\dots ,x_{q}'\}} . The former is meaningful when the latter is. Thus meaningful group effects of the original variables can be found through meaningful group effects of the standardized variables. Others In Dempster–Shafer theory, or a linear belief function in particular, a linear regression model may be represented as a partially swept matrix, which can be combined with similar matrices representing observations and other assumed normal distributions and state equations. The combination of swept or unswept matrices provides an alternative method for estimating linear regression models. Estimation methods A large number of procedures have been developed for parameter estimation and inference in linear regression. These methods differ in computational simplicity of algorithms, presence of a closed-form solution, robustness with respect to heavy-tailed distributions, and theoretical assumptions needed to validate desirable statistical properties such as consistency and asymptotic efficiency. Some of the more common estimation techniques for linear regression are summarized below. Least-squares estimation and related techniques Main article: Linear least squares Francis Galton's 1886 illustration of the correlation between the heights of adults and their parents. The observation that adult children's heights tended to deviate less from the mean height than their parents suggested the concept of "regression toward the mean", giving regression its name. The "locus of horizontal tangential points" passing through the leftmost and rightmost points on the ellipse (which is a level curve of the bivariate normal distribution estimated from the data) is the OLS estimate of the regression of parents' heights on children's heights, while the "locus of vertical tangential points" is the OLS estimate of the regression of children's heights on parent's heights. The major axis of the ellipse is the TLS estimate. Assuming that the independent variable is x i → = [ x 1 i , x 2 i , … , x m i ] {\displaystyle {\vec {x_{i}}}=\left} and the model's parameters are β → = [ β 0 , β 1 , … , β m ] {\displaystyle {\vec {\beta }}=\left} , then the model's prediction would be y i ≈ β 0 + ∑ j = 1 m β j × x j i {\displaystyle y_{i}\approx \beta _{0}+\sum _{j=1}^{m}\beta _{j}\times x_{j}^{i}} . If x i → {\displaystyle {\vec {x_{i}}}} is extended to x i → = [ 1 , x 1 i , x 2 i , … , x m i ] {\displaystyle {\vec {x_{i}}}=\left} then y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} would become a dot product of the parameter and the independent variable, i.e. y i ≈ ∑ j = 0 m β j × x j i = β → ⋅ x i → {\displaystyle y_{i}\approx \sum _{j=0}^{m}\beta _{j}\times x_{j}^{i}={\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {x_{i}}}} . In the least-squares setting, the optimum parameter is defined as such that minimizes the sum of mean squared loss: β ^ → = arg min β → L ( D , β → ) = arg min β → ∑ i = 1 n ( β → ⋅ x i → − y i ) 2 {\displaystyle {\vec {\hat {\beta }}}={\underset {\vec {\beta }}{\mbox{arg min}}}\,L\left(D,{\vec {\beta }}\right)={\underset {\vec {\beta }}{\mbox{arg min}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({\vec {\beta }}\cdot {\vec {x_{i}}}-y_{i}\right)^{2}} Now putting the independent and dependent variables in matrices X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} respectively, the loss function can be rewritten as: L ( D , β → ) = ‖ X β → − Y ‖ 2 = ( X β → − Y ) T ( X β → − Y ) = Y T Y − Y T X β → − β → T X T Y + β → T X T X β → {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L\left(D,{\vec {\beta }}\right)&=\\|X{\vec {\beta }}-Y\\|^{2}\\&=\left(X{\vec {\beta }}-Y\right)^{\textsf {T}}\left(X{\vec {\beta }}-Y\right)\\&=Y^{\textsf {T}}Y-Y^{\textsf {T}}X{\vec {\beta }}-{\vec {\beta }}^{\textsf {T}}X^{\textsf {T}}Y+{\vec {\beta }}^{\textsf {T}}X^{\textsf {T}}X{\vec {\beta }}\end{aligned}}} As the loss is convex the optimum solution lies at gradient zero. The gradient of the loss function is (using Denominator layout convention): ∂ L ( D , β → ) ∂ β → = ∂ ( Y T Y − Y T X β → − β → T X T Y + β → T X T X β → ) ∂ β → = − 2 X T Y + 2 X T X β → {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial L\left(D,{\vec {\beta }}\right)}{\partial {\vec {\beta }}}}&={\frac {\partial \left(Y^{\textsf {T}}Y-Y^{\textsf {T}}X{\vec {\beta }}-{\vec {\beta }}^{\textsf {T}}X^{\textsf {T}}Y+{\vec {\beta }}^{\textsf {T}}X^{\textsf {T}}X{\vec {\beta }}\right)}{\partial {\vec {\beta }}}}\\&=-2X^{\textsf {T}}Y+2X^{\textsf {T}}X{\vec {\beta }}\end{aligned}}} Setting the gradient to zero produces the optimum parameter: − 2 X T Y + 2 X T X β → = 0 ⇒ X T X β → = X T Y ⇒ β ^ → = ( X T X ) − 1 X T Y {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-2X^{\textsf {T}}Y+2X^{\textsf {T}}X{\vec {\beta }}&=0\\\Rightarrow X^{\textsf {T}}X{\vec {\beta }}&=X^{\textsf {T}}Y\\\Rightarrow {\vec {\hat {\beta }}}&=\left(X^{\textsf {T}}X\right)^{-1}X^{\textsf {T}}Y\end{aligned}}} Note: To prove that the β ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}} obtained is indeed the local minimum, one needs to differentiate once more to obtain the Hessian matrix and show that it is positive definite. This is provided by the Gauss–Markov theorem. Linear least squares methods include mainly: Ordinary least squares Weighted least squares Generalized least squares Linear Template Fit Maximum-likelihood estimation and related techniques Maximum likelihood estimation can be performed when the distribution of the error terms is known to belong to a certain parametric family ƒθ of probability distributions. When fθ is a normal distribution with zero mean and variance θ, the resulting estimate is identical to the OLS estimate. GLS estimates are maximum likelihood estimates when ε follows a multivariate normal distribution with a known covariance matrix. Ridge regression and other forms of penalized estimation, such as Lasso regression, deliberately introduce bias into the estimation of β in order to reduce the variability of the estimate. The resulting estimates generally have lower mean squared error than the OLS estimates, particularly when multicollinearity is present or when overfitting is a problem. They are generally used when the goal is to predict the value of the response variable y for values of the predictors x that have not yet been observed. These methods are not as commonly used when the goal is inference, since it is difficult to account for the bias. Least absolute deviation (LAD) regression is a robust estimation technique in that it is less sensitive to the presence of outliers than OLS (but is less efficient than OLS when no outliers are present). It is equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation under a Laplace distribution model for ε. Adaptive estimation. If we assume that error terms are independent of the regressors, ε i ⊥ x i {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}\perp \mathbf {x} _{i}} , then the optimal estimator is the 2-step MLE, where the first step is used to non-parametrically estimate the distribution of the error term. Other estimation techniques Comparison of the Theil–Sen estimator (black) and simple linear regression (blue) for a set of points with outliers Bayesian linear regression applies the framework of Bayesian statistics to linear regression. (See also Bayesian multivariate linear regression.) In particular, the regression coefficients β are assumed to be random variables with a specified prior distribution. The prior distribution can bias the solutions for the regression coefficients, in a way similar to (but more general than) ridge regression or lasso regression. In addition, the Bayesian estimation process produces not a single point estimate for the "best" values of the regression coefficients but an entire posterior distribution, completely describing the uncertainty surrounding the quantity. This can be used to estimate the "best" coefficients using the mean, mode, median, any quantile (see quantile regression), or any other function of the posterior distribution. Quantile regression focuses on the conditional quantiles of y given X rather than the conditional mean of y given X. Linear quantile regression models a particular conditional quantile, for example the conditional median, as a linear function βTx of the predictors. Mixed models are widely used to analyze linear regression relationships involving dependent data when the dependencies have a known structure. Common applications of mixed models include analysis of data involving repeated measurements, such as longitudinal data, or data obtained from cluster sampling. They are generally fit as parametric models, using maximum likelihood or Bayesian estimation. In the case where the errors are modeled as normal random variables, there is a close connection between mixed models and generalized least squares. Fixed effects estimation is an alternative approach to analyzing this type of data. Principal component regression (PCR) is used when the number of predictor variables is large, or when strong correlations exist among the predictor variables. This two-stage procedure first reduces the predictor variables using principal component analysis, and then uses the reduced variables in an OLS regression fit. While it often works well in practice, there is no general theoretical reason that the most informative linear function of the predictor variables should lie among the dominant principal components of the multivariate distribution of the predictor variables. The partial least squares regression is the extension of the PCR method which does not suffer from the mentioned deficiency. Least-angle regression is an estimation procedure for linear regression models that was developed to handle high-dimensional covariate vectors, potentially with more covariates than observations. The Theil–Sen estimator is a simple robust estimation technique that chooses the slope of the fit line to be the median of the slopes of the lines through pairs of sample points. It has similar statistical efficiency properties to simple linear regression but is much less sensitive to outliers. Other robust estimation techniques, including the α-trimmed mean approach, and L-, M-, S-, and R-estimators have been introduced. Applications See also: suppresses, suppresses, and Suppressed Duck Linear regression is widely used in biological, behavioral and social sciences to describe possible relationships between variables. It ranks as one of the most important tools used in these disciplines. Trend line Main article: Trend estimation A trend line represents a trend, the long-term movement in time series data after other components have been accounted for. It tells whether a particular data set (say GDP, oil prices or stock prices) have increased or decreased over the period of time. A trend line could simply be drawn by eye through a set of data points, but more properly their position and slope is calculated using statistical techniques like linear regression. Trend lines typically are straight lines, although some variations use higher degree polynomials depending on the degree of curvature desired in the line. Trend lines are sometimes used in business analytics to show changes in data over time. This has the advantage of being simple. Trend lines are often used to argue that a particular action or event (such as training, or an advertising campaign) caused observed changes at a point in time. This is a simple technique, and does not require a control group, experimental design, or a sophisticated analysis technique. However, it suffers from a lack of scientific validity in cases where other potential changes can affect the data. Epidemiology Early evidence relating tobacco smoking to mortality and morbidity came from observational studies employing regression analysis. In order to reduce spurious correlations when analyzing observational data, researchers usually include several variables in their regression models in addition to the variable of primary interest. For example, in a regression model in which cigarette smoking is the independent variable of primary interest and the dependent variable is lifespan measured in years, researchers might include education and income as additional independent variables, to ensure that any observed effect of smoking on lifespan is not due to those other socio-economic factors. However, it is never possible to include all possible confounding variables in an empirical analysis. For example, a hypothetical gene might increase mortality and also cause people to smoke more. For this reason, randomized controlled trials are often able to generate more compelling evidence of causal relationships than can be obtained using regression analyses of observational data. When controlled experiments are not feasible, variants of regression analysis such as instrumental variables regression may be used to attempt to estimate causal relationships from observational data. Finance The capital asset pricing model uses linear regression as well as the concept of beta for analyzing and quantifying the systematic risk of an investment. This comes directly from the beta coefficient of the linear regression model that relates the return on the investment to the return on all risky assets. Economics Main article: Econometrics Linear regression is the predominant empirical tool in economics. For example, it is used to predict consumption spending, fixed investment spending, inventory investment, purchases of a country's exports, spending on imports, the demand to hold liquid assets, labor demand, and labor supply. Environmental science This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2024) Linear regression finds application in a wide range of environmental science applications such as land use, infectious diseases, and air pollution. Building science Linear regression is commonly used in building science field studies to derive characteristics of building occupants. In a thermal comfort field study, building scientists usually ask occupants' thermal sensation votes, which range from -3 (feeling cold) to 0 (neutral) to +3 (feeling hot), and measure occupants' surrounding temperature data. A neutral or comfort temperature can be calculated based on a linear regression between the thermal sensation vote and indoor temperature, and setting the thermal sensation vote as zero. However, there has been a debate on the regression direction: regressing thermal sensation votes (y-axis) against indoor temperature (x-axis) or the opposite: regressing indoor temperature (y-axis) against thermal sensation votes (x-axis). Machine learning Linear regression plays an important role in the subfield of artificial intelligence known as machine learning. The linear regression algorithm is one of the fundamental supervised machine-learning algorithms due to its relative simplicity and well-known properties. History Least squares linear regression, as a means of finding a good rough linear fit to a set of points was performed by Legendre (1805) and Gauss (1809) for the prediction of planetary movement. Quetelet was responsible for making the procedure well-known and for using it extensively in the social sciences. See also Mathematics portal Analysis of variance Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition Censored regression model Cross-sectional regression Curve fitting Empirical Bayes method Errors and residuals Lack-of-fit sum of squares Line fitting Linear classifier Linear equation Logistic regression M-estimator Multivariate adaptive regression spline Nonlinear regression Nonparametric regression Normal equations Projection pursuit regression Response modeling methodology Segmented linear regression Standard deviation line Stepwise regression Structural break Support vector machine Truncated regression model Deming regression References Citations ^ David A. Freedman (2009). Statistical Models: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. A simple regression equation has on the right hand side an intercept and an explanatory variable with a slope coefficient. 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Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts, ch. 1 (Intro, incl. appendices on Σ operators & derivation of parameter est.) & Appendix 4.3 (mult. regression in matrix form). Further reading Pedhazur, Elazar J (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-041760-3. Mathieu Rouaud, 2013: Probability, Statistics and Estimation Chapter 2: Linear Regression, Linear Regression with Error Bars and Nonlinear Regression. National Physical Laboratory (1961). "Chapter 1: Linear Equations and Matrices: Direct Methods". Modern Computing Methods. Notes on Applied Science. Vol. 16 (2nd ed.). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. External links Wikiversity has learning resources about Linear regression The Wikibook R Programming has a page on the topic of: Linear Models Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linear regression. 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statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics Jurimetrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Category Mathematics portal Commons WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearity"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"dependent and independent variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables"},{"link_name":"simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedman09-1"},{"link_name":"multivariate linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"correlated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"errors-in-variables models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors-in-variables_model"},{"link_name":"linear predictor functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_predictor_function"},{"link_name":"parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameters"},{"link_name":"estimated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_theory"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"linear models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_model"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"conditional mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_expectation"},{"link_name":"affine function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median"},{"link_name":"quantile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile"},{"link_name":"regression analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"link_name":"conditional probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"joint probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"multivariate analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_analysis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction"},{"link_name":"forecasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecasting"},{"link_name":"data set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set"},{"link_name":"least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares"},{"link_name":"lack of fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_of_fit"},{"link_name":"norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"least absolute deviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_absolute_deviations"},{"link_name":"cost function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_function"},{"link_name":"ridge regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_regression"},{"link_name":"lasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"outliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_loss"}],"text":"In statistics, linear regression is a statistical model which estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables (also known as dependent and independent variables). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression.[1] This term is distinct from multivariate linear regression, where multiple correlated dependent variables are predicted, rather than a single scalar variable.[2] If the explanatory variables are measured with error then errors-in-variables models are required, also known as measurement error models.In linear regression, the relationships are modeled using linear predictor functions whose unknown model parameters are estimated from the data. Such models are called linear models.[3] Most commonly, the conditional mean of the response given the values of the explanatory variables (or predictors) is assumed to be an affine function of those values; less commonly, the conditional median or some other quantile is used. Like all forms of regression analysis, linear regression focuses on the conditional probability distribution of the response given the values of the predictors, rather than on the joint probability distribution of all of these variables, which is the domain of multivariate analysis.Linear regression was the first type of regression analysis to be studied rigorously, and to be used extensively in practical applications.[4] This is because models which depend linearly on their unknown parameters are easier to fit than models which are non-linearly related to their parameters and because the statistical properties of the resulting estimators are easier to determine.Linear regression has many practical uses. Most applications fall into one of the following two broad categories:If the goal is error i.e variance reduction in prediction or forecasting, linear regression can be used to fit a predictive model to an observed data set of values of the response and explanatory variables. After developing such a model, if additional values of the explanatory variables are collected without an accompanying response value, the fitted model can be used to make a prediction of the response.\nIf the goal is to explain variation in the response variable that can be attributed to variation in the explanatory variables, linear regression analysis can be applied to quantify the strength of the relationship between the response and the explanatory variables, and in particular to determine whether some explanatory variables may have no linear relationship with the response at all, or to identify which subsets of explanatory variables may contain redundant information about the response.Linear regression models are often fitted using the least squares approach, but they may also be fitted in other ways, such as by minimizing the \"lack of fit\" in some other norm (as with least absolute deviations regression), or by minimizing a penalized version of the least squares cost function as in ridge regression (L2-norm penalty) and lasso (L1-norm penalty). Use of the Mean Squared Error(MSE) as the cost on a dataset that has many large outliers, can result in a model that fits the outliers more than the true data due to the higher importance assigned by MSE to large errors. So, cost functions that are robust to outliers should be used if the dataset has many large outliers. Conversely, the least squares approach can be used to fit models that are not linear models. Thus, although the terms \"least squares\" and \"linear model\" are closely linked, they are not synonymous.","title":"Linear regression"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_least_squares_example2.svg"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"statistical units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_unit"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_function"},{"link_name":"random variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"matrix notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_notation"}],"text":"In linear regression, the observations (red) are assumed to be the result of random deviations (green) from an underlying relationship (blue) between a dependent variable (y) and an independent variable (x).Given a data set \n \n \n \n {\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n x\n \n i\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n i\n p\n \n \n \n }\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{y_{i},\\,x_{i1},\\ldots ,x_{ip}\\}_{i=1}^{n}}\n \n of n statistical units, a linear regression model assumes that the relationship between the dependent variable y and the vector of regressors x is linear. This relationship is modeled through a disturbance term or error variable ε — an unobserved random variable that adds \"noise\" to the linear relationship between the dependent variable and regressors. Thus the model takes the formy\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n β\n \n p\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n p\n \n \n +\n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n x\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n β\n \n +\n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{i}=\\beta _{0}+\\beta _{1}x_{i1}+\\cdots +\\beta _{p}x_{ip}+\\varepsilon _{i}=\\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\\mathsf {T}}{\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}+\\varepsilon _{i},\\qquad i=1,\\ldots ,n,}TtransposexiTβinner productvectorsxiβOften these n equations are stacked together and written in matrix notation asy\n \n =\n \n X\n \n \n β\n \n +\n \n ε\n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {y} =\\mathbf {X} {\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}+{\\boldsymbol {\\varepsilon }},\\,}wherey\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {y} ={\\begin{bmatrix}y_{1}\\\\y_{2}\\\\\\vdots \\\\y_{n}\\end{bmatrix}},\\quad }\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 21\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {X} ={\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathbf {x} _{1}^{\\mathsf {T}}\\\\\\mathbf {x} _{2}^{\\mathsf {T}}\\\\\\vdots \\\\\\mathbf {x} _{n}^{\\mathsf {T}}\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}1&x_{11}&\\cdots &x_{1p}\\\\1&x_{21}&\\cdots &x_{2p}\\\\\\vdots &\\vdots &\\ddots &\\vdots \\\\1&x_{n1}&\\cdots &x_{np}\\end{bmatrix}},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n β\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n ε\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}={\\begin{bmatrix}\\beta _{0}\\\\\\beta _{1}\\\\\\beta _{2}\\\\\\vdots \\\\\\beta _{p}\\end{bmatrix}},\\quad {\\boldsymbol {\\varepsilon }}={\\begin{bmatrix}\\varepsilon _{1}\\\\\\varepsilon _{2}\\\\\\vdots \\\\\\varepsilon _{n}\\end{bmatrix}}.}","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dependent variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables"},{"link_name":"row-vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_and_column_vectors"},{"link_name":"column-vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_and_column_vectors"},{"link_name":"independent variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables"},{"link_name":"independent random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_random_variables"},{"link_name":"design matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_matrix"},{"link_name":"intercept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-intercept"},{"link_name":"polynomial regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_regression"},{"link_name":"segmented regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented_regression"},{"link_name":"random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_theory"},{"link_name":"inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference"},{"link_name":"partial derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative"},{"link_name":"correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation"}],"sub_title":"Notation and terminology","text":"y\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {y} }\n \n is a vector of observed values \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{i}\\ (i=1,\\ldots ,n)}\n \n of the variable called the regressand, endogenous variable, response variable, target variable, measured variable, criterion variable, or dependent variable. This variable is also sometimes known as the predicted variable, but this should not be confused with predicted values, which are denoted \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {y}}}\n \n. The decision as to which variable in a data set is modeled as the dependent variable and which are modeled as the independent variables may be based on a presumption that the value of one of the variables is caused by, or directly influenced by the other variables. Alternatively, there may be an operational reason to model one of the variables in terms of the others, in which case there need be no presumption of causality.\n\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {X} }\n \n may be seen as a matrix of row-vectors \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n i\n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} _{i\\cdot }}\n \n or of n-dimensional column-vectors \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⋅\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} _{\\cdot j}}\n \n, which are known as regressors, exogenous variables, explanatory variables, covariates, input variables, predictor variables, or independent variables (not to be confused with the concept of independent random variables). The matrix \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {X} }\n \n is sometimes called the design matrix.\nUsually a constant is included as one of the regressors. In particular, \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n 0\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{i0}=1}\n \n for \n \n \n \n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=1,\\ldots ,n}\n \n. The corresponding element of β is called the intercept. Many statistical inference procedures for linear models require an intercept to be present, so it is often included even if theoretical considerations suggest that its value should be zero.\nSometimes one of the regressors can be a non-linear function of another regressor or of the data values, as in polynomial regression and segmented regression. The model remains linear as long as it is linear in the parameter vector β.\nThe values xij may be viewed as either observed values of random variables Xj or as fixed values chosen prior to observing the dependent variable. Both interpretations may be appropriate in different cases, and they generally lead to the same estimation procedures; however different approaches to asymptotic analysis are used in these two situations.\n\n \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}}\n \n is a \n \n \n \n (\n p\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (p+1)}\n \n-dimensional parameter vector, where \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{0}}\n \n is the intercept term (if one is included in the model—otherwise \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}}\n \n is p-dimensional). Its elements are known as effects or regression coefficients (although the latter term is sometimes reserved for the estimated effects). In simple linear regression, p=1, and the coefficient is known as regression slope. Statistical estimation and inference in linear regression focuses on β. The elements of this parameter vector are interpreted as the partial derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to the various independent variables.\n\n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\varepsilon }}}\n \n is a vector of values \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{i}}\n \n. This part of the model is called the error term, disturbance term, or sometimes noise (in contrast with the \"signal\" provided by the rest of the model). This variable captures all other factors which influence the dependent variable y other than the regressors x. The relationship between the error term and the regressors, for example their correlation, is a crucial consideration in formulating a linear regression model, as it will determine the appropriate estimation method.Fitting a linear model to a given data set usually requires estimating the regression coefficients \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}}\n \n such that the error term \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n =\n \n y\n \n −\n \n X\n \n \n β\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\varepsilon }}=\\mathbf {y} -\\mathbf {X} {\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}}\n \n is minimized. For example, it is common to use the sum of squared errors \n \n \n \n ‖\n \n ε\n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\\|{\\boldsymbol {\\varepsilon }}\\\|_{2}^{2}}\n \n as a measure of \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\varepsilon }}}\n \n for minimization.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravity"}],"sub_title":"Example","text":"Consider a situation where a small ball is being tossed up in the air and then we measure its heights of ascent hi at various moments in time ti. Physics tells us that, ignoring the drag, the relationship can be modeled ash\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h_{i}=\\beta _{1}t_{i}+\\beta _{2}t_{i}^{2}+\\varepsilon _{i},}where β1 determines the initial velocity of the ball, β2 is proportional to the standard gravity, and εi is due to measurement errors. Linear regression can be used to estimate the values of β1 and β2 from the measured data. This model is non-linear in the time variable, but it is linear in the parameters β1 and β2; if we take regressors xi = (xi1, xi2) = (ti, ti2), the model takes on the standard formh\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n x\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n β\n \n +\n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h_{i}=\\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\\mathsf {T}}{\\boldsymbol {\\beta }}+\\varepsilon _{i}.}","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ordinary least squares § Assumptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares#Assumptions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyreg_scheffe.svg"},{"link_name":"statistical estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_theory"},{"link_name":"parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"multiple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"ordinary least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares"},{"link_name":"random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"errors-in-variables models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors-in-variables_models"},{"link_name":"linear combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_combination"},{"link_name":"polynomial regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_regression"},{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"overfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfit"},{"link_name":"regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ridge regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_regression"},{"link_name":"lasso regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso_regression"},{"link_name":"Bayesian linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"ridge regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_regression"},{"link_name":"lasso regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso_regression"},{"link_name":"prior distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_distribution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heteroscedasticity_in_Linear_Regression.png"},{"link_name":"homoscedasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoscedasticity"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"heteroscedasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroscedasticity"},{"link_name":"Heteroscedasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroscedasticity"},{"link_name":"ordinary least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares"},{"link_name":"mean squared error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error"},{"link_name":"weighted least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_least_squares"},{"link_name":"heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroscedasticity-consistent_standard_errors"},{"link_name":"Bayesian linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm"},{"link_name":"log-normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Independence_of_Errors_Assumption_for_Linear_Regressions.png"},{"link_name":"autocorrelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocorrelation"},{"link_name":"statistical independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"generalized least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_least_squares"},{"link_name":"regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Bayesian linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares"},{"link_name":"column rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_rank"},{"link_name":"multicollinearity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity"},{"link_name":"Variance inflation factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance_inflation_factor"},{"link_name":"non-identifiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-identifiable"},{"link_name":"partial least squares regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_least_squares_regression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tibs_lasso-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efron_lars-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawkins_pcr-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joliffe_pcr-8"},{"link_name":"generalized linear models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_linear_model"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"Sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"design of experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments"},{"link_name":"Regression Basics with Assumption Testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kaggle.com/code/unmoved/example-regression-basics-with-assumption-testing#ASSUMPTIONS"}],"sub_title":"Assumptions","text":"See also: Ordinary least squares § AssumptionsStandard linear regression models with standard estimation techniques make a number of assumptions about the predictor variables, the response variables and their relationship. Numerous extensions have been developed that allow each of these assumptions to be relaxed (i.e. reduced to a weaker form), and in some cases eliminated entirely. Generally these extensions make the estimation procedure more complex and time-consuming, and may also require more data in order to produce an equally precise model.[citation needed]Example of a cubic polynomial regression, which is a type of linear regression. Although polynomial regression fits a nonlinear model to the data, as a statistical estimation problem it is linear, in the sense that the regression function E(y \| x) is linear in the unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. For this reason, polynomial regression is considered to be a special case of multiple linear regression.The following are the major assumptions made by standard linear regression models with standard estimation techniques (e.g. ordinary least squares):Weak exogeneity. This essentially means that the predictor variables x can be treated as fixed values, rather than random variables. This means, for example, that the predictor variables are assumed to be error-free—that is, not contaminated with measurement errors. Although this assumption is not realistic in many settings, dropping it leads to significantly more difficult errors-in-variables models.\nLinearity. This means that the mean of the response variable is a linear combination of the parameters (regression coefficients) and the predictor variables. Note that this assumption is much less restrictive than it may at first seem. Because the predictor variables are treated as fixed values (see above), linearity is really only a restriction on the parameters. The predictor variables themselves can be arbitrarily transformed, and in fact multiple copies of the same underlying predictor variable can be added, each one transformed differently. This technique is used, for example, in polynomial regression, which uses linear regression to fit the response variable as an arbitrary polynomial function (up to a given degree) of a predictor variable. With this much flexibility, models such as polynomial regression often have \"too much power\", in that they tend to overfit the data. As a result, some kind of regularization must typically be used to prevent unreasonable solutions coming out of the estimation process. Common examples are ridge regression and lasso regression. Bayesian linear regression can also be used, which by its nature is more or less immune to the problem of overfitting. (In fact, ridge regression and lasso regression can both be viewed as special cases of Bayesian linear regression, with particular types of prior distributions placed on the regression coefficients.)\nVisualization of heteroscedasticity in a scatter plot against 100 random fitted values using MatlabConstant variance (a.k.a. homoscedasticity). This means that the variance of the errors does not depend on the values of the predictor variables. Thus the variability of the responses for given fixed values of the predictors is the same regardless of how large or small the responses are. This is often not the case, as a variable whose mean is large will typically have a greater variance than one whose mean is small. For example, a person whose income is predicted to be $100,000 may easily have an actual income of $80,000 or $120,000—i.e., a standard deviation of around $20,000—while another person with a predicted income of $10,000 is unlikely to have the same $20,000 standard deviation, since that would imply their actual income could vary anywhere between −$10,000 and $30,000. (In fact, as this shows, in many cases—often the same cases where the assumption of normally distributed errors fails—the variance or standard deviation should be predicted to be proportional to the mean, rather than constant.) The absence of homoscedasticity is called heteroscedasticity. In order to check this assumption, a plot of residuals versus predicted values (or the values of each individual predictor) can be examined for a \"fanning effect\" (i.e., increasing or decreasing vertical spread as one moves left to right on the plot). A plot of the absolute or squared residuals versus the predicted values (or each predictor) can also be examined for a trend or curvature. Formal tests can also be used; see Heteroscedasticity. The presence of heteroscedasticity will result in an overall \"average\" estimate of variance being used instead of one that takes into account the true variance structure. This leads to less precise (but in the case of ordinary least squares, not biased) parameter estimates and biased standard errors, resulting in misleading tests and interval estimates. The mean squared error for the model will also be wrong. Various estimation techniques including weighted least squares and the use of heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors can handle heteroscedasticity in a quite general way. Bayesian linear regression techniques can also be used when the variance is assumed to be a function of the mean. It is also possible in some cases to fix the problem by applying a transformation to the response variable (e.g., fitting the logarithm of the response variable using a linear regression model, which implies that the response variable itself has a log-normal distribution rather than a normal distribution).To check for violations of the assumptions of linearity, constant variance, and independence of errors within a linear regression model, the residuals are typically plotted against the predicted values (or each of the individual predictors). An apparently random scatter of points about the horizontal midline at 0 is ideal, but cannot rule out certain kinds of violations such as autocorrelation in the errors or their correlation with one or more covariates.Independence of errors. This assumes that the errors of the response variables are uncorrelated with each other. (Actual statistical independence is a stronger condition than mere lack of correlation and is often not needed, although it can be exploited if it is known to hold.) Some methods such as generalized least squares are capable of handling correlated errors, although they typically require significantly more data unless some sort of regularization is used to bias the model towards assuming uncorrelated errors. Bayesian linear regression is a general way of handling this issue.\nLack of perfect multicollinearity in the predictors. For standard least squares estimation methods, the design matrix X must have full column rank p; otherwise perfect multicollinearity exists in the predictor variables, meaning a linear relationship exists between two or more predictor variables. This can be caused by accidentally duplicating a variable in the data, using a linear transformation of a variable along with the original (e.g., the same temperature measurements expressed in Fahrenheit and Celsius), or including a linear combination of multiple variables in the model, such as their mean. It can also happen if there is too little data available compared to the number of parameters to be estimated (e.g., fewer data points than regression coefficients). Near violations of this assumption, where predictors are highly but not perfectly correlated, can reduce the precision of parameter estimates (see Variance inflation factor). In the case of perfect multicollinearity, the parameter vector β will be non-identifiable—it has no unique solution. In such a case, only some of the parameters can be identified (i.e., their values can only be estimated within some linear subspace of the full parameter space Rp). See partial least squares regression. Methods for fitting linear models with multicollinearity have been developed,[5][6][7][8] some of which require additional assumptions such as \"effect sparsity\"—that a large fraction of the effects are exactly zero. Note that the more computationally expensive iterated algorithms for parameter estimation, such as those used in generalized linear models, do not suffer from this problem.\nAssumption of Zero Mean of Residuals: In regression analysis, another critical assumption is that the mean of the residuals is zero or close to zero. This assumption is fundamental for the validity of any conclusions drawn from the least squares estimates of the parameters. Residuals are the differences between the observed values and the values predicted by the model. If the mean of these residuals is not zero, it implies that the model consistently overestimates or underestimates the observed values, indicating a potential bias in the model estimation. Ensuring that the mean of the residuals is zero allows the model to be considered unbiased in terms of its error, which is crucial for the accurate interpretation of the regression coefficients.Violations of these assumptions can result in biased estimations of β, biased standard errors, untrustworthy confidence intervals and significance tests.[9] Beyond these assumptions, several other statistical properties of the data strongly influence the performance of different estimation methods:The statistical relationship between the error terms and the regressors plays an important role in determining whether an estimation procedure has desirable sampling properties such as being unbiased and consistent.\nThe arrangement, or probability distribution of the predictor variables x has a major influence on the precision of estimates of β. Sampling and design of experiments are highly developed subfields of statistics that provide guidance for collecting data in such a way to achieve a precise estimate of β.For an example on how to test these assumptions in practical scenarios, see this comprehensive guide on Kaggle: Regression Basics with Assumption Testing.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anscombe%27s_quartet_3.svg"},{"link_name":"Anscombe's quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscombe%27s_quartet"},{"link_name":"expected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"partial derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative"},{"link_name":"correlation coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_correlation"},{"link_name":"simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"total derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_derivative"},{"link_name":"dummy variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_variable_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Interpretation","text":"The data sets in the Anscombe's quartet are designed to have approximately the same linear regression line (as well as nearly identical means, standard deviations, and correlations) but are graphically very different. This illustrates the pitfalls of relying solely on a fitted model to understand the relationship between variables.A fitted linear regression model can be used to identify the relationship between a single predictor variable xj and the response variable y when all the other predictor variables in the model are \"held fixed\". Specifically, the interpretation of βj is the expected change in y for a one-unit change in xj when the other covariates are held fixed—that is, the expected value of the partial derivative of y with respect to xj. This is sometimes called the unique effect of xj on y. In contrast, the marginal effect of xj on y can be assessed using a correlation coefficient or simple linear regression model relating only xj to y; this effect is the total derivative of y with respect to xj.Care must be taken when interpreting regression results, as some of the regressors may not allow for marginal changes (such as dummy variables, or the intercept term), while others cannot be held fixed (recall the example from the introduction: it would be impossible to \"hold ti fixed\" and at the same time change the value of ti2).It is possible that the unique effect can be nearly zero even when the marginal effect is large. This may imply that some other covariate captures all the information in xj, so that once that variable is in the model, there is no contribution of xj to the variation in y. Conversely, the unique effect of xj can be large while its marginal effect is nearly zero. This would happen if the other covariates explained a great deal of the variation of y, but they mainly explain variation in a way that is complementary to what is captured by xj. In this case, including the other variables in the model reduces the part of the variability of y that is unrelated to xj, thereby strengthening the apparent relationship with xj.The meaning of the expression \"held fixed\" may depend on how the values of the predictor variables arise. If the experimenter directly sets the values of the predictor variables according to a study design, the comparisons of interest may literally correspond to comparisons among units whose predictor variables have been \"held fixed\" by the experimenter. Alternatively, the expression \"held fixed\" can refer to a selection that takes place in the context of data analysis. In this case, we \"hold a variable fixed\" by restricting our attention to the subsets of the data that happen to have a common value for the given predictor variable. This is the only interpretation of \"held fixed\" that can be used in an observational study.The notion of a \"unique effect\" is appealing when studying a complex system where multiple interrelated components influence the response variable. In some cases, it can literally be interpreted as the causal effect of an intervention that is linked to the value of a predictor variable. However, it has been argued that in many cases multiple regression analysis fails to clarify the relationships between the predictor variables and the response variable when the predictors are correlated with each other and are not assigned following a study design.[10]","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Numerous extensions of linear regression have been developed, which allow some or all of the assumptions underlying the basic model to be relaxed.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linear_regression.svg"},{"link_name":"simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_vector"},{"link_name":"multivariate linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"special case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_case"}],"sub_title":"Simple and multiple linear regression","text":"Example of simple linear regression, which has one independent variableThe very simplest case of a single scalar predictor variable x and a single scalar response variable y is known as simple linear regression. The extension to multiple and/or vector-valued predictor variables (denoted with a capital X) is known as multiple linear regression, also known as multivariable linear regression (not to be confused with multivariate linear regression[11]).Multiple linear regression is a generalization of simple linear regression to the case of more than one independent variable, and a special case of general linear models, restricted to one dependent variable. The basic model for multiple linear regression isY\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n 2\n \n \n +\n …\n +\n \n β\n \n p\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n p\n \n \n +\n \n ϵ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y_{i}=\\beta _{0}+\\beta _{1}X_{i1}+\\beta _{2}X_{i2}+\\ldots +\\beta _{p}X_{ip}+\\epsilon _{i}}for each observation \n \n \n \n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n \n \n {\\textstyle i=1,\\ldots ,n}\n \n.In the formula above we consider n observations of one dependent variable and p independent variables. Thus, Yi is the ith observation of the dependent variable, Xij is ith observation of the jth independent variable, j = 1, 2, ..., p. The values βj represent parameters to be estimated, and εi is the ith independent identically distributed normal error.In the more general multivariate linear regression, there is one equation of the above form for each of m > 1 dependent variables that share the same set of explanatory variables and hence are estimated simultaneously with each other:Y\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n \n β\n \n 0\n j\n \n \n +\n \n β\n \n 1\n j\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n β\n \n 2\n j\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n 2\n \n \n +\n …\n +\n \n β\n \n p\n j\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n p\n \n \n +\n \n ϵ\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y_{ij}=\\beta _{0j}+\\beta _{1j}X_{i1}+\\beta _{2j}X_{i2}+\\ldots +\\beta _{pj}X_{ip}+\\epsilon _{ij}}for all observations indexed as i = 1, ... , n and for all dependent variables indexed as j = 1, ... , m.Nearly all real-world regression models involve multiple predictors, and basic descriptions of linear regression are often phrased in terms of the multiple regression model. Note, however, that in these cases the response variable y is still a scalar. Another term, multivariate linear regression, refers to cases where y is a vector, i.e., the same as general linear regression.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general linear model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_model"},{"link_name":"ordinary least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares"},{"link_name":"generalized least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_least_squares"}],"sub_title":"General linear models","text":"The general linear model considers the situation when the response variable is not a scalar (for each observation) but a vector, yi. Conditional linearity of \n \n \n \n E\n (\n \n y\n \n ∣\n \n \n x\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n x\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(\\mathbf {y} \\mid \\mathbf {x} _{i})=\\mathbf {x} _{i}^{\\mathsf {T}}B}\n \n is still assumed, with a matrix B replacing the vector β of the classical linear regression model. Multivariate analogues of ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS) have been developed. \"General linear models\" are also called \"multivariate linear models\". These are not the same as multivariable linear models (also called \"multiple linear models\").","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heteroscedasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroscedasticity"},{"link_name":"variances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"weighted least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_least_squares"},{"link_name":"Weighted linear least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_least_squares_(mathematics)#Weighted_linear_least_squares"},{"link_name":"Generalized least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_least_squares"},{"link_name":"Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroscedasticity-consistent_standard_errors"}],"sub_title":"Heteroscedastic models","text":"Various models have been created that allow for heteroscedasticity, i.e. the errors for different response variables may have different variances. For example, weighted least squares is a method for estimating linear regression models when the response variables may have different error variances, possibly with correlated errors. (See also Weighted linear least squares, and Generalized least squares.) Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors is an improved method for use with uncorrelated but potentially heteroscedastic errors.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generalized linear models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_linear_model"},{"link_name":"skewed distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewed_distribution"},{"link_name":"log-normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"Poisson distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution"},{"link_name":"categorical data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_data"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_distribution"},{"link_name":"binomial distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_distribution"},{"link_name":"categorical distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_distribution"},{"link_name":"multinomial distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_distribution"},{"link_name":"ordinal data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_data"},{"link_name":"mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean"},{"link_name":"Poisson regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_regression"},{"link_name":"Logistic regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression"},{"link_name":"probit regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit_regression"},{"link_name":"Multinomial logistic regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_logistic_regression"},{"link_name":"multinomial probit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_probit"},{"link_name":"Ordered logit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_logit"},{"link_name":"ordered probit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_probit"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Generalized linear models","text":"Generalized linear models (GLMs) are a framework for modeling response variables that are bounded or discrete. This is used, for example:when modeling positive quantities (e.g. prices or populations) that vary over a large scale—which are better described using a skewed distribution such as the log-normal distribution or Poisson distribution (although GLMs are not used for log-normal data, instead the response variable is simply transformed using the logarithm function);\nwhen modeling categorical data, such as the choice of a given candidate in an election (which is better described using a Bernoulli distribution/binomial distribution for binary choices, or a categorical distribution/multinomial distribution for multi-way choices), where there are a fixed number of choices that cannot be meaningfully ordered;\nwhen modeling ordinal data, e.g. ratings on a scale from 0 to 5, where the different outcomes can be ordered but where the quantity itself may not have any absolute meaning (e.g. a rating of 4 may not be \"twice as good\" in any objective sense as a rating of 2, but simply indicates that it is better than 2 or 3 but not as good as 5).Generalized linear models allow for an arbitrary link function, g, that relates the mean of the response variable(s) to the predictors: \n \n \n \n E\n (\n Y\n )\n =\n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n X\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(Y)=g^{-1}(XB)}\n \n. The link function is often related to the distribution of the response, and in particular it typically has the effect of transforming between the \n \n \n \n (\n −\n ∞\n ,\n ∞\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (-\\infty ,\\infty )}\n \n range of the linear predictor and the range of the response variable.Some common examples of GLMs are:Poisson regression for count data.\nLogistic regression and probit regression for binary data.\nMultinomial logistic regression and multinomial probit regression for categorical data.\nOrdered logit and ordered probit regression for ordinal data.Single index models[clarification needed] allow some degree of nonlinearity in the relationship between x and y, while preserving the central role of the linear predictor β′x as in the classical linear regression model. Under certain conditions, simply applying OLS to data from a single-index model will consistently estimate β up to a proportionality constant.[12]","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hierarchical linear models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_linear_models"}],"sub_title":"Hierarchical linear models","text":"Hierarchical linear models (or multilevel regression) organizes the data into a hierarchy of regressions, for example where A is regressed on B, and B is regressed on C. It is often used where the variables of interest have a natural hierarchical structure such as in educational statistics, where students are nested in classrooms, classrooms are nested in schools, and schools are nested in some administrative grouping, such as a school district. The response variable might be a measure of student achievement such as a test score, and different covariates would be collected at the classroom, school, and school district levels.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Errors-in-variables models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors-in-variables_model"}],"sub_title":"Errors-in-variables","text":"Errors-in-variables models (or \"measurement error models\") extend the traditional linear regression model to allow the predictor variables X to be observed with error. This error causes standard estimators of β to become biased. Generally, the form of bias is an attenuation, meaning that the effects are biased toward zero.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multicollinearity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity"},{"link_name":"least squares regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_least_squares"},{"link_name":"multicollinearity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Group effects","text":"Further information: MulticollinearityIn a multiple linear regression modely\n =\n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n β\n \n p\n \n \n \n x\n \n p\n \n \n +\n ε\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y=\\beta _{0}+\\beta _{1}x_{1}+\\cdots +\\beta _{p}x_{p}+\\varepsilon ,}parameter \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{j}}\n \n of predictor variable \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n represents the individual effect of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n. It has an interpretation as the expected change in the response variable \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n when \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n increases by one unit with other predictor variables held constant. When \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n is strongly correlated with other predictor variables, it is improbable that \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n can increase by one unit with other variables held constant. In this case, the interpretation of \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{j}}\n \n becomes problematic as it is based on an improbable condition, and the effect of \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n cannot be evaluated in isolation.For a group of predictor variables, say, \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1},x_{2},\\dots ,x_{q}\\}}\n \n, a group effect \n \n \n \n ξ\n (\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi (\\mathbf {w} )}\n \n is defined as a linear combination of their parametersξ\n (\n \n w\n \n )\n =\n \n w\n \n 1\n \n \n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n w\n \n q\n \n \n \n β\n \n q\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi (\\mathbf {w} )=w_{1}\\beta _{1}+w_{2}\\beta _{2}+\\dots +w_{q}\\beta _{q},}where \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n =\n (\n \n w\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n w\n \n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⊺\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {w} =(w_{1},w_{2},\\dots ,w_{q})^{\\intercal }}\n \n is a weight vector satisfying \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n w\n \n j\n \n \n \n \|\n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sum _{j=1}^{q}\|w_{j}\|=1}\n \n. Because of the constraint on \n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {w_{j}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n ξ\n (\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi (\\mathbf {w} )}\n \n is also referred to as a normalized group effect. A group effect \n \n \n \n ξ\n (\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi (\\mathbf {w} )}\n \n has an interpretation as the expected change in \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n when variables in the group \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\\dots ,x_{q}}\n \n change by the amount \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n w\n \n q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{1},w_{2},\\dots ,w_{q}}\n \n, respectively, at the same time with variables not in the group held constant. It generalizes the individual effect of a variable to a group of variables in that (\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n) if \n \n \n \n q\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q=1}\n \n, then the group effect reduces to an individual effect, and (\n \n \n \n i\n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ii}\n \n) if \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{i}=1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n j\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{j}=0}\n \n for \n \n \n \n j\n ≠\n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j\\neq i}\n \n, then the group effect also reduces to an individual effect.\nA group effect \n \n \n \n ξ\n (\n \n w\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi (\\mathbf {w} )}\n \n is said to be meaningful if the underlying simultaneous changes of the \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n variables \n \n \n \n (\n \n w\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n w\n \n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⊺\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (w_{1},w_{2},\\dots ,w_{q})^{\\intercal }}\n \n is probable.Group effects provide a means to study the collective impact of strongly correlated predictor variables in linear regression models. Individual effects of such variables are not well-defined as their parameters do not have good interpretations. Furthermore, when the sample size is not large, none of their parameters can be accurately estimated by the least squares regression due to the multicollinearity problem. Nevertheless, there are meaningful group effects that have good interpretations and can be accurately estimated by the least squares regression. A simple way to identify these meaningful group effects is to use an all positive correlations (APC) arrangement of the strongly correlated variables under which pairwise correlations among these variables are all positive, and standardize all \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n predictor variables in the model so that they all have mean zero and length one. To illustrate this, suppose that \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1},x_{2},\\dots ,x_{q}\\}}\n \n is a group of strongly correlated variables in an APC arrangement and that they are not strongly correlated with predictor variables outside the group. Let \n \n \n \n \n y\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y'}\n \n be the centred \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}'}\n \n be the standardized \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}}\n \n. Then, the standardized linear regression model isy\n ′\n \n =\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n β\n \n p\n \n ′\n \n \n x\n \n p\n \n ′\n \n +\n ε\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y'=\\beta _{1}'x_{1}'+\\cdots +\\beta _{p}'x_{p}'+\\varepsilon .}Parameters \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{j}}\n \n in the original model, including \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{0}}\n \n, are simple functions of \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{j}'}\n \n in the standardized model. The standardization of variables does not change their correlations, so \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n \n ′\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1}',x_{2}',\\dots ,x_{q}'\\}}\n \n is a group of strongly correlated variables in an APC arrangement and they are not strongly correlated with other predictor variables in the standardized model. A group effect of \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n \n ′\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1}',x_{2}',\\dots ,x_{q}'\\}}\n \n isξ\n ′\n \n (\n \n w\n \n )\n =\n \n w\n \n 1\n \n \n \n β\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n +\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n β\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n w\n \n q\n \n \n \n β\n \n q\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi '(\\mathbf {w} )=w_{1}\\beta _{1}'+w_{2}\\beta _{2}'+\\dots +w_{q}\\beta _{q}',}and its minimum-variance unbiased linear estimator isξ\n ^\n \n \n \n ′\n \n (\n \n w\n \n )\n =\n \n w\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n +\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n w\n \n q\n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n q\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\xi }}'(\\mathbf {w} )=w_{1}{\\hat {\\beta }}_{1}'+w_{2}{\\hat {\\beta }}_{2}'+\\dots +w_{q}{\\hat {\\beta }}_{q}',}where \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n j\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\beta }}_{j}'}\n \n is the least squares estimator of \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{j}'}\n \n. In particular, the average group effect of the \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n standardized variables isξ\n \n A\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n q\n \n \n (\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n +\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n β\n \n q\n \n ′\n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi _{A}={\\frac {1}{q}}(\\beta _{1}'+\\beta _{2}'+\\dots +\\beta _{q}'),}which has an interpretation as the expected change in \n \n \n \n \n y\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y'}\n \n when all \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}'}\n \n in the strongly correlated group increase by \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n q\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1/q)}\n \nth of a unit at the same time with variables outside the group held constant. With strong positive correlations and in standardized units, variables in the group are approximately equal, so they are likely to increase at the same time and in similar amount. Thus, the average group effect \n \n \n \n \n ξ\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi _{A}}\n \n is a meaningful effect. It can be accurately estimated by its minimum-variance unbiased linear estimator \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ξ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n q\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n q\n \n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\hat {\\xi }}_{A}={\\frac {1}{q}}({\\hat {\\beta }}_{1}'+{\\hat {\\beta }}_{2}'+\\dots +{\\hat {\\beta }}_{q}')}\n \n, even when individually none of the \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{j}'}\n \n can be accurately estimated by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n j\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\beta }}_{j}'}\n \n.Not all group effects are meaningful or can be accurately estimated. For example, \n \n \n \n \n β\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta _{1}'}\n \n is a special group effect with weights \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{1}=1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n j\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{j}=0}\n \n for \n \n \n \n j\n ≠\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j\\neq 1}\n \n, but it cannot be accurately estimated by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\beta }}'_{1}}\n \n. It is also not a meaningful effect. In general, for a group of \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n strongly correlated predictor variables in an APC arrangement in the standardized model, group effects whose weight vectors \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {w} }\n \n are at or near the centre of the simplex \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n w\n \n j\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sum _{j=1}^{q}w_{j}=1}\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n j\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{j}\\geq 0}\n \n) are meaningful and can be accurately estimated by their minimum-variance unbiased linear estimators. Effects with weight vectors far away from the centre are not meaningful as such weight vectors represent simultaneous changes of the variables that violate the strong positive correlations of the standardized variables in an APC arrangement. As such, they are not probable. These effects also cannot be accurately estimated.Applications of the group effects include (1) estimation and inference for meaningful group effects on the response variable, (2) testing for \"group significance\" of the \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n variables via testing \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n :\n \n ξ\n \n A\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}:\\xi _{A}=0}\n \n versus \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n :\n \n ξ\n \n A\n \n \n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}:\\xi _{A}\\neq 0}\n \n, and (3) characterizing the region of the predictor variable space over which predictions by the least squares estimated model are accurate.A group effect of the original variables \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1},x_{2},\\dots ,x_{q}\\}}\n \n can be expressed as a constant times a group effect of the standardized variables \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n \n ′\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1}',x_{2}',\\dots ,x_{q}'\\}}\n \n. The former is meaningful when the latter is. Thus meaningful group effects of the original variables can be found through meaningful group effects of the standardized variables.[13]","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dempster–Shafer theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dempster%E2%80%93Shafer_theory"},{"link_name":"linear belief function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_belief_function"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"In Dempster–Shafer theory, or a linear belief function in particular, a linear regression model may be represented as a partially swept matrix, which can be combined with similar matrices representing observations and other assumed normal distributions and state equations. The combination of swept or unswept matrices provides an alternative method for estimating linear regression models.","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter"},{"link_name":"consistency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_estimator"},{"link_name":"efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)"}],"text":"A large number of procedures have been developed for parameter estimation and inference in linear regression. These methods differ in computational simplicity of algorithms, presence of a closed-form solution, robustness with respect to heavy-tailed distributions, and theoretical assumptions needed to validate desirable statistical properties such as consistency and asymptotic efficiency.Some of the more common estimation techniques for linear regression are summarized below.","title":"Estimation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galton%27s_correlation_diagram_1875.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Galton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"regression toward the mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean"},{"link_name":"level curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_curve"},{"link_name":"bivariate normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivariate_normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"OLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares"},{"link_name":"TLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_least_squares"},{"link_name":"dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"Denominator layout convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_calculus#Layout_conventions"},{"link_name":"Hessian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_matrix"},{"link_name":"Gauss–Markov theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Markov_theorem"},{"link_name":"Ordinary least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares"},{"link_name":"Weighted least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_least_squares"},{"link_name":"Generalized least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_least_squares"},{"link_name":"Linear Template Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_least_squares#Alternative_formulations"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Least-squares estimation and related techniques","text":"Francis Galton's 1886[14] illustration of the correlation between the heights of adults and their parents. The observation that adult children's heights tended to deviate less from the mean height than their parents suggested the concept of \"regression toward the mean\", giving regression its name. The \"locus of horizontal tangential points\" passing through the leftmost and rightmost points on the ellipse (which is a level curve of the bivariate normal distribution estimated from the data) is the OLS estimate of the regression of parents' heights on children's heights, while the \"locus of vertical tangential points\" is the OLS estimate of the regression of children's heights on parent's heights. The major axis of the ellipse is the TLS estimate.Assuming that the independent variable is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n i\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {x_{i}}}=\\left[x_{1}^{i},x_{2}^{i},\\ldots ,x_{m}^{i}\\right]}\n \n and the model's parameters are \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n β\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n β\n \n m\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {\\beta }}=\\left[\\beta _{0},\\beta _{1},\\ldots ,\\beta _{m}\\right]}\n \n, then the model's prediction would bey\n \n i\n \n \n ≈\n \n β\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n ×\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{i}\\approx \\beta _{0}+\\sum _{j=1}^{m}\\beta _{j}\\times x_{j}^{i}}\n \n.If \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {x_{i}}}}\n \n is extended to \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n 1\n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n i\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {x_{i}}}=\\left[1,x_{1}^{i},x_{2}^{i},\\ldots ,x_{m}^{i}\\right]}\n \n then \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{i}}\n \n would become a dot product of the parameter and the independent variable, i.e.y\n \n i\n \n \n ≈\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n β\n \n j\n \n \n ×\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{i}\\approx \\sum _{j=0}^{m}\\beta _{j}\\times x_{j}^{i}={\\vec {\\beta }}\\cdot {\\vec {x_{i}}}}\n \n.In the least-squares setting, the optimum parameter is defined as such that minimizes the sum of mean squared loss:β\n ^\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n arg min\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n L\n \n (\n \n D\n ,\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n \n \n arg min\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {\\hat {\\beta }}}={\\underset {\\vec {\\beta }}{\\mbox{arg min}}}\\,L\\left(D,{\\vec {\\beta }}\\right)={\\underset {\\vec {\\beta }}{\\mbox{arg min}}}\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\left({\\vec {\\beta }}\\cdot {\\vec {x_{i}}}-y_{i}\\right)^{2}}Now putting the independent and dependent variables in matrices \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n and \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n respectively, the loss function can be rewritten as:L\n \n (\n \n D\n ,\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n ‖\n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n −\n Y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n −\n Y\n \n )\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n −\n Y\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n Y\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n −\n \n Y\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n +\n \n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}L\\left(D,{\\vec {\\beta }}\\right)&=\\\|X{\\vec {\\beta }}-Y\\\|^{2}\\\\&=\\left(X{\\vec {\\beta }}-Y\\right)^{\\textsf {T}}\\left(X{\\vec {\\beta }}-Y\\right)\\\\&=Y^{\\textsf {T}}Y-Y^{\\textsf {T}}X{\\vec {\\beta }}-{\\vec {\\beta }}^{\\textsf {T}}X^{\\textsf {T}}Y+{\\vec {\\beta }}^{\\textsf {T}}X^{\\textsf {T}}X{\\vec {\\beta }}\\end{aligned}}}As the loss is convex the optimum solution lies at gradient zero. The gradient of the loss function is (using Denominator layout convention):∂\n L\n \n (\n \n D\n ,\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n (\n \n \n Y\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n −\n \n Y\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n +\n \n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n 2\n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n +\n 2\n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{\\frac {\\partial L\\left(D,{\\vec {\\beta }}\\right)}{\\partial {\\vec {\\beta }}}}&={\\frac {\\partial \\left(Y^{\\textsf {T}}Y-Y^{\\textsf {T}}X{\\vec {\\beta }}-{\\vec {\\beta }}^{\\textsf {T}}X^{\\textsf {T}}Y+{\\vec {\\beta }}^{\\textsf {T}}X^{\\textsf {T}}X{\\vec {\\beta }}\\right)}{\\partial {\\vec {\\beta }}}}\\\\&=-2X^{\\textsf {T}}Y+2X^{\\textsf {T}}X{\\vec {\\beta }}\\end{aligned}}}Setting the gradient to zero produces the optimum parameter:−\n 2\n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n +\n 2\n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n ⇒\n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n β\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n \n \n ⇒\n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n →\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n )\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}-2X^{\\textsf {T}}Y+2X^{\\textsf {T}}X{\\vec {\\beta }}&=0\\\\\\Rightarrow X^{\\textsf {T}}X{\\vec {\\beta }}&=X^{\\textsf {T}}Y\\\\\\Rightarrow {\\vec {\\hat {\\beta }}}&=\\left(X^{\\textsf {T}}X\\right)^{-1}X^{\\textsf {T}}Y\\end{aligned}}}Note: To prove that the \n \n \n \n \n \n \n β\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\beta }}}\n \n obtained is indeed the local minimum, one needs to differentiate once more to obtain the Hessian matrix and show that it is positive definite. This is provided by the Gauss–Markov theorem.Linear least squares methods include mainly:Ordinary least squares\nWeighted least squares\nGeneralized least squares\nLinear Template Fit[15]","title":"Estimation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximum likelihood estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation"},{"link_name":"probability distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"covariance matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_matrix"},{"link_name":"Ridge regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_regression"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lasso regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tibs_lasso-5"},{"link_name":"bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator"},{"link_name":"variability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"mean squared error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error"},{"link_name":"multicollinearity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity"},{"link_name":"overfitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting"},{"link_name":"Least absolute deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_absolute_deviation"},{"link_name":"robust estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_regression"},{"link_name":"efficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"Laplace distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_distribution"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Maximum-likelihood estimation and related techniques","text":"Maximum likelihood estimation can be performed when the distribution of the error terms is known to belong to a certain parametric family ƒθ of probability distributions.[16] When fθ is a normal distribution with zero mean and variance θ, the resulting estimate is identical to the OLS estimate. GLS estimates are maximum likelihood estimates when ε follows a multivariate normal distribution with a known covariance matrix.\nRidge regression[17][18][19] and other forms of penalized estimation, such as Lasso regression,[5] deliberately introduce bias into the estimation of β in order to reduce the variability of the estimate. The resulting estimates generally have lower mean squared error than the OLS estimates, particularly when multicollinearity is present or when overfitting is a problem. They are generally used when the goal is to predict the value of the response variable y for values of the predictors x that have not yet been observed. These methods are not as commonly used when the goal is inference, since it is difficult to account for the bias.\nLeast absolute deviation (LAD) regression is a robust estimation technique in that it is less sensitive to the presence of outliers than OLS (but is less efficient than OLS when no outliers are present). It is equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation under a Laplace distribution model for ε.[20]\nAdaptive estimation. If we assume that error terms are independent of the regressors, \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n i\n \n \n ⊥\n \n \n x\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{i}\\perp \\mathbf {x} _{i}}\n \n, then the optimal estimator is the 2-step MLE, where the first step is used to non-parametrically estimate the distribution of the error term.[21]","title":"Estimation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiel-Sen_estimator.svg"},{"link_name":"Theil–Sen estimator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theil%E2%80%93Sen_estimator"},{"link_name":"simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"Bayesian linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"Bayesian statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics"},{"link_name":"Bayesian multivariate linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_multivariate_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"prior distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_distribution"},{"link_name":"ridge regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_regression"},{"link_name":"lasso regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso_regression"},{"link_name":"posterior distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_distribution"},{"link_name":"quantile regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_regression"},{"link_name":"Quantile regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_regression"},{"link_name":"Mixed models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_model"},{"link_name":"parametric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_statistics"},{"link_name":"normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Fixed effects estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_effects_estimation"},{"link_name":"Principal component regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_regression"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawkins_pcr-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joliffe_pcr-8"},{"link_name":"principal component analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_analysis"},{"link_name":"partial least squares regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_least_squares_regression"},{"link_name":"Least-angle regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-angle_regression"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efron_lars-6"},{"link_name":"Theil–Sen estimator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theil%E2%80%93Sen_estimator"},{"link_name":"robust estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust_regression"},{"link_name":"outliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlier"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Other estimation techniques","text":"Comparison of the Theil–Sen estimator (black) and simple linear regression (blue) for a set of points with outliersBayesian linear regression applies the framework of Bayesian statistics to linear regression. (See also Bayesian multivariate linear regression.) In particular, the regression coefficients β are assumed to be random variables with a specified prior distribution. The prior distribution can bias the solutions for the regression coefficients, in a way similar to (but more general than) ridge regression or lasso regression. In addition, the Bayesian estimation process produces not a single point estimate for the \"best\" values of the regression coefficients but an entire posterior distribution, completely describing the uncertainty surrounding the quantity. This can be used to estimate the \"best\" coefficients using the mean, mode, median, any quantile (see quantile regression), or any other function of the posterior distribution.\nQuantile regression focuses on the conditional quantiles of y given X rather than the conditional mean of y given X. Linear quantile regression models a particular conditional quantile, for example the conditional median, as a linear function βTx of the predictors.\nMixed models are widely used to analyze linear regression relationships involving dependent data when the dependencies have a known structure. Common applications of mixed models include analysis of data involving repeated measurements, such as longitudinal data, or data obtained from cluster sampling. They are generally fit as parametric models, using maximum likelihood or Bayesian estimation. In the case where the errors are modeled as normal random variables, there is a close connection between mixed models and generalized least squares.[22] Fixed effects estimation is an alternative approach to analyzing this type of data.\nPrincipal component regression (PCR)[7][8] is used when the number of predictor variables is large, or when strong correlations exist among the predictor variables. This two-stage procedure first reduces the predictor variables using principal component analysis, and then uses the reduced variables in an OLS regression fit. While it often works well in practice, there is no general theoretical reason that the most informative linear function of the predictor variables should lie among the dominant principal components of the multivariate distribution of the predictor variables. The partial least squares regression is the extension of the PCR method which does not suffer from the mentioned deficiency.\nLeast-angle regression[6] is an estimation procedure for linear regression models that was developed to handle high-dimensional covariate vectors, potentially with more covariates than observations.\nThe Theil–Sen estimator is a simple robust estimation technique that chooses the slope of the fit line to be the median of the slopes of the lines through pairs of sample points. It has similar statistical efficiency properties to simple linear regression but is much less sensitive to outliers.[23]\nOther robust estimation techniques, including the α-trimmed mean approach, and L-, M-, S-, and R-estimators have been introduced.","title":"Estimation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suppresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_least_squares#Applications"},{"link_name":"suppresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suppresses&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Suppressed Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressed_Duck"}],"text":"See also: suppresses, suppresses, and Suppressed DuckLinear regression is widely used in biological, behavioral and social sciences to describe possible relationships between variables. It ranks as one of the most important tools used in these disciplines.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series"}],"sub_title":"Trend line","text":"A trend line represents a trend, the long-term movement in time series data after other components have been accounted for. It tells whether a particular data set (say GDP, oil prices or stock prices) have increased or decreased over the period of time. A trend line could simply be drawn by eye through a set of data points, but more properly their position and slope is calculated using statistical techniques like linear regression. Trend lines typically are straight lines, although some variations use higher degree polynomials depending on the degree of curvature desired in the line.Trend lines are sometimes used in business analytics to show changes in data over time. This has the advantage of being simple. Trend lines are often used to argue that a particular action or event (such as training, or an advertising campaign) caused observed changes at a point in time. This is a simple technique, and does not require a control group, experimental design, or a sophisticated analysis technique. However, it suffers from a lack of scientific validity in cases where other potential changes can affect the data.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tobacco smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"},{"link_name":"morbidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbidity"},{"link_name":"observational studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_studies"},{"link_name":"spurious correlations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_correlation"},{"link_name":"socio-economic factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_status"},{"link_name":"confounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding"},{"link_name":"randomized controlled trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial"},{"link_name":"instrumental variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_variables"}],"sub_title":"Epidemiology","text":"Early evidence relating tobacco smoking to mortality and morbidity came from observational studies employing regression analysis. In order to reduce spurious correlations when analyzing observational data, researchers usually include several variables in their regression models in addition to the variable of primary interest. For example, in a regression model in which cigarette smoking is the independent variable of primary interest and the dependent variable is lifespan measured in years, researchers might include education and income as additional independent variables, to ensure that any observed effect of smoking on lifespan is not due to those other socio-economic factors. However, it is never possible to include all possible confounding variables in an empirical analysis. For example, a hypothetical gene might increase mortality and also cause people to smoke more. For this reason, randomized controlled trials are often able to generate more compelling evidence of causal relationships than can be obtained using regression analyses of observational data. When controlled experiments are not feasible, variants of regression analysis such as instrumental variables regression may be used to attempt to estimate causal relationships from observational data.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital asset pricing model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_model"},{"link_name":"beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(finance)"}],"sub_title":"Finance","text":"The capital asset pricing model uses linear regression as well as the concept of beta for analyzing and quantifying the systematic risk of an investment. This comes directly from the beta coefficient of the linear regression model that relates the return on the investment to the return on all risky assets.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"consumption spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"fixed investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_investment"},{"link_name":"inventory investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_investment"},{"link_name":"exports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exports"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krugman-25"},{"link_name":"imports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imports"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krugman-25"},{"link_name":"demand to hold liquid assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_demand"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"labor demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ehrenberg-27"},{"link_name":"labor supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_supply"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ehrenberg-27"}],"sub_title":"Economics","text":"Linear regression is the predominant empirical tool in economics. For example, it is used to predict consumption spending,[24] fixed investment spending, inventory investment, purchases of a country's exports,[25] spending on imports,[25] the demand to hold liquid assets,[26] labor demand,[27] and labor supply.[27]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Environmental science","text":"Linear regression finds application in a wide range of environmental science applications such as land use,[28] infectious diseases,[29] and air pollution.[30]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Building science","text":"Linear regression is commonly used in building science field studies to derive characteristics of building occupants. In a thermal comfort field study, building scientists usually ask occupants' thermal sensation votes, which range from -3 (feeling cold) to 0 (neutral) to +3 (feeling hot), and measure occupants' surrounding temperature data. A neutral or comfort temperature can be calculated based on a linear regression between the thermal sensation vote and indoor temperature, and setting the thermal sensation vote as zero. However, there has been a debate on the regression direction: regressing thermal sensation votes (y-axis) against indoor temperature (x-axis) or the opposite: regressing indoor temperature (y-axis) against thermal sensation votes (x-axis).[31]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"supervised machine-learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_learning"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Machine learning","text":"Linear regression plays an important role in the subfield of artificial intelligence known as machine learning. The linear regression algorithm is one of the fundamental supervised machine-learning algorithms due to its relative simplicity and well-known properties.[32]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre"},{"link_name":"Gauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss"},{"link_name":"Quetelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetelet"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stigler-33"}],"text":"Least squares linear regression, as a means of finding a good rough linear fit to a set of points was performed by Legendre (1805) and Gauss (1809) for the prediction of planetary movement. Quetelet was responsible for making the procedure well-known and for using it extensively in the social sciences.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-03-041760-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-041760-3"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Rouaud, 2013: Probability, Statistics and Estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.incertitudes.fr/book.pdf"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty's Stationery Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office"}],"text":"Pedhazur, Elazar J (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-041760-3.\nMathieu Rouaud, 2013: Probability, Statistics and Estimation Chapter 2: Linear Regression, Linear Regression with Error Bars and Nonlinear Regression.\nNational Physical Laboratory (1961). \"Chapter 1: Linear Equations and Matrices: Direct Methods\". Modern Computing Methods. Notes on Applied Science. Vol. 16 (2nd ed.). Her Majesty's Stationery Office.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"In linear regression, the observations (red) are assumed to be the result of random deviations (green) from an underlying relationship (blue) between a dependent variable (y) and an independent variable (x).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Linear_least_squares_example2.svg/220px-Linear_least_squares_example2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Example of a cubic polynomial regression, which is a type of linear regression. Although polynomial regression fits a nonlinear model to the data, as a statistical estimation problem it is linear, in the sense that the regression function E(y \| x) is linear in the unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. For this reason, polynomial regression is considered to be a special case of multiple linear regression.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Polyreg_scheffe.svg/327px-Polyreg_scheffe.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Visualization of heteroscedasticity in a scatter plot against 100 random fitted values using Matlab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Heteroscedasticity_in_Linear_Regression.png/220px-Heteroscedasticity_in_Linear_Regression.png"},{"image_text":"To check for violations of the assumptions of linearity, constant variance, and independence of errors within a linear regression model, the residuals are typically plotted against the predicted values (or each of the individual predictors). An apparently random scatter of points about the horizontal midline at 0 is ideal, but cannot rule out certain kinds of violations such as autocorrelation in the errors or their correlation with one or more covariates.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Independence_of_Errors_Assumption_for_Linear_Regressions.png/327px-Independence_of_Errors_Assumption_for_Linear_Regressions.png"},{"image_text":"The data sets in the Anscombe's quartet are designed to have approximately the same linear regression line (as well as nearly identical means, standard deviations, and correlations) but are graphically very different. This illustrates the pitfalls of relying solely on a fitted model to understand the relationship between variables.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anscombe%27s_quartet_3.svg/440px-Anscombe%27s_quartet_3.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Example of simple linear regression, which has one independent variable","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linear_regression.svg/400px-Linear_regression.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Francis Galton's 1886[14] illustration of the correlation between the heights of adults and their parents. The observation that adult children's heights tended to deviate less from the mean height than their parents suggested the concept of \"regression toward the mean\", giving regression its name. The \"locus of horizontal tangential points\" passing through the leftmost and rightmost points on the ellipse (which is a level curve of the bivariate normal distribution estimated from the data) is the OLS estimate of the regression of parents' heights on children's heights, while the \"locus of vertical tangential points\" is the OLS estimate of the regression of children's heights on parent's heights. The major axis of the ellipse is the TLS estimate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Galton%27s_correlation_diagram_1875.jpg/440px-Galton%27s_correlation_diagram_1875.jpg"},{"image_text":"Comparison of the Theil–Sen estimator (black) and simple linear regression (blue) for a set of points with outliers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thiel-Sen_estimator.svg/220px-Thiel-Sen_estimator.svg.png"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Analysis of variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance"},{"title":"Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinder%E2%80%93Oaxaca_decomposition"},{"title":"Censored regression model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censored_regression_model"},{"title":"Cross-sectional regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_regression"},{"title":"Curve fitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_fitting"},{"title":"Empirical Bayes method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_Bayes_method"},{"title":"Errors and residuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals"},{"title":"Lack-of-fit sum of squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lack-of-fit_sum_of_squares"},{"title":"Line fitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_fitting"},{"title":"Linear classifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_classifier"},{"title":"Linear equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation"},{"title":"Logistic regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression"},{"title":"M-estimator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-estimator"},{"title":"Multivariate adaptive regression spline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_adaptive_regression_spline"},{"title":"Nonlinear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_regression"},{"title":"Nonparametric regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric_regression"},{"title":"Normal equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_equations"},{"title":"Projection pursuit regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_pursuit_regression"},{"title":"Response modeling methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_modeling_methodology"},{"title":"Segmented linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented_regression"},{"title":"Standard deviation line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation_line"},{"title":"Stepwise regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwise_regression"},{"title":"Structural break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_break"},{"title":"Support vector machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine"},{"title":"Truncated regression model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_regression_model"},{"title":"Deming regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deming_regression"}]	[{"reference":"David A. Freedman (2009). Statistical Models: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. A simple regression equation has on the right hand side an intercept and an explanatory variable with a slope coefficient. A multiple regression e right hand side, each with its own slope coefficient","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Freedman","url_text":"David A. Freedman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"Rencher, Alvin C.; Christensen, William F. (2012), \"Chapter 10, Multivariate regression – Section 10.1, Introduction\", Methods of Multivariate Analysis, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, vol. 709 (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 19, ISBN 9781118391679","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0g-PAuKub3QC&pg=PA19","url_text":"Methods of Multivariate Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118391679","url_text":"9781118391679"}]},{"reference":"Hilary L. Seal (1967). \"The historical development of the Gauss linear model\". Biometrika. 54 (1/2): 1–24. doi:10.1093/biomet/54.1-2.1. JSTOR 2333849.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F54.1-2.1","url_text":"10.1093/biomet/54.1-2.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2333849","url_text":"2333849"}]},{"reference":"Yan, Xin (2009), Linear Regression Analysis: Theory and Computing, World Scientific, pp. 1–2, ISBN 9789812834119, Regression analysis ... is probably one of the oldest topics in mathematical statistics dating back to about two hundred years ago. The earliest form of the linear regression was the least squares method, which was published by Legendre in 1805, and by Gauss in 1809 ... Legendre and Gauss both applied the method to the problem of determining, from astronomical observations, the orbits of bodies about the sun.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MjNv6rGv8NIC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Linear Regression Analysis: Theory and Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812834119","url_text":"9789812834119"}]},{"reference":"Tibshirani, Robert (1996). \"Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Lasso\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 58 (1): 267–288. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x. JSTOR 2346178.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2346178","url_text":"2346178"}]},{"reference":"Efron, Bradley; Hastie, Trevor; Johnstone, Iain; Tibshirani, Robert (2004). \"Least Angle Regression\". The Annals of Statistics. 32 (2): 407–451. arXiv:math/0406456. doi:10.1214/009053604000000067. JSTOR 3448465. S2CID 204004121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0406456","url_text":"math/0406456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1214%2F009053604000000067","url_text":"10.1214/009053604000000067"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3448465","url_text":"3448465"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204004121","url_text":"204004121"}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Douglas M. (1973). \"On the Investigation of Alternative Regressions by Principal Component Analysis\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C. 22 (3): 275–286. doi:10.2307/2346776. JSTOR 2346776.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2346776","url_text":"10.2307/2346776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2346776","url_text":"2346776"}]},{"reference":"Jolliffe, Ian T. (1982). \"A Note on the Use of Principal Components in Regression\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C. 31 (3): 300–303. doi:10.2307/2348005. JSTOR 2348005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2348005","url_text":"10.2307/2348005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2348005","url_text":"2348005"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Matt; Grajales, Carlos; Kurkiewicz, Dason (2019-11-25). \"Assumptions of Multiple Regression: Correcting Two Misconceptions\". Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation. 18 (1). doi:10.7275/55hn-wk47. ISSN 1531-7714.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/pare/vol18/iss1/11","url_text":"\"Assumptions of Multiple Regression: Correcting Two Misconceptions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7275%2F55hn-wk47","url_text":"10.7275/55hn-wk47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-7714","url_text":"1531-7714"}]},{"reference":"Berk, Richard A. (2007). \"Regression Analysis: A Constructive Critique\". Criminal Justice Review. 32 (3): 301–302. doi:10.1177/0734016807304871. S2CID 145389362.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734016807304871","url_text":"10.1177/0734016807304871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145389362","url_text":"145389362"}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Bertha; Goodman, Melody (2012-11-15). \"Multivariate or Multivariable Regression?\". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (1): 39–40. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300897. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3518362. PMID 23153131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Goodman","url_text":"Goodman, Melody"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518362","url_text":"\"Multivariate or Multivariable Regression?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2012.300897","url_text":"10.2105/AJPH.2012.300897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036","url_text":"0090-0036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518362","url_text":"3518362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23153131","url_text":"23153131"}]},{"reference":"Brillinger, David R. (1977). \"The Identification of a Particular Nonlinear Time Series System\". Biometrika. 64 (3): 509–515. doi:10.1093/biomet/64.3.509. JSTOR 2345326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F64.3.509","url_text":"10.1093/biomet/64.3.509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2345326","url_text":"2345326"}]},{"reference":"Tsao, Min (2022). \"Group least squares regression for linear models with strongly correlated predictor variables\". Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. 75 (2): 233–250. arXiv:1804.02499. doi:10.1007/s10463-022-00841-7. S2CID 237396158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02499","url_text":"1804.02499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10463-022-00841-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10463-022-00841-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237396158","url_text":"237396158"}]},{"reference":"Galton, Francis (1886). \"Regression Towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature\". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 15: 246–263. doi:10.2307/2841583. ISSN 0959-5295. JSTOR 2841583.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841583","url_text":"\"Regression Towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2841583","url_text":"10.2307/2841583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-5295","url_text":"0959-5295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841583","url_text":"2841583"}]},{"reference":"Britzger, Daniel (2022). \"The Linear Template Fit\". Eur. Phys. J. C. 82 (8): 731. arXiv:2112.01548. Bibcode:2022EPJC...82..731B. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10581-w. S2CID 244896511.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01548","url_text":"2112.01548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EPJC...82..731B","url_text":"2022EPJC...82..731B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-022-10581-w","url_text":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10581-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244896511","url_text":"244896511"}]},{"reference":"Lange, Kenneth L.; Little, Roderick J. A.; Taylor, Jeremy M. G. (1989). \"Robust Statistical Modeling Using the t Distribution\" (PDF). Journal of the American Statistical Association. 84 (408): 881–896. doi:10.2307/2290063. JSTOR 2290063.","urls":[{"url":"https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt27s1d3h7/qt27s1d3h7.pdf","url_text":"\"Robust Statistical Modeling Using the t Distribution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2290063","url_text":"10.2307/2290063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2290063","url_text":"2290063"}]},{"reference":"Swindel, Benee F. (1981). \"Geometry of Ridge Regression Illustrated\". The American Statistician. 35 (1): 12–15. doi:10.2307/2683577. JSTOR 2683577.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2683577","url_text":"10.2307/2683577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2683577","url_text":"2683577"}]},{"reference":"Draper, Norman R.; van Nostrand; R. Craig (1979). \"Ridge Regression and James-Stein Estimation: Review and Comments\". Technometrics. 21 (4): 451–466. doi:10.2307/1268284. JSTOR 1268284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1268284","url_text":"10.2307/1268284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1268284","url_text":"1268284"}]},{"reference":"Hoerl, Arthur E.; Kennard, Robert W.; Hoerl, Roger W. (1985). \"Practical Use of Ridge Regression: A Challenge Met\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C. 34 (2): 114–120. JSTOR 2347363.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2347363","url_text":"2347363"}]},{"reference":"Narula, Subhash C.; Wellington, John F. (1982). \"The Minimum Sum of Absolute Errors Regression: A State of the Art Survey\". International Statistical Review. 50 (3): 317–326. doi:10.2307/1402501. JSTOR 1402501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1402501","url_text":"10.2307/1402501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1402501","url_text":"1402501"}]},{"reference":"Stone, C. J. (1975). \"Adaptive maximum likelihood estimators of a location parameter\". The Annals of Statistics. 3 (2): 267–284. doi:10.1214/aos/1176343056. JSTOR 2958945.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176343056","url_text":"\"Adaptive maximum likelihood estimators of a location parameter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176343056","url_text":"10.1214/aos/1176343056"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2958945","url_text":"2958945"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, H. (1986). \"Multilevel Mixed Linear Model Analysis Using Iterative Generalized Least Squares\". Biometrika. 73 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1093/biomet/73.1.43. JSTOR 2336270.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F73.1.43","url_text":"10.1093/biomet/73.1.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2336270","url_text":"2336270"}]},{"reference":"Theil, H. (1950). \"A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis. I, II, III\". Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Proc. 53: 386–392, 521–525, 1397–1412. MR 0036489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Theil","url_text":"Theil, H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0036489","url_text":"0036489"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Pranab Kumar (1968). \"Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau\". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 63 (324): 1379–1389. doi:10.2307/2285891. JSTOR 2285891. 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Building and Environment. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111530.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2024.111530","url_text":"\"Causal Thinking: Uncovering Hidden Assumptions and Interpretations of Statistical Analysis in Building Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2024.111530","url_text":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111530"}]},{"reference":"\"Linear Regression (Machine Learning)\" (PDF). University of Pittsburgh.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~milos/courses/cs2750-Spring03/lectures/class6.pdf","url_text":"\"Linear Regression (Machine Learning)\""}]},{"reference":"Stigler, Stephen M. (1986). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Cambridge: Harvard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadla	Wadla	["1 Demographics","2 Notes"]	Coordinates: 11°50′N 38°50′E / 11.833°N 38.833°E / 11.833; 38.833District in Amhara Region, Ethiopia Woreda in Amhara, Semien WolloWadla ዋድላWoreda FlagZoneSemien WolloRegionAmharaArea • Total855.29 km2 (330.23 sq mi)Population (2012 est.) • Total138,668 Wadla (Amharic: ዋድላ) is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It is named for the former district which lay roughly in the same area. Part of the Semien Wollo Zone, Wadla is bordered on the southeast by Delanta, on the southwest by Dawunt, on the north by Meket, and on the northeast by Guba Lafto. The major town in Wadla is Gashena. Other towns include Kone and Arbit. The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1700 to 3200 meters above sea level. It lies in the watershed of the Bashilo; rivers include the Zhit'a. Wadla, as well as the other seven rural woredas of this Zone, has been grouped amongst the 48 woredas identified as the most drought prone and food insecure in the Amhara Region. Demographics Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 128,170, an increase of over the 1994 census, of whom 64,574 are men and 63,596 women; 4,291 or 3.35% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 855.29 square kilometers, Wadla has a population density of 149.86, which is greater than the Zone average of 123.25 persons per square kilometer. A total of 28,414 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.51 persons to a household, and 27,481 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 97.08% reporting that as their religion, while 2.9% of the population said they were Muslim. The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 106,681 in 24,473 households, of whom 54,760 were men and 51,921 were women; 1,506 or 1.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic group reported in Wadla was the Amhara (99.94%). Amharic was spoken as a first language by 99.95%. The majority of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity with 96.21% reported to profess this belief, while 3.78% of the population said they were Muslim. Notes ^ a b Geohive: Ethiopia Archived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ Svein Ege, "North Wälo 1:100,000. Topographic and administrative map of North Wälo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia". Trondheim, NTNU, 2002 ^ Seid Yassin, "Small-Scale Irrigation and Household Food Security: A Case Study of Three Irrigation Schemes in Gubalafto Woreda of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region", Master's Thesis, Graduate School of the University of Addis Ababa (June 2002), p. 35 ^ Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4. ^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 (accessed 9 April 2009) 11°50′N 38°50′E / 11.833°N 38.833°E / 11.833; 38.833 vteZones and Woredas of the Amhara Region List of districts in the Amhara regionAgew Awi Zone Ankasha Guagusa Banja Shekudad Dangila Faggeta Lekoma Guagusa Shekudad Guangua Jawi East Gojjam Zone Aneded Awabel Baso Liben Bibugn Debay Telatgen Debre Elias Debre Markos Town Dejen Enarj Enawga Enbise Sar Midir Enemay Goncha Goncha Siso Enese Gozamin Hulet Ej Enese Machakel Shebel Berenta Sinan North Gondar Zone Addi Arkay Alefa Beyeda Chilga Dabat Debarq Dembiya Gondar Town Gondar Zuria Jan Amora Lay Armachiho Metemma Mirab Armachiho Mirab Belessa Misraq Belessa Qwara Tach Armachiho Takusa Tegeda Tselemt Wegera North Shewa Zone Angolalla Tera Ankober Antsokiyana Gemza Asagirt Basona Werana Berehet Debre Birhan Town Efratana Gidim Ensaro Gishe Hagere Mariamna Kesem Kewet Minjarna Shenkora Menz Gera Midir Menz Keya Gebreal Menz Lalo Midir Menz Mam Midir Merhabete Mida Woremo Mojana Wadera Moretna Jiru Siyadebrina Wayu Termaber North Wollo Zone Bugna Dawunt Delanta Gidan Guba Lafto Habru Kobo Lasta Meket Wadla Weldiya Town Oromia Zone Artuma Fursi Baati Dawa Chaffa Dawa Harewa Jilee Dhummuugaa Kemise Town South Gondar Zone Debre Tabor Town Dera Ebenat Farta Fogera Lay Gayint Libo Kemekem Mirab Este Misraq Este Simada Tach Gayint South Wollo Zone Abuko Amba Sel Debre Sina Dessie Town Dessie Zuria Jama Kalu Kelela Kombolcha Town Kutaber Legahida Legambo Mekdela Mehal Sayint Sayint Tehuledere Tenta Wegde Were Babu Were Ilu Wag Hemra Zone Abergele Dehana Gazbibla Sehala Soqota Soqota Town Zikuala West Gojjam Zone Bahir Dar Zuria Bure Dega Damot Debub Achefer Dembecha Jabi Tehnan Finote Selam Town Kuarit Mecha Sekela Semien Achefer Wemberma Yilmana Densa Special zones Bahir Dar Special woredas Argobba	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic"},{"link_name":"woreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Semien Wollo Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semien_Wollo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Delanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delanta"},{"link_name":"Dawunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawunt"},{"link_name":"Meket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meket"},{"link_name":"Guba Lafto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guba_Lafto"},{"link_name":"Bashilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashilo_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"District in Amhara Region, EthiopiaWoreda in Amhara, Semien WolloWadla (Amharic: ዋድላ) is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It is named for the former district which lay roughly in the same area. Part of the Semien Wollo Zone, Wadla is bordered on the southeast by Delanta, on the southwest by Dawunt, on the north by Meket, and on the northeast by Guba Lafto. The major town in Wadla is Gashena. Other towns include Kone and Arbit.The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1700 to 3200 meters above sea level. It lies in the watershed of the Bashilo; rivers include the Zhit'a.[2] Wadla, as well as the other seven rural woredas of this Zone, has been grouped amongst the 48 woredas identified as the most drought prone and food insecure in the Amhara Region.[3]","title":"Wadla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 128,170, an increase of over the 1994 census, of whom 64,574 are men and 63,596 women; 4,291 or 3.35% are urban inhabitants. With an area of 855.29 square kilometers, Wadla has a population density of 149.86, which is greater than the Zone average of 123.25 persons per square kilometer. A total of 28,414 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.51 persons to a household, and 27,481 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 97.08% reporting that as their religion, while 2.9% of the population said they were Muslim.[4]The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 106,681 in 24,473 households, of whom 54,760 were men and 51,921 were women; 1,506 or 1.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic group reported in Wadla was the Amhara (99.94%). Amharic was spoken as a first language by 99.95%. The majority of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity with 96.21% reported to profess this belief, while 3.78% of the population said they were Muslim.[5]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-geohive_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-geohive_1-1"},{"link_name":"Geohive: Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120805184429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"North Wälo 1:100,000. Topographic and administrative map of North Wälo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.svt.ntnu.no/ethiopia/c05xNorthWoloMap.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Small-Scale Irrigation and Household Food Security: A Case Study of Three Irrigation Schemes in Gubalafto Woreda of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/bitstream/123456789/827/1/Seid%20Yassin.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=266&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck03%5Ck03_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"11°50′N 38°50′E / 11.833°N 38.833°E / 11.833; 38.833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wadla&params=11_50_N_38_50_E_type:adm3rd_region:ET"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Districts_of_the_Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_the_Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_the_Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Woredas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woredas_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Amhara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region"},{"link_name":"List of districts in the Amhara region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_the_Amhara_region"},{"link_name":"Agew Awi Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agew_Awi_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ankasha Guagusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankasha_Guagusa"},{"link_name":"Banja Shekudad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Shekudad"},{"link_name":"Dangila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangila_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Faggeta Lekoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faggeta_Lekoma"},{"link_name":"Guagusa Shekudad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guagusa_Shekudad"},{"link_name":"Guangua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangua"},{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"East Gojjam Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Gojjam_Zone"},{"link_name":"Aneded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneded"},{"link_name":"Awabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awabel"},{"link_name":"Baso Liben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baso_Liben"},{"link_name":"Bibugn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibugn"},{"link_name":"Debay Telatgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debay_Telatgen"},{"link_name":"Debre Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Elias"},{"link_name":"Debre Markos Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Markos"},{"link_name":"Dejen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejen_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Enarj Enawga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enarj_Enawga"},{"link_name":"Enbise Sar Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbise_Sar_Midir"},{"link_name":"Enemay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemay"},{"link_name":"Goncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goncha"},{"link_name":"Goncha Siso Enese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goncha_Siso_Enese"},{"link_name":"Gozamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozamin"},{"link_name":"Hulet Ej Enese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulet_Ej_Enese"},{"link_name":"Machakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machakel"},{"link_name":"Shebel Berenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebel_Berenta"},{"link_name":"Sinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"North Gondar Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Gondar_Zone"},{"link_name":"Addi Arkay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addi_Arkay_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Alefa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alefa"},{"link_name":"Beyeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyeda"},{"link_name":"Chilga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilga"},{"link_name":"Dabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabat_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Debarq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debarq_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dembiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembiya_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gondar Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar"},{"link_name":"Gondar Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Jan Amora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Amora"},{"link_name":"Lay Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Metemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metemma_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Mirab Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Mirab Belessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Belessa"},{"link_name":"Misraq Belessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misraq_Belessa"},{"link_name":"Qwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwara_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Tach Armachiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tach_Armachiho"},{"link_name":"Takusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takusa"},{"link_name":"Tegeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegeda"},{"link_name":"Tselemt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tselemt"},{"link_name":"Wegera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegera_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"North Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shewa_Zone_(Amhara)"},{"link_name":"Angolalla Tera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolalla_Tera"},{"link_name":"Ankober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankober_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Antsokiyana Gemza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsokiyana_Gemza"},{"link_name":"Asagirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asagirt"},{"link_name":"Basona Werana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basona_Werana"},{"link_name":"Berehet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berehet"},{"link_name":"Debre Birhan Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Birhan"},{"link_name":"Efratana Gidim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efratana_Gidim"},{"link_name":"Ensaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaro"},{"link_name":"Gishe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishe"},{"link_name":"Hagere Mariamna Kesem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagere_Mariamna_Kesem"},{"link_name":"Kewet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewet_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Minjarna Shenkora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minjarna_Shenkora"},{"link_name":"Menz Gera Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Gera_Midir"},{"link_name":"Menz Keya Gebreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Keya_Gebreal"},{"link_name":"Menz Lalo Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Lalo_Midir"},{"link_name":"Menz Mam Midir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menz_Mam_Midir"},{"link_name":"Merhabete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merhabete"},{"link_name":"Mida Woremo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mida_Woremo"},{"link_name":"Mojana Wadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojana_Wadera"},{"link_name":"Moretna Jiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moretna_Jiru"},{"link_name":"Siyadebrina Wayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyadebrina_Wayu"},{"link_name":"Termaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termaber"},{"link_name":"North Wollo Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wollo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bugna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugna"},{"link_name":"Dawunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawunt"},{"link_name":"Delanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delanta"},{"link_name":"Gidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan"},{"link_name":"Guba Lafto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guba_Lafto"},{"link_name":"Habru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habru"},{"link_name":"Kobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Lasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasta_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Meket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meket"},{"link_name":"Wadla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Weldiya Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldiya"},{"link_name":"Oromia Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Zone"},{"link_name":"Artuma Fursi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artuma_Fursi"},{"link_name":"Baati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bati_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dawa Chaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawa_Chaffa"},{"link_name":"Dawa Harewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawa_Harewa"},{"link_name":"Jilee Dhummuugaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilee_Dhummuugaa"},{"link_name":"Kemise Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemise"},{"link_name":"South Gondar Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gondar_Zone"},{"link_name":"Debre Tabor Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Tabor"},{"link_name":"Dera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera,_Amhara_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Ebenat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenat_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Farta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farta"},{"link_name":"Fogera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogera"},{"link_name":"Lay Gayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Gayint"},{"link_name":"Libo Kemekem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemekem"},{"link_name":"Mirab Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirab_Este"},{"link_name":"Misraq Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misraq_Este"},{"link_name":"Simada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simada"},{"link_name":"Tach Gayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tach_Gayint"},{"link_name":"South Wollo Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wollo_Zone"},{"link_name":"Abuko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuko_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Amba Sel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassel"},{"link_name":"Debre Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Sina_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dessie Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie"},{"link_name":"Dessie Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Jama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kelela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelela_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kombolcha Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombolcha"},{"link_name":"Kutaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaber_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Legahida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legahida"},{"link_name":"Legambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legambo"},{"link_name":"Mekdela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekdela"},{"link_name":"Mehal Sayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehal_Sayint"},{"link_name":"Sayint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayint"},{"link_name":"Tehuledere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuledere"},{"link_name":"Tenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenta_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Wegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegde"},{"link_name":"Were Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Were_Babu"},{"link_name":"Were Ilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Were_Ilu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Wag Hemra Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_Hemra_Zone"},{"link_name":"Abergele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergele,_Amhara"},{"link_name":"Dehana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehana"},{"link_name":"Gazbibla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazbibla"},{"link_name":"Sehala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehala"},{"link_name":"Soqota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqota_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Soqota Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqota"},{"link_name":"Zikuala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikuala"},{"link_name":"West Gojjam Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gojjam_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bahir Dar Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahir_Dar_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Bure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bure,_Gojjam_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dega Damot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dega_Damot"},{"link_name":"Debub Achefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debub_Achefer"},{"link_name":"Dembecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembecha_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Jabi Tehnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabi_Tehnan"},{"link_name":"Finote Selam Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finote_Selam"},{"link_name":"Kuarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarit"},{"link_name":"Mecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Sekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekela_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Semien Achefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semien_Achefer"},{"link_name":"Wemberma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemberma"},{"link_name":"Yilmana Densa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilmana_Densa"},{"link_name":"Bahir Dar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahir_Dar"},{"link_name":"Argobba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobba_special_woreda_(Amhara)"}],"text":"^ a b Geohive: Ethiopia Archived 2012-08-05 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Svein Ege, \"North Wälo 1:100,000. Topographic and administrative map of North Wälo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia\". Trondheim, NTNU, 2002\n\n^ Seid Yassin, \"Small-Scale Irrigation and Household Food Security: A Case Study of Three Irrigation Schemes in Gubalafto Woreda of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region\", Master's Thesis, Graduate School of the University of Addis Ababa (June 2002), p. 35\n\n^ Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.\n\n^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 (accessed 9 April 2009)11°50′N 38°50′E / 11.833°N 38.833°E / 11.833; 38.833vteZones and Woredas of the Amhara Region List of districts in the Amhara regionAgew Awi Zone\nAnkasha Guagusa\nBanja Shekudad\nDangila\nFaggeta Lekoma\nGuagusa Shekudad\nGuangua\nJawi\nEast Gojjam Zone\nAneded\nAwabel\nBaso Liben\nBibugn\nDebay Telatgen\nDebre Elias\nDebre Markos Town\nDejen\nEnarj Enawga\nEnbise Sar Midir\nEnemay\nGoncha\nGoncha Siso Enese\nGozamin\nHulet Ej Enese\nMachakel\nShebel Berenta\nSinan\nNorth Gondar Zone\nAddi Arkay\nAlefa\nBeyeda\nChilga\nDabat\nDebarq\nDembiya\nGondar Town\nGondar Zuria\nJan Amora\nLay Armachiho\nMetemma\nMirab Armachiho\nMirab Belessa\nMisraq Belessa\nQwara\nTach Armachiho\nTakusa\nTegeda\nTselemt\nWegera\nNorth Shewa Zone\nAngolalla Tera\nAnkober\nAntsokiyana Gemza\nAsagirt\nBasona Werana\nBerehet\nDebre Birhan Town\nEfratana Gidim\nEnsaro\nGishe\nHagere Mariamna Kesem\nKewet\nMinjarna Shenkora\nMenz Gera Midir\nMenz Keya Gebreal\nMenz Lalo Midir\nMenz Mam Midir\nMerhabete\nMida Woremo\nMojana Wadera\nMoretna Jiru\nSiyadebrina Wayu\nTermaber\nNorth Wollo Zone\nBugna\nDawunt\nDelanta\nGidan\nGuba Lafto\nHabru\nKobo\nLasta\nMeket\nWadla\nWeldiya Town\nOromia Zone\nArtuma Fursi\nBaati\nDawa Chaffa\nDawa Harewa\nJilee Dhummuugaa\nKemise Town\nSouth Gondar Zone\nDebre Tabor Town\nDera\nEbenat\nFarta\nFogera\nLay Gayint\nLibo Kemekem\nMirab Este\nMisraq Este\nSimada\nTach Gayint\nSouth Wollo Zone\nAbuko\nAmba Sel\nDebre Sina\nDessie Town\nDessie Zuria\nJama\nKalu\nKelela\nKombolcha Town\nKutaber\nLegahida\nLegambo\nMekdela\nMehal Sayint\nSayint\nTehuledere\nTenta\nWegde\nWere Babu\nWere Ilu\nWag Hemra Zone\nAbergele\nDehana\nGazbibla\nSehala\nSoqota\nSoqota Town\nZikuala\nWest Gojjam Zone\nBahir Dar Zuria\nBure\nDega Damot\nDebub Achefer\nDembecha\nJabi Tehnan\nFinote Selam Town\nKuarit\nMecha\nSekela\nSemien Achefer\nWemberma\nYilmana Densa\nSpecial zones\nBahir Dar\nSpecial woredas\nArgobba","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wadla&params=11_50_N_38_50_E_type:adm3rd_region:ET","external_links_name":"11°50′N 38°50′E / 11.833°N 38.833°E / 11.833; 38.833"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20,120,805,184,429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","external_links_name":"Geohive: Ethiopia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120805184429/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ethiopia.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.svt.ntnu.no/ethiopia/c05xNorthWoloMap.pdf","external_links_name":"\"North Wälo 1:100,000. Topographic and administrative map of North Wälo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"http://etd.aau.edu.et/dspace/bitstream/123456789/827/1/Seid%20Yassin.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Small-Scale Irrigation and Household Food Security: A Case Study of Three Irrigation Schemes in Gubalafto Woreda of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region\""},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=266&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck03%5Ck03_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wadla&params=11_50_N_38_50_E_type:adm3rd_region:ET","external_links_name":"11°50′N 38°50′E / 11.833°N 38.833°E / 11.833; 38.833"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Marines	Ultra Marines	["1 Rules","2 External links"]	Board game For the Space Marine chapter in the fictional background of Warhammer 40,000, see Space Marines (Warhammer 40,000). This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ultra Marines" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ultra MarinesUltra Marines box coverManufacturersGames WorkshopPublishersGames Workshop Ultra Marines is one of a series of 4 "introductory" board games released by Games Workshop in 1991 (The other three being Space Fleet, Kerrunch and Mighty Warriors). Set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe, it is effectively a 'scaled-down' version of Space Hulk and Tyranid Attack, using plastic Marine Scouts from the Ultramarines, Space Wolves, Dark Angels and Blood Angels chapters. Other components include event cards, a simple ruleset, as well as corridor and room tiles from the game Space Hulk. Rules Before the game begins, players arranged the interlocking room and corridor tiles on the playing area to represent a maze (a "Space Hulk"). Alien Artefact counters are randomly placed throughout the play area. Each player sets up their 5 models in a starting room of their choice and then take turns to move their pieces. The object of the game is to move the various Scout models to retrieve the artefacts and carry them to the starting rooms while stopping opponent models from achieving the same goal. Random event cards are dealt to each player that allows them to either help their own models (in the form of medipacks or double movement) or hinder opponents (by placing obstacles in their path or attacking them directly). Unlike other Games Workshop games, Ultra Marines featured a unique method of determining the accuracy of weapons fire and close combat attacks. The box of the game featured a grid printed on the inside of the lid, and dice were thrown into the lid and the results read from the squares that the dice landed in. However, this led to eventual problems after release as the cardboard box would warp or become worn after years of use and the distortion of the box lid would skew results. External links Ultra Marines at BoardGameGeek This board game-related article or section is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Warhammer 40,000 related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteGames WorkshopCore games Warhammer 40,000 Middle Earth Strategy Battle Game Warhammer Age of Sigmar Spinoff games Adeptus Titanicus Aeronautica Imperialis Blood Bowl Necromunda Warcry Warhammer 40,000: Kill Team Role-playing games Dark Heresy Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay Discontinued games Advanced HeroQuest Assassinorum: Execution Force Battlefleet Gothic Chainsaw Warrior Confrontation Dark Future Dreadfleet Dungeonbowl Epic Gorkamorka Horus Heresy Inquisitor Judge Dredd (board) Judge Dredd (RPG) Kerrunch Man O' War Mordheim Space Fleet Space Hulk Tyranid Attack Talisman Ultra Marines Warhammer Warhammer Quest The Warlock of Firetop Mountain Warmaster Publications White Dwarf Battle Games in Middle-earth Owl and Weasel Warlock Black Library Non-Warhammer video games Apocalypse: The Game of Nuclear Devastation Battlecars D-Day Tower of Despair Chaos: The Battle of Wizards Talisman Chainsaw Warrior Dark Future: Blood Red States Company Citadel Miniatures Forge World BL Publishing Specialist Games Events Games Day Golden Demon People Steve Jackson Ian Livingstone Bryan Ansell Adrian Smith John Blanche Alan and Michael Perry Jervis Johnson Andy Chambers Rick Priestley Related products List of video games HeroQuest Space Crusade Battle Masters Fighting Fantasy Chaos League	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Marines (Warhammer 40,000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Marines_(Warhammer_40,000)"},{"link_name":"Games Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Space Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Kerrunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrunch"},{"link_name":"Mighty Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Warhammer 40,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhammer_40,000"},{"link_name":"Space Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Hulk"},{"link_name":"Tyranid Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranid_Attack"},{"link_name":"Ultramarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Marines_(Warhammer_40,000)"},{"link_name":"Space Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Dark Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Angels_(Warhammer_40,000)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blood Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Marines_(Warhammer_40,000)"},{"link_name":"Space Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Hulk"}],"text":"For the Space Marine chapter in the fictional background of Warhammer 40,000, see Space Marines (Warhammer 40,000).Ultra Marines is one of a series of 4 \"introductory\" board games released by Games Workshop in 1991 (The other three being Space Fleet, Kerrunch and Mighty Warriors). Set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe, it is effectively a 'scaled-down' version of Space Hulk and Tyranid Attack, using plastic Marine Scouts from the Ultramarines, Space Wolves, Dark Angels and Blood Angels chapters. Other components include event cards, a simple ruleset, as well as corridor and room tiles from the game Space Hulk.","title":"Ultra Marines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Hulk"}],"text":"Before the game begins, players arranged the interlocking room and corridor tiles on the playing area to represent a maze (a \"Space Hulk\"). Alien Artefact counters are randomly placed throughout the play area. Each player sets up their 5 models in a starting room of their choice and then take turns to move their pieces. The object of the game is to move the various Scout models to retrieve the artefacts and carry them to the starting rooms while stopping opponent models from achieving the same goal. Random event cards are dealt to each player that allows them to either help their own models (in the form of medipacks or double movement) or hinder opponents (by placing obstacles in their path or attacking them directly).Unlike other Games Workshop games, Ultra Marines featured a unique method of determining the accuracy of weapons fire and close combat attacks. The box of the game featured a grid printed on the inside of the lid, and dice were thrown into the lid and the results read from the squares that the dice landed in. However, this led to eventual problems after release as the cardboard box would warp or become worn after years of use and the distortion of the box lid would skew results.","title":"Rules"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Games_Workshop_logo.svg/150px-Games_Workshop_logo.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ultra+Marines%22","external_links_name":"\"Ultra Marines\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ultra+Marines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ultra+Marines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ultra+Marines%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ultra+Marines%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ultra+Marines%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/8728","external_links_name":"Ultra Marines"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultra_Marines&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultra_Marines&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%E2%80%93Ikehara_theorem	Wiener–Ikehara theorem	["1 Statement","2 One Particular Application","3 References"]	Tauberian theorem introduced by Shikao Ikehara (1931). The Wiener–Ikehara theorem is a Tauberian theorem introduced by Shikao Ikehara (1931). It follows from Wiener's Tauberian theorem, and can be used to prove the prime number theorem (Chandrasekharan, 1969). Statement Let A(x) be a non-negative, monotonic nondecreasing function of x, defined for 0 ≤ x < ∞. Suppose that f ( s ) = ∫ 0 ∞ A ( x ) e − x s d x {\displaystyle f(s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }A(x)e^{-xs}\,dx} converges for ℜ(s) > 1 to the function ƒ(s) and that, for some non-negative number c, f ( s ) − c s − 1 {\displaystyle f(s)-{\frac {c}{s-1}}} has an extension as a continuous function for ℜ(s) ≥ 1. Then the limit as x goes to infinity of e−x A(x) is equal to c. One Particular Application An important number-theoretic application of the theorem is to Dirichlet series of the form ∑ n = 1 ∞ a ( n ) n − s {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a(n)n^{-s}} where a(n) is non-negative. If the series converges to an analytic function in ℜ ( s ) ≥ b {\displaystyle \Re (s)\geq b} with a simple pole of residue c at s = b, then ∑ n ≤ X a ( n ) ∼ c b X b . {\displaystyle \sum _{n\leq X}a(n)\sim {\frac {c}{b}}X^{b}.} Applying this to the logarithmic derivative of the Riemann zeta function, where the coefficients in the Dirichlet series are values of the von Mangoldt function, it is possible to deduce the Prime number theorem from the fact that the zeta function has no zeroes on the line ℜ ( s ) = 1. {\displaystyle \Re (s)=1.} References S. Ikehara (1931), "An extension of Landau's theorem in the analytic theory of numbers", Journal of Mathematics and Physics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 10: 1–12, Zbl 0001.12902 Wiener, Norbert (1932), "Tauberian Theorems", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 33 (1): 1–100, doi:10.2307/1968102, ISSN 0003-486X, JFM 58.0226.02, JSTOR 1968102 K. Chandrasekharan (1969). Introduction to Analytic Number Theory. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-04141-9. Hugh L. Montgomery; Robert C. Vaughan (2007). Multiplicative number theory I. Classical theory. Cambridge tracts in advanced mathematics. Vol. 97. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 259–266. ISBN 0-521-84903-9.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tauberian theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauberian_theorem"},{"link_name":"Shikao Ikehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikao_Ikehara"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIkehara1931"},{"link_name":"Wiener's Tauberian theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%27s_Tauberian_theorem"},{"link_name":"prime number theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem"}],"text":"The Wiener–Ikehara theorem is a Tauberian theorem introduced by Shikao Ikehara (1931). It follows from Wiener's Tauberian theorem, and can be used to prove the prime number theorem (Chandrasekharan, 1969).","title":"Wiener–Ikehara theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monotonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic_function"},{"link_name":"continuous function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function"},{"link_name":"limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_function"}],"text":"Let A(x) be a non-negative, monotonic nondecreasing function of x, defined for 0 ≤ x < ∞. Suppose thatf\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n A\n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n x\n s\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(s)=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }A(x)e^{-xs}\\,dx}converges for ℜ(s) > 1 to the function ƒ(s) and that, for some non-negative number c,f\n (\n s\n )\n −\n \n \n c\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(s)-{\\frac {c}{s-1}}}has an extension as a continuous function for ℜ(s) ≥ 1.\nThen the limit as x goes to infinity of e−x A(x) is equal to c.","title":"Statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirichlet series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_series"},{"link_name":"Riemann zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"von Mangoldt function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mangoldt_function"},{"link_name":"Prime number theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem"}],"text":"An important number-theoretic application of the theorem is to Dirichlet series of the form∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n a\n (\n n\n )\n \n n\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }a(n)n^{-s}}where a(n) is non-negative. If the series converges to an analytic function inℜ\n (\n s\n )\n ≥\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Re (s)\\geq b}with a simple pole of residue c at s = b, then∑\n \n n\n ≤\n X\n \n \n a\n (\n n\n )\n ∼\n \n \n c\n b\n \n \n \n X\n \n b\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n\\leq X}a(n)\\sim {\\frac {c}{b}}X^{b}.}Applying this to the logarithmic derivative of the Riemann zeta function, where the coefficients in the Dirichlet series are values of the von Mangoldt function, it is possible to deduce the Prime number theorem from the fact that the zeta function has no zeroes on the lineℜ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Re (s)=1.}","title":"One Particular Application"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"S. Ikehara (1931), \"An extension of Landau's theorem in the analytic theory of numbers\", Journal of Mathematics and Physics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 10: 1–12, Zbl 0001.12902","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikao_Ikehara","url_text":"S. Ikehara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0001.12902","url_text":"0001.12902"}]},{"reference":"Wiener, Norbert (1932), \"Tauberian Theorems\", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 33 (1): 1–100, doi:10.2307/1968102, ISSN 0003-486X, JFM 58.0226.02, JSTOR 1968102","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Annals of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1968102","url_text":"10.2307/1968102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-486X","url_text":"0003-486X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFM_(identifier)","url_text":"JFM"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:58.0226.02","url_text":"58.0226.02"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1968102","url_text":"1968102"}]},{"reference":"K. Chandrasekharan (1969). Introduction to Analytic Number Theory. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-04141-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoan00chan_0","url_text":"Introduction to Analytic Number Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-04141-9","url_text":"3-540-04141-9"}]},{"reference":"Hugh L. Montgomery; Robert C. Vaughan (2007). Multiplicative number theory I. Classical theory. Cambridge tracts in advanced mathematics. Vol. 97. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 259–266. ISBN 0-521-84903-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery_(mathematician)","url_text":"Hugh L. Montgomery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Vaughan_(mathematician)","url_text":"Robert C. Vaughan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84903-9","url_text":"0-521-84903-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0001.12902","external_links_name":"0001.12902"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1968102","external_links_name":"10.2307/1968102"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-486X","external_links_name":"0003-486X"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:58.0226.02","external_links_name":"58.0226.02"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1968102","external_links_name":"1968102"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoan00chan_0","external_links_name":"Introduction to Analytic Number Theory"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_San_Francisco_Giants_managers	List of San Francisco Giants managers	["1 Table key","2 Managers","3 Managers with multiple tenures","4 Footnotes","5 References"]	The San Francisco Giants are a Major League Baseball team that plays in the National League Western Division. Since their inception as the New York Gothams in 1883, the Giants have employed 37 managers. The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field. The franchise's first manager was John Clapp, who managed the team for one year before being replaced in 1884 by Jim Price. The New York Giants won two World Series championships during the 19th century, in 1888 and 1889, with Jim Mutrie as their manager both years. John McGraw became the Giants' manager during the 1902 season, beginning a streak of 54 consecutive years in which the Giants were managed by a Baseball Hall of Famer. McGraw managed for the better course of 30 years (he missed parts of the 1924, 1925, and 1927 seasons due to illness; Hughie Jennings took over for the former two while Rogers Hornsby served as player-manager for the latter), doing so until the middle of the 1932 season, the longest managerial tenure in Giants history. McGraw won 2,583 games as the Giants manager, the most in Giants history. While managing the Giants, the team won the National League championship 10 times—in 1904, 1905, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1924. They played in the World Series nine times (no World Series was played in 1904) and won three, in 1905, 1921 and 1922. McGraw's successor was Hall of Famer Bill Terry, who managed the team from the middle of the 1932 season until 1941. He won 823 games as the Giants' manager, fourth-most in Giants history, and won three National League championships, in 1933, 1936 and 1937, winning the World Series in 1933. Hall of Famers Mel Ott and Leo Durocher managed the team from 1942 through 1955. Durocher was the manager for the Giants' World Series championship in 1954. The Giants moved from New York to San Francisco in 1958, with Bill Rigney as their manager. They won their first National League championship in San Francisco under Alvin Dark in 1962 but lost the World Series that year. In their first 28 years in San Francisco, they had 14 managers (including two terms by Rigney). Since 1985, the Giants' managerial situation has been more stable. Roger Craig managed the team for more than seven seasons, from the middle of the 1985 season until 1992, including a National League championship in 1989. His successor, Dusty Baker, managed the team for ten years from 1993 through 2002, winning the National League championship in 2002. Baker has the third-highest win total of any Giants manager with 840. Felipe Alou replaced Baker in 2003 and managed the team until 2006. Bruce Bochy managed the team from the 2007 season through 2019, winning World Series championships in 2010, 2012, and 2014, and has the second-most wins among all Giants managers. Jim Mutrie has the highest winning percentage of any Giants manager, with .605. Heinie Smith has the lowest, with .156, although he managed just 32 games. The lowest winning percentage of any Giants manager who managed at least 100 games is .389, by Jim Davenport in 1985. Table key # A running total of the number of Giants managers. Any manager who has two or more separate terms is only counted once. G Number of regular season games managed; may not equal sum of wins and losses due to tie games W Number of regular season wins in games managed L Number of regular season losses in games managed WPct Winning percentage: number of wins divided by number of games managed PA Playoff appearances: number of years this manager has led the franchise to the playoffs PW Playoff wins: number of wins this manager has accrued in the playoffs PL Playoff losses: number of losses this manager has accrued in the playoffs LC League Championships: number of League Championships, or pennants, achieved by the manager WS World Series: number of World Series victories achieved by the manager † Elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame Managers # Image Manager Seasons G W L WPct PA PW PL LC WS Ref 1 John Clapp 1883 98 46 50 .479 — — — — — 2 Jim Price 1884 100 56 42 .571 — — — — — 3 John Montgomery Ward† 1884 14 6 8 .429 — — — — — 4 Jim Mutrie 1885–1891 905 529 345 .605 2 12 7 2 2 5 Pat Powers 1892 153 71 80 .470 — — — — — — John Montgomery Ward† 1893–1894 275 156 108 .591 — — — — — 6 George Davis† 1895 33 16 17 .485 — — — — — 7 Jack Doyle 1895 64 32 31 .508 — — — — — 8 Harvey Watkins 1895 35 18 17 .514 — — — — — 9 Arthur Irwin 1896 90 36 53 .404 — — — — — 10 Bill Joyce 1896–1898 316 179 122 .595 — — — — — 11 Cap Anson† 1898 22 9 13 .409 — — — — — 12 John B. Day 1899 66 29 35 .453 — — — — — 13 Fred Hoey 1899 87 31 55 .360 — — — — — 14 Buck Ewing† 1900 63 21 41 .339 — — — — — — George Davis† 1900–1901 291 91 122 .427 — — — — — 15 Horace Fogel 1902 44 18 23 .439 — — — — — 16 Heinie Smith 1902 32 5 27 .156 — — — — — 17 John McGraw† 1902–1932 4,424 2,583 1,790 .591 9 26 28 10 3 18 Hughie Jennings† (interim) 1924, 1925 76 53 23 .697 — — — — — 19 Rogers Hornsby† (interim) 1927 33 22 10 .688 — — — — — 20 Bill Terry† 1932–1941 1,496 823 661 .555 3 7 9 3 1 21 Mel Ott† 1942–1948 1,004 464 530 .467 — — — — — 22 Leo Durocher† 1948–1955 1,163 637 523 .549 2 6 4 2 1 23 Bill Rigney 1956–1960 674 332 342 .493 — — — — — 24 Tom Sheehan 1960 98 46 50 .479 — — — — — 25 Alvin Dark 1961–1964 644 366 277 .569 1 3 4 1 0 26 Herman Franks 1965–1968 649 367 280 .567 — — — — — 27 Clyde King 1969–1970 204 109 95 .534 — — — — — 28 Charlie Fox 1970–1974 675 348 327 .478 1 1 3 0 0 29 Wes Westrum 1974–1975 247 118 129 .516 — — — — — — Bill Rigney 1976 162 74 88 .457 — — — — — 30 Joe Altobelli 1977–1979 464 225 239 .485 — — — — — 31 Dave Bristol 1979–1980 183 85 98 .464 — — — — — 32 Frank Robinson† 1981–1984 541 264 277 .488 — — — — — 33 Danny Ozark 1984 56 24 32 .429 — — — — — 34 Jim Davenport 1985 144 56 88 .389 — — — — — 35 Roger Craig 1985–1992 1,152 586 566 .509 2 7 9 1 0 36 Dusty Baker 1993–2002 1,556 840 715 .540 3 11 13 1 0 37 Felipe Alou 2003–2006 646 342 304 .529 1 1 3 0 0 38 Bruce Bochy 2007–2019 2,106 1052 1054 .500 4 36 17 3 3 39 Gabe Kapler 2020–2023 543 295 248 .543 1 2 3 — — 40 Kai Correa (interim) 2023 3 1 2 .333 0 0 0 — — 41 Bob Melvin 2024–present — — — — — — — — — Statistics current through 2023 season. Managers with multiple tenures # Manager Seasons G W L WPct PA PW PL LC WS Ref 3 John Montgomery Ward† 1884, 1893–1894 291 162 116 .583 — — — — — 6 George Davis† 1895, 1900–1901 252 107 139 .435 — — — — — 21 Bill Rigney 1956–1960, 1976 836 406 430 .486 — — — — — Footnotes a Although the Giants won the tournament called the World Series twice before 1900, the 19th century World Series was a very different event from the current World Series, which began to be played in 1903. The 19th century World Series was considered an exhibition contest between the champion of the National League and the champion of the American Association. b #: A running total of the number of Giants' managers. Thus, any manager who has two or more separate terms is only counted once. c Dusty Baker won the Manager of the Year Award in 1993, 1997 and 2000. References General "Giants' managers". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2009-04-28. "List of Hall of Famers". The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-31. Specific ^ a b c d e f g h "San Francisco Giants Managerial Register". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Manager: Definition \| Dictionary.com". Dictionary.Reference.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2006. Retrieved 2009-02-24. ^ Dickson, P. (2009). The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (Third ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-393-06681-4. ^ a b c "1888 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ a b c "1889 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ Neft, D, Cohen, R. & Neft, M. (2000). The Sports Encyclopedia Baseball. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 24. ISBN 0-312-20437-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b "John McGraw Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ a b "Bill Terry Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ a b "1954 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Giants Timeline". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2009-03-15. ^ "1958 San Francisco Giants". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved 2009-03-15. ^ a b "1962 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ a b "2010 San Francisco Giants". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-11-02. ^ "John Clapp Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Jim Price Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ a b c "John Ward Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Jim Mutrie Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Pat Powers Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ a b c "George Davis Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Jack Doyle Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Harvey Watkins Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Arthur Irwin Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Bill Joyce Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Cap Anson Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "John Day Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Fred Hoey Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Buck Ewing Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Horace Fogel Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Heinie Smith Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1905 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1911 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1912 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1913 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1917 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1921 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1922 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1923 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1924 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Hughie Jennings Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2023-10-28. ^ "Rogers Hornsby Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2023-10-28. ^ "1933 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1936 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1937 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Mel Ott Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Leo Durocher Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1951 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ a b c "Bill Rigney Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Tom Sheehan Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Alvin Dark Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Herman Franks Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Clyde King Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Charlie Fox Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1971 Postseason". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Wes Westrum Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Joe Altobelli Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Dave Bristol Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Frank Robinson Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Danny Ozark Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Jim Davenport Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Roger Craig Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1987 NLCS". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1989 San Francisco Giants". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Dusty Baker Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "1997 San Francisco Giants". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "2000 San Francisco Giants". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "2002 San Francisco Giants". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Felipe Alou Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "2003 San Francisco Giants". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16. ^ "Bruce Bochy Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2014-10-17. ^ "Gabe Kapler Managerial Record". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2020-10-23. ^ "World Series". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2009-03-15. ^ "Manager of the Year winners". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2008-11-16. San Francisco Bay Area portal vteMajor League Baseball team managersAmerican LeagueEast Brandon Hyde (Baltimore Orioles) Alex Cora (Boston Red Sox) Aaron Boone (New York Yankees) Kevin Cash (Tampa Bay Rays) John Schneider (Toronto Blue Jays) Central Pedro Grifol (Chicago White Sox) Stephen Vogt (Cleveland Guardians) A. J. Hinch (Detroit Tigers) Matt Quatraro (Kansas City Royals) Rocco Baldelli (Minnesota Twins) West Joe Espada (Houston Astros) Ron Washington (Los Angeles Angels) Mark Kotsay (Oakland Athletics) Scott Servais (Seattle Mariners) Bruce Bochy (Texas Rangers) National LeagueEast Brian Snitker (Atlanta Braves) Skip Schumaker (Miami Marlins) Carlos Mendoza (New York Mets) Rob Thomson (Philadelphia Phillies) Dave Martinez (Washington Nationals) Central Craig Counsell (Chicago Cubs) David Bell (Cincinnati Reds) Pat Murphy (Milwaukee Brewers) Derek Shelton (Pittsburgh Pirates) Oliver Marmol (St. Louis Cardinals) West Torey Lovullo (Arizona Diamondbacks) Bud Black (Colorado Rockies) Dave Roberts (Los Angeles Dodgers) Mike Shildt (San Diego Padres) Bob Melvin (San Francisco Giants) Defunct teams Baltimore Orioles (19th century) Buffalo Bisons Cleveland Blues (NL) Cleveland Spiders Detroit Wolverines Louisville Colonels New York Metropolitans Providence Grays Washington Senators (19th century) vteSan Francisco Giants Established in 1883 Formerly the New York Gothams and the New York Giants Based in San Francisco, California (Bay Area) Franchise History in New York Seasons Records No-hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers First-round draft picks Broadcasters Ballparks Polo Grounds Oakland Park St. George Grounds Hilltop Park Seals Stadium Candlestick Park Oracle Park Spring training: Bolton Street Park Payne Park Flamingo Field LSU Varsity Baseball Field Denison Field Al Lang Stadium Phoenix Municipal Stadium Scottsdale Stadium Culture 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Big Leaguer Curse of Coogan's Bluff "Don't Stop Believin'" GiantsVision "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" (Tony Bennett song) "Lights" (Journey song) McCovey Cove New York Brickley Giants The Fan The Franchise (Showtime TV series) The Echoing Green White Flag Trade Willie Mac Award Lore 1894 Temple Cup "Battle of Candlestick" Matt Cain's perfect game Merkle's Boner NL tie-breakers 1951 tie-breaker series 1962 tie-breaker series 1998 Wild Card tie-breaker game NL Wild Card Games 2014 2016 "Shot Heard 'Round the World" The Catch Tri-Cornered Baseball Game MLB Mexico City Series MLB game at Rickwood Field Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics Subway Series/New York Yankees Retired numbers NY NY 3 4 11 20 22 24 25 27 30 36 44 42 Pre-World Series Champions (2) 1888 1889 Temple Cup Champions (1) 1894 World Series Champions (8) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2010 2012 2014 National LeagueChampionships (23) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2010 2012 2014 Division titles (9) 1971 1987 1989 1997 2000 2003 2010 2012 2021 Wild card (3) 2002 2014 2016 Minor league affiliates Triple-A Sacramento River Cats Double-A Richmond Flying Squirrels High-A Eugene Emeralds Single-A San Jose Giants Rookie ACL Giants Black ACL Giants Orange DSL Giants Black DSL Giants Orange Seasons (142)1880s 1880 · 1881 · 1882 · 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteSan Francisco Giants managers John Clapp (1883) Jim Price (1884) John Montgomery Ward (1884) Jim Mutrie (1885–1891) Pat Powers (1892) John Montgomery Ward (1893–1894) George Davis (1895) Jack Doyle (1895) Harvey Watkins (1895) Arthur Irwin (1896) Bill Joyce (1896–1898) Cap Anson (1898) John B. Day (1899) Fred Hoey (1899) Buck Ewing (1900) George Davis (1900–1901) Horace Fogel (1902) Heinie Smith (1902) John McGraw (1902–1932) Bill Terry (1932–1941) Mel Ott (1942–1948) Leo Durocher (1948–1955) Bill Rigney (1956–1960) Tom Sheehan (1960) Alvin Dark (1961–1964) Herman Franks (1965–1968) Clyde King (1969–1970) Charlie Fox (1970–1974) Wes Westrum (1974–1975) Bill Rigney (1976) Joe Altobelli (1977–1979) Dave Bristol (1979–1980) Frank Robinson (1981–1984) Danny Ozark (1984) Jim Davenport (1985) Roger Craig (1985–1992) Dusty Baker (1993–2002) Felipe Alou (2003–2006) Bruce Bochy (2007–2019) Gabe Kapler (2020–2023) Kai Correa (2023) Bob Melvin (2024–present)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Western 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Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Baker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general-1"},{"link_name":"Felipe Alou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Alou"},{"link_name":"Bruce Bochy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Bochy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sf2010-13"},{"link_name":"winning percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_percentage"},{"link_name":"Heinie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jim Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Davenport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general-1"}],"text":"The San Francisco Giants are a Major League Baseball team that plays in the National League Western Division. Since their inception as the New York Gothams in 1883, the Giants have employed 37 managers.[1] The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field.[2][3]The franchise's first manager was John Clapp, who managed the team for one year before being replaced in 1884 by Jim Price.[1] The New York Giants won two World Series championships during the 19th century, in 1888 and 1889, with Jim Mutrie as their manager both years.[a][1][4][5] John McGraw became the Giants' manager during the 1902 season, beginning a streak of 54 consecutive years in which the Giants were managed by a Baseball Hall of Famer. McGraw managed for the better course of 30 years (he missed parts of the 1924, 1925, and 1927 seasons due to illness; Hughie Jennings took over for the former two while Rogers Hornsby served as player-manager for the latter), doing so until the middle of the 1932 season, the longest managerial tenure in Giants history. McGraw won 2,583 games as the Giants manager, the most in Giants history. While managing the Giants, the team won the National League championship 10 times—in 1904, 1905, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1924. They played in the World Series nine times (no World Series was played in 1904)[6] and won three, in 1905, 1921 and 1922.[1][7]McGraw's successor was Hall of Famer Bill Terry, who managed the team from the middle of the 1932 season until 1941. He won 823 games as the Giants' manager, fourth-most in Giants history, and won three National League championships, in 1933, 1936 and 1937, winning the World Series in 1933.[8] Hall of Famers Mel Ott and Leo Durocher managed the team from 1942 through 1955. Durocher was the manager for the Giants' World Series championship in 1954.[9]The Giants moved from New York to San Francisco in 1958, with Bill Rigney as their manager.[10][11] They won their first National League championship in San Francisco under Alvin Dark in 1962 but lost the World Series that year.[12] In their first 28 years in San Francisco, they had 14 managers (including two terms by Rigney).[1] Since 1985, the Giants' managerial situation has been more stable. Roger Craig managed the team for more than seven seasons, from the middle of the 1985 season until 1992, including a National League championship in 1989. His successor, Dusty Baker, managed the team for ten years from 1993 through 2002, winning the National League championship in 2002. Baker has the third-highest win total of any Giants manager with 840.[1] Felipe Alou replaced Baker in 2003 and managed the team until 2006. Bruce Bochy managed the team from the 2007 season through 2019, winning World Series championships in 2010, 2012, and 2014, and has the second-most wins among all Giants managers.[1][13]Jim Mutrie has the highest winning percentage of any Giants manager, with .605. Heinie Smith has the lowest, with .156, although he managed just 32 games. The lowest winning percentage of any Giants manager who managed at least 100 games is .389, by Jim Davenport in 1985.[1]","title":"List of San Francisco Giants managers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Table key"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Statistics current through 2023 season.","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managers with multiple tenures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Mutriea"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"American Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws1888-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws1889-5"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Numberb"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Bakerc"},{"link_name":"Dusty Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Baker"},{"link_name":"Manager of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOY-72"}],"text":"a Although the Giants won the tournament called the World Series twice before 1900, the 19th century World Series was a very different event from the current World Series, which began to be played in 1903. The 19th century World Series was considered an exhibition contest between the champion of the National League and the champion of the American Association.[4][5][71]\nb #: A running total of the number of Giants' managers. Thus, any manager who has two or more separate terms is only counted once.\nc Dusty Baker won the Manager of the Year Award in 1993, 1997 and 2000.[72]","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Jackdoyle.jpg/50px-Jackdoyle.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Heinie_Smith_baseball_card.jpg/50px-Heinie_Smith_baseball_card.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Giants' managers\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2009-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com/sf/history/managers.jsp","url_text":"\"Giants' managers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball","url_text":"Major League Baseball"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Hall of Famers\". The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081229232747/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/enterworkflow.do?flowId=playerDetails.playerDetails","url_text":"\"List of Hall of Famers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"url":"http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/enterworkflow.do?flowId=playerDetails.playerDetails","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"San Francisco Giants Managerial Register\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/SFG/managers.shtml","url_text":"\"San Francisco Giants Managerial Register\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference","url_text":"Baseball-Reference"}]},{"reference":"\"Manager: Definition \| Dictionary.com\". Dictionary.Reference.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2006. Retrieved 2009-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/manager","url_text":"\"Manager: Definition \| Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"Dickson, P. (2009). The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (Third ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-393-06681-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06681-4","url_text":"978-0-393-06681-4"}]},{"reference":"\"1888 World Series\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2008-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1888_WS.shtml","url_text":"\"1888 World Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference","url_text":"Baseball-Reference"}]},{"reference":"\"1889 World Series\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. 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Year winners\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Wing_Winnipeg	CFB Winnipeg	["1 History","2 Current usage","3 Museum","4 References"]	Coordinates: 49°54′36″N 097°14′24″W / 49.91000°N 97.24000°W / 49.91000; -97.24000Airport in Winnipeg, ManitobaCFB Winnipeg17 Wing Winnipeg1 Canadian Air Division/Canadian NORAD RegionBilly Bishop BuildingCanadian NORAD Region emblemIATA: YWGICAO: CYWGWMO: 71852SummaryAirport typeMilitary/PublicOwnerGovernment of CanadaOperatorDNDLocationWinnipeg, ManitobaBuilt1925Elevation AMSL783 ft / 239 mCoordinates49°54′36″N 097°14′24″W / 49.91000°N 97.24000°W / 49.91000; -97.24000MapCYWGLocation in ManitobaRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 13/31 8,701 2,652 Asphalt 18/36 11,000 3,353 Asphalt Source: Canada Flight SupplementEnvironment Canada Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (CFB Winnipeg; IATA: YWG, ICAO: CYWG) is a Royal Canadian Air Force base located within the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Co-located at the Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, CFB Winnipeg is home to many flight operations support divisions, as well as several training schools. Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 17 Wing, commonly referred to as 17 Wing Winnipeg. One of the facilities at CFB Winnipeg is the Billy Bishop Building which houses the headquarters of 1 Canadian Air Division (1 CAD) as well as the headquarters of Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Region. History Map of the base. To the north are the runways at the Winnipeg International Airport. Established in 1922 by the federal government's Canadian Air Board (a two squadron Canadian Air Force formed in 1918 was disbanded in 1920), Winnipeg was opened as an aerodrome and became known as RCAF Station Winnipeg in 1925 after the Royal Canadian Air Force was formed the previous year from the second Canadian Air Force Initially, the base served as a winter home for units that operated across northern Manitoba. During World War II, the base played an expanded role, participating in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP). During that time, they trained more than 130,000 personnel from across Canada ranging from pilots, navigators, observers and wireless operators. RCAF Station Winnipeg also became an important supply and repair depot and base to ferry and inspect units for the air force. Following the war, RCAF Station Winnipeg continued to provide training for pilots and navigators from many allied countries, as well as base active RCAF squadrons. The formation of No.2 Air Observer School & Central Navigation School was created from the increased training activities which graduated over 5,000 aircrew from foreign countries. The air force has long had a reserve or auxiliary presence there: No. 112 Squadron from 1932 to 1940 and then, since 1946, No. 402 Squadron. This latter unit has used, successively, the P-51D Mustang, Harvard Trainer, de Havilland Vampire, Canadair CT-133 Silver Star, Beech C-45 Expeditor, de Havilland Otter and were the last Canadian squadron to fly the CC-129 Dakota. The February 1, 1968 unification of the RCAF with the Royal Canadian Navy and Canadian Army formed the Canadian Forces. As a result, RCAF Station Winnipeg was renamed as Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (North). The Canadian Army camp Fort Osborne Barracks, later renamed Kapyong Barracks, home of the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI), was merged with the RCAF base, becoming Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (South). Kapyong Barracks closed in June 2004 and 2PPCLI re-located to CFB Shilo near Brandon. The Kapyong Barracks name was also transferred to the new garrison facility in CFB Shilo. CFB Winnipeg became home to several transport and utility squadrons, as well as headquarters for Air Command, which was formed in 1975. A realignment of the Canadian Forces in the mid-1990s saw Air Command HQ move to National Defence Headquarters. As with other AIRCOM bases across Canada, CFB Winnipeg's squadrons were grouped under a wing system, in this case 17 Wing Winnipeg, which is the highest-level unit at the base. As a RCAF training centre, CFB Winnipeg is currently home to 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (although the unit itself is located in Portage la Prairie, west of Winnipeg), 402 Squadron (which conducts training done by the former Canadian Forces Air Navigation School or CFANS), the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Studies (CFSAS), the Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training (CFSSAT), as well as the Canadian Forces School of Meteorology (CFS Met). Current usage CT-142 Dash-8 "Gonzo" of 402 Squadron CC-138 Twin Otter of 440 Squadron For flight operations support, the base houses the following units: 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron, (4) de Havilland CT-142 Dash 8 Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training Sign at the entry to CFB Winnipeg, where 17 Wing, Royal Canadian Air Force, is currently based. Museum The base is home to the Air Force Heritage Museum and Air Park . The Air Park is located on Air Force Way and contains 10 historic aircraft. The museum is located in the 1 Canadian Air Division Headquarters. Outside on static display are: Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck 100784 Beechcraft CT-134 Musketeer 134228 Bell CH-136 Kiowa 136248 Canadair CF-5A 116749 Canadair CX-144 Challenger 144612 Canadair CL-13B Sabre 23605 Canadair CT-133 Silver Star 133186 Grumman CP-121 Tracker 1551 Lockheed CF-104 Starfighter 104753 McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo 101008 North American Harvard (Canada Car and Foundry Mk IV) 20301 References ^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020. ^ Synoptic/Metstat Station Information Archived December 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Official RCAF Website: 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron - History Archived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ https://www.facebook.com/17Wing Wikimedia Commons has media related to CFB Winnipeg. vteRoyal Canadian Air Force Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force Chief Warrant Officer of the Air Force Installations List of aircraft Wings 1 Wing Kingston 3 Wing Bagotville 4 Wing Cold Lake 5 Wing Goose Bay 8 Wing Trenton 9 Wing Gander 12 Wing Shearwater 14 Wing Greenwood 15 Wing Moose Jaw 16 Wing Borden 17 Wing Winnipeg 19 Wing Comox 22 Wing North Bay List of Squadrons Training Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering History Canadian Aviation Corps (1914–1915) Canadian Air Force (1918–1920) Canadian Air Force (1920–1924) Royal Canadian Air Force (1924–1968) Canadian Forces Air Command (1975–2011) Royal Canadian Air Force (2011–present) vteCanadian Forces bases and stationsCurrentArmy CFB Borden CFB Edmonton CFB Gagetown CFB Kingston CFB Montreal Garrison Petawawa CFB Shilo CFB Suffield CFB Valcartier 5 Cdn Div TC Aldershot 4 Cdn Div TC Meaford 3 Cdn Div DET Wainwright Navy CFB Esquimalt CFB Halifax CFS St. John's Air Force CFB Bagotville CFB Borden CFB Cold Lake CFB Comox CFB Gander CFB Goose Bay CFB Greenwood CFB Kingston CFB Moose Jaw CFB North Bay CFB Trenton CFD Mountain View CFB Winnipeg CFD Dundurn NORAD Big Bay Cape Kakiviak Cape Kiglapait Cartwright Resolution Island Saglek Tukialik All services CFS Alert CFS Leitrim CFNA HQ Whitehorse CFNA HQ Yellowknife Headquarters Major-General George R. Pearkes Building NDHQ Carling DefunctBases CFB Calgary CFB Baden-Soellingen CFB Chatham CFB Chilliwack ASU Chilliwack CFB Clinton CFB Cornwallis CFB Downsview Denison Armoury CFB Griesbach CFB Lahr CFB London CFB Moncton CFB Ottawa CFB Penhold CFB Picton CFB Portage la Prairie CFB Rivers CFB Rockcliffe CFB Shearwater CFB St. Hubert CFB St. Jean CFB Summerside CFB Toronto CFB Uplands CFB Winnipeg Stations CFS Aldergrove CFS Alsask CFS Armstrong CFS Baldy Hughes CFS Barrington CFS Beausejour CFS Beaverlodge CFS Bermuda CFS Carp CFS Chibougamau CFS Churchill CFS Cobourg CFS Coverdale CFS Dana CFS Debert CFS Falconbridge CFS Flin Flon CFS Foymount CFS Frobisher Bay CFS Gloucester CFS Gypsumville CFS Holberg CFS Kamloops RCAF Langar, UK CFS Ladner CFS Lac St. Denis RCAF Station Lincoln Park CFS Lowther CFS Masset CFS Mill Cove CFS Moisie CFS Mont Apica CFS Moosonee RCAF North Luffenham CFS Newport Corner CFS Ramore CFS Saglek CFS Senneterre CFS Shelburne CFS Sioux Lookout CFS Sydney RCAF Aerodrome Torbay CFS Val-d'Or CFS Whitehorse CFS Yorkton Temporary bases Canada Dry One Canada Dry Two Camp Julien Camp Mirage Camp Nathan Smith Category WikiProject Canada portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_James_Armstrong_Richardson_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Billy Bishop Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bishop"},{"link_name":"1 Canadian Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Canadian_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"North American Aerospace Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command"}],"text":"Airport in Winnipeg, ManitobaCanadian Forces Base Winnipeg (CFB Winnipeg; IATA: YWG, ICAO: CYWG) is a Royal Canadian Air Force base located within the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Co-located at the Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, CFB Winnipeg is home to many flight operations support divisions, as well as several training schools. Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 17 Wing, commonly referred to as 17 Wing Winnipeg.One of the facilities at CFB Winnipeg is the Billy Bishop Building which houses the headquarters of 1 Canadian Air Division (1 CAD) as well as the headquarters of Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Region.","title":"CFB Winnipeg"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CFB_Winnipeg_open_street_map.png"},{"link_name":"Canadian Air Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Board_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force_(1918%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"second Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force_(1920%E2%80%931924)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan"},{"link_name":"No. 402 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/402_Squadron"},{"link_name":"P-51D Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Harvard Trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Canadair CT-133 Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CT-133_Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Beech C-45 Expeditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-3_Otter"},{"link_name":"CC-129 Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"CFB Shilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Shilo"},{"link_name":"Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"National Defence Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_Headquarters_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Canadian_Forces_Flying_Training_School"},{"link_name":"Portage la Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Air Navigation School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Air_Navigation_School"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Operations_Branch#Canadian_Forces_School_of_Aerospace_Studies"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group#Canadian_Forces_School_of_Survival_and_Aeromedical_Training"}],"text":"Map of the base. To the north are the runways at the Winnipeg International Airport.Established in 1922 by the federal government's Canadian Air Board (a two squadron Canadian Air Force formed in 1918 was disbanded in 1920), Winnipeg was opened as an aerodrome and became known as RCAF Station Winnipeg in 1925 after the Royal Canadian Air Force was formed the previous year from the second Canadian Air ForceInitially, the base served as a winter home for units that operated across northern Manitoba. During World War II, the base played an expanded role, participating in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP). During that time, they trained more than 130,000 personnel from across Canada ranging from pilots, navigators, observers and wireless operators. RCAF Station Winnipeg also became an important supply and repair depot and base to ferry and inspect units for the air force.Following the war, RCAF Station Winnipeg continued to provide training for pilots and navigators from many allied countries, as well as base active RCAF squadrons. The formation of No.2 Air Observer School & Central Navigation School was created from the increased training activities which graduated over 5,000 aircrew from foreign countries.The air force has long had a reserve or auxiliary presence there: No. 112 Squadron from 1932 to 1940 and then, since 1946, No. 402 Squadron. This latter unit has used, successively, the P-51D Mustang, Harvard Trainer, de Havilland Vampire, Canadair CT-133 Silver Star, Beech C-45 Expeditor, de Havilland Otter and were the last Canadian squadron to fly the CC-129 Dakota.[3]The February 1, 1968 unification of the RCAF with the Royal Canadian Navy and Canadian Army formed the Canadian Forces. As a result, RCAF Station Winnipeg was renamed as Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (North).The Canadian Army camp Fort Osborne Barracks, later renamed Kapyong Barracks, home of the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI), was merged with the RCAF base, becoming Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (South). Kapyong Barracks closed in June 2004 and 2PPCLI re-located to CFB Shilo near Brandon. The Kapyong Barracks name was also transferred to the new garrison facility in CFB Shilo.CFB Winnipeg became home to several transport and utility squadrons, as well as headquarters for Air Command, which was formed in 1975. A realignment of the Canadian Forces in the mid-1990s saw Air Command HQ move to National Defence Headquarters. As with other AIRCOM bases across Canada, CFB Winnipeg's squadrons were grouped under a wing system, in this case 17 Wing Winnipeg, which is the highest-level unit at the base.As a RCAF training centre, CFB Winnipeg is currently home to 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (although the unit itself is located in Portage la Prairie, west of Winnipeg), 402 Squadron (which conducts training done by the former Canadian Forces Air Navigation School or CFANS), the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Studies (CFSAS), the Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training (CFSSAT), as well as the Canadian Forces School of Meteorology (CFS Met).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CT-142_Dash-8_Gonzo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_Armed_Forces_-_DHC6_-_Twin_Otter.jpg"},{"link_name":"402 \"City of Winnipeg\" Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/402_Squadron"},{"link_name":"de Havilland CT-142 Dash 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Health_Services_Group#Canadian_Forces_School_of_Survival_and_Aeromedical_Training"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CFB_Winnipeg_17_Wing_sign.jpg"}],"text":"CT-142 Dash-8 \"Gonzo\" of 402 SquadronCC-138 Twin Otter of 440 SquadronFor flight operations support, the base houses the following units:402 \"City of Winnipeg\" Squadron, (4) de Havilland CT-142 Dash 8\nCanadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical TrainingSign at the entry to CFB Winnipeg, where 17 Wing, Royal Canadian Air Force, is currently based.","title":"Current usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Heritage Museum and Air Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Heritage_Museum_and_Air_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-100_Canuck"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft CT-134 Musketeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_CT-134_Musketeer"},{"link_name":"Bell CH-136 Kiowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_OH-58_Kiowa"},{"link_name":"Canadair CF-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CF-5"},{"link_name":"Canadair CX-144 Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600_series"},{"link_name":"Canadair CL-13B Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Canadair CT-133 Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CT-133_Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Grumman CP-121 Tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_S-2_Tracker"},{"link_name":"Lockheed CF-104 Starfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CF-104_Starfighter"},{"link_name":"McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_CF-101_Voodoo"},{"link_name":"North American Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Harvard"}],"text":"The base is home to the Air Force Heritage Museum and Air Park . The Air Park is located on Air Force Way and contains 10 historic aircraft. The museum is located in the 1 Canadian Air Division Headquarters.[4]Outside on static display are:Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck 100784\nBeechcraft CT-134 Musketeer 134228\nBell CH-136 Kiowa 136248\nCanadair CF-5A 116749\nCanadair CX-144 Challenger 144612\nCanadair CL-13B Sabre 23605\nCanadair CT-133 Silver Star 133186\nGrumman CP-121 Tracker 1551\nLockheed CF-104 Starfighter 104753\nMcDonnell CF-101 Voodoo 101008\nNorth American Harvard (Canada Car and Foundry Mk IV) 20301","title":"Museum"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of the base. To the north are the runways at the Winnipeg International Airport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CFB_Winnipeg_open_street_map.png/220px-CFB_Winnipeg_open_street_map.png"},{"image_text":"CT-142 Dash-8 \"Gonzo\" of 402 Squadron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CT-142_Dash-8_Gonzo.jpg/220px-CT-142_Dash-8_Gonzo.jpg"},{"image_text":"CC-138 Twin Otter of 440 Squadron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Canadian_Armed_Forces_-_DHC6_-_Twin_Otter.jpg/220px-Canadian_Armed_Forces_-_DHC6_-_Twin_Otter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign at the entry to CFB Winnipeg, where 17 Wing, Royal Canadian Air Force, is currently based.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CFB_Winnipeg_17_Wing_sign.jpg/220px-CFB_Winnipeg_17_Wing_sign.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CFB_Winnipeg&params=49_54_36_N_097_14_24_W_region:CA-MB_type:airport","external_links_name":"49°54′36″N 097°14′24″W / 49.91000°N 97.24000°W / 49.91000; -97.24000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CFB_Winnipeg&params=49_54_36_N_097_14_24_W_region:CA-MB_type:airport","external_links_name":"49°54′36″N 097°14′24″W / 49.91000°N 97.24000°W / 49.91000; -97.24000"},{"Link":"http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/prods_servs/metstat1_e.html","external_links_name":"Synoptic/Metstat Station Information"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111201114641/http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/prods_servs/metstat1_e.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=411#s4","external_links_name":"Official RCAF Website: 402 \"City of Winnipeg\" Squadron - History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120918113956/http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/17w-17e/sqns-escs/page-eng.asp?id=411","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/17Wing","external_links_name":"https://www.facebook.com/17Wing"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Volunteer_Corps	Polish Volunteer Corps	["1 History","2 Organization","3 References","4 External links"]	Ukrainian Interior Ministry special unit Polish Volunteer CorpsPolski Korpus OchotniczyEmblem of the Polish Volunteer CorpsFoundedFebruary 2023Allegiance UkraineBranchMinistry of Foreign Affairs of UkraineEngagements Russian Invasion of Ukraine 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions Military unit The Polish Volunteer Corps (Polish: Polski Korpus Ochotniczy; Ukrainian: Польський добровольчий корпус, romanized: Polskyi dobrovolchyi korpus, PDK/ПДК) is a volunteer group of Poles fighting on the side of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of the country. The PDK fought in the Russian invasion of Ukraine against Russia. The PDK also fought in the Belgorod incursions with the Russian Volunteer Corps and Freedom of Russia Legion. History The PDK was founded in February 2023. The PDK fought against Russia during the Belgorod incursions. The PDK posted images on Twitter that showed them fighting with the Russian Volunteer Corps and the Freedom of Russia Legion in Belgorod. The PDK stated that no one had been killed during the fighting in Belgorod. The Polish government has denied any ties with the group, and inists that any action by the volunteers is not representative of the Polish government or the Polish armed forces. Organization The PDK is a special unit for reconnaissance and sabotage, which does not belong to the Ukrainian Foreign Legions, but reports directly to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. References ^ a b c d "Attacks in the Belgorod region: Polish fighters on Russian territory too". eXXpress . Germany. 4 June 2023. ^ a b c d "Polish mercenaries fought in the Belgorod region. "It was an honor for our branch"". Polsat News. Poland. 4 June 2023. ^ a b c Wyrwal, Marcin (16 February 2023). "The first Polish special unit is being established in Ukraine". Onet Wiadomości. Poland. ^ "Польські та російські бійці України воюватимуть разом" . Militarnyi (in Ukrainian). 6 April 2023. ^ "Polish Volunteer Corps supporting Russian guerilla raids, video report". The New Voice of Ukraine. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 25 June 2023. ^ "Warsaw denies connection to Polish volunteer group's actions near Russia's Belgorod Oblast". The New Voice of Ukraine. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 25 June 2023. External links Media related to Polish Volunteer Corps at Wikimedia Commons vteUkrainian volunteer battalionsArmed Forces 131 ORB "UNSO" 3 ODSB "Phoenix" 46 ODSB "Donbas" "Wild Duck" Territorial defence battalions 1st "Volyn" 2nd "Goryn" 3rd "Volya" 4th "Zakarpattya" 6th "Zbruch" 8th "Podillya" 9th "Vinnytsia" 10th "Polissya" 11th "Kievan Rus" 12th "Kyiv" 13th "Chernihiv-1" 15th "Sumy" 16th "Poltava" 17th "Kirovograd" 20th "Dnipropetrovsk" 21st "Sarmat" 22nd "Kharkiv" 23rd "Khortytsia" 24th "Aidar" 25th "Kyivska Rus" 34th "Batkivshchyna" 37th "Zaporizhzhya" 42nd "Rukh Oporu" 43rd "Patriot" Reformed 7th "Khmelnytskyi" 14th "Cherkasy" 18th "Odesa" 19th "Mykolayiv" 39th "Dnipro-2" 41st "Chernihiv-2" Disbanded 5th "Prykarpattya" 40th "Kryvbas" Special Tasks Patrol Police "Berda" "Bogdan" "Bolgrad" "Vinnytsia" "Dnipro-1" "Ivano-Frankivsk" "Kyiv" "Kryvbas" "Crimea" "Luhansk-1" "Lviv" "Mykolaiv" "Peacemaker" "Poltava" "Svityaz" "Svyatoslav" "Sicheslav" "Scythian" "Sumy" "Eastern Corps" "Ternopil" "Kharkiv" "Kherson" "Chernihiv" "Storm" Reformed "Azov" "Harpoon" "Donetsk-1" "Golden Gate" "Cascade" "Kyiv-1" "Kyiv-2" "Kyivshchyna" "Kremenchuk" "Mirny" "Sich" "Temur" "Kharkiv-1" "Kharkiv-2" Disbanded "Artemivsk" "Donetsk-2" "Poltavshchyna" "St. Mary's" "Slobozhanshchyna" "Tornado" "Fog" "Shakhtarsk" National Guard "Serhiy Kulchytsky" "Donbas" "Raven" "Azov" Independent formations "Dzhokhar Dudayev" "Kastuś Kalinoŭski" "Noman Çelebicihan" "Sheikh Mansur" Caucasus Legion Imam Shamil "T. Shevchenko" "Sarmat" Ukrainian Volunteer Corps "Pechersk" "Pahonia" "RUYAN" "North" Tactical group "Belarus" Ukrainian Volunteer Army 5th Battalion 8th Battalion "Aratta" "Black Fog" Jewish Company "Wolf" "Volyn" "Hospitallers" "Freedom of Russia" "Kayfariki Group" "Resistance Committee" "Polish Volunteer Corps" Reformed Georgian Legion "Carpathian Sich" "Kholodnyy Yar" "OUN" NGOs supporting military Aerorozvidka Self-disbanded units are marked in italics. vteRussian invasion of UkrainePart of the Russo-Ukrainian WarOverviewGeneral Outline Timeline Prelude Feb – Apr 2022 Apr – Aug 2022 Aug – Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun – Aug 2023 Sep – Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr 2024 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Women Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians" Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR "Address concerning the events in Ukraine" "On conducting a special military operation" Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine historical background Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreignrelations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy in Russia open door policy Military engagementsSouthernUkraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Battle of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Battle of Huliaipole Battle of Orikhiv Battle of Davydiv Brid Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam EasternUkraine Battle of Marinka Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk First battle of Lyman Battle of Sviatohirsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Kupiansk Second battle of Lyman Luhansk Oblast campaign Battle of Avdiivka NorthernUkraine Battle of Antonov Airport Capture of Chernobyl Battle of Kyiv 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Previous Chernihiv Oblast Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast Zhytomyr Oblast Potentiallyrelated Black Sea drone incident Mystery fires in Russia Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Violations of non-combatant airspaces Missile explosion in Poland Operation Synytsia Attacks in Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike 2024 western Russia incursion 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive Wagner Group rebellion War crimesGeneral Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines 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station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre 29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike 22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine April 2024 Chernihiv missile strike 25 May 2024 Kharkiv missile strikes Crimes againstsoldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of 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foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property Look for Your Own Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War National Multi-Subject Test North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine" United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Chinese peace plan Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Internationalorganizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill PublicProtests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus "Do not buy Russian goods!" E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Wimbledon ban ImpactEffects Aircraft losses Casualties Americans killed Britons killed Canadians killed Colombians killed Israelis killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge Moldovan energy crisis protests Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre List of notable deaths Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms and phrases "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from" "Anglo-Saxons" "Bavovna" "Grandpa in his bunker" "Good evening, we are from Ukraine" "Orc" "Putin khuylo!" "Khuy Voyne!" "Russia is here forever " "Russian warship, go fuck yourself" "Slava Ukraini!" "Special military operation" "To bomb Voronezh" "Strength is in truth" "Westsplaining" "Where have you been for eight years?" "Without you" Popular cultureSongs 12 Bakhmut Fortress Bayraktar Bilia topoli City of Mary Flowers of Minefields Generation Cancellation Generation Z Oyda Hey, Hey, Rise Up! Mama ŠČ! Oi u luzi chervona kalyna Slava Ukraini! Stefania Ukraine Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron "Putler" "Putinversteher" Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key peopleUkrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Andriy Biletsky Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev Denys Monastyrsky Denys Prokopenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Nagin Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Related 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Belgorod accidental bombing Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk military aircraft crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Nord Stream 2 Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Russian military presence in Transnistria Ryazan military aircraft crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery U-24 association Ural Airlines Flight 1383 Voronezh military aircraft crash "The Vladimir Putin Interview" Yeysk military aircraft crash Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine Wagner Group plane crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_volunteer"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyrwal-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polsatnews-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyrwal-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Militarnyi-4"},{"link_name":"Belgorod incursions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Belgorod_Oblast_incursions"},{"link_name":"Russian Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Volunteer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Russia Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Russia_Legion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eXXpress-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polsatnews-2"}],"text":"Military unitThe Polish Volunteer Corps (Polish: Polski Korpus Ochotniczy; Ukrainian: Польський добровольчий корпус, romanized: Polskyi dobrovolchyi korpus, PDK/ПДК) is a volunteer group of Poles fighting on the side of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of the country.[3][2]The PDK fought in the Russian invasion of Ukraine against Russia.[3][4] The PDK also fought in the Belgorod incursions with the Russian Volunteer Corps and Freedom of Russia Legion.[1][2]","title":"Polish Volunteer Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyrwal-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eXXpress-1"},{"link_name":"Belgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eXXpress-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polsatnews-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The PDK was founded in February 2023.[3] The PDK fought against Russia during the Belgorod incursions.[1] The PDK posted images on Twitter that showed them fighting with the Russian Volunteer Corps and the Freedom of Russia Legion in Belgorod.[5][1] The PDK stated that no one had been killed during the fighting in Belgorod.[2] The Polish government has denied any ties with the group, and inists that any action by the volunteers is not representative of the Polish government or the Polish armed forces.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Foreign Legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Legion_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The PDK is a special unit for reconnaissance and sabotage, which does not belong to the Ukrainian Foreign Legions, but reports directly to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.[citation needed]","title":"Organization"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Attacks in the Belgorod region: Polish fighters on Russian territory too\". eXXpress [de; uk]. Germany. 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://exxpress.at/angriffe-in-der-region-belgorod-auch-polnische-kaempfer-auf-russischem-gebiet/","url_text":"\"Attacks in the Belgorod region: Polish fighters on Russian territory too\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EXXpress&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"eXXpress"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/eXXpress","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/eXXpress","url_text":"uk"}]},{"reference":"\"Polish mercenaries fought in the Belgorod region. \"It was an honor for our branch\"\". Polsat News. Poland. 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc-amp/2023-06-04/polscy-najemnicy-walczyli-w-obwodzie-bielgorodzkim-dla-naszego-oddzialu-byl-to-zaszczyt/","url_text":"\"Polish mercenaries fought in the Belgorod region. \"It was an honor for our branch\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsat_News","url_text":"Polsat News"}]},{"reference":"Wyrwal, Marcin (16 February 2023). \"The first Polish special unit is being established in Ukraine\". Onet Wiadomości. Poland.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/w-ukrainie-powstaje-pierwsza-polska-jednostka-specjalna/hynzfj8?srcc=undefined","url_text":"\"The first Polish special unit is being established in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onet.pl","url_text":"Onet Wiadomości"}]},{"reference":"\"Польські та російські бійці України воюватимуть разом\" [Polish and Russian fighters of Ukraine will fight together]. Militarnyi [et; uk] (in Ukrainian). 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/polski-ta-rosijski-bijtsi-ukrayiny-voyuvatymut-razom/","url_text":"\"Польські та російські бійці України воюватимуть разом\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Militarnyi&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Militarnyi"},{"url":"https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarn%C3%B5i","url_text":"et"},{"url":"https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9","url_text":"uk"}]},{"reference":"\"Polish Volunteer Corps supporting Russian guerilla raids, video report\". The New Voice of Ukraine. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/polish-volunteer-corps-supporting-russian-161700142.html","url_text":"\"Polish Volunteer Corps supporting Russian guerilla raids, video report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"}]},{"reference":"\"Warsaw denies connection to Polish volunteer group's actions near Russia's Belgorod Oblast\". The New Voice of Ukraine. Yahoo! News. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/warsaw-denies-connection-polish-volunteer-084900131.html","url_text":"\"Warsaw denies connection to Polish volunteer group's actions near Russia's Belgorod Oblast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://exxpress.at/angriffe-in-der-region-belgorod-auch-polnische-kaempfer-auf-russischem-gebiet/","external_links_name":"\"Attacks in the Belgorod region: Polish fighters on Russian territory too\""},{"Link":"https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc-amp/2023-06-04/polscy-najemnicy-walczyli-w-obwodzie-bielgorodzkim-dla-naszego-oddzialu-byl-to-zaszczyt/","external_links_name":"\"Polish mercenaries fought in the Belgorod region. \"It was an honor for our branch\"\""},{"Link":"https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/w-ukrainie-powstaje-pierwsza-polska-jednostka-specjalna/hynzfj8?srcc=undefined","external_links_name":"\"The first Polish special unit is being established in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/polski-ta-rosijski-bijtsi-ukrayiny-voyuvatymut-razom/","external_links_name":"\"Польські та російські бійці України воюватимуть разом\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/polish-volunteer-corps-supporting-russian-161700142.html","external_links_name":"\"Polish Volunteer Corps supporting Russian guerilla raids, video report\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/warsaw-denies-connection-polish-volunteer-084900131.html","external_links_name":"\"Warsaw denies connection to Polish volunteer group's actions near Russia's Belgorod Oblast\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lethbridge_Kingsford	Charles Lethbridge Kingsford	["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Family","4 References","5 External links"]	Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, FBA (25 December 1862 – 29 November 1926) was a scholarly English historian and author. Biography Kingsford was born on 25 December (Christmas Day) 1862 in Ludlow, Shropshire, the third son of Rev. Sampson Kingsford, formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, vicar of St Hilary, Cornwall, and at this date headmaster of Ludlow Grammar School. He was sent to Rossall School, and went up to St John's College, Oxford, as a scholar, and obtained honours in the classical schools and in modern history. In 1888 he was awarded the Arnold prize for an essay on "The Reformation in France", and in the following year he joined the editorial staff of the Dictionary of National Biography. In 1890 he was appointed an examiner in the Education Department, and was an assistant secretary from 1905 to 1912, when he resigned after internal reorganization made work less congenial. During the First World War, he served as a special constable in London, for which he received the Special Constabulary Long Service Medal with clasp. He was later employed as private secretary to Sir Arthur Boscawen at the Ministry of Pensions from 1917 to 1918. Kingsford was vice-president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1920–23, Ford Lecturer in British History at Oxford, 1923–24, and a vice-president of the Royal Historical Society and the London Topographical Society. In 1924 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy. Kingsford was recognised at time of his death "as our greatest modern authority on the history of the late 15th century". With Thomas Andrew Archer he published in 1894 a book on the Crusades (see link below), which was well received. His edition of John Stow's Survey of London in 1908 increased his reputation, which was further enhanced by his English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (1913) and his Prejudice and Promise in Fifteenth Century England (1925). For the Royal Historical Society he wrote on Sir Otho de Grandison, and for the British Society of Franciscan Studies a volume on the Grey Friars of London. His last work, which appeared at the beginning of 1926, was The Early History of Piccadilly, Leicester-square, Soho, and their Neighbourhood, which was based on a plan drawn in 1585 and published by the London Topographical Society. To the "Heroes of the Nations" series he contributed the volume on Henry V of England; he wrote the histories of the Royal Warwickshire and the Middlesex Regiments; and he edited the first volume on the manuscripts of Lord De L'Isle and Dudley in the publications of the Historical Manuscripts Commission. To these and other works he added over 400 articles to the Dictionary of National Biography, and over 30 to the Encyclopædia Britannica, besides the Camden Miscellany, the English Historical Review, Archaeologia, the Cambridge Medieval History, and the London Topographical Record. Death Kingsford died after a sudden seizure at his home, 15 Argyll Road, Kensington, London, on Saturday, 29 November 1926, at the age of 63. He was buried at South Tawton, Devon. His obituary in The Times concluded: "To all his work he brought the scholarship of the true researcher, and by his patient ingenuity and insight he added materially to the sum of historical knowledge." Family Kingsford married Alys, daughter of C. T. Hudson, LL.D., F.R.S. References ^ a b c Dockray, Keith (2004). "Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1862–1926)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34329. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b Dictionary of National Biography, 1922–1930. Oxford University Press. 1931. p. 471.Article by J. Tait. ^ a b c d Times staff 1926. ^ "Review of Henry V by C. L. Kingsford". Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. 93 (2431): 701. 31 May 1902. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 31. p. 702. Attribution This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Times staff (29 November 1926). "Obituary: Mr. C. L. Kingsford". The Times. No. 44441. p. 14; col D. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Charles Lethbridge Kingsford Portraits of Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1862-1926), Historian and topographer at the National Portrait Gallery, London T. A. Archer and Charles L. Kingsford. The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York & T. Fisher Unwin, London (1894), full text. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charles Lethbridge Kingsford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"St. John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St Hilary, Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hilary,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Ludlow Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Rossall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossall_School"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"special constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"Special Constabulary Long Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Constabulary_Long_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"clasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_bar"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Boscawen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Pensions_and_National_Insurance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"Ford Lecturer in British History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Lectures"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Royal Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"London Topographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Topographical_Society"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimes_staff1926-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimes_staff1926-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Andrew Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Archer"},{"link_name":"the Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crusades"},{"link_name":"John Stow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stow"},{"link_name":"Otho de Grandison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho_de_Grandison"},{"link_name":"Grey Friars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Friars"},{"link_name":"\"Heroes of the Nations\" series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Nations_series"},{"link_name":"Henry V of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Lord De L'Isle and Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney,_1st_Baron_De_L%27Isle_and_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Historical Manuscripts Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Manuscripts_Commission"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-2"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Archaeologia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologia_(London)"}],"text":"Kingsford was born on 25 December (Christmas Day) 1862 in Ludlow, Shropshire, the third son of Rev. Sampson Kingsford, formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, vicar of St Hilary, Cornwall, and at this date headmaster of Ludlow Grammar School.[1]He was sent to Rossall School, and went up to St John's College, Oxford, as a scholar, and obtained honours in the classical schools and in modern history. In 1888 he was awarded the Arnold prize for an essay on \"The Reformation in France\", and in the following year he joined the editorial staff of the Dictionary of National Biography. In 1890 he was appointed an examiner in the Education Department, and was an assistant secretary from 1905 to 1912, when he resigned after internal reorganization made work less congenial.[1]During the First World War, he served as a special constable in London,[2] for which he received the Special Constabulary Long Service Medal with clasp. He was later employed as private secretary to Sir Arthur Boscawen at the Ministry of Pensions from 1917 to 1918.[1]Kingsford was vice-president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1920–23, Ford Lecturer in British History at Oxford, 1923–24, and a vice-president of the Royal Historical Society and the London Topographical Society. In 1924 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy.[3]Kingsford was recognised at time of his death \"as our greatest modern authority on the history of the late 15th century\".[3] With Thomas Andrew Archer he published in 1894 a book on the Crusades (see link below), which was well received. His edition of John Stow's Survey of London in 1908 increased his reputation, which was further enhanced by his English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (1913) and his Prejudice and Promise in Fifteenth Century England (1925). For the Royal Historical Society he wrote on Sir Otho de Grandison, and for the British Society of Franciscan Studies a volume on the Grey Friars of London. His last work, which appeared at the beginning of 1926, was The Early History of Piccadilly, Leicester-square, Soho, and their Neighbourhood, which was based on a plan drawn in 1585 and published by the London Topographical Society. To the \"Heroes of the Nations\" series he contributed the volume on Henry V of England;[4] he wrote the histories of the Royal Warwickshire and the Middlesex Regiments; and he edited the first volume on the manuscripts of Lord De L'Isle and Dudley in the publications of the Historical Manuscripts Commission. To these and other works he added over 400 articles to the Dictionary of National Biography, and over 30[2] to the Encyclopædia Britannica, besides the Camden Miscellany, the English Historical Review, Archaeologia, the Cambridge Medieval History, and the London Topographical Record.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kensington, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_London"},{"link_name":"South Tawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tawton"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb2-5"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimes_staff1926-3"}],"text":"Kingsford died after a sudden seizure at his home, 15 Argyll Road, Kensington, London, on Saturday, 29 November 1926, at the age of 63. He was buried at South Tawton, Devon.[5]His obituary in The Times concluded: \"To all his work he brought the scholarship of the true researcher, and by his patient ingenuity and insight he added materially to the sum of historical knowledge.\"[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. T. Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Hudson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimes_staff1926-3"}],"text":"Kingsford married Alys, daughter of C. T. Hudson, LL.D., F.R.S.[3]","title":"Family"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dockray, Keith (2004). \"Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1862–1926)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34329","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/34329"}]},{"reference":"Dictionary of National Biography, 1922–1930. Oxford University Press. 1931. p. 471.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Review of Henry V by C. L. Kingsford\". Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. 93 (2431): 701. 31 May 1902.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858016628285;view=1up;seq=711","url_text":"\"Review of Henry V by C. L. Kingsford\""}]},{"reference":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 31. p. 702.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Times staff (29 November 1926). \"Obituary: Mr. C. L. Kingsford\". The Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topasses	Topasses	["1 The origins","2 Influence on the Timor region","3 Independent position within the colonial system","4 Decline of the community","5 References","6 Further reading"]	This article is written like a story. Please help rewrite this article to introduce an encyclopedic style and a neutral point of view. (January 2018) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Not to be confused with Topass, the South Asian translators for the British colonial empire's armies.A Topas or Mardick with his wife (J. Nieuhof, 17th century) Topasses (Tupasses, Topas, Topaz) were a group of people led by the two powerful families – Da Costa and Hornay – that resided in Oecussi and Flores. The Da Costa families were descendants of Portuguese Jewish merchants and Hornay were Dutch. The origins The etymology of the name is obscure. It might come from the Tamil term tuppasi, "bilingual" or "interpreter". But it has also been associated with the Hindi word topi (hat) which refers to the characteristic hat worn by the men of this community as a marker of their cultural attachment to the European community. Hence, they are also referred to as gente de chapeo in Portuguese accounts or as gens à chapeau in French accounts. It partly overlapped with the Dutch concept mardijker, "free men", who also usually had a Portuguese cultural background, but had no European ancestry. While the mardijkers served under the Dutch colonial authorities, the topasses of Timor were staunchly opposed to the Dutch and used the symbol of the king of Portugal as their ultimate authority. Influence on the Timor region As a political entity in the eastern part of Insular Southeast Asia, they arose with the Portuguese settlement on the small Island of Solor (from the 1560s), using Solor as a stepping-stone to the trade in sandalwood on Timor. When the Dutch East India Company conquered Solor in 1613, the Portuguese community moved to Larantuka on Flores. Despite continuous hostilities with the Dutch, the topasses managed to obtain a steady foothold on Timor after 1641, and part of the population of Larantuka moved over to West Timor in the late 1650s, as a response to the establishment of the VOC in Kupang in 1653. They were able to defeat Dutch military expeditions on Timor with the help of Timorese allies, in 1653, 1655, 1656, and 1657. The peace treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Dutch Republic in 1663 removed the acute threat from the latter. By this time the Topasses consisted of an ethnic mix of Portuguese, Florenese, Timorese, Indians, Dutch deserters, etc. Through their military skills, they were able to dominate large parts of Timor, with their center in Lifau in the present-day Oecussi-Ambeno enclave. Independent position within the colonial system The Topass community was led by their own appointed captains and had little contact with the viceroy of Portuguese India. They pressed Timorese princes to deliver sandalwood to the coast, which was sold to merchants from the Portuguese colony of Macau or to the Dutch. In 1641, their leader Francisco Fernandes led a Portuguese military expedition to weaken the power of the Muslim Makassarese who had recently made inroads in Timor. His small army of musketeers settled on Timor, extending Portuguese influence into the interior. After 1664 the Topasses were governed by the Hornay and Costa families, who held the titles captain-major (capitão mor) or lieutenant general (tenente general) in turn. The Portuguese appointed an administrator to Lifau in 1656 and in 1702 the Portuguese authorities installed a regular governor in Lifau, a move that was violently opposed by the Topass community. The Topasses had become a law unto themselves and drove out the Portuguese governor António Coelho Guerreiro in 1705. After more attacks from the Topasses in Lifau, the colonial base was moved east to Dili in eastern Timor in 1769. For long periods up to 1785, a state of warfare existed between the two Portuguese groups. Decline of the community In 1749 a political crisis involving Topass leader Gaspar da Costa resulted in another war with the Dutch. When he marched on Kupang with a considerable force he was routed and killed at the Battle of Penfui, after which the Dutch expanded their control of western Timor. Many Timorese princedoms which had hitherto been subordinated to Topass authority now fell away and allied with the VOC instead. The Topass still managed to hang on in Oecussi, and killed the Dutch commander Hans Albrecht von Plüskow in 1761, when he attempted to expand the Dutch sphere on Timor. Their power nevertheless receded by the late 18th century, due to diminishing economic and political opportunities. Still, neither Portuguese nor Dutch colonial influence could be firmly established on Timor until the 19th century and only with continuous and heavy military force. The concept of Topass disappeared from the records in the 19th century. Between 1847 and 1913 the Portuguese had to mount more than 60 armed expeditions to subdue the Timorese in the interior of the island; a few of these revolts occurred in the old Topasses part, west of East Timor. Hornay and Da Costa's descendants continued to govern locally as rajas (or liurais) of Oecussi up to modern times. During the early 1900s, the enclave of OeCussi was ruled by Dom Hugo Da Costa and Rainha Elena Hornay. References ^ Boxer, C.R., The Topasses of Timor, Amsterdam 1947 ^ Hägerdal, H., 'Colonial or Indigenous Rule? The Black Portuguese of Timor in the 17th and 18th Centuries', IIAS Newsletter 44 2007, p. 26. ^ Yoder, L.S.M., Custom, Codification, Collaborating: Integrating the Legacy of Land and Forest Authorities in Oecusse Enclave, East Timor, Ph. D. Thesis, Yale University 2005. Further reading (in Portuguese) Leitão, Humberto (1948), Os Portugueses em Solor e Timor de 1515 a 1702, Lisboa: Liga dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra. (in Portuguese) Matos, Artur Teodoro de (1974), Timor Português, 1515-1769, Lisboa: Instituto Histórico Infante Dom Henrique. (in Dutch) Roever, Arend de (2002), De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw, Zutphen: Walburg Pers. Yule, Henry, & Burnell, A.C. 1996), Hobson-Jobson. The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Ware: Wordsworth. vteMultiracial topicsTerms Eurasians Amerasian Bụi đời Anglo-Burmese Burgher Filipino mestizo Dutch Indo Hāfu Anglo-Indian Kristang Luk khrueng Luso-Asians Macanese Eurasian Singaporean Topasses Hapa Hùnxuě'ér Chindian Marabou Métis Mestizo castizo cholo coyote mestiço (ainoko) pardo (caboclo) mameluco cafuzo juçaras caiçaras mulatos sarará Mixed-blood Melungeon Afro-Asians Dougla Quadroon Sacatra Amazonian Jews Coloureds Cape Coloureds Basters Griquas Oorlam History Plaçage Exogamy Interethnic marriage Interracial marriage Melting pot Miscegenation One-drop rule Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa Passing Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories Cherokee freedmen controversy Ethnogenesis Lists List of luk khrueng people List of contemporary ethnic groups List of diasporas See also Race of the future	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Topas_or_Mardick_with_his_wife.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oecussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecussi"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Topass, the South Asian translators for the British colonial empire's armies.A Topas or Mardick with his wife (J. Nieuhof, 17th century)Topasses (Tupasses, Topas, Topaz) were a group of people led by the two powerful families – Da Costa and Hornay – that resided in Oecussi and Flores. The Da Costa families were descendants of Portuguese Jewish merchants and Hornay were Dutch.","title":"Topasses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"mardijker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardijker_people"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"king of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The etymology of the name is obscure. It might come from the Tamil term tuppasi, \"bilingual\" or \"interpreter\". But it has also been associated with the Hindi word topi (hat) which refers to the characteristic hat worn by the men of this community as a marker of their cultural attachment to the European community. Hence, they are also referred to as gente de chapeo in Portuguese accounts or as gens à chapeau in French accounts. It partly overlapped with the Dutch concept mardijker, \"free men\", who also usually had a Portuguese cultural background, but had no European ancestry.While the mardijkers served under the Dutch colonial authorities, the topasses of Timor were staunchly opposed to the Dutch and used the symbol of the king of Portugal as their ultimate authority.[1]","title":"The origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Insular Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Solor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solor"},{"link_name":"sandalwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Larantuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larantuka"},{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"},{"link_name":"Kupang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupang"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lifau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifau"},{"link_name":"Oecussi-Ambeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecussi-Ambeno"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As a political entity in the eastern part of Insular Southeast Asia, they arose with the Portuguese settlement on the small Island of Solor (from the 1560s), using Solor as a stepping-stone to the trade in sandalwood on Timor. When the Dutch East India Company conquered Solor in 1613, the Portuguese community moved to Larantuka on Flores. Despite continuous hostilities with the Dutch, the topasses managed to obtain a steady foothold on Timor after 1641, and part of the population of Larantuka moved over to West Timor in the late 1650s, as a response to the establishment of the VOC in Kupang in 1653. They were able to defeat Dutch military expeditions on Timor with the help of Timorese allies, in 1653, 1655, 1656, and 1657.The peace treaty between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Dutch Republic in 1663 removed the acute threat from the latter. By this time the Topasses consisted of an ethnic mix of Portuguese, Florenese, Timorese, Indians, Dutch deserters, etc. Through their military skills, they were able to dominate large parts of Timor, with their center in Lifau in the present-day Oecussi-Ambeno enclave.[2]","title":"Influence on the Timor region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viceroy of Portuguese India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Macau"},{"link_name":"Makassarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar"},{"link_name":"Hornay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hornay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costa_(Topasse)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"captain-major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain-major"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"}],"text":"The Topass community was led by their own appointed captains and had little contact with the viceroy of Portuguese India. They pressed Timorese princes to deliver sandalwood to the coast, which was sold to merchants from the Portuguese colony of Macau or to the Dutch. In 1641, their leader Francisco Fernandes led a Portuguese military expedition to weaken the power of the Muslim Makassarese who had recently made inroads in Timor. His small army of musketeers settled on Timor, extending Portuguese influence into the interior. After 1664 the Topasses were governed by the Hornay and Costa families, who held the titles captain-major (capitão mor) or lieutenant general (tenente general) in turn. The Portuguese appointed an administrator to Lifau in 1656 and in 1702 the Portuguese authorities installed a regular governor in Lifau, a move that was violently opposed by the Topass community. The Topasses had become a law unto themselves and drove out the Portuguese governor António Coelho Guerreiro in 1705. After more attacks from the Topasses in Lifau, the colonial base was moved east to Dili in eastern Timor in 1769. For long periods up to 1785, a state of warfare existed between the two Portuguese groups.","title":"Independent position within the colonial system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaspar da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"Battle of Penfui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Penfui"},{"link_name":"Oecussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecussi"},{"link_name":"Hans Albrecht von Plüskow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Albrecht_von_Pl%C3%BCskow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rainha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant"}],"text":"In 1749 a political crisis involving Topass leader Gaspar da Costa resulted in another war with the Dutch. When he marched on Kupang with a considerable force he was routed and killed at the Battle of Penfui, after which the Dutch expanded their control of western Timor. Many Timorese princedoms which had hitherto been subordinated to Topass authority now fell away and allied with the VOC instead. The Topass still managed to hang on in Oecussi, and killed the Dutch commander Hans Albrecht von Plüskow in 1761, when he attempted to expand the Dutch sphere on Timor. Their power nevertheless receded by the late 18th century, due to diminishing economic and political opportunities. Still, neither Portuguese nor Dutch colonial influence could be firmly established on Timor until the 19th century and only with continuous and heavy military force. The concept of Topass disappeared from the records in the 19th century. Between 1847 and 1913 the Portuguese had to mount more than 60 armed expeditions to subdue the Timorese in the interior of the island; a few of these revolts occurred in the old Topasses part, west of East Timor. Hornay and Da Costa's descendants continued to govern locally as rajas (or liurais) of Oecussi up to modern times.[3]During the early 1900s, the enclave of OeCussi was ruled by Dom Hugo Da Costa and Rainha Elena Hornay.","title":"Decline of the community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"},{"link_name":"Multiracial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial"},{"link_name":"Amerasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerasian"},{"link_name":"Bụi đời","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people"},{"link_name":"Burgher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgher_people"},{"link_name":"Filipino mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_mestizo"},{"link_name":"Dutch Indo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people"},{"link_name":"Hāfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81fu"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian"},{"link_name":"Kristang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristang_people"},{"link_name":"Luk khrueng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_khrueng"},{"link_name":"Luso-Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luso-Asians"},{"link_name":"Macanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanese_people"},{"link_name":"Eurasian Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans"},{"link_name":"Topasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapa"},{"link_name":"Hùnxuě'ér","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China"},{"link_name":"Chindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindian"},{"link_name":"Marabou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)"},{"link_name":"Métis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis"},{"link_name":"Mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo"},{"link_name":"castizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castizo"},{"link_name":"cholo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholo"},{"link_name":"coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)"},{"link_name":"mestiço","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o"},{"link_name":"ainoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81fu"},{"link_name":"pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardo"},{"link_name":"caboclo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caboclo"},{"link_name":"mameluco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluco"},{"link_name":"cafuzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambo"},{"link_name":"juçaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara"},{"link_name":"caiçaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras"},{"link_name":"mulatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"sarará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mixed-blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-blood"},{"link_name":"Melungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melungeon"},{"link_name":"Afro-Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asians"},{"link_name":"Dougla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougla_people"},{"link_name":"Quadroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadroon"},{"link_name":"Sacatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacatra"},{"link_name":"Amazonian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_Jews"},{"link_name":"Coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloureds"},{"link_name":"Cape Coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coloureds"},{"link_name":"Basters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basters"},{"link_name":"Griquas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griqua_people"},{"link_name":"Oorlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlam_people"},{"link_name":"Plaçage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age"},{"link_name":"Exogamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogamy"},{"link_name":"Interethnic marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interethnic_marriage"},{"link_name":"Interracial marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interracial_marriage"},{"link_name":"Melting pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot"},{"link_name":"Miscegenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation"},{"link_name":"One-drop rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule"},{"link_name":"Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa"},{"link_name":"Passing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)"},{"link_name":"Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories"},{"link_name":"Cherokee freedmen controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy"},{"link_name":"Ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"List of luk khrueng people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people"},{"link_name":"List of contemporary ethnic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"List of diasporas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas"},{"link_name":"Race of the future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_of_the_future"}],"text":"(in Portuguese) Leitão, Humberto (1948), Os Portugueses em Solor e Timor de 1515 a 1702, Lisboa: Liga dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra.\n(in Portuguese) Matos, Artur Teodoro de (1974), Timor Português, 1515-1769, Lisboa: Instituto Histórico Infante Dom Henrique.\n(in Dutch) Roever, Arend de (2002), De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw, Zutphen: Walburg Pers.\nYule, Henry, & Burnell, A.C. 1996), Hobson-Jobson. The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Ware: Wordsworth.vteMultiracial topicsTerms\nEurasians\nAmerasian\nBụi đời\nAnglo-Burmese\nBurgher\nFilipino mestizo\nDutch Indo\nHāfu\nAnglo-Indian\nKristang\nLuk khrueng\nLuso-Asians\nMacanese\nEurasian Singaporean\nTopasses\nHapa\nHùnxuě'ér\nChindian\nMarabou\nMétis\nMestizo\ncastizo\ncholo\ncoyote\nmestiço (ainoko)\npardo (caboclo)\nmameluco\ncafuzo\njuçaras\ncaiçaras\nmulatos\nsarará\nMixed-blood\nMelungeon\nAfro-Asians\nDougla\nQuadroon\nSacatra\nAmazonian Jews\nColoureds\nCape Coloureds\nBasters\nGriquas\nOorlam\nHistory\nPlaçage\nExogamy\nInterethnic marriage\nInterracial marriage\nMelting pot\nMiscegenation\nOne-drop rule\nOrigins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa\nPassing\nPre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories\nCherokee freedmen controversy\nEthnogenesis\nLists\nList of luk khrueng people\nList of contemporary ethnic groups\nList of diasporas\nSee also\nRace of the future","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A Topas or Mardick with his wife (J. Nieuhof, 17th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Topas_or_Mardick_with_his_wife.jpg/220px-A_Topas_or_Mardick_with_his_wife.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topasses&action=edit","external_links_name":"rewrite this article"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%27s_Badge	Aviator badge	["1 Belgium","2 Bangladesh","3 Canada","4 China","5 Denmark","6 France","7 Germany","7.1 1913-1920","7.2 1935-1945","7.3 After 1955","8 Hungary","8.1 1938-1945","8.2 After 1990","9 Israel","10 Namibia","11 The Netherlands","12 Poland","13 South Africa","14 Spain","15 Turkey","16 United Kingdom","17 United States","18 See also","19 Notes","20 References"]	An aviator badge is an insignia used in most of the world's militaries to designate those who have received training and qualification in military aviation. Also known as a pilot's badge, or pilot wings, the aviator badge was first conceived to recognize the training that military aviators receive, as well as provide a means to outwardly differentiate between military pilots and the “foot soldiers” of the regular ground forces. Belgium Wing/Badge/Brevet of Belgian Air Force Pilot The current aviator badge of the Belgian Air Force depicting the Leo Belgicus and surmounted the Royal Crown of Belgium. Bangladesh Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) Aviator Badge Aviator badge of the Bangladesh Air Force The Aviator Badge of Bangladesh Air Force closely resembles the pilots flying badge of The Royal Air Force. Though the badge has a touch of its own characteristics. Canada The Pilot Flying Badge of the Royal Canadian Air Force is: Pilot Flying Badge of the Royal Canadian Air Force China The emblem of the People's Liberation Army Air Force is: Emblem of Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force since 2007 Denmark Wing/Badge/Brevet of Royal Danish Air Force Pilot The aviator badge of the Royal Danish Air Force is based on the national coat of arms of Denmark. France Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aviator badges. The aviator badges of the French Air Force/Armée de l'air française and French Navy/Force maritime de l'aéronautique navale are: Pilot's Badge Observer's Badge Navigator's Badge Flight Doctor's Badge Air Force Flight Nurse Air Force Patient Pilot Parachutist Badge Air Force Commando's Badge Naval Pilot's Badge Germany 1913-1920 Several badges were donated to German aircrew prior, during or after the First World War. The most notable were: badge for navy pilots from seaplanes 1913 badge for observation officers from airplanes 1914 The Military Pilot Badge was donated on January 27, 1913 by Emperor Wilhelm II. It could be awarded to officers, NCOs and crews who, after completing the two required tests for pilots and after completing their training at a military air base, acquired the certificate as a military pilot issued by the military air and land transportation inspection (Inspektion des Militär-Luft- und Kraft-Fahrtwesens). A similar badge for military pilots was donated on 4 February 1913 by Prince Ludwig from Bavaria. The badge for navy pilots on seaplanes (Abzeichen für Marine Flugzeugführer auf Seeflugzeugen) was donated on 31 May 1913 by King and Emperor Wilhelm II, for all officers and soldiers, who successfully completed the training on a naval aircraft station and thus received a certificate of qualification as a naval pilot. The badge for navy pilots on land planes (Abzeichen für Marine Flugzeugführer auf Landflugzeugen) was donated on 23 February 1915 by emperor Wilhelm II for pilots of the Navy, who completed their service in the war on land planes. The badge for observation officers from airplanes (Abzeichen für Beobachtungsoffiziere aus Flugzeugen) was donated on January 27, 1914 by emperor Wilhelm II. Prerequisites for the award were: 1. a distance traveled of at least 1000 km in an aircraft, 2. a successfully completed technical assistance examination on an aircraft, 3. pass of at least one retake, 4. accomplished exploration missions, and 5. a certification as an observation officer. A similar badge was donated by King Ludwig III. on 3 March 1914 for the Bavarian army. The airgunner badge (Abzeichen Flugzeug-Fliegerschützen) was founded on January 27, 1918 by emperor Wilhelm II. The soldiers had to demonstrate in-depth knowledge in engine construction and operation, in flight training, in map reading, in the tactics of aerial combat, in theory of bombing, and skills in the operation of machine guns on the ground and in aerial combat. The commemorative badge for airship crews (Erinnerungsabzeichen für Besatzungen der Luftschiffe) was donated in 1920 by Reichswehr Minister Otto Gessler. There were two versions for Army and Navy airships. Upon request, it was awarded to officers, deck officers, NCOs and crews of former airship crews, who during the war had at least one year of activity on front aircraft. 1935-1945 Pilotenabzeichen - Luftwaffe Pilot's Badge The Pilotenabzeichen (Pilot's Badge) of the former Luftwaffe had been instituted by Hermann Göring on 12 August 1935. It came in distinct types; nickel silver (changed to zinc during the war) and a variant made of gold. It depicts a silver eagle perched atop a swastika, wings open in a landing pose, and surrounded by a wreath with laurel on the right side and oak branches on the left side, respectively. It was worn in the center of the left breast pocket of the service tunic, underneath the Iron Cross 1st Class if awarded. The badge was awarded after one completed flight training and the flying licence and citation were received. After 1955 German Aviation Badge in Bronze In the Bundeswehr the aviation badge (Tätigkeitsabzeichen Militärluftfahrzeugführer) comes in three grades: bronze (Standard Pilot), silver (Senior Pilot) after 1200 flight hours and gold (Command Pilot) after 1800 flight hours. It depicts the Bundesadler surrounded by an oak leaf wreath between two wings. It is worn above the right breast pocket. A total of two Tätigkeitsabzeichen may be worn, one of which can be foreign in which case the foreign one would be worn below the German one. Hungary 1938-1945 Pilots and navigators of the Royal Hungarian Air Force wore their aviator rating badge sewn on their uniforms right breast above the pocketflap. The Observers Badge was the same, except without the Holy Crown of Hungary. A smaller version of the pilot's badge which was worn on the lower left sleeve of the overcoat - observers also worn a small insignia without the crown on their sleeve. During World War II a gilded bronze pilot and observer badge was also introduced. Royal Hungarian Air Force Pilots Badge sewn version Royal Hungarian Air Force Pilots Badge metal version Royal Hungarian Air Force Observers Badge metal version After 1990 After the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Hungary a new Hungarian Air Force was created. It took on the traditions of the Royal Hungarian Air Force. There are 4 classes of pilots badges. Gold laurel 1st class aviator; 1st class aviator, 2nd class aviator, and 3rd class aviator. Gold laurel 1st class pilot badge 1st class aviator badge 2nd class aviator badge 3rd class aviator badge Israel The current aviator badges ("wings") in the Israel Air Force is: Current badge "wings" of an Israeli Air Force pilot, weapon systems officer, navigator and flight engineer Air Crew chief's Badge Loadmaster's Badge Flight Doctor's and Flight Combat medic's Badge (two versions) AEW&C Operator's Badge Flight test engineer's Badge EW operator's Badge Air Signaller's Badge Air observer's Badge Namibia The aviator badge of the Namibian Air Force is ... The Netherlands The aviator badge of the Royal Netherlands Air Force and the Royal Netherlands Navy is Wing/Badge/Brevet of Royal Netherlands Air Force Pilot Poland This section is transcluded from Polish Air Force. (edit \| history) The current aviator badge of the Polish Air Force has been in use since the 1920s. The badge is called gapa and represents silver eagle in flight with gold laurel wreath in the bill. Navigator/Observer badge (below) represents the same eagle, but in gold with added lightning bolts. The gapa is worn in the usual place on the upper left breast above the pocket, but unlike other air forces it is suspended on a chain. It adorned the uniform of Polish Air Force officers in the RAF during World War II along with their RAF wings. In the combat version (for at least 7 flights in combat conditions) the badge has a green laurel wreath. Badge Pilot Observer Air Forces Pilot Observer Abbreviation pil. obs. South Africa The current aviator badge of the South African Air Force has been in use since 2002, when South Africa adopted a new coat of arms. Like the RAF, the SAAF also has a half-wing version of the badge, in this case for navigators. The aviator and navigator badges comes in three grades: bronze, silver and gold. Reserve force aviator badges have a light blue inlay around the coat of arms as appose to the dark blue of permanent air force aviators. Spain Air Force PilotArmy AviatorNaval Aviator Guardia Civil AviatorNational Police Corps Aviator Turkey Turkish Air Force aviator United Kingdom Main article: Aircrew brevet The current aviator badge of the Royal Air Force has been in use since the Second World War. The badge consists of a winged crown and wreath, beneath which are the letters "RAF". The Royal Air Force also uses a "half wing" version to denote Weapon System Officers (WSOs) and Weapon System Operators (WSOps) as well as various airborne roles such as Airborne Technician. Royal Air Force Pilot Flying Badge United States A Military Aviator badge existed from 1912-17 before being replaced by the predecessor of the "wings" badge. This section is an excerpt from United States Aviator Badge. A United States Aviator Badge refers to three types of aviation badges issued by the United States Armed Forces, those being for Air Force, Army, and Naval (to include Marine and Coast Guard) aviation. Air Force Pilot and Army Aviator Badges are issued in three ratings: Basic, Senior, and Command (Air Force)/Master (Army). The higher degrees are denoted by a star or star with wreath above the badge. Air Force regulations state that the basic rating denotes completion of specified training and that the advanced ratings denote experience levels. The Naval Aviator Badge is issued to pilots upon designation as a Naval Aviator for Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard aviators who successfully complete flight training. There is a single badge design regardless of an individual’s further qualifications. See also Aviation portal Airline pilot uniforms Aviator hat Aviator sunglasses Flight helmet Leather flying helmet Notes ^ "Bangladesh Air Force". baf.mil.bd. Retrieved 2021-05-13. ^ André Hüsken (2001). Katalog der Orden, Ehrenzeichen und Auszeichnungen des Kurfürstentums Brandenburg, der Markgrafschaften Brandenburg-Ansbach und Brandenburg-Bayreuth, des Königreiches Preußen, der Republik Preußen unter Berücksichtigung des Deutschen Reiches / 3, Ehrenzeichen, Auszeichnungen und Ehrengaben 1888-1935. Bremen: Hauschild. ISBN 3897571382. OCLC 314298345. ^ Nimmergut, Jörg. (2001). Deutsche Orden und Ehrenzeichen bis 1945 / 4 Württemberg II - Deutsches Reich. München: Zentralstelle für wiss. Ordenskunde. ISBN 3000013962. OCLC 163184635. ^ Ailsby 2003, pp. 59, 60. ^ a b Ailsby 2003, p. 59. ^ Angolia 1987, p. 162. ^ ZDv 37/10 Anzugordnung für die Bundeswehr ^ "Shaw Communications" (PDF). References Ailsby, Christopher (2003) . A Collector's Guide To: World War 2 German Medals and Political Awards. Ian Allan Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9780711021464. Angolia, John (1987). For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0912138149.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aviator badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgian_Air_Component_wings.svg"},{"link_name":"Belgian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component"},{"link_name":"Leo Belgicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Belgicus"}],"text":"Wing/Badge/Brevet of Belgian Air Force PilotThe current aviator badge of the Belgian Air Force depicting the Leo Belgicus and surmounted the Royal Crown of Belgium.","title":"Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Air_Force_(BAF)_Aviator_Badge.png"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) Aviator BadgeAviator badge of the Bangladesh Air Force[1]The Aviator Badge of Bangladesh Air Force closely resembles the pilots flying badge of The Royal Air Force. Though the badge has a touch of its own characteristics.","title":"Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rcaf_Flight_wings.png"}],"text":"The Pilot Flying Badge of the Royal Canadian Air Force is:Pilot Flying Badge of the Royal Canadian Air Force","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force.svg"}],"text":"The emblem of the People's Liberation Army Air Force is:Emblem of Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force since 2007","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Danish_Air_Force_wings.svg"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark"}],"text":"Wing/Badge/Brevet of Royal Danish Air Force PilotThe aviator badge of the Royal Danish Air Force is based on the national coat of arms of Denmark.","title":"Denmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aviator badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aviator_badges"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Armée de l'air française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27air_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Force maritime de l'aéronautique navale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_maritime_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_navale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badge_pilote_12279.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badge_observateur_12282.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Navigateur-Air-qualif.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A9anicien-air-qualif.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brevet_ICVAA.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brevet-de-convoyeuse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Para-arm%C3%A9e-air-qualif.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parachutist Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commando-air-b%C3%A9ret.jpg"},{"link_name":"Air Force Commando's Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilote-a%C3%A9ronavale-qualif.jpg"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aviator badges.The aviator badges of the French Air Force/Armée de l'air française and French Navy/Force maritime de l'aéronautique navale are:Pilot's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tObserver's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNavigator's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlight Doctor's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAir Force Flight Nurse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAir Force Patient Pilot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParachutist Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAir Force Commando's BadgeNaval Pilot's Badge","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marineflugzeugf%C3%BChrerabzeichen_von_Seeflugzeugen_II.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milit%C3%A4r_Beobachterabzeichen_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Military Pilot Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Military_Pilot_Badge"},{"link_name":"Abzeichen für Marine Flugzeugführer auf Seeflugzeugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/deutsche-staaten/abzeichen-fur-marine-flugzeugfuhrer-auf-seeflugzeugen-1913.html"},{"link_name":"Abzeichen für Marine Flugzeugführer auf Landflugzeugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/erster-weltkrieg/abzeichen-fur-marine-flugzeugfuhrer-auf-landflugzeugen-1915.html"},{"link_name":"Abzeichen für Beobachtungsoffiziere aus Flugzeugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/deutsche-staaten/abzeichen-fur-beobachtungsoffiziere-aus-flugzeugen-1914.html"},{"link_name":"Abzeichen Flugzeug-Fliegerschützen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/deutsche-staaten/abzeichen-flugzeug-fliegerschutzen-1918.html"},{"link_name":"Erinnerungsabzeichen für Besatzungen der Luftschiffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/erster-weltkrieg/erinnerungsabzeichen-fur-besatzungen-der-heeres-luftschiffe.html"}],"sub_title":"1913-1920","text":"Several badges were donated to German aircrew prior, during or after the First World War. The most notable were:[2][3]badge for navy pilots from seaplanes 1913\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbadge for observation officers from airplanes 1914The Military Pilot Badge was donated on January 27, 1913 by Emperor Wilhelm II. It could be awarded to officers, NCOs and crews who, after completing the two required tests for pilots and after completing their training at a military air base, acquired the certificate as a military pilot issued by the military air and land transportation inspection (Inspektion des Militär-Luft- und Kraft-Fahrtwesens). A similar badge for military pilots was donated on 4 February 1913 by Prince Ludwig from Bavaria.The badge for navy pilots on seaplanes (Abzeichen für Marine Flugzeugführer auf Seeflugzeugen) was donated on 31 May 1913 by King and Emperor Wilhelm II, for all officers and soldiers, who successfully completed the training on a naval aircraft station and thus received a certificate of qualification as a naval pilot.The badge for navy pilots on land planes (Abzeichen für Marine Flugzeugführer auf Landflugzeugen) was donated on 23 February 1915 by emperor Wilhelm II for pilots of the Navy, who completed their service in the war on land planes.The badge for observation officers from airplanes (Abzeichen für Beobachtungsoffiziere aus Flugzeugen) was donated on January 27, 1914 by emperor Wilhelm II. Prerequisites for the award were: 1. a distance traveled of at least 1000 km in an aircraft, 2. a successfully completed technical assistance examination on an aircraft, 3. pass of at least one retake, 4. accomplished exploration missions, and 5. a certification as an observation officer. A similar badge was donated by King Ludwig III. on 3 March 1914 for the Bavarian army.The airgunner badge (Abzeichen Flugzeug-Fliegerschützen) was founded on January 27, 1918 by emperor Wilhelm II. The soldiers had to demonstrate in-depth knowledge in engine construction and operation, in flight training, in map reading, in the tactics of aerial combat, in theory of bombing, and skills in the operation of machine guns on the ground and in aerial combat.The commemorative badge for airship crews (Erinnerungsabzeichen für Besatzungen der Luftschiffe) was donated in 1920 by Reichswehr Minister Otto Gessler. There were two versions for Army and Navy airships. Upon request, it was awarded to officers, deck officers, NCOs and crews of former airship crews, who during the war had at least one year of activity on front aircraft.","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flugzeugf%C3%BChrerabzeichen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"nickel silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_silver"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAilsby200359,_60-4"},{"link_name":"swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAilsby200359-5"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987162-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAilsby200359-5"}],"sub_title":"1935-1945","text":"Pilotenabzeichen - Luftwaffe Pilot's BadgeThe Pilotenabzeichen (Pilot's Badge) of the former Luftwaffe had been instituted by Hermann Göring on 12 August 1935. It came in distinct types; nickel silver (changed to zinc during the war) and a variant made of gold.[4] It depicts a silver eagle perched atop a swastika, wings open in a landing pose, and surrounded by a wreath with laurel on the right side and oak branches on the left side, respectively.[5] It was worn in the center of the left breast pocket of the service tunic, underneath the Iron Cross 1st Class if awarded.[6] The badge was awarded after one completed flight training and the flying licence and citation were received.[5]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BW_T%C3%A4tigkeitsabzeichen_Milit%C3%A4rluftfahrzeugf%C3%BChrer.png"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"Bundesadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"After 1955","text":"German Aviation Badge in BronzeIn the Bundeswehr the aviation badge (Tätigkeitsabzeichen Militärluftfahrzeugführer) comes in three grades: bronze (Standard Pilot), silver (Senior Pilot) after 1200 flight hours and gold (Command Pilot) after 1800 flight hours. It depicts the Bundesadler surrounded by an oak leaf wreath between two wings. It is worn above the right breast pocket. A total of two Tätigkeitsabzeichen may be worn, one of which can be foreign in which case the foreign one would be worn below the German one.[7]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Hungarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Holy Crown of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"1938-1945","text":"Pilots and navigators of the Royal Hungarian Air Force wore their aviator rating badge sewn on their uniforms right breast above the pocketflap. The Observers Badge was the same, except without the Holy Crown of Hungary. A smaller version of the pilot's badge which was worn on the lower left sleeve of the overcoat - observers also worn a small insignia without the crown on their sleeve.[8]\nDuring World War II a gilded bronze pilot and observer badge was also introduced.","title":"Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Royal Hungarian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aranykoszor%C3%BAs_Pil%C3%B3ta_jelv%C3%A9ny.jpg"}],"sub_title":"After 1990","text":"After the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Hungary a new Hungarian Air Force was created. It took on the traditions of the Royal Hungarian Air Force.\nThere are 4 classes of pilots badges. Gold laurel 1st class aviator; 1st class aviator, 2nd class aviator, and 3rd class aviator.Gold laurel 1st class pilot badge","title":"Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IAF_Silver_pilot_wings_-_silver_shield.png"},{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aircrew-mechanic_metal_wings_7cmBigCenter_IAF.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loadmaster7cmBigCenter_IAF.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wings_7cm_flight-medic_IAF.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early-Warning-Control_Operator_from_2005.png"},{"link_name":"AEW&C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_wings_metal_IAF_Flight_test_engineer.png"},{"link_name":"Flight test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_test"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elect-warfare_operator_7cmBigCenter_IAF.png"},{"link_name":"EW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_wings_metal_IAF_Air_Signaller.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_observer_Common_IntelligenceCorps_IAF.png"}],"text":"The current aviator badges (\"wings\") in the Israel Air Force is:Current badge \"wings\" of an Israeli Air Force pilot, weapon systems officer, navigator and flight engineer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAir Crew chief's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLoadmaster's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlight Doctor's and Flight Combat medic's Badge (two versions)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAEW&C Operator's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlight test engineer's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEW operator's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAir Signaller's Badge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAir observer's Badge","title":"Israel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namibian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_Air_Force"}],"text":"The aviator badge of the Namibian Air Force is ...","title":"Namibia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilot_Wings_Royal_Netherlands_Airforce.png"}],"text":"The aviator badge of the Royal Netherlands Air Force and the Royal Netherlands Navy isWing/Badge/Brevet of Royal Netherlands Air Force Pilot","title":"The Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transcluded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion"},{"link_name":"Polish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Air_Force&action=edit"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Air_Force&action=history"},{"link_name":"gapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachutist_badge#Poland"},{"link_name":"eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"}],"text":"This section is transcluded from Polish Air Force. (edit \| history)The current aviator badge of the Polish Air Force has been in use since the 1920s. The badge is called gapa and represents silver eagle in flight with gold laurel wreath in the bill. Navigator/Observer badge (below) represents the same eagle, but in gold with added lightning bolts. The gapa is worn in the usual place on the upper left breast above the pocket, but unlike other air forces it is suspended on a chain. It adorned the uniform of Polish Air Force officers in the RAF during World War II along with their RAF wings. In the combat version (for at least 7 flights in combat conditions) the badge has a green laurel wreath.","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South African Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"}],"text":"The current aviator badge of the South African Air Force has been in use since 2002, when South Africa adopted a new coat of arms. Like the RAF, the SAAF also has a half-wing version of the badge, in this case for navigators. The aviator and navigator badges comes in three grades: bronze, silver and gold. Reserve force aviator badges have a light blue inlay around the coat of arms as appose to the dark blue of permanent air force aviators.","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Air_Force_Pilots.svg"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_FAMET.svg"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badge_of_Spanish_Navy_Air_Arm.svg"},{"link_name":"Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Guardia_Civil%27s_Air_Service.svg"},{"link_name":"Guardia Civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Civil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Pilots_of_the_Spanish_Spanish_National_Police.svg"},{"link_name":"National Police Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Corps_of_Spain"}],"text":"Air Force PilotArmy AviatorNaval AviatorGuardia Civil AviatorNational Police Corps Aviator","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TuAF_Aviation_Badge.png"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"}],"text":"Turkish Air Force aviator","title":"Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_pilot_brevet_(Queen%27s_Crown).jpg"}],"text":"The current aviator badge of the Royal Air Force has been in use since the Second World War. The badge consists of a winged crown and wreath, beneath which are the letters \"RAF\". The Royal Air Force also uses a \"half wing\" version to denote Weapon System Officers (WSOs) and Weapon System Operators (WSOps) as well as various airborne roles such as Airborne Technician.Royal Air Force Pilot Flying Badge","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating"},{"link_name":"United States Aviator Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Aviator_Badge&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_-_Aviation_Wings.png"},{"link_name":"United States Aviator Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge"},{"link_name":"aviation badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator_Badge"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_Branch"},{"link_name":"Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Air Force regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating"}],"text":"A Military Aviator badge existed from 1912-17 before being replaced by the predecessor of the \"wings\" badge.This section is an excerpt from United States Aviator Badge.[edit]\n\nA United States Aviator Badge refers to three types of aviation badges issued by the United States Armed Forces, those being for Air Force, Army, and Naval (to include Marine and Coast Guard) aviation.\n\nAir Force Pilot and Army Aviator Badges are issued in three ratings: Basic, Senior, and Command (Air Force)/Master (Army). The higher degrees are denoted by a star or star with wreath above the badge. Air Force regulations state that the basic rating denotes completion of specified training and that the advanced ratings denote experience levels. The Naval Aviator Badge is issued to pilots upon designation as a Naval Aviator for Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard aviators who successfully complete flight training. There is a single badge design regardless of an individual’s further qualifications.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bangladesh Air Force\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//baf.mil.bd/website/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3897571382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3897571382"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"314298345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/314298345"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3000013962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3000013962"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163184635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/163184635"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAilsby200359,_60_4-0"},{"link_name":"Ailsby 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAilsby2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAilsby200359_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAilsby200359_5-1"},{"link_name":"Ailsby 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAilsby2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1987162_6-0"},{"link_name":"Angolia 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAngolia1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Shaw Communications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//members.shaw.ca/czink/index_files/images/MARCH%20APRIL%202003.pdf"}],"text":"^ \"Bangladesh Air Force\". baf.mil.bd. Retrieved 2021-05-13.\n\n^ André Hüsken (2001). Katalog der Orden, Ehrenzeichen und Auszeichnungen des Kurfürstentums Brandenburg, der Markgrafschaften Brandenburg-Ansbach und Brandenburg-Bayreuth, des Königreiches Preußen, der Republik Preußen unter Berücksichtigung des Deutschen Reiches / 3, Ehrenzeichen, Auszeichnungen und Ehrengaben 1888-1935. Bremen: Hauschild. ISBN 3897571382. OCLC 314298345.\n\n^ Nimmergut, Jörg. (2001). Deutsche Orden und Ehrenzeichen bis 1945 / 4 Württemberg II - Deutsches Reich. München: Zentralstelle für wiss. Ordenskunde. ISBN 3000013962. OCLC 163184635.\n\n^ Ailsby 2003, pp. 59, 60.\n\n^ a b Ailsby 2003, p. 59.\n\n^ Angolia 1987, p. 162.\n\n^ ZDv 37/10 Anzugordnung für die Bundeswehr\n\n^ \"Shaw Communications\" (PDF).","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Wing/Badge/Brevet of Belgian Air Force Pilot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Belgian_Air_Component_wings.svg/200px-Belgian_Air_Component_wings.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) Aviator Badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bangladesh_Air_Force_%28BAF%29_Aviator_Badge.png/220px-Bangladesh_Air_Force_%28BAF%29_Aviator_Badge.png"},{"image_text":"Pilot Flying Badge of the Royal Canadian Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rcaf_Flight_wings.png/200px-Rcaf_Flight_wings.png"},{"image_text":"Emblem of Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force since 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Emblem_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force.svg/200px-Emblem_of_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Wing/Badge/Brevet of Royal Danish Air Force Pilot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Danish_Air_Force_wings.svg/200px-Royal_Danish_Air_Force_wings.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pilotenabzeichen - Luftwaffe Pilot's Badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flugzeugf%C3%BChrerabzeichen.jpg/120px-Flugzeugf%C3%BChrerabzeichen.jpg"},{"image_text":"German Aviation Badge in Bronze","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BW_T%C3%A4tigkeitsabzeichen_Milit%C3%A4rluftfahrzeugf%C3%BChrer.png/220px-BW_T%C3%A4tigkeitsabzeichen_Milit%C3%A4rluftfahrzeugf%C3%BChrer.png"},{"image_text":"Royal Hungarian Air Force Pilots Badge sewn version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Royal_Hungarian_Air_Force_Pilots_Badge_drawing.png/220px-Royal_Hungarian_Air_Force_Pilots_Badge_drawing.png"},{"image_text":"Royal Hungarian Air Force Pilots Badge metal version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lyi_L%C3%A9gier%C5%91_Pil%C3%B3tajelv%C3%A9ny.jpg/220px-Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lyi_L%C3%A9gier%C5%91_Pil%C3%B3tajelv%C3%A9ny.jpg"},{"image_text":"Royal Hungarian Air Force Observers Badge metal version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lyi_L%C3%A9gier%C5%91_Megfigyel%C5%91jelv%C3%A9ny.jpg/220px-Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lyi_L%C3%A9gier%C5%91_Megfigyel%C5%91jelv%C3%A9ny.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold laurel 1st class pilot badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aranykoszor%C3%BAs_Pil%C3%B3ta_jelv%C3%A9ny.jpg/220px-Aranykoszor%C3%BAs_Pil%C3%B3ta_jelv%C3%A9ny.jpg"},{"image_text":"1st class aviator badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/REP%C3%9CL%C5%90G%C3%89PVEZET%C5%90_MELLKAS_OSZT%C3%81YJELZ%C3%89S_%2CTISZTI_%2CI.OSZT%C3%81LY%2CF%C3%89M.png/220px-REP%C3%9CL%C5%90G%C3%89PVEZET%C5%90_MELLKAS_OSZT%C3%81YJELZ%C3%89S_%2CTISZTI_%2CI.OSZT%C3%81LY%2CF%C3%89M.png"},{"image_text":"2nd class aviator badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/REP%C3%9CL%C5%90G%C3%89PVEZET%C5%90_MELLKAS_OSZT%C3%81YJELZ%C3%89S_%2CTISZTI_%2CII.OSZT%C3%81LY%2CF%C3%89M.jpg/220px-REP%C3%9CL%C5%90G%C3%89PVEZET%C5%90_MELLKAS_OSZT%C3%81YJELZ%C3%89S_%2CTISZTI_%2CII.OSZT%C3%81LY%2CF%C3%89M.jpg"},{"image_text":"3rd class aviator badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/REP%C3%9CL%C5%90G%C3%89PVEZET%C5%90_MELLKAS_OSZT%C3%81YJELZ%C3%89S_%2CTISZTI_%2CIII.OSZT%C3%81LY%2CF%C3%89M.png/220px-REP%C3%9CL%C5%90G%C3%89PVEZET%C5%90_MELLKAS_OSZT%C3%81YJELZ%C3%89S_%2CTISZTI_%2CIII.OSZT%C3%81LY%2CF%C3%89M.png"},{"image_text":"Wing/Badge/Brevet of Royal Netherlands Air Force Pilot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pilot_Wings_Royal_Netherlands_Airforce.png/200px-Pilot_Wings_Royal_Netherlands_Airforce.png"},{"image_text":"Turkish Air Force aviator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/TuAF_Aviation_Badge.png/250px-TuAF_Aviation_Badge.png"},{"image_text":"Royal Air Force Pilot Flying Badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/RAF_pilot_brevet_%28Queen%27s_Crown%29.jpg/220px-RAF_pilot_brevet_%28Queen%27s_Crown%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/US_-_Aviation_Wings.png/220px-US_-_Aviation_Wings.png"}]	[{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Airline pilot uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_pilot_uniforms"},{"title":"Aviator hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator_hat"},{"title":"Aviator sunglasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses"},{"title":"Flight helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_helmet"},{"title":"Leather flying helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_flying_helmet"}]	[{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Air Force\". baf.mil.bd. Retrieved 2021-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://baf.mil.bd/website/index.php","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Air Force\""}]},{"reference":"André Hüsken (2001). Katalog der Orden, Ehrenzeichen und Auszeichnungen des Kurfürstentums Brandenburg, der Markgrafschaften Brandenburg-Ansbach und Brandenburg-Bayreuth, des Königreiches Preußen, der Republik Preußen unter Berücksichtigung des Deutschen Reiches / 3, Ehrenzeichen, Auszeichnungen und Ehrengaben 1888-1935. Bremen: Hauschild. ISBN 3897571382. OCLC 314298345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3897571382","url_text":"3897571382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/314298345","url_text":"314298345"}]},{"reference":"Nimmergut, Jörg. (2001). Deutsche Orden und Ehrenzeichen bis 1945 / 4 Württemberg II - Deutsches Reich. München: Zentralstelle für wiss. Ordenskunde. ISBN 3000013962. OCLC 163184635.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3000013962","url_text":"3000013962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163184635","url_text":"163184635"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaw Communications\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://members.shaw.ca/czink/index_files/images/MARCH%20APRIL%202003.pdf","url_text":"\"Shaw Communications\""}]},{"reference":"Ailsby, Christopher (2003) [1994]. A Collector's Guide To: World War 2 German Medals and Political Awards. Ian Allan Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9780711021464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711021464","url_text":"9780711021464"}]},{"reference":"Angolia, John (1987). For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Avenue_(Phoenix)	Phoenix metropolitan area arterial roads	["1 Arizona Avenue","2 Baseline Road","2.1 Route description","2.2 Landmarks","3 Bell Road","3.1 Route description","3.2 Landmarks","4 Camelback Road","5 Carefree Highway","6 Cave Creek Road","7 Central Avenue","8 Country Club Drive","9 Elliot Road","10 Ellsworth Road","11 Gilbert Road","12 Grand Avenue","13 Happy Valley Road","14 Indian School Road","14.1 Landmarks","15 Lake Pleasant Parkway","16 Mill Avenue","16.1 History","16.2 Theaters","17 Northern Avenue","18 Power Road","19 Queen Creek Road","20 Riggs Road","21 Rural Road","22 Scottsdale Road","23 Shea Boulevard","24 Sun Valley Parkway","24.1 Developments","25 See also","26 References","27 External links"]	System of roads in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Many arterial roads in the Phoenix metropolitan area have the same name in multiple cities or towns. Some roads change names or route numbers across town borders, resulting in occasional confusion. For example, the road known as Apache Boulevard in Tempe continues east as Main Street in neighboring Mesa and then as Apache Trail in Apache Junction. Although Broadway Road maintains the same name through Goodyear, Avondale, Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, and Apache Junction, each town uses a different reference point for address numbers. Arizona Avenue Main article: Arizona State Route 87 Arizona AvenueLocationChandlerLength10.6 mi (17.1 km) Arizona Avenue is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway comprises the portion of Arizona State Route 87 (SR 87) within the city of Chandler. The entire length of Arizona Avenue is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial. Arizona Avenue begins at Hunt Highway, which forms the south city limit of Chandler and also the Maricopa–Pinal county line. This intersection also forms the northern terminus of SR 587; SR 87 briefly heads east on Hunt Highway before turning southeast fully into Pinal County. Arizona Avenue heads north as a four-lane divided highway. Between Riggs Road and Chandler Heights Road, the road expands to six lanes. North of its diamond interchange with SR 202 (Santan Freeway), the highway reduces to four lanes and passes through downtown Chandler. At the north end of downtown, Arizona Avenue passes the Chandler Center for the Arts and Chandler High School and becomes a six-lane road with center turn lane. The highway continues through an intersection with Elliot Road to the Western Canal, where SR 87 continues north into the city of Mesa as Country Club Drive. Baseline Road Baseline Road is a significant east–west arterial road. This road is so named because it runs along the length of the primary baseline for Arizona as given under the Public Land Survey System. This line runs east–west from the "zero point" atop a hill near the confluence of the Gila and Salt rivers, on Avondale Boulevard (115th Avenue) at Baseline Road. This site is next to Phoenix Raceway. Avondale Boulevard is laid out atop the north–south base meridian, called the Gila and Salt River meridian. Due to natural obstructions, Baseline is not continuous. The longest continuous stretch of Baseline Road is approximately 43 miles (69 km). The road is located in Maricopa County and Pinal County. There is also a rural road named Baseline Road in southern La Paz County close to the Colorado River which is located near Arizona's baseline. Because of the grid plan used by cities in Arizona, the name for the road is applied for non-contiguous sections and is theoretically reserved for future east–west roads built at the same latitude. Route description Starting from east, the road begins in Apache Junction in Pinal County, named Baseline Avenue and is a small segment of thoroughfare in a residential neighborhood at the foothills of the Superstition Mountains. The route picks up again and runs due westward, running parallel to US 60. At the Maricopa County border, the road enters Mesa and is named Baseline Road. It becomes a major arterial road as it passes through Gilbert and Tempe. In Tempe, it intersects Loop 101 and then Interstate 10. Continuing, the road runs through south Phoenix and the major arterial segment of the road terminates in the Gila River Indian Community, approximately where the Salt River joins the Gila River. The road reappears on the other side of the Gila River at an orthogonal junction with Perryville Rd. as CR-85 and continues westward through central Buckeye. From there, it continues through farmland in western Maricopa county in various non-continuous segments. The segment of Baseline Road farthest west in Maricopa County is just past 547th Avenue. Due to the ease of navigation on this extremely long route, as well as the significant number of municipalities that the route encompasses, it is a favorite street for those electing not to use Phoenix's many freeways such as I-10 and US 60. Landmarks Notable locations along or near Baseline Road include Arizona Mills and Phoenix International Raceway. Baseline Road runs through the historical farming community of Laveen. Bell Road Main article: Bell Road (Phoenix Metro) The Scottsdale Spire, located in the southeast corner of Bell and Scottsdale Roads. Bell Road is a major east–west arterial road in northern metropolitan Phoenix. Bell Road is one of the few roadways to cross the Agua Fria River in the northern part of the metro area, providing a link between the growing suburb of Surprise with Phoenix. As a result, the portion of Bell Road passing through Surprise and Sun City is the busiest arterial road in the state of Arizona. Route description The main segment of Bell Road, approximately 31 miles (50 km) in length, begins at the corporate boundaries of Phoenix and Scottsdale at its intersection with Scottsdale Road; east of Scottsdale Road, the roadway curves to the southeast and becomes Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard. Traveling west, the road intersects with State Route 51 and Interstate 17 in Phoenix, the western leg of State Route 101 in Peoria, and U.S. Route 60 and State Route 303 in Surprise. West of the Beardsley Canal, the roadway curves around the White Tank Mountain Regional Park, becoming the Sun Valley Parkway through northern Buckeye. East of 66th Street, Bell Road takes a south-easterly bend and, at its intersection with Scottsdale Road, becomes Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard, named in recognition of architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright. This alignment was built in the mid-1970s during the construction of the CAP canal. In this area of Scottsdale, a non-contiguous segment of Bell Road approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) long exists north of Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard, which includes an intersection with the eastern leg of State Route 101. Landmarks Prominent locations on or near Bell Road include the Scottsdale Municipal Airport, Turf Paradise, The Villas on Bell, Arrowhead Towne Center and the Peoria Sports Complex. Bell Road also forms the boundary of the original town site of Surprise. Camelback Road Camelback Mountain The Arizona Biltmore Hotel Camelback Road is a prominent street in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The street stretches continuously for approximately 33 miles from Scottsdale in the east to Litchfield Park in the west, and runs through the city of Phoenix. Scottsdale Fashion Square is located at the corner of Camelback and Scottsdale Roads. Camelback Road runs directly south of Phoenix's famous Camelback Mountain and the Phoenician Resort. Further west, the upscale Biltmore district of Phoenix is located along Camelback Road, including the Arizona Biltmore Hotel (to the north), Biltmore Fashion Park, as well as one of Phoenix's primary business districts (sometimes called the Camelback Corridor). In Litchfield Park, Camelback Road passes the historic Wigwam Resort, built in 1918. West of Litchfield Park, Camelback Road skirts the southern boundary of Luke Air Force Base. Carefree Highway See also: Arizona State Route 74 Carefree HighwayLocationPeoria–ScottsdaleLength42.2 mi (67.9 km) Carefree Highway is an east–west arterial road in the northern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway begins where Arizona State Route 74 (SR 74) meets the north end of Lake Pleasant Parkway in northern Peoria; SR 74 continues west along Lake Pleasant Road. Carefree Highway extends east through Interstate 17 (I-17), which is the eastern terminus of SR 74, to Scottsdale Road on the border of Scottsdale and Carefree. The entire length of Carefree Highway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial. Carefree Highway is the inspiration for Gordon Lightfoot's eponymous song. Carefree Highway begins at Lake Pleasant Parkway in a rural part of the city of Peoria; SR 74 continues west as Lake Pleasant Road toward its western terminus at U.S. Route 60 near Morristown. Carefree Highway heads east as a two-lane road through open desert in the northern parts of Peoria and then the North Gateway urban village of the city of Phoenix. Shortly before reaching I-17 (Arizona Veterans Highway), the highway passes the Ben Avery Shooting Facility. SR 74 reaches its eastern terminus at the partial cloverleaf interchange with I-17; Carefree Road continues east as a four-lane divided municipal highway. The highway curves through a mountain range before returning to its longitudinal course, along which it leaves the city of Phoenix and then follows the northern city limit along the Desert View urban village. Carefree Highway then follows the south town limit of Cave Creek and briefly enters that town around its intersection with Cave Creek Road. The highway drops to two lanes and follows the border between Scottsdale to the south and Carefree to the north before reaching its eastern terminus at a three-legged intersection with Scottsdale Road, which heads south into Scottsdale, and Tom Darlington Drive, which heads north into Carefree. Cave Creek Road Cave Creek RoadLocationPhoenix–Cave CreekLength31.1 mi (50.1 km) Cave Creek Road is an arterial road in the north central part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from its southern terminus at Seventh Street in Phoenix north to Carefree Highway on the border of Cave Creek and Carefree. Cave Creek Road continues as a collector road north and east through Cave Creek, Carefree, and the far northern part of Scottsdale to its northern terminus near Camp Creek. Cave Creek Road begins at a five-way intersection with north–south Seventh Street and east–west Dunlap Road in the North Mountain urban village of the city of Phoenix. The highway heads northeast as a four-lane road with center turn lane between North Mountain to the west and Stoney Mountain to the east. Cave Creek Road curves north as it enters the urban village of Paradise Valley and intersects another principal arterial, which heads northwest as Thunderbird Road and east as Cactus Road. The highway expands to six lanes and heads northeast along the west flank of Shadow Mountain before heading straight north through an intersection with Bell Road and becoming a six-lane divided highway at its a single-point urban interchange with Arizona State Route 101 (Pima Freeway). Cave Creek Road enters the Desert View urban village as it crosses over the Central Arizona Project aqueduct. The highway curves north-north-east toward Cave Creek, drops to four lanes, and passes through several miles of open desert between lobes of suburban sprawl. Cave Creek Road returns to the suburban sprawl of Desert View before the principal arterial portion of the highway ends at Carefree Highway. Central Avenue Main article: Central Avenue Corridor The Brophy College Chapel Central Avenue extends from South Mountain Park to North Mountain in Phoenix. The Central Avenue Corridor, roughly from Camelback Road to McDowell Road, is one of Phoenix's most heavily trafficked stretches of roadway. The Central Avenue Corridor bisects the area known as Midtown, Phoenix, a collection of neighborhoods north of Downtown and south of the North-Central and Sunnyslope areas. For the most part, Central Avenue marks the "zero" point of east/west addresses in the Phoenix area. Country Club Drive Main article: Arizona State Route 87 Country Club DriveLocationMesaLength7.1 mi (11.4 km) Country Club Drive is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway comprises the portion of Arizona State Route 87 (SR 87) within the city of Mesa. The entire length of Country Club Drive is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial. Country Club Drive begins at the Western Canal at the south city limit of Mesa; SR 87 continues south into the city of Chandler as Arizona Avenue. Country Club Drive heads north as a six-lane road with center turn lane that becomes a divided highway at the south end of the S-curve in which the highway intersects Baseline Road. North of Baseline Road, the highway has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway). At the southwest corner of downtown Mesa, Country Club Drive has a one-quadrant interchange with Broadway Road and then immediately passes under the Union Pacific Railroad main line. West of downtown, the highway intersects Main Street and the Valley Metro Rail light rail immediately to the west of its Country Club/Main Street station. North of McKellips Road, Country Club Drive has a diamond interchange with SR 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) and reaches its northern terminus at SR 87's bridge across the Salt River. SR 87 continues north along Beeline Highway. Elliot Road Elliot RoadLocationBuckeye-Goodyear, Phoenix–Mesa Elliot Road is an east–west arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from 44th Street in far southern Phoenix east through Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Mesa to Meridian Road at the Maricopa–Pinal county line. Elliot Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Interstate 10 (I-10) at the Phoenix–Tempe border east to Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202) in Mesa. Elliot Road begins at 44th Street in the Ahwatukee urban village of the city of Phoenix. The road loops southwest as Elliot Warner Loop, which curves counterclockwise to Warner Road, which parallels Elliot Road 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south. Eliott Road begins as a four-lane road with center turn lane but expands to a six-lane divided highway at 48th Street. The highway leaves Phoenix and enters Tempe at its diamond interchange with I-10 (Maricopa Freeway). Within Tempe, Elliot Road intersects Rural Road. The highway meets SR 101 (Price Freeway) at a diamond interchange and enters Chandler, where the highway reduces to a four-lane road with center turn lane. Elliot Road intersects SR 87 (Arizona Avenue) 0.5 miles (0.80 km) west of a rail line that forms the Chandler–Gilbert border. Within Gilbert, the highway passes the historic Gilbert Elementary School building. At the Eastern Canal, Elliot Road becomes divided again, which the road stays until midway between Recker Road and Power Road. The highway continues with two lanes through Power Road, where the highway enters Mesa. Elliot Road crosses the East Maricopa Floodway and expands to a six-lane divided highway at its diamond interchange with SR 202 (Santan Freeway). The highway's median becomes a center turn lane shortly before the road reaches its eastern terminus at Meridian Road at the east city limit of Mesa, also the Maricopa–Pinal county line. Ellsworth Road Ellsworth RoadLocationQueen Creek–Mesa Ellsworth Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Hunt Highway in Queen Creek to Usery Pass Road, north of Mesa. Ellsworth Road begins in Queen Creek, at the western terminus of Hunt Highway, For over two miles, the highway continues and north of Chandler Heights Road, the highway breaks into two different roads, Ellsworth Loop Road and Ellsworth Road, Ellsworth Loop Road continues as a six-lane highway for almost two miles, passing through Queen Creek Marketplace, where Ellsworth Road is now a two-lane highway and passes through Queen Creek Historical Town Hall and Founders' Park, both roads also provide entrances for the Queen Creek Library. Ellsworth Road continues until Walnut Road, which acts as a connecting point for the two roads where Ellsworth Loop Road turns back into Ellsworth Road. Ellsworth Road continues in Queen Creek for another mile, and enters Mesa after passing Germann Road, where it continues as a four-lane highway. It passes by Bell Bank Park and intersects with Arizona State Route 24 (SR 24; Gateway Freeway). Ellsworth Road continues and has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway). After six more miles, Ellsworth Road ends and continues as Usery Pass Road. Gilbert Road Gilbert RoadLocationChandler–Mesa Gilbert Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from a southern point of Arizona State Route 87 south of Chandler to Beeline Highway, north of Mesa. Gilbert Road begins at a southern point of Arizona State Route 87 and after passing by Gila River Resorts and Casino, the highway continues to Chandler for five miles, where after Germann Road, the highway follows the border between the city of Chandler to the west, and the city of Gilbert to the east, and has a diamond interchange with Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202; Santan Freeway). After passing Galveston Street, the highway leaves Chandler and continues fully through Gilbert and passes through Downtown Gilbert. At Baseline Road, the highway enters Mesa and has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway). Gilbert Road continues through Mesa for seven miles and south of McDowell Road, has a partial interchage with SR 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) allowing access to and from the west; access to the other direction of SR 202 is provided by McDowell Road. Gilbert Road continues through north of Mesa and ends at Beeline Highway. Grand Avenue Rehbein Grocery built in 1920 and located in 1227-1231 Grand Ave. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places, reference:#85002895. The portion of U.S. Route 60 that enters Phoenix from the northwest Valley is known as Grand Avenue, a street which slices through west Phoenix at a 45-degree angle. This makes it instantly recognizable on any City of Phoenix map, and it represents the final leg of US 60 into the heart of Phoenix. Although US 60 departs Grand Ave. at an interchange with 27th Avenue, Grand Ave. itself continues southeast towards the intersection of 7th Avenue and Van Buren Street. As of 2006, Lower Grand Avenue, between Roosevelt Street on the north and Van Buren Street on the south, has been experiencing a renaissance, as art venues, bars, cafes and small businesses have emerged amid the work being done to restore historic properties, including decaying warehouses. On the first and third Fridays of every month, Grand Avenue hosts cultural events. Some of the venues associated with the Grand Avenue art scene include the Trunk Space, the Lodge Art Parlor, ShopDevious, the Icon Gallery, the Chocolate Factory, the Paisley Violin, La Melgosa Complex: Deus Ex Machina, the Phoenix Fall Space, Stop n' Look & Comet's Corner, the Annex: Soul Invictus, the Lucky Rabbit & Gallery Marsiglia, Lady Luck Tattoo, and other design houses and studios. As a result of this revitalization the Grand Avenue Merchants Association (GAMA) formed to address a "Grand New Vision" and to bring the Grand Avenue community together with other neighborhood associations to form an arts, culture and small business district with a mind towards adaptive reuse of historical buildings, infill projects and both small business and community based outreach. In 2011, the City of Phoenix was chosen as one of five U.S. capitals to receive federal design assistance through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greening America's Capitals program, with the goal of creating a more environmentally and economically sustainable design along the lower Grand Avenue corridor. Happy Valley Road Happy Valley RoadLocationSurprise–Phoenix Happy Valley Road is an east–west arterial road in the northern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from 163rd Avenue in Surprise east to Seventh Street in Phoenix. Happy Valley Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from SR 303 to Interstate 17 (I-17). Happy Valley Road begins at 163rd Avenue in Surprise. It travels east for six miles before intersecting Loop 303 (Bob Stump Memorial Parkway) at a single-point urban interchange in an unincorporated area west of Peoria. Happy Valley Road expands to six lanes east of Loop 303 and crosses the Agua Fria River into the city of Peoria. The highway intersects Lake Pleasant Parkway and passes along the south flank of Sunrise Mountain before crossing the New River. Shortly after entering the Deer Valley urban village of the city of Phoenix, Happy Valley Road becomes a four-lane road with center turn lane and passes to the south of Ludden Mountain. The highway expands to six lanes, crosses Skunk Creek, and meets I-17 (Arizona Veterans Highway) at a diverging diamond interchange. Happy Valley Road continues east from I-17 as a six-lane divided highway but then reduces to two lanes east of 19th Street. The highway crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct before curving south toward its end, where it seamlessly becomes Seventh Street. Indian School Road Historic Phoenix Indian School The mission-revival style Memorial Hall built in 1922 as part of the Phoenix Indian School Indian School Road runs continuously east/west for approximately 41 miles with the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community at the east end and Buckeye & Maricopa County White Tank Mountain Regional Park at the west end. It intersects with Arizona State Route 101, Arizona State Route 51, Interstate 17, US 60/Grand Avenue and Arizona State Route 303. Though running predominantly through the metro Phoenix area, Indian School Road does continue west of the White Tank Mountains from approximately 27600 West to 41100 West (411th Avenue being an overpass and access to Tonopah and Interstate 10) to 46700 West, and from 48700 West to Harquahala Valley Road (52000 West). Indian School Road was named in territorial days as the road to the Phoenix Indian School (1890–1991) located on the site of the present Steele Indian School Park. Landmarks Arcadia High School 4703 East. Past students include Steven Spielberg, Lynda Carter and Astronaut Bill Shepherd. Carl Hayden Veterans Administration Medical Center, 650 East, named after Arizona's first Representative (1912–27) and US Senator from Arizona (1927–169) succeeded by Barry Goldwater. Steele Indian School Park, 300 East. Original site of the Phoenix Indian School; there are historical buildings that were once part of the Indian School campus, specifically the Dining Hall, built in 1902, and Memorial Hall, built in 1922. More recently, this was the site of a fatal helicopter crash on July 27, 2007, when KTVK and KNXV choppers collided during a police chase, and wreckage landed in the park. Phoenix Air Haven Airport, 2700-3300 West, was located on the south side of the road from 1945 to 1960. It is now an industrial office complex. Maryvale Mall 5100 West. Now closed, the site consists of two schools (an elementary and a middle) utilizing former buildings of the mall. A nearby Walmart Supercenter was built with a new structure. Verrado High School 20050 West. Lake Pleasant Parkway Lake Pleasant ParkwayLocationPeoria Lake Pleasant Parkway is an arterial road in the northwestern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from the intersection of 83rd Avenue and Beardsley Road west and north to Arizona State Route 74 (SR 74), all within Peoria. The entire length of Lake Pleasant Parkway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial, along with the 2-mile-long (3.2 km) section of 83rd Avenue from the southern end of Lake Pleasant Parkway south to Bell Road. The principal arterial segment of 83rd Avenue is also described in this section. The principal arterial section of 83rd Avenue begins at Bell Road, which at that intersection forms the border of the cities of Peoria and Glendale. 83rd Avenue continues south fully into Peoria, where it serves the Peoria Sports Complex, the spring training home of the San Diego Padres and Seattle Mariners. From Bell Road, 83rd Avenue heads north fully into Glendale and passes to the west of Arrowhead Towne Center. The four-lane divided highway crosses over SR 101 (Agua Fria Freeway) without access; Bell Road has an interchange with the freeway just west of 83rd Avenue. 83rd Avenue parallels and then crosses the New River before reaching Union Hills Drive, which also provides access to SR 101. The avenue expands to six lanes as it continues into the city of Peoria to Beardsley Road, where the highway continues as Lake Pleasant Parkway. The parkway curves west; within the curve is an intersection with another section of 83rd Avenue, where the parkway reduces to four lanes. Lake Pleasant Parkway continues west until 98th Avenue, where the highway curves north. North of Happy Valley Road, the highway's surroundings gradually change to open desert. North of its diamond interchange with SR 303, Lake Pleasant Parkway reduces to two lanes and crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct. The highway passes to the east of Pleasant Valley Airport before reaching its northern terminus at SR 74, which heads west as Lake Pleasant Road and east as Carefree Highway. Mill Avenue Named after Charles T. Hayden, the Hayden Mill lends its name to Mill Avenue in Tempe, AZ. In the foreground is Tempe Town Lake, a popular recreation area. Mill Avenue is a historic street in Tempe. In north Tempe near Arizona State University, the street runs through a popular, pedestrian-friendly shopping and nightlife district. Mill Avenue was originally centered around the Hayden Flour Mill, which, while disused, still stands on the north end of the Avenue. Today, the avenue plays host to many bars, designer shopping stores, as well as many fairs, and city festivals. It was described in 2010 by a New York Times reporter as "a bohemian commercial strip next to Arizona State University". At the northern end of the shopping district, the two Mill Avenue bridges cross the Salt River at Tempe Town Lake. One bridge was completed in 1931, the other in 1994. History Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium After the founding of Fort McDowell on the east side of central Arizona's Salt River Valley in 1865, farmers moved into the area. These early settlers further developed the irrigation canals that the Hohokam people originally created and built new ones to carry Salt River water to their farms. Agriculture in the Salt River valley soon gave food to Arizona's military posts and mining towns. In 1871, Hiram C. Hodge commented that there were two stores and a population of about 100 in Tempe. A substantial addition to the Tempe economy was established in 1877, when Charles T. Hayden, a business man from Connecticut, opened a flour-mill operation that was supplied with water from the Tempe Irrigating Canal. Charles T. Hayden, and his family operated the mill for three full generations, and it was crucial to Tempe's community industry. Also in 1877, Charles' son Carl Hayden, who was to become a congressman and then senator from Arizona, was born in the Hayden family home, a building which, after spending around 60 years as a restaurant, began restoration to its 1924-era state in 2014. The Hayden's Ferry Post Office was renamed the Tempe Post Office in 1879. In 1889, the new Phoenix and Maricopa Railroad linked Tempe with Phoenix. In 1894, the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors incorporated the town of Tempe. Tempe finally became a city after being inhabited for over 30 years. In 1962, the Laird and Dines Drug Store closed after 68 years of operation at the corner of Mill Avenue and Fifth Street. This drug store was one of the original fixtures on the commercial district of Mill Avenue. Tempe's commercial center along Mill Avenue declined during these years. In 1964, construction of the Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, was completed at the intersection of Mill Avenue and Apache Boulevard on the campus of Arizona State University. Prompted by Tempe's centennial in 1971, Mill Avenue was revitalized into an entertainment and shopping district that attracts people from throughout the Phoenix Valley. In 1997, the Hayden Flour Mill closed after 123 years of continuous operation. The mill's last operator was Bay State Milling, which had purchased it in 1981. It is significant as the oldest continuously used industrial site in the Salt River Valley. Theaters The Valley Art Theater (now the College Theatre) is located at 505-509 South Mill Ave. The Valley Art Theater (operated by Harkins Theatres) is located on Mill Avenue as a comfortable single screen theater that typically shows art house and occasionally foreign films. The current building was built in 1938, although it underwent substantial internal renovations in the 1990s. AMC Centerpoint, an 11-screen complex, is also located on the avenue. It was originally owned by Harkins; however, with the completion of the Tempe Marketplace, which provided a more modern building, Harkins closed it in January 2008. AMC reopened the Centerpoint in April 2014. Northern Avenue Northern AvenueLocationGlendale–Phoenix Northern Avenue is an east–west arterial road in the northwestern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from the eastern end of Northern Parkway on the Glendale–El Mirage city line east to Arizona State Route 51 (SR 51) in Phoenix. All of Northern Avenue east of Northern Parkway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial. Northern Avenue begins as an eastward continuation of Northern Parkway between Glendale to the south and El Mirage to the north. As of 2021, the transition point between the similarly named highways is Dysart Road. Northern Avenue heads east as a four-lane divided highway with a wide median that is intended to fit the eastward extension of Northern Parkway. East of El Mirage Road, the carriageways come together and cross the Agua Fria River. East of the intermittent river, Northern Avenue becomes a four-lane road with center turn lane and begins to follow the Glendale–Peoria city line. East of the New River, the highway meets SR 101 (Agua Fria Freeway) at a diamond interchange. The highway fully enters Glendale west of its intersection with U.S. Route 60 (Grand Avenue). Northern Avenue intersects 51st Avenue shortly before entering the city of Phoenix, where the avenue forms the boundary between the urban villages of North Mountain to the north and Alhambra to the south. The highway meets Interstate 17 (Arizona Veterans Highway) at a single-point urban interchange. East of Seventh Street, Northern Avenue forms the boundary between the urban villages of North Mountain and Camelback East and veers from its east–west orientation as it approaches the Phoenix Mountains. Northern Avenue reaches its eastern terminus at a diamond interchange with SR 51 (Piestewa Freeway) on the west flank of Piestewa Peak. Power Road Power RoadLocationChandler Heights–Mesa Power Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Hunt Highway at the Maricopa–Pinal county line in Chandler Heights to the north city limit of Mesa, where the road continues as Bush Highway. Power Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Riggs Road in Chandler Heights to Thomas Road in Mesa. Power Road heads north as a two-lane road from Hunt Highway, which follows the Maricopa–Pinal county line, through unincorporated Chandler Heights, at the north end of which the road intersects Riggs Road. North of Riggs Road, the highway mostly follows the border between the city of Queen Creek to the east and Gilbert to the west. South of Ocotillo Road, Power Road expands to a six-lane divided highway, which crosses Queen Creek south of Queen Creek Road. At Pecos Road, where a rail line passes diagonally through the intersection, the highway leaves Queen Creek and follows the border between Gilbert to the west and Mesa to the east. At Williams Field Road, the carriageways of Power Road temporarily diverge to cross the East Maricopa Floodway; Williams Field Road heads east toward Arizona State University Polytechnic campus and Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport. North of the airport, Power Road has a diamond interchange with Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202; Santan Freeway) and reduces to a four-lane undivided highway with center turn lane. The highway intersects Elliot Road and expands to a six-lane divided highway again at a second crossing of the East Maricopa Floodway. Power Road fully enters Mesa at its intersection with Baseline Road. The highway passes through an S-curve and has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway). Power Road temporarily expands to eight lanes as it passes to the east of Superstition Springs Center from the freeway to Southern Avenue, then the six-lane highway passes to the east of Leisure World. North of McDowell Road, the highway has a partial interchange with SR 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) allowing access to and from the west; access to the other direction of SR 202 is provided by McDowell Road. Power Road parallels the Fannin-McFarland Aqueduct of the Central Arizona Project and reduces to four lanes for its final stretch through an intersection with Thomas Road to the north city limit of Mesa, where the road continues as Bush Highway. Queen Creek Road Queen Creek RoadLocationGila River Indian Community–Queen Creek Queen Creek Road is an east–west arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from John Wayne Parkway, eastern terminus of Arizona State Route 347 in the Gila River Indian Community south of Phoenix east through Chandler, and Gilbert to Hawes Road in Queen Creek, before continuing from Ellsworth Road to Meridian Road, after it continues as Pima Road into the unincorporated community of San Tan Valley. Queen Creek Road begins as a continuation of John Wayne Parkway as the eastern terminus of Arizona State Route 347, where it continues east–west within the Gila River Indian Community and intersects with Interstate 10. Continuing as a four-lane highway east of the I-10 for two miles, Queen Creek Road expands to six-lanes upon crossing the city Chandler shortly west of Price Road and intersects with SR 87 (Arizona Avenue). Shortly, after crossing Gilbert, the highway reduces to a four-lane road and continues to Queen Creek where it ends a stretch at Hawes Road. Queen Creek Road is not continuous and later continues another stretch at Ellsworth Road where it continues for another three miles until Meridian Road, where the road continues as Pima Road, and crosses the Maricopa-Pinal county-line. Riggs Road Riggs RoadLocationGila River Indian Community–Queen Creek Riggs Road is an east–west arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Beltline Road in the Gila River Indian Community south of Phoenix east through Sun Lakes, Chandler, and Gilbert to Rittenhouse Road in Queen Creek. Riggs Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Interstate 10 (I-10) east to Ellsworth Road in Queen Creek. Riggs Road begins as a continuation of Beltline Road where the latter highway curves from northwest–southeast to east–west within the Gila River Indian Community. The two-lane highway heads east through open desert and has an intersection with Arizona State Route 347 (SR 347; Maricopa Road) and a diamond interchange with I-10 (Maricopa Freeway). East of I-10, Riggs Road expands to four lanes with center turn lane and leaves the open desert at the border of the native reservation and the unincorporated community of Sun Lakes at 88th Street. After passing through Sun Lakes, the highway enters the city of Chandler and intersects SR 87 (Arizona Avenue), where the east–west road expands to a six-lane divided highway. Shortly after entering Gilbert, Riggs Road crosses the East Maricopa Floodway. The highway's median becomes a center turn lane as it enters Queen Creek. Riggs Road then reduces to four lanes at its intersection with Power Road on the north side of the unincorporated village of Chandler Heights. Beyond Ellsworth Road, the highway reduces to two lanes to its eastern terminus at Rittenhouse Road; the road continues as Combs Road and, just east of the intersection, crosses the Maricopa–Pinal county line. Rural Road Rural RoadLocationChandler–Tempe Rural Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Chandler Boulevard in Chandler north to Rio Salado Parkway in Tempe, where the highway continues north as Scottsdale Road. Rural Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Elliot Road north to Rio Salado Parkway within Tempe. Rural Road begins as a four-lane divided highway at Chandler Boulevard in Chandler. At Ray Road, the highway enters Tempe passing Corona del Sol High School and gains a third southbound lane and a center turn lane. Rural Road gains a third northbound lane at Warner Road and drops back to four lanes at the Western Canal. The highway expands to a six-lane divided highway at Baseline Road, passes through an S-curve, and meets U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway) at a diamond interchange. North of the freeway, the highway's median becomes a center turn lane. North of Apache Boulevard, Rural Road passes through the Tempe campus of Arizona State University. Within the campus, the highway intersects the Valley Metro Rail light rail line and becomes a divided highway again. Rural Road ends and Scottsdale Road begins at Rio Salado Boulevard at the north end of the university campus. Scottsdale Road Scottsdale RoadLocationTempe–Scottsdale Scottsdale Road is a north–south arterial road in the northeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Rio Salado Parkway in Tempe, where the highway continues south as Rural Road, north to Carefree Highway in northern Scottsdale. The full length of Scottsdale Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial. Scottsdale Road begins and Rural Road ends at Rio Salado Parkway at the north end of the Tempe campus of Arizona State University. Scottsdale Road heads north as a six-lane divided highway that immediately crosses over the Salt River. North of the river, the highway has a single-point urban interchange with Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202; Red Mountain Freeway). Scottsdale Road leaves Tempe and enters Scottsdale at McKellips Road. Through downtown Scottsdale, two parallel roads split from and rejoin Scottsdale Road—Drinkwater Boulevard to the east and Goldwater Boulevard to the west—and Scottsdale Road carries four lanes through downtown, where the highway intersects Indian School Road. North of downtown Scottsdale, the highway passes along the east side of the town of Paradise Valley and passes through Central Scottsdale, where the road intersects Shea Boulevard. North of Cactus Road, Scottsdale Road forms the border between the Paradise Valley urban village of Phoenix to the west and Scottsdale to the east. The highway passes to the west of Scottsdale Airport between Thunderbird Road and the intersection with the east end of Bell Road and the west end of Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard. Immediately north of the intersection, Scottsdale Road crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct and borders the Desert View urban village of Phoenix on the west. At its diamond interchange with SR 101 (Pima Freeway), the highway becomes a four-lane highway with center turn lane through a mix of open desert and subdivisions. Scottsdale Road fully enters the city of Scottsdale and becomes a divided highway shortly before its northern terminus at a three-legged intersection with Carefree Highway. The road continues north into Carefree as Tom Darlington Drive. Shea Boulevard Shea BoulevardLocationPhoenix–Fountain HillsLength19.54 mi (31.45 km) Shea Boulevard is an east–west arterial road in the northeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends 19.54 miles (31.45 km) from 21st Place in Phoenix east through Scottsdale to Arizona State Route 87 (SR 87) just east of Fountain Hills. Shea Boulevard is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from SR 51 east to SR 87 (Beeline Highway). Shea Boulevard begins at its curve onto 21st Place on the east flank of Stoney Mountain, part of the Phoenix Mountains in the Paradise Valley urban village of the city of Phoenix. The highway heads east as a two-lane suburban road that expands to a four-lane highway with center turn lane east of 24th Street. Shea Boulevard passes Shadow Mountain High School and has a single-point urban interchange with SR 51 (Piestewa Freeway). The highway expands to a six-lane divided highway east of 40th Street. Between its intersection with Tatum Boulevard in the commercial center of Paradise Valley and a stream to the east, Shea Boulevard runs along the northern edge of the town of Paradise Valley. The highway enters the city of Scottsdale and passes along the east–west part of the city known as Central Scottsdale or the Shea Corridor. Shea Boulevard intersects Scottsdale Road in another commercial area and has a single-point urban interchange with SR 101 (Pima Freeway). East of Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard, which heads north to Taliesin West, the highway crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct. East of the Scottsdale campus of Mayo Clinic Arizona, Shea Boulevard veers from its straight east–west course and passes through the southern end of the McDowell Mountains into the town of Fountain Hills, where the road reduces to four lanes at Fountain Hills Boulevard. The highway curves southeast and exits the town into the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community before reaching its eastern terminus at AZ 87 (Beeline Highway). Sun Valley Parkway Sun Valley Parkway is mainly located in Buckeye, with a small portion extending into Surprise, Arizona. Built in the 1980s, the four-lane divided parkway traverses approximately 30 miles of what was once open desert about 35 miles west of downtown Phoenix. It extends north–south from Interstate 10 at exit 109 (Sun Valley Parkway / Palo Verde Road) in Buckeye, turns after about 12 miles or so to become an east–west road, and leads eastward to Surprise, where the road connects to and becomes Bell Road through Surprise and other West Valley suburbs (and eventually the City of Phoenix itself). Developments There are a number of master-planned communities located along this roadway in Buckeye (after no development occurred in the area for several years after the road was built). Currently being built are Tartesso and Sun City Festival. Other communities in the planning stages include Sun Valley, Sun Valley South, Spurlock Ranch, Elianto, Trillium in Buckeye and Douglas Ranch. See also Mill Avenue Bridges Tempe Town Lake References ^ Google (June 11, 2023). "Overview map of Arizona Avenue" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ Turner, Erin (December 15, 2009). "Homeowners offer mixed reactions to El Mirage Road addition". Daily News-Sun. Retrieved January 4, 2010. ^ "NETR Online • Historic Aerials". Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014. ^ "Surprise Original Town Site" (PDF). City of Surprise. ^ "Scottsdale Fashion Square \| Location". Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010. ^ "Home". wigwamresort.com. ^ Google (June 8, 2023). "Overview map of Carefree Highway" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ Google (June 8, 2023). "Overview map of Cave Creek Road" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ Google (June 11, 2023). "Overview map of Country Club Drive" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ Negrete, Lauren (September 2, 2014). "Two Phoenix events combine festivities to promote arts and local business". ^ Remillard, Mark (April 18, 2014). "Grand Avenue's new look has business benefits". ^ "Untitled Document". Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2010. ^ "Indian 'Boarding' School Road - Phoenix Magazine". Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010. ^ http://www.bradhallart.com/phoenix_streets.htm ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Airports - old, forgotten, little known and abandoned airports, airfields and landing strips in Phoenix area and the Valley of the Sun, Arizona". Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2010. ^ "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Northwest Phoenix area". ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=amgLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OVMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6828,2313175&dq=maryvale+mall+phoenix&hl=en ^ "Republican Runs Street People on Green Ticket" article by Marc Lacey in The New York Times September 6, 2010, accessed September 7, 2010 ^ a b c d e Sheppard, Chris. "A Rich History". Retrieved November 2, 2008. ^ Bio: Charles Trumbull Hayden – Tempe, Arizona Archived March 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Hayden House Rehabilitation \| City of Tempe, AZ". www.tempe.gov. Retrieved April 8, 2020. ^ "Valley Art Theater \| Downtown Tempe, AZ". www.downtowntempe.com. Retrieved April 8, 2020. ^ McLellan, Sarah (January 4, 2008). "Harkins to close Centerpoint theater Sunday". Arizona Republic. azcentral.com. Retrieved April 28, 2015. ^ Moo, Juliet (September 9, 2014). "AMC Centerpoint a jewel on Mill". The State Press. Retrieved April 28, 2015. External links The Arizona Republic article on Sun Valley Parkway developments City of Buckeye Archived October 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Tempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Apache Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Junction,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Avondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"}],"text":"Many arterial roads in the Phoenix metropolitan area have the same name in multiple cities or towns. Some roads change names or route numbers across town borders, resulting in occasional confusion. For example, the road known as Apache Boulevard in Tempe continues east as Main Street in neighboring Mesa and then as Apache Trail in Apache Junction. Although Broadway Road maintains the same name through Goodyear, Avondale, Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, and Apache Junction, each town uses a different reference point for address numbers.","title":"Phoenix metropolitan area arterial roads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Maricopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"SR 587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_587"},{"link_name":"Riggs Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riggs_Road"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"SR 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202"},{"link_name":"Chandler Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Chandler High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_High_School_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Elliot Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Road"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Country Club Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Club_Drive"}],"text":"Arizona Avenue is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway comprises the portion of Arizona State Route 87 (SR 87) within the city of Chandler. The entire length of Arizona Avenue is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial.Arizona Avenue begins at Hunt Highway, which forms the south city limit of Chandler and also the Maricopa–Pinal county line. This intersection also forms the northern terminus of SR 587; SR 87 briefly heads east on Hunt Highway before turning southeast fully into Pinal County. Arizona Avenue heads north as a four-lane divided highway. Between Riggs Road and Chandler Heights Road, the road expands to six lanes. North of its diamond interchange with SR 202 (Santan Freeway), the highway reduces to four lanes and passes through downtown Chandler. At the north end of downtown, Arizona Avenue passes the Chandler Center for the Arts and Chandler High School and becomes a six-lane road with center turn lane. The highway continues through an intersection with Elliot Road to the Western Canal, where SR 87 continues north into the city of Mesa as Country Club Drive.","title":"Arizona Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(surveying)"},{"link_name":"Public Land Survey System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Gila and Salt River meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_and_Salt_River_meridian"},{"link_name":"Maricopa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pinal County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"La Paz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"grid plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan"}],"text":"Baseline Road is a significant east–west arterial road. This road is so named because it runs along the length of the primary baseline for Arizona as given under the Public Land Survey System.This line runs east–west from the \"zero point\" atop a hill near the confluence of the Gila and Salt rivers, on Avondale Boulevard (115th Avenue) at Baseline Road. This site is next to Phoenix Raceway. Avondale Boulevard is laid out atop the north–south base meridian, called the Gila and Salt River meridian.Due to natural obstructions, Baseline is not continuous. The longest continuous stretch of Baseline Road is approximately 43 miles (69 km). The road is located in Maricopa County and Pinal County. There is also a rural road named Baseline Road in southern La Paz County close to the Colorado River which is located near Arizona's baseline.Because of the grid plan used by cities in Arizona, the name for the road is applied for non-contiguous sections and is theoretically reserved for future east–west roads built at the same latitude.","title":"Baseline Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superstition Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition_Mountains"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Loop 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Gila River Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_River_Indian_Community"},{"link_name":"Salt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Gila River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_River"},{"link_name":"Buckeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona"}],"sub_title":"Route description","text":"Starting from east, the road begins in Apache Junction in Pinal County, named Baseline Avenue and is a small segment of thoroughfare in a residential neighborhood at the foothills of the Superstition Mountains. The route picks up again and runs due westward, running parallel to US 60. At the Maricopa County border, the road enters Mesa and is named Baseline Road. It becomes a major arterial road as it passes through Gilbert and Tempe. In Tempe, it intersects Loop 101 and then Interstate 10. Continuing, the road runs through south Phoenix and the major arterial segment of the road terminates in the Gila River Indian Community, approximately where the Salt River joins the Gila River.The road reappears on the other side of the Gila River at an orthogonal junction with Perryville Rd. as CR-85 and continues westward through central Buckeye. From there, it continues through farmland in western Maricopa county in various non-continuous segments. The segment of Baseline Road farthest west in Maricopa County is just past 547th Avenue.Due to the ease of navigation on this extremely long route, as well as the significant number of municipalities that the route encompasses, it is a favorite street for those electing not to use Phoenix's many freeways such as I-10 and US 60.","title":"Baseline Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Mills"},{"link_name":"Phoenix International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Laveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laveen,_Arizona"}],"sub_title":"Landmarks","text":"Notable locations along or near Baseline Road include Arizona Mills and Phoenix International Raceway. Baseline Road runs through the historical farming community of Laveen.","title":"Baseline Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scottsdale-Scottsdale_Spire-1957-2007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bell Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Road_(Phoenix_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Agua Fria River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Fria_River"},{"link_name":"Surprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Sun City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Scottsdale Spire, located in the southeast corner of Bell and Scottsdale Roads.Bell Road is a major east–west arterial road in northern metropolitan Phoenix. Bell Road is one of the few roadways to cross the Agua Fria River in the northern part of the metro area, providing a link between the growing suburb of Surprise with Phoenix. As a result, the portion of Bell Road passing through Surprise and Sun City is the busiest arterial road in the state of Arizona.[2]","title":"Bell Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_51"},{"link_name":"Interstate 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_17_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"State Route 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_303"},{"link_name":"White Tank Mountain Regional Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tank_Mountain_Regional_Park"},{"link_name":"Sun Valley Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sun_Valley_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Buckeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"CAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"}],"sub_title":"Route description","text":"The main segment of Bell Road, approximately 31 miles (50 km) in length, begins at the corporate boundaries of Phoenix and Scottsdale at its intersection with Scottsdale Road; east of Scottsdale Road, the roadway curves to the southeast and becomes Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard. Traveling west, the road intersects with State Route 51 and Interstate 17 in Phoenix, the western leg of State Route 101 in Peoria, and U.S. Route 60 and State Route 303 in Surprise. West of the Beardsley Canal, the roadway curves around the White Tank Mountain Regional Park, becoming the Sun Valley Parkway through northern Buckeye.East of 66th Street, Bell Road takes a south-easterly bend and, at its intersection with Scottsdale Road, becomes Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard, named in recognition of architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright. This alignment was built in the mid-1970s during the construction of the CAP canal.[3] In this area of Scottsdale, a non-contiguous segment of Bell Road approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) long exists north of Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard, which includes an intersection with the eastern leg of State Route 101.","title":"Bell Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottsdale Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale_Airport"},{"link_name":"Turf Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turf_Paradise_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead Towne Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Towne_Center"},{"link_name":"Peoria Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Landmarks","text":"Prominent locations on or near Bell Road include the Scottsdale Municipal Airport, Turf Paradise, The Villas on Bell, Arrowhead Towne Center and the Peoria Sports Complex. Bell Road also forms the boundary of the original town site of Surprise.[4]","title":"Bell Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camelback_Mountain_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azbiltmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Litchfield Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litchfield_Park,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale Fashion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale_Fashion_Square"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Camelback Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelback_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Phoenician Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_Resort"},{"link_name":"Arizona Biltmore Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Biltmore_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Biltmore Fashion Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltmore_Fashion_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Luke Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base"}],"text":"Camelback MountainThe Arizona Biltmore HotelCamelback Road is a prominent street in the Phoenix metropolitan area.The street stretches continuously for approximately 33 miles from Scottsdale in the east to Litchfield Park in the west, and runs through the city of Phoenix. Scottsdale Fashion Square is located at the corner of Camelback and Scottsdale Roads.[5]Camelback Road runs directly south of Phoenix's famous Camelback Mountain and the Phoenician Resort. Further west, the upscale Biltmore district of Phoenix is located along Camelback Road, including the Arizona Biltmore Hotel (to the north), Biltmore Fashion Park, as well as one of Phoenix's primary business districts (sometimes called the Camelback Corridor).In Litchfield Park, Camelback Road passes the historic Wigwam Resort, built in 1918.[6]West of Litchfield Park, Camelback Road skirts the southern boundary of Luke Air Force Base.","title":"Camelback Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"Lake Pleasant Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pleasant_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Interstate 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_17"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale_Road"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Carefree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"eponymous song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree_Highway_(song)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Morristown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"North Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Gateway,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"urban village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Ben Avery Shooting Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Avery_Shooting_Facility"},{"link_name":"partial cloverleaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf"},{"link_name":"Desert View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_View,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Cave Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Cave Creek Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Creek_Road"}],"text":"See also: Arizona State Route 74Carefree Highway is an east–west arterial road in the northern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway begins where Arizona State Route 74 (SR 74) meets the north end of Lake Pleasant Parkway in northern Peoria; SR 74 continues west along Lake Pleasant Road. Carefree Highway extends east through Interstate 17 (I-17), which is the eastern terminus of SR 74, to Scottsdale Road on the border of Scottsdale and Carefree. The entire length of Carefree Highway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial. Carefree Highway is the inspiration for Gordon Lightfoot's eponymous song.Carefree Highway begins at Lake Pleasant Parkway in a rural part of the city of Peoria; SR 74 continues west as Lake Pleasant Road toward its western terminus at U.S. Route 60 near Morristown. Carefree Highway heads east as a two-lane road through open desert in the northern parts of Peoria and then the North Gateway urban village of the city of Phoenix. Shortly before reaching I-17 (Arizona Veterans Highway), the highway passes the Ben Avery Shooting Facility. SR 74 reaches its eastern terminus at the partial cloverleaf interchange with I-17; Carefree Road continues east as a four-lane divided municipal highway. The highway curves through a mountain range before returning to its longitudinal course, along which it leaves the city of Phoenix and then follows the northern city limit along the Desert View urban village. Carefree Highway then follows the south town limit of Cave Creek and briefly enters that town around its intersection with Cave Creek Road. The highway drops to two lanes and follows the border between Scottsdale to the south and Carefree to the north before reaching its eastern terminus at a three-legged intersection with Scottsdale Road, which heads south into Scottsdale, and Tom Darlington Drive, which heads north into Carefree.","title":"Carefree Highway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Seventh Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Street_(Phoenix)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Carefree Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree_Highway"},{"link_name":"Cave Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Carefree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"collector road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector_road"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Camp Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"North Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mountain,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"urban village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thunderbird_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cactus Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cactus_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bell Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Road"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101"},{"link_name":"Desert View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_View,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"}],"text":"Cave Creek Road is an arterial road in the north central part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from its southern terminus at Seventh Street in Phoenix north to Carefree Highway on the border of Cave Creek and Carefree. Cave Creek Road continues as a collector road north and east through Cave Creek, Carefree, and the far northern part of Scottsdale to its northern terminus near Camp Creek.Cave Creek Road begins at a five-way intersection with north–south Seventh Street and east–west Dunlap Road in the North Mountain urban village of the city of Phoenix. The highway heads northeast as a four-lane road with center turn lane between North Mountain to the west and Stoney Mountain to the east. Cave Creek Road curves north as it enters the urban village of Paradise Valley and intersects another principal arterial, which heads northwest as Thunderbird Road and east as Cactus Road. The highway expands to six lanes and heads northeast along the west flank of Shadow Mountain before heading straight north through an intersection with Bell Road and becoming a six-lane divided highway at its a single-point urban interchange with Arizona State Route 101 (Pima Freeway). Cave Creek Road enters the Desert View urban village as it crosses over the Central Arizona Project aqueduct. The highway curves north-north-east toward Cave Creek, drops to four lanes, and passes through several miles of open desert between lobes of suburban sprawl. Cave Creek Road returns to the suburban sprawl of Desert View before the principal arterial portion of the highway ends at Carefree Highway.","title":"Cave Creek Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix-Brophy_College_Chapel-1928.JPG"},{"link_name":"South Mountain Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mountain_Park"},{"link_name":"Midtown, Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Phoenix"}],"text":"The Brophy College ChapelCentral Avenue extends from South Mountain Park to North Mountain in Phoenix. The Central Avenue Corridor, roughly from Camelback Road to McDowell Road, is one of Phoenix's most heavily trafficked stretches of roadway. The Central Avenue Corridor bisects the area known as Midtown, Phoenix, a collection of neighborhoods north of Downtown and south of the North-Central and Sunnyslope areas.For the most part, Central Avenue marks the \"zero\" point of east/west addresses in the Phoenix area.","title":"Central Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Avenue_(Chandler,_Arizona)"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Baseline Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_Road_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"one-quadrant interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-quadrant_interchange"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Valley Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"Country Club/Main Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Club/Main_Street_station"},{"link_name":"SR 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202"},{"link_name":"Salt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)"}],"text":"Country Club Drive is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway comprises the portion of Arizona State Route 87 (SR 87) within the city of Mesa. The entire length of Country Club Drive is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial.Country Club Drive begins at the Western Canal at the south city limit of Mesa; SR 87 continues south into the city of Chandler as Arizona Avenue. Country Club Drive heads north as a six-lane road with center turn lane that becomes a divided highway at the south end of the S-curve in which the highway intersects Baseline Road. North of Baseline Road, the highway has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway). At the southwest corner of downtown Mesa, Country Club Drive has a one-quadrant interchange with Broadway Road and then immediately passes under the Union Pacific Railroad main line. West of downtown, the highway intersects Main Street and the Valley Metro Rail light rail immediately to the west of its Country Club/Main Street station. North of McKellips Road, Country Club Drive has a diamond interchange with SR 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) and reaches its northern terminus at SR 87's bridge across the Salt River. SR 87 continues north along Beeline Highway.","title":"Country Club Drive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Maricopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202"},{"link_name":"Ahwatukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwatukee,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"urban village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Rural Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Road"},{"link_name":"SR 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101"},{"link_name":"SR 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Power Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Road"}],"text":"Elliot Road is an east–west arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from 44th Street in far southern Phoenix east through Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, and Mesa to Meridian Road at the Maricopa–Pinal county line. Elliot Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Interstate 10 (I-10) at the Phoenix–Tempe border east to Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202) in Mesa.Elliot Road begins at 44th Street in the Ahwatukee urban village of the city of Phoenix. The road loops southwest as Elliot Warner Loop, which curves counterclockwise to Warner Road, which parallels Elliot Road 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south. Eliott Road begins as a four-lane road with center turn lane but expands to a six-lane divided highway at 48th Street. The highway leaves Phoenix and enters Tempe at its diamond interchange with I-10 (Maricopa Freeway). Within Tempe, Elliot Road intersects Rural Road. The highway meets SR 101 (Price Freeway) at a diamond interchange and enters Chandler, where the highway reduces to a four-lane road with center turn lane. Elliot Road intersects SR 87 (Arizona Avenue) 0.5 miles (0.80 km) west of a rail line that forms the Chandler–Gilbert border. Within Gilbert, the highway passes the historic Gilbert Elementary School building. At the Eastern Canal, Elliot Road becomes divided again, which the road stays until midway between Recker Road and Power Road. The highway continues with two lanes through Power Road, where the highway enters Mesa. Elliot Road crosses the East Maricopa Floodway and expands to a six-lane divided highway at its diamond interchange with SR 202 (Santan Freeway). The highway's median becomes a center turn lane shortly before the road reaches its eastern terminus at Meridian Road at the east city limit of Mesa, also the Maricopa–Pinal county line.","title":"Elliot Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Queen Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"}],"text":"Ellsworth Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Hunt Highway in Queen Creek to Usery Pass Road, north of Mesa.Ellsworth Road begins in Queen Creek, at the western terminus of Hunt Highway, For over two miles, the highway continues and north of Chandler Heights Road, the highway breaks into two different roads, Ellsworth Loop Road and Ellsworth Road, Ellsworth Loop Road continues as a six-lane highway for almost two miles, passing through Queen Creek Marketplace, where Ellsworth Road is now a two-lane highway and passes through Queen Creek Historical Town Hall and Founders' Park, both roads also provide entrances for the Queen Creek Library. Ellsworth Road continues until Walnut Road, which acts as a connecting point for the two roads where Ellsworth Loop Road turns back into Ellsworth Road.Ellsworth Road continues in Queen Creek for another mile, and enters Mesa after passing Germann Road, where it continues as a four-lane highway. It passes by Bell Bank Park and intersects with Arizona State Route 24 (SR 24; Gateway Freeway). Ellsworth Road continues and has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway). After six more miles, Ellsworth Road ends and continues as Usery Pass Road.","title":"Ellsworth Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Beeline Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"}],"text":"Gilbert Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from a southern point of Arizona State Route 87 south of Chandler to Beeline Highway, north of Mesa.Gilbert Road begins at a southern point of Arizona State Route 87 and after passing by Gila River Resorts and Casino, the highway continues to Chandler for five miles, where after Germann Road, the highway follows the border between the city of Chandler to the west, and the city of Gilbert to the east, and has a diamond interchange with Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202; Santan Freeway). After passing Galveston Street, the highway leaves Chandler and continues fully through Gilbert and passes through Downtown Gilbert. At Baseline Road, the highway enters Mesa and has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway).Gilbert Road continues through Mesa for seven miles and south of McDowell Road, has a partial interchage with SR 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) allowing access to and from the west; access to the other direction of SR 202 is provided by McDowell Road. Gilbert Road continues through north of Mesa and ends at Beeline Highway.","title":"Gilbert Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix-Rehbein_Grocery-1920.JPG"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Van Buren Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Buren_Street_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Van Buren Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Buren_Street_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renaissance-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"adaptive reuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_reuse"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corridor-11"}],"text":"Rehbein Grocery built in 1920 and located in 1227-1231 Grand Ave. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places, reference:#85002895.The portion of U.S. Route 60 that enters Phoenix from the northwest Valley is known as Grand Avenue, a street which slices through west Phoenix at a 45-degree angle. This makes it instantly recognizable on any City of Phoenix map, and it represents the final leg of US 60 into the heart of Phoenix. Although US 60 departs Grand Ave. at an interchange with 27th Avenue, Grand Ave. itself continues southeast towards the intersection of 7th Avenue and Van Buren Street.As of 2006, Lower Grand Avenue, between Roosevelt Street on the north and Van Buren Street on the south, has been experiencing a renaissance,[10] as art venues, bars, cafes and small businesses have emerged amid the work being done to restore historic properties, including decaying warehouses.On the first and third Fridays of every month, Grand Avenue hosts cultural events. Some of the venues associated with the Grand Avenue art scene include the Trunk Space, the Lodge Art Parlor, ShopDevious, the Icon Gallery, the Chocolate Factory, the Paisley Violin, La Melgosa Complex: Deus Ex Machina, the Phoenix Fall Space, Stop n' Look & Comet's Corner, the Annex: Soul Invictus, the Lucky Rabbit & Gallery Marsiglia, Lady Luck Tattoo, and other design houses and studios.[citation needed]As a result of this revitalization the Grand Avenue Merchants Association (GAMA) formed to address a \"Grand New Vision\" and to bring the Grand Avenue community together with other neighborhood associations to form an arts, culture and small business district with a mind towards adaptive reuse of historical buildings, infill projects and both small business and community based outreach.[citation needed]In 2011, the City of Phoenix was chosen as one of five U.S. capitals to receive federal design assistance through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greening America's Capitals program, with the goal of creating a more environmentally and economically sustainable design along the lower Grand Avenue corridor.[11]","title":"Grand Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Surprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Seventh Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Street_(Phoenix)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_17"},{"link_name":"Surprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Loop 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_303"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"unincorporated area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Agua Fria River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Fria_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Pleasant Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pleasant_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Deer Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Valley,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"urban village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"diverging diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"}],"text":"Happy Valley Road is an east–west arterial road in the northern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from 163rd Avenue in Surprise east to Seventh Street in Phoenix. Happy Valley Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from SR 303 to Interstate 17 (I-17).Happy Valley Road begins at 163rd Avenue in Surprise. It travels east for six miles before intersecting Loop 303 (Bob Stump Memorial Parkway) at a single-point urban interchange in an unincorporated area west of Peoria. Happy Valley Road expands to six lanes east of Loop 303 and crosses the Agua Fria River into the city of Peoria. The highway intersects Lake Pleasant Parkway and passes along the south flank of Sunrise Mountain before crossing the New River. Shortly after entering the Deer Valley urban village of the city of Phoenix, Happy Valley Road becomes a four-lane road with center turn lane and passes to the south of Ludden Mountain. The highway expands to six lanes, crosses Skunk Creek, and meets I-17 (Arizona Veterans Highway) at a diverging diamond interchange. Happy Valley Road continues east from I-17 as a six-lane divided highway but then reduces to two lanes east of 19th Street. The highway crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct before curving south toward its end, where it seamlessly becomes Seventh Street.","title":"Happy Valley Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P-Phoenix_Indian_School_1891.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Hall,_Phoenix_Indian_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"mission-revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_Style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_Pima-Maricopa_Indian_Community"},{"link_name":"White Tank Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tank_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Interstate 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_17"},{"link_name":"Tonopah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonopah,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Indian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Indian_School"},{"link_name":"Steele Indian School Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele_Indian_School_Park"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Historic Phoenix Indian SchoolThe mission-revival style Memorial Hall built in 1922 as part of the Phoenix Indian SchoolIndian School Road runs continuously east/west for approximately 41 miles with the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community at the east end and Buckeye & Maricopa County White Tank Mountain Regional Park at the west end. It intersects with Arizona State Route 101, Arizona State Route 51, Interstate 17, US 60/Grand Avenue and Arizona State Route 303. Though running predominantly through the metro Phoenix area, Indian School Road does continue west of the White Tank Mountains from approximately 27600 West to 41100 West (411th Avenue being an overpass and access to Tonopah and Interstate 10) to 46700 West, and from 48700 West to Harquahala Valley Road (52000 West).Indian School Road was named in territorial days as the road to the Phoenix Indian School (1890–1991) located on the site of the present Steele Indian School Park.[12][13][14]","title":"Indian School Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arcadia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_High_School_(Phoenix,_Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Lynda Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Carter"},{"link_name":"Bill Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Carl Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Indian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Indian_School"},{"link_name":"KTVK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVK"},{"link_name":"KNXV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNXV"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Maryvale Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryvale_Mall"},{"link_name":"Walmart Supercenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Inc."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Verrado High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrado_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Landmarks","text":"Arcadia High School 4703 East. Past students include Steven Spielberg, Lynda Carter and Astronaut Bill Shepherd.\nCarl Hayden Veterans Administration Medical Center, 650 East, named after Arizona's first Representative (1912–27) and US Senator from Arizona (1927–169) succeeded by Barry Goldwater.\nSteele Indian School Park, 300 East. Original site of the Phoenix Indian School; there are historical buildings that were once part of the Indian School campus, specifically the Dining Hall, built in 1902, and Memorial Hall, built in 1922. More recently, this was the site of a fatal helicopter crash on July 27, 2007, when KTVK and KNXV choppers collided during a police chase, and wreckage landed in the park.[15]\nPhoenix Air Haven Airport, 2700-3300 West, was located on the south side of the road from 1945 to 1960. It is now an industrial office complex.[16][17]\nMaryvale Mall 5100 West. Now closed, the site consists of two schools (an elementary and a middle) utilizing former buildings of the mall. A nearby Walmart Supercenter was built with a new structure.[18]\nVerrado High School 20050 West.","title":"Indian School Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_74"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bell Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Road"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Peoria Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead Towne Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Towne_Center"},{"link_name":"SR 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101"},{"link_name":"Happy Valley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Valley_Road"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"SR 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_303"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Valley Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_Airport"},{"link_name":"Carefree Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree_Highway"}],"text":"Lake Pleasant Parkway is an arterial road in the northwestern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from the intersection of 83rd Avenue and Beardsley Road west and north to Arizona State Route 74 (SR 74), all within Peoria. The entire length of Lake Pleasant Parkway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial, along with the 2-mile-long (3.2 km) section of 83rd Avenue from the southern end of Lake Pleasant Parkway south to Bell Road. The principal arterial segment of 83rd Avenue is also described in this section.The principal arterial section of 83rd Avenue begins at Bell Road, which at that intersection forms the border of the cities of Peoria and Glendale. 83rd Avenue continues south fully into Peoria, where it serves the Peoria Sports Complex, the spring training home of the San Diego Padres and Seattle Mariners. From Bell Road, 83rd Avenue heads north fully into Glendale and passes to the west of Arrowhead Towne Center. The four-lane divided highway crosses over SR 101 (Agua Fria Freeway) without access; Bell Road has an interchange with the freeway just west of 83rd Avenue. 83rd Avenue parallels and then crosses the New River before reaching Union Hills Drive, which also provides access to SR 101. The avenue expands to six lanes as it continues into the city of Peoria to Beardsley Road, where the highway continues as Lake Pleasant Parkway. The parkway curves west; within the curve is an intersection with another section of 83rd Avenue, where the parkway reduces to four lanes. Lake Pleasant Parkway continues west until 98th Avenue, where the highway curves north. North of Happy Valley Road, the highway's surroundings gradually change to open desert. North of its diamond interchange with SR 303, Lake Pleasant Parkway reduces to two lanes and crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct. The highway passes to the east of Pleasant Valley Airport before reaching its northern terminus at SR 74, which heads west as Lake Pleasant Road and east as Carefree Highway.","title":"Lake Pleasant Parkway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haydenmill.jpg"},{"link_name":"historic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"nightlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightlife"},{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)"},{"link_name":"fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairs"},{"link_name":"festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals"},{"link_name":"bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mill Avenue bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Avenue_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Salt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Tempe Town Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe_Town_Lake"}],"text":"Named after Charles T. Hayden, the Hayden Mill lends its name to Mill Avenue in Tempe, AZ. In the foreground is Tempe Town Lake, a popular recreation area.Mill Avenue is a historic street in Tempe. In north Tempe near Arizona State University, the street runs through a popular, pedestrian-friendly shopping and nightlife district. Mill Avenue was originally centered around the Hayden Flour Mill, which, while disused, still stands on the north end of the Avenue. Today, the avenue plays host to many bars, designer shopping stores, as well as many fairs, and city festivals. It was described in 2010 by a New York Times reporter as \"a bohemian commercial strip next to Arizona State University\".[19]At the northern end of the shopping district, the two Mill Avenue bridges cross the Salt River at Tempe Town Lake. One bridge was completed in 1931, the other in 1994.","title":"Mill Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FLW_Gammage_Auditorium_ASU_PHX_AZ_20186.JPG"},{"link_name":"farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers"},{"link_name":"Hohokam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam"},{"link_name":"farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farms"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheppard-20"},{"link_name":"Charles T. Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_T._Hayden"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheppard-20"},{"link_name":"Carl Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hayden"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office"},{"link_name":"Maricopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheppard-20"},{"link_name":"Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_Gammage_Memorial_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"centennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial"},{"link_name":"entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheppard-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheppard-20"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Grady Gammage Memorial AuditoriumAfter the founding of Fort McDowell on the east side of central Arizona's Salt River Valley in 1865, farmers moved into the area. These early settlers further developed the irrigation canals that the Hohokam people originally created and built new ones to carry Salt River water to their farms. Agriculture in the Salt River valley soon gave food to Arizona's military posts and mining towns. In 1871, Hiram C. Hodge commented that there were two stores and a population of about 100 in Tempe.[20]A substantial addition to the Tempe economy was established in 1877, when Charles T. Hayden, a business man from Connecticut,[21] opened a flour-mill operation that was supplied with water from the Tempe Irrigating Canal. Charles T. Hayden, and his family operated the mill for three full generations, and it was crucial to Tempe's community industry.[20]Also in 1877, Charles' son Carl Hayden, who was to become a congressman and then senator from Arizona, was born in the Hayden family home, a building which, after spending around 60 years as a restaurant, began restoration to its 1924-era state in 2014.[22]The Hayden's Ferry Post Office was renamed the Tempe Post Office in 1879. In 1889, the new Phoenix and Maricopa Railroad linked Tempe with Phoenix. In 1894, the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors incorporated the town of Tempe. Tempe finally became a city after being inhabited for over 30 years.[20]In 1962, the Laird and Dines Drug Store closed after 68 years of operation at the corner of Mill Avenue and Fifth Street. This drug store was one of the original fixtures on the commercial district of Mill Avenue. Tempe's commercial center along Mill Avenue declined during these years.In 1964, construction of the Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, was completed at the intersection of Mill Avenue and Apache Boulevard on the campus of Arizona State University.Prompted by Tempe's centennial in 1971, Mill Avenue was revitalized into an entertainment and shopping district that attracts people from throughout the Phoenix Valley.[20]In 1997, the Hayden Flour Mill closed after 123 years of continuous operation. The mill's last operator was Bay State Milling, which had purchased it in 1981. It is significant as the oldest continuously used industrial site in the Salt River Valley.[20]","title":"Mill Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tempe-College_Theatre-1933-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harkins Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkins_Theatres"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tempe Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Theaters","text":"The Valley Art Theater (now the College Theatre) is located at 505-509 South Mill Ave.The Valley Art Theater (operated by Harkins Theatres) is located on Mill Avenue as a comfortable single screen theater that typically shows art house and occasionally foreign films. The current building was built in 1938, although it underwent substantial internal renovations in the 1990s.[23]AMC Centerpoint, an 11-screen complex, is also located on the avenue. It was originally owned by Harkins; however, with the completion of the Tempe Marketplace, which provided a more modern building, Harkins closed it in January 2008.[24] AMC reopened the Centerpoint in April 2014.[25]","title":"Mill Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Northern Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Parkway_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"El Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mirage,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_51"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_metropolitan_area_arterial_roads&action=edit"},{"link_name":"carriageways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriageway"},{"link_name":"Agua Fria River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Fria_River"},{"link_name":"intermittent river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_river"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"SR 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Grand Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Avenue_(Phoenix)"},{"link_name":"51st Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=51st_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"urban villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"North Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mountain,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Interstate 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_17"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"Seventh Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Street_(Phoenix)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camelback East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelback_East,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Mountains"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Piestewa Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piestewa_Peak"}],"text":"Northern Avenue is an east–west arterial road in the northwestern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from the eastern end of Northern Parkway on the Glendale–El Mirage city line east to Arizona State Route 51 (SR 51) in Phoenix. All of Northern Avenue east of Northern Parkway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial.Northern Avenue begins as an eastward continuation of Northern Parkway between Glendale to the south and El Mirage to the north. As of 2021[update], the transition point between the similarly named highways is Dysart Road. Northern Avenue heads east as a four-lane divided highway with a wide median that is intended to fit the eastward extension of Northern Parkway. East of El Mirage Road, the carriageways come together and cross the Agua Fria River. East of the intermittent river, Northern Avenue becomes a four-lane road with center turn lane and begins to follow the Glendale–Peoria city line. East of the New River, the highway meets SR 101 (Agua Fria Freeway) at a diamond interchange. The highway fully enters Glendale west of its intersection with U.S. Route 60 (Grand Avenue). Northern Avenue intersects 51st Avenue shortly before entering the city of Phoenix, where the avenue forms the boundary between the urban villages of North Mountain to the north and Alhambra to the south. The highway meets Interstate 17 (Arizona Veterans Highway) at a single-point urban interchange. East of Seventh Street, Northern Avenue forms the boundary between the urban villages of North Mountain and Camelback East and veers from its east–west orientation as it approaches the Phoenix Mountains. Northern Avenue reaches its eastern terminus at a diamond interchange with SR 51 (Piestewa Freeway) on the west flank of Piestewa Peak.","title":"Northern Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Maricopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Chandler Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_Heights,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Bush Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Highway_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Riggs Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riggs_Road_(Phoenix_metro)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"unincorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Queen Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"carriageways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriageway"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University Polytechnic campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Polytechnic_campus"},{"link_name":"Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix%E2%80%93Mesa_Gateway_Airport"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Elliot Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Road"},{"link_name":"Baseline Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_Road_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Superstition Springs Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition_Springs_Center"},{"link_name":"Leisure World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_World,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"}],"text":"Power Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Hunt Highway at the Maricopa–Pinal county line in Chandler Heights to the north city limit of Mesa, where the road continues as Bush Highway. Power Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Riggs Road in Chandler Heights to Thomas Road in Mesa.Power Road heads north as a two-lane road from Hunt Highway, which follows the Maricopa–Pinal county line, through unincorporated Chandler Heights, at the north end of which the road intersects Riggs Road. North of Riggs Road, the highway mostly follows the border between the city of Queen Creek to the east and Gilbert to the west. South of Ocotillo Road, Power Road expands to a six-lane divided highway, which crosses Queen Creek south of Queen Creek Road. At Pecos Road, where a rail line passes diagonally through the intersection, the highway leaves Queen Creek and follows the border between Gilbert to the west and Mesa to the east. At Williams Field Road, the carriageways of Power Road temporarily diverge to cross the East Maricopa Floodway; Williams Field Road heads east toward Arizona State University Polytechnic campus and Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport.North of the airport, Power Road has a diamond interchange with Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202; Santan Freeway) and reduces to a four-lane undivided highway with center turn lane. The highway intersects Elliot Road and expands to a six-lane divided highway again at a second crossing of the East Maricopa Floodway. Power Road fully enters Mesa at its intersection with Baseline Road. The highway passes through an S-curve and has a diamond interchange with U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway). Power Road temporarily expands to eight lanes as it passes to the east of Superstition Springs Center from the freeway to Southern Avenue, then the six-lane highway passes to the east of Leisure World. North of McDowell Road, the highway has a partial interchange with SR 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) allowing access to and from the west; access to the other direction of SR 202 is provided by McDowell Road. Power Road parallels the Fannin-McFarland Aqueduct of the Central Arizona Project and reduces to four lanes for its final stretch through an intersection with Thomas Road to the north city limit of Mesa, where the road continues as Bush Highway.","title":"Power Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_347"},{"link_name":"Gila River Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_River_Indian_Community"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Queen Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"San Tan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Tan_Valley"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_347"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"SR 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Queen Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Creek"},{"link_name":"Maricopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona"}],"text":"Queen Creek Road is an east–west arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from John Wayne Parkway, eastern terminus of Arizona State Route 347 in the Gila River Indian Community south of Phoenix east through Chandler, and Gilbert to Hawes Road in Queen Creek, before continuing from Ellsworth Road to Meridian Road, after it continues as Pima Road into the unincorporated community of San Tan Valley.Queen Creek Road begins as a continuation of John Wayne Parkway as the eastern terminus of Arizona State Route 347, where it continues east–west within the Gila River Indian Community and intersects with Interstate 10. Continuing as a four-lane highway east of the I-10 for two miles, Queen Creek Road expands to six-lanes upon crossing the city Chandler shortly west of Price Road and intersects with SR 87 (Arizona Avenue). Shortly, after crossing Gilbert, the highway reduces to a four-lane road and continues to Queen Creek where it ends a stretch at Hawes Road.Queen Creek Road is not continuous and later continues another stretch at Ellsworth Road where it continues for another three miles until Meridian Road, where the road continues as Pima Road, and crosses the Maricopa-Pinal county-line.","title":"Queen Creek Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Gila River Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_River_Indian_Community"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Sun Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Lakes,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Queen Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_347"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"SR 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Power Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Road"},{"link_name":"Chandler Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_Heights,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Maricopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona"}],"text":"Riggs Road is an east–west arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Beltline Road in the Gila River Indian Community south of Phoenix east through Sun Lakes, Chandler, and Gilbert to Rittenhouse Road in Queen Creek. Riggs Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Interstate 10 (I-10) east to Ellsworth Road in Queen Creek.Riggs Road begins as a continuation of Beltline Road where the latter highway curves from northwest–southeast to east–west within the Gila River Indian Community. The two-lane highway heads east through open desert and has an intersection with Arizona State Route 347 (SR 347; Maricopa Road) and a diamond interchange with I-10 (Maricopa Freeway). East of I-10, Riggs Road expands to four lanes with center turn lane and leaves the open desert at the border of the native reservation and the unincorporated community of Sun Lakes at 88th Street. After passing through Sun Lakes, the highway enters the city of Chandler and intersects SR 87 (Arizona Avenue), where the east–west road expands to a six-lane divided highway. Shortly after entering Gilbert, Riggs Road crosses the East Maricopa Floodway. The highway's median becomes a center turn lane as it enters Queen Creek. Riggs Road then reduces to four lanes at its intersection with Power Road on the north side of the unincorporated village of Chandler Heights. Beyond Ellsworth Road, the highway reduces to two lanes to its eastern terminus at Rittenhouse Road; the road continues as Combs Road and, just east of the intersection, crosses the Maricopa–Pinal county line.","title":"Riggs Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale_Road"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Elliot Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Road"},{"link_name":"Corona del Sol High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_del_Sol_High_School"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Baseline Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_Road_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"Valley Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"}],"text":"Rural Road is a north–south arterial road in the southeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Chandler Boulevard in Chandler north to Rio Salado Parkway in Tempe, where the highway continues north as Scottsdale Road. Rural Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Elliot Road north to Rio Salado Parkway within Tempe.Rural Road begins as a four-lane divided highway at Chandler Boulevard in Chandler. At Ray Road, the highway enters Tempe passing Corona del Sol High School and gains a third southbound lane and a center turn lane. Rural Road gains a third northbound lane at Warner Road and drops back to four lanes at the Western Canal. The highway expands to a six-lane divided highway at Baseline Road, passes through an S-curve, and meets U.S. Route 60 (Superstition Freeway) at a diamond interchange. North of the freeway, the highway's median becomes a center turn lane. North of Apache Boulevard, Rural Road passes through the Tempe campus of Arizona State University. Within the campus, the highway intersects the Valley Metro Rail light rail line and becomes a divided highway again. Rural Road ends and Scottsdale Road begins at Rio Salado Boulevard at the north end of the university campus.","title":"Rural Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Tempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Rural Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Road"},{"link_name":"Carefree Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree_Highway"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"Salt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202"},{"link_name":"Indian School Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_School_Road"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Shea Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Cactus Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cactus_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"urban village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale_Airport"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thunderbird_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bell Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Road"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"},{"link_name":"Desert View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_View,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"SR 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Carefree Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree_Highway"},{"link_name":"Carefree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carefree,_Arizona"}],"text":"Scottsdale Road is a north–south arterial road in the northeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends from Rio Salado Parkway in Tempe, where the highway continues south as Rural Road, north to Carefree Highway in northern Scottsdale. The full length of Scottsdale Road is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial.Scottsdale Road begins and Rural Road ends at Rio Salado Parkway at the north end of the Tempe campus of Arizona State University. Scottsdale Road heads north as a six-lane divided highway that immediately crosses over the Salt River. North of the river, the highway has a single-point urban interchange with Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202; Red Mountain Freeway). Scottsdale Road leaves Tempe and enters Scottsdale at McKellips Road. Through downtown Scottsdale, two parallel roads split from and rejoin Scottsdale Road—Drinkwater Boulevard to the east and Goldwater Boulevard to the west—and Scottsdale Road carries four lanes through downtown, where the highway intersects Indian School Road. North of downtown Scottsdale, the highway passes along the east side of the town of Paradise Valley and passes through Central Scottsdale, where the road intersects Shea Boulevard. North of Cactus Road, Scottsdale Road forms the border between the Paradise Valley urban village of Phoenix to the west and Scottsdale to the east. The highway passes to the west of Scottsdale Airport between Thunderbird Road and the intersection with the east end of Bell Road and the west end of Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard. Immediately north of the intersection, Scottsdale Road crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct and borders the Desert View urban village of Phoenix on the west. At its diamond interchange with SR 101 (Pima Freeway), the highway becomes a four-lane highway with center turn lane through a mix of open desert and subdivisions. Scottsdale Road fully enters the city of Scottsdale and becomes a divided highway shortly before its northern terminus at a three-legged intersection with Carefree Highway. The road continues north into Carefree as Tom Darlington Drive.","title":"Scottsdale Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Phoenix metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Fountain Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Hills,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"National Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"SR 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_51"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"urban village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"center turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Shadow Mountain High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Mountain_High_School"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"Tatum Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatum_Boulevard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale_Road"},{"link_name":"SR 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101"},{"link_name":"Taliesin West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesin_West"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"},{"link_name":"Mayo Clinic Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Arizona"},{"link_name":"McDowell Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDowell_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_Pima%E2%80%93Maricopa_Indian_Community"}],"text":"Shea Boulevard is an east–west arterial road in the northeastern part of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The highway extends 19.54 miles (31.45 km) from 21st Place in Phoenix east through Scottsdale to Arizona State Route 87 (SR 87) just east of Fountain Hills. Shea Boulevard is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from SR 51 east to SR 87 (Beeline Highway).Shea Boulevard begins at its curve onto 21st Place on the east flank of Stoney Mountain, part of the Phoenix Mountains in the Paradise Valley urban village of the city of Phoenix. The highway heads east as a two-lane suburban road that expands to a four-lane highway with center turn lane east of 24th Street. Shea Boulevard passes Shadow Mountain High School and has a single-point urban interchange with SR 51 (Piestewa Freeway). The highway expands to a six-lane divided highway east of 40th Street. Between its intersection with Tatum Boulevard in the commercial center of Paradise Valley and a stream to the east, Shea Boulevard runs along the northern edge of the town of Paradise Valley. The highway enters the city of Scottsdale and passes along the east–west part of the city known as Central Scottsdale or the Shea Corridor. Shea Boulevard intersects Scottsdale Road in another commercial area and has a single-point urban interchange with SR 101 (Pima Freeway). East of Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard, which heads north to Taliesin West, the highway crosses the Central Arizona Project aqueduct. East of the Scottsdale campus of Mayo Clinic Arizona, Shea Boulevard veers from its straight east–west course and passes through the southern end of the McDowell Mountains into the town of Fountain Hills, where the road reduces to four lanes at Fountain Hills Boulevard. The highway curves southeast and exits the town into the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community before reaching its eastern terminus at AZ 87 (Beeline Highway).","title":"Shea Boulevard"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sun Valley Parkway is mainly located in Buckeye, with a small portion extending into Surprise, Arizona.Built in the 1980s, the four-lane divided parkway traverses approximately 30 miles of what was once open desert about 35 miles west of downtown Phoenix. It extends north–south from Interstate 10 at exit 109 (Sun Valley Parkway / Palo Verde Road) in Buckeye, turns after about 12 miles or so to become an east–west road, and leads eastward to Surprise, where the road connects to and becomes Bell Road through Surprise and other West Valley suburbs (and eventually the City of Phoenix itself).","title":"Sun Valley Parkway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tartesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartesso"},{"link_name":"Sun City Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City_Festival,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Trillium in Buckeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillium_(Buckeye)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Ranch,_Buckeye"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Developments","text":"There are a number of master-planned communities located along this roadway in Buckeye (after no development occurred in the area for several years after the road was built). Currently being built are Tartesso and Sun City Festival. Other communities in the planning stages include Sun Valley, Sun Valley South, Spurlock Ranch, Elianto, Trillium in Buckeye and Douglas Ranch.[citation needed]","title":"Sun Valley Parkway"}]	[{"image_text":"The Scottsdale Spire, located in the southeast corner of Bell and Scottsdale Roads.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Scottsdale-Scottsdale_Spire-1957-2007.JPG/220px-Scottsdale-Scottsdale_Spire-1957-2007.JPG"},{"image_text":"Camelback Mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Camelback_Mountain_2.jpg/220px-Camelback_Mountain_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Arizona Biltmore Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Azbiltmore.jpg/200px-Azbiltmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Brophy College Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenix-Brophy_College_Chapel-1928.JPG/250px-Phoenix-Brophy_College_Chapel-1928.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rehbein Grocery built in 1920 and located in 1227-1231 Grand Ave. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places, reference:#85002895.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Phoenix-Rehbein_Grocery-1920.JPG/250px-Phoenix-Rehbein_Grocery-1920.JPG"},{"image_text":"Historic Phoenix Indian School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/P-Phoenix_Indian_School_1891.jpg/250px-P-Phoenix_Indian_School_1891.jpg"},{"image_text":"The mission-revival style Memorial Hall built in 1922 as part of the Phoenix Indian School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Memorial_Hall%2C_Phoenix_Indian_School.jpg/220px-Memorial_Hall%2C_Phoenix_Indian_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Named after Charles T. Hayden, the Hayden Mill lends its name to Mill Avenue in Tempe, AZ. In the foreground is Tempe Town Lake, a popular recreation area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Haydenmill.jpg/220px-Haydenmill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/FLW_Gammage_Auditorium_ASU_PHX_AZ_20186.JPG/220px-FLW_Gammage_Auditorium_ASU_PHX_AZ_20186.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Valley Art Theater (now the College Theatre) is located at 505-509 South Mill Ave.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tempe-College_Theatre-1933-1.jpg/250px-Tempe-College_Theatre-1933-1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Mill Avenue Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Avenue_Bridges"},{"title":"Tempe Town Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe_Town_Lake"}]	[{"reference":"Google (June 11, 2023). \"Overview map of Arizona Avenue\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2039887,-111.8409633/33.3569573,-111.8418297/@33.2827343,-111.874492,12.33z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Overview map of Arizona Avenue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Erin (December 15, 2009). \"Homeowners offer mixed reactions to El Mirage Road addition\". Daily News-Sun. Retrieved January 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yourwestvalley.com/news/road-11106-construction-mirage.html","url_text":"\"Homeowners offer mixed reactions to El Mirage Road addition\""}]},{"reference":"\"NETR Online • Historic Aerials\". Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504205658/http://www.historicaerials.com/aerials.php?javascript=1&scale=622&lon=-111.92868476269031&lat=33.63777377029446&year=1970","url_text":"\"NETR Online • Historic Aerials\""},{"url":"http://www.historicaerials.com/aerials.php?javascript=1&scale=622&lon=-111.92868476269031&lat=33.63777377029446&year=1970","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Surprise Original Town Site\" (PDF). City of Surprise.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.surpriseaz.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=1536","url_text":"\"Surprise Original Town Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottsdale Fashion Square \| Location\". Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201010914/http://www.fashionsquare.com/location.asp","url_text":"\"Scottsdale Fashion Square \| Location\""},{"url":"http://www.fashionsquare.com/location.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". wigwamresort.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wigwamresort.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 8, 2023). \"Overview map of Carefree Highway\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.8635832,-112.6334236/33.799249,-111.9280081/@33.8611326,-112.4332112,11.13z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Overview map of Carefree Highway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 8, 2023). \"Overview map of Cave Creek Road\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Dunlap+Ave+%26+7th+St,+Phoenix,+AZ+85020/33.8797532,-111.8158655/@33.7254666,-112.0316462,11.5z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!1m1!1s0x872b6d76ab303e0d:0x4b93d7c8dcec3c92!2m2!1d-112.0652845!2d33.5679784!3m4!1m2!1d-111.9543241!2d33.8311434!3s0x872b7c20f9c537eb:0xe9797bf7fc706a5a!1m0!3e0?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Overview map of Cave Creek Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 11, 2023). \"Overview map of Country Club Drive\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.3569515,-111.8418219/33.4586818,-111.8395017/@33.4093442,-111.8606955,13.17z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Overview map of Country Club Drive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Negrete, Lauren (September 2, 2014). \"Two Phoenix events combine festivities to promote arts and local business\".","urls":[{"url":"http://downtowndevil.com/2014/09/02/59655/phoenix-festivities-arts-business/","url_text":"\"Two Phoenix events combine festivities to promote arts and local business\""}]},{"reference":"Remillard, Mark (April 18, 2014). \"Grand Avenue's new look has business benefits\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ktar.com/22/1724404/Grand-Avenues-new-look-has-business-benefits","url_text":"\"Grand Avenue's new look has business benefits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Document\". Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090710121349/http://whitebison.org/wellbriety-journey/PhoenixIndianSchool.htm","url_text":"\"Untitled Document\""},{"url":"http://www.whitebison.org/wellbriety-journey/PhoenixIndianSchool.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian 'Boarding' School Road - Phoenix Magazine\". Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223054959/http://www.phoenixmag.com/lifestyle/history/200908/indian--boarding--school-road/","url_text":"\"Indian 'Boarding' School Road - Phoenix Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.phoenixmag.com/lifestyle/history/200908/indian--boarding--school-road/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604144857/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i740157b4a6e7f1502493edd69ad6681e","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i740157b4a6e7f1502493edd69ad6681e","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airports - old, forgotten, little known and abandoned airports, airfields and landing strips in Phoenix area and the Valley of the Sun, Arizona\". Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091120101529/http://brazilbrazil.com/ports.html","url_text":"\"Airports - old, forgotten, little known and abandoned airports, airfields and landing strips in Phoenix area and the Valley of the Sun, Arizona\""},{"url":"http://brazilbrazil.com/ports.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Northwest Phoenix area\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airfields-freeman.com/AZ/Airfields_AZ_Phoenix_NW.htm#airhaven","url_text":"\"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Northwest Phoenix area\""}]},{"reference":"Sheppard, Chris. \"A Rich History\". Retrieved November 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://cronkitezine.asu.edu/fall2003/millavenue/millhistory.html","url_text":"\"A Rich History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hayden House Rehabilitation \| City of Tempe, AZ\". www.tempe.gov. Retrieved April 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tempe.gov/government/community-development/historic-preservation/hayden-house","url_text":"\"Hayden House Rehabilitation \| City of Tempe, AZ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valley Art Theater \| Downtown Tempe, AZ\". www.downtowntempe.com. Retrieved April 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.downtowntempe.com/go/valley-art-theater","url_text":"\"Valley Art Theater \| Downtown Tempe, AZ\""}]},{"reference":"McLellan, Sarah (January 4, 2008). \"Harkins to close Centerpoint theater Sunday\". Arizona Republic. azcentral.com. Retrieved April 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/0104tr-centerpoint0104.html","url_text":"\"Harkins to close Centerpoint theater Sunday\""}]},{"reference":"Moo, Juliet (September 9, 2014). \"AMC Centerpoint a jewel on Mill\". The State Press. Retrieved April 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statepress.com/article/2014/09/amc-centerpoint-a-jewel-on-mill/","url_text":"\"AMC Centerpoint a jewel on Mill\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Phoenix_metropolitan_area_arterial_roads&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Phoenix_metropolitan_area_arterial_roads","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_metropolitan_area_arterial_roads&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.2039887,-111.8409633/33.3569573,-111.8418297/@33.2827343,-111.874492,12.33z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of Arizona Avenue\""},{"Link":"http://www.yourwestvalley.com/news/road-11106-construction-mirage.html","external_links_name":"\"Homeowners offer mixed reactions to El Mirage Road addition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504205658/http://www.historicaerials.com/aerials.php?javascript=1&scale=622&lon=-111.92868476269031&lat=33.63777377029446&year=1970","external_links_name":"\"NETR Online • Historic Aerials\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicaerials.com/aerials.php?javascript=1&scale=622&lon=-111.92868476269031&lat=33.63777377029446&year=1970","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.surpriseaz.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=1536","external_links_name":"\"Surprise Original Town Site\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100201010914/http://www.fashionsquare.com/location.asp","external_links_name":"\"Scottsdale Fashion Square \| Location\""},{"Link":"http://www.fashionsquare.com/location.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wigwamresort.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.8635832,-112.6334236/33.799249,-111.9280081/@33.8611326,-112.4332112,11.13z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of Carefree Highway\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Dunlap+Ave+%26+7th+St,+Phoenix,+AZ+85020/33.8797532,-111.8158655/@33.7254666,-112.0316462,11.5z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!1m1!1s0x872b6d76ab303e0d:0x4b93d7c8dcec3c92!2m2!1d-112.0652845!2d33.5679784!3m4!1m2!1d-111.9543241!2d33.8311434!3s0x872b7c20f9c537eb:0xe9797bf7fc706a5a!1m0!3e0?entry=ttu","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of Cave Creek Road\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.3569515,-111.8418219/33.4586818,-111.8395017/@33.4093442,-111.8606955,13.17z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0?entry=ttu","external_links_name":"\"Overview map of Country Club Drive\""},{"Link":"http://downtowndevil.com/2014/09/02/59655/phoenix-festivities-arts-business/","external_links_name":"\"Two Phoenix events combine festivities to promote arts and local business\""},{"Link":"http://ktar.com/22/1724404/Grand-Avenues-new-look-has-business-benefits","external_links_name":"\"Grand Avenue's new look has business benefits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090710121349/http://whitebison.org/wellbriety-journey/PhoenixIndianSchool.htm","external_links_name":"\"Untitled Document\""},{"Link":"http://www.whitebison.org/wellbriety-journey/PhoenixIndianSchool.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223054959/http://www.phoenixmag.com/lifestyle/history/200908/indian--boarding--school-road/","external_links_name":"\"Indian 'Boarding' School Road - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMMA_(FM)	KMMA (FM)	["1 History","1.1 Christian music (1990–2001)","1.2 Oldies (2001–2003)","1.3 Spanish-language music (2003–2011)","1.4 KNST simulcast (2011–2013)","1.5 Country (2013–2021)","1.6 Hot adult contemporary (2021–2022)","1.7 Spanish contemporary (2022–present)","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 31°58′37″N 111°6′4″W / 31.97694°N 111.10111°W / 31.97694; -111.10111 For the defunct television station in San Luis Obispo, California, see KMMA-CD. Radio station in Green Valley, ArizonaKMMAGreen Valley, ArizonaBroadcast areaTucson metropolitan areaFrequency97.1 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingMega 97.1ProgrammingFormatSpanish hitsOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsKHUD, KNST, KOHT, KRQQ, KTZR, KXEWHistoryFirst air dateOctober 21, 1990; 33 years ago (1990-10-21) (as KGMS)Former call signsKGMS (1990–2001)KCEE (2001)KWFM-FM (2001–2003)KTZR-FM (2003–2011)KNST-FM (2011–2013)KYWD (2013–2021)KMIY (2021–2022)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID24583ClassC3ERP25,000 wattsHAAT100 meters (330 ft)Transmitter coordinates32°00′11.8″N 110°47′51.1″W / 32.003278°N 110.797528°W / 32.003278; -110.797528LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via iHeartRadio)Websitemegatucson.iheart.com KMMA (97.1 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Green Valley, Arizona and serving the Tucson metropolitan area. It carries a Spanish Contemporary radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The studios are on North Oracle Road. KMMA has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 25,000 watts. The transmitter is on Pima Mine Ranch Road, southeast of Tucson, near the Pima County Fairgrounds. Because of the transmitter location, the station is hard to pick up in most northern suburbs of Tucson, but is easy to receive in central and southern communities. KMMA broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its HD2 digital subchannel formerly carries the iHeartRadio Love Songs format. The HD2 subchannel has since been turned off. History Christian music (1990–2001) The station signed on the air on October 21, 1990. The call sign was KGMS, which represented letters in the name of the owner, Good Music, Inc. KGMS was a Christian contemporary station that played Christian pop, rock, and even dance songs in the mix. Even though the station's transmitter was about 30 miles from Tucson, it was marketed to Tucson radio listeners. Oldies (2001–2003) In 2001, it became "Cool FM", an oldies station using the call sign KWFM-FM. KWFM originally was on 92.9, but when its owner, Clear Channel Communications switched it to country music as "Coyote Country", those call letters and format became available to 97.1. Problems with signal reception across the city were evident. Plans to move the station's license to Tucson and increase its power were never approved by the Federal Communications Commission, leaving poor ratings for Cool FM. Spanish-language music (2003–2011) In 2003, KWFM's call sign and oldies format were moved to 1450 AM, while 97.1 flipped to KTZR-FM, with a Spanish-language oldies format, "La Preciosa 97.1". It switched again, this time to Spanish AC as "Mia 97.1". Programming 97.1 to Tucson's Latino community did not improve the ratings. KTZR-FM was ranked anywhere from 15th to 20th place in Arbitron numbers. KNST simulcast (2011–2013) On November 28, 2011, KTZR-FM flipped to a simulcast of talk radio station KNST 790 AM. It changed its call letters to KNST-FM. Country (2013–2021) On February 14, 2013, KNST-FM flipped to country music as "Wild Country 97.1". A week later, the call sign changed to KYWD. On December 18, 2015, KYWD rebranded as "97.1 The Bull". Hot adult contemporary (2021–2022) Logo as "My 97.1" On January 6, 2021, at 9:29 am, KYWD's country format moved to KMIY (92.9 FM) as part of a format swap. KMIY's former hot adult contemporary format moved to 97.1, now branded as "My 97.1". The KMIY call sign moved to the 97.1 frequency on March 29. Spanish contemporary (2022–present) The station's call sign was changed to KMMA on September 16, 2022. On September 23, at 4:58 pm, after playing "Bad Habits" by Ed Sheeran, KMMA began stunting with a jockless Spanish CHR music playlist, with liners in both English and Spanish advising listeners to get ready for a new radio station and to be "a part of history". The first song under the stunt was "Soy Peor" by Bad Bunny. While at the time of the shift the station had not disclosed any further information as to when the change would take place, radio news website RadioInsight had revealed iHeart's potential plans over two months earlier on July 13. iHeart management had registered several domains for the station, which suggested possibilities for the station such as a flip to sports talk as "Wildcat 97.1" or a resurrection of the "My" format's predecessor on 92.9 FM, adult album alternative as "The Mountain". The change came after the format proved unable to recover from the move to 97.1 in local Nielsen ratings, bottoming out with a 0.6 share in the August 2022 books. Om September 26, 2022, at 7:03 am, the station flipped to a bilingual-presented Spanish CHR format as “Mega 97.1, #1 Para Latino Hits”. The first song played on Mega was "Provenza" by Karol G. With the move, the station added former KZZP Phoenix afternoon host Suzette Rodriguez in mornings from 6am-12pm and Ivan Gonzalez from 12-6pm. Rodriguez, a Tucson native, was previously heard on KRQQ and the syndicated JohnJay & Rich morning show, and had most recently tracked afternoons in the market on KOHT. See also List of radio stations in Arizona References ^ "Facility Technical Data for KMMA". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ Radio-Locator.com/KMMA ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1992 page A-20, Broadcasting & Cable ^ "Clear Channel Flips Tucson: KNST-A Gets FM Simulcast, KWMT Now Hot AC 'My 92.9,' KWFM Flips to 'La Preciosa'". ^ "Clear Channel Shuffles More Tucson Formats". ^ "Tucson gets new country radio station". ^ iHeartMedia Launches 92.9 The Bull Tucson Radioinsight - January 4, 2021 ^ a b Mega 97.1 Debuts In Tucson ^ Domain Insight 7/13: Format Change Coming to My 97.1 Tucson? External links Official website KMMA in the FCC FM station database KMMA in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in the Tucson, Arizona, metropolitan areaBy AM frequency 580 690 790 830 940 990 1030 1080 1290 1400 1450 1490 1550 1570 1600 By FM frequency 88.1 88.5 88.9 89.1 90.5 91.3 92.1 92.9 93.7 94.9 96.1 97.1 97.5 98.3 99.5 102.1 103.7 104.1 104.5 104.9 105.3 106.3 107.5 LPFM 90.1 91.7 98.7 99.1 99.9 100.3 100.7 Translators 89.7 89.9 92.5 93.3 94.3 95.7 96.5 96.7 97.9 98.9 100.9 101.7 102.7 104.9 106.7 107.9 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.400 By call sign K209AF K210EU K223CI K227DX K232FD K243CC K244EI K250AN K255AC K265CW K269FV K274AQ K285DL K294CR K300CV KAIC KAMP KCDS-LP KCEE KCMT KCUB KDRI KFFN KFLT-FM KFMA KGMS KGVY KHUD KHYT KIIM-FM KLPX KLTU KMKR-LP KMMA KMXZ-FM KNST KOHT KPYT-LP KPYU-LP KRDX KRQQ KSAZ KSZR KTDT-LP KTGV KTKT KTUC KTZR KUAT-FM KUAZ KUAZ-FM KVAN-LP KVCC KVOI KWCX-FM KWXL-LP KXCI KXEW KXZK KZLZ WXL30 Defunct KEVT (1210 AM) KIKX (580 AM) KSOM (92.1 FM) KWFM (1330 AM) Nearby regions – U.S. Las Cruces Nogales Phoenix Yuma Mexico Nogales See also List of radio stations in Arizona vteSpanish-language radio stations in the state of ArizonaStations KASA – Phoenix KBMB – Black Canyon City KCEC-FM – Wellton KCKO – Rio Rico KCMT – Green Valley KFUE – Buckeye KHOT-FM – Paradise Valley KHOV-FM – Wickenburg KIDR – Phoenix KLNZ – Glendale KMMA - Green Valley KNAI – Phoenix KNOG – Nogales KNUV – Tolleson KOFH – Nogales KOMR – Sun City KOY - Phoenix KQMR – Globe KRIT – Parker KRMB – Bisbee KRMC – Douglas KSAZ – Marana KTKT – Tucson KUKY – Wellton KVVA-FM – Apache Junction KXEG - Phoenix KXEW – South Tucson KYRM – Yuma KZLZ – Casas Adobes See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Arizona See also Classical Jazz Religious Spanish Smooth Jazz Other vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers Bob Pittman (Chairman/CEO) Board of directors Lowry Mays Irving Azoff B. J. "Red" McCombs J. C. Watts John H. Williams AM radio stations KABQ KAKC KASI KATZ KBFP KBME KBMR KCBL KCJB KCOL KCQL KCSJ KDFD KEIB KENI KEX KFAB KFAN KFBK KFBX KFI KFIV KFOO KFXR KFYI KFYR KGB KGHM KGME KGMY KHEY KHHO KHOW KHTY KHVH KHVN KIIX KIKI KION KJR KKGM KKSF KKTX KKXL KLAC KLSD KLTC KLVI KMJM KMNS KNEW KNRS KNST KOA KOGA KOGO KOY KPOJ KPRC KPTR KPWK KQNT KRDU KRRZ KRZR KSSK KSTE KTBZ KTKR KTLK KTOK KTRH KTSM KTZN KTZR KUBE KUNO KVET KVNS KWHN KWSL KWSX KWTX KXEW KXIC KXMR KXNO KXYZ KZFS WAAX WAEB WARF WAVZ WBBD WBEX WBGA WBGG WBHP WBIN WBIZ WBZ WBZT WCAO WCCF WCHI WCHO WCKY WCOS WCWA WDAE WDAK WDAS WDFN WDIA WDIZ WDOV WDSC WELI WENE WERC WESC WFLA WFLF WFNN WFXJ WFXN WGIG WGIR WGRB WGST WGVL WGY WHAM WHAS WHEN WHJJ WHLO WHNZ WHO WHOS WHP WHTK WHTY WHUC WHYN WIBA WIHB WILM WIMA WINR WINZ WIOD WISN WIZE WJAS WJBO WJDX WJDY WJET WJIP WJMX WJNO WJYZ WKBN WKBZ WKCY WKDW WKIP WKJK WKMQ WKRC WKRD WLAC WLAN WLAP WLTP WLW WMAN WMEQ WMFN WMGE WMMB WMMV WMRE WMRN WMT WMXF WNCO WNDE WNIO WNTM WOAI WOC WODT WOFX WOKY WONE WONW WOOD WOR WPCH WPEK WPKX WPOP WQLL WRAK WRAW WREC WRKK WRKO WRSO WRZX WSAI WSAN WSDV WSEK WSFC WSFZ WSOK WSPD WSRW WSYR WTAG WTAM WTEL WTGM WTKG WTKS WTKT WTLM WTLY WTSO WTUP WTVN WUST WVHU WVOC WWCD WWNC WWRK WWRL WWTF WWTX WWVA WXBN WXKS WYGM WYLD WYNF WYTS WZMG WZTA WZWB FM radio stations KAAZ-FM KABQ-FM KAKQ-FM KAGG KAJA KALZ KASE-FM (HD2) KASH-FM KATZ-FM (HD2) KBCO KBEB KBFM KBFP-FM KBFX KBGO (HD2) KBIG KBKS-FM KBOS-FM KBPI KBPL KBQI (HD2) KBRQ KCAD KCCY-FM KCDA KCOL-FM KCQQ KCYZ KDAG KDFO KDGE KDHT KDJE KDMX KDNN (HD2) KDON-FM KDRB KDWB-FM KEEY-FM KEGL (HD2) KESZ KEZA KFBK-FM KFBT KFBW KFFF (HD2) KFMQ KFOO-FM KFSO-FM KFXN-FM KFXR-FM KGB-FM KGBX-FM KGGI KGLI KGLX KGOR KGOT KHEY-FM KHFI-FM KHGE KHKN KHKS (HD2) KHKZ KHTS-FM KHUD KHYL KIAK-FM KIBT KIGL KIIS-FM KIIZ-FM KIOC KIOI KIOZ KISC (HD2) KISO (HD2) KISQ KIZS KIZZ KJAQ (HD2) KJEB KJKJ KJMS KJMY (HD2) KJR-FM (HD2) KJSN KJYO KKBD KKCW KKDM KKED KKFG KKIX KKLI KKMY (HD2) KKRQ KKRZ (HD2) KKSY-FM KKXL-FM KKYS KKZX KLFX KLOU KLTH KMAG KMCX-FM KMEL KMFX-FM KMJX KMMA KMOD-FM KMRQ KMXA-FM KMXF KMXG KMXP KMXR KMYI KMYT KNCN KNFX-FM KNIX-FM KNRS-FM KOCN KODA KODJ KOGA-FM KOHT KOKQ (HD2) KOLT-FM (HD2) KOLZ KOSF KOSO KOST KOSY-FM KPAW KPEK KPEZ (HD2) KPHT KPRC-FM KPRR (HD2) KQBT KQDY KQHT KQOD KQQL (HD2) (HD3) KQXT-FM (HD2) (HD3) KQXX-FM KRAB KRBB KRCH KRFX KRPT KRQQ KRRL KRVE KRYS-FM KSAB KSD KSEZ KSFT-FM KSLZ (HD2) KSME (HD2) KSNE-FM KSNR KSOF KSRY KSSK-FM KSSN KSSS KSSX KSWF KTBT KTBZ-FM KTCL KTCZ-FM (HD2) KTEG KTEX KTGX (HD2) KTHR KTLK-FM KTMQ KTOM-FM KTOZ-FM KTRA-FM KTSM-FM KTST KUBT (HD2) KUCD (HD2) KUUL KVDU KVET-FM KVJM KVUU KVVS KWBL KWNR KWNW KWTX-FM KXBG (HD2) KXJM KXKT KXNO-FM (HD2) KXTC KXUS KXXM KXXY-FM KYKR KYLD KYMG KYMT (HD2) KYOT KYRV (HD2) KYSR KYYX KYYY KZBB KZCH KZEP-FM KZHT KZIS KZOK-FM KZPR KZPS KZRR (HD2) KZRX KZSN KZZP WACL WACO-FM WACT WAEB-FM WAEV WAGH WAIO WAKS (HD2) WAKZ WAMX WAMZ WASH-FM WATQ WAVW WAXQ WAYV WAZR WBBG WBBI WBBQ-FM WBBS WBCG WBCT WBFX WBGG-FM WBIG-FM WBIZ-FM WBKS WBNW-FM WBTP WBTT WBUL-FM (HD2) WBUV WBVB WBWL WBWZ WBYL WBZW WBZY WCHD WCHI-FM (HD2) (HD3) WCHO-FM WCIB WCJM-FM WCKT WCKY-FM WCOD-FM WCOL-FM WCOS-FM WCTQ WCTW WCVU WCZR WDAR-FM WDAS-FM WDCG (HD2) WDFM WDMX WDRM WDSD WDVE WDVI WDXB (HD2) WEBG WEBN (HD2) (HD3) WEBZ WEGR WEGW WEGX WEII WEND WERC-FM (HD2) (HD3) WERZ WESC-FM WESE WEZL WFBQ WFFX WFKS WFLA-FM WFLF-FM WFLZ-FM WFMF WFQX WFSY WFUS (HD2) WFXN-FM WGAR-FM WGCI-FM WGEX WGIR-FM WGMY (HD2) (HD3) WGMZ WGSY WGTR WGY-FM WHAL-FM WHBT-FM WHCN WHCY WHEB WHFX WHJY WHKF WHLH WHLK WHLW WHOF (HD2) WHQC WHRK WHTZ WHYI-FM (HD2) WHYN-FM WIBA-FM (HD2) WIBB-FM WIHB-FM WIHT (HD2) WIKX WIMT WIOQ (HD2) WIOT WJBT (HD2) WJDX-FM WJIZ-FM WJJS WJJX WJKX WJLB WJMN WJMX-FM WJQQ WJRR (HD3) WKCI-FM (HD2) WKCY-FM WKDD WKEE-FM WKFS WKGB-FM WKGR WKGS WKKF WKKJ WKKR WKKT WKKV-FM WKNN-FM WKQI WKQQ WKSB WKSC-FM WKSF (HD2) (HD3) WKSI-FM (HD2) WKSJ-FM WKSL WKSP WKSS WKST-FM WKTU WKWK-FM WKZP WLAN-FM WLDI WLIT-FM WLKO WLKT (HD2) WLLK-FM WLLR-FM (HD2) WLLZ (HD2) (HD3) WLQB WLRQ-FM WLTW WLTY WLUB (HD2) WLVH WMAD WMAG WMAN-FM WMAX-FM WMEQ-FM WMGF (HD2) WMGP WMIA-FM (HD2) WMIB (HD3) WMIL-FM WMJI WMJJ (HD2) WMJY WMKS WMLX WMMS (HD2) WMMX WMOV-FM WMRN-FM WMRR WMRZ WMSI-FM WMTX WMUS WMXA WMXC (HD2) WMXD WMXL WMXW WMXY WMYI WMZQ-FM WNBL WNCB WNCD WNCI WNCO-FM WNDH WNIC WNNJ WNOE-FM WNOH WNOK WNRQ (HD2) WNRW WNSL WNUS WOBB WODC WOLL WOLT (HD3) WOLZ WOOD-FM WOVK WOWI WPAP (HD2) WPGB WPKF WPLA WPOC WPRW-FM WPTI WPYX WQBT WQBZ WQEN (HD2) (HD3) WQGA WQHQ WQIK-FM (HD2) WQLX WQMF (HD2) WQNQ WQNS WQOL WQRB WQRV (HD2) (HD3) WQSO WQSR WQUE-FM WQYZ WRBT WRBV WRDG WRDU WRDX WRFF WRFQ WRFX (HD2) WRFY-FM (HD2) WRGV WRIT-FM WRKF-FM WRKH (HD2) WRKT WRLX WRNO-FM (HD2) WRNQ WRNW WRNX WROO WROV-FM (HD2) WRTR WRTS WRUB WRUM (HD2) WRVB WRVE (HD2) WRVF WRVV WRVW WRWB-FM WRWD-FM WRXZ WRZE WSBY-FM WSCC-FM WSDF WSEK-FM WSIX-FM (HD3) WSNE-FM WSNX-FM WSOL-FM WSRS WSRW-FM WSRZ-FM WSSL-FM WSTH-FM WSTV (HD2 WSTZ-FM WSUS WSVO WSWR WSYR-FM WTAK-FM WTBU (HD2) WTCR-FM WTFX-FM WTKK WTKS-FM (HD2) WTKX-FM WTNT-FM WTQR WTRY-FM WTTH WTUE WTUP-FM WTWF WTXT WTZB WUBL (HD2) WUBT WUCS WUMR (HD2) WUSL WUSQ-FM WVAZ WVBZ WVKF WVKS (HD2) WVOR WVRK WVRT WWDC (HD2) WWBB WWFG WWHT WWKZ WWMG WWPR-FM WWPW WWSW-FM (HD2) WWYZ WWXM WWZD-FM WXBB WXBT (HD2) WXDX-FM WXKS-FM WXLY WXSR WXTB WXTK WXXF WXXL (HD2) WXXM WXZX WYHT WYKZ WYLD-FM WYNA WYNK-FM (HD2) WYNR WYNT WYYD WYYY WZBQ WZBZ WZCB (HD2) WZCR WZDA WZEE WZFT WZHT WZJZ WZLD WZLX WZOM WZRL WZRM WZRX-FM WZTF WZTU WZXL WZZO WZZR (HD2) Radio networks Black Information Network Evolution Pride Fox Sports Radio Premiere Networks Premium Choice Total Traffic and Weather Network Miscellaneous Clear Channel Outdoor Clear Channel UK HowStuffWorks iHeartRadio List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia List of radio stations owned by iHeartMedia Mediabase Radio Computing Services Clear Channel memorandum 31°58′37″N 111°6′4″W / 31.97694°N 111.10111°W / 31.97694; -111.10111	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KMMA-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMMA-CD"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"Green Valley, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Valley,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tucson metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Spanish Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"radio format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia,_Inc."},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Pima County Fairgrounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_County_Fair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"},{"link_name":"Love Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_song"}],"text":"For the defunct television station in San Luis Obispo, California, see KMMA-CD.Radio station in Green Valley, ArizonaKMMA (97.1 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Green Valley, Arizona and serving the Tucson metropolitan area. It carries a Spanish Contemporary radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The studios are on North Oracle Road.KMMA has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 25,000 watts. The transmitter is on Pima Mine Ranch Road, southeast of Tucson, near the Pima County Fairgrounds.[2] Because of the transmitter location, the station is hard to pick up in most northern suburbs of Tucson, but is easy to receive in central and southern communities. KMMA broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its HD2 digital subchannel formerly carries the iHeartRadio Love Songs format. The HD2 subchannel has since been turned off.","title":"KMMA (FM)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"Christian contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_contemporary"}],"sub_title":"Christian music (1990–2001)","text":"The station signed on the air on October 21, 1990.[3] The call sign was KGMS, which represented letters in the name of the owner, Good Music, Inc. KGMS was a Christian contemporary station that played Christian pop, rock, and even dance songs in the mix. Even though the station's transmitter was about 30 miles from Tucson, it was marketed to Tucson radio listeners.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"}],"sub_title":"Oldies (2001–2003)","text":"In 2001, it became \"Cool FM\", an oldies station using the call sign KWFM-FM. KWFM originally was on 92.9, but when its owner, Clear Channel Communications switched it to country music as \"Coyote Country\", those call letters and format became available to 97.1. Problems with signal reception across the city were evident. Plans to move the station's license to Tucson and increase its power were never approved by the Federal Communications Commission, leaving poor ratings for Cool FM.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1450 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTZR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"}],"sub_title":"Spanish-language music (2003–2011)","text":"In 2003, KWFM's call sign and oldies format were moved to 1450 AM, while 97.1 flipped to KTZR-FM, with a Spanish-language oldies format, \"La Preciosa 97.1\". It switched again, this time to Spanish AC as \"Mia 97.1\". Programming 97.1 to Tucson's Latino community did not improve the ratings. KTZR-FM was ranked anywhere from 15th to 20th place in Arbitron numbers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"KNST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNST"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"KNST simulcast (2011–2013)","text":"On November 28, 2011, KTZR-FM flipped to a simulcast of talk radio station KNST 790 AM. It changed its call letters to KNST-FM.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Country (2013–2021)","text":"On February 14, 2013, KNST-FM flipped to country music as \"Wild Country 97.1\".[6] A week later, the call sign changed to KYWD. On December 18, 2015, KYWD rebranded as \"97.1 The Bull\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KMIY_My_97.1_logo.png"},{"link_name":"KMIY (92.9 FM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHUD"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Hot adult contemporary (2021–2022)","text":"Logo as \"My 97.1\"On January 6, 2021, at 9:29 am, KYWD's country format moved to KMIY (92.9 FM) as part of a format swap. KMIY's former hot adult contemporary format moved to 97.1, now branded as \"My 97.1\".[7] The KMIY call sign moved to the 97.1 frequency on March 29.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad Habits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Habits_(Ed_Sheeran_song)"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"stunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunting_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Spanish CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"Soy Peor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_Peor"},{"link_name":"Bad Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Bunny"},{"link_name":"sports talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_talk"},{"link_name":"Wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"adult album alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_album_alternative"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mega-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mega-8"},{"link_name":"Provenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenza_(song)"},{"link_name":"Karol G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_G"},{"link_name":"KZZP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZZP"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"KRQQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRQQ"},{"link_name":"KOHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOHT"}],"sub_title":"Spanish contemporary (2022–present)","text":"The station's call sign was changed to KMMA on September 16, 2022. On September 23, at 4:58 pm, after playing \"Bad Habits\" by Ed Sheeran, KMMA began stunting with a jockless Spanish CHR music playlist, with liners in both English and Spanish advising listeners to get ready for a new radio station and to be \"a part of history\". The first song under the stunt was \"Soy Peor\" by Bad Bunny.While at the time of the shift the station had not disclosed any further information as to when the change would take place, radio news website RadioInsight had revealed iHeart's potential plans over two months earlier on July 13. iHeart management had registered several domains for the station, which suggested possibilities for the station such as a flip to sports talk as \"Wildcat 97.1\" or a resurrection of the \"My\" format's predecessor on 92.9 FM, adult album alternative as \"The Mountain\". The change came after the format proved unable to recover from the move to 97.1 in local Nielsen ratings, bottoming out with a 0.6 share in the August 2022 books.[8][9]Om September 26, 2022, at 7:03 am, the station flipped to a bilingual-presented Spanish CHR format as “Mega 97.1, #1 Para Latino Hits”.[8] The first song played on Mega was \"Provenza\" by Karol G. With the move, the station added former KZZP Phoenix afternoon host Suzette Rodriguez in mornings from 6am-12pm and Ivan Gonzalez from 12-6pm. Rodriguez, a Tucson native, was previously heard on KRQQ and the syndicated JohnJay & Rich morning show, and had most recently tracked afternoons in the market on KOHT.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Logo as \"My 97.1\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KMIY_My_97.1_logo.png/220px-KMIY_My_97.1_logo.png"}]	[{"title":"List of radio stations in Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Arizona"}]	[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KMMA\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=24583","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KMMA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Clear Channel Flips Tucson: KNST-A Gets FM Simulcast, KWMT Now Hot AC 'My 92.9,' KWFM Flips to 'La Preciosa'\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/99345/clear-channel-flips-tucson-knst-a-gets-fm-simulcas","url_text":"\"Clear Channel Flips Tucson: KNST-A Gets FM Simulcast, KWMT Now Hot AC 'My 92.9,' KWFM Flips to 'La Preciosa'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clear Channel Shuffles More Tucson Formats\".","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/54450/clear-channel-shuffles-more-tucson-formats/#.TtQVdmCqCPo","url_text":"\"Clear Channel Shuffles More Tucson Formats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tucson gets new country radio station\".","urls":[{"url":"http://azstarnet.com/entertainment/blogs/caliente-tuned-in/tucson-gets-new-country-radio-station/article_51053e66-76d2-11e2-a462-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Tucson gets new country radio station\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KMMA_(FM)&params=31_58_37_N_111_6_4_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°58′37″N 111°6′4″W / 31.97694°N 111.10111°W / 31.97694; -111.10111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KMMA_(FM)&params=32_00_11.8_N_110_47_51.1_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"32°00′11.8″N 110°47′51.1″W / 32.003278°N 110.797528°W / 32.003278; -110.797528"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/fm-profile/KMMA","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=24583","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/live/mega-971-69/?autoplay=true","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://megatucson.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"megatucson.iheart.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=24583","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for KMMA\""},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/finder?call=kmma&x=8&y=6&sr=Y&s=C","external_links_name":"Radio-Locator.com/KMMA"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1992/Radio-All-BC-YB-1992-B&W.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting Yearbook 1992"},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/99345/clear-channel-flips-tucson-knst-a-gets-fm-simulcas","external_links_name":"\"Clear Channel Flips Tucson: KNST-A Gets FM Simulcast, KWMT Now Hot AC 'My 92.9,' KWFM Flips to 'La Preciosa'\""},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/54450/clear-channel-shuffles-more-tucson-formats/#.TtQVdmCqCPo","external_links_name":"\"Clear Channel Shuffles More Tucson Formats\""},{"Link":"http://azstarnet.com/entertainment/blogs/caliente-tuned-in/tucson-gets-new-country-radio-station/article_51053e66-76d2-11e2-a462-001a4bcf887a.html","external_links_name":"\"Tucson gets new country radio station\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/203702/92-9-tucson-to-debut-new-format-wednesday/","external_links_name":"iHeartMedia Launches 92.9 The Bull Tucson"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/242905/my-97-1-tucson-begins-stunting/","external_links_name":"Mega 97.1 Debuts In Tucson"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/netgnomes/232846/domain-insight-7-13-format-change-coming-to-my-97-1-tucson/","external_links_name":"Domain Insight 7/13: Format Change Coming to My 97.1 Tucson?"},{"Link":"https://megatucson.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KMMA","external_links_name":"KMMA"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KMMA","external_links_name":"KMMA"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KMMA_(FM)&params=31_58_37_N_111_6_4_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°58′37″N 111°6′4″W / 31.97694°N 111.10111°W / 31.97694; -111.10111"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Mann_(athlete)	Leslie Mann (athlete)	["1 Early years","2 Playing career","3 Coaching career","4 International baseball","5 Later years","6 Head coaching records","7 Hitting and fielding stats","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	American baseball player (1892–1962) For the actress, see Leslie Mann. Leslie MannMann from The Arbutus, 1923President of the IBFIn officeAugust 18, 1938 – October 6, 1940Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byJaime Mariné Personal detailsBorn(1892-11-18)November 18, 1892Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.DiedJanuary 14, 1962(1962-01-14) (aged 69)Pasadena, California, U.S.Alma materInternational YMCA CollegeBaseball player Baseball careerOutfielderBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 30, 1913, for the Boston BravesLast MLB appearanceSeptember 30, 1928, for the New York GiantsMLB statisticsBatting average.282Hits1,332Runs batted in503Teams Boston Braves (1913–1914) Chicago Whales (1915) Chicago Cubs (1916–1919) Boston Braves (1919–1920) St. Louis Cardinals (1921–1923) Cincinnati Reds (1923) Boston Braves (1924–1927) New York Giants (1927–1928) Career highlights and awards World Series champion (1914) Federal League pennant winner (1915) Coaching careerCoaching career (HC unless noted)Basketball1915–1918Amherst1919–1920Rice1922–1924Indiana1924–1926Springfield (MA) Head coaching recordOverall43–30 Leslie Mann (November 18, 1892 – January 14, 1962) was an American athlete and sports administrator. He played college football and professional baseball, and went on to coach football, baseball, and basketball. He was the founder and first president of the International Baseball Federation (IBF), the predecessor to the modern World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC). Mann played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder from 1913 to 1928 for seven teams, spending eight years of his career with the Boston Braves. After his playing career, Mann became a tireless promoter of international amateur baseball, founding the U.S. Amateur Baseball Federation in 1931 and the International Baseball Federation in 1938. He helped bring baseball to the 1936 Berlin Olympics and coached the United States national team at the inaugural 1938 Amateur World Series. His efforts to further internationalize the game were derailed by World War II. Mann was the head basketball coach at Rice Institute (1919–1920), Indiana University (1922–1924), and Springfield College (1924–1926). He compiled a career record of 43–30 in five seasons as a head basketball coach. Early years Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Mann attended the Y.M.C.A. College in Springfield, Massachusetts. He played both football and basketball at Springfield and was regarded as "one of the best football players the training school ever had." Playing career This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leslie Mann" athlete – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mann later became a professional baseball player. From 1913 to 1928, he played for the Boston Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, New York Giants, and Chicago Cubs. He was a member of the 1914 "Miracle" Braves team that went from last place to first place in two months, becoming the first team to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July. The team then went on to defeat Connie Mack's heavily favored Philadelphia Athletics in the 1914 World Series. Mann jumped to the rival Federal League in 1915, signing with the Chicago Whales. The short lived league was in its final season, but Mann recorded his best season as a professional, batting .306 and leading the league with 19 triples as the Whales won the pennant. With the demise of the Federal League, Mann returned to Major League Baseball as a member of the Chicago Cubs in 1916. As a member of the pennant winning Cubs in 1918, Mann also recorded an RBI single off Babe Ruth in Game 4 of the 1918 World Series. Ruth's Boston Red Sox defeated the Cubs 4-2 to win the Series, their last World Series title until 2004. Mann served mostly as a platoon player from 1919 onward. Although he'd bat over .300 in several season over the final part of his career, Mann did do so falling well short of the necessary plate appearances to qualify for a batting title. Mann had a reputation as a "clean" player, who disapproved of vices like drinking and gambling in the clubhouse. While he was with the Cardinals in 1922, he received a letter from Giants pitcher Phil Douglas. Douglas, at odds with Giants manager John McGraw, suggested that he would be willing to jump ship, effectively tipping the pennant race to the Cardinals. Mann advised manager Branch Rickey, who passed the letter to Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who banned Douglas from baseball for life. Coaching career Mann also worked for many years as a college football and basketball coach. From 1914 to 1916, he was a basketball coach at Amherst College. In 1919, he became a coach at Rice Institute in Houston. In February 1922, Mann was hired as an assistant football coach at Indiana. He also coached the Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team during the 1922–23 and 1923–24 seasons. Starting in 1924, Mann was hired as the head basketball coach and assistant football coach at his alma mater, which by then had become Springfield College. International baseball This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Leslie Mann" athlete – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leslie Mann in 1940 After retiring as a player and coach, Mann became an advocate for baseball as an international sport. He founded the U.S.A. Baseball Congress, and organized a 20-game tour of Japan in 1935. Mann went on to found the International Baseball Federation (IBF) in 1938. Its inaugural tournament was held in England, billed as the Amateur World Series. The English team, composed mainly of Canadian college players, won 4 out of 5 games against the American team. The IBF also organized subsequent championships in Cuba in 1939 and Puerto Rico in 1941. Mann fought to include baseball at the Summer Olympics. He petitioned the US Olympic Committee to include baseball as a demonstration sport at the 1932 Los Angeles Games, but the committee chose football and lacrosse instead. Baseball's inclusion in the Olympics was opposed by powerful figures like Avery Brundage, head of the USOC (and future president of the International Olympic Committee), who was "a firm believer in the idea that there was no such thing as an amateur baseball player." Nevertheless, Mann's efforts to promote the sport got baseball was selected as a demonstration sport in the 1936 Summer Olympics played in Berlin. Originally, the United States team was scheduled to play a Japanese team, but the Japanese withdrew. The American team was separated into two squads who competed against each other in a single game. The "World Champions" lineup beat the "U. S. Olympics" lineup by a score of 6–5 before a crowd of 100,000 people on August 12, 1936. World War II brought Mann's efforts to an end. His plans for the 1940 Olympic Games in Tokyo – where baseball had already been approved as a demonstration sport – were scuttled after Japan forfeited the games. Mann also had hopes to establish Olympic baseball at the 1944 Games in London, but those too were canceled due to the outbreak of war. Mann also arranged a 33-game tour of South Africa and Rhodesia between November 1955 and February 1956. Later years He died in Pasadena, California on January 14, 1962, aged 69. Head coaching records Statistics overview Season Team Overall Conference Standing Postseason Rice Owls (Southwest Conference) (1919–1920) 1919-20 Rice 6-6 Indiana Hoosiers (Big Ten Conference) (1923–1924) 1922–23 Indiana 8–7 5–7 7th 1923–24 Indiana 11–6 7–5 T–6th Indiana: 19–13 12–12 Total: 43-30 National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion Hitting and fielding stats 1,498 Games 4,716 At-bats 1,332 Hits 677 Runs 203 Doubles 106 Triples 44 Home runs 503 RBIs 129 Stolen bases 324 Bases on balls .282 Batting average .332 On-base percentage .398 Slugging percentage .966 Fielding percentage Source: See also List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders References ^ a b c d "Mann New Hoosier Coach: St. Louis Outfielder and Kenneth Brewer to Aid Stiehm" (PDF). The New York Times. February 10, 1922. ^ a b "Amherst Asks Leslie Mann to Become Coach". The Pittsburgh Press. November 18, 1916. ^ The 1914 Boston Braves at www.thisgreatgame.com Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Mann to Coach Amherst Five" (PDF). The New York Times. December 26, 1914. ^ "Amherst May Lose Mann". The Christian Science Monitor. November 20, 1916. ^ "Leslie Mann Now Grid Coach at Indiana". The Milwaukee Journal. October 4, 1922. ^ "Indiana Secures Mann: Cardinal Outfielder to Sere on Athletic Staff". The New York Times. July 13, 1923. ^ "Leslie Mann Helping to Coach Springfield". Boston Daily Globe. October 1, 1925. ^ a b "Les Mann". SABR. ^ Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu (2012). Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War. UNC Chapel Hill. p. 168. ^ "100,000 See Ball Contest". Windsor Star. Associated Press. August 13, 1936. Retrieved October 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Seymour, Harold (1991). Baseball: The People's Game, Volume 3. Oxford University Press US. p. 289. ISBN 0-19-506907-2. ^ "Baseball - USA vs. S. Rhodesia". Rhodesian Spotlight. No. 33. British Film Institute. Retrieved 22 November 2023. ^ "Les Mann Career Statistics at Baseball Reference". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved May 1, 2024. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Leslie Mann at College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com Links to related articles vteWBSC Baseball at the Summer Olympics Softball at the Summer Olympics Baseball5 at the Youth Olympics Codes Baseball Baseball5 Softball Confederations WBSC Africa WBSC Americas WBSC Asia WBSC Europe WBSC Oceania Baseball tournamentsInternational World Baseball Classic Women's Baseball World Cup WBSC Premier12 U-23 Baseball World Cup U-18 Baseball World Cup U-15 Baseball World Cup U-12 Baseball World Cup Club BCL Americas BCL Europe Softball tournaments Women's Softball World Cup Men's Softball World Cup U-23 Men's Softball World Cup U-18 Women's Softball World Cup U-18 Men's Softball World Cup U-15 Women's Softball World Cup U-12 Softball World Cup Coed Slow Pitch World Cup Baseball5 tournaments Baseball5 World Cup Youth Baseball5 World Cup PresidentsIBAF Leslie Mann (1938–40) Jaime Mariné (1940–43) Jorge Reyes (1943–45) Pablo Morales (1945–47) Chale Pereira (1947–50) Pablo Morales (1950–52) Carlos Zecca (1952–69) Juan Isa (1969–76) William Fehring (1973–75) Carlos García (1975–76) Manuel González (1976–80) Robert Smith (1980–93) Aldo Notari (1993–2006) Harvey Schiller (2006–09) Riccardo Fraccari (2009–13) WBSC Riccardo Fraccari (2013–present) Rankings WBSC World Rankings 1938—2013: International Baseball Federation (IBF / FIBA / AINBA / IBAF) vteBoston Braves 1914 World Series champions Ted Cather Joe Connolly Charlie Deal Josh Devore Johnny Evers (NL MVP) Larry Gilbert Hank Gowdy Bill James Les Mann Rabbit Maranville Herbie Moran Dick Rudolph Butch Schmidt Paul Strand Lefty Tyler Bert Whaling Possum Whitted Manager George Stallings Regular season vteChicago Whales 1915 Federal League champions Fred Beck Dave Black Ad Brennan Mordecai Brown Jack Farrell William Fischer Max Flack Harry Fritz Charlie Hanford Claude Hendrix Bill Jackson Rankin Johnson Les Mann George McConnell Mike Prendergast Jimmy Smith Joe Tinker Art Wilson Tex Wisterzil Rollie Zeider Dutch Zwilling Manager: Joe Tinker vteAmherst Mammoths men's basketball head coaches No coach (1901–1915) Leslie Mann (1915–1918) Gray (1918–1919) Widmeyer (1919–1921) Tuss McLaughry (1921–1926) Grayson (1926–1927) Alfred G. Wheeler (1927–1932) Lloyd Jordan (1932–1948) Rick Wilson (1948–1977) David Hixon (1978–2019) Aaron Toomey # (2019–2020) Marlon Sears (2020– ) # denotes interim head coach vteRice Owls men's basketball head coaches Robert Cummings (1914–1917) Wilbur Tisdale (1917–1919) Leslie Mann (1919–1920) Pete Cawthon (1920–1921) Howard Yerges Sr. (1921–1922) Philip Arbuckle (1922–1923) Pete Cawthon (1923–1924) John Nicholson (1924–1925) Franklyn Ashcraft (1925–1927) Russell Daugherty (1927–1932) Jimmy Kitts (1932–1938) Buster Brannon (1938–1942) Joe Davis (1942–1945) Buster Brannon (1945–1946) Joe Davis (1946–1949) Don Suman (1949–1959) John Frankie (1959–1963) George Carlisle (1963–1966) Don Knodel (1966–1974) Bob Polk (1974–1977) Mike Schuler (1977–1981) Tommy Suitts (1981–1987) Scott Thompson (1987–1992) Willis Wilson (1992–2008) Ben Braun (2008–2014) Mike Rhoades (2014–2017) Scott Pera (2017–2024) Rob Lanier (2024– ) vteIndiana Hoosiers men's basketball head coaches James H. Horne (1900–1901) Phelps Darby (1901–1902) Willis Coval (1903–1904) Zora G. Clevenger (1904–1906) James M. Sheldon (1906–1907) Ed Cook (1907–1908) Robert Harris (1908–1909) John Georgen (1909–1910) Oscar Rackle (1910–1911) James Kase (1911–1912) Art Powell (1912–1913) Arthur Berndt (1913–1915) Allan Williford (1915–1916) Guy Lowman (1916–1917) Dana Evans (1917–1919) Ewald O. Stiehm (1919–1920) George Levis (1920–1922) Leslie Mann (1922–1924) Everett Dean (1924–1938) Branch McCracken (1938–1943) Harry Good # (1943–1946) Branch McCracken (1946–1965) Lou Watson (1965–1969) Jerry Oliver # (1969–1970) Lou Watson (1970–1971) Bob Knight (1971–2000) Mike Davis (2000–2006) Kelvin Sampson (2006–2008) Dan Dakich # (2008) Tom Crean (2008–2017) Archie Miller (2017–2021) Mike Woodson (2021– ) # denotes interim head coach vteSpringfield Pride men's basketball head coaches No coach (1905–1906) No team (1906–1907) Gueroon N. Messer (1907–1908) Frank Winters (1908–1909) Thomas Burkhalter (1909–1910) Austin G. Johnson (1910–1922) Paul Otto (1922–1924) Leslie Mann (1924–1926) Edward J. Hickox (1926–1942) Wendall D. Mansfield (1942–1943) No team (1943–1946) John Bunn (1946–1956) Ed Steitz (1956–1966) Edward Bilik (1966–1986) Hal Wissel (1986–1990) Mike Theulen (1990–1998) Charlie Brock (1998–2022) Michael McClendon (2022– )	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leslie Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Mann"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"International Baseball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baseball_Federation"},{"link_name":"World Baseball Softball Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfield"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur Baseball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Baseball"},{"link_name":"1936 Berlin Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"1938 Amateur World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Amateur_World_Series"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Rice Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"Springfield College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_College_(Massachusetts)"}],"text":"For the actress, see Leslie Mann.Leslie Mann (November 18, 1892 – January 14, 1962) was an American athlete and sports administrator. He played college football and professional baseball, and went on to coach football, baseball, and basketball. He was the founder and first president of the International Baseball Federation (IBF), the predecessor to the modern World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC).Mann played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder from 1913 to 1928 for seven teams, spending eight years of his career with the Boston Braves. After his playing career, Mann became a tireless promoter of international amateur baseball, founding the U.S. Amateur Baseball Federation in 1931 and the International Baseball Federation in 1938. He helped bring baseball to the 1936 Berlin Olympics and coached the United States national team at the inaugural 1938 Amateur World Series. His efforts to further internationalize the game were derailed by World War II.Mann was the head basketball coach at Rice Institute (1919–1920), Indiana University (1922–1924), and Springfield College (1924–1926). He compiled a career record of 43–30 in five seasons as a head basketball coach.","title":"Leslie Mann (athlete)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amh-2"}],"text":"Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Mann attended the Y.M.C.A. College in Springfield, Massachusetts.[1] He played both football and basketball at Springfield and was regarded as \"one of the best football players the training school ever had.\"[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"1914 \"Miracle\" Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Boston_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennant_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Connie Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Mack"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Philadelphia_Athletics_season"},{"link_name":"1914 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Federal League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago Whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Whales"},{"link_name":"the Whales won the pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Chicago_Whales_season"},{"link_name":"pennant winning Cubs in 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Chicago_Cubs_season"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"1918 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Boston_Red_Sox_season"},{"link_name":"last World Series title until 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Bambino"},{"link_name":"Phil Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Douglas_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"John McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGraw"},{"link_name":"Branch Rickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Rickey"},{"link_name":"Baseball Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Kenesaw Mountain Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis"}],"text":"Mann later became a professional baseball player. From 1913 to 1928, he played for the Boston Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, New York Giants, and Chicago Cubs.He was a member of the 1914 \"Miracle\" Braves team that went from last place to first place in two months, becoming the first team to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July.[3] The team then went on to defeat Connie Mack's heavily favored Philadelphia Athletics in the 1914 World Series.Mann jumped to the rival Federal League in 1915, signing with the Chicago Whales. The short lived league was in its final season, but Mann recorded his best season as a professional, batting .306 and leading the league with 19 triples as the Whales won the pennant.With the demise of the Federal League, Mann returned to Major League Baseball as a member of the Chicago Cubs in 1916. As a member of the pennant winning Cubs in 1918, Mann also recorded an RBI single off Babe Ruth in Game 4 of the 1918 World Series. Ruth's Boston Red Sox defeated the Cubs 4-2 to win the Series, their last World Series title until 2004.Mann served mostly as a platoon player from 1919 onward. Although he'd bat over .300 in several season over the final part of his career, Mann did do so falling well short of the necessary plate appearances to qualify for a batting title.Mann had a reputation as a \"clean\" player, who disapproved of vices like drinking and gambling in the clubhouse. While he was with the Cardinals in 1922, he received a letter from Giants pitcher Phil Douglas. Douglas, at odds with Giants manager John McGraw, suggested that he would be willing to jump ship, effectively tipping the pennant race to the Cardinals. Mann advised manager Branch Rickey, who passed the letter to Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who banned Douglas from baseball for life.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amh-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rice Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Springfield College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_College_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Mann also worked for many years as a college football and basketball coach. From 1914 to 1916, he was a basketball coach at Amherst College.[1][2][4][5]In 1919, he became a coach at Rice Institute in Houston.[1] In February 1922, Mann was hired as an assistant football coach at Indiana.[1][6] He also coached the Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team during the 1922–23 and 1923–24 seasons.[7]Starting in 1924, Mann was hired as the head basketball coach and assistant football coach at his alma mater, which by then had become Springfield College.[8]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Mann_IBF_1940.jpg"},{"link_name":"International Baseball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baseball_Federation"},{"link_name":"Amateur World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_Amateur_World_Series"},{"link_name":"English team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"American team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"Cuba in 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Amateur_World_Series"},{"link_name":"baseball at the Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"US Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_%26_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"1932 Los Angeles Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-9"},{"link_name":"Avery Brundage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Brundage"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1936 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Japanese team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1940 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1944 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-9"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Leslie Mann in 1940After retiring as a player and coach, Mann became an advocate for baseball as an international sport. He founded the U.S.A. Baseball Congress, and organized a 20-game tour of Japan in 1935.Mann went on to found the International Baseball Federation (IBF) in 1938. Its inaugural tournament was held in England, billed as the Amateur World Series. The English team, composed mainly of Canadian college players, won 4 out of 5 games against the American team. The IBF also organized subsequent championships in Cuba in 1939 and Puerto Rico in 1941.Mann fought to include baseball at the Summer Olympics. He petitioned the US Olympic Committee to include baseball as a demonstration sport at the 1932 Los Angeles Games, but the committee chose football and lacrosse instead.[9] Baseball's inclusion in the Olympics was opposed by powerful figures like Avery Brundage, head of the USOC (and future president of the International Olympic Committee), who was \"a firm believer in the idea that there was no such thing as an amateur baseball player.\"[10] Nevertheless, Mann's efforts to promote the sport got baseball was selected as a demonstration sport in the 1936 Summer Olympics played in Berlin. Originally, the United States team was scheduled to play a Japanese team, but the Japanese withdrew. The American team was separated into two squads who competed against each other in a single game. The \"World Champions\" lineup beat the \"U. S. Olympics\" lineup by a score of 6–5 before a crowd of 100,000 people on August 12, 1936.[11]World War II brought Mann's efforts to an end.[12] His plans for the 1940 Olympic Games in Tokyo – where baseball had already been approved as a demonstration sport – were scuttled after Japan forfeited the games. Mann also had hopes to establish Olympic baseball at the 1944 Games in London, but those too were canceled due to the outbreak of war.[9]Mann also arranged a 33-game tour of South Africa and Rhodesia between November 1955 and February 1956.[13]","title":"International baseball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He died in Pasadena, California on January 14, 1962, aged 69.[citation needed]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"1,498 Games\n4,716 At-bats\n1,332 Hits\n677 Runs\n203 Doubles\n106 Triples\n44 Home runs\n503 RBIs\n129 Stolen bases\n324 Bases on balls\n.282 Batting average\n.332 On-base percentage\n.398 Slugging percentage\n.966 Fielding percentageSource:[14]","title":"Hitting and fielding stats"}]	[{"image_text":"Leslie Mann in 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Les_Mann_IBF_1940.jpg/150px-Les_Mann_IBF_1940.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_triples_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_triples_leaders"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mann New Hoosier Coach: St. Louis Outfielder and Kenneth Brewer to Aid Stiehm\" (PDF). The New York Times. February 10, 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/02/10/98983131.pdf","url_text":"\"Mann New Hoosier Coach: St. Louis Outfielder and Kenneth Brewer to Aid Stiehm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amherst Asks Leslie Mann to Become Coach\". The Pittsburgh Press. November 18, 1916.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YUUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UUkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1033,795959&dq=leslie-mann+springfield&hl=en","url_text":"\"Amherst Asks Leslie Mann to Become Coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mann to Coach Amherst Five\" (PDF). The New York Times. December 26, 1914.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/12/26/100129276.pdf","url_text":"\"Mann to Coach Amherst Five\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amherst May Lose Mann\". The Christian Science Monitor. November 20, 1916.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/208039002.html?dids=208039002:208039002&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Nov+20%2C+1916&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=AMHERST+MAY+LOSE+MANN&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Amherst May Lose Mann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leslie Mann Now Grid Coach at Indiana\". The Milwaukee Journal. October 4, 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gKxRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=byEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6114,432203&dq=leslie-mann+indiana&hl=en","url_text":"\"Leslie Mann Now Grid Coach at Indiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana Secures Mann: Cardinal Outfielder to Sere on Athletic Staff\". The New York Times. July 13, 1923.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Leslie Mann Helping to Coach Springfield\". Boston Daily Globe. October 1, 1925.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1880164812.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+01%2C+1925&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe+(1923-1927)&desc=LESLIE+MANN+HELPING+TO+COACH+SPRINGFIELD&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Leslie Mann Helping to Coach Springfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Mann\". SABR.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/les-mann/","url_text":"\"Les Mann\""}]},{"reference":"Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu (2012). Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War. UNC Chapel Hill. p. 168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"100,000 See Ball Contest\". Windsor Star. Associated Press. August 13, 1936. Retrieved October 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111400470/100000-see-ball-contest/","url_text":"\"100,000 See Ball Contest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Star","url_text":"Windsor Star"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Seymour, Harold (1991). Baseball: The People's Game, Volume 3. Oxford University Press US. p. 289. ISBN 0-19-506907-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506907-2","url_text":"0-19-506907-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball - USA vs. S. Rhodesia\". Rhodesian Spotlight. No. 33. British Film Institute. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://bufvc.ac.uk/newsonscreen/search/index.php/story/351949","url_text":"\"Baseball - USA vs. S. Rhodesia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Mann Career Statistics at Baseball Reference\". Baseball-Reference.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ayalon	Danny Ayalon	["1 Early life and education","2 Foreign service career","2.1 Israel's Ambassador to the United States","3 Co-chairman of Nefesh B'Nefesh","4 Deputy Foreign Minister","4.1 Election and appointment","4.2 Government and electoral reform","4.3 Foreign policy","4.4 International aid","4.5 Videos","5 Social media","6 Community service and involvement","7 Awards and recognition","8 References","9 External links"]	Israeli diplomat, columnist and politician Danny AyalonMinisterial roles2009–2013Deputy Foreign MinisterFaction represented in the Knesset2009–2013Yisrael BeiteinuDiplomatic roles2002–2006Ambassador to the United States Personal detailsBorn (1955-12-17) 17 December 1955 (age 68)Tel Aviv, Israel Daniel "Danny" Ayalon (Hebrew: דניאל "דני" אילון; born (1955-12-17)17 December 1955) is an Israeli diplomat, columnist and politician. He served as Deputy Foreign Minister and as a member of the Knesset. He was the Israeli Ambassador to the United States from 2002 until 2006. Previously, he worked as senior foreign policy advisor to Prime Ministers Ariel Sharon, Ehud Barak, and Benjamin Netanyahu. Early life and education Danny Ayalon was born in Tel Aviv in 1955. His late mother Lily Ellon immigrated to Mandatory Palestine from Poland in 1937, thereby escaping the Holocaust, in which members of her extended family perished. His father, Rafael Ayalon, immigrated from Algeria to Mandatory Palestine before the establishment of Israel in 1948. Both of his parents fought in the War of Independence, 1948 Arab–Israeli War. His mother fought in the War of Independence in Jerusalem, and was wounded in battle, and his father fought in the Golani Brigade. Ayalon was raised and educated in Tel Aviv and was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces where he rose to the rank of captain in the Armored Corps. He received a BA in economics from Tel Aviv University and an MBA from Bowling Green State University in Ohio. Prior to his career in public service, Ayalon was a partner at Gravitas Ltd., an international consulting group, past president of private investment firm Hod Ayalon Ltd, and a finance manager for Koor Industries. Ayalon is married to Anne Ayalon, who is from an American Evangelical Christian family. Ayalon met her while she was on internship in Israel, and she converted to Judaism. The couple has two daughters, Zohar and Avigail. He is a cousin of Orit Noked. Foreign service career Ayalon was a member of the Israeli delegations to Sharm el-Sheikh (1997), Wye Plantation (1998) and Camp David (2000) summits. From 1993–1997, he served as the Director of the Bureau of Israel's Ambassador to the United Nations in New York City. He was Israel's Ambassador to Panama from 1991–1992. Israel's Ambassador to the United States Ayalon was appointed Israel's Ambassador to the United States in 2002 by then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Before his appointment, Ayalon had served as a Deputy Foreign Policy Adviser to Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu and to Ehud Barak as well as Chief Foreign Policy Advisor to Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Throughout his time in Washington, Ayalon cultivated a strong relationship with President George W. Bush and played a leading role in the Road Map for Peace negotiations between President Bush and Prime Minister Sharon. He also secured the agreement for $9 billion in U.S. grants and loan guarantees to Israel beginning in 2003 which Israel needed in order to raise funds abroad at low interest rates. In early 2012, as Israel's Deputy Foreign Minister, Ayalon, met with his U.S. counterparts to secure another three-year, $3.8 billion extension of loan guarantees. Co-chairman of Nefesh B'Nefesh Upon retiring from the foreign service in 2006, Ayalon became the co-chairman of Nefesh B'Nefesh, an organization that encourages Aliyah by Jewish people to Israel from North America and other English-speaking areas. Forming alliances with government bodies in Israel and Jewish organizations from around the world, he played a critical role in Israel's decision to fund private Aliyah beginning in September 2007. On 31 December 2008, Ayalon left Nefesh B'Nefesh "to pursue an independent political career opportunity". Danny Ayalon was considered to be a highly valued and professional diplomat by senior government officials around the world including former Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice. Deputy Foreign Minister Election and appointment In August 2008, Ayalon joined Avigdor Lieberman's Yisrael Beiteinu as chairman of World Yisrael Beiteinu, opening branches of the party around the globe. Ayalon explained that Israel Beiteinu was a natural fit for him as he entered politics because he saw many problems, especially with Israeli foreign policy. Ayalon is working to reform the Israeli parliamentary style democracy into a less representative democratic government. Such change will allow Israel to have a greater unity of government and to take more uniformed political positions. Ayalon was placed seventh on the party's list for the 2009 elections to the Knesset, and was elected in February 2009 after the party won 15 seats. In April 2009, Ayalon was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister in Binyamin Netanyahu's newly elected government. According to The Jerusalem Post, "Ayalon's role is to serve as Lieberman's de facto foreign minister, explaining and justifying his Lieberman's diplomatic plans to the world in a way that only a respected, seasoned diplomat can". In December 2012, Ayalon was one of three Yisrael Beiteinu MKs not included on the party's list of candidates for the January 2013 elections. Ayalon "issued a statement saying he was thankful for the opportunity to serve as deputy foreign minister for four years and pledged to continue to act in the country's interests in any future role." Government and electoral reform According to Ayalon, a major focus of Israeli diplomatic work involves branding: "We must brand Israel as a democratic Western society, productive and technologically advanced, one that contributes to the world and helps solve the major challenges facing humankind. Israeli democracy in general, and its political system in particular, are the best tools with which to showcase our brand". However, Ayalon, who admires the American system, in conjunction with Lieberman, calls for political and electoral reform in Israel to create greater accountability and consistency within the government, stating: "In autocratic regimes you have maximum govern-ability, because the leadership can make decisions without an opposition, and there are no checks or balances. Here, we are perhaps too far toward the other extreme; we have almost complete representation with little governability". In his opinion, "a homogenous government, comprised of like-minded ministers speaking with one voice and representing a singular policy framework is required to contribute to clear public diplomacy, the sort of diplomacy that Israel sorely needs now to combat the cohesive narrative and branding effort put forth by the Palestinians". Foreign policy Ayalon aims to develop and expand Israel's diplomatic ties worldwide and to form new coalitions through economic and political cooperation and greater foreign aid. In 2011, he embarked on a Latin American tour with an official visit to Mexico and a visit to El Salvador where he attended the General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS), addressing the ramifications of the Palestinian unilateral declaration of statehood and the mounting Iranian threat. Earlier, Ayalon had worked with several nations in order to combat the Goldstone Report and its effects. Israel–U.S. Strategic Dialogue Ayalon maintains a strong relationship with the United States. He serves as Israel's representative in the semi-annual Israel–U.S. Strategic Dialogue. Israeli–Arab relations In an appeal to the Arab world, Ayalon wrote a piece for the pan-Arab newspaper, Asharq Alawsat in 2009, explaining Israel's past and ongoing partnerships within the Arab world such as Israel's training of Jordanians in advanced agricultural techniques, calling them positive bridges on the road to peace and coexistence. At the sixth annual international WATEC-Israel exhibition in November 2011, Ayalon offered the Arab world to share Israel's advanced water technologies. "Israel will benefit from a peace agreement, but you will also gain a genuine partner for development and the assured welfare of future generations in the region," Ayalon said at the opening session. Israeli settlements Ayalon slammed the claims that settlements were the cause of violence, citing the pre-state 1929 Arab killing of Jews in Hebron. He has criticized world leaders who accuse Israel of destroying the peace process by building in East Jerusalem neighborhoods such as Gilo. In 2005, as Israel's representative to the United States, Ayalon supported Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, in which all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip were evacuated. However, as a Member of the Knesset, Ayalon explained that he feels the disengagement was a mistake and, "in hindsight we shouldn't have done it because it was excruciatingly painful". Israeli–Palestinian conflict According to Ayalon, "the real obstacle to peace is Palestinian rejection of Israel and the self-determination of the Jewish people". He has condemned Palestinian claims which "deny the Jewish people's connection with its homeland", and the Palestinian Authority Ministry of Information's false claims that the Jews have no past connections to the Western Wall of the ancient Temple of Jerusalem and to the Tomb of Rachel the Matriarch. Ayalon called the Gaza flotilla raid of May 2010, in which nine activists were killed and many injured a "provocation", stating: "On the deck we found weapons which were used against the forces. The organizers' intent was violent and the results were unfortunate. Israel regrets the loss of life. We called the organizers once again the stop the provocations". He has criticized claims that the Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip are in the midst of a humanitarian crisis as a result of Israel's blockade citing that, "Gaza receives equivalent of 40% of goods imported by Israel. It's absurd for Israel to take care of Gazans while Hamas fires rockets." Iran At the Munich Security Conference in February 2011, Ayalon, emphasizing Germany's crucial part in crushing the Iranian threat, stated: "The Iranian regime today is just as dangerous to the world as Hitler was in the 1930s. We don't have the luxury of waiting for the results of the sanctions on Iran; we must immediately put heavy pressure on Iran until it cracks. Germany, as the strongest country in the European Union, must provide an answer to the needs of the European states that get oil from Iran, so that they will no longer be dependent on Iranian oil." He also made an appeal to Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay to cancel her plans to visit Iran, stating that the visit would legitimize a regime that "maliciously violates human rights, executes its citizens and openly calls for genocide". Refugees Ayalon has appealed to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to end what he called the "morally and politically unacceptable" solution created for the Palestinian refugees, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), accusing it to perpetuate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by not finding permanent solutions for refugees. "While the UNHCR has found durable solutions for tens of millions of refugees, the agency created specifically for the Palestinian context, UNRWA, has found durable solutions for no one", he stated at a conference in Geneva. He also called for redress for the approximately 850,000 Jews from Arab counties who fled their homes after Israel was established. He said that while the refugee issue was a "core element" in solving the conflict, both Palestinian and Jewish refugees have to be taken into account. Turkish Relations Ayalon became internationally known in early 2010, after he summoned the Turkish ambassador to Israel, Ahmet Oğuz Çelikkol, to complain about a Turkish television series, Kurtlar Vadisi Pusu, which showed anti-Semitic motifs, including Mossad agents snatching a Muslim baby to convert to Judaism and shooting old men. At the meeting, Ayalon did not display the Turkish flag, and pointed out to the waiting media that the Turkish Ambassador sat on a lower sofa. Ayalon later apologized to Çelikkol for any personal slight or insult, but not for the substance of the rebuke. Holy See Negotiations In December 2009, Ayalon led high-level diplomatic discussions with the Holy See concerning Church properties and taxes, leading to an agreement in early 2012 between Israel and the Vatican in which the latter agreed to waive its demand to receive sovereignty over The Cenacle, the location of the Last Supper, on Jerusalem's Mount Zion. Israel, in return, agreed to consider giving the Church access to the site and is considering a leasing option. As part of the agreement, the Vatican will for the first time pay a reduced property tax for its large amount of assets in Israel. International aid Ayalon supports expanding Israel's global initiatives through MASHAV, Israel's National Agency for International Development. Following the 2010 earthquake, MASHAV deployed emergency medical services and police forces to Haiti. Israel was also the first country to set up a field hospital in Japan after the 2011 earthquake. Through MASHAV Israel has partnered with the United States in Ethiopia, with Germany in Ethiopia and Ghana, with Italy in Senegal, and with Japan and Denmark in the Middle East. In January 2011, Ayalon and German Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Dirk Niebel met and signed a joint Declaration of Intent aimed to increase bilateral cooperation in effort to assist developing nations, agreeing to work towards the rehabilitation of the contaminated Lake Victoria in Kenya, the main source of water for several states and one of the sources of the Nile River. In February of the same year Ayalon and Niebel met again to examine aid to the new Republic of South Sudan. Also in February 2011, Ayalon signed a joint declaration of cooperation on water supply and sustainable energy technology management with Polish Minister of the Environment Bernard Blaszczyk. Israel and Poland will cooperate to promote investment, the exchanging of technologies, and the sharing of information. Videos In a video titled "The Truth About the West Bank" released by the Israeli foreign ministry in June 2011, Ayalon presents a historical narrative meant to help wage the public diplomacy battle about Israel's ongoing conflict with the Palestinians. In the video made in cooperation with StandWithUs, which is very similar to one released earlier by the Yesha council, the organization of the Jewish settlements in the West Bank, Ayalon asks viewers to stop referring to the West Bank as "occupied territories". "It is time for Israel to return to a 'rights-based diplomacy' and talk about the facts, rights, history and international law which are little known but give a dramatically different viewpoint to what is currently accepted," he said after the video's release. After the video was posted online, Saeb Erekat, the Palestinian Authority's top negotiator, denounced the video as a "falsified account of history and international law", but refused to participate in a public debate on the issues raised in the video proposed by Ayalon. Two more videos starring Ayalon were released: "The Truth About the Peace Process" in September 2011, and "The Truth About the Refugees" in December 2011. In 2017, Ayalon released a video titled "The true history of the Palestinian people" based on the book A History of the Palestinian People. He also published a video about Jerusalem. The video went viral and is considered to have played an important and successful role in ultimately convincing the Trump administration to move the United States Embassy to Jerusalem. Social media In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ayalon has worked to expand Israel's social media diplomacy by helping the ministry maintain over 100 Facebook pages, including "Israel speaks Arabic", a page written in Arabic. After the initiatives launch, Ayalon explained that "it is vital that Israel's voice is heard in every corner of the world and even more so amongst its immediate neighbors". Ayalon has over 65,000 Facebook followers. The Jewish Telegraphic Agency ranked him as the most influential Israeli Politician on Twitter and one of the 100 most influential Jews in 2010. Ayalon has more than 44,000 Twitter followers. He also has nearly 1,000,000 totally upload views on YouTube. He has been recognized as one of the world's leading politicians to utilize social media by web based policy center Dimpool and by Foreign Policy, surpassing President Barack Obama. Community service and involvement Ayalon has served as a member of the Executive Board at the University Center in Ariel, as Vice Chair of the Israel-America Chamber of Commerce, and as a Board Member of the America-Israel Friendship League. He is a supporter of Aish HaTorah yeshiva and says he tries to make time each week to learn with Rabbi Ephraim Shore of the yeshiva. In partnership with "Latet," Ayalon asked the workers at the Foreign Ministry as well as Green-Israel and Alma-Gilro to donate food to make over 100 Purim baskets for Holocaust survivors in Jerusalem. In 2011, together with United with Israel, Ayalon helped launch another Purim basket campaign to give soldiers a special thank you during the holiday. For Passover that same year, Ayalon and workers at the Ministry initiated the project, "Lending a (Diplomatic) Hand to the Community", where they hand-picked over 2,000 kg of beetroot that was donated to over 700 needy Israeli families. Ayalon has been a co-host on the English speaking Rusty Mike Radio station based in Jerusalem where he expressed his affection for the English speaking community and played some of his favorite music including the Beatles. Since 2014, Ayalon has been serving as a visiting professor of foreign policy studies at Yeshiva University. He is the founder of The Truth About Israel, a nonprofit organization that defends Israel in the social media. Awards and recognition In 2005, Ayalon received the Brandeis Award of the Jewish Community of Baltimore. He was the recipient of Aish Hatorah's Builder of Jerusalem Award in 2008. References ^ a b Ayalon, Danny. "On a Personal Note". Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ "Ambassador Danny Ayalon". American Friends of Hebrew University. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2012. ^ "Account Suspended". www.dannyayalon.com. ^ "חדשות - פוליטי/מדיני nrg - ...יום הבחירות: דני איילון -". www.nrg.co.il. ^ "JewishPost.com - American Christians: The Righteous Gentiles of Today?". www.jewishpost.com. ^ "Family". www.knesset.gov.il. ^ "Ambassador Ayalon Assumes Post at Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C." The Jewish Federation of North America. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. ^ a b c Hoffman, Gil (22 December 2008). "Avigdor Lieberman's New Foreign Minister". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 24 December 2008. ^ Danan, Deborah (13 January 2011). "Exclusive interview with Danny Ayalon". The Jerusalem Post. ^ Ravid, Barak (14 January 2012). "U.S. to grant three-year extension of loan guarantees to Israel". ^ "Ambassador Danny Ayalon Resigns As Co-Chairman of Nefesh B'Nefesh". The Five Towns Jewish Times. 23 October 2008. ^ a b Levi Julian, Hana (19 October 2008). "Danny Ayalon Resigns as Nefesh B'Nefesh Co-Chairman". Arutz 7. ^ Condoleezza Rice, No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington, 2011, pp. 130, 140–141 ^ Branovsky, Yael (22 December 2008). "Lieberman to approve Yisrael Beiteinu roster". Ynetnews. Retrieved 23 December 2008. ^ Ilan, Shahar (12 February 2009). "Final election results: Kadima 28 seats, Likud 27, Yisrael Beiteinu 15". Haaretz. ^ "Daniel Ayalon, MK". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ^ Fisher, Gabe (4 December 2012). "Lieberman boots Deputy FM Ayalon from Yisrael Beytenu's Knesset slate". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 December 2012. ^ Ayalon, Danny (12 February 2011). "Desperately Seeking Political Courage". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 12 February 2011. ^ Ayalon, Danny (30 January 2012). "Branding for Change". Israel Hayom. ^ Ayalon, Danny. "Jerusalem Finally Has a Foreign Policy". Archived from the original on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ Ronen, Gill (1 June 2011). "Dep. Foreign Minister to Address Org. of American States". Arutz 7. ^ "DFM Ayalon meets with DFM Arrocha of Panama". Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. ^ "Joint Statement on the U.S.-Israel Strategic Dialogue". U.S. Department of State. ^ Danny, Ayalon (16 December 2009). "An Open Letter to the Arab World". Asharq Alawsat. ^ Udasin, Sharon (16 November 2011). "Officials stress water cooperation at conference". The Jerusalem Post. ^ Ayalon, Danny (29 March 2011). "Israel and the Occupation Myth". The Wall Street Journal. ^ Lidman, Melanie. "Ayalon defends Gilo plan despite Quartet condemnation". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 October 2011. ^ "In Gaza, a Test Case for Peace". The Washington Post. 20 July 2005. ^ "Ayalon: "Israel had to end Freeze to avoid seeming weak."". The Philadelphia Jewish Voice. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2012. ^ Ayalon, Danny (27 November 2010). "Palestinian revisionism is the only obstacle to peace". The Jerusalem Post. ^ "Ayalon: Gaza flotilla was a 'provocation'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 31 May 2010. ^ Sofi, Roni (1 July 2010). "Ayalon: Gazans are provided for". YnetNews. ^ a b "DFM Ayalon met with German Min. Niebel; attended Munich Security Conference". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. ^ Keinon, Herb (9 February 2011). "Ayalon urges UN human rights chief to cancel Iran trip". The Jerusalem Post. ^ Keinon, Herb (12 September 2011). "Ayalon blasts UNRWA, saying it perpetuates conflict". The Jerusalem Post. ^ Fleisher, Malkah (13 January 2010). "Ayalon Apologizes to Turkish Ambassador". Arutz 7. ^ Ravid, Barak (13 January 2010). "Peres: Humiliation of Turkey envoy does not reflect Israel's diplomacy". ^ Sofer, Roni (10 December 2009). "Israel's talks with Vatican fail". YnetNews. ^ Eichner, Itamar (31 January 2012). "Vatican to pay property tax in Israel". YnetNews. ^ Ban, Ki-moon. "Remarks with Israeli Deputy Minister Daniel Ayalon, Mashav (Israel's National Agency for International Development) and members of the Government of Israel Haiti Medical Team". UN News Centre. ^ "Israel first to set up field hospital in Japan". The Jerusalem Post. 21 March 2011. ^ Ayalon, Danny (7 February 2011). "Israel" Partnering in Global Development". Huffington Post. ^ Eichner, Itamar (1 February 2011). "Israel, Germany to save Lake Victoria". ^ Ronen, Gill (24 February 2011). "Poland, Israel to Cooperate on Water, Energy". Arutz 7. ^ Hartman, Ben. "Ayalon launches campaign to tell 'truth about W. Bank'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 19 July 2011. ^ Ronen, Gill. "Erekat Chickens Out of Duel with Ayalon". Retrieved 31 July 2011. ^ "Ayalon's Youtube Channel". YouTube. ^ Danny Ayalon presents:The true history of the Palestinian people, Israel National News, 3 November 2017 ^ "The Truth About Jerusalem". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. ^ "Israel Speaks Arabic". Facebook. ^ "Israel speaks Arabic". Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ^ "Ayalon's Facebook Page". Facebook. ^ JTA Twitter 100: Return of the Jewish Twitter List' Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine [The Jewish Telegraph Agency, 30 December 2010 ^ Ayalon, Danny. "Danny Ayalon's Official Twitter Page". ^ Ayalon, Danny. "The Truth About the Refugees: Israel Palestinian Conflict". YouTube. ^ 'The FP Twitterati 100' Foreign Policy, 20 June 2011 ^ 'The most successful politicians on the internet' Dimpool – Web Based Policy Center, 19 May 2011 ^ "IAN Teleconference: Amb. Danny Ayalon". The Jewish Federation of North America. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ Levi Julian, Hana (11 October 2009). "Ayalon Celebrates Torah Learning, Sukkot at Aish HaTorah". Arutz 7. ^ "Reaching out to Holocaust survivors". dannyayalon.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ "Israel Turns "Sadness into Joy" on Purim". United with Israel: The Global Movement for Israel. 22 February 2011. ^ "Project "Lending a (Diplomatic) Hand to the Community"". dannyayalon.com. ^ "Co-Hosting on the Rusty Mike Radio Show". dannyayalon.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ "Daniel Ayalon, MK". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Ayalon. Ayalon's Official English Website Ayalon's Official Hebrew Website Danny Ayalon on the Knesset website Ayalon's Official Facebook Page Ayalon's channel on YouTube Yisrael Beiteinu's Official English Website Yisrael Beiteinu's Official Hebrew Website Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official English Website Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official Hebrew Website All Ministers in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Appearances on C-SPAN vte Ambassadors of the State of Israel to the United States of America Eliahu Eilat (1948–50) Abba Eban (1950–59) Avraham Harman (1959–68) Yitzhak Rabin (1968–73) Simcha Dinitz (1973–79) Ephraim Evron (1979–82) Moshe Arens (1982–83) Meir Rosenne (1983–87) Moshe Arad (1987–90) Zalman Shoval (1990–93) Itamar Rabinovich (1993–96) Eliahu Ben-Elissar (1996–98) Zalman Shoval (1998–2000) David Ivry (2000–02) Danny Ayalon (2002–06) Sallai Meridor (2006–09) Michael Oren (2009–13) Ron Dermer (2013–2021) Gilad Erdan (2021) Michael Herzog (2021-) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Israeli Ambassador to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_ambassadors_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ariel Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Ehud Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"}],"text":"Daniel \"Danny\" Ayalon (Hebrew: דניאל \"דני\" אילון; born (1955-12-17)17 December 1955) is an Israeli diplomat, columnist and politician. He served as Deputy Foreign Minister and as a member of the Knesset. He was the Israeli Ambassador to the United States from 2002 until 2006. Previously, he worked as senior foreign policy advisor to Prime Ministers Ariel Sharon, Ehud Barak, and Benjamin Netanyahu.","title":"Danny Ayalon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Armored Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Corps_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Orit Noked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orit_Noked"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Danny Ayalon was born in Tel Aviv in 1955. His late mother Lily Ellon immigrated to Mandatory Palestine from Poland in 1937, thereby escaping the Holocaust, in which members of her extended family perished. His father, Rafael Ayalon, immigrated from Algeria to Mandatory Palestine before the establishment of Israel in 1948. Both of his parents fought in the War of Independence, 1948 Arab–Israeli War. His mother fought in the War of Independence in Jerusalem, and was wounded in battle, and his father fought in the Golani Brigade. Ayalon was raised and educated in Tel Aviv and was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces where he rose to the rank of captain in the Armored Corps. He received a BA in economics from Tel Aviv University and an MBA from Bowling Green State University in Ohio.[1]Prior to his career in public service, Ayalon was a partner at Gravitas Ltd., an international consulting group, past president of private investment firm Hod Ayalon Ltd, and a finance manager for Koor Industries.[2][3]Ayalon is married to Anne Ayalon, who is from an American Evangelical Christian family. Ayalon met her while she was on internship in Israel, and she converted to Judaism.[4][5] The couple has two daughters, Zohar and Avigail.[1] He is a cousin of Orit Noked.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wye Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum"},{"link_name":"Camp David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summit"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ayalon was a member of the Israeli delegations to Sharm el-Sheikh (1997), Wye Plantation (1998) and Camp David (2000) summits. From 1993–1997, he served as the Director of the Bureau of Israel's Ambassador to the United Nations in New York City. He was Israel's Ambassador to Panama from 1991–1992.[7]","title":"Foreign service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ariel Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Binyamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binyamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Ehud Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP125707-8"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Road Map for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Map_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haaretz1.409037-10"}],"sub_title":"Israel's Ambassador to the United States","text":"Ayalon was appointed Israel's Ambassador to the United States in 2002 by then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Before his appointment, Ayalon had served as a Deputy Foreign Policy Adviser to Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu and to Ehud Barak as well as Chief Foreign Policy Advisor to Prime Minister Ariel Sharon.[8]Throughout his time in Washington, Ayalon cultivated a strong relationship with President George W. Bush and played a leading role in the Road Map for Peace negotiations between President Bush and Prime Minister Sharon.[9] He also secured the agreement for $9 billion in U.S. grants and loan guarantees to Israel beginning in 2003 which Israel needed in order to raise funds abroad at low interest rates. In early 2012, as Israel's Deputy Foreign Minister, Ayalon, met with his U.S. counterparts to secure another three-year, $3.8 billion extension of loan guarantees.[10]","title":"Foreign service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nefesh B'Nefesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh"},{"link_name":"Aliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arutz7128001-12"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Upon retiring from the foreign service in 2006, Ayalon became the co-chairman of Nefesh B'Nefesh, an organization that encourages Aliyah by Jewish people to Israel from North America and other English-speaking areas.[11] Forming alliances with government bodies in Israel and Jewish organizations from around the world, he played a critical role in Israel's decision to fund private Aliyah beginning in September 2007. On 31 December 2008, Ayalon left Nefesh B'Nefesh \"to pursue an independent political career opportunity\".[12]Danny Ayalon was considered to be a highly valued and professional diplomat by senior government officials around the world including former Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice.[13]","title":"Co-chairman of Nefesh B'Nefesh"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deputy Foreign Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avigdor Lieberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman"},{"link_name":"Yisrael Beiteinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arutz7128001-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP125707-8"},{"link_name":"2009 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Israeli_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-branovsky-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Jerusalem Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post"},{"link_name":"Lieberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP125707-8"},{"link_name":"January 2013 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Israeli_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Election and appointment","text":"In August 2008, Ayalon joined Avigdor Lieberman's Yisrael Beiteinu as chairman of World Yisrael Beiteinu,[12] opening branches of the party around the globe. Ayalon explained that Israel Beiteinu was a natural fit for him as he entered politics because he saw many problems, especially with Israeli foreign policy.Ayalon is working to reform the Israeli parliamentary style democracy into a less representative democratic government. Such change will allow Israel to have a greater unity of government and to take more uniformed political positions.[8]Ayalon was placed seventh on the party's list for the 2009 elections to the Knesset,[14] and was elected in February 2009 after the party won 15 seats.[15] In April 2009, Ayalon was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister in Binyamin Netanyahu's newly elected government.[16] According to The Jerusalem Post, \"Ayalon's role is to serve as Lieberman's de facto foreign minister, explaining and justifying his Lieberman's diplomatic plans to the world in a way that only a respected, seasoned diplomat can\".[8]In December 2012, Ayalon was one of three Yisrael Beiteinu MKs not included on the party's list of candidates for the January 2013 elections. Ayalon \"issued a statement saying he was thankful for the opportunity to serve as deputy foreign minister for four years and pledged to continue to act in the country's interests in any future role.\"[17]","title":"Deputy Foreign Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Government and electoral reform","text":"According to Ayalon, a major focus of Israeli diplomatic work involves branding: \"We must brand Israel as a democratic Western society, productive and technologically advanced, one that contributes to the world and helps solve the major challenges facing humankind. Israeli democracy in general, and its political system in particular, are the best tools with which to showcase our brand\". However, Ayalon, who admires the American system, in conjunction with Lieberman, calls for political and electoral reform in Israel to create greater accountability and consistency within the government, stating: \"In autocratic regimes you have maximum govern-ability, because the leadership can make decisions without an opposition, and there are no checks or balances. Here, we are perhaps too far toward the other extreme; we have almost complete representation with little governability\".[18] In his opinion, \"a homogenous government, comprised of like-minded ministers speaking with one voice and representing a singular policy framework is required to contribute to clear public diplomacy, the sort of diplomacy that Israel sorely needs now to combat the cohesive narrative and branding effort put forth by the Palestinians\".[19]","title":"Deputy Foreign Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"Iranian threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_nuclear_program"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Goldstone Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Report"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Asharq Alawsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_Alawsat"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Gilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilo"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Israel's unilateral disengagement plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlements"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"Western Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wall"},{"link_name":"Temple of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Rachel the Matriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_rachel"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Gaza flotilla raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Israel's blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_blockade"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Munich Security Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMFA3-Feb-2012-33"},{"link_name":"Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Navanethem Pillay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navanethem_Pillay"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"United Nations Relief and Works Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Kurtlar Vadisi Pusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurtlar_Vadisi_Pusu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Cenacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenacle"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Mount Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Foreign policy","text":"Ayalon aims to develop and expand Israel's diplomatic ties worldwide and to form new coalitions through economic and political cooperation and greater foreign aid.[20] In 2011, he embarked on a Latin American tour with an official visit to Mexico and a visit to El Salvador where he attended the General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS), addressing the ramifications of the Palestinian unilateral declaration of statehood and the mounting Iranian threat.[21] Earlier, Ayalon had worked with several nations in order to combat the Goldstone Report and its effects.[22]Israel–U.S. Strategic DialogueAyalon maintains a strong relationship with the United States. He serves as Israel's representative in the semi-annual Israel–U.S. Strategic Dialogue.[23]Israeli–Arab relationsIn an appeal to the Arab world, Ayalon wrote a piece for the pan-Arab newspaper, Asharq Alawsat in 2009, explaining Israel's past and ongoing partnerships within the Arab world such as Israel's training of Jordanians in advanced agricultural techniques, calling them positive bridges on the road to peace and coexistence.[24]At the sixth annual international WATEC-Israel exhibition in November 2011, Ayalon offered the Arab world to share Israel's advanced water technologies. \"Israel will benefit from a peace agreement, but you will also gain a genuine partner for development and the assured welfare of future generations in the region,\" Ayalon said at the opening session.[25]Israeli settlementsAyalon slammed the claims that settlements were the cause of violence, citing the pre-state 1929 Arab killing of Jews in Hebron.[26] He has criticized world leaders who accuse Israel of destroying the peace process by building in East Jerusalem neighborhoods such as Gilo.[27]In 2005, as Israel's representative to the United States, Ayalon supported Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, in which all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip were evacuated.[28] However, as a Member of the Knesset, Ayalon explained that he feels the disengagement was a mistake and, \"in hindsight we shouldn't have done it because it was excruciatingly painful\".[29]Israeli–Palestinian conflictAccording to Ayalon, \"the real obstacle to peace is Palestinian rejection of Israel and the self-determination of the Jewish people\". He has condemned Palestinian claims which \"deny the Jewish people's connection with its homeland\", and the Palestinian Authority Ministry of Information's false claims that the Jews have no past connections to the Western Wall of the ancient Temple of Jerusalem and to the Tomb of Rachel the Matriarch.[30]Ayalon called the Gaza flotilla raid of May 2010, in which nine activists were killed and many injured a \"provocation\", stating: \"On the deck we found weapons which were used against the forces. The organizers' intent was violent and the results were unfortunate. Israel regrets the loss of life. We called the organizers once again the [sic] stop the provocations\".[31] He has criticized claims that the Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip are in the midst of a humanitarian crisis as a result of Israel's blockade citing that, \"Gaza receives equivalent of 40% of goods imported by Israel. It's absurd for Israel to take care of Gazans while Hamas fires rockets.\"[32]IranAt the Munich Security Conference in February 2011, Ayalon, emphasizing Germany's crucial part in crushing the Iranian threat, stated: \"The Iranian regime today is just as dangerous to the world as Hitler was in the 1930s. We don't have the luxury of waiting for the results of the sanctions on Iran; we must immediately put heavy pressure on Iran until it cracks. Germany, as the strongest country in the European Union, must provide an answer to the needs of the European states that get oil from Iran, so that they will no longer be dependent on Iranian oil.\"[33] He also made an appeal to Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay to cancel her plans to visit Iran, stating that the visit would legitimize a regime that \"maliciously violates human rights, executes its citizens and openly calls for genocide\".[34]RefugeesAyalon has appealed to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to end what he called the \"morally and politically unacceptable\" solution created for the Palestinian refugees, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), accusing it to perpetuate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by not finding permanent solutions for refugees. \"While the UNHCR has found durable solutions for tens of millions of refugees, the agency created specifically for the Palestinian context, UNRWA, has found durable solutions for no one\", he stated at a conference in Geneva. He also called for redress for the approximately 850,000 Jews from Arab counties who fled their homes after Israel was established. He said that while the refugee issue was a \"core element\" in solving the conflict, both Palestinian and Jewish refugees have to be taken into account.[35]Turkish RelationsAyalon became internationally known in early 2010, after he summoned the Turkish ambassador to Israel, Ahmet Oğuz Çelikkol, to complain about a Turkish television series, Kurtlar Vadisi Pusu, which showed anti-Semitic motifs, including Mossad agents snatching a Muslim baby to convert to Judaism and shooting old men.[36] At the meeting, Ayalon did not display the Turkish flag, and pointed out to the waiting media that the Turkish Ambassador sat on a lower sofa. Ayalon later apologized to Çelikkol for any personal slight or insult, but not for the substance of the rebuke.[37]Holy See NegotiationsIn December 2009, Ayalon led high-level diplomatic discussions with the Holy See concerning Church properties and taxes,[38] leading to an agreement in early 2012 between Israel and the Vatican in which the latter agreed to waive its demand to receive sovereignty over The Cenacle, the location of the Last Supper, on Jerusalem's Mount Zion. Israel, in return, agreed to consider giving the Church access to the site and is considering a leasing option. As part of the agreement, the Vatican will for the first time pay a reduced property tax for its large amount of assets in Israel.[39]","title":"Deputy Foreign Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MASHAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASHAV"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dirk Niebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Niebel"},{"link_name":"Lake Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMFA3-Feb-2012-33"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"International aid","text":"Ayalon supports expanding Israel's global initiatives through MASHAV, Israel's National Agency for International Development. Following the 2010 earthquake, MASHAV deployed emergency medical services and police forces to Haiti.[40] Israel was also the first country to set up a field hospital in Japan after the 2011 earthquake.[41] Through MASHAV Israel has partnered with the United States in Ethiopia, with Germany in Ethiopia and Ghana, with Italy in Senegal, and with Japan and Denmark in the Middle East.[42]In January 2011, Ayalon and German Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Dirk Niebel met and signed a joint Declaration of Intent aimed to increase bilateral cooperation in effort to assist developing nations, agreeing to work towards the rehabilitation of the contaminated Lake Victoria in Kenya, the main source of water for several states and one of the sources of the Nile River.[43] In February of the same year Ayalon and Niebel met again to examine aid to the new Republic of South Sudan.[33]Also in February 2011, Ayalon signed a joint declaration of cooperation on water supply and sustainable energy technology management with Polish Minister of the Environment Bernard Blaszczyk. Israel and Poland will cooperate to promote investment, the exchanging of technologies, and the sharing of information.[44]","title":"Deputy Foreign Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"StandWithUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StandWithUs"},{"link_name":"Yesha council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesha_Council"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Saeb Erekat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Erekat"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"A History of the Palestinian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Videos","text":"In a video titled \"The Truth About the West Bank\" released by the Israeli foreign ministry in June 2011, Ayalon presents a historical narrative meant to help wage the public diplomacy battle about Israel's ongoing conflict with the Palestinians. In the video made in cooperation with StandWithUs, which is very similar to one released earlier by the Yesha council, the organization of the Jewish settlements in the West Bank, Ayalon asks viewers to stop referring to the West Bank as \"occupied territories\". \"It is time for Israel to return to a 'rights-based diplomacy' and talk about the facts, rights, history and international law which are little known but give a dramatically different viewpoint to what is currently accepted,\" he said after the video's release.[45] After the video was posted online, Saeb Erekat, the Palestinian Authority's top negotiator, denounced the video as a \"falsified account of history and international law\", but refused to participate in a public debate on the issues raised in the video proposed by Ayalon.[46]Two more videos starring Ayalon were released: \"The Truth About the Peace Process\" in September 2011, and \"The Truth About the Refugees\" in December 2011.[47]In 2017, Ayalon released a video titled \"The true history of the Palestinian people\" based on the book A History of the Palestinian People.[48] He also published a video about Jerusalem. The video went viral and is considered to have played an important and successful role in ultimately convincing the Trump administration to move the United States Embassy to Jerusalem.[49]","title":"Deputy Foreign Minister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Telegraphic Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ayalon has worked to expand Israel's social media diplomacy by helping the ministry maintain over 100 Facebook pages, including \"Israel speaks Arabic\", a page written in Arabic.[50] After the initiatives launch, Ayalon explained that \"it is vital that Israel's voice is heard in every corner of the world and even more so amongst its immediate neighbors\".[51] Ayalon has over 65,000 Facebook followers.[52] The Jewish Telegraphic Agency ranked him as the most influential Israeli Politician on Twitter and one of the 100 most influential Jews in 2010.[53] Ayalon has more than 44,000 Twitter followers.[54] He also has nearly 1,000,000 totally upload views on YouTube.[55] He has been recognized as one of the world's leading politicians to utilize social media by web based policy center Dimpool and by Foreign Policy, surpassing President Barack Obama.[56][57]","title":"Social media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Center in Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_University_Center_of_Samaria"},{"link_name":"America-Israel Friendship League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America-Israel_Friendship_League"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Aish HaTorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aish_HaTorah"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Purim baskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim_basket"},{"link_name":"Holocaust survivors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_survivors"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Purim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Rusty Mike Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Mike_Radio"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Yeshiva University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva_University"}],"text":"Ayalon has served as a member of the Executive Board at the University Center in Ariel, as Vice Chair of the Israel-America Chamber of Commerce, and as a Board Member of the America-Israel Friendship League.[58] He is a supporter of Aish HaTorah yeshiva and says he tries to make time each week to learn with Rabbi Ephraim Shore of the yeshiva.[59]In partnership with \"Latet,\" Ayalon asked the workers at the Foreign Ministry as well as Green-Israel and Alma-Gilro to donate food to make over 100 Purim baskets for Holocaust survivors in Jerusalem.[60] In 2011, together with United with Israel, Ayalon helped launch another Purim basket campaign to give soldiers a special thank you during the holiday.[61] For Passover that same year, Ayalon and workers at the Ministry initiated the project, \"Lending a (Diplomatic) Hand to the Community\", where they hand-picked over 2,000 kg of beetroot that was donated to over 700 needy Israeli families.[62]Ayalon has been a co-host on the English speaking Rusty Mike Radio station based in Jerusalem where he expressed his affection for the English speaking community and played some of his favorite music including the Beatles.[63]Since 2014, Ayalon has been serving as a visiting professor of foreign policy studies at Yeshiva University. He is the founder of The Truth About Israel, a nonprofit organization that defends Israel in the social media.","title":"Community service and involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Aish Hatorah's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aish_Hatorah"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"In 2005, Ayalon received the Brandeis Award of the Jewish Community of Baltimore. He was the recipient of Aish Hatorah's Builder of Jerusalem Award in 2008.[64]","title":"Awards and recognition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ayalon, Danny. \"On a Personal Note\". Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318001000/http://www.dannyayalon.com/About%20Me/","url_text":"\"On a Personal Note\""},{"url":"http://www.dannyayalon.com/About%20Me/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambassador Danny Ayalon\". 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Ministry of Foreign Affairs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Personalities/From+A-Z/Daniel_Ayalon.htm","url_text":"\"Daniel Ayalon, MK\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Gabe (4 December 2012). \"Lieberman boots Deputy FM Ayalon from Yisrael Beytenu's Knesset slate\". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/yisrael-beytenu-shakes-up-party-slate-weeks-ahead-of-elections/","url_text":"\"Lieberman boots Deputy FM Ayalon from Yisrael Beytenu's Knesset slate\""}]},{"reference":"Ayalon, Danny (12 February 2011). \"Desperately Seeking Political Courage\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 12 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=207952","url_text":"\"Desperately Seeking Political Courage\""}]},{"reference":"Ayalon, Danny (30 January 2012). \"Branding for Change\". Israel Hayom.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=1292","url_text":"\"Branding for Change\""}]},{"reference":"Ayalon, Danny. \"Jerusalem Finally Has a Foreign Policy\". Archived from the original on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110114085551/http://www.dannyayalon.com/A%20Personal%20Note/166/","url_text":"\"Jerusalem Finally Has a Foreign Policy\""},{"url":"http://www.dannyayalon.com/A%20Personal%20Note/166/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ronen, Gill (1 June 2011). \"Dep. Foreign Minister to Address Org. of American States\". Arutz 7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/144676#.TzuNxJjIHyA","url_text":"\"Dep. Foreign Minister to Address Org. of American States\""}]},{"reference":"\"DFM Ayalon meets with DFM Arrocha of Panama\". Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 March 2010. 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The Jerusalem Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Sci-Tech/Article.aspx?id=245749","url_text":"\"Officials stress water cooperation at conference\""}]},{"reference":"Ayalon, Danny (29 March 2011). \"Israel and the Occupation Myth\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704517404576222891152718656","url_text":"\"Israel and the Occupation Myth\""}]},{"reference":"Lidman, Melanie. \"Ayalon defends Gilo plan despite Quartet condemnation\". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/VideoArticles/Video/Article.aspx?ID=240240&R=R1","url_text":"\"Ayalon defends Gilo plan despite Quartet condemnation\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Gaza, a Test Case for Peace\". The Washington Post. 20 July 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071901552.html","url_text":"\"In Gaza, a Test Case for Peace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ayalon: \"Israel had to end Freeze to avoid seeming weak.\"\". The Philadelphia Jewish Voice. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140620182716/http://blog.pjvoice.com/diary/105/ayalon-israel-had-to-end-settlement-freeze-to-avoid-seeming-weak","url_text":"\"Ayalon: \"Israel had to end Freeze to avoid seeming weak.\"\""},{"url":"http://blog.pjvoice.com/diary/105/ayalon-israel-had-to-end-settlement-freeze-to-avoid-seeming-weak","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ayalon, Danny (27 November 2010). \"Palestinian revisionism is the only obstacle to peace\". The Jerusalem Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=196981","url_text":"\"Palestinian revisionism is the only obstacle to peace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ayalon: Gaza flotilla was a 'provocation'\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 31 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=176986","url_text":"\"Ayalon: Gaza flotilla was a 'provocation'\""}]},{"reference":"Sofi, Roni (1 July 2010). \"Ayalon: Gazans are provided for\". YnetNews.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3913707,00.html","url_text":"\"Ayalon: Gazans are provided for\""}]},{"reference":"\"DFM Ayalon met with German Min. Niebel; attended Munich Security Conference\". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 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The Jerusalem Post. 21 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=213123","url_text":"\"Israel first to set up field hospital in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Ayalon, Danny (7 February 2011). \"Israel\" Partnering in Global Development\". Huffington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/danny-ayalon/israel-partnering-in-glob_b_819202.html","url_text":"\"Israel\" Partnering in Global Development\""}]},{"reference":"Eichner, Itamar (1 February 2011). \"Israel, Germany to save Lake Victoria\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4021168,00.html","url_text":"\"Israel, Germany to save Lake Victoria\""}]},{"reference":"Ronen, Gill (24 February 2011). \"Poland, Israel to Cooperate on Water, Energy\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838_in_architecture	1838 in architecture	["1 Buildings and structures","1.1 Buildings opened","1.2 Buildings completed","2 Awards","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]	Overview of the events of 1838 in architecture List of years in architecture (table) … 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 … Buildings and structures Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... The year 1838 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Buildings and structures See also: Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1838 Buildings opened April 8 – The British National Gallery first opens to the public in the building purpose-designed for it by William Wilkins in Trafalgar Square, London. Chota Imambara, Lucknow Buildings completed Palazzo Gavazzi, Milan, Italy, designed by Luigi Clerichetti. Rideau Hall, Ottawa, Canada, built by Scottish architect Thomas McKay. Walton Hall, Cheshire, England, designed for Sir Gilbert Greenall, 1st Baronet, possibly by Edmund Sharpe. Chota Imambara, Lucknow. Awards Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Toussaint Uchard. Births Charles Percier January 23 – John James Clark, Australian architect (died 1915) April 13 – J. D. Sedding, English ecclesiastical architect (died 1891) May 16 – Thomas Forrester, New Zealand plasterer, draughtsman, architect and engineer (died 1907) September 18 – Thomas Drew, Irish ecclesiastical architect (died 1910) September 29 – Henry Hobson Richardson, American city architect (died 1886) Deaths September 5 – Charles Percier, French Neoclassical architect, interior decorator and designer (born 1764) October 16 – William Vitruvius Morrison, Irish architect, son and collaborator of Sir Richard Morrison (born 1794) References ^ Bucciotti, Achille; Bernardini, Enzo (1990). Milan. Istituto geografico de Agostini. p. 161. ISBN 978-88-402-0876-3. Retrieved 12 September 2012. ^ Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2006). Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West. The Buildings of England. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. p. 628. ISBN 0-300-10910-5.	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Sedding, English ecclesiastical architect (died 1891)\nMay 16 – Thomas Forrester, New Zealand plasterer, draughtsman, architect and engineer (died 1907)\nSeptember 18 – Thomas Drew, Irish ecclesiastical architect (died 1910)\nSeptember 29 – Henry Hobson Richardson, American city architect (died 1886)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5"},{"link_name":"Charles Percier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Percier"},{"link_name":"1764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1764_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"October 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_16"},{"link_name":"William Vitruvius Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vitruvius_Morrison"},{"link_name":"1794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1794_in_architecture"}],"text":"September 5 – Charles Percier, French Neoclassical architect, interior decorator and designer (born 1764)\nOctober 16 – William Vitruvius Morrison, Irish architect, son and collaborator of Sir Richard Morrison (born 1794)","title":"Deaths"}]	[{"image_text":"Chota Imambara, Lucknow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chhota_imambara_Lucknow.jpg/220px-Chhota_imambara_Lucknow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Percier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charles_Percier_par_Robert_Lef%C3%A8vre_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg/170px-Charles_Percier_par_Robert_Lef%C3%A8vre_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bucciotti, Achille; Bernardini, Enzo (1990). Milan. Istituto geografico de Agostini. p. 161. ISBN 978-88-402-0876-3. Retrieved 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tUQsAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Milan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-402-0876-3","url_text":"978-88-402-0876-3"}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2006). Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West. The Buildings of England. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. p. 628. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC_Cognition_and_Brain_Sciences_Unit	MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit	["1 History","2 List of directors","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°11′33″N 0°07′09″E / 52.1926°N 0.1192°E / 52.1926; 0.1192Branch of the UK Medical Research Council, based in Cambridge This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit is a branch of the UK Medical Research Council, based in Cambridge, England. The CBSU is a centre for cognitive neuroscience, with a mission to improve human health by understanding and enhancing cognition and behaviour in health, disease and disorder. It is one of the largest and most long-lasting contributors to the development of psychological theory and practice. The CBSU has its own magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 3T) scanner on-site, as well as a 306-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) system and a 128-channel electroencephalography (EEG) laboratory. The CBSU has close links to clinical neuroscience research in the University of Cambridge Medical School. Over 140 scientists, students, and support staff work in research areas such as Memory, Attention, Emotion, Speech and Language, Development and Aging, Computational Modelling and Neuroscience Methods. With dedicated facilities available on site, the Unit has particular strengths in the application of neuroimaging techniques in the context of well-developed neuro-cognitive theory. History The unit was established in 1944 as the MRC Applied Psychology Unit. In June 2001, the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group held a witness seminar to gather information on the unit's history. On 1 July 2017, the CBU was merged with the University of Cambridge. Coming under the Clinical School, the unit is still funded by the British government through Research Councils UK but is managed and maintained by Cambridge University. List of directors Kenneth Craik, 1944–1945 Frederic Bartlett, 1945–1951 Norman Mackworth, 1951–1958 Donald Broadbent, 1958–1974 Alan Baddeley, 1974–1997 William Marslen-Wilson, 1997–2010 Susan Gathercole, 2011–2018 Matthew Lambon Ralph, 2018– References ^ a b Lois Reynolds; Tilli Tansey, eds. (2003). The MRC Applied Psychology Unit. Wellcome Witnesses to Contemporary Medicine. History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group. ISBN 978-0-85484-088-5. OL 21078807M. Wikidata Q29581668. ^ "Dr William Marslen-Wilson :: Cambridge Neuroscience". www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk. External links MRC CBU Home Page 52°11′33″N 0°07′09″E / 52.1926°N 0.1192°E / 52.1926; 0.1192 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"cognitive neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_theory"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"magnetoencephalography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalography"},{"link_name":"electroencephalography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"},{"link_name":"clinical neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"neuroimaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging"}],"text":"Branch of the UK Medical Research Council, based in CambridgeThe Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit is a branch of the UK Medical Research Council, based in Cambridge, England. The CBSU is a centre for cognitive neuroscience, with a mission to improve human health by understanding and enhancing cognition and behaviour in health, disease and disorder. It is one of the largest and most long-lasting contributors to the development of psychological theory and practice.The CBSU has its own magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 3T) scanner on-site, as well as a 306-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) system and a 128-channel electroencephalography (EEG) laboratory.The CBSU has close links to clinical neuroscience research in the University of Cambridge Medical School. Over 140 scientists, students, and support staff work in research areas such as Memory, Attention, Emotion, Speech and Language, Development and Aging, Computational Modelling and Neuroscience Methods. With dedicated facilities available on site, the Unit has particular strengths in the application of neuroimaging techniques in the context of well-developed neuro-cognitive theory.","title":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoMBRG-1"},{"link_name":"History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Modern_Biomedicine_Research_Group"},{"link_name":"witness seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_seminar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoMBRG-1"},{"link_name":"Research Councils UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Councils_UK"}],"text":"The unit was established in 1944 as the MRC Applied Psychology Unit.[1] In June 2001, the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group held a witness seminar to gather information on the unit's history.[1]On 1 July 2017, the CBU was merged with the University of Cambridge. Coming under the Clinical School, the unit is still funded by the British government through Research Councils UK but is managed and maintained by Cambridge University.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Craik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Craik"},{"link_name":"Frederic Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Norman Mackworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mackworth"},{"link_name":"Donald Broadbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"Alan Baddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Baddeley"},{"link_name":"William Marslen-Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marslen-Wilson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Susan Gathercole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Gathercole"}],"text":"Kenneth Craik, 1944–1945\nFrederic Bartlett, 1945–1951\nNorman Mackworth, 1951–1958\nDonald Broadbent, 1958–1974\nAlan Baddeley, 1974–1997\nWilliam Marslen-Wilson, 1997–2010[2]\nSusan Gathercole, 2011–2018\nMatthew Lambon Ralph, 2018–","title":"List of directors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lois Reynolds; Tilli Tansey, eds. (2003). The MRC Applied Psychology Unit. Wellcome Witnesses to Contemporary Medicine. History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group. ISBN 978-0-85484-088-5. OL 21078807M. Wikidata Q29581668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilli_Tansey","url_text":"Tilli Tansey"},{"url":"http://www.histmodbiomed.org/witsem/vol16","url_text":"The MRC Applied Psychology Unit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Modern_Biomedicine_Research_Group","url_text":"History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85484-088-5","url_text":"978-0-85484-088-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21078807M","url_text":"21078807M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29581668","url_text":"Q29581668"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr William Marslen-Wilson :: Cambridge Neuroscience\". www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk/directory/profile.php?wmarslen","url_text":"\"Dr William Marslen-Wilson :: Cambridge Neuroscience\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MRC_Cognition_and_Brain_Sciences_Unit&params=52.1926_N_0.1192_E_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°11′33″N 0°07′09″E / 52.1926°N 0.1192°E / 52.1926; 0.1192"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22MRC+Cognition+and+Brain+Sciences+Unit%22","external_links_name":"\"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22MRC+Cognition+and+Brain+Sciences+Unit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22MRC+Cognition+and+Brain+Sciences+Unit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22MRC+Cognition+and+Brain+Sciences+Unit%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22MRC+Cognition+and+Brain+Sciences+Unit%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22MRC+Cognition+and+Brain+Sciences+Unit%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.histmodbiomed.org/witsem/vol16","external_links_name":"The MRC Applied Psychology Unit"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21078807M","external_links_name":"21078807M"},{"Link":"http://www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk/directory/profile.php?wmarslen","external_links_name":"\"Dr William Marslen-Wilson :: Cambridge Neuroscience\""},{"Link":"http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"MRC CBU Home Page"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MRC_Cognition_and_Brain_Sciences_Unit&params=52.1926_N_0.1192_E_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°11′33″N 0°07′09″E / 52.1926°N 0.1192°E / 52.1926; 0.1192"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121772032","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145166478","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001039531","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig.4.0	Fig.4.0	["1 Musical style","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 EPs","3.2 Albums","3.3 Split EPs","4 References"]	English hardcore punk band This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Fig.4.0" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fig 4.0OriginEngland, UKGenresHardcore punk, thrashcore, melodic hardcoreYears active1999–2004LabelsBombed OutMembersJoseph AlderdiceRichard StorrowMatt CoyStephen HastewellPast membersAndrew KiddWebsitebombedout.com/fig.-4.0 Fig 4.0 (pronounced "Figure Four") were a hardcore punk band from Leeds and Harrogate, England, formed in 1999 from the remnants of skacore act "Tinker's Rucksack". 2001 saw the release of the album Action Image Exchange which presented a series of short, sharp hardcore punk songs, characterising the band's sound. After several years as popular stars of the DIY/underground punk rock scene and growing underground success in the United States, the band split in 2004. Alderdice and Hastewell of are currently active in the band The Dauntless Elite. Coy is currently playing in the band Himself. Musical style The band have been categorised as hardcore punk, thrashcore and melodic hardcore. At times their music borders the sound of pop punk and rock and roll. Their music makes use of extremely high tempos contrasted with slower subdued ones and melodic guitar lines. Bombed Out records have described their vocal melodies as "left-field" and compared them to those of Dillinger Four. Members Final line-up Joe Alderdice - guitar, lead vocals (1999–2004) Richard Storrow – guitar (2004) Matt Coy - bass, backing vocals (1999–2004) Steve Hastewell - drums (1999–2004) Previous members Andrew Kidd - guitar, backing vocals (1999–2004) Discography EPs The Path the World Must Take to Avoid Total Annihilation (2000) Ctrl+Alt+Del (2000) Albums Action Image Exchange (2001) Split EPs With Ensign (2002) With Stand (2003) With Twofold (2004) References ^ "The Dauntless Elite – Interview". Retrieved 29 November 2019. ^ a b "Fig 4.0 - Stand". Retrieved 29 November 2019. ^ a b "FIG. 4.0". Retrieved 27 December 2018. ^ "ENSIGN – / FIG 4.0". Retrieved 27 December 2018. ^ "Review: Fig. 4.0/Stand "Tarts and Vicars - Songs About Sexism and Religion" 7"". Retrieved 29 November 2019. ^ "Fig 4.0". Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019. ^ "ACTION IMAGE EXCHANGE". Retrieved 29 November 2019. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Harrogate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate"},{"link_name":"skacore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skacore"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fig 4.0 (pronounced \"Figure Four\") were a hardcore punk band from Leeds and Harrogate, England, formed in 1999 from the remnants of skacore act \"Tinker's Rucksack\". 2001 saw the release of the album Action Image Exchange which presented a series of short, sharp hardcore punk songs, characterising the band's sound. After several years as popular stars of the DIY/underground punk rock scene and growing underground success in the United States, the band split in 2004.Alderdice and Hastewell of are currently active in the band The Dauntless Elite.[1] Coy is currently playing in the band Himself.","title":"Fig.4.0"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collective-2"},{"link_name":"thrashcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrashcore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bombed_Out-3"},{"link_name":"melodic hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_hardcore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pop punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punk"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collective-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dillinger Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillinger_Four"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The band have been categorised as hardcore punk,[2] thrashcore[3] and melodic hardcore.[4] At times their music borders the sound of pop punk and rock and roll.[5] Their music makes use of extremely high tempos contrasted with slower subdued ones and melodic guitar lines.[2][6] Bombed Out records have described their vocal melodies as \"left-field\" and compared them to those of Dillinger Four.[7]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bombed_Out-3"}],"text":"Final line-upJoe Alderdice - guitar, lead vocals (1999–2004)\nRichard Storrow – guitar (2004)[3]\nMatt Coy - bass, backing vocals (1999–2004)\nSteve Hastewell - drums (1999–2004)Previous membersAndrew Kidd - guitar, backing vocals (1999–2004)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"The Path the World Must Take to Avoid Total Annihilation (2000)\nCtrl+Alt+Del (2000)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Action Image Exchange (2001)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Split EPs","text":"With Ensign (2002)\nWith Stand (2003)\nWith Twofold (2004)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Dauntless Elite – Interview\". Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://youthanthems.co.uk/the-dauntless-elite-interview/","url_text":"\"The Dauntless Elite – Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fig 4.0 - Stand\". Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collective-zine.co.uk/reviews/?id=3974","url_text":"\"Fig 4.0 - Stand\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIG. 4.0\". Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bombedout.com/bands/fig.-4.0","url_text":"\"FIG. 4.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"ENSIGN – / FIG 4.0\". Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.punktastic.com/album-reviews/ensign-fig-4-0/","url_text":"\"ENSIGN – / FIG 4.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Fig. 4.0/Stand \"Tarts and Vicars - Songs About Sexism and Religion\" 7\"\". Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aversionline.com/view/fig.-4.0-stand-tarts-and-vicars-songs-about-sexism-and-religion-7","url_text":"\"Review: Fig. 4.0/Stand \"Tarts and Vicars - Songs About Sexism and Religion\" 7\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fig 4.0\". Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190803201207/http://www.angelfire.com/punk5/fightingwhenfa/reviews.html","url_text":"\"Fig 4.0\""},{"url":"http://www.angelfire.com/punk5/fightingwhenfa/reviews.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ACTION IMAGE EXCHANGE\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Bugs	Battle Bugs	["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Battle Bugs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1994 video gameBattle BugsDeveloper(s)EpyxPublisher(s)Sierra On-LinePlatform(s)PlayStation, MS-DOSReleaseMS-DOS1994PlayStationJP: September 18, 1997Genre(s)Real-time tacticsMode(s)Single-player, Multiplayer Battle Bugs is a real-time tactics video game developed for MS-DOS by Epyx and released by Sierra On-Line in 1994. A PlayStation port was published in Japan in 1997. Gameplay The game details a war of one group of insects battling against another. The battlefields are common household places such as the kitchen floor or the backyard. The player must navigate their bugs, each with special skills, and engage the enemies’ bugs. The main objective of each battle is to either eradicate all of the enemy bugs or 'capture' every piece of food on the battlefield. This is achieved by positioning your bugs on the food long enough to raise a flag. When all pieces of food bear your team's flag, the battle is won. However, the enemy bugs will attempt to do the same thing and can reclaim captured food. The game develops the logical skills of the player. Different bugs are stronger and weaker versus other types of bugs so the player must combine different strategies to go to the next mission. There is also a multiplayer mode that can be played. It involves hot-seating between two players by pressing 'pause' on a virtual stopwatch, similar to the way that competitive chess is played. Reception ReceptionReview scorePublicationScoreComputer Gaming World Robert L. Hayes Jr. of Computer Gaming World wrote, "No one will lose their jobs or spouse to an overdose of Battle Bugs playing, but plenty of gamers will have many enjoyable evenings of conquering cheese wedges and slaughtering spiders." References ^ a b Hayes Jr., Robert L. (November 1994). "Review; A Few Good Bugs". Computer Gaming World. No. 124. pp. 222, 224. External links Battle Bugs at MobyGames	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real-time tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_tactics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Epyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epyx"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_On-Line"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"}],"text":"1994 video gameBattle Bugs is a real-time tactics[citation needed] video game developed for MS-DOS by Epyx and released by Sierra On-Line in 1994. A PlayStation port was published in Japan in 1997.","title":"Battle Bugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-seating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotseat_(multiplayer_mode)"}],"text":"The game details a war of one group of insects battling against another. The battlefields are common household places such as the kitchen floor or the backyard. The player must navigate their bugs, each with special skills, and engage the enemies’ bugs.The main objective of each battle is to either eradicate all of the enemy bugs or 'capture' every piece of food on the battlefield. This is achieved by positioning your bugs on the food long enough to raise a flag. When all pieces of food bear your team's flag, the battle is won. However, the enemy bugs will attempt to do the same thing and can reclaim captured food.The game develops the logical skills of the player. Different bugs are stronger and weaker versus other types of bugs so the player must combine different strategies to go to the next mission.There is also a multiplayer mode that can be played. It involves hot-seating between two players by pressing 'pause' on a virtual stopwatch, similar to the way that competitive chess is played.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw-1"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw-1"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scorePublicationScoreComputer Gaming World[1]Robert L. Hayes Jr. of Computer Gaming World wrote, \"No one will lose their jobs or spouse to an overdose of Battle Bugs playing, but plenty of gamers will have many enjoyable evenings of conquering cheese wedges and slaughtering spiders.\"[1]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hayes Jr., Robert L. (November 1994). \"Review; A Few Good Bugs\". Computer Gaming World. No. 124. pp. 222, 224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World","url_text":"Computer Gaming World"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+Bugs%22","external_links_name":"\"Battle Bugs\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+Bugs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+Bugs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+Bugs%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+Bugs%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+Bugs%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/battle-bugs","external_links_name":"Battle Bugs"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiptonville	Tiptonville, Tennessee	["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Media","5 Education","6 Notable people","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°22′39″N 89°28′34″W / 36.37750°N 89.47611°W / 36.37750; -89.47611 Town in Tennessee, United StatesTiptonville, TennesseeTownLake County Courthouse in TiptonvilleLocation of Tiptonville in Lake County, Tennessee.TiptonvilleShow map of TennesseeTiptonvilleShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 36°22′39″N 89°28′34″W / 36.37750°N 89.47611°W / 36.37750; -89.47611Country United StatesState TennesseeCountyLakeEstablished1857Incorporated1900Named forWilliam Tipton (early settler)Area • Total3.34 sq mi (8.65 km2) • Land3.31 sq mi (8.59 km2) • Water0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2)Elevation302 ft (92 m)Population (2020) • Total3,976 • Density1,199.40/sq mi (463.02/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code38079Area code731FIPS code47-74540GNIS feature ID1272690Websitetiptonville.org Tiptonville is a town in and the county seat of Lake County, Tennessee, United States. Its population was 2,439 as of the 2000 census and 4,464 in 2010, showing an increase of 2,025. It is also home to the Northwest Correctional Complex, a maximum security prison, known for once housing mass murderer Jessie Dotson. History Aerial view of Tiptonville in 1922 Tiptonville was established in 1857, but was not incorporated until 1900. It was designated the county seat when Lake County was created in 1870. Tiptonville was the scene of the surrender of Confederate forces at the end of the 1862 Battle of Island Number Ten in the American Civil War. The monument for this battle is located on State Route 22 approximately three miles north of Tiptonville, since the island itself, the focal point of the battle, has been eroded by the flow of the Mississippi River and no longer exists. On March 19, 1901, Tiptonville was destroyed by a fire three days after a mob of white townsmen had lynched Ike Fitzgerald, a black man accused of raping a white woman. Whites speculated that the blaze, which burned 30 buildings and residences, including all of the stores on the main street, had been deliberately set by African Americans in reprisal for Fitzgerald's lynching. Geography Earthquakes in the Tiptonville area since 1974. Tiptonville is located at 36°22′39″N 89°28′34″W / 36.37750°N 89.47611°W / 36.37750; -89.47611 (36.377610, −89.476022), on a small rise known as the Tiptonville Dome and within the New Madrid Seismic Zone. The Mississippi River is to the west and north, the Kentucky Bend is to the north, and Reelfoot Lake is to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880946—1890363−61.6%1910843—19201,05024.6%19301,35929.4%19401,50310.6%19501,95329.9%19602,0685.9%19702,40716.4%19802,4381.3%19902,149−11.9%20002,43913.5%20104,46483.0%20203,976−10.9%Sources: As of the census of 2000, there were 2,439 people, 918 households, and 570 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,704.0 inhabitants per square mile (657.9/km2). There were 992 housing units at an average density of 693.1 per square mile (267.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 62.57% White, 36.16% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population. There were 918 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.87. In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was $19,475, and the median income for a family was $24,929. Males had a median income of $25,089 versus $18,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,843. About 21.1% of families and 26.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.0% of those under age 18 and 28.7% of those age 65 or over. Media A local newspaper, The Lake County Banner, is published in Tiptonville. Education Lake County High School Notable people Clifton Cates (1893–1970), 19th Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps Carl Perkins, musician Jerry Reese, former general manager of the New York Giants See also United States portal List of municipalities in Tennessee References ^ a b c d Abigail Hyde, "Tipton County," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Retrieved: February 26, 2013. ^ Lake County (Turner Publishing Company, 1993), p. 148. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tiptonville, Tennessee ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Negro Hanged by a Mob", Courier-Journal (Louisville), March 18, 1901, p5 ^ "Burned by Incendiaries— The Town of Tiptonville, Tenn. Wiped Out by Flames", Washington (DC) Times, March 21, 1901, p1 ^ "Burning of Town Follows the Lynching of a Negro", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 21, 1901, p4 ^ "Tiptonville Fire— Further Details of the Destruction Wrought", The Tennessean (Nashville), March 22, 1901, p3 ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tiptonville, Tennessee. Official website Reelfoot Lake Area Chamber of Commerce vteMunicipalities and communities of Lake County, Tennessee, United StatesCounty seat: TiptonvilleTowns Ridgely Tiptonville CDP Wynnburg Othercommunity Blue Bank Tennessee portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Tennessee Alamo Altamont Ashland City Athens Benton Blountville Bolivar Brownsville Byrdstown Camden Carthage Celina Centerville Charlotte Chattanooga Clarksville Clinton Cleveland Columbia Cookeville Covington Crossville Dandridge Dayton Decatur Decaturville Dover Dresden Dunlap Dyersburg Elizabethton Erin Erwin Fayetteville Franklin Gainesboro Gallatin Greeneville Hartsville Henderson Hohenwald Huntingdon Huntsville Jacksboro Jackson Jamestown Jasper Jonesborough Kingston Knoxville Lafayette Lawrenceburg Lebanon Lewisburg Lexington Linden Livingston Loudon Lynchburg Madisonville Manchester Maryville Maynardville McMinville Memphis Morristown Mountain City Murfreesboro Nashville Newport Paris Pikeville Pulaski Ripley Rogersville Rutledge Savannah Selmer Sevierville Shelbyville Smithville Sneedville Somerville Sparta Spencer Springfield Tazewell Tiptonville Trenton Union City Wartburg Waverly Waynesboro Winchester Woodbury Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-7"},{"link_name":"Northwest Correctional Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Correctional_Complex"},{"link_name":"Jessie Dotson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Street_murders"}],"text":"Town in Tennessee, United StatesTiptonville is a town in and the county seat of Lake County, Tennessee, United States.[7] Its population was 2,439 as of the 2000 census and 4,464 in 2010, showing an increase of 2,025. It is also home to the Northwest Correctional Complex, a maximum security prison, known for once housing mass murderer Jessie Dotson.","title":"Tiptonville, Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennessee_-_Reelfoot_Lake_-_NARA_-_68149008_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tehc-1"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Battle of Island Number Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Island_Number_Ten"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"State Route 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_22_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Aerial view of Tiptonville in 1922Tiptonville was established in 1857, but was not incorporated until 1900. It was designated the county seat when Lake County was created in 1870.[1]Tiptonville was the scene of the surrender of Confederate forces at the end of the \n1862 Battle of Island Number Ten in the American Civil War. The monument for this battle is located on State Route 22 approximately three miles north of Tiptonville, since the island itself, the focal point of the battle, has been eroded by the flow of the Mississippi River and no longer exists.On March 19, 1901, Tiptonville was destroyed by a fire three days after a mob of white townsmen had lynched Ike Fitzgerald, a black man accused of raping a white woman. Whites speculated that the blaze, which burned 30 buildings and residences, including all of the stores on the main street, had been deliberately set by African Americans in reprisal for Fitzgerald's lynching.[8][9][10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg"},{"link_name":"36°22′39″N 89°28′34″W / 36.37750°N 89.47611°W / 36.37750; -89.47611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tiptonville,_Tennessee&params=36_22_39_N_89_28_34_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tehc-1"},{"link_name":"New Madrid Seismic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Bend"},{"link_name":"Reelfoot Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Earthquakes in the Tiptonville area since 1974.Tiptonville is located at 36°22′39″N 89°28′34″W / 36.37750°N 89.47611°W / 36.37750; -89.47611 (36.377610, −89.476022),[12] on a small rise known as the Tiptonville Dome[1] and within the New Madrid Seismic Zone. The Mississippi River is to the west and north, the Kentucky Bend is to the north, and Reelfoot Lake is to the east.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 2,439 people, 918 households, and 570 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,704.0 inhabitants per square mile (657.9/km2). There were 992 housing units at an average density of 693.1 per square mile (267.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 62.57% White, 36.16% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.There were 918 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.87.In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males.The median income for a household in the town was $19,475, and the median income for a family was $24,929. Males had a median income of $25,089 versus $18,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,843. About 21.1% of families and 26.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.0% of those under age 18 and 28.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A local newspaper, The Lake County Banner, is published in Tiptonville.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County_High_School_(Tiptonville,_Tennessee)"}],"text":"Lake County High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifton Cates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_B._Cates"},{"link_name":"19th Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Carl Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Jerry Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reese"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"}],"text":"Clifton Cates (1893–1970), 19th Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps\nCarl Perkins, musician\nJerry Reese, former general manager of the New York Giants","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Tiptonville in 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tennessee_-_Reelfoot_Lake_-_NARA_-_68149008_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Tennessee_-_Reelfoot_Lake_-_NARA_-_68149008_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Earthquakes in the Tiptonville area since 1974.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg/220px-New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Lake_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Lake_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of municipalities in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee"}]	[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_First_(lobbying_organization)	English First (lobbying organization)	["1 Further reading","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	English First is a lobbying organization for the English-only movement in the United States founded in Springfield, Virginia in 1986 by Larry Pratt. Further reading Reimers, David M. (1998). Unwelcome Strangers: American Identity and the Turn Against Immigration. New York: Columbia University Press. U.S. English bankrolled several successful state campaigns. California in 1986, the same year that English First was founded, became the most important state to adopt an official English proposition (Proposition 63). San Francisco had been ... Adams, Karen L.; Brink, Daniel T. (1990). Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA. p. 3. Another, less well-known group is English First, whose motto is "Our symbol is the statue of liberty torch, capturing the spirit of ... Moraes, Marcia (1996). Bilingual Education: A Dialogue with the Bakhtin Circle. p. 63. One group is the 100,000-member English First, of Springfield, Va. The other, U. S. English, with 240,000 members, was established in 1983. . . . These two groups ... not alone on this issue. There are other lobbying groups ... Teyechea McNeil, Nicole (2008). Nilingualism: Life Histories of Bilingual Teachers Working within English-only referendums in Arizona and California. p. 85. ... on behalf of the English First organization. Crawford (1996) has linked the founder to white supremacists. English First was established in 1986 as a movement that believes "that the English language unites America. They are tired of seeing ..." Field, Fredric (2011). Bilingualism in the USA: The case of the Chicano-Latino. p. 288. English First Drachman, Edward R.; Langran, Robert (2008). You Decide: Controversial Cases in American Politics. p. 76. "However, critics such as the English First organization deem it a mistake as it detracts from the learning of English by new immigrants which, among other things, will retard their assimilation into American culture. Pedalino Porter, Rosalie (2011). American Immigrant: My Life in Three Languages. p. 422. ... the Center for Equal Opportunity, and me at the READ Institute. In fact, we three had been honored the previous September at a Washington, D.C., press event sponsored by the English First organization, with "Leadership Awards" presented ..." Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1991). The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays. The English First organization, with its highly un-American hostility to immigrants (immigrants other than Anglos like me, of course) ... Negrón-Muntaner, Frances; Grosfoguel, Ramón (1997). Puerto Rican Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism. p. 266. "The English First organization also publicly advocated for Puerto Rico's right to be separate and independent. Privately, the group also asked members to donate money to impede statehood efforts." Finally, while it is possible to read the ... Nunberg, Geoffrey (September 1989). "Linguistics and the Official Language Movement". Language. 65 (3): 579–587. doi:10.2307/415223. JSTOR 415223. More extreme approaches to language policy have been taken by the Virginia-based 'English First' organization and the Texas-based American Ethnic Coalition. Until recently, their political activities appear to have been restricted largely to ... See also Federation for American Immigration Reform English Plus References ^ Tatalovich, Raymond (1995). Nativism Reborn?: The Official English Language Movement and the American States. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813119182. JSTOR j.ctt130j39p. English First was founded by Larry Pratt, former Virginia state representative and the president of Gun Owners of America. English First is affiliated with the Committee to Protect the Family. External links Official website This article about an organization in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about the English language is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"English First (lobbying organization)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/415223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F415223"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"415223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/415223"}],"text":"Reimers, David M. (1998). Unwelcome Strangers: American Identity and the Turn Against Immigration. New York: Columbia University Press. U.S. English bankrolled several successful state campaigns. California in 1986, the same year that English First was founded, became the most important state to adopt an official English proposition (Proposition 63). San Francisco had been ...\nAdams, Karen L.; Brink, Daniel T. (1990). Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA. p. 3. Another, less well-known group is English First, whose motto is \"Our symbol is the statue of liberty torch, capturing the spirit of ...\nMoraes, Marcia (1996). Bilingual Education: A Dialogue with the Bakhtin Circle. p. 63. One group is the 100,000-member English First, of Springfield, Va. The other, U. S. English, with 240,000 members, was established in 1983. . . . These two groups ... not alone on this issue. There are other lobbying groups ...\nTeyechea McNeil, Nicole (2008). Nilingualism: Life Histories of Bilingual Teachers Working within English-only referendums in Arizona and California. p. 85. ... on behalf of the English First organization. Crawford (1996) has linked the founder to white supremacists. English First was established in 1986 as a movement that believes \"that the English language unites America. They are tired of seeing ...\"\nField, Fredric (2011). Bilingualism in the USA: The case of the Chicano-Latino. p. 288. English First\nDrachman, Edward R.; Langran, Robert (2008). You Decide: Controversial Cases in American Politics. p. 76. \"However, critics such as the English First organization deem it a mistake as it detracts from the learning of English by new immigrants which, among other things, will retard their assimilation into American culture.\nPedalino Porter, Rosalie (2011). American Immigrant: My Life in Three Languages. p. 422. ... the Center for Equal Opportunity, and me at the READ Institute. In fact, we three had been honored the previous September at a Washington, D.C., press event sponsored by the English First organization, with \"Leadership Awards\" presented ...\"\nPullum, Geoffrey K. (1991). The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays. The English First organization, with its highly un-American hostility to immigrants (immigrants other than Anglos like me, of course) ...\nNegrón-Muntaner, Frances; Grosfoguel, Ramón (1997). Puerto Rican Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism. p. 266. \"The English First organization also publicly advocated for Puerto Rico's right to be separate and independent. Privately, the group also asked members to donate money to impede statehood efforts.\" Finally, while it is possible to read the ...\nNunberg, Geoffrey (September 1989). \"Linguistics and the Official Language Movement\". Language. 65 (3): 579–587. doi:10.2307/415223. JSTOR 415223. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_McAlpine_Stadium	Kirklees Stadium	["1 Stadium","1.1 Ownership","1.2 Sponsorship","2 Layout","2.1 North Stand","2.2 East Stand (Kilner Bank)","2.3 South Stand","2.4 West Stand (Riverside)","3 Events","3.1 Football","3.2 Rugby League","3.3 Rugby Union","3.4 Concerts","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°39′15″N 1°46′6″W / 53.65417°N 1.76833°W / 53.65417; -1.76833Multi-use stadium in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England John Smith's StadiumFull nameThe John Smith's StadiumFormer namesGalpharm Stadium (2004–2012)Alfred McAlpine Stadium (1994–2004)LocationStadium Way, Huddersfield, HD1 6PG, EnglandOwnerKirklees Metropolitan CouncilHuddersfield TownHuddersfield GiantsOperatorKSDL (Kirklees Stadium Development Ltd.)Capacity24,121Record attendance24,375 (rugby league) 24,263 (football)Field size105 m × 69 m (344 ft × 226 ft)SurfaceGrass with under-soil heatingConstructionBuilt1994Opened1994ArchitectPopulousBuilderAlfred McAlpineTenantsHuddersfield Town (1994–present) Huddersfield Giants (1994–present)Websitewww.johnsmithsstadium.com Kirklees Stadium (currently known due to sponsorship as the John Smith's Stadium) is a multi-use stadium in Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England. Since 1994, it has been the home ground of football club Huddersfield Town and rugby league side Huddersfield Giants, both of whom moved from Leeds Road. The stadium was a venue for the Rugby League World Cup in 1995 ,2000, 2013 and 2021, in addition to the 1999 Rugby Union World Cup. It is owned by both clubs, as well as Kirklees Council. Its naming rights have passed from constructors Alfred McAlpine to pharmaceutical company Galpharm International in 2004, then to John Smith's Brewery eight years later. Stadium During planning and construction, the stadium was referred to as the Kirklees Stadium which is still its official name. It was built by Alfred McAlpine, designed by Populous and was awarded the RIBA Building of the Year award for 1995. The decision to build a new stadium for Huddersfield Town and Huddersfield Giants was made in August 1992. Construction began the following year and it was completed in time for the 1994–95 season, enabling the clubs to move to their new base after 86 years at Leeds Road and 114 years at Fartown respectively, with the Rugby club sharing Leeds Road from 1992 to 1994. When the stadium opened only the two side stands (the Riverside and Kilner Bank stands) were ready. The South Stand was opened in December 1994. Construction on the North (Panasonic) Stand began in 1996 and it was completed in 1998, bringing the overall capacity of the stadium to approximately 24,500. The estimated cost of construction was £40 million. A ski slope will be built next to the stadium. Ownership Initially, the stadium was owned by a consortium made up of Kirklees Metropolitan Council, Huddersfield Town A.F.C. and Huddersfield Giants in a 40:40:20 proportion. Following the purchase of Huddersfield Town A.F.C. from the administrators in 2003, Ken Davy became chairman of both sports clubs, which were owned by companies he controls, Sporting Pride. The present ownership of the stadium is Kirklees Metropolitan Council 40%, Huddersfield Town FC 40%, and Huddersfield Giants 20%. The current Managing director of the stadium company is Gareth Davis who succeeded Ralph Rimmer in 2010. On 24 December 2009, Huddersfield Town announced that 40% of the shares owned by Huddersfield Sporting Pride would be transferred to the football club, owned by current chairman Dean Hoyle, but the deal was delayed due to a rent dispute between Davy and Hoyle. The deal was finally completed on 3 September 2013. Sponsorship From 1994 until 2004 the stadium was known as the Alfred McAlpine Stadium. Alfred McAlpine had been the main construction contractor and its name was part of the payment contract for ten years. The company elected not to renew its sponsorship which was taken up by Galpharm Healthcare, leading to the new name. Individual stands are sponsored by local businesses. On 19 July 2012, it was announced that the brewery firm, Heineken had bought the sponsorship rights for the stadium using their domestic John Smith's Brewery as the beneficiary, and as such the stadium was renamed as The John Smith's Stadium on 1 August as part of a five-year deal. In December 2016, this was extended for a further five years. Layout This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kirklees Stadium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A match against Swindon Town in February 2010 North Stand Capacity – 2,750 (seating) The North Stand, known as the Big Red Stand for sponsorship reasons, is located behind the goal post at the north end of the ground. It has two tiers and houses 16 hospitality boxes and is completely seated. The lower tier contains temporary seats that can be removed for concerts or other events. An aerial view of the stadium with the Riverside (bottom) and Kilner Bank (top) East Stand (Kilner Bank) Capacity – 7,000 (seating) The East Stand known as the Kilner Bank Stand or the Chadwick Lawrence Stand for sponsorship reasons is a large single tier stand that runs along the side of the pitch and is completely covered seating. The stand also holds the TV gantry. It gets its name from the fact the stand is built under and partly into the large hill named Kilner Bank behind it. A view of the East stand with the Kilner Bank in the background South Stand Capacity – 4,054 (seating) The Magic Rock Brewing Stand as it is known for sponsorship reasons is an all seated stand built into a bank and is completely covered as well as having the big screen. The stand is generally the away stand for visiting fans in both football and rugby, for football, it used to be completely for away fans but it is now shared with home fans with segregation netting. From 2017–18 a new segregation system was implemented with away fans given 2,500 tickets instead of 2,000. West Stand (Riverside) Capacity – 10,365 (seating) The West stand is the main stand and is known as the Core Stand for sponsorship or Riverside Stand. It has two tiers and 26 hospitality boxes and incorporates the player changing rooms, tunnel, dug out, ticket office and club shop. It takes its name from the River Colne that passes behind it, a footbridge crosses over the river to the car parks and estates behind the ground. Events Football It hosted its first match on 20 August 1994 when Huddersfield Town lost 1–0 to Wycombe Wanderers in the Second Division. Only the two touchline stands had been completed, and 13,334 spectators attended. Simon Garner scored the goal for the visitors. On 4 June 1999, it hosted England under-21 in a 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 5 match against Sweden, a 3–0 win for England. On 20 August 2017, it held its first Premier League game, with Huddersfield's Aaron Mooy scoring the only goal of a 1–0 win over Newcastle United in front of a crowd of 24,128. The record for a football match is 24,263 for a Premier League match between Huddersfield Town and Liverpool on 20 October 2018. Rugby League During a Huddersfield Giants game. The England–Ireland game at the 2013 Rugby League World Cup set the stadium's attendance record Rugby League World Cup matches were held at the stadium in 1995, 2000 and 2013. Seven Great Britain rugby league internationals have been held at the ground, from 1998 to 2007. Since the Great Britain team was split into home nations, it has hosted four England rugby league internationals, including a 42–0 win over Ireland in the group stage of the 2013 World Cup, in front of 24,375 spectators. It was the ground's first sell-out crowd, and its record attendance. On 29 January 2019, it was announced that the John Smith's Stadium would play host to a quarter-final of the 2021 Rugby League World Cup. The results of international matches are as follows; Date Winners Result Runners-up Attendance Part of 31 October 1998 Great Britain 22–16 New Zealand 18,500 1998 New Zealand tour of Great Britain 11 November 2001 Great Britain 20–12 Australia 21,458 2001 Ashes Series 16 November 2002 Great Britain 14–14 New Zealand 23,604 2002 New Zealand tour of Great Britain and France 22 November 2003 Australia 18–12 Great Britain 24,126 2003 Ashes Series 6 November 2004 Great Britain 22–12 New Zealand 20,372 2004 Tri-Nations 12 November 2005 Great Britain 38–12 New Zealand 19,232 2005 Tri-Nations 27 October 2007 Great Britain 20–14 New Zealand 16,522 2007 All Golds Tour 7 November 2009 England 20–12 New Zealand 19,390 2009 Four Nations 4 July 2012 Exiles RL 32–20 England 7,865 2012 International Origin series 2 November 2013 England 42–0 Ireland 24,375 2013 Rugby League World Cup 29 November 2016 New Zealand 17–16 England 24,070 2016 Four Nations The stadium has held semi-finals of the Challenge Cup and the finals of the now defunct Regal Trophy competition were held there in 1995 and 1996. Wigan Warriors won on both occasions. The stadium has also hosted three of Bradford Bulls' World Club Challenge matches, from 2002 to 2006. The Huddersfield Giants attendance record at the venue stands at 15,629 for a match against rivals Leeds Rhinos on 10 February 2008. Rugby Union Despite Huddersfield not being a strong rugby union area, the stadium has been used for four full cap international rugby union matches. It hosted three qualifying matches for the 1999 Rugby World Cup and one match in the pool. Two of the matches saw teams pass 100 points: England beat the Netherlands 110–0 in a qualifier and New Zealand defeated Italy 101–3 in the pool. Concerts The first concerts at the stadium were on 25 and 26 July 1995 by American band R.E.M., attended by around 80,000 people and providing a £3 million boom to local businesses. The Eagles, Bryan Adams and the Beautiful South also performed there in the 1990s, followed four years later by Bon Jovi in June 2001. After three years with no performances, Blue played at the stadium on the 31 July 2004 with Girls Aloud and Darius supporting, in an event to reveal Galpharm's new sponsorship of the venue. The following two summers, Elton John and Lulu in 2005, and Bryan Adams again in 2006, performed. After a gap of twelve years, Little Mix were booked to perform in July 2018 followed by Take That in June 2019. Green Day, Weezer and Fall Out Boy appeared in June 2022, a gig that was postponed by two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Muse performed at the stadium in June 2023 as part of their Will of the People World Tour. References ^ a b "Stadium History". The John Smith's Stadium. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ 2013 RLWC – England vs Ireland Rugby League Project ^ "Huddersfield Town v Liverpool Stats". Premier League. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2021. ^ "VIEWING PLATFORM FOR AWAY SUPPORTERS". Huddersfield Town AFC. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017. ^ "New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium". Examiner Live. Reach. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ "Are you coming to the John Smith's Stadium? Here are the best ways for you to get to the match!". Huddersfield Town AFC. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ "Matchday information". Huddersfield Giants. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ "Galpharm Stadium at AJ Specification database". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ Engineering giant Stadia Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ingenia Magazine, March 2005 ^ "England: Huddersfield stadium to get... a ski slope". stadiumdb.com. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ Conn, David (5 May 2009). "David Conn: Huddersfield Town's community stadium dream sours in ownership wrangle". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ Live, Examiner (8 October 2010). "Gareth Davies is new boss of Kirklees Stadium Development Ltd". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ Shaw, Martin (3 September 2013). "Dean Hoyle hails 'landmark' deal to restore Huddersfield Town stadium shares". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ Zientek, Henryk (13 December 2016). "New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Stadium Map ^ Thomson, Doug (27 August 2011). "Huddersfield Town nostalgia: Wycombe Wanderers spoil the new stadium party in 1994". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ "Sweden v England background". UEFA. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Robinson, Andrew (26 August 2017). "Can the capacity at the John Smith's Stadium be increased? Here's what Town had to say". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ Chowdhury, Saj (20 August 2017). "Huddersfield Town 1–0 Newcastle United". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 September 2017. ^ "Huddersfield Town v Liverpool Stats". Premier League. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2021. ^ "John Smith's Stadium International rugby league matches". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 29 May 2015. ^ Hirst, Andrew (19 October 2013). "World Cup fever means sell-out at John Smith's Stadium for England's clash with Ireland". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Sutcliffe, Richard (20 February 2017). "Haven't we met before? Huddersfield Town's Jon Gorenc Stankovic gets upper hand over Manchester City's Leroy Sane". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ "Super League XIII 2008 – Round 1 – Rugby League Project". www.rugbyleagueproject.org. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ "Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – Statsguru – Test matches – Team records". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ Gildea, Samantha (21 May 2014). "REM rock Huddersfield: we look back to the band's gig at the McAlpine in July 1995". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Gildea, Samantha (26 August 2014). "The Eagles flew into the McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield in July 1996 – were you there?". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Gildea, Samantha (13 June 2014). "Were you there? The Beautiful South, Cast and the Lightning Seeds rock the McAlpine in 1997". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Gildea, Samantha (12 August 2001). "One Wild Night: Bon Jovi rock Huddersfield's McAlpine Stadium in June 2001". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ "Blue to reveal stadium's name". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 7 June 2004. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Richardson-Hudd, Sam (19 December 2013). "Did you go? Bryan Adams rocked Huddersfield's Galpharm Stadium in 2006 – relive it here". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ^ Douglas, Joanne (28 November 2017). "Little Mix in Huddersfield: Tickets, times and prices". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ Ankers, Wayne (4 June 2019). "Every picture from Take That in Huddersfield 2019". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ Ballinger, Lauren (10 September 2019). "Green Day, Weezer and Fall Out Boy to play at John Smiths Stadium". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019. ^ "MUSE – Tues 20th June 2023 – Frequently Asked Questions". John Smith's Stadium. 14 April 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024. External links 53°39′15″N 1°46′6″W / 53.65417°N 1.76833°W / 53.65417; -1.76833 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kirklees Stadium. Official website vteHuddersfield GiantsBased in Huddersfield, EnglandThe Club Players Coaches Seasons Women Home grounds Rifle Field Fartown Ground Leeds Road Kirklees Stadium Hall of Fame Albert Rosenfeld Harold Wagstaff Neil Fox Douglas Clark League Rugby Football League Super League Championships (7) 1911–12 1912–13 1914–15 1928–29 1929–30 1948–49 1961–62 Challenge Cup (6) 1912–13 1914–15 1919–20 1932–33 1944–45 1952–53 Seasons 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Culture NRFU Founder All Four Cups West Yorkshire derbies Affiliation Rugby Football League (1895) vteHuddersfield Town Association Football ClubThe club History Seasons Managers Players Records and statistics West Yorkshire derby Home stadium Leeds Road (1908–94) Kirklees Stadium (1994–present) Other teams Development Squad Academy Ladies vte2024–25 EFL Championship venues Ashton Gate Bramall Lane bet365 Stadium Cardiff City Stadium Carrow Road Coventry Building Society Arena Deepdale The Den Elland Road Ewood Park Fratton Park Hillsborough Home Park Kassam Stadium Kenilworth Road Loftus Road MKM Stadium Pride Park Riverside Stadium Stadium of Light Swansea.com Stadium Turf Moor The Hawthorns Vicarage Road vtePremier League venuesCurrent Anfield Bramall Lane Brentford Community Stadium City of Manchester Stadium City Ground Craven Cottage Dean Court Emirates Stadium Falmer Stadium Goodison Park Kenilworth Road London Stadium Molineux Old Trafford St James' Park Selhurst Park Stamford Bridge Tottenham Hotspur Stadium Turf Moor Villa Park Former Bet365 Stadium Bloomfield Road Boundary Park Cardiff City Stadium Carrow Road County Ground DW Stadium Elland Road Ewood Park Fratton Park The Hawthorns Hillsborough Stadium King Power Stadium Kirklees Stadium Loftus Road Madejski Stadium MKM Stadium Oakwell Portman Road Pride Park Riverside Stadium Stadium of Light St Andrew's St Mary's Stadium Swansea.com Stadium Toughsheet Community Stadium The Valley Valley Parade Vicarage Road Wembley Stadium Demolished Ayresome Park Baseball Ground Boleyn Ground Burnden Park The Dell Filbert Street Highbury Highfield Road Maine Road Roker Park White Hart Lane Links to related articles vteSuper League venuesCurrent (2024) Brick Community Stadium Craven Park Halliwell Jones Stadium Headingley Rugby Stadium Hull City Stadium The Jungle Kirklees Stadium Leigh Sports Village Plough Lane Salford Community Stadium Stade Gilbert Brutus Totally Wicked Stadium Magic Weekend Millennium Stadium Murrayfield Stadium City of Manchester Stadium St James' Park Anfield Elland Road Grand FinalOld Trafford vte1995 Rugby League World Cup venuesEngland Central Park Cougar Park Gateshead International Stadium Headingley Knowsley Road McAlpine Stadium Old Trafford The Boulevard Wembley Wilderspool Wales Ninian Park Vetch Field vteVenues of the 1999 Rugby World Cup Millennium Stadium (Cardiff) Stade de France (Saint-Denis) Twickenham Stadium (London) Murrayfield Stadium (Edinburgh) Hampden Park (Glasgow) Lansdowne Road (Dublin) Stade Félix Bollaert (Lens) Parc Lescure (Bordeaux) McAlpine Stadium (Huddersfield) Stade de Toulouse (Toulouse) Stade de la Méditerranée (Béziers) Ashton Gate (Bristol) Welford Road Stadium (Leicester) Racecourse Ground (Wrexham) Thomond Park (Limerick) Ravenhill Stadium (Belfast) Stradey Park (Llanelli) Netherdale (Galashiels) vte2000 Rugby League World Cup venuesEngland Auto Quest Stadium Craven Park Derwent Park Gateshead International Stadium Headingley Kingsholm Stadium Knowsley Road Madejski Stadium McAlpine Stadium Old Trafford Reebok Stadium The Boulevard The Jungle Twickenham Vicarage Road France Charlety Stadium Stade d'Albert Domec Stadium de Toulouse Stadium Municipal d'Albi Wales Millennium Stadium Racecourse Ground Stradey Park Ireland Tolka Park Windsor Park Scotland Firhill Stadium Tynecastle vte2013 Rugby League World Cup venuesEngland AJ Bell Stadium Craven Park Derwent Park DW Stadium Halliwell Jones Stadium Headingley Stadium John Smith's Stadium KC Stadium Langtree Park Leigh Sports Village Memorial Stadium Old Trafford Spotland The Shay Wembley Stadium Wales Millennium Stadium Racecourse Ground The Gnoll France Parc Des Sports Stade Gilbert Brutus Ireland Thomond Park vte2021 Rugby League World Cup venuesMen's andWomen's* Bolton - University of Bolton Stadium Coventry - Coventry Building Society Arena Doncaster - Eco-Power Stadium Huddersfield - John Smith's Stadium Hull - MKM Stadium‡ Leeds - Elland Road Leeds - Headingley‡ Leigh - Leigh Sports Village London - Emirates Stadium Manchester - Old Trafford‡ Middlesbrough - Riverside Stadium Newcastle - Kingston Park Newcastle - St James' Park Sheffield - Bramall Lane St Helens - Totally Wicked Stadium Warrington - Halliwell Jones Stadium Wigan - DW Stadium‡ York - York Community Stadium† Wheelchair London - Copper Box Arena Manchester - Manchester Central Sheffield - English Institute of Sport *unmarked: Men's RLWC only, ‡: Men's and Women's RLWC, †: Women's RLWC only vteMen's football in West YorkshireClubs(List of)Premier League &Football League(tiers 1–4)1 None 2 Huddersfield Town Leeds United 3 None 4 Bradford City Non-League(tiers 5–13)5 Halifax Town 6 Farsley Celtic 7 Bradford (Park Avenue) Guiseley 8 Brighouse Town Liversedge Ossett United Pontefract Collieries 9 Albion Sports Campion Eccleshill United Emley Frickley Athletic Garforth Town Golcar United Silsden Thackley 10 Glasshoughton Welfare Horbury Town Ilkley Town Nostell Miners Welfare Shelley Steeton Route One Rovers Wakefield Yorkshire Amateur 11 Hemsworth Miners Welfare South Kirkby Colliery 12 East End Park Working Mens Club 13 Kinsley Boys Salts Defunct Brook Sports Castleford Town Collingham Fryston Colliery Welfare Halifax Town Hemsworth Colliery Hemsworth West End Leeds Ashley Road Leeds Carnegie Leeds City Ossett Albion Ossett Town Phoenix Park South Kirkby Wednesday Wakefield Competitions West Yorkshire Association Football League Yorkshire Amateur League Craven and District Football League Halifax and District Association Football League Huddersfield and District Association Football League Wakefield and District Football Association League Venues Valley Parade Horsfall Stadium The Citadel Nethermoor Park The Shay Kirklees Stadium Elland Road Belle Vue Rivalries Bradford derby West Yorkshire derby Other topics Portals: English football Sports Yorkshire Authority control databases: Geographic StadiumDB Structurae	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sponsorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"Leeds Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Road"},{"link_name":"Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1999 Rugby Union World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kirklees Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklees_Council"},{"link_name":"Alfred McAlpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_McAlpine"},{"link_name":"Galpharm International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galpharm_International"},{"link_name":"John Smith's Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith%27s_Brewery"}],"text":"Multi-use stadium in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, EnglandKirklees Stadium (currently known due to sponsorship as the John Smith's Stadium)[1][5][6][7] is a multi-use stadium in Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England. Since 1994, it has been the home ground of football club Huddersfield Town and rugby league side Huddersfield Giants, both of whom moved from Leeds Road.The stadium was a venue for the Rugby League World Cup in 1995 ,2000, 2013 and 2021, in addition to the 1999 Rugby Union World Cup. It is owned by both clubs, as well as Kirklees Council. Its naming rights have passed from constructors Alfred McAlpine to pharmaceutical company Galpharm International in 2004, then to John Smith's Brewery eight years later.","title":"Kirklees Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred McAlpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_McAlpine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populous_(company)"},{"link_name":"RIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"1994–95 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994-95_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Leeds Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Road"},{"link_name":"Fartown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartown_Ground"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"During planning and construction, the stadium was referred to as the Kirklees Stadium which is still its official name. It was built by Alfred McAlpine,[8] designed by Populous and was awarded the RIBA Building of the Year award for 1995.[9]The decision to build a new stadium for Huddersfield Town and Huddersfield Giants was made in August 1992. Construction began the following year and it was completed in time for the 1994–95 season, enabling the clubs to move to their new base after 86 years at Leeds Road and 114 years at Fartown respectively, with the Rugby club sharing Leeds Road from 1992 to 1994.When the stadium opened only the two side stands (the Riverside and Kilner Bank stands) were ready. The South Stand was opened in December 1994. Construction on the North (Panasonic) Stand began in 1996 and it was completed in 1998, bringing the overall capacity of the stadium to approximately 24,500. The estimated cost of construction was £40 million.A ski slope will be built next to the stadium.[10]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirklees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklees"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town A.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_(law)"},{"link_name":"Ken Davy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Davy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ralph Rimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Rimmer"},{"link_name":"Dean Hoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Hoyle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ownership","text":"Initially, the stadium was owned by a consortium made up of Kirklees Metropolitan Council, Huddersfield Town A.F.C. and Huddersfield Giants in a 40:40:20 proportion. Following the purchase of Huddersfield Town A.F.C. from the administrators in 2003, Ken Davy became chairman of both sports clubs, which were owned by companies he controls, Sporting Pride.[11] The present ownership of the stadium is Kirklees Metropolitan Council 40%, Huddersfield Town FC 40%, and Huddersfield Giants 20%. The current Managing director of the stadium company is Gareth Davis[12] who succeeded Ralph Rimmer in 2010. On 24 December 2009, Huddersfield Town announced that 40% of the shares owned by Huddersfield Sporting Pride would be transferred to the football club, owned by current chairman Dean Hoyle, but the deal was delayed due to a rent dispute between Davy and Hoyle. The deal was finally completed on 3 September 2013.[13]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred McAlpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_McAlpine"},{"link_name":"Galpharm Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galpharm_International"},{"link_name":"Heineken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken_International"},{"link_name":"John Smith's Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith%27s_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorship","text":"From 1994 until 2004 the stadium was known as the Alfred McAlpine Stadium. Alfred McAlpine had been the main construction contractor and its name was part of the payment contract for ten years. The company elected not to renew its sponsorship which was taken up by Galpharm Healthcare, leading to the new name. Individual stands are sponsored by local businesses. On 19 July 2012, it was announced that the brewery firm, Heineken had bought the sponsorship rights for the stadium using their domestic John Smith's Brewery as the beneficiary, and as such the stadium was renamed as The John Smith's Stadium on 1 August as part of a five-year deal. In December 2016, this was extended for a further five years.[14]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Match_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1708935.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C."}],"text":"A match against Swindon Town in February 2010","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadium27.jpg"}],"sub_title":"North Stand","text":"Capacity – 2,750 (seating)\nThe North Stand, known as the Big Red Stand for sponsorship reasons, is located behind the goal post at the north end of the ground. It has two tiers and houses 16 hospitality boxes and is completely seated. The lower tier contains temporary seats that can be removed for concerts or other events.An aerial view of the stadium with the Riverside (bottom) and Kilner Bank (top)","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anonymous-20171130094823.jpg"}],"sub_title":"East Stand (Kilner Bank)","text":"Capacity – 7,000 (seating)\nThe East Stand known as the Kilner Bank Stand or the Chadwick Lawrence Stand for sponsorship reasons is a large single tier stand that runs along the side of the pitch and is completely covered seating. The stand also holds the TV gantry. It gets its name from the fact the stand is built under and partly into the large hill named Kilner Bank behind it.A view of the East stand with the Kilner Bank in the background","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Stand","text":"Capacity – 4,054 (seating)\nThe Magic Rock Brewing Stand as it is known for sponsorship reasons is an all seated stand built into a bank and is completely covered as well as having the big screen. The stand is generally the away stand for visiting fans in both football and rugby, for football, it used to be completely for away fans but it is now shared with home fans with segregation netting. From 2017–18 a new segregation system was implemented with away fans given 2,500 tickets instead of 2,000.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"West Stand (Riverside)","text":"Capacity – 10,365 (seating)\nThe West stand is the main stand and is known as the Core Stand[15] for sponsorship or Riverside Stand. It has two tiers and 26 hospitality boxes and incorporates the player changing rooms, tunnel, dug out, ticket office and club shop. It takes its name from the River Colne that passes behind it, a footbridge crosses over the river to the car parks and estates behind the ground.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wycombe Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Simon Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Garner"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"England under-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification#Group_5"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Aaron Mooy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Mooy"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"It hosted its first match on 20 August 1994 when Huddersfield Town lost 1–0 to Wycombe Wanderers in the Second Division. Only the two touchline stands had been completed, and 13,334 spectators attended. Simon Garner scored the goal for the visitors.[16]On 4 June 1999, it hosted England under-21 in a 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 5 match against Sweden, a 3–0 win for England.[17]On 20 August 2017, it held its first Premier League game, with Huddersfield's Aaron Mooy scoring the only goal of a 1–0 win over Newcastle United in front of a crowd of 24,128.[18][19]The record for a football match is 24,263 for a Premier League match between Huddersfield Town and Liverpool on 20 October 2018.[20]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadium10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_v_Ireland_2013_RLWC_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"2013 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2021 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Regal Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Cup_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Wigan Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Bradford Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Bulls"},{"link_name":"World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Leeds Rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Rugby League","text":"During a Huddersfield Giants game.The England–Ireland game at the 2013 Rugby League World Cup set the stadium's attendance recordRugby League World Cup matches were held at the stadium in 1995, 2000 and 2013. Seven Great Britain rugby league internationals have been held at the ground, from 1998 to 2007.[21] Since the Great Britain team was split into home nations, it has hosted four England rugby league internationals, including a 42–0 win over Ireland in the group stage of the 2013 World Cup, in front of 24,375 spectators. It was the ground's first sell-out crowd,[22] and its record attendance.[23]On 29 January 2019, it was announced that the John Smith's Stadium would play host to a quarter-final of the 2021 Rugby League World Cup.The results of international matches are as follows;The stadium has held semi-finals of the Challenge Cup and the finals of the now defunct Regal Trophy competition were held there in 1995 and 1996. Wigan Warriors won on both occasions. The stadium has also hosted three of Bradford Bulls' World Club Challenge matches, from 2002 to 2006. The Huddersfield Giants attendance record at the venue stands at 15,629 for a match against rivals Leeds Rhinos on 10 February 2008.[24]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1999 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Rugby Union","text":"Despite Huddersfield not being a strong rugby union area, the stadium has been used for four full cap international rugby union matches. It hosted three qualifying matches for the 1999 Rugby World Cup and one match in the pool. Two of the matches saw teams pass 100 points: England beat the Netherlands 110–0 in a qualifier and New Zealand defeated Italy 101–3 in the pool.[25]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"the Beautiful South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beautiful_South"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Jovi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"},{"link_name":"Darius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Lulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"Weezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weezer"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse_(band)"},{"link_name":"Will of the People World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_of_the_People_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Concerts","text":"The first concerts at the stadium were on 25 and 26 July 1995 by American band R.E.M., attended by around 80,000 people and providing a £3 million boom to local businesses.[26] The Eagles,[27] Bryan Adams and the Beautiful South also performed there in the 1990s,[28] followed four years later by Bon Jovi in June 2001.[29]After three years with no performances, Blue played at the stadium on the 31 July 2004 with Girls Aloud and Darius supporting, in an event to reveal Galpharm's new sponsorship of the venue.[30] The following two summers, Elton John and Lulu in 2005, and Bryan Adams again in 2006, performed.[31] After a gap of twelve years, Little Mix were booked to perform in July 2018 followed by Take That in June 2019. Green Day, Weezer and Fall Out Boy appeared in June 2022, a gig that was postponed by two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[32][33][34] Muse performed at the stadium in June 2023 as part of their Will of the People World Tour.[35]","title":"Events"}]	[{"image_text":"A match against Swindon Town in February 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Big_Match_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1708935.jpg/220px-Big_Match_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1708935.jpg"},{"image_text":"An aerial view of the stadium with the Riverside (bottom) and Kilner Bank (top)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadium27.jpg/220px-Stadium27.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view of the East stand with the Kilner Bank in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Anonymous-20171130094823.jpg/220px-Anonymous-20171130094823.jpg"},{"image_text":"During a Huddersfield Giants game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Stadium10.jpg/220px-Stadium10.jpg"},{"image_text":"The England–Ireland game at the 2013 Rugby League World Cup set the stadium's attendance record","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/England_v_Ireland_2013_RLWC_%281%29.jpg/220px-England_v_Ireland_2013_RLWC_%281%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stadium History\". The John Smith's Stadium. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173636/http://www.johnsmithsstadium.com/stadium-history","url_text":"\"Stadium History\""},{"url":"http://www.johnsmithsstadium.com/stadium-history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Huddersfield Town v Liverpool Stats\". Premier League. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/38393","url_text":"\"Huddersfield Town v Liverpool Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIEWING PLATFORM FOR AWAY SUPPORTERS\". Huddersfield Town AFC. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.htafc.com/news/2017/november/viewing-platform-for-away-supporters/","url_text":"\"VIEWING PLATFORM FOR AWAY SUPPORTERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\". Examiner Live. Reach. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/new-deal-signed-naming-rights-12312903","url_text":"\"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are you coming to the John Smith's Stadium? Here are the best ways for you to get to the match!\". Huddersfield Town AFC. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.htafc.com/club/directions/","url_text":"\"Are you coming to the John Smith's Stadium? Here are the best ways for you to get to the match!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matchday information\". Huddersfield Giants. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giantsrl.com/theclub/matchday_information","url_text":"\"Matchday information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galpharm Stadium at AJ Specification database\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030080713/http://www.ajspecification.com/Buildings/B_Home_Page/?CI_Building_ID=315","url_text":"\"Galpharm Stadium at AJ Specification database\""},{"url":"http://www.ajspecification.com/Buildings/B_Home_Page/?CI_Building_ID=315","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"England: Huddersfield stadium to get... a ski slope\". stadiumdb.com. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stadiumdb.com/news/2017/06/england_huddersfield_stadium_to_get_a_ski_slope","url_text":"\"England: Huddersfield stadium to get... a ski slope\""}]},{"reference":"Conn, David (5 May 2009). \"David Conn: Huddersfield Town's community stadium dream sours in ownership wrangle\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/global/2009/may/06/huddersfield-town","url_text":"\"David Conn: Huddersfield Town's community stadium dream sours in ownership wrangle\""}]},{"reference":"Live, Examiner (8 October 2010). \"Gareth Davies is new boss of Kirklees Stadium Development Ltd\". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/gareth-davies-new-boss-kirklees-4988350","url_text":"\"Gareth Davies is new boss of Kirklees Stadium Development Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Martin (3 September 2013). \"Dean Hoyle hails 'landmark' deal to restore Huddersfield Town stadium shares\". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/dean-hoyle-hails-landmark-deal-5831703","url_text":"\"Dean Hoyle hails 'landmark' deal to restore Huddersfield Town stadium shares\""}]},{"reference":"Zientek, Henryk (13 December 2016). \"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/new-deal-signed-naming-rights-12312903","url_text":"\"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Doug (27 August 2011). \"Huddersfield Town nostalgia: Wycombe Wanderers spoil the new stadium party in 1994\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport/football/news/huddersfield-town-nostalgia-wycombe-wanderers-4970718","url_text":"\"Huddersfield Town nostalgia: Wycombe Wanderers spoil the new stadium party in 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sweden v England background\". UEFA. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/under21/season=2017/matches/round=2000645/match=2021139/prematch/background/index.html","url_text":"\"Sweden v England background\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Andrew (26 August 2017). \"Can the capacity at the John Smith's Stadium be increased? Here's what Town had to say\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/can-capacity-john-smiths-stadium-13531193","url_text":"\"Can the capacity at the John Smith's Stadium be increased? Here's what Town had to say\""}]},{"reference":"Chowdhury, Saj (20 August 2017). \"Huddersfield Town 1–0 Newcastle United\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40914669","url_text":"\"Huddersfield Town 1–0 Newcastle United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huddersfield Town v Liverpool Stats\". Premier League. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/38393","url_text":"\"Huddersfield Town v Liverpool Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Stadium International rugby league matches\". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 29 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/Custom/LS0tMS0tNTEtLS0tLS0tLXkteS0tLS0tLQ==","url_text":"\"John Smith's Stadium International rugby league matches\""}]},{"reference":"Hirst, Andrew (19 October 2013). \"World Cup fever means sell-out at John Smith's Stadium for England's clash with Ireland\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/world-cup-fever-means-sell-out-6207595","url_text":"\"World Cup fever means sell-out at John Smith's Stadium for England's clash with Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Sutcliffe, Richard (20 February 2017). \"Haven't we met before? Huddersfield Town's Jon Gorenc Stankovic gets upper hand over Manchester City's Leroy Sane\". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/football/huddersfield-town/haven-t-we-met-before-huddersfield-town-s-jon-gorenc-stankovic-gets-upper-hand-over-manchester-city-s-leroy-sane-1-8398495","url_text":"\"Haven't we met before? Huddersfield Town's Jon Gorenc Stankovic gets upper hand over Manchester City's Leroy Sane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super League XIII 2008 – Round 1 – Rugby League Project\". www.rugbyleagueproject.org. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/super-league-xiii-2008/round-1/huddersfield-vs-leeds/summary.html","url_text":"\"Super League XIII 2008 – Round 1 – Rugby League Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – Statsguru – Test matches – Team records\". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;ground=621;template=results;type=team","url_text":"\"Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – Statsguru – Test matches – Team records\""}]},{"reference":"Gildea, Samantha (21 May 2014). \"REM rock Huddersfield: we look back to the band's gig at the McAlpine in July 1995\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/rem-brings-monster-tour-mcalpine-7147087","url_text":"\"REM rock Huddersfield: we look back to the band's gig at the McAlpine in July 1995\""}]},{"reference":"Gildea, Samantha (26 August 2014). \"The Eagles flew into the McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield in July 1996 – were you there?\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/eagles-flew-mcalpine-stadium-huddersfield-7671974","url_text":"\"The Eagles flew into the McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield in July 1996 – were you there?\""}]},{"reference":"Gildea, Samantha (13 June 2014). \"Were you there? The Beautiful South, Cast and the Lightning Seeds rock the McAlpine in 1997\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/beautiful-south-cast-lightning-seeds-7257879","url_text":"\"Were you there? The Beautiful South, Cast and the Lightning Seeds rock the McAlpine in 1997\""}]},{"reference":"Gildea, Samantha (12 August 2001). \"One Wild Night: Bon Jovi rock Huddersfield's McAlpine Stadium in June 2001\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/incoming/one-wild-night-bon-jovi-7600538","url_text":"\"One Wild Night: Bon Jovi rock Huddersfield's McAlpine Stadium in June 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blue to reveal stadium's name\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 7 June 2004. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/sport/football/news/blue-to-reveal-stadiums-name-5088627","url_text":"\"Blue to reveal stadium's name\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson-Hudd, Sam (19 December 2013). \"Did you go? Bryan Adams rocked Huddersfield's Galpharm Stadium in 2006 – relive it here\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/bryan-adams-rocked-huddersfields-galpharm-6430634","url_text":"\"Did you go? Bryan Adams rocked Huddersfield's Galpharm Stadium in 2006 – relive it here\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Joanne (28 November 2017). \"Little Mix in Huddersfield: Tickets, times and prices\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/little-mix-huddersfield-tickets-times-13965546","url_text":"\"Little Mix in Huddersfield: Tickets, times and prices\""}]},{"reference":"Ankers, Wayne (4 June 2019). \"Every picture from Take That in Huddersfield 2019\". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/gallery/every-picture-take-huddersfield-2019-16380004","url_text":"\"Every picture from Take That in Huddersfield 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Ballinger, Lauren (10 September 2019). \"Green Day, Weezer and Fall Out Boy to play at John Smiths Stadium\". Huddersfield Examiner. Retrieved 13 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/green-day-weezer-fob-huddersfield-16894629","url_text":"\"Green Day, Weezer and Fall Out Boy to play at John Smiths Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"MUSE – Tues 20th June 2023 – Frequently Asked Questions\". John Smith's Stadium. 14 April 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.johnsmithsstadium.com/muse-tues-20th-june-2023-frequently-asked-questions/","url_text":"\"MUSE – Tues 20th June 2023 – Frequently Asked Questions\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kirklees_Stadium&params=53_39_15_N_1_46_6_W_","external_links_name":"53°39′15″N 1°46′6″W / 53.65417°N 1.76833°W / 53.65417; -1.76833"},{"Link":"http://www.johnsmithsstadium.com/","external_links_name":"www.johnsmithsstadium.com"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kirklees+Stadium%22","external_links_name":"\"Kirklees Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kirklees+Stadium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kirklees+Stadium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kirklees+Stadium%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kirklees+Stadium%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kirklees+Stadium%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173636/http://www.johnsmithsstadium.com/stadium-history","external_links_name":"\"Stadium History\""},{"Link":"http://www.johnsmithsstadium.com/stadium-history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/world-cup-2013/game-9/england-vs-ireland.html","external_links_name":"2013 RLWC – England vs Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/38393","external_links_name":"\"Huddersfield Town v Liverpool Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.htafc.com/news/2017/november/viewing-platform-for-away-supporters/","external_links_name":"\"VIEWING PLATFORM FOR AWAY SUPPORTERS\""},{"Link":"https://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/new-deal-signed-naming-rights-12312903","external_links_name":"\"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://www.htafc.com/club/directions/","external_links_name":"\"Are you coming to the John Smith's Stadium? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Theater_(New_York)	Palladium Times Square	["1 Features","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°45′28″N 73°59′11″W / 40.75778°N 73.98639°W / 40.75778; -73.98639 Event venue in Manhattan, New York Palladium Times SquareExterior of the venue when it was PlayStation TheaterFormer namesNokia Theatre Times Square (2005–10)Best Buy Theater (2010–15) PlayStation Theater (2015–19)Address1515 BroadwayNew York City, NYUnited StatesLocationTimes Square, ManhattanPublic transitNew York City Subway: at Times Square–42nd Street NYCT Bus: M7, M20, M34A SBS, M42, M104 Port Authority Bus TerminalTypeConcert theaterCapacity1,800 (2005–2020)2,150 (2020–present)ConstructionBroke groundAugust 2004Built2004–05OpenedSeptember 19, 2005 (2005-09-19)Construction cost$21 millionWebsitepalladiumtimessquare.com Palladium Times Square (formerly PlayStation Theater, Best Buy Theater and Nokia Theatre Times Square) is an indoor live events venue in New York City, located in One Astor Plaza, at the corner of Broadway and 44th Street. It was designed by architect David Rockwell and opened in September 2005. The venue has a large standing room orchestra section, combined with a large area of seating towards the rear of the auditorium. The venue was originally built as the Loews Astor Plaza Theatre, a movie theater operated by Loews Theatres, which opened in 1974 and closed in August 2004. The space was leased by the Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), who converted it to a live-event venue at an estimated total cost of $21 million. Due to the expiration of its lease, the PlayStation Theater closed on December 31, 2019, after a set of shows by Philadelphia trance fusion band Disco Biscuits. The venue reopened in 2020 as Palladium Times Square. Features With a capacity of 2,100, the theater features an 85-foot-long (26 m) LED screen that is one of the largest marquees on Broadway. The venue is also capable of presenting live footage from the stage or anywhere else in the theater. The theater's marquee sign was directly connected to MTV Studios and allowed for live footage from there to be displayed. The building also includes two private mezzanines, several dressing rooms, and a green room for up to 30 people. The theater hosts concerts, event parties, live television, web broadcasts, and award shows, including the Heisman Trophy ceremony, which took place at the theater from 2005 to 2019. Gallery Exterior of the venue when it was Best Buy Theater Exterior of the venue when it was Nokia Theatre Times Square References ^ Waddel, Ray (October 8, 2015). "Best Buy Theater Is Now the PlayStation Theater". Billboard. Retrieved December 28, 2015. ^ a b c "About NOKIA Theatre Times Square". NOKIA Theatre Times Square. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ "PlayStation Theater in New York, NY". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ a b http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4379406-1.html ^ Aswad, Jem (August 20, 2019). "New York's PlayStation Theater to Close (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ "Palladium Times Square, New York NY Official Site". Retrieved January 24, 2022. ^ "Best Buy Theater". Goldstar. Retrieved December 8, 2019. External links Palladium Times Square's Official Website vteTimes Square and the Theater DistrictManhattan, New York CityBuildings 1 Times Square 3 Times Square 4 Times Square 5 Times Square 7 Times Square (Times Square Tower) 11 Times Square 20 Times Square 229 West 43rd Street 1500 Broadway 1501 Broadway (Paramount Building) 1515 Broadway (One Astor Plaza) 1540 Broadway (Bertelsmann Building) 1552 Broadway (I. Miller Building) 1585 Broadway (Morgan Stanley Building) Bank of America Tower Brill Building Bush Tower Candler Building Church of St. Mary the Virgin Embassy Theatre The New York Times Building Times Square Hotel TKTS TSX Broadway Broadway theaters Ambassador Belasco Bernard B. Jacobs Booth Broadhurst Circle in the Square Ethel Barrymore Eugene O'Neill Gerald Schoenfeld Gershwin Hayes Hudson Imperial James Earl Jones John Golden Lena Horne Longacre Lunt-Fontanne Lyceum Lyric Majestic Marquis Minskoff Music Box Nederlander New Amsterdam Palace Richard Rodgers St. James Samuel J. Friedman Shubert Stephen Sondheim Todd Haimes Walter Kerr Winter Garden Other attractionsPerformance venues Palladium Times Square Sony Hall The Town Hall Events Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve Good Riddance Day Sites Madame Tussauds New York Museum of Broadway Sardi's Times Square Studios Art and sculpture Statue of Francis P. Duffy Statue of George M. Cohan Times Square (Neuhaus) Times Square Mural Signs and objects Coca-Cola sign Nasdaq MarketSite National Debt Clock Times Square Ball Personalities Desnudas Naked Cowboy Hotels The Chatwal New York Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan Hotel Astor Hotel Claridge Hotel Edison The Knickerbocker Hotel Millennium Times Square New York New York Marriott Marquis Row NYC Hotel Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel TransportationSubway stations 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal 49th Street 50th Street Times Square–42nd Street Roads and streets 42nd Street Broadway Seventh Avenue Shubert Alley HistoryEvents and incidents V-J Day in Times Square 2008 Times Square bombing 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt 2017 Times Square car attack 2017 New York City Subway bombing Stop Iran Rally Defunct locations and attractions Bond International Casino Discovery Times Square Hotel Carter Pabst Hotel Palladium Times Square Terminal Bar Unique Recording Studios Defunct theaters American Music Hall Astor Columbia Edison Fulton Gaiety Knickerbocker Liberty Loew's Lyric Morosco Olympia Paramount Rialto Strand Times Square Victoria Other topics High School of Performing Arts Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers Midtown Community Court See also: Manhattan Community Board 5 Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place 2 40°45′28″N 73°59′11″W / 40.75778°N 73.98639°W / 40.75778; -73.98639	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-pstheatre-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"One Astor Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Astor_Plaza"},{"link_name":"David Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nokiatheatrenyc.com-2"},{"link_name":"movie theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater"},{"link_name":"Loews Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loews_Theatres"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anschutz Entertainment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschutz_Entertainment_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allbusiness.com-4"},{"link_name":"Disco Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Event venue in Manhattan, New YorkPalladium Times Square (formerly PlayStation Theater, Best Buy Theater and Nokia Theatre Times Square)[1] is an indoor live events venue in New York City, located in One Astor Plaza, at the corner of Broadway and 44th Street. 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The venue is also capable of presenting live footage from the stage or anywhere else in the theater. The theater's marquee sign was directly connected to MTV Studios and allowed for live footage from there to be displayed.[2][7]The building also includes two private mezzanines, several dressing rooms, and a green room for up to 30 people.[4] The theater hosts concerts, event parties, live television, web broadcasts, and award shows,[2] including the Heisman Trophy ceremony, which took place at the theater from 2005 to 2019.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Best_Buy_Theater.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nokia-theatre.jpg"}],"text":"Exterior of the venue when it was Best Buy Theater\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExterior of the venue when it was Nokia Theatre Times Square","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Waddel, Ray (October 8, 2015). \"Best Buy Theater Is Now the PlayStation Theater\". Billboard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Along_with_You	Get Along with You	["1 Music video","2 Track listings","3 Charts","4 Release history","5 References"]	2000 single by Kelis "Get Along with You"Single by Kelisfrom the album Kaleidoscope ReleasedApril 10, 2000 (2000-04-10)StudioMaster Sound (Virginia Beach)GenrePopR&BLength4:27LabelVirginSongwriter(s)Pharrell WilliamsChad HugoProducer(s)The NeptunesKelis singles chronology "Caught Out There" (1999) "Get Along with You" (2000) "Good Stuff" (2000) "Get Along with You" is a song by American singer Kelis from her debut studio album, Kaleidoscope (1999). A staccato, Pop and R&B ballad, "Get Along with You" describes how someone's love for and the need to "get along with" their love interest is more substantial than material possessions and even the world itself. Released as the second single from Kaleidoscope in the US on April 10, 2000, "Get Along with You" was not a commercial success, failing to enter the US Billboard Hot 100. It was later released as the on third and final single in Europe in October 2000, peaking at number 51 on the UK Singles Chart. Music video The music video for "Get Along with You", directed by Paul Hunter, begins with Kelis, who is donning an all-black, gothic-like attire, standing in place. She proceeds to open her laced jacket to reveal a new "world" within herself. This "new world" shows Kelis standing in an empty street. She sings the first verse while flying around in a dark and gloomy city, as an orange gas comes out of her mouth every time she speaks. She then flies to a flower shop and looks inside where she sees dead flowers that quickly come back to life. After coming out of a well, Kelis walks in a heavily wooded area, filled with trees. She then stands upon a giant telescope. Kelis wanders aimlessly to a beach and sits holding a parasol, singing. The camera pans to Kelis' feet and she is shown flying over the ocean of which she was previously viewing with dolphins swimming beneath her. After entering another iron gate, Kelis is shown as a doll and begins to disassemble herself. A light begins to emit from her dismembered, clay body; the light begins to shine very brightly, illuminating the seas and the city within herself. In closing of the song, the camera pans out and Kelis closes the open "window" to her inner self. The video premiered on BET the week ending on March 26, 2000. Track listings UK CD single "Get Along with You" (Album Version) – 4:27 "Get Along with You" (DJ Dodge Soul Inside Radio Mix) – 3:58 "Get Along with You" (Bump & Flex Radio Edit) – 3:52 "Get Along with You" (Morales Radio Edit) – 3:46 "Get Along with You" (video) European CD single "Get Along with You" (Pharrell Edit Version) – 4:12 "Get Along with You" (Bump & Flex Club Mix) – 6:29 Charts Chart (2000) Peakposition Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 3 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 93 Scotland (OCC) 71 UK Singles (OCC) 51 UK Dance (OCC) 7 UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) 6 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 19 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 57 Release history Release dates and formats for "Get Along with You" Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United States April 10, 2000 Rhythmic contemporary radio Virgin France October 3, 2000 Maxi CD EMI United Kingdom October 9, 2000 12-inch vinylcassettemaxi CD Virgin References ^ Capper, Andy (February 28, 2000). "Kelis – Kaleidoscope". NME. Archived from the original on October 11, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2022. Take for instance the staccato, moody pop gem 'Get Along With You', yearning and dreaming like TLC used to do. ^ Jaymes, Cyd (October 10, 2000). "Kelis - 'Get Along With You'". Dotmusic. Archived from the original on March 29, 2002. Retrieved July 24, 2022. 'Get Along With You' is a mellow, thoughtful R&B number. ^ "Video Monitor". Billboard. April 8, 2000. Retrieved January 11, 2023. ^ "Dagblaðið Vísir - DV - Fókus (17.11.2000)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). November 17, 2000. p. 12. Retrieved September 27, 2023. ^ "Kelis – Get Along with You" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 20, 2008. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 24, 2017. ^ "Kelis: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 20, 2019. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 6, 2022. ^ "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 24, 2017. ^ "Kelis Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 24, 2017. ^ "Kelis Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 24, 2017. ^ "Crossover Nation: New Releases - Going For Adds 4/10" (PDF). Hits. April 7, 2000. p. 66. Retrieved December 25, 2022 – via World Radio History. ^ "Get along with you – Kelis – CD maxi single" (in French). France: Fnac. October 3, 2000. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ "New Releases – For Week Starting October 9, 2000: Singles". Music Week. October 7, 2000. p. 29. vteKelis Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Kaleidoscope Wanderland Tasty Kelis Was Here Flesh Tone Food Compilation albums The Hits Singles "Caught Out There" "Get Along with You" "Good Stuff" "Young, Fresh n' New" "Milkshake" "Trick Me" "Millionaire" "In Public" "Bossy" "Blindfold Me" "Lil Star" "Acapella" "4th of July (Fireworks)" "Scream" "Brave" Featured singles "Got Your Money" "Finest Dreams" "What It Is" "Candy" "Not in Love" "Oceania (Remix)" "I Love My Chick" "Not a Criminal" "Bounce" Related articles All Hearts Tour	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelis"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(Kelis_album)"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"\"Get Along with You\" is a song by American singer Kelis from her debut studio album, Kaleidoscope (1999). A staccato, Pop and R&B ballad, \"Get Along with You\" describes how someone's love for and the need to \"get along with\" their love interest is more substantial than material possessions and even the world itself.Released as the second single from Kaleidoscope in the US on April 10, 2000, \"Get Along with You\" was not a commercial success, failing to enter the US Billboard Hot 100. It was later released as the on third and final single in Europe in October 2000, peaking at number 51 on the UK Singles Chart.","title":"Get Along with You"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hunter_(director)"},{"link_name":"gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fashion"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The music video for \"Get Along with You\", directed by Paul Hunter, begins with Kelis, who is donning an all-black, gothic-like attire, standing in place. She proceeds to open her laced jacket to reveal a new \"world\" within herself. This \"new world\" shows Kelis standing in an empty street. She sings the first verse while flying around in a dark and gloomy city, as an orange gas comes out of her mouth every time she speaks. She then flies to a flower shop and looks inside where she sees dead flowers that quickly come back to life. After coming out of a well, Kelis walks in a heavily wooded area, filled with trees. She then stands upon a giant telescope. Kelis wanders aimlessly to a beach and sits holding a parasol, singing. The camera pans to Kelis' feet and she is shown flying over the ocean of which she was previously viewing with dolphins swimming beneath her. After entering another iron gate, Kelis is shown as a doll and begins to disassemble herself. A light begins to emit from her dismembered, clay body; the light begins to shine very brightly, illuminating the seas and the city within herself. In closing of the song, the camera pans out and Kelis closes the open \"window\" to her inner self.The video premiered on BET the week ending on March 26, 2000.[3]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bump & Flex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Nelson_(disc_jockey)"},{"link_name":"Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pharrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"}],"text":"UK CD single\"Get Along with You\" (Album Version) – 4:27\n\"Get Along with You\" (DJ Dodge Soul Inside Radio Mix) – 3:58\n\"Get Along with You\" (Bump & Flex Radio Edit) – 3:52\n\"Get Along with You\" (Morales Radio Edit) – 3:46\n\"Get Along with You\" (video)European CD single\"Get Along with You\" (Pharrell Edit Version) – 4:12\n\"Get Along with You\" (Bump & Flex Club Mix) – 6:29","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Capper, Andy (February 28, 2000). \"Kelis – Kaleidoscope\". NME. Archived from the original on October 11, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2022. Take for instance the staccato, moody pop gem 'Get Along With You', yearning and dreaming like TLC used to do.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001011195758/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/20000228154707.html","url_text":"\"Kelis – Kaleidoscope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/20000228154707.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jaymes, Cyd (October 10, 2000). \"Kelis - 'Get Along With You'\". Dotmusic. Archived from the original on March 29, 2002. Retrieved July 24, 2022. 'Get Along With You' is a mellow, thoughtful R&B number.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020329035131/http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/Kelis/reviews/October2000/reviews15769.asp","url_text":"\"Kelis - 'Get Along With You'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotmusic","url_text":"Dotmusic"},{"url":"http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/Kelis/reviews/October2000/reviews15769.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Monitor\". Billboard. April 8, 2000. Retrieved January 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0A4EAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Video Monitor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Dagblaðið Vísir - DV - Fókus (17.11.2000)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). November 17, 2000. p. 12. Retrieved September 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/3008313?iabr=on#page/n11/mode/2up/search/Get%20Along%20with%20You%20kelis","url_text":"\"Dagblaðið Vísir - DV - Fókus (17.11.2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0_V%C3%ADsir","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"Crossover Nation: New Releases - Going For Adds 4/10\" (PDF). Hits. April 7, 2000. p. 66. Retrieved December 25, 2022 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Hits-IDX/IDX/00s/Hits-2000-04-07-OCR-Page-0066.pdf","url_text":"\"Crossover Nation: New Releases - Going For Adds 4/10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits_(magazine)","url_text":"Hits"}]},{"reference":"\"Get along with you – Kelis – CD maxi single\" (in French). France: Fnac. October 3, 2000. Retrieved March 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fnac.com/a1138344/Kelis-Get-along-with-you-CD-maxi-single","url_text":"\"Get along with you – Kelis – CD maxi single\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fnac","url_text":"Fnac"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting October 9, 2000: Singles\". Music Week. October 7, 2000. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001011195758/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/20000228154707.html","external_links_name":"\"Kelis – Kaleidoscope\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/20000228154707.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020329035131/http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/Kelis/reviews/October2000/reviews15769.asp","external_links_name":"\"Kelis - 'Get Along With You'\""},{"Link":"http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/Kelis/reviews/October2000/reviews15769.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0A4EAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Video Monitor\""},{"Link":"https://timarit.is/page/3008313?iabr=on#page/n11/mode/2up/search/Get%20Along%20with%20You%20kelis","external_links_name":"\"Dagblaðið Vísir - DV - Fókus (17.11.2000)\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Kelis&titel=Get+Along+with+You&cat=s","external_links_name":"Kelis – Get Along with You\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20001015/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/8721/Kelis","external_links_name":"\"Kelis: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/dance-singles-chart/20001015/104/","external_links_name":"\"Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/20001015/114/","external_links_name":"\"Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Kelis/chart-history/DSI","external_links_name":"\"Kelis Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Kelis/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"Kelis Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Hits-IDX/IDX/00s/Hits-2000-04-07-OCR-Page-0066.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crossover Nation: New Releases - Going For Adds 4/10\""},{"Link":"https://www.fnac.com/a1138344/Kelis-Get-along-with-you-CD-maxi-single","external_links_name":"\"Get along with you – Kelis – CD maxi single\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatiya_Island	Hatiya Island	["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 History","3 Culture","4 Famous Doctors","5 Market","6 Diagnostic center","7 References"]	Coordinates: 22°40′N 91°00′E / 22.667°N 91.000°E / 22.667; 91.000Island in BangladeshHatiyaFields on Hatiya islandHatiyaShow map of Chittagong divisionHatiyaShow map of BangladeshGeographyAdjacent toBay of BengalArea480 km2 (190 sq mi)Administration BangladeshDivisionChittagongDistrictNoakhaliUpazilaHatiya Hatiya Island is an island in the northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, at the mouth of the Meghna river. The Island falls under Hatiya Upazila of Noakhali District. The island has an area of 480 km2. Other major offshore islands of this region are Bhola Island (which is the largest) and Manpura Island. All of these islands are densely populated. It is frequently subject to cyclones and destructive ocean waves. Geography There are no traces of 100-150 years old left in Hatiya due to the erosion of nature in the face of the heavy flooding of the Meghna and the huge body of water in the Bay of Bengal. Researchers like Suresh Chandra Dutta mentions that every 138 to 140 years, one mile of landmass is created in Hatiya. Taking into account this information, the island's age is estimated to be 5,000 to 6,000 years. At one time the distance with Sandwip was very short. But gradually that distance has now exceeded 60 miles. Constant erosion has created this distance. The game of breaking tools is swinging in a four-way swing. Breaking north, east and west. It is forming in the south again, as well as various types of small and big chars are rising around the mainland. According to a report by an organization called Web Star, the erosion of the northern part of the original territory of Hatiyar began in 1890. Although large tracts of land have been wiped out by river and sea erosion, at the same time the tool size in the north of the island has begun to increase at a rate of about 2 to 5 times the rate of erosion. At that time, the number of chars in the area was as follows: 5 at the mouth of Feni river, 16 at Hatia Island, 5 at Hatia Channel, 3 at the mouth of Meghna and 35 at the mouth of Dakatia river. In the span of 120 years, a lot has changed in accounting. Many chars have been connected to the mainland, some have been lost to erosion. Although it is difficult to determine the exact size due to continuous demolition, according to the estimates of the Upazila Parishad, the current area of the tool is mentioned as 2100 sq km. Climate Climate data for Hatiya (1991–2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 30.3(86.5) 33.5(92.3) 37.8(100.0) 39.4(102.9) 37.4(99.3) 37.7(99.9) 36.2(97.2) 36.0(96.8) 36.0(96.8) 37.9(100.2) 34.4(93.9) 31.5(88.7) 39.4(102.9) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.5(77.9) 28.4(83.1) 31.3(88.3) 32.4(90.3) 32.4(90.3) 31.2(88.2) 30.3(86.5) 30.7(87.3) 31.2(88.2) 31.3(88.3) 29.6(85.3) 26.5(79.7) 30.1(86.2) Daily mean °C (°F) 18.7(65.7) 21.9(71.4) 25.8(78.4) 28.0(82.4) 28.8(83.8) 28.6(83.5) 28.0(82.4) 28.1(82.6) 28.2(82.8) 27.5(81.5) 24.2(75.6) 20.2(68.4) 25.7(78.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.5(56.3) 16.4(61.5) 20.8(69.4) 24.0(75.2) 25.1(77.2) 25.9(78.6) 25.7(78.3) 25.7(78.3) 25.6(78.1) 24.4(75.9) 19.8(67.6) 15.5(59.9) 21.9(71.4) Record low °C (°F) 6.5(43.7) 9.8(49.6) 12.5(54.5) 12.6(54.7) 18.8(65.8) 21.5(70.7) 22.0(71.6) 21.3(70.3) 22.0(71.6) 19.2(66.6) 13.4(56.1) 9.9(49.8) 6.5(43.7) Average precipitation mm (inches) 6(0.2) 18(0.7) 37(1.5) 108(4.3) 313(12.3) 644(25.4) 795(31.3) 575(22.6) 455(17.9) 324(12.8) 47(1.9) 10(0.4) 3,332(131.2) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 1 2 2 6 13 21 25 23 19 11 2 1 126 Mean monthly sunshine hours 226.5 226.7 241.0 232.4 205.4 149.5 143.8 154.5 167.2 220.6 241.7 224.3 2,433.6 Source: NOAA History Various organisations in Hatiya have published works relating to its medieval history. Along with native elders, Muhammad Amin, the former magistrate of Hatiya Upazila and author of Tilottama Hatia: History and Tradition asserts that the island came to be greatly populated only after the arrival of Muslim traders from Baghdad travelling towards Chittagong. A ninth-century mosque can be found in Hatiya, which is considered the island's first Jame masjid. Preachers such as Sultan Balkhi, Shah Ali Baghdadi and Bayazid Bastami were also rumoured to have visited the island. The Kirats of the island accepted Islam through the invitation of the Arab merchants. During Bengal's Baro-Bhuiyan period, Hatia was ruled by Kandarpanarayana Rai, the Hindu chief of Bakla. The eighteenth century marked the time in which Hatiya Island was under the hegemony of Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan, a powerful zamindar who led the first rebellion against the British East India Company in Bengal. In 1702, the Hatiya's first Jame mosque sank into the riverbed. On 29 March 1822, Governor-General Francis Rawdon-Hastings incorporated Hatia into the District of Bhulua. Abdul Majid, an engineer from Dhaka, had a mosque built in 1958 on the site of Hatiya's first Jame Mosque. He preserved the former mosque's architectural style, but this second mosque lasted only until 1983. In 2015, the Government of Bangladesh decided to relocate some Rohingyas to Hatiya Island. Culture Abdullah Al Mamun's last film Doriya Parer Doulati ("Wealth from the Sea") is based on life in Hatia Island. Famous Doctors List of Doctors Name Notes Late Dr.Md.Lutfur Rahman Late Dr.Md.Iqbal Ansari Founder - Hatiya Doctor's Lab (1995) Market List of Markets Name Location Hatiya New Market Oskhali Hatiya Super Market Oskhali Dr.Md.Iqbal Ansari Plaza Oskhali Diagnostic center List of Diagnostic centers Name Location Mobile Hatiya Doctor's Lab Dr.Md.Iqbal Ansari Plaza, Oskhali, Hatiya 01771339340 References ^ Amin, Murtaza. "Hatia Islands (island cluster, Bangladesh)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ a b c "উপজেলার পটভূমি". Hatia Upajila (in Bengali). ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Hatiya". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2024. ^ "Dhaka Plans to Relocate Rohingya". The Hindu. ^ Correspondent. ""Doriya Parer Doulati": Abdullah Al Mamun's last film to hit the big screen". The Daily Star. Retrieved 14 June 2015. 22°40′N 91°00′E / 22.667°N 91.000°E / 22.667; 91.000 vteNoakhali DistrictCapital: MaijdeeUpazilas Begumganj Chatkhil Companiganj Hatiya Kabirhat Noakhali Sadar Senbagh Sonaimuri Subarnachar Constituencies Noakhali-1 Noakhali-2 Noakhali-3 Noakhali-4 Noakhali-5 Noakhali-6 Attractions and sites Bajra Shahi Mosque Begumganj Gas Field CGS Noakhali Nijhum Dwip National Park Ramadan Miah Mosque Shaheed Bulu Stadium History Samatata Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah Shital Pati Conquest of Bhulua Shaykh Abdul Wahid Mirza Baqi Farhad Khan Noakhali riots Gandhi Ashram Trust NofeL SC Inhabited areas Bhasan Char Chowmuhani Dhannapur Hatiya Island Hatiya Municipality Oskhali Nijhum Dwip Shingbahura Swarna Dweep Rivers and transport Akhaura–Laksam–Chittagong line Dakatia River Meghna River Upukol Express Educational institutions Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College Agriculture Training Institute Arun Chandra High School Basurhat A. H. C. Government High School Begumganj Government Pilot High School Begumgonj Textile Engineering College Chatkhil Panch Gaon Government High School Chilonia Union High School Chowmuhani Government S.A College Kashipur High School Mohammad Pur Janata High School Noakhali Government College Noakhali Government Girls' High School Noakhali Government Women's College Noakhali Medical Assistant Training School Noakhali Science and Commerce School and College Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Zilla School Palla Mahbub Adarsha High School Sonaimuri Model High School Sonapur Ali Akber High School Sonapur Degree College Taker Bazar High School See also Noakhailla	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Meghna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna"},{"link_name":"Hatiya Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatiya_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Noakhali District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali_District"},{"link_name":"Bhola Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhola_Island"},{"link_name":"Manpura Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpura_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Island in BangladeshHatiya Island is an island in the northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, at the mouth of the Meghna river. The Island falls under Hatiya Upazila of Noakhali District. The island has an area of 480 km2. Other major offshore islands of this region are Bhola Island (which is the largest) and Manpura Island. All of these islands are densely populated.[1] It is frequently subject to cyclones and destructive ocean waves.","title":"Hatiya Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meghna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna"},{"link_name":"Sandwip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwip"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-2"}],"text":"There are no traces of 100-150 years old left in Hatiya due to the erosion of nature in the face of the heavy flooding of the Meghna and the huge body of water in the Bay of Bengal. Researchers like Suresh Chandra Dutta mentions that every 138 to 140 years, one mile of landmass is created in Hatiya. Taking into account this information, the island's age is estimated to be 5,000 to 6,000 years. At one time the distance with Sandwip was very short. But gradually that distance has now exceeded 60 miles. Constant erosion has created this distance. The game of breaking tools is swinging in a four-way swing. Breaking north, east and west. It is forming in the south again, as well as various types of small and big chars are rising around the mainland. According to a report by an organization called Web Star, the erosion of the northern part of the original territory of Hatiyar began in 1890. Although large tracts of land have been wiped out by river and sea erosion, at the same time the tool size in the north of the island has begun to increase at a rate of about 2 to 5 times the rate of erosion. At that time, the number of chars in the area was as follows: 5 at the mouth of Feni river, 16 at Hatia Island, 5 at Hatia Channel, 3 at the mouth of Meghna and 35 at the mouth of Dakatia river. In the span of 120 years, a lot has changed in accounting. Many chars have been connected to the mainland, some have been lost to erosion. Although it is difficult to determine the exact size due to continuous demolition, according to the estimates of the Upazila Parishad, the current area of the tool is mentioned as 2100 sq km.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMONormals-3"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Hatiya (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n37.8(100.0)\n\n39.4(102.9)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n37.9(100.2)\n\n34.4(93.9)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n39.4(102.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n6(0.2)\n\n18(0.7)\n\n37(1.5)\n\n108(4.3)\n\n313(12.3)\n\n644(25.4)\n\n795(31.3)\n\n575(22.6)\n\n455(17.9)\n\n324(12.8)\n\n47(1.9)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n3,332(131.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n1\n\n2\n\n2\n\n6\n\n13\n\n21\n\n25\n\n23\n\n19\n\n11\n\n2\n\n1\n\n126\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n226.5\n\n226.7\n\n241.0\n\n232.4\n\n205.4\n\n149.5\n\n143.8\n\n154.5\n\n167.2\n\n220.6\n\n241.7\n\n224.3\n\n2,433.6\n\n\nSource: NOAA[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hatiya Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatiya_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Jame masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_mosque"},{"link_name":"Sultan Balkhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Balkhi"},{"link_name":"Bayazid Bastami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-2"},{"link_name":"Baro-Bhuiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro-Bhuiyan"},{"link_name":"Bakla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal"},{"link_name":"Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowdhury_Abu_Torab_Khan"},{"link_name":"zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Francis Rawdon-Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings"},{"link_name":"District of Bhulua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-2"},{"link_name":"Government of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Rohingyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingyas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Various organisations in Hatiya have published works relating to its medieval history. Along with native elders, Muhammad Amin, the former magistrate of Hatiya Upazila and author of Tilottama Hatia: History and Tradition asserts that the island came to be greatly populated only after the arrival of Muslim traders from Baghdad travelling towards Chittagong. A ninth-century mosque can be found in Hatiya, which is considered the island's first Jame masjid. Preachers such as Sultan Balkhi, Shah Ali Baghdadi and Bayazid Bastami were also rumoured to have visited the island. The Kirats of the island accepted Islam through the invitation of the Arab merchants.[2]During Bengal's Baro-Bhuiyan period, Hatia was ruled by Kandarpanarayana Rai, the Hindu chief of Bakla. The eighteenth century marked the time in which Hatiya Island was under the hegemony of Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan, a powerful zamindar who led the first rebellion against the British East India Company in Bengal. In 1702, the Hatiya's first Jame mosque sank into the riverbed. On 29 March 1822, Governor-General Francis Rawdon-Hastings incorporated Hatia into the District of Bhulua. Abdul Majid, an engineer from Dhaka, had a mosque built in 1958 on the site of Hatiya's first Jame Mosque. He preserved the former mosque's architectural style, but this second mosque lasted only until 1983.[2]In 2015, the Government of Bangladesh decided to relocate some Rohingyas to Hatiya Island.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdullah Al Mamun's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al_Mamun_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Abdullah Al Mamun's last film Doriya Parer Doulati (\"Wealth from the Sea\") is based on life in Hatia Island.[5]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Famous Doctors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Market"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diagnostic center"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Amin, Murtaza. \"Hatia Islands (island cluster, Bangladesh)\". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/256873/Hatia-Islands","url_text":"\"Hatia Islands (island cluster, Bangladesh)\""}]},{"reference":"\"উপজেলার পটভূমি\". Hatia Upajila (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"http://hatia.noakhali.gov.bd/site/page/4c3482af-2144-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF","url_text":"\"উপজেলার পটভূমি\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Hatiya\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Bangladesh/CSV/Hatia_41963.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Hatiya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dhaka Plans to Relocate Rohingya\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/dhaka-plans-to-relocate-rohingya/article7253085.ece","url_text":"\"Dhaka Plans to Relocate Rohingya\""}]},{"reference":"Correspondent. \"\"Doriya Parer Doulati\": Abdullah Al Mamun's last film to hit the big screen\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 14 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=123122","url_text":"\"\"Doriya Parer Doulati\": Abdullah Al Mamun's last film to hit the big screen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hatiya_Island&params=22_40_N_91_00_E_region:BD_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"22°40′N 91°00′E / 22.667°N 91.000°E / 22.667; 91.000"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/256873/Hatia-Islands","external_links_name":"\"Hatia Islands (island cluster, Bangladesh)\""},{"Link":"http://hatia.noakhali.gov.bd/site/page/4c3482af-2144-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF","external_links_name":"\"উপজেলার পটভূমি\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Bangladesh/CSV/Hatia_41963.csv","external_links_name":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Hatiya\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/dhaka-plans-to-relocate-rohingya/article7253085.ece","external_links_name":"\"Dhaka Plans to Relocate Rohingya\""},{"Link":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=123122","external_links_name":"\"\"Doriya Parer Doulati\": Abdullah Al Mamun's last film to hit the big screen\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hatiya_Island&params=22_40_N_91_00_E_region:BD_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"22°40′N 91°00′E / 22.667°N 91.000°E / 22.667; 91.000"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marks_(professor_of_management)	Robert Marks (management)	["1 References"]	Robert Marks was the General Editor of the Australian Journal of Management from 1997 to 2010. He is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of New South Wales, Sydney (UNSW). He was the former head of the Economics Cluster of the Australian Graduate School of Management (AGSM). His current research focuses on the use of illicit drugs, the environmental implications of energy use, the strategic behaviour in markets with a low number of sellers, and the applications of game theory and economics in modelling the adaptive and learning behaviour in oligopolies. Since 2016 he has been the Editor of the Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. He is a fan of Douglas Adams. References ^ eAJM homepage, retrieved 15 October 2007 ^ a b c Academic homepage of Robert Marks ^ JProcRSNSW ^ Thoughts by Robert Marks on Douglas Adams Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany United States Academics CiNii This biography of an Australian academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about a print editor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economics Cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.agsm.unsw.edu.au/bobm/Economics.html"},{"link_name":"Australian Graduate School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Graduate_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homepage-2"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"illicit drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illicit_drugs"},{"link_name":"energy use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_use"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"oligopolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopolies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homepage-2"},{"link_name":"the Royal Society of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Royal_Society_of_New_South_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JProcRSNSW-3"},{"link_name":"Douglas Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adams-4"}],"text":"He was the former head of the Economics Cluster of the Australian Graduate School of Management (AGSM).[2]His current research focuses on the use of illicit drugs, the environmental implications of energy use, the strategic behaviour in markets with a low number of sellers, and the applications of game theory and economics in modelling the adaptive and learning behaviour in oligopolies.[2]\nSince 2016 he has been the Editor of the Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. [3]He is a fan of Douglas Adams.[4]","title":"Robert Marks (management)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.agsm.unsw.edu.au/bobm/Economics.html","external_links_name":"Economics Cluster"},{"Link":"http://www.agsm.edu.au/~eajm/","external_links_name":"eAJM homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.agsm.edu.au/bobm/","external_links_name":"Academic homepage of Robert Marks"},{"Link":"https://royalsoc.org.au/draft/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71:links-to-papers-since-1856","external_links_name":"JProcRSNSW"},{"Link":"http://www.agsm.edu.au/~bobm/odds+ends/dna.html","external_links_name":"Thoughts by Robert Marks"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000065467948","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/112581005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBKwPm4bM4b9DwHWfwgXb","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1101591","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1144499100","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79026252","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06599637?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Marks_(management)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Marks_(management)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaviyeh-ye_Kord	Zaviyeh-ye Kord	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°50′54″N 48°23′07″E / 37.84833°N 48.38528°E / 37.84833; 48.38528Village in Ardabil, IranZaviyeh-ye Kord زاويه كردvillageZaviyeh-ye KordCoordinates: 37°50′54″N 48°23′07″E / 37.84833°N 48.38528°E / 37.84833; 48.38528Country IranProvinceArdabilCountyKowsarBakhshCentralRural DistrictSanjabad-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total379Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Zaviyeh-ye Kord (Persian: زاويه كرد, also Romanized as Zāvīyeh-ye Kord, Zāvīeh Kord, and Zāvīeh-ye Kord; also known as Zeīwa and Zeyva) is a village in Sanjabad-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Kowsar County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 379, in 81 families. References ^ Zaviyeh-ye Kord can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3089251" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Kowsar CountyCapital Kivi DistrictsCentralCities Kivi Rural Districts and villagesSanjabad-e Gharbi(West Sanjabad) Ab-e Garm-e Givy Aftabeh Aliabad Aqa Mirlu Arseh Dowgah Asfaranjan Baghcheh Chiq Chalgarud Ebli-ye Olya Ebli-ye Sofla Farab Ganjgah Gol Qeshlaq Gol Tappeh Havashanq Heris Joghanab Kejin Lakandasht Nasirabad Ney Ahmad Beyg Nilaq Owch Bolagh Pardastlu Pargu Pir Aghaj Pir Bodagh Qarah Qeshlaq Sangabad Shahsavarlu Shavir Sureh Barq Tabrizaq Tushmanlu Sanjabad-e Shomali(North Sanjabad) Aghcheh Qeshlaq-e Olya Aghcheh Qeshlaq-e Sofla Alankash Alu Aq Bash Arpa Chai Benamaran Bonyadabad Galin Qeshlaqi Gazvar-e Olya Gazvar-e Sofla Jafarlu Karandaq Khalfehlu Majdar Meresht Narlu Nowdeh Pir Zaman Qaleh Juq Qarakh Bolagh Saqqavaz Tarkeh Deh Vechin Zaviyeh-ye Kord FiruzCities none Rural Districts and villagesSanjabad-e Jonubi(South Sanjabad) Afshar-e Olya Ala ol Din Amirabad Azimabad Boneh Khalkhal Dowgar Firuzabad Goli Jan Gorgabad Heshin Ilkhchi Kachal Daraq Komoq Lekvan Mashkul Mikailabad Natur Ommabad Sekarabad Sharafabad Yengejeh-ye Qeshlaq Zenab Zarjabad Ahmadabad Burestan Dowlatabad Gilanduz Navand Qalin Qayah Quzlu Rostamabad Sharajabad Suflu Sulugoli Gol Zarjabad Zaviyeh-ye Zarjabad Iran portal This Kowsar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sanjabad-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjabad-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Kowsar_County)"},{"link_name":"Kowsar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowsar_County"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Ardabil, IranZaviyeh-ye Kord (Persian: زاويه كرد, also Romanized as Zāvīyeh-ye Kord, Zāvīeh Kord, and Zāvīeh-ye Kord; also known as Zeīwa and Zeyva)[1] is a village in Sanjabad-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Kowsar County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 379, in 81 families.[2]","title":"Zaviyeh-ye Kord"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/24.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zaviyeh-ye_Kord&params=37_50_54_N_48_23_07_E_region:IR_type:city(379)","external_links_name":"37°50′54″N 48°23′07″E / 37.84833°N 48.38528°E / 37.84833; 48.38528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zaviyeh-ye_Kord&params=37_50_54_N_48_23_07_E_region:IR_type:city(379)","external_links_name":"37°50′54″N 48°23′07″E / 37.84833°N 48.38528°E / 37.84833; 48.38528"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/24.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaviyeh-ye_Kord&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsberg_chape	Thorsberg chape	["1 See also","2 Notes"]	Illustration of the Thorsberg chape showing the runic inscriptions on both sides. A black and white picture of the Thorsberg Chape taken at the National Museum in Copenhagen, in 1933. This side shown depicts Wulthuthewaz/Owlthuthewaz The Thorsberg chape (a bronze piece belonging to a scabbard) is an archeological find from the Thorsberg moor, Germany, that appears to have been deposited as a votive offering. It bears an Elder Futhark runic inscription, one of the earliest known, dating to roughly 200 CE. Archaeologists believe it was made in the region between the Rhine and the Elbe. ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉowlþuþewaz//ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉniwaje͡marizᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ / ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉowlþuþewaz / niwaje͡mariz"Wolthuthewaz is well-renowned," or "the servant of Ullr, the renowned." The first element owlþu, for wolþu-, means "glory," "glorious one," cf. Old Norse Ullr, Old English wuldor. The second element, -þewaz, means "slave, servant." The whole compound is a personal name or title, "servant of the glorious one" or "servant/priest of Ullr." On the reverse, ni- is the negative particle, waje- corresponds to "woe, ill" (Old Norse vei), and the final element is -mariz "famous" (Old English mǣre). (The "e" and "m" are written together, as a bind-rune, an unusual early example but probably not linguistically significant.) The second word thus translates to "not ill-famous," i.e., "famous, renowned" or "not of ill fame, not dishonored." Similar double negatives are found on other runic inscriptions. The translation of the inscription can thus be either "Wolthuthewaz is well-renowned," or "the servant of Ullr, the renowned." If the first part refers to the god Ullr, it is the only reference to that god from south of Denmark, and also, if a personal name, the only German example of a person named for a specific Germanic god. Another reading, avoiding the emendation of the first element, reads the first letter ideographically, "Othala," resulting in o wlþuþewaz / niwajmariz "inherited property of Wulthuthewaz, the renowned." However, the owner's name is not in the possessive case as would be expected with such a usage; moreover, the rune Fehu, signifying simply "property," would be more apposite; "Othala" can specifically denote real estate. It is possible that the inscription is poetic; it can be read as an alliterative long-line. See also Weapons sacrifice Notes ^ "Runic inscription DR 7". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. ^ a b c Tineke Looijenga, Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions, Leyden/Boston: Brill, 2003, ISBN 90-04-12396-2, p. 259. ^ Hans Frede Nielsen, "The Dialectal Provenance of the Gallehus Inscription," in Von Thorsberg nach Schleswig: Sprache und Schriftlichkeit eines Grenzgebietes im Wandel eines Jahrtausends: internationales Kolloquium im Wikinger Museum Haithabu vom 29. September–3. Oktober 1994, ed. Klaus Düwel, Edith Marold, and Christiane Zimmermann with Lars E. Worgull, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Ergänzungsband 25, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2000, ISBN 3-11-016978-9, pp. 25-36, p. 31. ^ a b Henrik Williams, "From Meldorf to Haithabu: Some Early Personal Names from Schleswig-Holstein," Von Thorsberg nach Schleswig pp. 149-66, p. 157. ^ Mindy MacLeod, Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy, Uppsala: Institutionen för nordiska sprak, Uppsala Universitet, 2002, ISBN 91-506-1534-3, p. 51, note 17. ^ Williams, p. 156. ^ Tonya Kim Dewey, Versatility in Versification: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Metrics, Berkeley Insights in Linguistics and Semiotics 74, New York: Lang, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4331-0578-4, p. 7.	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This side shown depicts Wulthuthewaz/OwlthuthewazThe Thorsberg chape[1] (a bronze piece belonging to a scabbard) is an archeological find from the Thorsberg moor, Germany, that appears to have been deposited as a votive offering.[2] It bears an Elder Futhark runic inscription, one of the earliest known, dating to roughly 200 CE.Archaeologists believe it was made in the region between the Rhine and the Elbe.[2][3][4]ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉowlþuþewaz//ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉniwaje͡marizᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ / ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉowlþuþewaz / niwaje͡mariz\"Wolthuthewaz is well-renowned,\" or \"the servant of Ullr, the renowned.\"The first element owlþu, for wolþu-, means \"glory,\" \"glorious one,\" cf. Old Norse Ullr, Old English wuldor. The second element, -þewaz, means \"slave, servant.\" The whole compound is a personal name or title, \"servant of the glorious one\" or \"servant/priest of Ullr.\" On the reverse, ni- is the negative particle, waje- corresponds to \"woe, ill\" (Old Norse vei), and the final element is -mariz \"famous\" (Old English mǣre). (The \"e\" and \"m\" are written together, as a bind-rune, an unusual early example but probably not linguistically significant.[5]) The second word thus translates to \"not ill-famous,\" i.e., \"famous, renowned\" or \"not of ill fame, not dishonored.\" Similar double negatives are found on other runic inscriptions.[2] The translation of the inscription can thus be either \"Wolthuthewaz is well-renowned,\" or \"the servant of Ullr, the renowned.\" If the first part refers to the god Ullr, it is the only reference to that god from south of Denmark, and also, if a personal name, the only German example of a person named for a specific Germanic god.[4]Another reading, avoiding the emendation of the first element, reads the first letter ideographically, \"Othala,\" resulting in o[þalan] w[u]lþuþewaz / niwajmariz \"inherited property of Wulthuthewaz, the renowned.\" However, the owner's name is not in the possessive case as would be expected with such a usage; moreover, the rune Fehu, signifying simply \"property,\" would be more apposite; \"Othala\" can specifically denote real estate.[6]It is possible that the inscription is poetic; it can be read as an alliterative long-line.[7]","title":"Thorsberg chape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rundata_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Runic inscription DR 7\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/83d23cd2-4ddb-4717-aa55-d6e5b72bd91a"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Runic-text Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundata"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Looijenga_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Looijenga_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Looijenga_2-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-12396-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12396-2"},{"link_name":"p. 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-edm1fMPbXwC&q=In+the+Museum+Gottorf+at+Schleswig&pg=PA158"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-11-016978-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016978-9"},{"link_name":"p. 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jauEhMOH_kgC&q=derives+from+the+region+between+the+Elbe+and+the+Rhine&pg=PA154"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Williams157_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Williams157_4-1"},{"link_name":"p. 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jauEhMOH_kgC&q=cult+of+Ullr+south+of+Denmark&pg=PA154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"91-506-1534-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-506-1534-3"},{"link_name":"p. 51, note 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iO4dAQAAIAAJ&q=Thorsberg+chape"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"p. 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jauEhMOH_kgC&q=A+similar+problem+is+illustrated+by+the+Thorsberg+chape+inscription&pg=PA154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4331-0578-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0578-4"},{"link_name":"p. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iLMONXD7YX8C&dq=Thorsberg+chape&pg=PA7"}],"text":"^ \"Runic inscription DR 7\". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages.\n\n^ a b c Tineke Looijenga, Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions, Leyden/Boston: Brill, 2003, ISBN 90-04-12396-2, p. 259.\n\n^ Hans Frede Nielsen, \"The Dialectal Provenance of the Gallehus Inscription,\" in Von Thorsberg nach Schleswig: Sprache und Schriftlichkeit eines Grenzgebietes im Wandel eines Jahrtausends: internationales Kolloquium im Wikinger Museum Haithabu vom 29. September–3. Oktober 1994, ed. Klaus Düwel, Edith Marold, and Christiane Zimmermann with Lars E. Worgull, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Ergänzungsband 25, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2000, ISBN 3-11-016978-9, pp. 25-36, p. 31.\n\n^ a b Henrik Williams, \"From Meldorf to Haithabu: Some Early Personal Names from Schleswig-Holstein,\" Von Thorsberg nach Schleswig pp. 149-66, p. 157.\n\n^ Mindy MacLeod, Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy, Uppsala: Institutionen för nordiska sprak, Uppsala Universitet, 2002, ISBN 91-506-1534-3, p. 51, note 17.\n\n^ Williams, p. 156.\n\n^ Tonya Kim Dewey, Versatility in Versification: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Metrics, Berkeley Insights in Linguistics and Semiotics 74, New York: Lang, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4331-0578-4, p. 7.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Illustration of the Thorsberg chape showing the runic inscriptions on both sides.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Thorsberg_Ortband.png/300px-Thorsberg_Ortband.png"},{"image_text":"A black and white picture of the Thorsberg Chape taken at the National Museum in Copenhagen, in 1933. This side shown depicts Wulthuthewaz/Owlthuthewaz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/ThorsbergChape-NationalMuseamOfCopenhagen.jpg/300px-ThorsbergChape-NationalMuseamOfCopenhagen.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Weapons sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_sacrifice"}]	[{"reference":"\"Runic inscription DR 7\". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages.","urls":[{"url":"http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/83d23cd2-4ddb-4717-aa55-d6e5b72bd91a","url_text":"\"Runic inscription DR 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundata","url_text":"Scandinavian Runic-text Database"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/83d23cd2-4ddb-4717-aa55-d6e5b72bd91a","external_links_name":"\"Runic inscription DR 7\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-edm1fMPbXwC&q=In+the+Museum+Gottorf+at+Schleswig&pg=PA158","external_links_name":"p. 259"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jauEhMOH_kgC&q=derives+from+the+region+between+the+Elbe+and+the+Rhine&pg=PA154","external_links_name":"p. 31"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jauEhMOH_kgC&q=cult+of+Ullr+south+of+Denmark&pg=PA154","external_links_name":"p. 157"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iO4dAQAAIAAJ&q=Thorsberg+chape","external_links_name":"p. 51, note 17"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jauEhMOH_kgC&q=A+similar+problem+is+illustrated+by+the+Thorsberg+chape+inscription&pg=PA154","external_links_name":"p. 156"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iLMONXD7YX8C&dq=Thorsberg+chape&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"p. 7"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantnagar	Pantnagar	["1 History","2 University","3 Schools","4 Climate","5 Integrated industrial estate","6 Connectivity","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 28°58′N 79°25′E / 28.97°N 79.41°E / 28.97; 79.41For a Mumbai suburb, near Ghatkopar, see Pant Nagar. This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Uttarakhand, IndiaPantnagartownAerial view of PantnagarPantnagarLocation in, IndiaShow map of UttarakhandPantnagarPantnagar (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 28°58′N 79°25′E / 28.97°N 79.41°E / 28.97; 79.41Country IndiaStateUttarakhandDistrictUdham Singh NagarElevation243.84 m (800.00 ft)Population (2001) • Total35,820Languages • OfficialHindi, KumaoniTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN263145Vehicle registrationUK 06Websiteusnagar.nic.in Pantnagar is a town and a university campus in Udham Singh Nagar District, Uttarakhand. Nainital, Kashipur, Rudrapur, Kiccha and Haldwani are the major cities surrounding Pantnagar. The town is home to the first agricultural university of India which was established on 17 November 1960. The university was earlier called the Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University or Pantnagar University. It was renamed G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. In recent years, an integrated industrial estate has been established near the campus which houses companies such as Tata Motors, Bajaj, Britannia, Hewlett-Packard, Hindustan Computers Ltd., Voltas, Schneider Electric, Nestle, Dabur, Vedanta Resources, etc., as a part of SIDCUL Industrial Area developed by the government owned State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand. History Before November 2000 Pantnagar was in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. After 9 November 2000 it became part of the new Indian state of Uttarakhand, which is located in the northern part of India. Uttarakhand was carved out of Himalayan and adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh. After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a ‘Rural University’ on the land-grant pattern of US. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of US, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960. The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country The credit for starting the functioning of the University without losing any time goes to the warm and resourceful personality of the first Vice-Chancellor, late Dr. Kenneth Anthony Parker Stevenson (1-12-58 to 2-1-64), who could keep people fruitfully engaged on the university farm, the labs and the classrooms despite the lurking fear of wild animals roaming the area. The other Vice-Chancellors to be remembered for their distinctive contributions in the development of the University are : Serial No. Name Time 1 Raja Bajrang Bhadur Singh 20-12-1964 to 18- 01- 1966 2 Dr. Dhyan Pal Singh 28-1-66 to 19-1-75 3 Shri Shiv Prasad Pandey 20-1-75 to 20-4-77 4 Dr. Dharma Pal Singh 22-10-77 to 22-6-78 5 Mr. Narendra Shankar Mathur 1-8-78 to 12-5-80 6 Mr. Anand Sarup 27-8-80 to 7-2-83 7 Mr. Kripa Narayan 9-2-83 to 21-1-87 8 Dr. Kailash Nath Katiyar 27-1-87 to 26-7-87 9 Dr. Mahatim Singh 31-7-87 to 30-7-90 10 Dr. Hari Govind Singh 31-7-90 to 17-12-93 11 Dr. Suresh Chandra Mudgal 17-12-93 to 18-2-97 12 Dr. Surendra Bahadur Singh 18-2-97 to 17-2-2000 13 Dr. J. B. Chowdhary 17-2-2000 to 15-4-2002 14 Dr. Amresh Kumar 15 Dr. Prem Lal Gautam 18-6-2002 to 11-10-2007 16 Dr. A.P. Sharma 17 Dr. B.S. Bisht 18 Dr. Subhash Kumar 19 Dr. Alok Jain 20 Dr. Matthew Prasad 21 Dr. H.S. Dhami 22 Dr. Mangla Rai 21-03-2015 to 26-09-2016 23 Dr. J. Kumar 27-09-2016 to 25-09-2017 24 Prof Aditya Kumar Misra From 26 to 09-2017 The Campus appears impressive today with its well-tended fields, a network of roads, housing colonies, street lighting, a telephone exchange, hospitals, marketing centres, a water supply section, a community radio station 90.8 MHz, canteens, 6 primary schools and 3 secondary schools. The main campus lies in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand at 29° N latitude and 79° E longitude at an elevation of 243.8 m above the mean sea level. This main campus has the area responsibility for the entire Uttarakhand representing plains, Tarai, Bhabar and hill areas. However, to provide service to the hill region its other stations are situated at Ranichauri (Tehri district), Majhera (Nainital district) and at Lohaghat-Sui (Champawat district). There are 763 teachers and officers 59 technical staff, 631 administrative and ministerial personnel and 1425 class III employees, amounting to a total strength of 2878. The number of students in the University ranges between 2800 and 3000. Thus, the teacher taught ratio is about 1:6 and student-staff ratio is about 1:1. University Main administrative building, in campus of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology College of Agriculture at Pantnagar Main article: Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar University houses ten colleges: College of Agriculture College of Technology College of Home Science College of Basic Science & Humanities College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences College of Fisheries College of Agri-Business Management College of Post Graduate Studies College of Forestry & Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal (off-campus) VCSG College of Horticulture, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal (off-campus) Schools There are primary and secondary level schools located on the university campus. These include Campus school, Bal Nilyam Shishu Vidyalaya, Primary school, Pantnagar Inter College, Government Girls Inter College and Saraswati Shishu Mandir. Climate Climate data for Pantnagar (1985–2010, extremes 1985–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 28.6(83.5) 34.0(93.2) 36.7(98.1) 41.5(106.7) 44.3(111.7) 45.6(114.1) 42.1(107.8) 39.6(103.3) 38.6(101.5) 38.0(100.4) 32.4(90.3) 29.4(84.9) 45.6(114.1) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.3(68.5) 23.8(74.8) 29.0(84.2) 35.2(95.4) 36.7(98.1) 36.0(96.8) 33.2(91.8) 32.7(90.9) 32.3(90.1) 30.8(87.4) 27.5(81.5) 23.0(73.4) 30.0(86.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.4(41.7) 7.4(45.3) 11.3(52.3) 15.7(60.3) 20.9(69.6) 24.0(75.2) 24.9(76.8) 24.6(76.3) 22.8(73.0) 16.7(62.1) 10.4(50.7) 6.3(43.3) 15.9(60.6) Record low °C (°F) −2.2(28.0) −0.6(30.9) 0.0(32.0) 0.0(32.0) 10.5(50.9) 17.5(63.5) 13.0(55.4) 19.3(66.7) 16.2(61.2) 8.3(46.9) 1.2(34.2) 0.2(32.4) −2.2(28.0) Average rainfall mm (inches) 23.1(0.91) 34.1(1.34) 16.1(0.63) 16.5(0.65) 52.1(2.05) 160.5(6.32) 402.8(15.86) 417.3(16.43) 280.8(11.06) 40.7(1.60) 4.5(0.18) 16.8(0.66) 1,465.3(57.69) Average rainy days 1.4 2.3 1.6 1.2 3.6 7.8 13.5 14.3 9.2 1.6 0.4 1.1 58.1 Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 68 57 45 31 39 53 73 77 74 68 70 71 60 Source: India Meteorological Department Integrated industrial estate The Integrated Industrial Estate, Pantnagar of the State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL) houses the companies like Britannia Industries, HP, HCL, Voltas, Schneider Electric, Ashok Leyland, Delphi-TVS Diesel Systems Limited, Vedanta Resources, RSB Transmission, Bajaj Motors Ltd. and New Allenberry Works setting up their manufacturing units. and Tata Motors Rane Madras limited, Rane NSK Steering Systems Private Ltd., Connectivity Pantnagar railway station is the nearest railway station to Pantnagar. Haldi Road railway station and Lalkuan railway station are located 5 kilometers and 9 kilometers respectively from Pantnagar. Pantnagar Airport - It is a domestic airport that serves the town of Pantnagar and is operated by the Airports Authority of India. Between 2005 and 2008, the Government of Uttarakhand offered a subsidy to Jagson Airlines to start a daily scheduled flight between Pantnagar and New Delhi. The airline used an 18-seater Dornier 228 on the route. This was, however, withdrawn in 2008 when the runway size was increased. The government then invited Deccan Aviation to fly on the Delhi - Pantnagar route. Kingfisher Airlines, which took over Deccan Aviation, undertook seasonal flights to Pantnagar as the weather did not allow it to fly all round the year. Air India started flights from Delhi to Pantnagar using ATR 80 seater aircraft from the third week of Oct 2014. See also Pantnagar Airport References ^ a b Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, website. ^ College of Technology Official website ^ http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/acads/cbsh/index.htm ^ "Station: Pantnagar Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 589–590. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ 75 ancillaries of Tata Motors coming up in Pantnagar Business Standard, 1 April 2008. ^ Tata to set up mini Nano pant at Pantnagar Indian Express ^ Tata seeks more land at Pantnagar for Nano Business Standard, 12 December 2008. ^ "Nearest Railway Stations to Pantnagar in 2021". NearestRailwayStation.com. ^ "In its bid to connect the state through aviation, Uttaranchal government today signed an agreement with private carrier Jagson Airlines to launch a direct flight between Delhi and Pantnagar". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, Financial Times. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 29 June 2009. ^ "Fly to Pantnagar, Uttarakhand asks Deccan". Business Standard. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2009. ^ "Kingfisher looks to shut some stations, reduce workforce". Hindustan Times P(livemint). 17 November 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. External links Pantnagar travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Official site of College of Technology, G.B.P.U.A & T, Pantnagar vtePopulated places in Udham Singh Nagar districtCities andtowns Bajpur Bandia Dineshpur Gadarpur Jaspur Kachnal Gosain Kashipur Kela Khera Khatima Kichha Mahua Dabra Haripura Mahua Kheraganj Nagla Pantnagar Rudrapur Shaktigarh Sitarganj Madnapur Sultanpur Villages Bigwara Jogither Nagla Kanthgri Kolada Ramnagar, Bajpur Ramnagar Jaspur Ramnagar Kashipur Ramnagar Range Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Ghatkopar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatkopar"},{"link_name":"Pant Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Udham Singh Nagar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_District"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Nainital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital"},{"link_name":"Kashipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashipur,_Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Rudrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrapur,_Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Kiccha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiccha"},{"link_name":"Haldwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldwani"},{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialsite-1"},{"link_name":"G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._B._Pant_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialsite-1"},{"link_name":"Tata Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors"},{"link_name":"Bajaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaj_Auto"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Industries"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Computers Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Computers_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Voltas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltas"},{"link_name":"Schneider Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_Electric"},{"link_name":"Nestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestle"},{"link_name":"Dabur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabur"},{"link_name":"Vedanta Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta_Resources"},{"link_name":"SIDCUL Industrial Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIDCUL_Industrial_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Industrial_Development_Corporation_of_Uttarakhand"}],"text":"For a Mumbai suburb, near Ghatkopar, see Pant Nagar.Town in Uttarakhand, IndiaPantnagar is a town and a university campus in Udham Singh Nagar District, Uttarakhand. Nainital, Kashipur, Rudrapur, Kiccha and Haldwani are the major cities surrounding Pantnagar.The town is home to the first agricultural university of India which was established on 17 November 1960.[1] The university was earlier called the Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University or Pantnagar University. It was renamed G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology.[1] keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP.In recent years, an integrated industrial estate has been established near the campus which houses companies such as Tata Motors, Bajaj, Britannia, Hewlett-Packard, Hindustan Computers Ltd., Voltas, Schneider Electric, Nestle, Dabur, Vedanta Resources, etc., as a part of SIDCUL Industrial Area developed by the government owned State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand.","title":"Pantnagar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Govind Ballabh Pant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant"},{"link_name":"UP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"G.B. Pant University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._B._Pant_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology"}],"text":"Before November 2000 Pantnagar was in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. After 9 November 2000 it became part of the new Indian state of Uttarakhand, which is located in the northern part of India. Uttarakhand was carved out of Himalayan and adjoining districts\nof Uttar Pradesh. After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a ‘Rural University’ on the land-grant pattern of US. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of US, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the countryThe credit for starting the functioning of the University without losing any time goes to the warm and resourceful personality of the first Vice-Chancellor, late Dr. Kenneth Anthony Parker Stevenson (1-12-58 to 2-1-64), who could keep people fruitfully engaged on the university farm, the labs and the classrooms despite the lurking fear of wild animals roaming the area. The other Vice-Chancellors to be remembered for their distinctive contributions in the development of the University are :The Campus appears impressive today with its well-tended fields, a network of roads, housing colonies, street lighting, a telephone exchange, hospitals, marketing centres, a water supply section, a community radio station 90.8 MHz, canteens, 6 primary schools and 3 secondary schools. The main campus lies in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand at 29° N latitude and 79° E longitude at an elevation of 243.8 m above the mean sea level. This main campus has the area responsibility for the entire Uttarakhand representing plains, Tarai, Bhabar and hill areas. However, to provide service to the hill region its other stations are situated at Ranichauri (Tehri district), Majhera (Nainital district) and at Lohaghat-Sui (Champawat district). There are 763 teachers and officers 59 technical staff, 631 administrative and ministerial personnel and 1425 class III employees, amounting to a total strength of 2878. The number of students in the University ranges between 2800 and 3000. Thus, the teacher taught ratio is about 1:6 and student-staff ratio is about 1:1.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VC_Office_building_Pantnagar.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AgCollege.jpg"},{"link_name":"College of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Agriculture,_Pantnagar"},{"link_name":"College of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Technology,_Pantnagar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Main administrative building, in campus of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyCollege of Agriculture at PantnagarPantnagar University houses ten colleges:College of Agriculture\nCollege of Technology[2]\nCollege of Home Science [3]\nCollege of Basic Science & Humanities\nCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences\nCollege of Fisheries\nCollege of Agri-Business Management\nCollege of Post Graduate Studies\nCollege of Forestry & Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal (off-campus)\nVCSG College of Horticulture, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal (off-campus)","title":"University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campus school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_School,_GBPUA%26T"},{"link_name":"Bal Nilyam Shishu Vidyalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bal_Nilyam_Shishu_Vidyalaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pantnagar Inter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantnagar_Inter_College&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"There are primary and secondary level schools located on the university campus. These include Campus school, Bal Nilyam Shishu Vidyalaya, Primary school, Pantnagar Inter College, Government Girls Inter College and Saraswati Shishu Mandir.","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"India Meteorological Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDnormals-4"}],"text":"Climate data for Pantnagar (1985–2010, extremes 1985–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n41.5(106.7)\n\n44.3(111.7)\n\n45.6(114.1)\n\n42.1(107.8)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n38.6(101.5)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n45.6(114.1)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n33.2(91.8)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n23.1(0.91)\n\n34.1(1.34)\n\n16.1(0.63)\n\n16.5(0.65)\n\n52.1(2.05)\n\n160.5(6.32)\n\n402.8(15.86)\n\n417.3(16.43)\n\n280.8(11.06)\n\n40.7(1.60)\n\n4.5(0.18)\n\n16.8(0.66)\n\n1,465.3(57.69)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n1.4\n\n2.3\n\n1.6\n\n1.2\n\n3.6\n\n7.8\n\n13.5\n\n14.3\n\n9.2\n\n1.6\n\n0.4\n\n1.1\n\n58.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)\n\n68\n\n57\n\n45\n\n31\n\n39\n\n53\n\n73\n\n77\n\n74\n\n68\n\n70\n\n71\n\n60\n\n\nSource: India Meteorological Department[4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Industrial_Development_Corporation_of_Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Britannia Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Industries"},{"link_name":"HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"HCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCL_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Voltas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltas"},{"link_name":"Schneider Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_Electric"},{"link_name":"Ashok Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Leyland"},{"link_name":"Delphi-TVS Diesel Systems Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi-TVS_Diesel_Systems_Limited"},{"link_name":"Vedanta Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta_Resources"},{"link_name":"Bajaj Motors Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaj_Auto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tata Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Integrated Industrial Estate, Pantnagar of the State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL) houses the companies like Britannia Industries, HP, HCL, Voltas, Schneider Electric, Ashok Leyland, Delphi-TVS Diesel Systems Limited, Vedanta Resources, RSB Transmission, Bajaj Motors Ltd. and New Allenberry Works setting up their manufacturing units.[5] and Tata Motors[6][7] Rane Madras limited, \nRane NSK Steering Systems Private Ltd.,","title":"Integrated industrial estate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pantnagar railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantnagar_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pantnagar Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantnagar_Airport"},{"link_name":"Airports Authority of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"Government of Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Jagson Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagson_Airlines"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dornier 228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_228"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deccan Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lm1-11"}],"text":"Pantnagar railway station is the nearest railway station to Pantnagar. Haldi Road railway station and Lalkuan railway station are located 5 kilometers and 9 kilometers respectively from Pantnagar.[8]\nPantnagar Airport - It is a domestic airport that serves the town of Pantnagar and is operated by the Airports Authority of India.Between 2005 and 2008, the Government of Uttarakhand offered a subsidy to Jagson Airlines to start a daily scheduled flight between Pantnagar and New Delhi.[9] The airline used an 18-seater Dornier 228 on the route.[citation needed] This was, however, withdrawn in 2008 when the runway size was increased. The government then invited Deccan Aviation to fly on the Delhi - Pantnagar route.[10] Kingfisher Airlines, which took over Deccan Aviation, undertook seasonal flights to Pantnagar as the weather did not allow it to fly all round the year.[11] Air India started flights from Delhi to Pantnagar using ATR 80 seater aircraft from the third week of Oct 2014.","title":"Connectivity"}]	[{"image_text":"Main administrative building, in campus of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/VC_Office_building_Pantnagar.JPG/220px-VC_Office_building_Pantnagar.JPG"},{"image_text":"College of Agriculture at Pantnagar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AgCollege.jpg/220px-AgCollege.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Pantnagar Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantnagar_Airport"}]	[{"reference":"\"Station: Pantnagar Climatological Table 1981–2010\" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 589–590. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Pantnagar Climatological Table 1981–2010\""},{"url":"https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nearest Railway Stations to Pantnagar in 2021\". NearestRailwayStation.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://nearestrailwaystation.com/pantnagar/","url_text":"\"Nearest Railway Stations to Pantnagar in 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"In its bid to connect the state through aviation, Uttaranchal government today signed an agreement with private carrier Jagson Airlines to launch a direct flight between Delhi and Pantnagar\". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, Financial Times. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 29 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9850686_ITM","url_text":"\"In its bid to connect the state through aviation, Uttaranchal government today signed an agreement with private carrier Jagson Airlines to launch a direct flight between Delhi and Pantnagar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Fly to Pantnagar, Uttarakhand asks Deccan\". Business Standard. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fly-to-pantnagar-uttarakhand-asks-deccan/317973/","url_text":"\"Fly to Pantnagar, Uttarakhand asks Deccan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard","url_text":"Business Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingfisher looks to shut some stations, reduce workforce\". Hindustan Times P(livemint). 17 November 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livemint.com/2011/11/17235232/Kingfisher-looks-to-shut-some.html","url_text":"\"Kingfisher looks to shut some stations, reduce workforce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pantnagar&params=28.97_N_79.41_E_type:city(35820)_region:IN-UK","external_links_name":"28°58′N 79°25′E / 28.97°N 79.41°E / 28.97; 79.41"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Pantnagar&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Pantnagar","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pantnagar&params=28.97_N_79.41_E_type:city(35820)_region:IN-UK","external_links_name":"28°58′N 79°25′E / 28.97°N 79.41°E / 28.97; 79.41"},{"Link":"http://usnagar.nic.in/","external_links_name":"usnagar.nic.in"},{"Link":"http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/","external_links_name":"Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041209025825/http://www.gbpuat-tech.ac.in/","external_links_name":"College of Technology Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/acads/cbsh/index.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/acads/cbsh/index.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station: Pantnagar Climatological Table 1981–2010\""},{"Link":"https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=318555","external_links_name":"75 ancillaries of Tata Motors coming up in Pantnagar"},{"Link":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Tata-to-set-up-mini-Nano-plant-in-Pantnagar/374872","external_links_name":"Tata to set up mini Nano pant at Pantnagar"},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tata-seeks-more-land-at-pantnagar-for-nano/00/16/342946/","external_links_name":"Tata seeks more land at Pantnagar for Nano"},{"Link":"https://nearestrailwaystation.com/pantnagar/","external_links_name":"\"Nearest Railway Stations to Pantnagar in 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9850686_ITM","external_links_name":"\"In its bid to connect the state through aviation, Uttaranchal government today signed an agreement with private carrier Jagson Airlines to launch a direct flight between Delhi and Pantnagar\""},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/fly-to-pantnagar-uttarakhand-asks-deccan/317973/","external_links_name":"\"Fly to Pantnagar, Uttarakhand asks Deccan\""},{"Link":"http://www.livemint.com/2011/11/17235232/Kingfisher-looks-to-shut-some.html","external_links_name":"\"Kingfisher looks to shut some stations, reduce workforce\""},{"Link":"http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/","external_links_name":"Official site of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041209025825/http://www.gbpuat-tech.ac.in/","external_links_name":"Official site of College of Technology, G.B.P.U.A & T, Pantnagar"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135008667","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567750705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91105577","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialaczow	Białaczów	["1 History","2 Points of interest","3 Notable people","4 References"]	Coordinates: 51°18′N 20°18′E / 51.300°N 20.300°E / 51.300; 20.300Town in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandBiałaczówTownMałachowski family palace Coat of armsBiałaczówCoordinates: 51°18′N 20°18′E / 51.300°N 20.300°E / 51.300; 20.300Country PolandVoivodeshipŁódźCountyOpocznoGminaBiałaczówPopulation • Total1,500Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Vehicle registrationEOP Białaczów is a town in Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Białaczów. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Opoczno and 79 km (49 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź. Historically, Białaczów belongs to Lesser Poland. History Palace in Białaczów in the 1920s In the 13th century, Białaczów belonged to the Odrowąż family. The village received its town charter in 1456. Within the Kingdom of Poland, it was part of Opoczno County of Sandomierz Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province. Białaczów was a private town, changing hands several times. In the late 18th and early 19th century it belonged to Stanisław Małachowski, who in neighboring villages opened several early industry factories. Its coat of arms was devised by Stanisław Małachowski in 1787. In 1795 Białaczów found itself in the Austrian Empire following the Third Partition of Poland. After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it became part of the Russian-controlled Congress Kingdom. In 1870, like many other towns of northern Lesser Poland, Białaczów was reduced to the status of a village, as a punishment for residents’ patriotic support of the anti-Russian January Uprising. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was occupied by Germany until 1945. Points of interest parish church. First church in Białaczów was built in the 13th century. It burned in 1511, and was rebuilt soon afterwards. The church was remodeled in 1694–1696, 1870 and 1932, classicistic town hall (1797), classicistic palace complex with a park, built in 1797-1800 by Stanisław Małachowski, renovated in the 1980s, early 19th century inn, 18th and 19th century houses in the market square. Notable people Jan Prandota (c. 1200–1266), Bishop of Kraków, born in Białaczów References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina BiałaczówSeat Białaczów Other villages Kuraszków Miedzna Drewniana Ossa Parczów Parczówek Petrykozy Radwan Sędów Skronina Sobień Wąglany Zakrzów Żelazowice Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bjaˈwat͡ʂuf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Opoczno County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoczno_County"},{"link_name":"Łódź Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"},{"link_name":"Gmina Białaczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Bia%C5%82acz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Opoczno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoczno"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland"}],"text":"Town in Łódź Voivodeship, PolandBiałaczów [bjaˈwat͡ʂuf] is a town in Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Białaczów. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Opoczno and 79 km (49 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.[1] Historically, Białaczów belongs to Lesser Poland.","title":"Białaczów"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_in_Bialaczow_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province,_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"private town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_town"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Małachowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ma%C5%82achowski"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Third Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Austro-Polish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Polish_War"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Russian-controlled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Partition"},{"link_name":"Congress Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"January Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"occupied by Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"}],"text":"Palace in Białaczów in the 1920sIn the 13th century, Białaczów belonged to the Odrowąż family. The village received its town charter in 1456. Within the Kingdom of Poland, it was part of Opoczno County of Sandomierz Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province. Białaczów was a private town, changing hands several times. In the late 18th and early 19th century it belonged to Stanisław Małachowski, who in neighboring villages opened several early industry factories. Its coat of arms was devised by Stanisław Małachowski in 1787.In 1795 Białaczów found itself in the Austrian Empire following the Third Partition of Poland. After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it became part of the Russian-controlled Congress Kingdom. In 1870, like many other towns of northern Lesser Poland, Białaczów was reduced to the status of a village, as a punishment for residents’ patriotic support of the anti-Russian January Uprising.Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was occupied by Germany until 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"parish church. First church in Białaczów was built in the 13th century. It burned in 1511, and was rebuilt soon afterwards. The church was remodeled in 1694–1696, 1870 and 1932,\nclassicistic town hall (1797),\nclassicistic palace complex with a park, built in 1797-1800 by Stanisław Małachowski, renovated in the 1980s,\nearly 19th century inn,\n18th and 19th century houses in the market square.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Prandota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Prandota"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Jan Prandota (c. 1200–1266), Bishop of Kraków, born in Białaczów","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Palace in Białaczów in the 1920s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Palace_in_Bialaczow_1925.jpg/220px-Palace_in_Bialaczow_1925.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bia%C5%82acz%C3%B3w&params=51_18_N_20_18_E_region:PL_type:city(1500)","external_links_name":"51°18′N 20°18′E / 51.300°N 20.300°E / 51.300; 20.300"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bia%C5%82acz%C3%B3w&params=51_18_N_20_18_E_region:PL_type:city(1500)","external_links_name":"51°18′N 20°18′E / 51.300°N 20.300°E / 51.300; 20.300"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150059277","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007480120405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00035174","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_McCann	Charles McCann	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Family","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"]	Indian born New Zealand botanist, biologist and naturalist (1899–1980) For other people named Charles McCann, see Charles McCann (disambiguation). Charles McCannCharles McCann in 1939BornCastle Rock, Karnataka Yule Mervyn Charles McCann (4 December 1899 – 29 November 1980) was a naturalist in India. He wrote a popular book on the trees of India and edited a major regional flora apart from publishing many of his other observations, mainly in the journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) that he was associated with. Early life Born at Castle Rock in India, his exposure to the wilderness during his childhood in the forests of the Goa area shaped his lifelong interest in natural history: Some of the grandest tropical forest surrounded the area and the fauna abounded with wildlife, from elephants to flies, so much so that doors had to be closed at sundown for fear of dangerous intruders—even the King Cobra, though rare, occurred in the area. Such an environment seems to have influenced my future as a student of nature! My parents informed me that I was the bane of their existence for I froze on to everything that moved. All attempts at shaping my ends had no avail. From misdirected babyhood onwards the kink increased out of all proportion (according to some, I was just daft!) He studied at St. Mary's High school at Mazagaon in Bombay (now Mumbai) and worked for a while under Father Ethelbert Blatter at St. Xavier's College as a laboratory assistant and curator. During 1916-1920 he worked under Blatter on botany. He briefly worked with the Bombay city police and then joined the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) as a collector for the Mammal Survey. He worked on the survey around 1921–22 in the Palni Hills and also in the Indus delta areas. Career Collecting in the Palni Hills c. 1921 McCann became the Assistant Curator and served as editor of the Journal of the BNHS. He was involved in the development of the Natural History galleries of the Prince of Wales Museum of Bombay. He was a prolific writer and published 200 articles and papers in the Journal of the BNHS, covering plants, birds, mammals and insects. He was also a fellow of the Linnean Society of London. In 1946 he resigned his post at the BNHS and migrated to New Zealand. The executive committee of the Bombay Natural History Society noted: The merit of his scientific work is evidenced in his many contributions to the journal of the Society. He is one of the outstanding botanists in India and his monograph on Grasses, which he wrote jointly with the late Fr. Blatter and which was published under the aegis of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, will remain for many years the standard work on the subject. Equally outstanding in merit are his various revisions of the genera and species of Indian plants which the Society was privileged to publish. McCann also contributed various authoritative papers on Indian Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians. The study of nature was his absorbing passion and his main recreation… His resignation is a great loss to the Society. In New Zealand he joined the Dominion Museum (now Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa) at Wellington as a Vertebrate Zoologist. He became interested in the whale and seal collections as well as deep-sea fishes. He also made significant contributions to New Zealand herpetology. The BNHS instituted the Charles McCann Vertebrate Fieldwork Fund in his memory to promote field research. Family McCann married Eleanor Mary Allen (b. 1906) and they had three children Carlyle (“Carl”) Ethelbert McCann (1928–1995), Trevor Ian McCann (1930–2006) and Marie Dolores McCann (1934–2005). After the death of Eleanor in 1956 he married Muriel Florence Mottershead and they had a son Robbie McCann. Publications A partial list of publications. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (1930) Nidification of Storks. JBNHS. 34(2):579-581. (1931) Courtship of the Scarlet Minivet (Pericrocotus speciosus). JBNHS. 34(4):1061-1062. (1931) Notes on the Whistling School Boy or Malabar Whistling Thrush (Myiophoneus horsfieldi, Vigors). JBNHS. 35(1):202-204. (1932) Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer). JBNHS. 35(3):680-681. (1936) The Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Pontopp.) out at sea. JBNHS. 38(3):623-624. (1940) A note on the Alpine Swift (Micropus melba bakeri Hartert). JBNHS. 42(1):198-199. Hughes, A R & McCann, C (1939) On the road to Gersoppa and back. JBNHS. 41:446. (1932) Nestling of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) attacked by larvae of parasitic fly. JBNHS. 35(4):897-898. (1933) The Brown Hawk-owl (Ninox scutulata Raffles) feeding on bats. JBNHS. 36(4):1002-1003. (1937) Curious behaviour of the Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchus) and the White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis). JBNHS. 39(4):864. (1937) The distribution of the White-eared Bulbul (Molpastes leucogenys leucotis (Gould)) in the swamps near the Vaitarna River. JBNHS. 39(4):864-865. (1937) The breeding of the Little Green Bittern (Butorides striatus javanicus) in Salsette Island. JBNHS. 39(4):869-870. (1939) The Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.). JBNHS. 41(1):12-38. (1941) Vultures and palms. JBNHS. 42(2):439-440. (1941) Curious nesting site of the Red-wattled Lapwing (Lobivanellus indicus indicus Bodd.). JBNHS. 42(2):439-440. (1947) Flamingoes in Kutch-a comment. JBNHS. 47(1):164-166. (1954) Birds associating natural phenomena with food supply. JBNHS. 52(2-3):607-609. (1955) Has the Cuckoo a protrusible ovipositor? JBNHS. 52(4):931-932. (1942) A 'busman's' holiday in the Abu Hills. JBNHS. 43(2):206-217. (1941) Two naturalists visit Karwar, North Kanara. JBNHS. 42(3):602-610. (1943) The rains come to the Abu hills. JBNHS. 43(4):641-647. On the Breeding Habits of some Myriapoda. JBNHS. 26: 303–4. A note on the Habits of the Large-scaled Earth Snake (Silybura macrolepis) JBNHS 29: 1062–3. Occurrence of the worm-like Batrachian Ichthyophis monochrous at Khandala, Poona District. JBNHS 31: 1039. The Study of Plant Life—(3 parts) Vols. JBNHS 32: 692–703 (2 plates & 5 text-figures) and JBNHS 33: 35–46, 262–278. Notes on the Flowering of Strobilanthes callosus JBNHS 34: 264–65. Notes on some wild species of Aroids JBNHS 34: 518–21. On the Fertilization of the Flowers of the Sausage-Tree (Kigelia pinnata) by Bats JBNHS 35: 467–71. Notes on Indian Batrachians (10 plates, 2 text-figures) JBNHS 36: 152–80. Notes on the Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) JBNHS 37: 143–49. Notes on the Common Land Crab (Paratelphusa guerini) of Salsette. JBNHS 39: 531. The Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.) (7 plates) JBNHS 41: 21–38. A Reptile and Amphibian Miscellany. 2 parts. (15 plates 3 text-figures) JBNHS 41: 742–64; JBNHS 42: 45–64. Two naturalists visit Karwar, N. Kanara (1 plate) JBNHS 42: 602–10. The Rains come to the Abu Hills. (with a plate) JBNHS 43: 641–47. With Blatter, REV. E., S. J. Ph.D., F.I.S. Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency—16 parts Vols. JBNHS 32–36. Two new Species of Grasses from Panchgani (Satara District) JBNHS 32: 357–58. Some new species of Plants from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 32: 733–36. A New Ceropegia from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 34: 936. Another new Ceropegia from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 35: 409. Books (1959) 100 Beautiful trees of India The standard author abbreviation McCann is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References ^ a b c d e f Abdulali, H (1980). "Obituary: Charles McCann (1899-1980)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77 (3): 494–496. ^ a b Gill, B. J.; Froggatt, J.M.A. (2014). "The Indian herpetological collections of Charles McCann". Records of the Auckland Museum. 49: 29–37. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 43264620. Wikidata Q58629015. ^ International Plant Names Index. McCann. External links Blatter, E; Charles McCann (1935) Bombay grasses. ICAR, Delhi. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway United States Australia Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index CiNii Other IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles McCann (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_McCann_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bombay Natural History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Natural_History_Society"}],"text":"For other people named Charles McCann, see Charles McCann (disambiguation).Yule Mervyn Charles McCann (4 December 1899 – 29 November 1980) was a naturalist in India. He wrote a popular book on the trees of India and edited a major regional flora apart from publishing many of his other observations, mainly in the journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) that he was associated with.","title":"Charles McCann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castle Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"King Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Ethelbert Blatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelbert_Blatter"},{"link_name":"Bombay Natural History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Natural_History_Society"},{"link_name":"Palni Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palni_Hills"},{"link_name":"Indus delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_delta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Born at Castle Rock in India, his exposure to the wilderness during his childhood in the forests of the Goa area shaped his lifelong interest in natural history:[1]Some of the grandest tropical forest surrounded the area and the fauna abounded with wildlife, from elephants to flies, so much so that doors had to be closed at sundown for fear of dangerous intruders—even the King Cobra, though rare, occurred in the area. Such an environment seems to have influenced my future as a student of nature! My parents informed me that I was the bane of their existence for I froze on to everything that moved. All attempts at shaping my ends had no avail. From misdirected babyhood onwards the kink increased out of all proportion (according to some, I was just daft!)He studied at St. Mary's High school at Mazagaon in Bombay (now Mumbai) and worked for a while under Father Ethelbert Blatter at St. Xavier's College as a laboratory assistant and curator. During 1916-1920 he worked under Blatter on botany. He briefly worked with the Bombay city police and then joined the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) as a collector for the Mammal Survey. He worked on the survey around 1921–22 in the Palni Hills and also in the Indus delta areas.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_McCann.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linnean Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Imperial Council of Agricultural Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAM2014-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Collecting in the Palni Hills c. 1921McCann became the Assistant Curator and served as editor of the Journal of the BNHS. He was involved in the development of the Natural History galleries of the Prince of Wales Museum of Bombay. He was a prolific writer and published 200 articles and papers in the Journal of the BNHS, covering plants, birds, mammals and insects. He was also a fellow of the Linnean Society of London.[1]In 1946 he resigned his post at the BNHS and migrated to New Zealand. The executive committee of the Bombay Natural History Society noted:[1]The merit of his scientific work is evidenced in his many contributions to the journal of the Society. He is one of the outstanding botanists in India and his monograph on Grasses, which he wrote jointly with the late Fr. Blatter and which was published under the aegis of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, will remain for many years the standard work on the subject. Equally outstanding in merit are his various revisions of the genera and species of Indian plants which the Society was privileged to publish. McCann also contributed various authoritative papers on Indian Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians. The study of nature was his absorbing passion and his main recreation… His resignation is a great loss to the Society.In New Zealand he joined the Dominion Museum (now Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa) at Wellington as a Vertebrate Zoologist. He became interested in the whale and seal collections as well as deep-sea fishes.[1] He also made significant contributions to New Zealand herpetology.[2]The BNHS instituted the Charles McCann Vertebrate Fieldwork Fund in his memory to promote field research.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAM2014-2"}],"text":"McCann married Eleanor Mary Allen (b. 1906) and they had three children Carlyle (“Carl”) Ethelbert McCann (1928–1995), Trevor Ian McCann (1930–2006) and Marie Dolores McCann (1934–2005). After the death of Eleanor in 1956 he married Muriel Florence \nMottershead and they had a son Robbie McCann.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ceryle rudis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceryle_rudis"},{"link_name":"Ninox scutulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninox_scutulata"},{"link_name":"Corvus macrorhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_macrorhynchus"},{"link_name":"Butorides striatus javanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butorides_striatus"},{"link_name":"Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicopterus_ruber"},{"link_name":"Strobilanthes callosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilanthes_callosus"},{"link_name":"Kigelia pinnata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigelia_pinnata"},{"link_name":"Pteropus giganteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropus_giganteus"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A partial list of publications.Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society(1930) Nidification of Storks. JBNHS. 34(2):579-581.\n(1931) Courtship of the Scarlet Minivet (Pericrocotus speciosus). JBNHS. 34(4):1061-1062.\n(1931) Notes on the Whistling School Boy or Malabar Whistling Thrush (Myiophoneus horsfieldi, Vigors). JBNHS. 35(1):202-204.\n(1932) Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer). JBNHS. 35(3):680-681.\n(1936) The Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Pontopp.) out at sea. JBNHS. 38(3):623-624.\n(1940) A note on the Alpine Swift (Micropus melba bakeri Hartert). JBNHS. 42(1):198-199.\nHughes, A R & McCann, C (1939) On the road to Gersoppa and back. JBNHS. 41:446.\n(1932) Nestling of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) attacked by larvae of parasitic fly. JBNHS. 35(4):897-898.\n(1933) The Brown Hawk-owl (Ninox scutulata Raffles) feeding on bats. JBNHS. 36(4):1002-1003.\n(1937) Curious behaviour of the Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchus) and the White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis). JBNHS. 39(4):864.\n(1937) The distribution of the White-eared Bulbul (Molpastes leucogenys leucotis (Gould)) in the swamps near the Vaitarna River. JBNHS. 39(4):864-865.\n(1937) The breeding of the Little Green Bittern (Butorides striatus javanicus) in Salsette Island. JBNHS. 39(4):869-870.\n(1939) The Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.). JBNHS. 41(1):12-38.\n(1941) Vultures and palms. JBNHS. 42(2):439-440.\n(1941) Curious nesting site of the Red-wattled Lapwing (Lobivanellus indicus indicus Bodd.). JBNHS. 42(2):439-440.\n(1947) Flamingoes in Kutch-a comment. JBNHS. 47(1):164-166.\n(1954) Birds associating natural phenomena with food supply. JBNHS. 52(2-3):607-609.\n(1955) Has the Cuckoo a protrusible ovipositor? JBNHS. 52(4):931-932.\n(1942) A 'busman's' holiday in the Abu Hills. JBNHS. 43(2):206-217.\n(1941) Two naturalists visit Karwar, North Kanara. JBNHS. 42(3):602-610.\n(1943) The rains come to the Abu hills. JBNHS. 43(4):641-647.\nOn the Breeding Habits of some Myriapoda. JBNHS. 26: 303–4.\nA note on the Habits of the Large-scaled Earth Snake (Silybura macrolepis) JBNHS 29: 1062–3.\nOccurrence of the worm-like Batrachian Ichthyophis monochrous at Khandala, Poona District. JBNHS 31: 1039.\nThe Study of Plant Life—(3 parts) Vols. JBNHS 32: 692–703 (2 plates & 5 text-figures) and JBNHS 33: 35–46, 262–278.\nNotes on the Flowering of Strobilanthes callosus JBNHS 34: 264–65.\nNotes on some wild species of Aroids JBNHS 34: 518–21.\nOn the Fertilization of the Flowers of the Sausage-Tree (Kigelia pinnata) by Bats JBNHS 35: 467–71.\nNotes on Indian Batrachians (10 plates, 2 text-figures) JBNHS 36: 152–80.\nNotes on the Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) JBNHS 37: 143–49.\nNotes on the Common Land Crab (Paratelphusa guerini) of Salsette. JBNHS 39: 531.\nThe Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.) (7 plates) JBNHS 41: 21–38.\nA Reptile and Amphibian Miscellany. 2 parts. (15 plates 3 text-figures) JBNHS 41: 742–64; JBNHS 42: 45–64.\nTwo naturalists visit Karwar, N. Kanara (1 plate) JBNHS 42: 602–10.\nThe Rains come to the Abu Hills. (with a plate) JBNHS 43: 641–47.With Blatter, REV. E., S. J. Ph.D., F.I.S.Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency—16 parts Vols. JBNHS 32–36.\nTwo new Species of Grasses from Panchgani (Satara District) JBNHS 32: 357–58.\nSome new species of Plants from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 32: 733–36.\nA New Ceropegia from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 34: 936.\nAnother new Ceropegia from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 35: 409.Books(1959) 100 Beautiful trees of IndiaThe standard author abbreviation McCann is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[3]","title":"Publications"}]	[{"image_text":"Collecting in the Palni Hills c. 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Charles_McCann.jpg/220px-Charles_McCann.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Abdulali, H (1980). \"Obituary: Charles McCann (1899-1980)\". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77 (3): 494–496.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun_Abdulali","url_text":"Abdulali, H"}]},{"reference":"Gill, B. J.; Froggatt, J.M.A. (2014). \"The Indian herpetological collections of Charles McCann\". Records of the Auckland Museum. 49: 29–37. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 43264620. Wikidata Q58629015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/40fe1acc-fa75-45b8-9dda-4f2f3c427edd/records-of-the-auckland-museum-vol-49-2014","url_text":"\"The Indian herpetological collections of Charles McCann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Auckland_Museum","url_text":"Records of the Auckland Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-9202","url_text":"1174-9202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43264620","url_text":"43264620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58629015","url_text":"Q58629015"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. McCann.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=McCann","url_text":"McCann"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/40fe1acc-fa75-45b8-9dda-4f2f3c427edd/records-of-the-auckland-museum-vol-49-2014","external_links_name":"\"The Indian herpetological collections of Charles McCann\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-9202","external_links_name":"1174-9202"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43264620","external_links_name":"43264620"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=McCann","external_links_name":"McCann"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/BombayGrasses","external_links_name":"Blatter, E; Charles McCann (1935) Bombay grasses. ICAR, Delhi."},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110057439","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/113006057","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhwVWDP3G8wQHRwmmcfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5017007","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85805895","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35338075","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p229329543","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=McCann","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07195917?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/204606543","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/2301","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetas	Vetas	["1 Climate","2 References"]	Coordinates: 7°20′00″N 72°52′00″W / 7.33333°N 72.8667°W / 7.33333; -72.8667Municipality and town in Santander Department, ColombiaVetasMunicipality and townView of Vetas FlagSealLocation of the municipality and town of Vetas in the Santander Department of Colombia.Country ColombiaDepartmentSantander DepartmentPopulation • Total2,114Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) Vetas is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia. Climate Vetas has a tundra climate (ET) with moderate to light rainfall and very cold weather year-round. Climate data for Vetas Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.4(56.1) 13.7(56.7) 13.8(56.8) 13.1(55.6) 12.6(54.7) 11.8(53.2) 11.3(52.3) 12.0(53.6) 12.5(54.5) 12.5(54.5) 12.6(54.7) 12.9(55.2) 12.7(54.8) Daily mean °C (°F) 7.4(45.3) 7.9(46.2) 8.6(47.5) 8.9(48.0) 8.8(47.8) 8.4(47.1) 7.8(46.0) 8.2(46.8) 8.5(47.3) 8.6(47.5) 8.3(46.9) 7.7(45.9) 8.3(46.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4(34.5) 2.2(36.0) 3.4(38.1) 4.7(40.5) 5.0(41.0) 5.0(41.0) 4.4(39.9) 4.4(39.9) 4.5(40.1) 4.8(40.6) 4.1(39.4) 2.6(36.7) 3.9(39.0) Average rainfall mm (inches) 23.5(0.93) 34.7(1.37) 58.9(2.32) 132.3(5.21) 121.7(4.79) 61.9(2.44) 44.9(1.77) 69.0(2.72) 104.7(4.12) 129.5(5.10) 93.4(3.68) 32.1(1.26) 906.6(35.71) Average rainy days 4 5 8 14 14 11 9 11 14 16 12 5 123 Source 1: Source 2: vteMunicipalities in Santander Department Aguada Albania Aratoca Barbosa Barichara Barrancabermeja Betulia Bolívar Bucaramanga Cabrera California Capitanejo Carcasí Cepitá Cerrito Charalá Charta Chima Chipatá Cimitarra Concepción Confines Contratación Coromoro Curití El Carmen El Guacamayo El Peñón El Playón Encino Enciso Florián Floridablanca Galán Gámbita Girón Guaca Guadalupe Guapotá Guavatá Güepsa Hato Jesus María Jordán La Belleza Landázuri La Paz Lebrija Los Santos Macaravita Málaga Matanza Mogotes Molagavita Ocamonte Oiba Onzaga Palmar Palmas Socorro Páramo Piedecuesta Pinchote Puente Nacional Puerto Parra Puerto Wilches Rionegro Sabana de Torres San Andrés San Benito San Gil San Joaquín San José de Suaita San José de Miranda San Miguel San Vicente de Chucurí Santa Bárbara Santa Helena del Opón Simacota Socorro Sucre Suratá Tona Valle de San José Vélez Vetas Villanueva Zapatoca 7°20′00″N 72°52′00″W / 7.33333°N 72.8667°W / 7.33333; -72.8667 References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2020-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Vetas climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Vetas weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25. This Santander Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santander Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Department"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Santander Department, ColombiaVetas is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia.","title":"Vetas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tundra climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_climate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Municipalities_santander_department"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_santander_department"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_santander_department"},{"link_name":"Santander Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Department"},{"link_name":"Aguada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguada,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Aratoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratoca"},{"link_name":"Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbosa,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Barichara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barichara"},{"link_name":"Barrancabermeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrancabermeja"},{"link_name":"Betulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulia,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Bucaramanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramanga"},{"link_name":"Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrera,_Santander"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Capitanejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitanejo,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Carcasí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcas%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Cepitá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepit%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cerrito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrito,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Charalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Charta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charta"},{"link_name":"Chima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chima,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Chipatá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipat%C3%A1,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Cimitarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimitarra"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Confines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confines"},{"link_name":"Contratación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrataci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Coromoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromoro"},{"link_name":"Curití","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curit%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"El Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Carmen,_Santander"},{"link_name":"El Guacamayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Guacamayo"},{"link_name":"El Peñón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n,_Santander"},{"link_name":"El Playón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Play%C3%B3n,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Enciso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciso,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Florián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flori%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Floridablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridablanca,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Galán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1n,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Gámbita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1mbita"},{"link_name":"Girón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_Gir%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Guaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaca,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Guapotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guapot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Guavatá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guavat%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Güepsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCepsa"},{"link_name":"Hato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hato,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Jesus María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Mar%C3%ADa,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Jordán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n,_Santander"},{"link_name":"La Belleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Belleza,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Landázuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%C3%A1zuri"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Lebrija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebrija,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Los Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Santos,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Macaravita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaravita"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Matanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Mogotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogotes"},{"link_name":"Molagavita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molagavita"},{"link_name":"Ocamonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocamonte"},{"link_name":"Oiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiba"},{"link_name":"Onzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onzaga"},{"link_name":"Palmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Palmas Socorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmas_Socorro"},{"link_name":"Páramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Piedecuesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedecuesta"},{"link_name":"Pinchote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchote"},{"link_name":"Puente Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_Nacional,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Puerto Parra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Parra"},{"link_name":"Puerto Wilches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Wilches"},{"link_name":"Rionegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rionegro,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Sabana de Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana_de_Torres"},{"link_name":"San Andrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Santander"},{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito,_Santander"},{"link_name":"San Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gil"},{"link_name":"San Joaquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaqu%C3%ADn,_Santander"},{"link_name":"San José de Suaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Suaita"},{"link_name":"San José de Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Miranda"},{"link_name":"San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel,_Santander"},{"link_name":"San Vicente de Chucurí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vicente_de_Chucur%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Santa Bárbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Santa Helena del Opón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Helena_del_Op%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Simacota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simacota"},{"link_name":"Socorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Sucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Suratá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Tona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tona,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Valle de San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_San_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lez,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Vetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Villanueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanueva,_Santander"},{"link_name":"Zapatoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapatoca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Santander_Department.svg"},{"link_name":"7°20′00″N 72°52′00″W / 7.33333°N 72.8667°W / 7.33333; -72.8667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vetas&params=7.33333_N_72.8667_W_source:kolossus-itwiki"}],"text":"Vetas has a tundra climate (ET) with moderate to light rainfall and very cold weather year-round.Climate data for Vetas\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n12.7(54.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n23.5(0.93)\n\n34.7(1.37)\n\n58.9(2.32)\n\n132.3(5.21)\n\n121.7(4.79)\n\n61.9(2.44)\n\n44.9(1.77)\n\n69.0(2.72)\n\n104.7(4.12)\n\n129.5(5.10)\n\n93.4(3.68)\n\n32.1(1.26)\n\n906.6(35.71)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n4\n\n5\n\n8\n\n14\n\n14\n\n11\n\n9\n\n11\n\n14\n\n16\n\n12\n\n5\n\n123\n\n\nSource 1: [1]\n\n\nSource 2: [2]vteMunicipalities in Santander Department\nAguada\nAlbania\nAratoca\nBarbosa\nBarichara\nBarrancabermeja\nBetulia\nBolívar\nBucaramanga\nCabrera\nCalifornia\nCapitanejo\nCarcasí\nCepitá\nCerrito\nCharalá\nCharta\nChima\nChipatá\nCimitarra\nConcepción\nConfines\nContratación\nCoromoro\nCurití\nEl Carmen\nEl Guacamayo\nEl Peñón\nEl Playón\nEncino\nEnciso\nFlorián\nFloridablanca\nGalán\nGámbita\nGirón\nGuaca\nGuadalupe\nGuapotá\nGuavatá\nGüepsa\nHato\nJesus María\nJordán\nLa Belleza\nLandázuri\nLa Paz\nLebrija\nLos Santos\nMacaravita\nMálaga\nMatanza\nMogotes\nMolagavita\nOcamonte\nOiba\nOnzaga\nPalmar\nPalmas Socorro\nPáramo\nPiedecuesta\nPinchote\nPuente Nacional\nPuerto Parra\nPuerto Wilches\nRionegro\nSabana de Torres\nSan Andrés\nSan Benito\nSan Gil\nSan Joaquín\nSan José de Suaita\nSan José de Miranda\nSan Miguel\nSan Vicente de Chucurí\nSanta Bárbara\nSanta Helena del Opón\nSimacota\nSocorro\nSucre\nSuratá\nTona\nValle de San José\nVélez\nVetas\nVillanueva\nZapatoca7°20′00″N 72°52′00″W / 7.33333°N 72.8667°W / 7.33333; -72.8667","title":"Climate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2020-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vetas climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Vetas weather averages - Climate-Data.org\". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/colombia/santander/vetas-50228/?amp=true","url_text":"\"Vetas climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Vetas weather averages - Climate-Data.org\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vetas&params=7.33333_N_72.8667_W_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"7°20′00″N 72°52′00″W / 7.33333°N 72.8667°W / 7.33333; -72.8667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vetas&params=7.33333_N_72.8667_W_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"7°20′00″N 72°52′00″W / 7.33333°N 72.8667°W / 7.33333; -72.8667"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/colombia/santander/vetas-50228/?amp=true","external_links_name":"\"Vetas climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Vetas weather averages - Climate-Data.org\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vetas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchi_M.B.320	Macchi M.B.320	["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Specifications (Macchi MB.320)","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography"]	Macchi MB.320 M.B.320 before delivery to East African Airways Role Cabin monoplaneType of aircraft National origin Italy Manufacturer Macchi First flight 20 May 1949 Primary user East African Airways Number built 8 The Macchi MB.320 was an Italian cabin monoplane designed and built by Macchi. Only a small number were built. Design and development The MB.320 was built using experience gained from the company's previous aircraft, the MB.308. The MB.320 was a low-wing cabin monoplane with retractable tricycle landing gear and powered by two wing-mounted 184 hp (137 kW) Continental E185 engines. It had room for a pilot and five passengers. Operational history The prototype MB.320, registered I-RAIA, was first flown on 20 May 1949. The aircraft flew well, but was expensive to buy with only a small domestic market for the type and only a small number were exported. Three aircraft were sold to East African Airways for use as feederliners. Variants MB.320 Six-seat monoplane powered by two 184 hp (137 kW) Continental E185 engines. Eight built VEMA-51 Proposed license-built variant to have been produced in France by SFCA. Not built. Specifications (Macchi MB.320) Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953-54 General characteristics Crew: 2 Capacity: 4 passengers Length: 8.65 m (28 ft 5 in) Wingspan: 13.0 m (42 ft 8 in) Height: 3.19 m (10 ft 6 in) Wing area: 21.0 m2 (226 sq ft) Empty weight: 1,490 kg (3,285 lb) Gross weight: 2,250 kg (4,960 lb) Fuel capacity: 400 L (110 US gal; 88 imp gal) Powerplant: 2 × Continental E185 air-cooled flat-six engines, 138 kW (185 hp) each Performance Maximum speed: 322 km/h (200 mph, 174 kn) Cruise speed: 285 km/h (177 mph, 154 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) (70% power) Range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi) Service ceiling: 5,200 m (17,100 ft) Time to altitude: 3 min 8 s to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 12 min 24 s to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Macchi M.B.320. Citations ^ a b c Simpson, R. W. (1991). Airlife's General Aviation (2nd ed.). Airlife Publishing. pp. 15–16. ISBN 1853105775. ^ Bridgman 1953, pp. 162–163. Bibliography Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1953). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953-54. London: Jan's. Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing. vteNieuport-Macchi/Macchi/Aermacchi aircraftNieuport-Macchi Ni.4 Ni.6 Parasol Ni.10 Ni.11 Ni.17 Ni.29 Macchi L.1 L.2 M.3 M.4 M.5 M.6 M.7 M.8 M.9 M.12 M.14 M.15 M.16 M.17 M.18 M.19 M.20 M.24 M.26 M.33 M.39 M.40 M.41 M.52 M.53 M.67 M.70 M.71 M.C.72 M.C.73 M.C.77 M.C.94 M.C.99 M.C.100 M.C.200 M.C.201 M.C.202 M.C.205 M.B.308 M.B.320 M.B.323 Aermacchi MB-326 MB-335 MB-338 MB-339 MB-340 M-311/M-345 Joint ventures AM.3 AMX M-346 Purchased designs AL-60 S-211 SF.260 M-290 Portals: Italy Companies Aviation	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Macchi M.B.320"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MB.308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchi_M.B.308"},{"link_name":"tricycle landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"Continental E185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-470"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The MB.320 was built using experience gained from the company's previous aircraft, the MB.308. The MB.320 was a low-wing cabin monoplane with retractable tricycle landing gear and powered by two wing-mounted 184 hp (137 kW) Continental E185 engines.[1] It had room for a pilot and five passengers.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East African Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Airways"}],"text":"The prototype MB.320, registered I-RAIA, was first flown on 20 May 1949. The aircraft flew well, but was expensive to buy with only a small domestic market for the type and only a small number were exported. Three aircraft were sold to East African Airways for use as feederliners.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continental E185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-470"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"SFCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Construction_A%C3%A9ronautique"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"MB.320\nSix-seat monoplane powered by two 184 hp (137 kW) Continental E185 engines. Eight built[1]\nVEMA-51\nProposed license-built variant to have been produced in France by SFCA. Not built.[1]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_53_p162-3-2"},{"link_name":"Continental E185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-470"},{"link_name":"flat-six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-six"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953-54 [2]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nCapacity: 4 passengers\nLength: 8.65 m (28 ft 5 in)\nWingspan: 13.0 m (42 ft 8 in)\nHeight: 3.19 m (10 ft 6 in)\nWing area: 21.0 m2 (226 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 1,490 kg (3,285 lb)\nGross weight: 2,250 kg (4,960 lb)\nFuel capacity: 400 L (110 US gal; 88 imp gal)\nPowerplant: 2 × Continental E185 air-cooled flat-six engines, 138 kW (185 hp) eachPerformanceMaximum speed: 322 km/h (200 mph, 174 kn)\nCruise speed: 285 km/h (177 mph, 154 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) (70% power)\nRange: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi)\nService ceiling: 5,200 m (17,100 ft)\nTime to altitude: \n3 min 8 s to 1,000 m (3,300 ft)\n12 min 24 s to 3,000 m (9,800 ft)","title":"Specifications (Macchi MB.320)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Simpson, R. W. (1991). Airlife's General Aviation (2nd ed.). Airlife Publishing. pp. 15–16. ISBN 1853105775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853105775","url_text":"1853105775"}]},{"reference":"Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1953). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953-54. London: Jan's.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). Orbis Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_Aircraft","url_text":"Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARI_(disambiguation)	ARI	["1 Organizations","2 Other uses","3 See also"]	ARI may refer to: Organizations Acoustics Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Civic Coalition ARI, a political party in Argentina American Refrigerant Institute, North America Angel Resource Institute Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Victoria, Australia Associazione Radioamatori Italiani, Italian amateur radio association Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, an institute based in Heidelberg, Germany Astrophysics Research Institute, Merseyside, England Autism Research Institute Avicenna Research Institute, an Iranian biotechnology institute Ayn Rand Institute, promoting Objectivism Other uses Chacalluta International Airport in Arica, Chile (IATA code) Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Scotland Acute respiratory infection Adjusted Rand Index, a clustering metric A common abbreviation for the U.S. state of Arizona and its major professional sports teams Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League Autofahrer-Rundfunk-Informationssystem, former German radio traffic broadcasts Automated Readability Index See also Ari (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ARI.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Department_of_Education	California Department of Education	["1 History","2 Ethnic studies","3 2021 mathematics framework","4 See also","4.1 Colleges and Universities","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°34′25″N 121°29′21″W / 38.57361°N 121.48917°W / 38.57361; -121.48917State government agency California Department of EducationDepartment overviewFormedDecember 17, 1921; 102 years ago (1921-12-17)JurisdictionGovernment of CaliforniaHeadquarters1430 N Street, Sacramento, CA 9581438°34′25″N 121°29′21″W / 38.57361°N 121.48917°W / 38.57361; -121.48917Employees2740 (2018)Annual budgetUS$ 84.6 billion (2011)Department executivesTony Thurmond, California State Superintendent of Public InstructionStephanie Gregson, Chief Deputy Superintendent of Public InstructionWebsitecde.ca.gov The California Department of Education is an agency within the government of California that oversees public education. The department oversees funding and testing, and holds local educational agencies accountable for student achievement. Its stated mission is to provide leadership, assistance, oversight, and resources (via teaching and teaching material) so that every Californian has access to a good education. The State Board of Education is the governing and policy-making body, and the state superintendent of public instruction is the nonpartisan (originally partisan) elected executive officer. The superintendent serves as the state's chief spokesperson for public schools, provides education policy and direction to local school districts, and sits as an ex officio member of governing boards of the state's higher education system that are otherwise independent of the department. History In 1920, the California State Legislature's Special Legislative Committee on Education conducted a comprehensive investigation of California's educational system. The Committee's final report, drafted by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley, explained that the system's chaotic ad hoc development had resulted in the division of jurisdiction over education at the state level between 23 separate boards and commissions, with a total of about 160 members. The report recommended the consolidation and centralization of all these entities under the jurisdiction of a single California Department of Education, and also to clarify the exact relationship between the existing State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Therefore, on May 31, 1921, the legislature enacted a bill creating such a department, to be headed by a Director of Education, and which also concurrently made the State Superintendent of Public Instruction the ex officio director of the new department. (The sole entity exempt from the new department's jurisdiction was the University of California, because of a 1886 court case involving control of the Hastings College of the Law.) Among the various entities thus integrated were the State Normal Schools, which lost their boards of trustees, were made subordinate to the department's deputy director for the Division of Normal and Special Schools, and were renamed State Teachers Colleges. This created a rather bizarre administrative situation from 1921 to 1960. On the one hand, the department's actual supervision of the presidents of the State Teachers Colleges was rather minimal, which translated into substantial autonomy when it came to day-to-day operations. On the other hand, the State Teachers Colleges were treated under state law as ordinary state agencies, which meant their budgets were subject to the same stifling bureaucratic financial controls as all other state agencies (except the University of California). At least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue (J. Paul Leonard, then-president of San Francisco State, in 1957). The State Teachers Colleges were renamed State Colleges in 1935, but retained the same legal status. They finally regained full administrative autonomy after the recommendations of the California Master Plan for Higher Education were signed into law as the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960, which created the State College System of California (now the California State University) and authorized the appointment of a board of trustees and systemwide chancellor who would be independent of the department. In 1967, the state's junior colleges (which had largely developed as extensions of existing high school districts at the local level) were renamed community colleges and organized into a new system called the California Community Colleges, and that system was then authorized to have its own board of governors and systemwide chancellor who would also be independent of the department. Since 1967, the department has been focused on regulating and supporting local school districts which directly provide the bulk of K-12 primary and secondary education throughout the state, as well as operating the state's three special schools and three diagnostic centers in support of special education. Ethnic studies In March 2021, after four years of development, the State Board of Education unanimously passed a new ethnic studies curriculum. A bill that would have made ethnic studies a high school requirement had been vetoed by California's Governor the previous fall. 2021 mathematics framework In response to academic inequity, the department is recommending elimination of accelerated math classes. Referred to as math tracking, this debate centers on when students should complete Algebra 1, the gateway to more advanced mathematics courses often required for college admission and preparation. The guidance outlines that Algebra 1 should be taken in ninth grade, while recognizing that some might be prepared for a more advanced track in eighth. Justice-minded stakeholders argue that tracking pushes struggling students further behind and perpetuates segregation in school, supporting de-tracking instead. Beyond high school course sequencing, the framework also focuses on culturally responsive teaching, data science, and inquiry-based instruction. The Board of Education’s guidance offers “big ideas in mathematics” to help students make connections between topics and use math to address real-world problems. By emphasizing data science, this framework also aims to prepare students for an increasingly tech-driven world. And with cultural responsiveness in mind, educators are encouraged to incorporate students’ cultural and social backgrounds into instruction and curriculum to make content more relevant for all. From there, students can apply mathematics to recognize, and fix, social justice issues. The framework was advanced in response to rising racial and socioeconomic discrepancies in student achievement and trends in lower U.S. math attainment compared to other advanced countries. On July 12, 2023, the Board of Education adopted the framework. See also California portalEducation portal California State Superintendent of Public Instruction California State Board of Education California Commission on Teacher Credentialing School accreditation List of school districts in California List of school districts in California by county Colleges and Universities California Community Colleges System California State University University of California List of colleges and universities in California References ^ Bureau of Publications, State Department of Education (November 1968). A History of the California State Department of Education 1900-1967 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ Home. California Department of Education. ^ Government Compensation in California. California State Controller. ^ 2019-2020 State Budget: 6100 Department of Education. California Department of Finance. ^ Barnes, Thomas Garden (1978). Hastings College of the Law: The First Century. San Francisco: University of California Hastings College of the Law Press. pp. 84–85. ^ People v. Kewen, 69 Cal. 215, 10 P. 393 (1886). ^ a b c Gerth, Donald R. (2010). The People's University: A History of the California State University. Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press. p. xxi. ISBN 9780877724353. ^ VerBruggen, Robert (May 5, 2021). "'We Reject Ideas of Natural Gifts and Talents'". National Review. National Review. Retrieved May 6, 2021. ^ Hoeven, Emily. "A day of historic votes". Cal Matters. Retrieved May 28, 2021. ^ Agrawal, Nina (October 2, 2020). "What happens now that Gov. Newsom vetoed high school ethnic studies requirement?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 28, 2021. ^ Lee, Michael (May 5, 2021). "California seeks end of advanced math courses in name of social justice". Washington Examiner. Clarity Media Group. Retrieved May 6, 2021. ^ Soave, Robby (May 5, 2021). "In the Name of Equity, California Will Discourage Students Who Are Gifted at Math". Reason.com. Reason Foundation. Retrieved May 6, 2021. ^ "2021 Revision of the Mathematics Framework". California Department of Education. Retrieved May 6, 2021. ^ Dorman, Sam (April 14, 2021). "California promotes 'dismantling racism in mathematics' guidance in draft for statewide framework". Fox News. FOX News Network, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2021. ^ Berry, Dr. Susan. "California Weighs 'Equitable Math': Goal of Obtaining Correct Answer Is Racist". The Jewish Voice. Retrieved May 6, 2021. ^ Quartz, Sonali Kohli (November 18, 2014). "Modern-Day Segregation in Public Schools". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ Meckler, Laura (June 10, 2021). "Can honors and regular students learn math together? A new approach argues yes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ Fensterwald, John. "State Board of Education passes new California math framework". EdSource. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ Schwartz, Sarah (July 13, 2023). "California Adopts Controversial New Math Framework. Here's What's in It". Education Week. ISSN 0277-4232. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ "Narrowing California's K-12 Student Achievement Gaps". lao.ca.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ "The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ "Mathematics Framework - Mathematics (CA Dept of Education)". www.cde.ca.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to California Department of Education. Official Website California Department of Education in the California Code of Regulations California Education Code of the California Codes DataQuest: Department of Education Data and Statistics California Department of Education on USAspending.gov vteExecutive state agencies, departments and other entities of the State of CaliforniaCabinet-level superagencies Business, Consumer Services and Housing Government Operations Environmental Protection Health and Human Services Labor and Workforce Development Natural Resources Transportation Cabinet-level departments Corrections and Rehabilitation Education Finance Food and Agriculture Insurance Justice Military Cabinet-level offices Governor's Office of Emergency Services Governor's Office of Planning and Research Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development BCSH departments Consumer Affairs Board of Accountancy Bureau of Automotive Repair Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education Bureau of Real Estate Appraisers Contractors State License Board Medical Board Fair Employment and Housing Housing and Community Development Business Oversight Real Estate Alcoholic Beverage Control Alcoholic Beverage Control Appeals Board Horse Racing Board GOA departments CalPERS CalSTRS Franchise Tax Board FI$CAL General Services Human Resources State Personnel Board Tax and Fee Administration Technology Office of Administrative Law Complete Count Committee Victim Compensation Board CalEPA departments Air Resources Board Pesticide Regulation CalRecycle Toxic Substances Control Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment State Water Resources Control Board HHS departments Aging Child Support Services Community Services and Development Developmental Services Medical Services Authority Health Care Services Managed Health Care Managed Risk Medical Insurance Board Public Health Rehabilitation Social Services State Hospitals Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Office of Health Information Integrity Office of Law Enforcement Support Office of the Patient Advocate LWDA departments Industrial Relations Agricultural Labor Relations Board Employment Development Department Public Employment Relations Board Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board Workforce Development Board Employment Training Panel CNRA departments Conservation Conservation Corps Fish and Wildlife Forestry and Fire Protection Parks and Recreation Water Resources CALFED Bay-Delta Program Coastal Commission Energy Commission State Lands Commission San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission Colorado River Board CalSTA departments Motor Vehicles Caltrans Highway Patrol Board of Pilot Commissioners Transportation Commission High-Speed Rail Authority New Motor Vehicle Board Office of Traffic Safety Independent entities University of California Board of Regents California State University California Community Colleges Public Utilities Commission State Auditor Fair Political Practices Commission Little Hoover Commission vteK–12 education agencies in the United StatesFederal United States Department of Education Bureau of Indian Education (Native Americans) Department of Defense Education Activity (military dependents) Agencies by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Agency of the federal district District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education Agencies by insular area American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Category Commons United States portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_California"},{"link_name":"public education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"State Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"state superintendent of public instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction"},{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"}],"text":"State government agencyThe California Department of Education is an agency within the government of California that oversees public education.The department oversees funding and testing, and holds local educational agencies accountable for student achievement. Its stated mission is to provide leadership, assistance, oversight, and resources (via teaching and teaching material) so that every Californian has access to a good education.The State Board of Education is the governing and policy-making body, and the state superintendent of public instruction is the nonpartisan (originally partisan) elected executive officer. The superintendent serves as the state's chief spokesperson for public schools, provides education policy and direction to local school districts, and sits as an ex officio member of governing boards of the state's higher education system that are otherwise independent of the department.","title":"California Department of Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Ellwood Patterson Cubberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellwood_Patterson_Cubberley"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"Hastings College of the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Hastings_College_of_the_Law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarnesPage8485-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerth6-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerth6-7"},{"link_name":"J. Paul Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Leonard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerth6-7"},{"link_name":"California Master Plan for Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Master_Plan_for_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"California State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University"},{"link_name":"California Community Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Community_Colleges"},{"link_name":"K-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-12"},{"link_name":"special education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natrev-8"}],"text":"In 1920, the California State Legislature's Special Legislative Committee on Education conducted a comprehensive investigation of California's educational system. The Committee's final report, drafted by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley, explained that the system's chaotic ad hoc development had resulted in the division of jurisdiction over education at the state level between 23 separate boards and commissions, with a total of about 160 members. The report recommended the consolidation and centralization of all these entities under the jurisdiction of a single California Department of Education, and also to clarify the exact relationship between the existing State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Therefore, on May 31, 1921, the legislature enacted a bill creating such a department, to be headed by a Director of Education, and which also concurrently made the State Superintendent of Public Instruction the ex officio director of the new department. (The sole entity exempt from the new department's jurisdiction was the University of California, because of a 1886 court case involving control of the Hastings College of the Law.[5][6])Among the various entities thus integrated were the State Normal Schools, which lost their boards of trustees, were made subordinate to the department's deputy director for the Division of Normal and Special Schools, and were renamed State Teachers Colleges. This created a rather bizarre administrative situation from 1921 to 1960. On the one hand, the department's actual supervision of the presidents of the State Teachers Colleges was rather minimal, which translated into substantial autonomy when it came to day-to-day operations.[7] On the other hand, the State Teachers Colleges were treated under state law as ordinary state agencies, which meant their budgets were subject to the same stifling bureaucratic financial controls as all other state agencies (except the University of California).[7] At least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue (J. Paul Leonard, then-president of San Francisco State, in 1957).[7] The State Teachers Colleges were renamed State Colleges in 1935, but retained the same legal status. They finally regained full administrative autonomy after the recommendations of the California Master Plan for Higher Education were signed into law as the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960, which created the State College System of California (now the California State University) and authorized the appointment of a board of trustees and systemwide chancellor who would be independent of the department.In 1967, the state's junior colleges (which had largely developed as extensions of existing high school districts at the local level) were renamed community colleges and organized into a new system called the California Community Colleges, and that system was then authorized to have its own board of governors and systemwide chancellor who would also be independent of the department.Since 1967, the department has been focused on regulating and supporting local school districts which directly provide the bulk of K-12 primary and secondary education throughout the state, as well as operating the state's three special schools and three diagnostic centers in support of special education.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In March 2021, after four years of development, the State Board of Education unanimously passed a new ethnic studies curriculum.[9] A bill that would have made ethnic studies a high school requirement had been vetoed by California's Governor the previous fall.[10]","title":"Ethnic studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washex-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reason-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doe2021-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox2021-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewishvoice-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In response to academic inequity, the department is recommending elimination of accelerated math classes.[11][12][13][14][15] Referred to as math tracking, this debate centers on when students should complete Algebra 1, the gateway to more advanced mathematics courses often required for college admission and preparation. The guidance outlines that Algebra 1 should be taken in ninth grade, while recognizing that some might be prepared for a more advanced track in eighth. Justice-minded stakeholders argue that tracking pushes struggling students further behind and perpetuates segregation in school, supporting de-tracking instead.[16][17]Beyond high school course sequencing, the framework also focuses on culturally responsive teaching, data science, and inquiry-based instruction.[18] The Board of Education’s guidance offers “big ideas in mathematics” to help students make connections between topics and use math to address real-world problems. By emphasizing data science, this framework also aims to prepare students for an increasingly tech-driven world. And with cultural responsiveness in mind, educators are encouraged to incorporate students’ cultural and social backgrounds into instruction and curriculum to make content more relevant for all. From there, students can apply mathematics to recognize, and fix, social justice issues.[19]The framework was advanced in response to rising racial and socioeconomic discrepancies in student achievement and trends in lower U.S. math attainment compared to other advanced countries.[20][21] On July 12, 2023, the Board of Education adopted the framework.[22]","title":"2021 mathematics framework"}]	[]	[{"title":"California portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"title":"Education portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"title":"California State Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction"},{"title":"California State Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Board_of_Education"},{"title":"School accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_accreditation"},{"title":"List of school districts in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_California"},{"title":"List of school districts in California by county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_California_by_county"}]	[{"reference":"Bureau of Publications, State Department of Education (November 1968). A History of the California State Department of Education 1900-1967 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/re/hd/documents/yr1968hd11b.pdf","url_text":"A History of the California State Department of Education 1900-1967"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Thomas Garden (1978). Hastings College of the Law: The First Century. San Francisco: University of California Hastings College of the Law Press. pp. 84–85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gerth, Donald R. (2010). The People's University: A History of the California State University. Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press. p. xxi. ISBN 9780877724353.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877724353","url_text":"9780877724353"}]},{"reference":"VerBruggen, Robert (May 5, 2021). \"'We Reject Ideas of Natural Gifts and Talents'\". National Review. National Review. Retrieved May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/we-reject-ideas-of-natural-gifts-and-talents/","url_text":"\"'We Reject Ideas of Natural Gifts and Talents'\""}]},{"reference":"Hoeven, Emily. \"A day of historic votes\". Cal Matters. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://calmatters.org/newsletters/whatmatters/2021/03/california-ethnic-studies-oceano-dunes/","url_text":"\"A day of historic votes\""}]},{"reference":"Agrawal, Nina (October 2, 2020). \"What happens now that Gov. Newsom vetoed high school ethnic studies requirement?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-10-02/what-happens-now-that-gov-newsom-vetoed-high-school-ethnic-studies-requirement","url_text":"\"What happens now that Gov. Newsom vetoed high school ethnic studies requirement?\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Michael (May 5, 2021). \"California seeks end of advanced math courses in name of social justice\". Washington Examiner. Clarity Media Group. Retrieved May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/state-advanced-math-equity","url_text":"\"California seeks end of advanced math courses in name of social justice\""}]},{"reference":"Soave, Robby (May 5, 2021). \"In the Name of Equity, California Will Discourage Students Who Are Gifted at Math\". Reason.com. Reason Foundation. Retrieved May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://reason.com/2021/05/04/california-math-framework-woke-equity-calculus/","url_text":"\"In the Name of Equity, California Will Discourage Students Who Are Gifted at Math\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Revision of the Mathematics Framework\". California Department of Education. Retrieved May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/ma/cf/","url_text":"\"2021 Revision of the Mathematics Framework\""}]},{"reference":"Dorman, Sam (April 14, 2021). \"California promotes 'dismantling racism in mathematics' guidance in draft for statewide framework\". Fox News. FOX News Network, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/us/california-racism-math-framework","url_text":"\"California promotes 'dismantling racism in mathematics' guidance in draft for statewide framework\""}]},{"reference":"Berry, Dr. Susan. \"California Weighs 'Equitable Math': Goal of Obtaining Correct Answer Is Racist\". The Jewish Voice. Retrieved May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thejewishvoice.com/2021/04/california-weighs-equitable-math-goal-of-obtaining-correct-answer-is-racist/","url_text":"\"California Weighs 'Equitable Math': Goal of Obtaining Correct Answer Is Racist\""}]},{"reference":"Quartz, Sonali Kohli (November 18, 2014). \"Modern-Day Segregation in Public Schools\". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/11/modern-day-segregation-in-public-schools/382846/","url_text":"\"Modern-Day Segregation in Public Schools\""}]},{"reference":"Meckler, Laura (June 10, 2021). \"Can honors and regular students learn math together? A new approach argues yes\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/06/04/california-math-class-detrack-race-equity/","url_text":"\"Can honors and regular students learn math together? A new approach argues yes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Fensterwald, John. \"State Board of Education passes new California math framework\". EdSource. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edsource.org/2023/state-board-of-education-passes-new-california-math-curriculum/693990","url_text":"\"State Board of Education passes new California math framework\""}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Sarah (July 13, 2023). \"California Adopts Controversial New Math Framework. Here's What's in It\". Education Week. ISSN 0277-4232. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/california-adopts-controversial-new-math-framework-heres-whats-in-it/2023/07","url_text":"\"California Adopts Controversial New Math Framework. 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Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=1#:~:text=In%20mathematics%20literacy,%20average%20scores,OECD%20average%20score%20(489).","url_text":"\"The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mathematics Framework - Mathematics (CA Dept of Education)\". www.cde.ca.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/ma/cf/#:~:text=2023%20Mathematics%20Framework,Grade%20Twelve%20(Mathematics%20Framework).","url_text":"\"Mathematics Framework - Mathematics (CA Dept of Education)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=California_Department_of_Education&params=38_34_25_N_121_29_21_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°34′25″N 121°29′21″W / 38.57361°N 121.48917°W / 38.57361; -121.48917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=California_Department_of_Education&params=38_34_25_N_121_29_21_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°34′25″N 121°29′21″W / 38.57361°N 121.48917°W / 38.57361; -121.48917"},{"Link":"https://www.cde.ca.gov/","external_links_name":"cde.ca.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/re/hd/documents/yr1968hd11b.pdf","external_links_name":"A History of the California State Department of Education 1900-1967"},{"Link":"https://www.cde.ca.gov/","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"https://publicpay.ca.gov/Reports/State/StateEntity.aspx?entityid=3772&year=2018","external_links_name":"Government Compensation in California"},{"Link":"http://www.ebudget.ca.gov/budget/publication/#/e/2019-20/Department/6100","external_links_name":"2019-2020 State Budget: 6100 Department of Education"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3HwWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA215","external_links_name":"People v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash_bag	Bin bag	["1 Description","1.1 Biodegradable plastic bags","1.2 Drawstring and flexibility","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Books"]	Disposable bag used to contain solid waste material This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bin bag" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A public waste bag in Paris displaying the inscription "Vigilance - Propreté" ("Vigilance - cleanliness") A typical black bin bag from the United Kingdom A bin bag, rubbish bag (British English), garbage bag, bin liner, trash bag (American English) or refuse sack is a disposable bag used to contain solid waste. Many bags are useful to line the insides of waste containers to prevent the insides of the receptacle from becoming coated in waste material. Most bags today are made out of plastic, and are typically black, white, or green in color. Plastic bags are a widely used, convenient, and sanitary way of handling garbage. Plastic garbage bags are fairly lightweight and are particularly useful for messy or wet rubbish, as is commonly the case with food waste, and are also useful for wrapping up garbage to minimize odor. Plastic bags are often used for lining litter or waste containers or bins. This keeps the container sanitary by avoiding container contact with the garbage. After the bag in the container is filled with litter, the bag can be pulled out by its edges, closed, and tied with minimal contact with the waste matter. Garbage bags were invented by Canadians Harry Wasylyk, Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp in 1950. In a special on CBC Television, green garbage bags (first bin bags in Canada) ranked 36th among the top 50 Canadian inventions. Black plastic bags were introduced in 1950 as star sealed bags. The first bags in the United States were green and black, rather than the now-common white and clear. Flat-sealed bags first appeared in 1959. In the 1960s, the white bin bags were introduced. Two-ply (Heavy Duty) bags were introduced in 1974, with 3 ply bags following in 1980. Plastic bags can be incinerated with their contents in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy conversion. They are stable and benign in sanitary landfills; some are degradable under specified conditions. Description Plastic bags for rubbish or litter are sold in a significant number of sizes at many stores in packets or rolls of a few tens of bags. Wire twist ties are sometimes supplied for closing the bag once full. Varying thicknesses are commonly manufactured - thicker bags are used for heavy-duty applications such as construction waste, or in order to be able to withstand being compacted during recycling processes. In the mid-1990s bin bags with drawstrings for closure were introduced. Some bags have handles that may be tied or holes through which the neck of the bag can be pulled. Most commonly, the plastic used to make bin bags is the rather soft and flexible LDPE (low-density polyethylene) or, for strength, LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene) or HDPE (high-density polyethylene) are sometimes used. Biodegradable plastic bags Garbage bags made from bioplastics and other biodegradable plastics A bin bag designed to resist vermin. United Kingdom Oxo-biodegradable plastic bags have the same strength as ordinary plastic and costly slightly more. They will degrade then biodegrade if they get into the open environment, but they can be recycled if collected during their useful life. They are designed so that they will not degrade deep in landfills and will not, therefore, generate methane. Oxo-biodegradable plastic does not degrade quickly in low temperature "windrow" composting, but it is suitable for "in-vessel" composting at the higher temperatures required by the animal by-products regulations. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is bio-assimilated by the same bacteria and fungi, which transform natural material such as twigs and leaves to cell biomass, like lignocellulosic materials. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is designed to degrade initially by a process that includes both photo-oxidation and thermo-oxidation, so it can degrade in the dark. Resin identification code 7 is applicable to biodegradable plastics. Drawstring and flexibility In 1984, drawstring garbage bags first appeared before GLAD and Hefty introduced them. In August 2001, Hefty introduced the garbage bags with a drawstring designed to stretch around the garbage can's rim and stay in place. In July 2004, ForceFlex, the flexible plastic garbage bags, was introduced by GLAD (followed by Hefty's Ultra Flex brand in September). See also Blue bag Packaging Plastic bag Plastic recycling Thermal depolymerization, post consumer waste processing technologies References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waste bags. ^ "What Are Garbage Bags Made of: Can Liner Materials Guide". AAA Polymer. 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "ARCHIVED - Garbage Bag - Incredible Inventions - Cool Canada". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-08-17. ^ "inventions". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. ^ a b "GLAD ForceFlex® Trash Bags End Garbage Gripes". Press Release Archive. GLAD. 20 July 2004. Archived from the original on 2009-11-18. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Helpful hardware; help with the trash", Daryln Brewer, The New York Times, 27 December 1984 (retrieved 21 August 2010) ^ "Pactiv Announces New Hefty® The Gripper™ Waste Bag Patented Stretch & Grip Top™ Goes on Easy And Stays Put". Archived News. Pactiv. 20 August 2001. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Pactiv Announces Hefty Ultra Flex Waste Bags; Thick, strong & stretchable bags respond to consumers' needs". Business Wire. 16 September 2004. Archived from the original on Jan 13, 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2010 – via AllBusiness.com. Books Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN 0-471-06397-5 Selke, S, Packaging and the Environment, 1994, ISBN 1-56676-104-2 Selke, S,. Plastics Packaging, 2004, ISBN 1-56990-372-7 vteBags and flexible containersCarried Bayong Bindle Briefcase Bugout bag Dillybag Dromedary bag Flight bag Gaji bag Grocery bag Hambiliya Handbag Haversack Laundry bag Medical bag Money bag Nuclear briefcase Plastic shopping bag Red box (government) Reticule Reusable shopping bag Shell purse Shopping bag String bag Survival bag Swag Tote bag Tucker bag Worn Backpack (Canoe pack, Duluth pack) Bandolier bag Bivouac sack Book bag Fanny pack Golf bag Lightweight Rucksack Medicine bag Messenger bag Pack basket Pasiking Randoseru Sabretache Satchel Sporran Takiding Luggage Bug-out bag Carpet bag Diaper bag Diplomatic bag / pouch Duffel bag Garment bag Gig bag Gladstone bag Hobo bag Holdall Nomadic bag Norfolk case Portmanteau Saddlebag Suitcase Toiletry bag Train case Travel pack Trunk Postal Catcher pouch Mail bag Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Mochila Padded envelope Portmanteau Containers Antistatic bag Bag-in-box Bin bag Biodegradable bag Bota bag Coffee bag Flexible intermediate bulk container Boil-in-bag Fuel bladder Mashk Milk bag Packet (container) Paper bag Paper sack Parfleche Pastry bag Pipe bag Plastic bag Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags Reusable shopping bag Sachet Security bag Shopping bag Stand-up pouch Thermal bag Tobacco pouch Trash bag Wineskin Zipper storage bag Purses/handbags Bayong Birkin bag Coin purse Evening bag Gaji bag Gucci Diana Handbag It bag Kelly bag Kinchaku Lady Dior Messenger bag Minaudière Money bag Reticule Tote bag Wallet Wristlet Other Body bag Burn bag Cowboy bedroll Doggy bag Dry bag Electronic flight bag Feedbag Flour sack Gamow bag Gunny sack Poop bag Sandbag Schultüte Showbag Sickness bag Sleeping bag Stuff sack Throw bag Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trash_bin_in_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_typical_black_bin_bag_from_the_UK_20060811.jpg"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_words_not_widely_used_in_the_United_Kingdom#G"},{"link_name":"solid waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste"},{"link_name":"waste containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_container"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Plastic bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bag"},{"link_name":"food waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste"},{"link_name":"Harry Wasylyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wasylyk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"waste-to-energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy"},{"link_name":"landfills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A public waste bag in Paris displaying the inscription \"Vigilance - Propreté\" (\"Vigilance - cleanliness\")A typical black bin bag from the United KingdomA bin bag, rubbish bag (British English), garbage bag, bin liner, trash bag (American English) or refuse sack is a disposable bag used to contain solid waste. Many bags are useful to line the insides of waste containers to prevent the insides of the receptacle from becoming coated in waste material. Most bags today are made out of plastic, and are typically black, white, or green in color.[1]Plastic bags are a widely used, convenient, and sanitary way of handling garbage. Plastic garbage bags are fairly lightweight and are particularly useful for messy or wet rubbish, as is commonly the case with food waste, and are also useful for wrapping up garbage to minimize odor. Plastic bags are often used for lining litter or waste containers or bins. This keeps the container sanitary by avoiding container contact with the garbage. After the bag in the container is filled with litter, the bag can be pulled out by its edges, closed, and tied with minimal contact with the waste matter.Garbage bags were invented by Canadians Harry Wasylyk, Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp in 1950.[2] In a special on CBC Television, green garbage bags (first bin bags in Canada) ranked 36th among the top 50 Canadian inventions.[3]\nBlack plastic bags were introduced in 1950 as star sealed bags. The first bags in the United States were green and black, rather than the now-common white and clear. Flat-sealed bags first appeared in 1959. In the 1960s, the white bin bags were introduced. Two-ply (Heavy Duty) bags were introduced in 1974, with 3 ply bags following in 1980.Plastic bags can be incinerated with their contents in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy conversion. They are stable and benign in sanitary landfills; some are degradable under specified conditions.[citation needed]","title":"Bin bag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter"},{"link_name":"twist ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_tie"},{"link_name":"construction waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_waste"},{"link_name":"LDPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDPE"},{"link_name":"LLDPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLDPE"},{"link_name":"HDPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPE"}],"text":"Plastic bags for rubbish or litter are sold in a significant number of sizes at many stores in packets or rolls of a few tens of bags. Wire twist ties are sometimes supplied for closing the bag once full. Varying thicknesses are commonly manufactured - thicker bags are used for heavy-duty applications such as construction waste, or in order to be able to withstand being compacted during recycling processes. In the mid-1990s bin bags with drawstrings for closure were introduced. Some bags have handles that may be tied or holes through which the neck of the bag can be pulled. Most commonly, the plastic used to make bin bags is the rather soft and flexible LDPE (low-density polyethylene) or, for strength, LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene) or HDPE (high-density polyethylene) are sometimes used.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg"},{"link_name":"bioplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic"},{"link_name":"biodegradable plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seagull_proof.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxo-biodegradable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo-biodegradable"},{"link_name":"bio-assimilated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"Resin identification code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin_identification_code"}],"sub_title":"Biodegradable plastic bags","text":"Garbage bags made from bioplastics and other biodegradable plasticsA bin bag designed to resist vermin. United KingdomOxo-biodegradable plastic bags have the same strength as ordinary plastic and costly slightly more. They will degrade then biodegrade if they get into the open environment, but they can be recycled if collected during their useful life. They are designed so that they will not degrade deep in landfills and will not, therefore, generate methane. Oxo-biodegradable plastic does not degrade quickly in low temperature \"windrow\" composting, but it is suitable for \"in-vessel\" composting at the higher temperatures required by the animal by-products regulations. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is bio-assimilated by the same bacteria and fungi, which transform natural material such as twigs and leaves to cell biomass, like lignocellulosic materials. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is designed to degrade initially by a process that includes both photo-oxidation and thermo-oxidation, so it can degrade in the dark. Resin identification code 7 is applicable to biodegradable plastics.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drawstring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawstring"},{"link_name":"GLAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad_(company)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glad-4"},{"link_name":"Hefty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"flexible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexibility_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glad-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Drawstring and flexibility","text":"In 1984, drawstring garbage bags first appeared before GLAD[4] and Hefty[5] introduced them. In August 2001, Hefty introduced the garbage bags with a drawstring designed to stretch around the garbage can's rim and stay in place.[6] In July 2004, ForceFlex, the flexible plastic garbage bags, was introduced by GLAD[4] (followed by Hefty's Ultra Flex brand in September).[7]","title":"Description"}]	[{"image_text":"A public waste bag in Paris displaying the inscription \"Vigilance - Propreté\" (\"Vigilance - cleanliness\")","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Trash_bin_in_Paris.jpg/220px-Trash_bin_in_Paris.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical black bin bag from the United Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_typical_black_bin_bag_from_the_UK_20060811.jpg/220px-A_typical_black_bin_bag_from_the_UK_20060811.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garbage bags made from bioplastics and other biodegradable plastics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg/250px-Bio-K_Abfallbeutel_Kompostbeutel_CG.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bin bag designed to resist vermin. United Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seagull_proof.jpg/220px-Seagull_proof.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Blue bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_bag"},{"title":"Packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"},{"title":"Plastic bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bag"},{"title":"Plastic recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling"},{"title":"Thermal depolymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization"}]	[{"reference":"\"What Are Garbage Bags Made of: Can Liner Materials Guide\". AAA Polymer. 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aaapolymer.com/can-liner-materials/","url_text":"\"What Are Garbage Bags Made of: Can Liner Materials Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARCHIVED - Garbage Bag - Incredible Inventions - Cool Canada\". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002161348/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cool/002027-2005-e.html","url_text":"\"ARCHIVED - Garbage Bag - Incredible Inventions - Cool Canada\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cool/002027-2005-e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"inventions\". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310192032/http://www.cbc.ca/inventions/inventions.html?inventionID=21","url_text":"\"inventions\""},{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/inventions/inventions.html?inventionID=21","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GLAD ForceFlex® Trash Bags End Garbage Gripes\". Press Release Archive. GLAD. 20 July 2004. Archived from the original on 2009-11-18. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091118185706/http://www.glad.com/mediaroom/view_release.php?index=10","url_text":"\"GLAD ForceFlex® Trash Bags End Garbage Gripes\""},{"url":"https://www.glad.com/mediaroom/view_release.php?index=10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pactiv Announces New Hefty® The Gripper™ Waste Bag Patented Stretch & Grip Top™ Goes on Easy And Stays Put\". Archived News. Pactiv. 20 August 2001. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725104407/http://www.pactiv.com/View_NewsRoom.aspx?indexNumber=d22dbc26-40c6-42b0-ac53-aab2d3c317c9","url_text":"\"Pactiv Announces New Hefty® The Gripper™ Waste Bag Patented Stretch & Grip Top™ Goes on Easy And Stays Put\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pactiv","url_text":"Pactiv"},{"url":"http://www.pactiv.com/View_NewsRoom.aspx?indexNumber=d22dbc26-40c6-42b0-ac53-aab2d3c317c9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pactiv Announces Hefty Ultra Flex Waste Bags; Thick, strong & stretchable bags respond to consumers' needs\". Business Wire. 16 September 2004. Archived from the original on Jan 13, 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2010 – via AllBusiness.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080113065619/http://www.allbusiness.com:80/food-beverage/restaurants-food-service/5217833-1.html","url_text":"\"Pactiv Announces Hefty Ultra Flex Waste Bags; Thick, strong & stretchable bags respond to consumers' needs\""},{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/food-beverage/restaurants-food-service/5217833-1.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllBusiness.com","url_text":"AllBusiness.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bin+bag%22","external_links_name":"\"Bin bag\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bin+bag%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bin+bag%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bin+bag%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bin+bag%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bin+bag%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.aaapolymer.com/can-liner-materials/","external_links_name":"\"What Are Garbage Bags Made of: Can Liner Materials Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002161348/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cool/002027-2005-e.html","external_links_name":"\"ARCHIVED - Garbage Bag - Incredible Inventions - Cool Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cool/002027-2005-e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310192032/http://www.cbc.ca/inventions/inventions.html?inventionID=21","external_links_name":"\"inventions\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/inventions/inventions.html?inventionID=21","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091118185706/http://www.glad.com/mediaroom/view_release.php?index=10","external_links_name":"\"GLAD ForceFlex® Trash Bags End Garbage Gripes\""},{"Link":"https://www.glad.com/mediaroom/view_release.php?index=10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/27/garden/helpful-hardware-help-with-the-trash.html","external_links_name":"Helpful hardware; help with the trash"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725104407/http://www.pactiv.com/View_NewsRoom.aspx?indexNumber=d22dbc26-40c6-42b0-ac53-aab2d3c317c9","external_links_name":"\"Pactiv Announces New Hefty® The Gripper™ Waste Bag Patented Stretch & Grip Top™ Goes on Easy And Stays Put\""},{"Link":"http://www.pactiv.com/View_NewsRoom.aspx?indexNumber=d22dbc26-40c6-42b0-ac53-aab2d3c317c9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080113065619/http://www.allbusiness.com:80/food-beverage/restaurants-food-service/5217833-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Pactiv Announces Hefty Ultra Flex Waste Bags; Thick, strong & stretchable bags respond to consumers' needs\""},{"Link":"http://www.allbusiness.com/food-beverage/restaurants-food-service/5217833-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4251497-6","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlado_Jankovi%C4%87_(basketball)	Vlado Janković	["1 Early life","2 Professional career","3 National team career","3.1 Greek junior national team","3.2 Greek senior national team","4 Personal life","5 Career statistics","5.1 EuroLeague","6 Awards and accomplishments","6.1 Pro career","7 References","8 External links"]	Serbian-Greek basketball player Vlado JankovićJanković with AEK BC in 2019No. 33 – ASK KarditsasPositionSmall forwardLeagueGreek Basket LeaguePersonal informationBorn (1990-03-03) March 3, 1990 (age 34)Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR YugoslaviaNationalitySerbian / GreekListed height2.02 m (6 ft 8 in)Listed weight104 kg (229 lb)Career informationNBA draft2012: undraftedPlaying career2007–presentCareer history2007–2013Panionios2008–2009→ Mega Vizura2013–2016Panathinaikos2016–2017Valencia2016–2017→ Aris Thessaloniki2017–2018Andorra2018–2019Holargos2019–2021AEK Athens2021–2022PAOK Thessaloniki2023AEK Athens2023–presentKarditsa Career highlights and awards Greek League champion (2014) 4× Greek Cup winner (2014–2016, 2020) All-Greek League First Team (2013) Greek League Most Improved Player (2013) Greek All-Star (2013) Medals Men's Basketball Representing Greece FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship 2009 Greece U-20 Team 2010 Croatia U-20 Team FIBA Under-19 World Cup 2009 New Zealand U-19 Team Albert Schweitzer Tournament 2008 Germany U-18 Team FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship 2008 Greece U-18 Team Vladimir "Vlado" Janković (Greek: Βλαδίμηρος "Βλάντο" Γιάνκοβιτς, Vladimiros "Vlando" Yankovits, Serbian: Владимир "Владо" Јанковић; born March 3, 1990) is a Serbian-Greek professional basketball player for Karditsa of the Greek Basket League. Standing at 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), he plays as a small forward. He is the son of the late Serbian professional basketball player Boban Janković. Early life Janković was born March 3, 1990, in Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. He is the son of the famous late Serbian professional basketball player Boban Janković, who was tragically paralyzed during a Greek Basket League playoff game between Panionios and Panathinaikos in 1993. Janković moved to Nea Smyrni, Greece with his family at the age of two, when his father, Boban, joined the Greek club Panionios for the 1992–93 season. Professional career Janković began his professional career with the Greek Basket League club Panionios in 2007. In 2008, he moved to the Serbian club Mega, on loan from Panionios. He then returned to Panionios in 2009. On 20 June 2013, Janković joined the Greek club Panathinaikos. He was announced as a new player of Panathinaikos, for the following three years, along with his Panionios teammate Nikos Pappas. During his second season at the club, he switched his jersey number from 16 to 8. Janković played in the 2016 NBA Summer League, with the Summer League squad of the New Orleans Pelicans. On August 3, 2016, Janković signed with the Spanish Liga ACB club Valencia. On October 31, 2016, he was loaned to the Greek club Aris Thessaloniki, for the rest of the season. On July 20, 2017, Janković signed with Andorra. He spent the entire Greek League 2018–19 season with Holargos, averaging a career-high 13.8 points, 5.4 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game. On November 11, 2019, Janković signed a seven-month contract with AEK Athens. He signed a two-year extension with the team on August 3, 2020. On July 23, 2021, Janković moved back to Thessaloniki for PAOK. In 23 games, he averaged 8 points, 4.9 rebounds and 2.7 assists, playing around 25 minutes per contest. On January 20, 2023, Janković signed back with AEK Athens for the rest of the season. In 12 league games, he averaged 9.4 points, 3.9 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 21 minutes per contest. National team career Greek junior national team Janković won the gold medal at the 2008 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, while playing with the junior Greek national basketball team. Janković also won the silver medal at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Cup and the gold medal at the 2009 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. He also won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship with Greece's junior national team. Greek senior national team Janković became a member of the senior men's Greek national basketball team in 2013, when he was invited to train with the team during its preparation phase before the EuroBasket 2013. Personal life Janković speaks Greek, Serbian, and English fluently. In September 2012, Jankovic began dating former Greek model Elena Papadopoulou and on July 21, 2018 they married in Paros. On September 7, 2019, Papadopoulou gave birth to their first child, a son Maximo Jankovic. Career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG% Field-goal percentage 3P% 3-point field-goal percentage FT% Free-throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game PIR Performance Index Rating Bold Career high EuroLeague Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG PIR 2013–14 Panathinaikos 17 1 3.6 .250 .250 .500 .6 .2 .2 .1 .6 .4 2014–15 Panathinaikos 27 27 26.3 .370 .333 .741 3.7 2.1 1.1 .2 8.3 8.6 2015–16 Panathinaikos 22 7 15.7 .528 .400 .536 2.5 1.4 .5 .1 5.7 6.2 Career 66 35 16.9 .412 .347 .663 2.5 1.4 .7 .1 5.4 5.7 Awards and accomplishments Pro career Greek League All-Star: (2013) Greek League Most Improved Player: (2013) Greek League Best Five: (2013) 3× Greek Cup Winner: (2014, 2015, 2016) Greek League Champion: (2014) Basketball Champions League runner up : (2020) References ^ Vlado JANKOVIC (GRE) participated in 5 FIBA / FIBA Zones events. ^ NYTimes.com Greek Basketball's Adopted Son Ponders Major Goodbye. ^ newsroom, sport-fm. "Δεκαπέντε χρόνια χωρίς τον Μπόμπαν Γιάνκοβιτς". sport-fm.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2022-08-23. ^ Euroleague.net PANATHINAIKOS ATHENS adds young guns Pappas, Jankovic. ^ PELICANS 2016 SUMMER LEAGUE ROSTER 55 Vladimir Jankovic F 6-8 222 3/3/90 Greece Panathinaikos (Greece). ^ Valencia signs Vladimir Jankovic. ^ Vladimir Jankovic joins Aris BC on loan until the end of the season. ^ Andorra signs small forward Jankovic. ^ Carchia, Emiliano (August 3, 2020). "Vlado Jankovic signs contract extension with AEK Athens". Sportando. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ Borghesan, Ennio Terrasi (July 23, 2021). "PAOK announces signing of Vlado Jankovic". Sportando. Retrieved July 23, 2021. External links Euroleague.net Profile FIBA Champions League Profile FIBA Archive Profile Eurobasket.com Profile Greek Basket League Profile (in English) Greek Basket League Profile (in Greek) Hellenic Basketball Federation Profile (in Greek) Spanish League Profile (in Spanish) Draftexpress.com Profile Twitter vteGreek Basket League Most Improved Player 2004: Spanoulis 2006: Mavrokefalidis 2011: Calathes 2012: Printezis 2013: Janković 2014: Bogris 2015: Vezenkov 2016: Kaselakis 2017: Milutinov 2018: Saloustros 2019: Kaklamanakis 2021: Mouratos 2022: Vezenkov 2023: Mantzoukas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Karditsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASK_Karditsas_B.C."},{"link_name":"Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"small forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_forward"},{"link_name":"Boban Janković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boban_Jankovi%C4%87"}],"text":"Vladimir \"Vlado\" Janković[1] (Greek: Βλαδίμηρος \"Βλάντο\" Γιάνκοβιτς, Vladimiros \"Vlando\" Yankovits, Serbian: Владимир \"Владо\" Јанковић; born March 3, 1990) is a Serbian-Greek professional basketball player for Karditsa of the Greek Basket League. Standing at 2.02 m (6 ft 7 1⁄2 in), he plays as a small forward. He is the son of the late Serbian professional basketball player Boban Janković.","title":"Vlado Janković"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"SR Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Boban Janković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boban_Jankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Panionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios_B.C."},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nea Smyrni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Smyrni"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Janković was born March 3, 1990, in Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. He is the son of the famous late Serbian professional basketball player Boban Janković, who was tragically paralyzed during a Greek Basket League playoff game between Panionios and Panathinaikos in 1993.[2]Janković moved to Nea Smyrni, Greece[3] with his family at the age of two, when his father, Boban, joined the Greek club Panionios for the 1992–93 season.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Panionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios_B.C."},{"link_name":"Mega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Aqua_Monta"},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C."},{"link_name":"Panionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios_B.C."},{"link_name":"Nikos Pappas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Pappas_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2016 NBA Summer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NBA_Summer_League"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Liga ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Basket"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"loaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Aris Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_B.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Andorra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Greek League 2018–19 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Holargos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holargos_B.C."},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_B.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.A.O.K._BC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"AEK Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEK_B.C."}],"text":"Janković began his professional career with the Greek Basket League club Panionios in 2007. In 2008, he moved to the Serbian club Mega, on loan from Panionios. He then returned to Panionios in 2009.On 20 June 2013, Janković joined the Greek club Panathinaikos. He was announced as a new player of Panathinaikos, for the following three years, along with his Panionios teammate Nikos Pappas.[4] During his second season at the club, he switched his jersey number from 16 to 8.Janković played in the 2016 NBA Summer League, with the Summer League squad of the New Orleans Pelicans.[5]On August 3, 2016, Janković signed with the Spanish Liga ACB club Valencia.[6] On October 31, 2016, he was loaned to the Greek club Aris Thessaloniki, for the rest of the season.[7] On July 20, 2017, Janković signed with Andorra.[8]He spent the entire Greek League 2018–19 season with Holargos, averaging a career-high 13.8 points, 5.4 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game.On November 11, 2019, Janković signed a seven-month contract with AEK Athens. He signed a two-year extension with the team on August 3, 2020.[9]On July 23, 2021, Janković moved back to Thessaloniki for PAOK.[10] In 23 games, he averaged 8 points, 4.9 rebounds and 2.7 assists, playing around 25 minutes per contest.On January 20, 2023, Janković signed back with AEK Athens for the rest of the season. In 12 league games, he averaged 9.4 points, 3.9 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 21 minutes per contest.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"2009 FIBA Under-19 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIBA_Under-19_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"2009 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"2010 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Greek junior national team","text":"Janković won the gold medal at the 2008 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, while playing with the junior Greek national basketball team. Janković also won the silver medal at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Cup and the gold medal at the 2009 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. He also won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship with Greece's junior national team.","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"EuroBasket 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_2013"}],"sub_title":"Greek senior national team","text":"Janković became a member of the senior men's Greek national basketball team in 2013, when he was invited to train with the team during its preparation phase before the EuroBasket 2013.","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Paros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros"}],"text":"Janković speaks Greek, Serbian, and English fluently. In September 2012, Jankovic began dating former Greek model Elena Papadopoulou and on July 21, 2018 they married in Paros. On September 7, 2019, Papadopoulou gave birth to their first child, a son Maximo Jankovic.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EuroLeague","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek League All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEBA_Greek_All_Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Greek League Most Improved Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League_Most_Improved_Player"},{"link_name":"Greek League Best Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League_Pentad"},{"link_name":"Greek Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Greek League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Basketball Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League"}],"sub_title":"Pro career","text":"Greek League All-Star: (2013)\nGreek League Most Improved Player: (2013)\nGreek League Best Five: (2013)\n3× Greek Cup Winner: (2014, 2015, 2016)\nGreek League Champion: (2014)\nBasketball Champions League runner up : (2020)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"newsroom, sport-fm. \"Δεκαπέντε χρόνια χωρίς τον Μπόμπαν Γιάνκοβιτς\". sport-fm.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2022-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport-fm.gr/article/Stories/dekapede-xronia-xwris-ton-mpompan-giankobits/4187458","url_text":"\"Δεκαπέντε χρόνια χωρίς τον Μπόμπαν Γιάνκοβιτς\""}]},{"reference":"Carchia, Emiliano (August 3, 2020). \"Vlado Jankovic signs contract extension with AEK Athens\". Sportando. Retrieved August 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/vlado-jankovic-signs-contract-extension-with-aek-athens/","url_text":"\"Vlado Jankovic signs contract extension with AEK Athens\""}]},{"reference":"Borghesan, Ennio Terrasi (July 23, 2021). \"PAOK announces signing of Vlado Jankovic\". Sportando. Retrieved July 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/paok-announces-signing-of-vlado-jankovic/","url_text":"\"PAOK announces signing of Vlado Jankovic\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Vladimir%20GIANKOVITS/pid/57905/_//players.html","external_links_name":"Vlado JANKOVIC (GRE) participated in 5 FIBA / FIBA Zones events."},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/sports/basketball/vlado-jankovic-is-star-for-panionios-in-greece.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"NYTimes.com Greek Basketball's Adopted Son Ponders Major Goodbye."},{"Link":"https://www.sport-fm.gr/article/Stories/dekapede-xronia-xwris-ton-mpompan-giankobits/4187458","external_links_name":"\"Δεκαπέντε χρόνια χωρίς τον Μπόμπαν Γιάνκοβιτς\""},{"Link":"http://www.euroleague.net/euroleaguenews/transactions/2013-14-signings/i/114404/8177","external_links_name":"Euroleague.net PANATHINAIKOS ATHENS adds young guns Pappas, Jankovic."},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/pelicans/news/pelicans-announce-2016-samsung-nba-summer-league-roster-and-mini-camp-schedule/","external_links_name":"PELICANS 2016 SUMMER LEAGUE ROSTER 55 Vladimir Jankovic F 6-8 222 3/3/90 Greece Panathinaikos (Greece)."},{"Link":"http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/spain/208559/valencia-signs-vladimir-jankovic.html","external_links_name":"Valencia signs Vladimir Jankovic."},{"Link":"http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/greece/216036/vladimir-jankovic-joins-aris-bc-on-loan-until-the-end-of-the-season.html","external_links_name":"Vladimir Jankovic joins Aris BC on loan until the end of the season."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170722130831/http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/7ykc9ns33cedtxjj","external_links_name":"Andorra signs small forward Jankovic."},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/vlado-jankovic-signs-contract-extension-with-aek-athens/","external_links_name":"\"Vlado Jankovic signs contract extension with AEK Athens\""},{"Link":"https://sportando.basketball/en/paok-announces-signing-of-vlado-jankovic/","external_links_name":"\"PAOK announces signing of Vlado Jankovic\""},{"Link":"http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?&pcode=000411#!careerstats","external_links_name":"Euroleague.net Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.basketballcl.com/16-17/Vlantimir-GIANKOVITS","external_links_name":"FIBA Champions League Profile"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q/Vladimir%20GIANKOVITS/pid/57905/_//players.html","external_links_name":"FIBA Archive Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.eurobasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=GRE&PlayerID=108730","external_links_name":"Eurobasket.com Profile"},{"Link":"http://widgets.baskethotel.com/site/esake/player/4955621/","external_links_name":"Greek Basket League Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.esake.gr/el/action/EsakeplayerView?idplayer=0000009B&mode=1&idteam=00000001&idchampionship=","external_links_name":"Greek Basket League Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.basket.gr/playerview/?playerid=1240","external_links_name":"Hellenic Basketball Federation Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.acb.com/jugador.php?id=50M","external_links_name":"Spanish League Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.draftexpress.com/profile/Vladimir-Jankovic-5276/stats/","external_links_name":"Draftexpress.com Profile"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/vjankovic12","external_links_name":"Twitter"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCR_(SDSU)	KCR (San Diego State University)	["1 History","2 Programming","3 Accolades","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 32°46′25″N 117°4′10″W / 32.77361°N 117.06944°W / 32.77361; -117.06944Radio stationKCRBroadcast areaSDSU local campus community, cable & internetFrequency1610 AMProgrammingFormatOriginal student content designed for the SDSU communityOwnershipOwnerSDSUHistoryFirst air date1969Call sign meaningKCR: K Campus RadioTechnical informationTransmitter coordinates32°46′25″N 117°4′10″W / 32.77361°N 117.06944°W / 32.77361; -117.06944LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsiteKCR College Radio KCR College Radio is an American online radio station. Located on the campus of San Diego State University (SDSU), it was established in 1969 as a student-run alternative to the educational radio station that would become KPBS. History KCR is the second radio station affiliated with SDSU. In 1960, KEBS-FM was licensed to a California State University campus. KEBS broadcast mostly classical music and educational content a few hours a day and was operated only by students earning credit for courses in the Radio-TV curriculum. In 1966, Martin Gienke did a feasibility study on setting up a separate volunteer college radio station for his senior project. In 1968, Jerry Zullo, who helped with the feasibility study was charged by KEBS founder Ken Jones with establishing the student-run station "as soon as possible." The signal was broadcast into dormitories using carrier current transmitters and could be picked up several blocks away from campus. The first meeting of the student club "Aztec Broadcasters" drew approximately 500 interested students. In continuous operation since 1969, KCR's original broadcasts took place over cable systems. This was followed by Carrier Current AM on AM 550 in the Dorms on campus and in the campus area on the hard wired PA systems in the cafeterias and Aztec Center, as well as later analog FM band transmission, before it started broadcasting by way of 1610 AM in the college community area. In the 1970s, an early slogan was "If you hear it on commercial radio stations, you won't hear it here." In 2010, the studio moved from the Aztec Student Union building to the Communications building. In an effort to give SDSU students a chance to practice interviewing and production skills, KCR started a YouTube and Soundcloud series called "Secret Sessions" in Fall 2013. Secret Sessions premiered with an interview and acoustic performances by indie folk band Dresses, followed by a session with local San Diego band Uncle Jesse. Programming In 2013, KCR moved its programming away from free-form. KCR's current mission is to be the "Sound of State," student designed programming for the SDSU community. Another part of KCR's mission is to provide opportunities for students to share their creativity, explore a career path, and gain broadcast and technical skills. All content is created by and broadcast by students (and some alumni). The station still has free-form shows, called Aztec Originals, where students are allowed to broadcast whatever content they want. Structured talk shows include The KCR Morning Show, #stateproblems, Talkin' Aztec Sports, and Talkin' National Sports. KCR broadcasts live coverage of SDSU Ice Hockey and Baseball games. KCR talk show hosts have also covered student political events live from the field, such as a student moderated open-forum on the CSU "Student Success Fee," and 2013 A.S. presidential candidate Gabriel Torres' open forum. Music DJs broadcast live from University Towers Kitchen on Friday nights. As of 2021, KCR can be listened to through the TuneIn app, in residence halls and by subscribers of Cox Digital Cable. Accolades In March 2015, KCR won three Golden Microphone awards at the Intercollegiate Broadcasting System for Best Online College Radio Station, Best Play-by-Play and Best Campus News Coverage. In April 2015, the San Diego County Board of Supervisors and the San Diego City Council each presented the station with proclamations declaring KCR College Radio Day. Further reading Waits, Jennifer. (September 16, 2019) Radio Station Visit #160: KCR at San Diego State University. Radio Survivor (Podcast & Blog). References ^ "NewsCenter \| SDSU \| In Memoriam: Ken Jones". newscenter.sdsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ "KCR". www.kcralumni.org. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ "NewsCenter \| SDSU \| Live From KCR". newscenter.sdsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ Falkenthal, Gayle (May 3, 2010). "Student Radio Opens New Studios". SDSU NewsCenter. ^ Pickei, Ashley. "Students find success on air". The Daily Aztec. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ^ Silverman, Dana. "Letter to the Editor". The Daily Aztec. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ^ "KCR Schedule". KCR College Radio. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2014-03-18. ^ "NewsCenter \| SDSU \| Live From KCR". newscenter.sdsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ Karinen, Jewell. "Student Success Fee". KCR College Radio. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ^ "A.S. CANDIDATES FORUM LIVE". KCR College Radio. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2014-03-18. ^ "How To Listen". KCR College Radio. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ Chavez, Alicia (2015-04-20). "KCR takes the gold in New York City". The Daily Aztec. Retrieved 2021-03-04. ^ "NewsCenter \| SDSU \| Spotlight on KCR". newscenter.sdsu.edu. April 1, 2015. Retrieved 2021-03-04. External links Official Website Official Youtube KCR on TuneIn KCR on Soundcloud KCR Alumni Organization vteSan Diego State UniversityLocated in: San Diego, CaliforniaColleges College of Arts & Letters SDSU Fowler College of Business Lavin Entrepreneurship Center College of Education College of Engineering College of Health & Human Services College of Sciences College of Professional Studies & Fine Arts Global Campus AthleticsVarsity sports Baseball Basketball (men's, women's) Cross country (women's) Football Golf (men's, women's) Lacrosse (women's) Soccer (men's, women's) Softball Swimming & diving (women's) Tennis (men's, women's) Track & field (women's) Volleyball (women's) Water polo (women's) Venues Aztec Aquaplex Aztec Lacrosse Field Aztec Tennis Center Mission Bay Aquatic Center Morley Field Peterson Gymnasium SDSU Softball Stadium SDSU Sports Deck Snapdragon Stadium Tony Gwynn Stadium Viejas Arena Media The Daily Aztec KCR Radio KPBS Public Media TV radio San Diego State University Press Pacific REVIEW Poetry International CampusFacilities Malcolm A. Love Library Aztec Student Union Hardy Memorial Tower Hepner Hall SDSU Transit Center (San Diego Trolley station) College Area Research SDSU Research Foundation Biological Field Stations Coastal Waters Laboratory HPWREN Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering Mount Laguna Observatory Social Science Research Laboratory Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming Life Fraternities & sororities The Koala Related History People SDSU-Georgia Campus Founded: 1897 Students: 34,254 Endowment: 220.0 million California State University vteCalifornia college radio stations KALX (University of California – Berkeley) KCPR (Cal Poly at San Luis Obispo) KCR (San Diego State University) KCRH (Chabot College) KCSB (University of California – Santa Barbara) KCSN (California State University – Northridge) KCSS (California State University Stanislaus) KDVS (University of California – Davis) KFJC (Foothill College) KFSR (California State University – Fresno) KKJZ-HD3 (California State University – Long Beach) KKSM (Palomar Community College) KOHL (Ohlone College) KSAK (Mount San Antonio Community College) KSBR-HD2 (Saddleback College) KSCU (Santa Clara University) KSDT (University of California – San Diego) KSFS (San Francisco State University) KSJS (San Jose State University) KSMC (St. Mary's College) KSPC (Pomona College) KSSU (California State University – Sacramento) KUCI (University of California – Irvine) KUCR (University of California – Riverside) KUSF (University of San Francisco) KWDC-LP (San Joaquin Delta College) KXLU (Loyola Marymount University) KXSC (University of Southern California) KZSC (University of California – Santa Cruz) KZSU (Stanford University) See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in California vteRadio stations in the San Diego, California, metropolitan areaBy AM frequency 600 760 910 1000 1040 1130 1170 1210 1240 1320 1360 1450 By FM frequency 87.71 88.3 88.9 89.1 89.5 91.3 92.1 93.3 94.1 94.9 95.7 96.1 96.5 96.9 97.3 98.1 100.1 100.7 101.5 102.1 102.9 103.7 105.3 106.5 107.1 LPFM 93.7 101.1 Translators 93.7 96.1 K241CH K241CT 98.5 103.3 K277DG K277DH 106.1 106.3 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.4 162.425 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.3-1 88.3-2 89.5-1 89.5-2 89.5-3 92.1-1 92.1-2 92.1-3 93.3-1 93.3-2 94.1-1 94.1-2 94.9-1 94.9-2 94.9-3 95.7-1 95.7-2 96.5-1 97.3-1 97.3-2 97.3-3 98.1-1 98.1-2 98.1-3 101.5-1 101.5-2 102.1-1 102.1-2 102.1-3 102.9-1 103.7-1 105.3-1 106.5-1 By call sign K229BO K241CH K241CT K253AD K277DG K277DH K291CR K292CR KARJ KBRT KBZT KCBQ KCEO KCZP-LP KECR KEC62 KFBG KFSD KGB KGB-FM KHTS-FM KIOZ HD2 KKLJ KKSM KLNV KLQV KLSD KLVJ HD2 HD3 KMYI HD2 HD3 KNSN KNSJ KOGO KPBS-FM KRPE-LD KPRI KPRZ KSDW KSDO KSDS KSON KSSD KSSX HD2 KURS KVIB-LP KWFN KXSN KYDO KYXY WNG637 Defunct KHHS-LP KRLY-LP Nearby regions – U.S. Calexico Los Angeles Palm Springs Riverside-San Bernardino Mexico Tijuana See also List of radio stations in California Notes 1. Audio from channel 6 TV station	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting#Station"},{"link_name":"San Diego State University (SDSU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_in_radio"},{"link_name":"KPBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPBS-FM"}],"text":"Radio stationKCR College Radio is an American online radio station. Located on the campus of San Diego State University (SDSU), it was established in 1969 as a student-run alternative to the educational radio station that would become KPBS.","title":"KCR (San Diego State University)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KEBS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPBS-FM"},{"link_name":"California State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"feasibility study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_study"},{"link_name":"college radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Radio"},{"link_name":"senior project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_(education)"},{"link_name":"carrier current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_current"},{"link_name":"student club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aztec Student Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Student_Radio_Opens_New_Studios-4"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Soundcloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"}],"text":"KCR is the second radio station affiliated with SDSU. In 1960, KEBS-FM was licensed to a California State University campus. KEBS broadcast mostly classical music and educational content a few hours a day and was operated only by students earning credit for courses in the Radio-TV curriculum.[1]In 1966, Martin Gienke did a feasibility study on setting up a separate volunteer college radio station for his senior project. In 1968, Jerry Zullo, who helped with the feasibility study was charged by KEBS founder Ken Jones with establishing the student-run station \"as soon as possible.\" The signal was broadcast into dormitories using carrier current transmitters and could be picked up several blocks away from campus. The first meeting of the student club \"Aztec Broadcasters\" drew approximately 500 interested students.[2]In continuous operation since 1969, KCR's original broadcasts took place over cable systems. This was followed by Carrier Current AM on AM 550 in the Dorms on campus and in the campus area on the hard wired PA systems in the cafeterias and Aztec Center, as well as later analog FM band transmission, before it started broadcasting by way of 1610 AM in the college community area.[citation needed]In the 1970s, an early slogan was \"If you hear it on commercial radio stations, you won't hear it here.\"[3]In 2010, the studio moved from the Aztec Student Union building to the Communications building.[4]In an effort to give SDSU students a chance to practice interviewing and production skills, KCR started a YouTube and Soundcloud series called \"Secret Sessions\" in Fall 2013. Secret Sessions premiered with an interview and acoustic performances by indie folk band Dresses, followed by a session with local San Diego band Uncle Jesse.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_radio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"TuneIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuneIn"},{"link_name":"Cox Digital Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Cable"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2013, KCR moved its programming away from free-form. KCR's current mission is to be the \"Sound of State,\" student designed programming for the SDSU community.[5] Another part of KCR's mission is to provide opportunities for students to share their creativity, explore a career path, and gain broadcast and technical skills. All content is created by and broadcast by students (and some alumni).[6] The station still has free-form shows, called Aztec Originals, where students are allowed to broadcast whatever content they want. Structured talk shows include The KCR Morning Show, #stateproblems, Talkin' Aztec Sports, and Talkin' National Sports.[7]KCR broadcasts live coverage of SDSU Ice Hockey and Baseball games.[8] KCR talk show hosts have also covered student political events live from the field, such as a student moderated open-forum on the CSU \"Student Success Fee,\"[9] and 2013 A.S. presidential candidate Gabriel Torres' open forum.[10] Music DJs broadcast live from University Towers Kitchen on Friday nights.[citation needed]As of 2021, KCR can be listened to through the TuneIn app, in residence halls and by subscribers of Cox Digital Cable.[11]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intercollegiate Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Play-by-Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-Play"},{"link_name":"San Diego County Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"San Diego City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_City_Council"},{"link_name":"proclamations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In March 2015, KCR won three Golden Microphone awards at the Intercollegiate Broadcasting System for Best Online College Radio Station, Best Play-by-Play and Best Campus News Coverage. In April 2015, the San Diego County Board of Supervisors and the San Diego City Council each presented the station with proclamations declaring KCR College Radio Day.[12][13]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio Station Visit #160: KCR at San Diego State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.radiosurvivor.com/2019/09/16/radio-station-visit-160-kcr-at-san-diego-state-university/"}],"text":"Waits, Jennifer. (September 16, 2019) Radio Station Visit #160: KCR at San Diego State University. Radio Survivor (Podcast & Blog).","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"NewsCenter \| SDSU \| In Memoriam: Ken Jones\". newscenter.sdsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscenter.sdsu.edu/sdsu_newscenter/news_story.aspx?sid=71693","url_text":"\"NewsCenter \| SDSU \| In Memoriam: Ken Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"KCR\". www.kcralumni.org. 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Retrieved 18 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailyaztec.com/2013/09/letter-to-the-editor-5/","url_text":"\"Letter to the Editor\""}]},{"reference":"\"KCR Schedule\". KCR College Radio. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2014-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140318102559/http://kcr.sdsu.edu/on-air/","url_text":"\"KCR Schedule\""},{"url":"http://kcr.sdsu.edu/on-air/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NewsCenter \| SDSU \| Live From KCR\". newscenter.sdsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscenter.sdsu.edu/sdsu_newscenter/news_story.aspx?sid=75188","url_text":"\"NewsCenter \| SDSU \| Live From KCR\""}]},{"reference":"Karinen, Jewell. \"Student Success Fee\". KCR College Radio. Retrieved 18 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://kcr.sdsu.edu/student-success-fee/","url_text":"\"Student Success Fee\""}]},{"reference":"\"A.S. CANDIDATES FORUM LIVE\". KCR College Radio. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukan_of_Rascia	Vukan, Grand Prince of Serbia	["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 References","4 Sources"]	For the 13th-century ruler, see Vukan Nemanjić. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Grand Prince of Serbia VukanGrand Prince of SerbiaReign1091–1112PredecessorConstantine BodinSuccessorUroš IPrince of SerbiaReign1083–1091PredecessorPetrislavSuccessorUroš IBornc. 1050Died1112 (aged 62)DynastyVukanovićFatherPetrislavReligionEastern Orthodox Vukan I (Serbian: Вукан, Greek: Βολκάνος; c. 1050 – 1112) was the Grand Prince of Serbia from 1083 until he died in 1112. During their first years he ruled together with his brother Marko. With the death of his uncle, King Constantine Bodin of Duklja in 1101, he became the most powerful ruler among Serbian princes. He defeated the Byzantines several times, conquering parts of northern Macedonia. He is the eponymous founder of the Vukanović dynasty. Biography Vukan was the first-born of Petrislav, the son of King Mihailo I and his second Greek wife. He and his brother Marko swore an oath of loyalty to Constantine Bodin and took power as his vassals in Serbia in 1083 or 1084. Marko later disappears from sources. Neither Bosnia, Zachlumia, nor Raška (i.e. Serbia) were ever permanently integrated into the Kingdom of Duklja. Each region had its nobility and institutions and acquired a Vojislavljević to head as Župan. In 1089, Bodin managed to raise the bishopric of Bar to an Archbishopric, by supporting the pope against an antipope. The suffragan bishops were to be: Kotor, Ulcinj, Svac, Skadar, Drivast, Pula, Ras, Bosnia, and Trebinje. In obtaining its promotion, it acquired a much larger diocese, including territory that earlier had not been under the pope – territories of the metropolitan of Durazzo and Archbishop of Ochrid, two sees that recognized the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Bar Archbishopric's new territory was merely theoretical – the pope's edict could only affect the churches that recognized Rome. Making Serbia a suffragan to Bar had little meaning, as most of its churches were under Constantinople, and there is no evidence of Vukan changing adherence to Rome. Durazzo and Ochrid may have suffered minimal territorial losses along the coast, Duklja was briefly a subject to Rome, however inland Duklja was not affected, and along with much of Duklja's coast (like most of Kotor) was to retain its loyalty to Orthodoxy. A Byzantine campaign was launched against Duklja between 1089 and 1091, possibly managing to take Bodin captive for a second time. Civil war broke out in the realm among Bodin's relatives, greatly weakening Duklja, and giving the chance for inner Serbia to assert itself and break away. Vukan asserts independence, as well as Bosnia and Zahumlje. Up to this point, Duklja had been the center of the Serbian realm, as well as the main resistance to Byzantium in the Balkans. Inner Serbia became the most powerful of Serbian states, remaining so throughout the Middle Ages. Inner Serbia gradually replaced Duklja as the main opponent of Byzantine rule in the 12th century. Bodin's heirs were forced to recognize Byzantine overlordship, and had now only the small territory of Duklja and Travunia. In 1091 or 1092, Vukan became independent, taking the title of Grand Prince (Veliki Župan). Subordinate to him were local dukes (Župan, holding a territory equivalent of a county), who seem to have been more or less autonomous in the internal affairs of their counties, but who were obliged to be loyal to Vukan, and supporting him in battle. It seems that the dukes were hereditary holders of their counties, holding their land before Duklja annexed inner Serbia. In about 1090, Vukan began raiding Byzantine territory, first in the vicinity of Kosovo. Initially the Byzantines were unable to take steps against Vukan, as they faced a serious threat in the invading Pechenegs. On 29 April 1091, the Byzantines destroyed the Pecheneg force. With the defeat of the Pechenegs, Alexios I Komnenos could now turn to the Serbs. Alexios I first sent an army with the strategos of Durazzo, which was defeated by Vukan in 1092. The Emperor now mobilized a much larger army, led by himself, marching onto inner Serbia. Vukan sends envoys, seeking peace which Alexios I quickly accepted, as a new problem had arisen at home in the Cumans who plundered the lands as far as Adrianople. Immediately after the Emperor's departure, Vukan breaks the treaty, and began to expand along the Vardar, obtaining much booty and taking the cities of Vranje, Skopje and Tetovo. In 1094 or 1095, Alexios I marched out to meet the Serbs. Vukan and his dukes arrive at the Emperor's tent and offer peace, with his own son Uroš I as hostage (throughout the 12th century it was usual for relatives of the Grand Prince to stay at the imperial court as hostages of peace). At this time, Serbian principality was independent – Vukan acted entirely on his own, no longer a vassal of Duklja. Duklja, because of its civil war, did not involve itself in the Serbian-Byzantine wars. Vukan again marched south, into Macedonia. Alexios could not do anything about him as the Crusade took place. In 1106 Vukan submitted to Alexios. Following Bodin's death in 1101, Bodin's half-brother Dobroslav II succeeded him as king of Duklja. Kočopar Branislavljević, Bodin's first cousin once removed, travelled from Dyrrhachium to Serbia, forging an alliance with Vukan. This alliance would prove worthy in their successful invasion of Duklja in 1102. The battle that ensued at the Morača led to the overthrow of Dobroslav II and the coronation of Kočopar to the throne. Dobroslav was subsequently banished to Serbia. However, Kočopar's reign was short-lived as well as Vukan had been planning to install Bodin's nephew, Vladimir to the throne of Duklja. Kočopar, having lost influence among the Zachlumoi, married the daughter of a Zachlumian (Bosnian) prince (knez). However, in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, the chronicler specifically mentioned that at the time, Zachlumia was ruled by a ban, not a knez. Kočopar later died in battle against the Zachlumoi. Upon his death, Vukan installed Bodin's nephew Vladimir as planned, to whom he gave his daughter as a wife and so strengthened ties between Serbia and Duklja. A mere pawn in dynastic conflicts, Vladimir was poisoned in 1118 under orders from Queen Jaquinta, widow of his late uncle, Constantine Bodin. Jaquinta then appointed her son, George, to the throne of Duklja. Upon spreading his influence in Duklja, Vukan invaded Byzantium once more in the spring of 1106. He was probably attempting to take advantage of the Norman campaign against the Byzantines (see Byzantine–Norman wars). In a battle, he defeated John Komnenos again. The war was concluded by November of that year, with Vukan being forced to send hostages once again to emperor Alexios I in return for peace. There is no written record of Vukan after this war. Scholars believe Vukan died after 1112. Vukan's successor was Uroš I his nephew through Marko. Notes ^ Death date: He died in 1112. Fine puts the time of death in c. 1122. ^ Raška was an anachronistic exonym since the 13-14th century, especially in the 14th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, for the Principality of Serbia and Grand Principality of Serbia. Anna Komnene in detailed Alexiad does not mention Ras in the context of Vukan, only as a ruler of Serbia. References ^ Ćirković 2004. ^ a b c d e f g h i The early medieval Balkans, p. 223 ^ a b c d e f g The early medieval Balkans, p. 224 ^ a b c d e The early medieval Balkans, p. 225 ^ a b c d e f g h i j The early medieval Balkans, p. 226 ^ The early medieval Balkans, p. 228 ^ Zivkovic, hipoteza, p. 15 ^ The early medieval Balkans, p. 298 ^ Novaković, Relja (2010) . "Gde se nalazila Srbija od VII do XII veka: Zaključak i rezime monografije" (Internet ed.). Belgrade: Narodna knjiga i Istorijski institut. ^ a b Ivanišević & Krsmanović 2013, p. 451. ^ Kalić, Jovanka (1995). "Rascia – The Nucleus of the Medieval Serbian State". The Serbian Question in the Balkans. Belgrade: Faculty of Geography. pp. 147–155. Sources Primary sources Шишић, Фердо, ed. (1928). Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja). Београд-Загреб: Српска краљевска академија. Кунчер, Драгана (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог. Живковић, Тибор (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог. Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, translated by Elizabeth A. Dawes in 1928 John Kinnamos, The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. C.M. Brand (New York, 1976). ISBN 0-231-04080-6 Secondary sources Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587. Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915. Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) . The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7. Ivanišević, Vujadin; Krsmanović, Bojana (2013). "Byzantine Seals from the Ras Fortress" (PDF). Зборник радова Византолошког института. 50 (1): 449–460. Komatina, Ivana (2015). "Srpski vladari u Aleksijadi - hronološki okviri delovanja" (PDF). ZRVI. LII. Imperii Graeci Historia, ed. Hieronymus Wolf, 1557, in Greek with parallel Latin translation. (PDF of 1593 reprint) Живковић, Тибор (2005). "Једна хипотеза о пореклу великог жупана Уроша I" (PDF). Историјски часопис. 52: 9–22. Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732. VukanVojislavljević dynasty/Vukanović dynastyBorn: ~1050 Died: 1112 Regnal titles Preceded byConstantine Bodinseat at Duklja Grand Prince of Serbia 1091–1112 Succeeded byUroš I Royal titles Preceded byPetrislav Župan of Raškaunder Constantine Bodin 1083–1091with Marko Grand Prince vteMonarchs of SerbiaPrincipality of Serbia (early medieval), 641–969 Unknown Archon Višeslav Radoslav Prosigoj Vlastimir Mutimir Pribislav Petar Pavle Zaharija Časlav Byzantine annexation, Duklja subsequently emerging as seat Serbian Principality of Duklja, 998–1101 Jovan Vladimir Stefan Vojislav Neda Mihailo Constantine Bodin Raška re-emerging as seat (Grand Principality) Grand Principality of Serbia, 1101–1217 Vukan Uroš I Uroš II Beloš Desa Tihomir Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Proclamation of Kingdom Kingdom of Serbia, 1217–1346Serbian Empire, 1346–1371 Stefan the First-Crowned Stefan Radoslav Stefan Vladislav Stefan Uroš I Stefan Dragutin Vladislav at Syrmia Stefan Milutin Stefan Konstantin Stefan Dečanski Stefan Dušan Proclamation of Empire Stefan Dušan Stefan Uroš V Fall of the Serbian Empire Moravian Serbia, 1371–1402Serbian Despotate, 1402–1537 Lazar Stefan Lazarević Proclamation of Despotate Stefan Lazarević Đurađ Branković Lazar Branković Stefan Branković Stephen Tomašević Ottoman annexation, titular: Vuk Grgurević Đorđe Branković Jovan Branković Ivaniš Berislavić Stevan Berislavić Radič Božić Pavle Bakić Stefan Štiljanović Ottoman annexation Second Serbian Empire and Duchy of Srem, 1526–1532 Jovan Nenad Radoslav Čelnik Revolutionary Serbia, 1804–1837 Karađorđe Miloš Obrenović Principality of Serbia, 1837–1882 Miloš I Milan II Mihailo III Aleksandar Miloš I Mihailo III Milan IV Proclamation of Kingdom Kingdom of Serbia, 1882–1918 Milan I Aleksandar I Petar I Proclamation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes vteVukanović dynastyMain ruling members Vukan Marko Uroš I Uroš II Beloš Desa Tihomir Stefan Nemanja Other ruling members Stefan Vukan Zavida Stracimir Miroslav Toljen Petar Andrija Radoslav Female members Helena, Queen of Hungary Maria of Serbia, Duchess of Znojmo Consorts Anna Diogenissa	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vukan Nemanjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukan_Nemanji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Grand Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_%C5%BDupan"},{"link_name":"of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Constantine Bodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Bodin"},{"link_name":"Duklja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklja"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"eponymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"Vukanović dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%872004-1"}],"text":"For the 13th-century ruler, see Vukan Nemanjić.Grand Prince of SerbiaVukan I (Serbian: Вукан, Greek: Βολκάνος; c. 1050 – 1112) was the Grand Prince of Serbia from 1083 until he died in 1112. 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Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"strategos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos"},{"link_name":"Durazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"Cumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"Vranje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vranje"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Tetovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetovo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"Serbian principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB226-5"},{"link_name":"Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB228-6"},{"link_name":"Dobroslav II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobroslav_II"},{"link_name":"Duklja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklja"},{"link_name":"Kočopar Branislavljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dopar"},{"link_name":"Dyrrhachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhachium"},{"link_name":"Morača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_II_of_Duklja"},{"link_name":"Zachlumoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachlumia"},{"link_name":"knez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knez_(title)"},{"link_name":"ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(title)"},{"link_name":"Queen Jaquinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Jaquinta"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Duklja"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Byzantine–Norman wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Norman_wars"},{"link_name":"John Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Komnenos_(governor_of_Dyrrhachium)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cnote_a"},{"link_name":"Uroš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_I,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"}],"text":"Vukan was the first-born of Petrislav, the son of King Mihailo I and his second Greek wife.[2] He and his brother Marko swore an oath of loyalty to Constantine Bodin and took power as his vassals in Serbia in 1083 or 1084.[2] Marko later disappears from sources.[2] Neither Bosnia, Zachlumia, nor Raška (i.e. Serbia[b]) were ever permanently integrated into the Kingdom of Duklja. Each region had its nobility and institutions and acquired a Vojislavljević to head as Župan.[2]In 1089, Bodin managed to raise the bishopric of Bar to an Archbishopric, by supporting the pope against an antipope. The suffragan bishops were to be: Kotor, Ulcinj, Svac, Skadar, Drivast, Pula, Ras, Bosnia, and Trebinje.[2] In obtaining its promotion, it acquired a much larger diocese, including territory that earlier had not been under the pope – territories of the metropolitan of Durazzo and Archbishop of Ochrid, two sees that recognized the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[2] The Bar Archbishopric's new territory was merely theoretical – the pope's edict could only affect the churches that recognized Rome.[2] Making Serbia a suffragan to Bar had little meaning, as most of its churches were under Constantinople, and there is no evidence of Vukan changing adherence to Rome.[2] Durazzo and Ochrid may have suffered minimal territorial losses along the coast, Duklja was briefly a subject to Rome, however inland Duklja was not affected, and along with much of Duklja's coast (like most of Kotor) was to retain its loyalty to Orthodoxy.[2]A Byzantine campaign was launched against Duklja between 1089 and 1091, possibly managing to take Bodin captive for a second time.[3] Civil war broke out in the realm among Bodin's relatives, greatly weakening Duklja, and giving the chance for inner Serbia to assert itself and break away.[3] Vukan asserts independence, as well as Bosnia and Zahumlje.[3] Up to this point, Duklja had been the center of the Serbian realm, as well as the main resistance to Byzantium in the Balkans.[3] Inner Serbia became the most powerful of Serbian states, remaining so throughout the Middle Ages.[4] Inner Serbia gradually replaced Duklja as the main opponent of Byzantine rule in the 12th century.[3] Bodin's heirs were forced to recognize Byzantine overlordship, and had now only the small territory of Duklja and Travunia.[3]In 1091 or 1092, Vukan became independent,[3] taking the title of Grand Prince (Veliki Župan).[4] Subordinate to him were local dukes (Župan, holding a territory equivalent of a county), who seem to have been more or less autonomous in the internal affairs of their counties, but who were obliged to be loyal to Vukan, and supporting him in battle.[4] It seems that the dukes were hereditary holders of their counties, holding their land before Duklja annexed inner Serbia.[4]In about 1090, Vukan began raiding Byzantine territory, first in the vicinity of Kosovo.[4] Initially the Byzantines were unable to take steps against Vukan, as they faced a serious threat in the invading Pechenegs.[5] On 29 April 1091, the Byzantines destroyed the Pecheneg force.[5] With the defeat of the Pechenegs, Alexios I Komnenos could now turn to the Serbs.[5]Alexios I first sent an army with the strategos of Durazzo, which was defeated by Vukan in 1092.[5] The Emperor now mobilized a much larger army, led by himself, marching onto inner Serbia.[5] Vukan sends envoys, seeking peace which Alexios I quickly accepted, as a new problem had arisen at home in the Cumans who plundered the lands as far as Adrianople.[5] Immediately after the Emperor's departure, Vukan breaks the treaty, and began to expand along the Vardar, obtaining much booty and taking the cities of Vranje, Skopje and Tetovo.[5] In 1094 or 1095, Alexios I marched out to meet the Serbs. Vukan and his dukes arrive at the Emperor's tent and offer peace, with his own son Uroš I as hostage (throughout the 12th century it was usual for relatives of the Grand Prince to stay at the imperial court as hostages of peace).[5]At this time, Serbian principality was independent – Vukan acted entirely on his own, no longer a vassal of Duklja.[5] Duklja, because of its civil war, did not involve itself in the Serbian-Byzantine wars.[5]Vukan again marched south, into Macedonia. Alexios could not do anything about him as the Crusade took place. In 1106 Vukan submitted to Alexios.[6]Following Bodin's death in 1101, Bodin's half-brother Dobroslav II succeeded him as king of Duklja. Kočopar Branislavljević, Bodin's first cousin once removed, travelled from Dyrrhachium to Serbia, forging an alliance with Vukan. This alliance would prove worthy in their successful invasion of Duklja in 1102. The battle that ensued at the Morača led to the overthrow of Dobroslav II and the coronation of Kočopar to the throne. Dobroslav was subsequently banished to Serbia. However, Kočopar's reign was short-lived as well as Vukan had been planning to install Bodin's nephew, Vladimir to the throne of Duklja. Kočopar, having lost influence among the Zachlumoi, married the daughter of a Zachlumian (Bosnian) prince (knez). However, in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, the chronicler specifically mentioned that at the time, Zachlumia was ruled by a ban, not a knez. Kočopar later died in battle against the Zachlumoi. Upon his death, Vukan installed Bodin's nephew Vladimir as planned, to whom he gave his daughter as a wife and so strengthened ties between Serbia and Duklja. A mere pawn in dynastic conflicts, Vladimir was poisoned in 1118 under orders from Queen Jaquinta, widow of his late uncle, Constantine Bodin. Jaquinta then appointed her son, George, to the throne of Duklja.Upon spreading his influence in Duklja, Vukan invaded Byzantium once more in the spring of 1106. He was probably attempting to take advantage of the Norman campaign against the Byzantines (see Byzantine–Norman wars). In a battle, he defeated John Komnenos again. The war was concluded by November of that year, with Vukan being forced to send hostages once again to emperor Alexios I in return for peace. There is no written record of Vukan after this war.Scholars believe Vukan died after 1112.[a] Vukan's successor was Uroš I his nephew through Marko.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a_1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB298-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b_1"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Priest_of_Duklja"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvani%C5%A1evi%C4%87Krsmanovi%C4%872013451-10"},{"link_name":"Anna Komnene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Komnene"},{"link_name":"Alexiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexiad"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvani%C5%A1evi%C4%87Krsmanovi%C4%872013451-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"^ Death date: He died in 1112.[7] Fine puts the time of death in c. 1122.[8]\n^ Raška was an anachronistic exonym since the 13-14th century, especially in the 14th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, for the Principality of Serbia and Grand Principality of Serbia.[9][10] Anna Komnene in detailed Alexiad does not mention Ras in the context of Vukan,[10] only as a ruler of Serbia.[11]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Шишић, Фердо","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC"},{"link_name":"Живковић, Тибор","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Anna Comnena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Comnena"},{"link_name":"The Alexiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/AnnaComnena-Alexiad.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-231-04080-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04080-6"},{"link_name":"Bataković, Dušan T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Histoire du peuple serbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782825119587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587"},{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781405142915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915"},{"link_name":"Fine, John V. A. Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-472-08149-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"},{"link_name":"\"Byzantine Seals from the Ras Fortress\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2013/0584-98881301449I.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Srpski vladari u Aleksijadi - hronološki okviri delovanja\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2015/0584-98881552173K.pdf"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Wolf"},{"link_name":"PDF of 1593 reprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7UM8AAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Живковић, Тибор","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"Једна хипотеза о пореклу великог жупана Уроша I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis52%282005%29.pdf"},{"link_name":"Živković, Tibor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788675585732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675585732"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Serbian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Serbian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Monarchs of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)"},{"link_name":"Unknown Archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_Archon"},{"link_name":"Višeslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1eslav_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Radoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Prosigoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosigoj"},{"link_name":"Vlastimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlastimir"},{"link_name":"Mutimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutimir_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Pribislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribislav_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Petar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Pavle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zaharija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaharija_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Časlav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caslav"},{"link_name":"Serbian Principality of Duklja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklja"},{"link_name":"Jovan Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vojislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Vojislav"},{"link_name":"Neda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neda_(princess)"},{"link_name":"Mihailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Vojislavljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Constantine Bodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Bodin"},{"link_name":"Grand Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Vukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Uroš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_I,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Uroš II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_II,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Beloš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Desa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa_(monarch)"},{"link_name":"Tihomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Nemanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja"},{"link_name":"Stefan the First-Crowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Stefan the First-Crowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned"},{"link_name":"Stefan Radoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Radoslav"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vladislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Vladislav"},{"link_name":"Stefan Uroš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_I"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dragutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dragutin"},{"link_name":"Vladislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav,_King_of_Syrmia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Milutin"},{"link_name":"Stefan Konstantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Konstantin"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dečanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_De%C4%8Danski"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an"},{"link_name":"Stefan Uroš V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_V"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Moravian Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"Lazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Lazarević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan Lazarević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đurađ Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lazar Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tomašević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Vuk Grgurević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Grgurevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jovan Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivaniš Berislavić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivani%C5%A1_Berislavi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stevan Berislavić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Berislavi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Radič Božić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi%C4%8D_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Pavle Bakić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Baki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stefan Štiljanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_%C5%A0tiljanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Second Serbian Empire and Duchy of Srem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Serbian_Empire_and_Duchy_of_Srem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jovan Nenad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Nenad"},{"link_name":"Radoslav Čelnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Karađorđe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e"},{"link_name":"Miloš Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Miloš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Milan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Mihailo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Miloš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Mihailo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Milan IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Milan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Petar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vukanović dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Marko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marko_of_Ra%C5%A1ka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uroš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_I,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Uroš II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_II,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Beloš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Desa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Tihomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Nemanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Vukan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zavida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavida"},{"link_name":"Stracimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stracimir_Zavidovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miroslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Toljen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toljen_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Petar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar,_Prince_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Andrija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija,_Prince_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Radoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav,_Lord_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Helena, Queen of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Maria of Serbia, Duchess of Znojmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_of_Rascia"},{"link_name":"Anna Diogenissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Diogenissa"}],"text":"Primary sourcesШишић, Фердо, ed. (1928). Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja). Београд-Загреб: Српска краљевска академија.\nКунчер, Драгана (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.\nЖивковић, Тибор (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.\nAnna Comnena, The Alexiad, translated by Elizabeth A. Dawes in 1928\nJohn Kinnamos, The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. C.M. Brand (New York, 1976). ISBN 0-231-04080-6Secondary sourcesBataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.\nĆirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.\nFine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.\nIvanišević, Vujadin; Krsmanović, Bojana (2013). \"Byzantine Seals from the Ras Fortress\" (PDF). Зборник радова Византолошког института. 50 (1): 449–460.\nKomatina, Ivana (2015). \"Srpski vladari u Aleksijadi - hronološki okviri delovanja\" [Serbian rulers in the Alexiad - some chronological notes] (PDF). ZRVI. LII.\nImperii Graeci Historia, ed. Hieronymus Wolf, 1557, in Greek with parallel Latin translation. (PDF of 1593 reprint)\nЖивковић, Тибор (2005). \"Једна хипотеза о пореклу великог жупана Уроша I\" (PDF). Историјски часопис. 52: 9–22.\nŽivković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732.vteMonarchs of SerbiaPrincipality of Serbia (early medieval), 641–969\nUnknown Archon\nVišeslav\nRadoslav\nProsigoj\nVlastimir\nMutimir\nPribislav\nPetar\nPavle\nZaharija\nČaslav\nByzantine annexation, Duklja subsequently emerging as seat\nSerbian Principality of Duklja, 998–1101\nJovan Vladimir\nStefan Vojislav\nNeda\nMihailo\nConstantine Bodin\nRaška re-emerging as seat (Grand Principality)\nGrand Principality of Serbia, 1101–1217\nVukan\nUroš I\nUroš II\nBeloš\nDesa\nTihomir\nStefan Nemanja\nStefan the First-Crowned\nProclamation of Kingdom\nKingdom of Serbia, 1217–1346Serbian Empire, 1346–1371\nStefan the First-Crowned\nStefan Radoslav\nStefan Vladislav\nStefan Uroš I\nStefan Dragutin\nVladislav at Syrmia\nStefan Milutin\nStefan Konstantin\nStefan Dečanski\nStefan Dušan\nProclamation of Empire\nStefan Dušan\nStefan Uroš V\nFall of the Serbian Empire\nMoravian Serbia, 1371–1402Serbian Despotate, 1402–1537\nLazar\nStefan Lazarević\nProclamation of Despotate\nStefan Lazarević\nĐurađ Branković\nLazar Branković\nStefan Branković\nStephen Tomašević\nOttoman annexation, titular:\nVuk Grgurević\nĐorđe Branković\nJovan Branković\nIvaniš Berislavić\nStevan Berislavić\nRadič Božić\nPavle Bakić\nStefan Štiljanović\nOttoman annexation\nSecond Serbian Empire and Duchy of Srem, 1526–1532\nJovan Nenad\nRadoslav Čelnik\nRevolutionary Serbia, 1804–1837\nKarađorđe\nMiloš Obrenović\nPrincipality of Serbia, 1837–1882\nMiloš I\nMilan II\nMihailo III\nAleksandar\nMiloš I\nMihailo III\nMilan IV\nProclamation of Kingdom\nKingdom of Serbia, 1882–1918\nMilan I\nAleksandar I\nPetar I\nProclamation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and SlovenesvteVukanović dynastyMain ruling members\nVukan\nMarko\nUroš I\nUroš II\nBeloš\nDesa\nTihomir\nStefan Nemanja\nOther ruling members\nStefan Vukan\nZavida\nStracimir\nMiroslav\nToljen\nPetar\nAndrija\nRadoslav\nFemale members\nHelena, Queen of Hungary\nMaria of Serbia, Duchess of Znojmo\nConsorts\nAnna Diogenissa","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Novaković, Relja (2010) [1981]. \"Gde se nalazila Srbija od VII do XII veka: Zaključak i rezime monografije\" (Internet ed.). Belgrade: Narodna knjiga i Istorijski institut.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/rnovakovic/rnovakovic-srbija.html","url_text":"\"Gde se nalazila Srbija od VII do XII veka: Zaključak i rezime monografije\""}]},{"reference":"Kalić, Jovanka (1995). \"Rascia – The Nucleus of the Medieval Serbian State\". The Serbian Question in the Balkans. Belgrade: Faculty of Geography. pp. 147–155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanka_Kali%C4%87","url_text":"Kalić, Jovanka"},{"url":"https://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/jkalic-raska.html","url_text":"The Serbian Question in the Balkans"}]},{"reference":"Шишић, Фердо, ed. (1928). Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja). Београд-Загреб: Српска краљевска академија.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87","url_text":"Шишић, Фердо"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC","url_text":"Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja)"}]},{"reference":"Кунчер, Драгана (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Живковић, Тибор (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Живковић, Тибор"}]},{"reference":"Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87","url_text":"Bataković, Dušan T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC","url_text":"Histoire du peuple serbe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587","url_text":"9782825119587"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915","url_text":"9781405142915"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John V. A. Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C","url_text":"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7","url_text":"0-472-08149-7"}]},{"reference":"Ivanišević, Vujadin; Krsmanović, Bojana (2013). \"Byzantine Seals from the Ras Fortress\" (PDF). Зборник радова Византолошког института. 50 (1): 449–460.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2013/0584-98881301449I.pdf","url_text":"\"Byzantine Seals from the Ras Fortress\""}]},{"reference":"Komatina, Ivana (2015). \"Srpski vladari u Aleksijadi - hronološki okviri delovanja\" [Serbian rulers in the Alexiad - some chronological notes] (PDF). ZRVI. LII.","urls":[{"url":"http://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2015/0584-98881552173K.pdf","url_text":"\"Srpski vladari u Aleksijadi - hronološki okviri delovanja\""}]},{"reference":"Живковић, Тибор (2005). \"Једна хипотеза о пореклу великог жупана Уроша I\" (PDF). Историјски часопис. 52: 9–22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Живковић, Тибор"},{"url":"http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis52%282005%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Једна хипотеза о пореклу великог жупана Уроша I\""}]},{"reference":"Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Živković, Tibor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675585732","url_text":"9788675585732"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/rnovakovic/rnovakovic-srbija.html","external_links_name":"\"Gde se nalazila Srbija od VII do XII veka: Zaključak i rezime monografije\""},{"Link":"https://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/jkalic-raska.html","external_links_name":"The Serbian Question in the Balkans"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC","external_links_name":"Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja)"},{"Link":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/AnnaComnena-Alexiad.html","external_links_name":"The Alexiad"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC","external_links_name":"Histoire du peuple serbe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","external_links_name":"The Serbs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C","external_links_name":"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century"},{"Link":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2013/0584-98881301449I.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Byzantine Seals from the Ras Fortress\""},{"Link":"http://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2015/0584-98881552173K.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Srpski vladari u Aleksijadi - hronološki okviri delovanja\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UM8AAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"PDF of 1593 reprint"},{"Link":"http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis52%282005%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Једна хипотеза о пореклу великог жупана Уроша I\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_(disambiguation)	The Last of Us (disambiguation)	[]	The Last of Us is a 2013 video game. The Last of Us may also refer to: The Last of Us (franchise), a media franchise based on the video game series The Last of Us (TV series), a 2023 television series based on the video game series The Last of Us (film), a 2016 Tunisian drama film Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Last of Us.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Last of Us (franchise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"The Last of Us (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Last of Us (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_Us_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/The_Last_of_Us_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"The Last of Us may also refer to:The Last of Us (franchise), a media franchise based on the video game series\nThe Last of Us (TV series), a 2023 television series based on the video game series\nThe Last of Us (film), a 2016 Tunisian drama filmTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Last of Us.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"The Last of Us (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/The_Last_of_Us_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_translation	Dynamic translation	[]	Dynamic translation may refer to: Semantic equivalence (linguistics) Dynamic recompilation, in computer science Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dynamic translation.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semantic equivalence (linguistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Dynamic recompilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_recompilation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Dynamic_translation&namespace=0"}],"text":"Semantic equivalence (linguistics)\nDynamic recompilation, in computer scienceTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dynamic translation.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Dynamic translation"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Dynamic_translation&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orewa_speech	Orewa Speech	["1 Content","2 Reaction","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 External links"]	2004 speech by New Zealand politician Don Brash Don Brash, then newly installed as Leader of the Opposition, used the Orewa Speech to broach the topic of Māori-Pākehā relations. The Orewa Speech was a speech delivered by the then-leader of the New Zealand National Party Don Brash to the Orewa Rotary Club on 27 January 2004. It addressed the theme of race relations in New Zealand and in particular the status of Māori people. Brash approached the subject by advocating 'one rule for all' and ending equitable measures and affirmative action for Māori, which he described controversially as "special privileges". Content Part of a series onAnti-Māori sentiment Issues Colonisation of New Zealand Co-governance and opposition Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand theories Allegations against the Sixth National Government Socioeconomic issues Structural discrimination in New Zealand Examples 2007 New Zealand anti-terror raids Hori (slur) New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy New Zealand land confiscations Orewa speech Supression of the Māori language in schools Opposition Mana Movement Māori King Movement Māori Women's Welfare League Māori protest movement Ngā Tamatoa Polynesian Panthers Te Pāti Māori vte Brash covered many aspects of Māori-Pākehā relations in his speech. He criticized policies he believed to be separatist, such as required levels of iwi representation on district health boards and the allocation of Māori electorate seats in Parliament – something he labelled an "anachronism". The speech made particular reference to the Labour Party's stance on the Foreshore and Seabed Act, which Brash disagreed with. He also questioned the use of Māori spiritual traditions in official events and the open-ended nature of the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process. Nicky Hager's 2006 book The Hollow Men claims that the speech was written, in part, by Michael Bassett, a claim denied by Bassett. Reaction The speech was criticised not so much for its substance but for a perceived political intent behind it. It was widely claimed that Brash was "playing the race card", winning support for his party by fuelling racist sentiment toward Māoridom. The speech itself was framed in terms of equality and pragmatism, arguing for dispensing with affirmative action programmes and poorly understood references in legislation to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and ending the alleged "Treaty of Waitangi Grievance Industry". His speech was criticised by lecturer and political writer Jon Johansson: "Whether intended or not, the Orewa speech reinforced the ignorant and racist stereotype that Māori were 'savages' before the 'gift' of European civilisation was visited upon them." The speech resulted in a major surge for the National Party, which had been languishing from an overwhelming defeat at the 2002 election. From 28% in the polls a month before the speech, the National Party jumped to 45% two weeks after it: ten points ahead of Labour. Polls showed that many Māori were comfortable with Brash's speech, and the National Party threw its support behind it, but Georgina te Heuheu was removed as National's Māori Affairs spokeswoman after criticising it. It was instrumental in establishing a public profile for Don Brash, who had only recently become the party's leader. Subsequent to the speech, Brash's catch-cry "need not race" was taken up by the other side of the political divide, the governing Labour-Progressive coalition. An audit of government programmes was put in place to determine whether there were race-based programmes where need-based programmes would suffice. Several former New Zealand Prime Ministers have criticized the speech in the time since its delivery. Jim Bolger said in an interview published in 2017 it was in the same "frame" as Donald Trump's 2016 campaign, and that "some people follow absurdities". Former Labour Prime Minister Helen Clark said of Brash's motives that "he would’ve done a lot of opinion polling on that, and knew it would strike a chord". Legacy Brash returned to Orewa on 25 January 2005, hoping to capitalise on the previous year's success, and gave a speech on social welfare and on welfare dependency. This speech, dubbed Orewa 2, failed to generate the publicity of the original. After failing to endorse this second speech, National's social-welfare spokesperson Katherine Rich was removed. Brash has returned to make annual 'Orewa speeches' every year since, on a wide range of topics. See also Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements Footnotes ^ Cumming, Geoff (4 February 2004). "Non-Maori say they've had enough". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011. ^ "NATIONHOOD - Don Brash Speech Orewa Rotary Club \| Scoop News". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 15 May 2018. ^ Armstrong, John (21 February 2004). "Don Brash tells: Why I played the race card". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011. ^ Johansson, Jon (December 2004). "Orewa and the Rhetoric of Illusion". Political Science. 56 (2): 111–129. doi:10.1177/003231870405600212. S2CID 145471843. ^ "Poll puts National ahead of Labour". The New Zealand Herald. 15 February 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2011. ^ Berry, Ruth (4 February 2004). "No surrender vows te Heuheu as she loses role". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011. ^ Espiner, Guyon (2017). The 9th Floor. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books. pp. 116, 199. External links Wikinews has related news: Don Brash gives third Orewa speech Text of the 2005 speech	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don.Brash.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speech"},{"link_name":"New Zealand National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Don Brash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brash"},{"link_name":"Orewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orewa"},{"link_name":"Rotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_International"},{"link_name":"race relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_relations"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Don Brash, then newly installed as Leader of the Opposition, used the Orewa Speech to broach the topic of Māori-Pākehā relations.The Orewa Speech was a speech delivered by the then-leader of the New Zealand National Party Don Brash to the Orewa Rotary Club on 27 January 2004. It addressed the theme of race relations in New Zealand and in particular the status of Māori people. Brash approached the subject by advocating 'one rule for all'[1] and ending equitable measures and affirmative action for Māori, which he described controversially as \"special privileges\".","title":"Orewa Speech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism"},{"link_name":"iwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi"},{"link_name":"Māori electorate seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Foreshore and Seabed Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshore_and_Seabed_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Waitangi settlement process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hager"},{"link_name":"Michael Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bassett"}],"text":"Brash covered many aspects of Māori-Pākehā relations in his speech. He criticized policies he believed to be separatist, such as required levels of iwi representation on district health boards and the allocation of Māori electorate seats in Parliament – something he labelled an \"anachronism\". The speech made particular reference to the Labour Party's stance on the Foreshore and Seabed Act, which Brash disagreed with. He also questioned the use of Māori spiritual traditions in official events and the open-ended nature of the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process.[2]Nicky Hager's 2006 book The Hollow Men claims that the speech was written, in part, by Michael Bassett, a claim denied by Bassett.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"race card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_card"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Waitangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Waitangi Grievance Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_Grievance_Industry"},{"link_name":"Jon Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Johansson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2002 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_2002"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Georgina te Heuheu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_te_Heuheu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"Jim Bolger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bolger"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump's 2016 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016"},{"link_name":"Helen Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The speech was criticised not so much for its substance but for a perceived political intent behind it. It was widely claimed that Brash was \"playing the race card\",[3] winning support for his party by fuelling racist sentiment toward Māoridom.[citation needed] The speech itself was framed in terms of equality and pragmatism, arguing for dispensing with affirmative action programmes and poorly understood references in legislation to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and ending the alleged \"Treaty of Waitangi Grievance Industry\". His speech was criticised by lecturer and political writer Jon Johansson: \"Whether intended or not, the Orewa speech reinforced the ignorant and racist stereotype that Māori were 'savages' before the 'gift' of European civilisation was visited upon them.\"[4]The speech resulted in a major surge for the National Party, which had been languishing from an overwhelming defeat at the 2002 election. From 28% in the polls a month before the speech, the National Party jumped to 45% two weeks after it: ten points ahead of Labour.[5]Polls showed that many Māori were comfortable with Brash's speech, and the National Party threw its support behind it, but Georgina te Heuheu was removed as National's Māori Affairs spokeswoman after criticising it.[6] It was instrumental in establishing a public profile for Don Brash, who had only recently become the party's leader.Subsequent to the speech, Brash's catch-cry \"need not race\" was taken up by the other side of the political divide, the governing Labour-Progressive coalition. An audit of government programmes was put in place to determine whether there were race-based programmes where need-based programmes would suffice.Several former New Zealand Prime Ministers have criticized the speech in the time since its delivery. Jim Bolger said in an interview published in 2017 it was in the same \"frame\" as Donald Trump's 2016 campaign, and that \"some people follow absurdities\". Former Labour Prime Minister Helen Clark said of Brash's motives that \"he would’ve done a lot of opinion polling on that, and knew it would strike a chord\".[7]","title":"Reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"welfare dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_dependency"},{"link_name":"Katherine Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Rich"},{"link_name":"timeframe?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references"}],"text":"Brash returned to Orewa on 25 January 2005, hoping to capitalise on the previous year's success, and gave a speech on social welfare and on welfare dependency. This speech, dubbed Orewa 2, failed to generate the publicity of the original. After failing to endorse this second speech, National's social-welfare spokesperson Katherine Rich was removed.Brash has returned to make annual 'Orewa speeches' every year since, on a wide range of topics.[timeframe?]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Non-Maori say they've had enough\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3550487"},{"link_name":"The New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"NATIONHOOD - Don Brash Speech Orewa Rotary Club \| Scoop News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0401/S00220.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Don Brash tells: Why I played the race card\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3550537"},{"link_name":"The New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/003231870405600212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F003231870405600212"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145471843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145471843"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Poll puts National ahead of Labour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3549317"},{"link_name":"The New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"No surrender vows te Heuheu as she loses role\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3547313"},{"link_name":"The New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Cumming, Geoff (4 February 2004). \"Non-Maori say they've had enough\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011.\n\n^ \"NATIONHOOD - Don Brash Speech Orewa Rotary Club \| Scoop News\". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 15 May 2018.\n\n^ Armstrong, John (21 February 2004). \"Don Brash tells: Why I played the race card\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011.\n\n^ Johansson, Jon (December 2004). \"Orewa and the Rhetoric of Illusion\". Political Science. 56 (2): 111–129. doi:10.1177/003231870405600212. S2CID 145471843.\n\n^ \"Poll puts National ahead of Labour\". The New Zealand Herald. 15 February 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2011.\n\n^ Berry, Ruth (4 February 2004). \"No surrender vows te Heuheu as she loses role\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011.\n\n^ Espiner, Guyon (2017). The 9th Floor. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books. pp. 116, 199.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Don Brash, then newly installed as Leader of the Opposition, used the Orewa Speech to broach the topic of Māori-Pākehā relations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Don.Brash.jpg/220px-Don.Brash.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements#Criticisms"}]	[{"reference":"Cumming, Geoff (4 February 2004). \"Non-Maori say they've had enough\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3550487","url_text":"\"Non-Maori say they've had enough\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"NATIONHOOD - Don Brash Speech Orewa Rotary Club \| Scoop News\". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 15 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0401/S00220.htm","url_text":"\"NATIONHOOD - Don Brash Speech Orewa Rotary Club \| Scoop News\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, John (21 February 2004). \"Don Brash tells: Why I played the race card\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3550537","url_text":"\"Don Brash tells: Why I played the race card\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"Johansson, Jon (December 2004). \"Orewa and the Rhetoric of Illusion\". Political Science. 56 (2): 111–129. doi:10.1177/003231870405600212. S2CID 145471843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003231870405600212","url_text":"10.1177/003231870405600212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145471843","url_text":"145471843"}]},{"reference":"\"Poll puts National ahead of Labour\". The New Zealand Herald. 15 February 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3549317","url_text":"\"Poll puts National ahead of Labour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Ruth (4 February 2004). \"No surrender vows te Heuheu as she loses role\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3547313","url_text":"\"No surrender vows te Heuheu as she loses role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"Espiner, Guyon (2017). The 9th Floor. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books. pp. 116, 199.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3550487","external_links_name":"\"Non-Maori say they've had enough\""},{"Link":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0401/S00220.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATIONHOOD - Don Brash Speech Orewa Rotary Club \| Scoop News\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3550537","external_links_name":"\"Don Brash tells: Why I played the race card\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003231870405600212","external_links_name":"10.1177/003231870405600212"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145471843","external_links_name":"145471843"},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3549317","external_links_name":"\"Poll puts National ahead of Labour\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3547313","external_links_name":"\"No surrender vows te Heuheu as she loses role\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050204002525/http://www.national.org.nz/Article.aspx?ArticleID=3498","external_links_name":"Text of the 2005 speech"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Gavera	Willie Gavera	["1 References","2 External links"]	Papua New Guinean cricketer (born 1988) Willie GaveraPersonal informationFull nameWillie Toua GaveraBorn (1988-08-18) 18 August 1988 (age 35)Papua New GuineaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm fastInternational information National sidePapua New Guinea Career statistics Competition List A Matches 4 Runs scored 10 Batting average – 100s/50s –/– Top score 5* Balls bowled 186 Wickets 6 Bowling average 21.00 5 wickets in innings – 10 wickets in match – Best bowling 3/31 Catches/stumpings –/–Source: Cricinfo, 22 May 2011 Willie Toua Gavera (born 18 August 1988) is a Papua New Guinean cricketer. Gavera is a right-handed batsman and fast bowler. He was born in Port Moresby. Having played age-group cricket for Papua New Guinea Under-19s in the 2008 Under-19 World Cup, he was selected as part of the Papua New Guinea squad for the 2009 World Cricket League Division Three, where he played 5 matches. He played a single match in the 2011 World Cricket League Division Three, before making his List A debut against Bermuda in the 2011 World Cricket League Division Two. He played a further 3 List A matches in the competition, the last against Hong Kong. In his 4 matches, he took 6 wickets at a bowling average of 21.00, with best figures of 3/31. He made his One Day International debut on 8 November 2014 against Hong Kong in Australia. He made his Twenty20 International debut for Papua New Guinea against Ireland in the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament on 15 July 2015. References ^ "Youth One-Day International Matches played by Willie Gavera". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 May 2011. ^ "List A Matches played by Willie Gavera". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 May 2011. ^ "List A Bowling For Each Team by Willie Gavera". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 May 2011. ^ "Hong Kong tour of Australia, 1st ODI: Papua New Guinea v Hong Kong at Townsville, Nov 8, 2014". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 November 2014. ^ "ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 23rd Match, Group A: Ireland v Papua New Guinea at Belfast, Jul 15, 2015". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 15 July 2015. External links Willie Gavera at ESPNcricinfo Willie Gavera at CricketArchive	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua New Guinean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea#People"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"batsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsman_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea Under-19s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2008 Under-19 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_ICC_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2009 World Cricket League Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three"},{"link_name":"2011 World Cricket League Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2011 World Cricket League Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Two"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bowling average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_average"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"against Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_cricket_team_against_Papua_New_Guinea_in_Australia_in_2014%E2%80%9315"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODI-4"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20I-5"}],"text":"Willie Toua Gavera (born 18 August 1988) is a Papua New Guinean cricketer. Gavera is a right-handed batsman and fast bowler. He was born in Port Moresby.Having played age-group cricket for Papua New Guinea Under-19s in the 2008 Under-19 World Cup,[1] he was selected as part of the Papua New Guinea squad for the 2009 World Cricket League Division Three, where he played 5 matches. He played a single match in the 2011 World Cricket League Division Three, before making his List A debut against Bermuda in the 2011 World Cricket League Division Two. He played a further 3 List A matches in the competition, the last against Hong Kong.[2] In his 4 matches, he took 6 wickets at a bowling average of 21.00, with best figures of 3/31.[3]He made his One Day International debut on 8 November 2014 against Hong Kong in Australia.[4] He made his Twenty20 International debut for Papua New Guinea against Ireland in the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament on 15 July 2015.[5]","title":"Willie Gavera"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Youth One-Day International Matches played by Willie Gavera\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/118/118043/Youth_One-Day_International_Matches.html","url_text":"\"Youth One-Day International Matches played by Willie Gavera\""}]},{"reference":"\"List A Matches played by Willie Gavera\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/118/118043/List_A_Matches.html","url_text":"\"List A Matches played by Willie Gavera\""}]},{"reference":"\"List A Bowling For Each Team by Willie Gavera\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/118/118043/a_Bowling_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"List A Bowling For Each Team by Willie Gavera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Kong tour of Australia, 1st ODI: Papua New Guinea v Hong Kong at Townsville, Nov 8, 2014\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/791633.html","url_text":"\"Hong Kong tour of Australia, 1st ODI: Papua New Guinea v Hong Kong at Townsville, Nov 8, 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 23rd Match, Group A: Ireland v Papua New Guinea at Belfast, Jul 15, 2015\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875501.html","url_text":"\"ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 23rd Match, Group A: Ireland v Papua New Guinea at Belfast, Jul 15, 2015\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/302850.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/118/118043/Youth_One-Day_International_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"Youth One-Day International Matches played by Willie Gavera\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/118/118043/List_A_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"List A Matches played by Willie Gavera\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/118/118043/a_Bowling_by_Team.html","external_links_name":"\"List A Bowling For Each Team by Willie Gavera\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/791633.html","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong tour of Australia, 1st ODI: Papua New Guinea v Hong Kong at Townsville, Nov 8, 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/875501.html","external_links_name":"\"ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 23rd Match, Group A: Ireland v Papua New Guinea at Belfast, Jul 15, 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/302850.html","external_links_name":"Willie Gavera"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/118/118043/118043.html","external_links_name":"Willie Gavera"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcira	Alcira	["1 Other uses"]	Alcira is a Spanish feminine given name. People with the name include: Alcira Argumedo (1940–2021), Argentine sociologist, academic, member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies Alcira Cardona Torrico (1926–2003), Bolivian writer and poet Alcira Espinoza Schmidt de Villegas, Bolivian politician Alcira de la Peña (1910–1998), Argentine physician and political leader Alcira Soust Scaffo (1924–1997), Uruguayan teacher and poet Other uses Alzira, Valencia (Spanish: Alcira) Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcira Argumedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcira_Argumedo"},{"link_name":"Alcira Cardona Torrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcira_Cardona_Torrico"},{"link_name":"Alcira Espinoza Schmidt de Villegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcira_Espinoza_Schmidt_de_Villegas"},{"link_name":"Alcira de la Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcira_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Alcira Soust Scaffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcira_Soust_Scaffo"}],"text":"Alcira Argumedo (1940–2021), Argentine sociologist, academic, member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies\nAlcira Cardona Torrico (1926–2003), Bolivian writer and poet\nAlcira Espinoza Schmidt de Villegas, Bolivian politician\nAlcira de la Peña (1910–1998), Argentine physician and political leader\nAlcira Soust Scaffo (1924–1997), Uruguayan teacher and poet","title":"Alcira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alzira, Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira,_Valencia"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Alcira&namespace=0"}],"text":"Alzira, Valencia (Spanish: Alcira)Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Alcira&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Colombo	Salvatore Colombo	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 Footnotes"]	Catholic bishop (1922–1989) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Salvatore Colombo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Most ReverendPietro Salvatore Monsignor ColomboO.F.M.MonsignorBishop of Mogadiscio, SomaliaChurchRoman Catholic ChurchArchdioceseRoman Catholic Diocese of MogadiscioProvinceSomaliaMetropolisSomaliaSeeSubject to the Holy SeeElected20 November 1975In office9 July 1989SuccessorBishop Giorgio Bertin, OFMOrdersOrdination6 April 1946by Bishop Alfredo Ildefonso SchusterConsecration23 May 1968by Bishop Giovanni ColomboRank Bishop-PriestPersonal detailsBornPietro Salvatore Colombo(1922-10-28)28 October 1922Carate Brianza, Province of Monza and Brianza, LombardyDied9 July 1989(1989-07-09) (aged 66)Mogadishu, SomaliaBuriedMogadishu Cathedral(Original)Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua(Current)2°02′09″N 45°20′30″E / 2.0358°N 45.3416°E / 2.0358; 45.3416(Original)45°24′05″N 11°52′51″E / 45.4014°N 11.8808°E / 45.4014; 11.8808(Current)Nationality ItalianDenominationRoman CatholicResidenceSomaliaParentsLuigi Colombo (father)Ernestina Farina(mother)Alma materSt.Anthony's Convent of Franciscan Friars Pietro Salvatore Colombo, OFM (28 October 1922 – 9 July 1989) was the Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Mogadiscio (Somalia) from 1976 until his assassination. Biography Colombo was born in Carate Brianza, near Milan. He served the people of Somalia from 1946, after he had been ordained a priest in Milan, Italy, until his death 43 years later. He was appointed as the first Bishop of Mogadishu in 1975, and ordained as Bishop of Mogadishu on 16 March 1976. Bishop Colombo was well regarded by non-Catholics, whether Muslim or secular. Bishop Colombo was known for his pragmatic oversight of aid projects, making sure that aid projects could operate after the foreign aid workers went home. The government of President Siad Barre did not tolerate proselytizing, but was comfortable with the humanitarian aid dispensed by the Church. Bishop Colombo was killed in his cathedral by an unknown assassin. President Barre blamed radical Islamists and offered a bounty for their capture.> But many people believed that Barre had ordered the assassination, perhaps because Bishop Colombo had been critical of the Barre regime or perhaps because Barre wanted a scapegoat which would increase military and other aid from Western governments, or perhaps because Bishop Colombo had helped a clan which was out of favor with Barre purchase some land. To this day, the controversy of who killed Bishop Colombo persists although his murder is seen as a turning point for Islamic/secular relations because of the severe crackdown by Barre in response to the murder. 4 days after Bishop Colombo's death, a series of arrests on Somali Sheikhs and other men on suspicion of having a connection to the assination. The next day on 14 July 1989, government forces massacred those leaving the Sheik Ali Suufi mosque after the Imam gave sermon denouncing the government. News of this resulted in civilian riots against government forces. No bishop has been appointed for Mogadishu since Monsignor Colombo's death. Currently, the welfare of Catholics in Somalia is overseen by the Apostolic Administrator of Mogadishu, Dr. Giorgio Bertin, OFM, who is also the Bishop of Djibouti. See also Italian Somalis Mogadishu riots of July 1989 Footnotes ^ Catholic Hierarchy ^ "Safirka: Envoy to Somalia". Peter Bridges American Diplomacy, Volume III, No.2, 1998 ^ Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic Countries, 1998 Report, Aid to the Church in Need, Alleanza Cattolica ^ "The Harrying of the Hawiye", A Country Study: Somalia. Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Government Printing Office, 1993 ^ "Somalia: the State is Reborn". Davide Malacaria and Giovanni Cubeddu. 30 Days, Nov. 2004 ^ "Former Somali Government Killed Bishop, Christians Charge" Catholic World News July 16, 2003 Catholic Church titles Preceded byAntonio Silvio Zocchettaas Vicar Apostolic Bishop of Mogadiscio 1975 – 1989 Succeeded byGiorgio Bertinas Apostolic Administrator	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Catholic bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Mogadiscio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mogadiscio"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"}],"text":"Pietro Salvatore Colombo, OFM (28 October 1922 – 9 July 1989) was the Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Mogadiscio (Somalia) from 1976 until his assassination.","title":"Salvatore Colombo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carate Brianza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carate_Brianza"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Siad Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"assassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Islamists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"civilian riots against government forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Riots_of_1989"},{"link_name":"Monsignor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Bertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Bertin"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Djibouti"}],"text":"Colombo was born in Carate Brianza, near Milan. He served the people of Somalia from 1946, after he had been ordained a priest in Milan, Italy, until his death 43 years later. He was appointed as the first Bishop of Mogadishu in 1975, and ordained as Bishop of Mogadishu on 16 March 1976.[1]Bishop Colombo was well regarded by non-Catholics, whether Muslim or secular. Bishop Colombo was known for his pragmatic oversight of aid projects, making sure that aid projects could operate after the foreign aid workers went home. The government of President Siad Barre did not tolerate proselytizing, but was comfortable with the humanitarian aid dispensed by the Church.[2]Bishop Colombo was killed in his cathedral by an unknown assassin. President Barre blamed radical Islamists and offered a bounty for their capture.[3]> But many people believed that Barre had ordered the assassination, perhaps because Bishop Colombo had been critical of the Barre regime[4] or perhaps because Barre wanted a scapegoat which would increase military and other aid from Western governments,[5] or perhaps because Bishop Colombo had helped a clan which was out of favor with Barre purchase some land.[6] To this day, the controversy of who killed Bishop Colombo persists although his murder is seen as a turning point for Islamic/secular relations because of the severe crackdown by Barre in response to the murder.4 days after Bishop Colombo's death, a series of arrests on Somali Sheikhs and other men on suspicion of having a connection to the assination. The next day on 14 July 1989, government forces massacred those leaving the Sheik Ali Suufi mosque after the Imam gave sermon denouncing the government. News of this resulted in civilian riots against government forces.No bishop has been appointed for Mogadishu since Monsignor Colombo's death. Currently, the welfare of Catholics in Somalia is overseen by the Apostolic Administrator of Mogadishu, Dr. Giorgio Bertin, OFM, who is also the Bishop of Djibouti.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Catholic Hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcolop.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"American Diplomacy, Volume III, No.2, 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_7/bridges2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic Countries, 1998 Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alleanzacattolica.org/acs/acs_english/report_98/somalia.htm"},{"link_name":"Alleanza Cattolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleanza_Cattolica"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"A Country Study: Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//countrystudies.us/somalia/31.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"30 Days, Nov. 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=5977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Catholic World News July 16, 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=23554"}],"text":"^ Catholic Hierarchy\n\n^ \"Safirka: Envoy to Somalia\". Peter Bridges\nAmerican Diplomacy, Volume III, No.2, 1998\n\n^ Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic Countries, 1998 Report, Aid to the Church in Need, Alleanza Cattolica\n\n^ \"The Harrying of the Hawiye\", A Country Study: Somalia. Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Government Printing Office, 1993\n\n^ \"Somalia: the State is Reborn\". Davide Malacaria and Giovanni Cubeddu. 30 Days, Nov. 2004\n\n^ \"Former Somali Government Killed Bishop, Christians Charge\" Catholic World News July 16, 2003","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Italian Somalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somalis"},{"title":"Mogadishu riots of July 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_riots_of_July_1989"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Salvatore+Colombo%22","external_links_name":"\"Salvatore Colombo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Salvatore+Colombo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Salvatore+Colombo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Salvatore+Colombo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Salvatore+Colombo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Salvatore+Colombo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salvatore_Colombo&params=2.0358_N_45.3416_E_","external_links_name":"2°02′09″N 45°20′30″E / 2.0358°N 45.3416°E / 2.0358; 45.3416"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salvatore_Colombo&params=45.4014_N_11.8808_E_","external_links_name":"45°24′05″N 11°52′51″E / 45.4014°N 11.8808°E / 45.4014; 11.8808"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcolop.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy"},{"Link":"http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_7/bridges2.html","external_links_name":"American Diplomacy, Volume III, No.2, 1998"},{"Link":"http://www.alleanzacattolica.org/acs/acs_english/report_98/somalia.htm","external_links_name":"Religious Freedom in the Majority Islamic Countries, 1998 Report"},{"Link":"http://countrystudies.us/somalia/31.htm","external_links_name":"A Country Study: Somalia"},{"Link":"http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=5977","external_links_name":"30 Days, Nov. 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=23554","external_links_name":"Catholic World News July 16, 2003"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutong_City_Master	Yutong City Master	["1 Design","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Chinese low-floor double-decker bus Motor vehicle Yutong City MasterYutong City Master in Skopje, North MacedoniaOverviewManufacturerYutongProduction2010–presentAssemblyZhengzhou, ChinaBody and chassisClassComplete busBody styleDouble-decker city busDouble-decker open-top busDoors1 or 2Floor typeLow floorRelatedAEC RoutemasterDimensionsLength10.6 m (34 ft 9 in)Width2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)Height4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) A Yutong City Master open-top bus operating in Guangzhou, China The Yutong City Master is a low-floor double-decker bus that was first designed for JSP Skopje, the public company which has operated bus services in Skopje since 1948. The bus is designed in a "retro" style reminiscent of London Transport's AEC Routemaster. A total of 217 City Masters, including 15 open-top buses, were built for use in Skopje. On 14 April 2010, the government of the Republic of Macedonia ordered 202 double-decker buses from the Chinese manufacturer Yutong, totalling €35.5 million. The first 68 City Masters were put into service in Skopje on 6 September 2011. The total number of the buses increased to 217, including 15 open-top buses with removable roofs for city sightseeing services. The cost of the project was over €41 million, which was paid by the Macedonian government. Some City Masters were also built for service in Chinese cities, including Guangzhou and Jiangmen. Design The buses are designed in a "retro" style, similar to Leyland Titans, the former London double-decker buses previously used in Skopje. Hundreds of London buses were purchased by the Yugoslavian government in the 1950s and used in Skopje until the 1963 Skopje earthquake in which 80% of the city's infrastructure was destroyed. The prototype bus appeared on the streets of Skopje on 1 March 2011. The buses are powered by an American Cummins diesel engine manufactured in the UK, with high quality ECO 5. The bodywork is made in Germany, with only the chassis made in China. See also New Routemaster - TFL's flagship bus for Central London. References ^ a b "Skopje's 'Routemasters'". Coach & Bus Week. Peterborough. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.(subscription required) ^ "Ambassador Dong attended Yutong's signing ceremony of producing bus for Macedonia". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of North Macedonia. 15 April 2010. ^ "Macedonia buys double deckers from China". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 April 2010. ^ "68 Yutong double deckers arrive in Macedonia". Yutong. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ "Skopje prepares for Double-Decker Buses". Balkan Insight. 12 August 2011. ^ "Guangzhou No.1 Bus Company Y3-3361". Flickr. Retrieved 16 August 2017. ^ "江门新双层英伦风再临" (in Chinese). 13 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2021. ^ "BRITISH BUSES IN SPLIT, CROATIA". Classic Buses. ^ "Spirit of the Routemaster lives on in the heart of Macedonia". 12 April 2012. ^ "Double-decker buses in Skopje, ca. May 1954". University of Massachusetts Amherst. ^ "yutong.com". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013. ^ "Double Decker Bus for Skopje". AP. 2 March 2011. ^ "MACEDONIA: London's famous bright red Leyland double-decker buses were a common sight in Skopje's streets until an earthquake in the '60s destroyed most of them: now a new fleet is bringing some flair back to the city's streets". Reuters. 28 September 2011. External links Media related to Yutong City Master at Wikimedia Commons An Introduction of the Bus and Yutong Skopje’s double decker buses Renewal of the vehicle fleet and experience with the new buses of JSP Skopje	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8F%8C%E5%B1%82%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB_(%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E8%A7%82%E5%85%891,_2015%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5).jpg"},{"link_name":"open-top bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-top_bus"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"double-decker bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"London Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Transport_Executive"},{"link_name":"AEC Routemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_Routemaster"},{"link_name":"open-top buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-top_bus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBW-1"},{"link_name":"double-decker buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"Yutong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBW-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Jiangmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangmen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Motor vehicleA Yutong City Master open-top bus operating in Guangzhou, ChinaThe Yutong City Master is a low-floor double-decker bus that was first designed for JSP Skopje, the public company which has operated bus services in Skopje since 1948. The bus is designed in a \"retro\" style reminiscent of London Transport's AEC Routemaster. A total of 217 City Masters, including 15 open-top buses, were built for use in Skopje.[1]On 14 April 2010, the government of the Republic of Macedonia ordered 202 double-decker buses from the Chinese manufacturer Yutong, totalling €35.5 million.[2][3]The first 68 City Masters were put into service in Skopje on 6 September 2011.[4] The total number of the buses increased to 217, including 15 open-top buses with removable roofs for city sightseeing services.[1] The cost of the project was over €41 million, which was paid by the Macedonian government.[5]Some City Masters were also built for service in Chinese cities, including Guangzhou and Jiangmen.[6][7][better source needed]","title":"Yutong City Master"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leyland Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_Titan_(front-engined_double-decker)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"double-decker buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"1963 Skopje earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The buses are designed in a \"retro\" style, similar to Leyland Titans, the former London double-decker buses previously used in Skopje. Hundreds of London buses were purchased by the Yugoslavian government in the 1950s and used in Skopje until the 1963 Skopje earthquake in which 80% of the city's infrastructure was destroyed.[8][9][10]The prototype bus appeared on the streets of Skopje on 1 March 2011.[11][12]The buses are powered by an American Cummins diesel engine manufactured in the UK, with high quality ECO 5. The bodywork is made in Germany, with only the chassis made in China.[13]","title":"Design"}]	[{"image_text":"A Yutong City Master open-top bus operating in Guangzhou, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%E5%8F%8C%E5%B1%82%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB_%28%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E8%A7%82%E5%85%891%2C_2015%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5%29.jpg/220px-%E5%8F%8C%E5%B1%82%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB_%28%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E8%A7%82%E5%85%891%2C_2015%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"New Routemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Routemaster"}]	[{"reference":"\"Skopje's 'Routemasters'\". Coach & Bus Week. Peterborough. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cbwmagazine.com/skopjes-routemasters/","url_text":"\"Skopje's 'Routemasters'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ambassador Dong attended Yutong's signing ceremony of producing bus for Macedonia\". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of North Macedonia. 15 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://mk.chineseembassy.org/eng/xwdt/t704196.htm","url_text":"\"Ambassador Dong attended Yutong's signing ceremony of producing bus for Macedonia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macedonia buys double deckers from China\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/macedonia-buys-double-deckers-from-china-20100417-sl04.html","url_text":"\"Macedonia buys double deckers from China\""}]},{"reference":"\"68 Yutong double deckers arrive in Macedonia\". Yutong. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121045320/https://men.yutong.com/pressmedia/yutongnews/2011/28852.html","url_text":"\"68 Yutong double deckers arrive in Macedonia\""},{"url":"https://men.yutong.com/pressmedia/yutongnews/2011/28852.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Skopje prepares for Double-Decker Buses\". Balkan Insight. 12 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/skopje-prepares-for-double-decker-busses","url_text":"\"Skopje prepares for Double-Decker Buses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guangzhou No.1 Bus Company Y3-3361\". Flickr. Retrieved 16 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/hhhumber/35908566271/","url_text":"\"Guangzhou No.1 Bus Company Y3-3361\""}]},{"reference":"\"江门新双层英伦风再临\" (in Chinese). 13 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511132117/http://superyhk.hatenablog.com/entry/2014/04/30/000000","url_text":"\"江门新双层英伦风再临\""},{"url":"https://superyhk.hatenablog.com/entry/2014/04/30/000000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BRITISH BUSES IN SPLIT, CROATIA\". Classic Buses.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classicbuses.co.uk/split.html","url_text":"\"BRITISH BUSES IN SPLIT, CROATIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spirit of the Routemaster lives on in the heart of Macedonia\". 12 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/spirit-of-the-routemaster-lives-on-in-the-heart-of-macedonia-6532938.html","url_text":"\"Spirit of the Routemaster lives on in the heart of Macedonia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Double-decker buses in Skopje, ca. May 1954\". University of Massachusetts Amherst.","urls":[{"url":"https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mufs001-xn-i0153","url_text":"\"Double-decker buses in Skopje, ca. May 1954\""}]},{"reference":"\"yutong.com\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927002411/http://www.yutong.com/english/news/press/03/22152.shtml","url_text":"\"yutong.com\""},{"url":"http://www.yutong.com/english/news/press/03/22152.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Double Decker Bus for Skopje\". AP. 2 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/world-briefs.352726","url_text":"\"Double Decker Bus for Skopje\""}]},{"reference":"\"MACEDONIA: London's famous bright red Leyland double-decker buses were a common sight in Skopje's streets until an earthquake in the '60s destroyed most of them: now a new fleet is bringing some flair back to the city's streets\". Reuters. 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/772515","url_text":"\"MACEDONIA: London's famous bright red Leyland double-decker buses were a common sight in Skopje's streets until an earthquake in the '60s destroyed most of them: now a new fleet is bringing some flair back to the city's streets\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cbwmagazine.com/skopjes-routemasters/","external_links_name":"\"Skopje's 'Routemasters'\""},{"Link":"http://mk.chineseembassy.org/eng/xwdt/t704196.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ambassador Dong attended Yutong's signing ceremony of producing bus for Macedonia\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/macedonia-buys-double-deckers-from-china-20100417-sl04.html","external_links_name":"\"Macedonia buys double deckers from China\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121045320/https://men.yutong.com/pressmedia/yutongnews/2011/28852.html","external_links_name":"\"68 Yutong double deckers arrive in Macedonia\""},{"Link":"https://men.yutong.com/pressmedia/yutongnews/2011/28852.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/skopje-prepares-for-double-decker-busses","external_links_name":"\"Skopje prepares for Double-Decker Buses\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/hhhumber/35908566271/","external_links_name":"\"Guangzhou No.1 Bus Company Y3-3361\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511132117/http://superyhk.hatenablog.com/entry/2014/04/30/000000","external_links_name":"\"江门新双层英伦风再临\""},{"Link":"https://superyhk.hatenablog.com/entry/2014/04/30/000000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.classicbuses.co.uk/split.html","external_links_name":"\"BRITISH BUSES IN SPLIT, CROATIA\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/spirit-of-the-routemaster-lives-on-in-the-heart-of-macedonia-6532938.html","external_links_name":"\"Spirit of the Routemaster lives on in the heart of Macedonia\""},{"Link":"https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mufs001-xn-i0153","external_links_name":"\"Double-decker buses in Skopje, ca. May 1954\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927002411/http://www.yutong.com/english/news/press/03/22152.shtml","external_links_name":"\"yutong.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.yutong.com/english/news/press/03/22152.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/world-briefs.352726","external_links_name":"\"Double Decker Bus for Skopje\""},{"Link":"https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/772515","external_links_name":"\"MACEDONIA: London's famous bright red Leyland double-decker buses were a common sight in Skopje's streets until an earthquake in the '60s destroyed most of them: now a new fleet is bringing some flair back to the city's streets\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsp.com.mk/Upload/FCKEditor_Upload/file/Prezentacii%202012/Yutong%20for%20you%20-%20Zhengzhou%20Yutong%20Bus%20Co.%20LTD..ppt","external_links_name":"An Introduction of the Bus and Yutong"},{"Link":"http://www.modellbus.info/skopje_doppeldecker.htm","external_links_name":"Skopje’s double decker buses"},{"Link":"http://www.jsp.com.mk/Upload/FCKEditor_Upload/file/Prezentacii%202012/Obnova%20na%20vozniot%20park%20i%20iskustva%20so%20novite%20avtobusi%20-%20Marko%20Chaloski.pdf","external_links_name":"Renewal of the vehicle fleet and experience with the new buses of JSP Skopje"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Eliezer_Alperstein	Avraham Eliezer Alperstein	["1 RIETS","2 Writings","3 References"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Avraham Eliezer AlpersteinRabbi Avraham Eliezer AlpersteinBornc. 1853Kobrin, Grodno Province, BelarusDiedJanuary 28, 1917(1917-01-28) (aged 64)New York City, United StatesNationalityAmerican Avraham Eliezer Alperstein (c. 1853 – January 28, 1917) was an Orthodox Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva, publisher, communal leader and exceptional Talmudic scholar. He published the first ever section of Talmud in the United States. Studying under the Ridbaz and the Beis HaLevi in his youth and then in Vilna and Kovno, Rabbi Alperstein obtained an extraordinary knowledge of both the Talmud Bavli and the Talmud Yerushalmi. He received Semicha from Rabbi Mordechai Meltzer (Rabbi of Lida), and Rabbi Aryeh Leib Shachnovitz (Rabbi of Bielsk). Upon gaining semicha, Rabbi Alperstein briefly served as rabbi of the Kamenitzer shul in Vilna before becoming rabbi of nearby Novhorod-Siverskyi. A few years later he accepted a position as rabbi of the Zevach Tzedek shul in the vibrant Jewish community of Slabodka. Rabbi Alperstein immigrated to the United States in 1881, becoming rabbi of Khal Adath Jeshurun in New York. In 1884, he went to Chicago to take another rabbinic pulpit, serving there for 15 years as rabbi of various shuls including Congregation Oheb Shalom Bnai Marienpol, Anshei Kovno, and the Suvalker shul. While in the city, he published his commentary to Tractate Bikkurim of the Jerusalem Talmud. The work boasted two notable approbations, one from the Beis HaLevi of Brisk and the other from Rabbi Jacob Joseph of New York. Moving in 1899 to St. Paul, Rabbi Alperstein returned to New York in 1901 to become rabbi of the Yagustava shul on Rutgers Street. RIETS Upon his return to New York, Rabbi Alperstein was delighted to learn that his colleagues Rabbis Moshe Matlin and Yehuda David Bernstein had opened a Lithuanian-style yeshiva named in honour of the distinguished Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor of Kovno. Desiring to assist the yeshiva, Rabbi Alperstein's abilities as a dynamic public speaker in Yiddish proved useful as he campaigned throughout the Shteiblach of the Lower East Side for funds for RIETS. In 1903, when RIETS felt it had outgrown its premises at the Kalvarier shul, Rabbi Alperstein arranged for the yeshiva to transfer to his own Yagustava shul. By 1905, the year he became rabbi at Congregation Mishkon Yisroel, approximately 100 students were engaged in Torah study in RIETS, under the tutelage of several rabbis including Rabbi Alperstein. Rabbi Alperstein was highly active in the areas of Kashrut and Jewish education. He was one of the founders of the Agudath Harabbonim, serving as its vice-president and directing the New York branch. He died on January 28, 1917, and was buried in Mount Judah Cemetery, New York. His wife founded the 'Beth Abraham Home for the Incurably Sick' in the Bronx in his memory, which today is the Beth Abraham Hospital, part of the Montefiore Medical Center. Writings Sefer HaRaal uPri Genusar (Chicago, 1888) - a triple commentary on Maseches Bikkurim of the Talmud Yerushalmi, the first ever section of Talmud published in America unpublished responsa, as well as writings on Tractate Berachot of the Jerusalem Talmud and Tractate Niddah of the Babylonian Talmud several Torah articles in the Jerusalem rabbinic journal Ha-Measef References RIETS Rosh Yeshiva Gallery biography Toldot Anshei Shem biography (Hebrew) Goldman, Yosef. Hebrew Printing in America, 1735-1926, A History and Annotated Bibliography (YGBooks 2006). ISBN 1-59975-685-4. Sherman, Moshe D. Orthodox Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook (Greenwood Press 2006). ISBN 0-313-24316-6. vteRoshei Yeshiva of Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary at Yeshiva University Rosh HaYeshiva Emeritus Norman Lamm Dean Menachem Penner Dean Emeritus Zevulun Charlop Senior Mashgiach Ruchani Yosef Blau Mashgichim Ely Bacon Josh Blass Roshei Yeshiva Elchanan Adler Assaf Bednarsh Eliyahu Ben Haim J. David Bleich Yitzchok Cohen Daniel Feldman Menachem Genack Meir Goldwicht David Hirsch Dovid Horwitz Elyakim Koenigsberg Dovid Miller Yaakov Neuburger Hershel Reichman Michael Rosensweig Hershel Schachter Ezra Schwartz Eli Baruch Shulman Baruch Simon Zvi Sobolofsky Daniel Stein Mayer Twersky Jeremy Wieder Mordechai Willig Former Roshei Yeshiva Avraham Eliezer Alperstein Nisson Alpert Yosef Leib Arnest Samuel Belkin Yehuda David Bernstein Abba Bronspiegel Ahron Dovid Burack Avigdor Cyperstein Solomon Drillman Henoch Fishman Yitzchok Ginsberg Ozer Glickman Yerucham Gorelick Aharon Kahn Michael Katz Shlomo Nosson Kotler Yaakov Moshe Lessin Aharon Lichtenstein Zvulun Lieberman Dovid Lifshitz Moses Meir Matlin Shraga Feivel Paretzky Yehuda Parnes Shlomo Polachek Moshe Aharon Poleyeff Elazar Meir Preil Bernard Revel Shimon Romm Yonason Sacks Melech Schachter Moshe Shatzkes Shimon Shkop Ahron Soloveichik Joseph B. Soloveitchik Moshe Soloveichik Ephraim M. Steinberg Moshe Tendler Shmuel Volk Joseph Weiss Shalom Elchanan Yaffe Gershon Yankelewitz Mendel Zaks Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Rosh yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva"},{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Ridbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridbaz"},{"link_name":"Beis HaLevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beis_HaLevi"},{"link_name":"Vilna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna"},{"link_name":"Kovno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovno"},{"link_name":"Talmud Bavli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_Bavli"},{"link_name":"Talmud Yerushalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_Yerushalmi"},{"link_name":"Semicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicha"},{"link_name":"Lida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida"},{"link_name":"Bielsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsk,_Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kamenitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenitz"},{"link_name":"shul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shul"},{"link_name":"Novhorod-Siverskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novhorod-Siverskyi"},{"link_name":"Slabodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slabodka,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Suvalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvalk"},{"link_name":"Tractate Bikkurim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikkurim_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Beis HaLevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Dov_Soloveitchik_(Beis_Halevi)"},{"link_name":"Brisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Jacob Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Joseph"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"}],"text":"Avraham Eliezer Alperstein (c. 1853 – January 28, 1917) was an Orthodox Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva, publisher, communal leader and exceptional Talmudic scholar. He published the first ever section of Talmud in the United States.Studying under the Ridbaz and the Beis HaLevi in his youth and then in Vilna and Kovno, Rabbi Alperstein obtained an extraordinary knowledge of both the Talmud Bavli and the Talmud Yerushalmi. He received Semicha from Rabbi Mordechai Meltzer (Rabbi of Lida), and Rabbi Aryeh Leib Shachnovitz (Rabbi of Bielsk).Upon gaining semicha, Rabbi Alperstein briefly served as rabbi of the Kamenitzer shul in Vilna before becoming rabbi of nearby Novhorod-Siverskyi. A few years later he accepted a position as rabbi of the Zevach Tzedek shul in the vibrant Jewish community of Slabodka.Rabbi Alperstein immigrated to the United States in 1881, becoming rabbi of Khal Adath Jeshurun in New York. In 1884, he went to Chicago to take another rabbinic pulpit, serving there for 15 years as rabbi of various shuls including Congregation Oheb Shalom Bnai Marienpol, Anshei Kovno, and the Suvalker shul. While in the city, he published his commentary to Tractate Bikkurim of the Jerusalem Talmud. The work boasted two notable approbations, one from the Beis HaLevi of Brisk and the other from Rabbi Jacob Joseph of New York. Moving in 1899 to St. Paul, Rabbi Alperstein returned to New York in 1901 to become rabbi of the Yagustava shul on Rutgers Street.","title":"Avraham Eliezer Alperstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzchak_Elchanan_Spektor"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Shteiblach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteibl"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"RIETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIETS"},{"link_name":"Kashrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut"},{"link_name":"Agudath Harabbonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agudath_Harabbonim"},{"link_name":"Beth Abraham Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Abraham_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Montefiore Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefiore_Medical_Center"}],"text":"Upon his return to New York, Rabbi Alperstein was delighted to learn that his colleagues Rabbis Moshe Matlin and Yehuda David Bernstein had opened a Lithuanian-style yeshiva named in honour of the distinguished Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor of Kovno. Desiring to assist the yeshiva, Rabbi Alperstein's abilities as a dynamic public speaker in Yiddish proved useful as he campaigned throughout the Shteiblach of the Lower East Side for funds for RIETS.In 1903, when RIETS felt it had outgrown its premises at the Kalvarier shul, Rabbi Alperstein arranged for the yeshiva to transfer to his own Yagustava shul. By 1905, the year he became rabbi at Congregation Mishkon Yisroel, approximately 100 students were engaged in Torah study in RIETS, under the tutelage of several rabbis including Rabbi Alperstein.Rabbi Alperstein was highly active in the areas of Kashrut and Jewish education. He was one of the founders of the Agudath Harabbonim, serving as its vice-president and directing the New York branch. He died on January 28, 1917, and was buried in Mount Judah Cemetery, New York. His wife founded the 'Beth Abraham Home for the Incurably Sick' in the Bronx in his memory, which today is the Beth Abraham Hospital, part of the Montefiore Medical Center.","title":"RIETS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sefer HaRaal uPri Genusar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090320185343/http://www.hebrewbooks.org/root/data/pdfs/CPCR/056hareilcc.pdf"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"responsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsa"},{"link_name":"Tractate Berachot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Niddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"}],"text":"Sefer HaRaal uPri Genusar (Chicago, 1888) - a triple commentary on Maseches Bikkurim of the Talmud Yerushalmi, the first ever section of Talmud published in America\nunpublished responsa, as well as writings on Tractate Berachot of the Jerusalem Talmud and Tractate Niddah of the Babylonian Talmud\nseveral Torah articles in the Jerusalem rabbinic journal Ha-Measef","title":"Writings"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090320185343/http://www.hebrewbooks.org/root/data/pdfs/CPCR/056hareilcc.pdf","external_links_name":"Sefer HaRaal uPri Genusar"},{"Link":"http://www.riets.edu/riets/iData/torah_riets/tBio.asp?iParam=alperstein","external_links_name":"RIETS Rosh Yeshiva Gallery biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090320185342/http://www.hebrewbooks.org/root/data/pdfs/AS/toldotanshei.pdf","external_links_name":"Toldot Anshei Shem biography (Hebrew)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cgMCSrDxKGAC&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"Sherman, Moshe D. Orthodox Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000068359619","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/97387596","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007309457205171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Jacks	Apple Jacks	["1 Advertising","2 Nutrition","3 Cinnamon Jacks","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Breakfast cereal made by WK Kellogg Co For other uses, see Applejack. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Apple Jacks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Apple JacksKellogg's Apple Jacks – Sweetened Cereal with Apple & Cinnamon, with milkProduct typeBreakfast cerealOwnerWK Kellogg Co (US, Canada, Caribbean)Kellanova (rest of world)CountryUnited StatesIntroduced1965; 59 years ago (1965)Previous ownersKellogg Company (1965–2023)Websitekelloggs.com/applejacks Apple Jacks is an American brand of breakfast cereal that is produced by both successors to the original Kellogg's—WK Kellogg Co in the United States, Canadian, and Caribbean markets and Kellanova in the rest of the world. It was introduced to the U.S. as "Apple O's" in 1965 after being invented by college intern William Thilly. In 1971 the name "Apple Jacks" was put into action by advertisers. The product is described by Kellogg's as a "crunchy, sweetened multi-grain cereal with apple and cinnamon." Apple Jacks is one of the top four cereal brands marketed within stores and is most heavily marketed on Kellogg's internet platform. Originally, the Apple Jacks were only orange and O-shaped, until 1998 when the green O-shapes were added to the cereals. In a marketing promotion in December 2003, the green pieces changed their shape to X's for a few months. More recently, Apple Jacks has introduced New Apple Jacks "Crashers" – a unique cereal piece that replicates a mid-2007 advertising campaign when mascots Apple and CinnaMon were accidentally fused together. The latest (limited) edition, in 2010, are Apple Clones, with red pieces shaped like apples. In 2001, Apple Jacks was brought to Canada in a Limited Edition box. Apple Jacks were later released in Australia and can be found at Woolworths Supermarkets and Aldi, alongside Kellogg's Australia's Apple Jacks LCMs, a puffed rice snack bar with marshmallow flavour and Apple Jacks flavoured sprinkles. Advertising The first Apple Jacks mascot in the 1960s was "Apple Jack", a figure made from cutting a mouth onto an apple and applying a hat and pieces of cereal for eyes. Television advertisements featuring Apple Jack had the tagline “A bowl a day keeps the bullies away!”, but was later altered to “A bowl a day gives you energy to play!”. In the late 1960s the box depicted an "Apple Car" with pieces of cereal for wheels. Around 1971, the official mascots became "The Apple Jacks Kids", a simplistically drawn animated boy and girl. The commercials featured the children singing and tumbling around all day. Their reign lasted for 21 years, making them the most well-known Apple Jacks mascots and most universally associated with the cereal in the public's memory. During this time, the Apple Jacks jingle became an integral part of the ad campaign: "A is for apple, J is for Jacks, Cinnamon-toasty Apple Jacks!" This campaign was retired in 1992. Starting in 1992, there was an advertising campaign that featured children expressing their enjoyment of Apple Jacks, regardless of its lack of apple flavor. The slogan for this campaign became "We eat what we like". The shift toward marketing cereals directly at children signaled the growing recognition of children's influence on family purchases. The commercials took place in normal kid hang-outs, such as: at school, the garage, ballet class, and the kitchen, in the hall/hallway/door jamb, among others. In each commercial, a group of children are having Apple Jacks, when suddenly, some other people, such as adults or jealous kids, bash the group claiming it does not taste like apples and asks why they love it so much. The group then explains their love of the cereal usually by just saying, "We just do", and at the end of the commercial, would pose for a group Polaroid. As of 2004, the marketing mascots were a carefree Jamaican cinnamon stick named CinnaMon and an accident-prone apple named Bad Apple. Labeled as Apple Jacks Adventures in print advertising, the commercials focused on CinnaMon upstaging Bad Apple by reaching a bowl of Apple Jacks before he can, in spite of the apple's attempts to stop him. Bad Apple's antagonistic nature was later dropped due to complaints from non-profit health food organizations such as Center for Science in the Public Interest over the campaign discouraging children from eating fruit by antagonizing the Apple character, leading to Apple and CinnaMon being portrayed as highly competitive friends, both getting into the bowl. The campaign was slated to be retired in 2007, and replaced by a retread of the 1990s campaign focused on children, but fan response to Apple and CinnaMon helped them remain as the mascots. In 2007, Apple and CinnaMon were fused together with CinnaMon sticking through the center of Apple with both of their legs at the bottom of their body. They remained this way for a few of the commercials until they became unstuck by a special machine. In 2019, CinnaMon was renamed to “Cinnamon” and had his beanie and dreadlocks removed. The reason for this change was to avoid any racial connections, even though the character wasn’t supposed to be racist. In 2022, the Apple and Cinnamon characters were redesigned again. The new designs were spotted on sites like Walmart and Amazon. Nutrition According to the label on the box, in 2010, each 28 gram serving had 100 calories, three grams of dietary fiber, and 12 grams of sugar. Cinnamon Jacks In 2013, Kellogg's Apple Jacks introduced a new multi-grain cereal called "Cinnamon Jacks", with the cinnamon stick, CinnaMon, as its sole mascot. The cereal is flavored with brown sugar and cinnamon. See also Food portal List of breakfast cereals References ^ Stephanie Burt (February 7, 2018). "The Kellogg's Intern Who Created Apple Jacks". Extra Crispy. Retrieved August 4, 2020. Tilly was then a student at MIT and became a professor there in 1972, a position he still held as of "August 4, 2020".. ^ "Apple Jacks Facts" (PDF). Cerealfacts.org. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Apple Jacks History". May 16, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Apple Jacks Crashers Cereal". Mrbreakfast.com. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Apple Jacks Cereal - 10.1oz". CandyFunhouse.ca. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Apple Jacks Case Study \| PDF \| Advertising". Scribd.com. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Kellogg's Bad Apple Cartoon Causes Food Fights". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "SmartLabel". smartlabel.kelloggs.com. Retrieved July 15, 2019. ^ "Apple Jacks Ingredients". www.applejacks.com. Kellogg's. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022. ^ "Cinnamon Jacks Cereal". Mrbreakfast.com. Retrieved July 15, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Jacks. Official website vteWK Kellogg CoProducts and brands Kellogg's All-Bran Bear Naked Corn Flakes Crispix Froot Loops Frosted Flakes Frosted Mini-Wheats Honey Smacks/Smacks Kashi Rice Krispies Smart Start Special K Krave Corn Pops Raisin Bran Vector Apple Jacks Sponsorships Tony the Tiger Sun Bowl (2023-) Related Kellanova W. K. 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Fudge Famous Amos Vienna Fingers Kream Krunch Mini Swirlz Mother's Cookies Pep Product 19 Puffa Puffa Rice Ricicles Start Sunshine Biscuits Smorz Wheatables People John Harvey Kellogg Will Keith Kellogg Sponsorships Tony the Tiger Sun Bowl (2019–2023) Pop-Tarts Bowl (2020–) Cheez-It Citrus Bowl (2023–) Related WK Kellogg Co W. K. Kellogg Foundation Snap, Crackle and Pop Tony the Tiger Toucan Sam Kellogg's Cereal City USA 2021 Kellogg's strike Unfrosted Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Applejack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"breakfast cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_cereal"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s"},{"link_name":"WK Kellogg Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WK_Kellogg_Co"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Woolworths Supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Supermarkets"}],"text":"For other uses, see Applejack.Apple Jacks is an American brand of breakfast cereal that is produced by both successors to the original Kellogg's—WK Kellogg Co in the United States, Canadian, and Caribbean markets and Kellanova in the rest of the world. It was introduced to the U.S. as \"Apple O's\" in 1965 after being invented by college intern William Thilly.[1] In 1971 the name \"Apple Jacks\" was put into action by advertisers. The product is described by Kellogg's as a \"crunchy, sweetened multi-grain cereal with apple and cinnamon.\" Apple Jacks is one of the top four cereal brands marketed within stores and is most heavily marketed on Kellogg's internet platform.[2]Originally, the Apple Jacks were only orange and O-shaped, until 1998 when the green O-shapes were added to the cereals.[3] In a marketing promotion in December 2003, the green pieces changed their shape to X's for a few months.\nMore recently, Apple Jacks has introduced New Apple Jacks \"Crashers\" – a unique cereal piece that replicates a mid-2007 advertising campaign when mascots Apple and CinnaMon were accidentally fused together.[4] The latest (limited) edition, in 2010, are Apple Clones, with red pieces shaped like apples.In 2001, Apple Jacks was brought to Canada in a Limited Edition box.[5]Apple Jacks were later released in Australia and can be found at Woolworths Supermarkets and Aldi, alongside Kellogg's Australia's Apple Jacks LCMs, a puffed rice snack bar with marshmallow flavour and Apple Jacks flavoured sprinkles.","title":"Apple Jacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Polaroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_film"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Center for Science in the Public Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first Apple Jacks mascot in the 1960s was \"Apple Jack\", a figure made from cutting a mouth onto an apple and applying a hat and pieces of cereal for eyes.[citation needed]Television advertisements featuring Apple Jack had the tagline “A bowl a day keeps the bullies away!”, but was later altered to “A bowl a day gives you energy to play!”.[citation needed]In the late 1960s the box depicted an \"Apple Car\" with pieces of cereal for wheels.[citation needed]Around 1971, the official mascots became \"The Apple Jacks Kids\", a simplistically drawn animated boy and girl. The commercials featured the children singing and tumbling around all day. Their reign lasted for 21 years, making them the most well-known Apple Jacks mascots and most universally associated with the cereal in the public's memory. During this time, the Apple Jacks jingle became an integral part of the ad campaign: \"A is for apple, J is for Jacks, Cinnamon-toasty Apple Jacks!\" This campaign was retired in 1992.[citation needed]Starting in 1992, there was an advertising campaign that featured children expressing their enjoyment of Apple Jacks, regardless of its lack of apple flavor. The slogan for this campaign became \"We eat what we like\". The shift toward marketing cereals directly at children signaled the growing recognition of children's influence on family purchases. The commercials took place in normal kid hang-outs, such as: at school, the garage, ballet class, and the kitchen, in the hall/hallway/door jamb, among others. In each commercial, a group of children are having Apple Jacks, when suddenly, some other people, such as adults or jealous kids, bash the group claiming it does not taste like apples and asks why they love it so much. The group then explains their love of the cereal usually by just saying, \"We just do\", and at the end of the commercial, would pose for a group Polaroid.[6]As of 2004, the marketing mascots were a carefree Jamaican cinnamon stick named CinnaMon and an accident-prone apple named Bad Apple. Labeled as Apple Jacks Adventures in print advertising, the commercials focused on CinnaMon upstaging Bad Apple by reaching a bowl of Apple Jacks before he can, in spite of the apple's attempts to stop him. Bad Apple's antagonistic nature was later dropped due to complaints from non-profit health food organizations such as Center for Science in the Public Interest over the campaign discouraging children from eating fruit by antagonizing the Apple character, leading to Apple and CinnaMon being portrayed as highly competitive friends, both getting into the bowl. The campaign was slated to be retired in 2007, and replaced by a retread of the 1990s campaign focused on children, but fan response to Apple and CinnaMon helped them remain as the mascots.[7] In 2007, Apple and CinnaMon were fused together with CinnaMon sticking through the center of Apple with both of their legs at the bottom of their body. They remained this way for a few of the commercials until they became unstuck by a special machine.In 2019, CinnaMon was renamed to “Cinnamon” and had his beanie and dreadlocks removed. The reason for this change was to avoid any racial connections, even though the character wasn’t supposed to be racist.[tone][citation needed]In 2022, the Apple and Cinnamon characters were redesigned again. The new designs were spotted on sites like Walmart and Amazon.[citation needed]","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_calorie#Food_labels"},{"link_name":"dietary fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"According to the label on the box, in 2010, each 28 gram serving had 100 calories, three grams of dietary fiber, and 12 grams of sugar.[8] [9]","title":"Nutrition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2013, Kellogg's Apple Jacks introduced a new multi-grain cereal called \"Cinnamon Jacks\", with the cinnamon stick, CinnaMon, as its sole mascot.[10] The cereal is flavored with brown sugar and cinnamon.","title":"Cinnamon Jacks"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"List of breakfast cereals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breakfast_cereals"}]	[{"reference":"Stephanie Burt (February 7, 2018). \"The Kellogg's Intern Who Created Apple Jacks\". 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Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mrbreakfast.com/cereal_detail.asp?id=1092","url_text":"\"Apple Jacks Crashers Cereal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Jacks Cereal - 10.1oz\". CandyFunhouse.ca. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://candyfunhouse.ca/products/apple-jacks-cereal","url_text":"\"Apple Jacks Cereal - 10.1oz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Jacks Case Study \| PDF \| Advertising\". Scribd.com. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/274345178/Apple-Jacks-Case-Study","url_text":"\"Apple Jacks Case Study \| PDF \| Advertising\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kellogg's Bad Apple Cartoon Causes Food Fights\". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Business/story?id=962115&page=1","url_text":"\"Kellogg's Bad Apple Cartoon Causes Food Fights\""}]},{"reference":"\"SmartLabel\". smartlabel.kelloggs.com. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://smartlabel.kelloggs.com/en_US/Product/Index/00038000029615","url_text":"\"SmartLabel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Jacks Ingredients\". www.applejacks.com. Kellogg's. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.applejacks.com/en_US/products/kellogg-s-apple-jacks-cereal-product.html","url_text":"\"Apple Jacks Ingredients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cinnamon Jacks Cereal\". Mrbreakfast.com. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mrbreakfast.com/cereal_detail.asp?id=1492","url_text":"\"Cinnamon Jacks Cereal\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Apple+Jacks%22","external_links_name":"\"Apple Jacks\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Apple+Jacks%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Apple+Jacks%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Apple+Jacks%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Apple+Jacks%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Apple+Jacks%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.kelloggs.com/en_US/brands/apple-jacks-consumer-brand.html","external_links_name":"kelloggs.com/applejacks"},{"Link":"http://www.extracrispy.com/food/2159/the-kelloggs-intern-who-created-apple-jacks","external_links_name":"\"The Kellogg's Intern Who Created Apple Jacks\""},{"Link":"https://be.mit.edu/directory/william-g-thilly","external_links_name":"\"August 4, 2020\""},{"Link":"http://cerealfacts.org/media/FACTS-Sheets-pdfs/AppleJacksFACTS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Apple Jacks Facts\""},{"Link":"https://wearecereal.wordpress.com/2016/05/16/apple-jacks/","external_links_name":"\"Apple Jacks History\""},{"Link":"https://www.mrbreakfast.com/cereal_detail.asp?id=1092","external_links_name":"\"Apple Jacks Crashers Cereal\""},{"Link":"https://candyfunhouse.ca/products/apple-jacks-cereal","external_links_name":"\"Apple Jacks Cereal - 10.1oz\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/document/274345178/Apple-Jacks-Case-Study","external_links_name":"\"Apple Jacks Case Study \| PDF \| Advertising\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Business/story?id=962115&page=1","external_links_name":"\"Kellogg's Bad Apple Cartoon Causes Food Fights\""},{"Link":"http://smartlabel.kelloggs.com/en_US/Product/Index/00038000029615","external_links_name":"\"SmartLabel\""},{"Link":"https://www.applejacks.com/en_US/products/kellogg-s-apple-jacks-cereal-product.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple Jacks Ingredients\""},{"Link":"https://www.mrbreakfast.com/cereal_detail.asp?id=1492","external_links_name":"\"Cinnamon Jacks Cereal\""},{"Link":"https://www.kelloggs.com/en_US/brands/apple-jacks-consumer-brand.html","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Community_Colleges_Athletic_Conference	Louisiana Community Colleges Athletic Conference	["1 Member schools","1.1 Current members","1.2 Former members","2 See also","3 Resources"]	Junior college athletic conference Louisiana Community Colleges Athletic Conference (LCCAC)AssociationNJCAAFounded1971Sports fielded 18 (10 men's, 8 women's) No. of teams5HeadquartersNew Orleans, LouisianaRegionLouisiana – Region 23 The Louisiana Community Colleges Athletic Conference (LCCAC) is a member conference of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). It, along with the MACJC, are members of Region XXIII (or Region 23). The conference was once known as the MISS-LOU Junior College Conference, up until its name change in early 2019. The members of the LCCAC do not have football programs whereas the members of the MACJC do. The LCCAC is a junior college conference for many technical and community colleges. Conference championships are held in most sports and individuals can be named to All-Conference and All-Academic teams. At one time, Meridian Community College in Meridian, Mississippi was a member of the LCCAC, however MCC left the conference in 2002 for the MACJC in order to cut travel expenses. Member schools Current members The LCCAC currently has five full members, all are public schools: Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined Baton Rouge Community College Baton Rouge 1995 Public 8,000 Bears ? Delgado Community College New Orleans 1921 Public 19,000 Dolphins ? Louisiana State University at Eunice Eunice 1964 Public 4,074 Bengals ? Nunez Community College Chalmette 1992 Public 2,166 Pelicans ? Southern University at Shreveport Shreveport 1967 Public 3,014 Jaguars ? Notes ^ All locations are within the State of Louisiana. ^ a b c Part of the Louisiana Community and Technical College System. ^ Part of the Louisiana State University System. ^ Part of the Southern University System. Former members The LCCAC had one former full member, which was also a public school: Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined Left Currentconference Bossier Parish Community College Bossier City 1966 Public 5,727 Cavaliers ? ? Southwest (SJCC)(NJCAA Region XIV) Notes ^ All locations are within the State of Louisiana. ^ Part of the Louisiana Community and Technical College System. See also National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) NJCAA Region 23 Mississippi Association of Community & Junior Colleges, also in NJCAA Region 23 Resources NJCAA Website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Junior College Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"MACJC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Association_of_Community_%26_Junior_Colleges"},{"link_name":"Meridian Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Meridian, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"MACJC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Association_of_Community_%26_Junior_Colleges_Athletic_Conference"}],"text":"The Louisiana Community Colleges Athletic Conference (LCCAC) is a member conference of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). It, along with the MACJC, are members of Region XXIII (or Region 23).The conference was once known as the MISS-LOU Junior College Conference, up until its name change in early 2019.The members of the LCCAC do not have football programs whereas the members of the MACJC do.The LCCAC is a junior college conference for many technical and community colleges. Conference championships are held in most sports and individuals can be named to All-Conference and All-Academic teams. At one time, Meridian Community College in Meridian, Mississippi was a member of the LCCAC, however MCC left the conference in 2002 for the MACJC in order to cut travel expenses.","title":"Louisiana Community Colleges Athletic Conference"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Member schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LCTCS_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LCTCS_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LCTCS_2-2"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Community and Technical College System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Community_and_Technical_College_System"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LSU_3-0"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_System"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SoU_4-0"},{"link_name":"Southern University System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University_System"}],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"The LCCAC currently has five full members, all are public schools:Notes^ All locations are within the State of Louisiana.\n\n^ a b c Part of the Louisiana Community and Technical College System.\n\n^ Part of the Louisiana State University System.\n\n^ Part of the Southern University System.","title":"Member schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LCTCS_6-0"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Community and Technical College System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Community_and_Technical_College_System"}],"sub_title":"Former members","text":"The LCCAC had one former full member, which was also a public school:Notes^ All locations are within the State of Louisiana.\n\n^ Part of the Louisiana Community and Technical College System.","title":"Member schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NJCAA Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.njcaa.org/"}],"text":"NJCAA Website","title":"Resources"}]	[]	[{"title":"National Junior College Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association"},{"title":"NJCAA Region 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJCAA_Region_23"},{"title":"Mississippi Association of Community & Junior Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Association_of_Community_%26_Junior_Colleges"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.njcaa.org/","external_links_name":"NJCAA Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuva_karneval!	Ljuva karneval!	["1 Context","2 Book","2.1 Overview","2.2 Table of contents","2.3 Illustrations","2.4 Publication history","3 Reception","4 References","5 Bibliography"]	2005 book about Carl Michael Bellman by Lars Lönnroth Ljuva karneval! Om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning Cover of 1st editionAuthorLars LönnrothIllustratorvarious artistsCover artistAntoine WatteauLanguageSwedishSubjectCarl Michael BellmanGenreLiterary criticismPublished2005PublisherAlbert Bonniers FörlagMedia typehardbackPages405ISBN978-9100572457 Ljuva karneval! (Sweet Carnival!) is a 2005 book about the work of Sweden's national bard, the 18th century poet and performer Carl Michael Bellman, by the Swedish literary scholar Lars Lönnroth. Bellman is the central figure in Swedish song, known in particular for his 1790 collection, Fredman's Epistles. Lönnroth, who has studied Bellman since the 1960s, aims to give an overview of Bellman's work, describing the essence of Bellman's art: giving a frolicking one-man performance, religious or profane, through adapted tunes, imitated crowd sounds and speech in different languages, and songs in varied genres. He distinguishes carefully between the art and the person of Bellman, who in his view was by no means as drunken and debauched as the cast of his Epistles. The text is illustrated with a selection, admired by critics, of halftone images of drawings, engravings, paintings, and sculptures. The book has been well received by critics, who write that Lönnroth brings Bellman to life as a performance artist. They have praised its coverage of the Epistles as well as of Bellman's lesser-known works, and suggested that it will become the standard reference on his poetry. Context Carl Michael Bellman is the central figure in Swedish song, known principally for his 1790 Fredman's Epistles and his 1791 Fredman's Songs. Bellman played the cittern, accompanying himself as he performed his songs at the royal court. Fredman's Epistles is a collection of 82 poems set to music; it depicts everything from Rococo-themed pastorale with a cast of gods and demigods from classical antiquity to laments for the effects of Brännvin-drinking, tavern-scenes, and apparent improvisations. The lyrics, based on the lives of Bellman's contemporaries in Gustavian-age Sweden, describe a gallery of fictional and semi-fictional characters and events in Stockholm. Jean Fredman, an alcoholic former watchmaker, is the central character and fictional narrator. Fredman's Songs is a mixed collection of songs, some on the same themes as the Epistles – love, drinking, and death, some loyally royalist, some to his friends, some pastoral, and some humorously biblical. Lars Lönnroth is a Swedish literary scholar who has studied Bellman for over 40 years, having gained his PhD at the University of Stockholm in 1965. He has been a professor of literature at the University of California Berkeley, the University of Aalborg and the University of Gothenburg. Book Overview Lönnroth views Bellman as depicting life as a carnival, choosing this painting attributed to Antonio Verrio, Comédie-Française, 1670 for the inside front cover. Lönnroth states that his book has two goals: to give an overview of Bellman's work in the light of modern scholarship, and to point up what he believes essential in Bellman's art: "a way of combining different genres, whether religious or profane, into a wholly new type of one-man performance, a frolicking masquerade with continuous switching between forms of expression." In Lönnroth's view, the popular opinion that Bellman was always portraying himself in his work, so that he must have been a riotously drunken and debauched character like the cast of Fredmans Epistles, is mistaken. Instead, Bellman depicted his world as a sort of carnival. People play at worshipping Bacchus, the god of wine, and Venus, the goddess of love, splendidly attired in masquerade costume, but grief-stricken at life's sorrows under their painted masks. In Lönnroth's opinion, Bellman too concealed himself behind many masks, working as a troubadour to entertain people with songs and imitated voices in drinking-places, accompanying himself on his cittern, but also taking on other roles such as satirist, religious poet, and court playwright. Lönnroth describes how Bellman's varied performance skills enabled him to construct the highly original and complex Fredman's Epistles, ingeniously contrasting the classically sublime and romantic with the mundane and absurd world of 18th century Stockholm. Table of contents The world as a masquerade Pupil in the temple Satirical moralist Swedish Anacreon In company with Old Man Noah Musical comedy on shepherds and antiheroes The Order of Bacchus Fredman, the apostle of brandy Fredman's transformations Court poet Bacchi Tempel Blind alleys Fredman's Epistles completed End of the masquerade Epilogue Illustrations Illustration by Elias Martin of drunken celebrations by the "Order of Bacchus" from Bellman's Bacchi Tempel, 1783, engraved by his brother Johan Fredrik Martin. The book is illustrated with halftone plates in the text, mostly of contemporary paintings of Bellman and his world by artists such as Elias Martin and Johan Tobias Sergel. The Epilogue is illustrated with a double-page spread of halftone photographs of musicians such as Fred Åkerström, Sven-Bertil Taube, Cornelis Vreeswijk and Martin Bagge interpreting Bellman's work. Inger Dahlman, reviewing the book, describes the collection of images illustrating the book as "fabulous". The dust jacket shows Antoine Watteau's 1717 painting The Embarkation for Cythera. Additional colour plates are inside the front and rear covers, showing the Comedie Francaise by an anonymous artist in 1670, and Elias Martin's 1792 illustration of Bellman welcoming Erik and Gustava Palmstedt on Gustava's birthday. Publication history The book was published in 2005 as a 405-page hardback by Albert Bonniers Förlag. Reception Reviewing Ljuva karneval! for Gotlands Allehanda, Inger Dahlman wrote that Lönnroth was dispelling the dominant 200 year old myth created by Johan Henric Kellgren that Bellman was always speaking for himself in Fredman's Epistles, whereas the reverse was the case, he uninterruptedly played carefully-crafted roles. Dahlman comments that Lönnroth appears to be irritated by people who imagine they can write biographies of Bellman from the bard's own writings, and that he is certainly right about that; but that all the same, one can still glimpse a "careless, friendly, proud, ingenious and tormented man" behind the many masks. Lönnroth shows that Carl Michael Bellman was above all an entertainer, playing many roles. Painting of Bellman entertaining King Gustav III, by Albert Edelfelt, 1884. Anders Cullhed, writing in Dagens Nyheter, notes that Bellman was not just a poet but a skilled mimic and bard, and that in the book, Lönnroth brings to life Bellman as a performance artist. Cullhed calls it remarkable that a "small land on Europe's cultural periphery" should have so many fine poets, of whom Bellman was the greatest; only Gunnar Ekelöf outgrew his boundaries in a comparable way, and scholars had struggled to capture Bellman's chameleon-like nature. Cullhed comments that Lönnroth touches so briefly on so many texts that depth can be lacking; and his attempt not to make the book a biography hadn't worked as the path of Bellman's life is visible from start to end. But overall, in his view, Lönnroth brings to light Bellman's experimental, genre-crossing creativity, in a book that is "a pleasure to read" and clearly the product of decades of research. Torkel Stålmarck writes in Samlaren that Lönnroth had contributed to Bellman research since the 1960s. In his view, the "carnival" of the title sums up the book's view of Bellman's life and times, a constant masquerade, central to his art, a one-man exhibition "where the bard performs a kind of musical comedy for the audience with scenes depicting both 'high' and 'low' characters". Stålmarck states that Fredmans Epistles rightly take a central place in the book, but that Bellman's lesser-known works, like Bacchi Tempel, are also covered, offering the reader something new and surprising. Per Olsen, reviewing the book for the Danish Bellman Society, calls it an ambitious, synoptic, and successful decoding of the whole of Bellman's varied output, its genres, themes, language and style. Olsen notes that the title alludes to an early poem by Bellman from 1763, containing the lines "Du liufva carnaval,/Du lindrar sorg og kval" (You sweet carnival, you heal sorrow and pain), and "Vår värld är en maskrad,/Där mången synes glad,/Men gråter under masken…" (Our world is a masked ball, where many look happy, but are crying under their masks). Johan Stenström, reviewing the book for Svenska Dagbladet, wrote that Lönnroth's book on the national bard would become the standard reference for understanding Bellman's poetry. References ^ a b c "Carl Michael Bellmans liv och verk. En minibiografi" (in Swedish). The Bellman Society. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ Britten Austin, Paul (1967). The Life and Songs of Carl Michael Bellman: Genius of the Swedish Rococo. New York: Allhem, Malmö American-Scandinavian Foundation. pp. 60–93. ISBN 978-3-932759-00-0. ^ Lena Jönsson, ed. (1993). "Lönnroth, Lars". Vem är det. Svensk biografisk handbok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. Retrieved 4 August 2017. ^ Lönnroth 2005, p. 9. ^ a b c Dahlman, Inger (15 April 2005). "Gamla myter avlivas" . Gotlands Allehanda (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021. ^ Lönnroth 2005, p. 4. ^ "Ljuva karneval! Om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning". Albert Bonniers Förlag. Retrieved 13 January 2021. ^ Cullhed, Anders (2 March 2005). "Karnevalisk cross-over" . Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021. ^ a b Stålmarck, Torkel (12 June 2005). "Lars Lönnroth, Ljuva karneval! Om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning. Albert Bonniers Förlag. Stockholm 2005" (PDF). Samlaren. Svenska Litteratursällskapet: 441–443. ^ a b Olsen, Per (May 2014). "Herlige karneval!" (PDF). Meddelelser Fra Selskabet Bellman I Danmark (81): 11–17. ^ Stenström, Johan (22 March 2005). "Bellman bakom maskerna" . Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 14 January 2021. Bibliography Lönnroth, Lars (2005). Ljuva karneval! : om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning (in Swedish). Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag. ISBN 978-91-0-057245-7. OCLC 61881374. vteCarl Michael BellmanWorksFredmans epistlar(List) 2: Nå skruva Fiolen 3: Fader Berg i hornet stöter 5: Käre bröder, så låtom oss supa i frid 7: Fram med basfiolen, knäpp och skruva 9: Käraste Bröder Systrar och Vänner 12: Gråt Fader Berg och spela 23: Ack du min moder 24: Kära syster 25: Blåsen nu alla 28: I går såg jag ditt barn, min Fröja 33: Stolta Stad! 35: Bröderna fara väl vilse ibland 36: Vår Ulla låg i sängen och sov 40: Ge rum i Bröllopsgåln din hund! 43: Värm mer Öl och Bröd 45: Tjenare Mollberg, hur är det fatt? 48: Solen glimmar blank och trind 51: Movitz blåste en konsert 63: Fader Bergström 71: Ulla! min Ulla! Säj får jag dig bjuda 72: Glimmande nymf 79: Charon i Luren tutar 80: Liksom en herdinna 81: Märk hur vår skugga 82: Hvila vid denna källa Fredmans sånger 6: Hör klockorna med ängsligt dån 21: Så lunka vi så småningom 31: Opp Amaryllis! 32: Träd fram du Nattens Gud (Aftonkväde) 35: Gubben Noak 64: Fjäriln vingad syns på Haga Other Bacchi Tempel Characters Barbara Ekenberg Jean Fredman Lovisa von Plat Ulla Winblad / Maria Kristina Kiellström Helena Quiding Interpreters,Albums 1960, 1963 Fredmans Epistlar & Sånger Sjungna Av Sven-Bertil Taube William Clauson 1963 sjunger Carl Michael Bellman Fred Åkerström 1969 Fred sjunger Bellman 1974 Glimmande nymf 1977 Vila vid denna källa Martin Bagge Sven-Bertil Taube Cornelis Vreeswijk 1971 Spring mot Ulla, spring! Cornelis sjunger Bellman 1977 Movitz! Movitz! Martin Best 1982 Songs of Carl Michael Bellman Mikael Samuelson 1988 Music of Carl Michael Bellman Scholars,Translators Paul Britten Austin Carina Burman 2019 Bellman. Biografin Lars Lönnroth 2005 Ljuva karneval! Hendrik Willem van Loon James Massengale Michael Roberts Charles Wharton Stork Other Institutions Bellmanmuseet Bellmansällskapet Par Bricole Illustrators Elis Chiewitz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Lars Lönnroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B6nnroth"},{"link_name":"Fredman's Epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredman%27s_Epistles"}],"text":"2005 book about Carl Michael Bellman by Lars LönnrothLjuva karneval! (Sweet Carnival!) is a 2005 book about the work of Sweden's national bard, the 18th century poet and performer Carl Michael Bellman, by the Swedish literary scholar Lars Lönnroth. Bellman is the central figure in Swedish song, known in particular for his 1790 collection, Fredman's Epistles. Lönnroth, who has studied Bellman since the 1960s, aims to give an overview of Bellman's work, describing the essence of Bellman's art: giving a frolicking one-man performance, religious or profane, through adapted tunes, imitated crowd sounds and speech in different languages, and songs in varied genres. He distinguishes carefully between the art and the person of Bellman, who in his view was by no means as drunken and debauched as the cast of his Epistles.The text is illustrated with a selection, admired by critics, of halftone images of drawings, engravings, paintings, and sculptures.The book has been well received by critics, who write that Lönnroth brings Bellman to life as a performance artist. They have praised its coverage of the Epistles as well as of Bellman's lesser-known works, and suggested that it will become the standard reference on his \npoetry.","title":"Ljuva karneval!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Fredman's Epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredmans_epistlar"},{"link_name":"Fredman's Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredmans_s%C3%A5nger"},{"link_name":"cittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cittern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BellmanSoc-1"},{"link_name":"a collection of 82 poems set to music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fredman%27s_Epistles"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"pastorale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastorale"},{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Brännvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnvin"},{"link_name":"tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"improvisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation"},{"link_name":"Gustavian-age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavian_age"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Jean Fredman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fredman"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BellmanSoc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BellmanSoc-1"},{"link_name":"Lars Lönnroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B6nnroth"},{"link_name":"University of Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"University of California Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"University of Aalborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aalborg"},{"link_name":"University of Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vem-1993-3"}],"text":"Carl Michael Bellman is the central figure in Swedish song, known principally for his 1790 Fredman's Epistles and his 1791 Fredman's Songs. Bellman played the cittern, accompanying himself as he performed his songs at the royal court.[1]Fredman's Epistles is a collection of 82 poems set to music; it depicts everything from Rococo-themed pastorale with a cast of gods and demigods from classical antiquity to laments for the effects of Brännvin-drinking, tavern-scenes, and apparent improvisations. The lyrics, based on the lives of Bellman's contemporaries in Gustavian-age Sweden, describe a gallery of fictional and semi-fictional characters and events in Stockholm. Jean Fredman, an alcoholic former watchmaker, is the central character and fictional narrator.[1][2]Fredman's Songs is a mixed collection of songs, some on the same themes as the Epistles – love, drinking, and death, some loyally royalist, some to his friends, some pastoral, and some humorously biblical.[1]Lars Lönnroth is a Swedish literary scholar who has studied Bellman for over 40 years, having gained his PhD at the University of Stockholm in 1965. He has been a professor of literature at the University of California Berkeley, the University of Aalborg and the University of Gothenburg.[3]","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_French_and_Italian_Comedians,_1670_Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antonio Verrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Verrio"},{"link_name":"Comédie-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B6nnroth20059-4"},{"link_name":"Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"cittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cittern"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"Lönnroth views Bellman as depicting life as a carnival, choosing this painting attributed to Antonio Verrio, Comédie-Française, 1670 for the inside front cover.Lönnroth states that his book has two goals: to give an overview of Bellman's work in the light of modern scholarship, and to point up what he believes essential in Bellman's art: \"a way of combining different genres, whether religious or profane, into a wholly new type of one-man performance, a frolicking masquerade with continuous switching between forms of expression.\"[4]In Lönnroth's view, the popular opinion that Bellman was always portraying himself in his work, so that he must have been a riotously drunken and debauched character like the cast of Fredmans Epistles, is mistaken. Instead, Bellman depicted his world as a sort of carnival. People play at worshipping Bacchus, the god of wine, and Venus, the goddess of love, splendidly attired in masquerade costume, but grief-stricken at life's sorrows under their painted masks. In Lönnroth's opinion, Bellman too concealed himself behind many masks, working as a troubadour to entertain people with songs and imitated voices in drinking-places, accompanying himself on his cittern, but also taking on other roles such as satirist, religious poet, and court playwright. Lönnroth describes how Bellman's varied performance skills enabled him to construct the highly original and complex Fredman's Epistles, ingeniously contrasting the classically sublime and romantic with the mundane and absurd world of 18th century Stockholm.","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anacreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacreon"},{"link_name":"Old Man Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubben_Noak"},{"link_name":"The Order of Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchi_orden"},{"link_name":"Fredman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredman"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnvin"},{"link_name":"Bacchi Tempel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchi_Tempel"},{"link_name":"Fredman's Epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredman%27s_Epistles"}],"sub_title":"Table of contents","text":"The world as a masquerade\nPupil in the temple\nSatirical moralist\nSwedish Anacreon\nIn company with Old Man Noah\nMusical comedy on shepherds and antiheroes\nThe Order of Bacchus\nFredman, the apostle of brandy\nFredman's transformations\nCourt poet\nBacchi Tempel\nBlind alleys\nFredman's Epistles completed\nEnd of the masquerade\nEpilogue","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacchi_Tempel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elias Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Martin"},{"link_name":"Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus"},{"link_name":"Bacchi Tempel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchi_Tempel"},{"link_name":"Johan Fredrik Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Fredrik_Martin"},{"link_name":"Elias Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Martin"},{"link_name":"Johan Tobias Sergel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Tobias_Sergel"},{"link_name":"Fred Åkerström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_%C3%85kerstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Sven-Bertil Taube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-Bertil_Taube"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Vreeswijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Vreeswijk"},{"link_name":"Martin Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bagge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dahlman_2005-5"},{"link_name":"Antoine Watteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Watteau"},{"link_name":"The Embarkation for Cythera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Embarkation_for_Cythera"},{"link_name":"Comedie Francaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedie_Francaise"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B6nnroth20054-6"}],"sub_title":"Illustrations","text":"Illustration by Elias Martin of drunken celebrations by the \"Order of Bacchus\" from Bellman's Bacchi Tempel, 1783, engraved by his brother Johan Fredrik Martin.The book is illustrated with halftone plates in the text, mostly of contemporary paintings of Bellman and his world by artists such as Elias Martin and Johan Tobias Sergel. The Epilogue is illustrated with a double-page spread of halftone photographs of musicians such as Fred Åkerström, Sven-Bertil Taube, Cornelis Vreeswijk and Martin Bagge interpreting Bellman's work. Inger Dahlman, reviewing the book, describes the collection of images illustrating the book as \"fabulous\".[5]The dust jacket shows Antoine Watteau's 1717 painting The Embarkation for Cythera. Additional colour plates are inside the front and rear covers, showing the Comedie Francaise by an anonymous artist in 1670, and Elias Martin's 1792 illustration of Bellman welcoming Erik and Gustava Palmstedt on Gustava's birthday.[6]","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Bonniers Förlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bonniers_F%C3%B6rlag"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonniers-7"}],"sub_title":"Publication history","text":"The book was published in 2005 as a 405-page hardback by Albert Bonniers Förlag.[7]","title":"Book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotlands Allehanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotlands_Allehanda"},{"link_name":"Johan Henric Kellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Henric_Kellgren"},{"link_name":"Fredman's Epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredman%27s_Epistles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dahlman_2005-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Bellman_Playing_the_Lute_for_Gustaf_III_of_Sweden_and_G.M._Armfelt_in_Haga_Park,_sketch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dahlman_2005-5"},{"link_name":"King Gustav III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Gustav_III"},{"link_name":"Albert Edelfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt"},{"link_name":"Dagens Nyheter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Ekelöf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Ekel%C3%B6f"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullhed_2005-8"},{"link_name":"Samlaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samlaren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samlaren"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St%C3%A5lmarck_2005-9"},{"link_name":"Bacchi Tempel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchi_Tempel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St%C3%A5lmarck_2005-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olsen_2014-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olsen_2014-10"},{"link_name":"Svenska Dagbladet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stenstr%C3%B6m_2005-11"}],"text":"Reviewing Ljuva karneval! for Gotlands Allehanda, Inger Dahlman wrote that Lönnroth was dispelling the dominant 200 year old myth created by Johan Henric Kellgren that Bellman was always speaking for himself in Fredman's Epistles, whereas the reverse was the case, he uninterruptedly played carefully-crafted roles. Dahlman comments that Lönnroth appears to be irritated by people who imagine they can write biographies of Bellman from the bard's own writings, and that he is certainly right about that; but that all the same, one can still glimpse a \"careless, friendly, proud, ingenious and tormented man\" behind the many masks.[5]Lönnroth shows that Carl Michael Bellman was above all an entertainer, playing many roles.[5] Painting of Bellman entertaining King Gustav III, by Albert Edelfelt, 1884.Anders Cullhed, writing in Dagens Nyheter, notes that Bellman was not just a poet but a skilled mimic and bard, and that in the book, Lönnroth brings to life Bellman as a performance artist. Cullhed calls it remarkable that a \"small land on Europe's cultural periphery\" should have so many fine poets, of whom Bellman was the greatest; only Gunnar Ekelöf outgrew his boundaries in a comparable way, and scholars had struggled to capture Bellman's chameleon-like nature. Cullhed comments that Lönnroth touches so briefly on so many texts that depth can be lacking; and his attempt not to make the book a biography hadn't worked as the path of Bellman's life is visible from start to end. But overall, in his view, Lönnroth brings to light Bellman's experimental, genre-crossing creativity, in a book that is \"a pleasure to read\" and clearly the product of decades of research.[8]Torkel Stålmarck writes in Samlaren [sv] that Lönnroth had contributed to Bellman research since the 1960s. In his view, the \"carnival\" of the title sums up the book's view of Bellman's life and times, a constant masquerade, central to his art, a one-man exhibition \"where the bard performs a kind of musical comedy for the audience with scenes depicting both 'high' and 'low' characters\".[9] Stålmarck states that Fredmans Epistles rightly take a central place in the book, but that Bellman's lesser-known works, like Bacchi Tempel, are also covered, offering the reader something new and surprising.[9]Per Olsen, reviewing the book for the Danish Bellman Society, calls it an ambitious, synoptic, and successful decoding of the whole of Bellman's varied output, its genres, themes, language and style.[10] Olsen notes that the title alludes to an early poem by Bellman from 1763, containing the lines \"Du liufva carnaval,/Du lindrar sorg og kval\" (You sweet carnival, you heal sorrow and pain), and \"Vår värld är en maskrad,/Där mången synes glad,/Men gråter under masken…\" (Our world is a masked ball, where many look happy, but are crying under their masks).[10]Johan Stenström, reviewing the book for Svenska Dagbladet, wrote that Lönnroth's book on the national bard would become the standard reference for understanding Bellman's poetry.[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lönnroth, Lars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B6nnroth"},{"link_name":"Albert Bonniers Förlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bonniers_F%C3%B6rlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-91-0-057245-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-0-057245-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"61881374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61881374"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Fredmans epistlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredmans_epistlar"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fredman%27s_Epistles"},{"link_name":"Nå skruva Fiolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A5_skruva_Fiolen"},{"link_name":"Fader Berg i hornet stöter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fader_Berg_i_hornet_st%C3%B6ter"},{"link_name":"Käre bröder, så låtom oss supa i frid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4re_br%C3%B6der,_s%C3%A5_l%C3%A5tom_oss_supa_i_frid"},{"link_name":"Fram med basfiolen, knäpp och skruva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram_med_basfiolen,_kn%C3%A4pp_och_skruva"},{"link_name":"Käraste Bröder Systrar och Vänner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4raste_Br%C3%B6der_Systrar_och_V%C3%A4nner"},{"link_name":"Gråt Fader Berg och spela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A5t_Fader_Berg_och_spela"},{"link_name":"Ack du min moder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ack_du_min_moder"},{"link_name":"Kära syster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ra_syster"},{"link_name":"Blåsen nu alla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5sen_nu_alla"},{"link_name":"I går såg jag ditt barn, min Fröja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_g%C3%A5r_s%C3%A5g_jag_ditt_barn,_min_Fr%C3%B6ja"},{"link_name":"Stolta Stad!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolta_Stad!"},{"link_name":"Bröderna fara väl vilse ibland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6derna_fara_v%C3%A4l_vilse_ibland"},{"link_name":"Vår Ulla låg i sängen och sov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5r_Ulla_l%C3%A5g_i_s%C3%A4ngen_och_sov"},{"link_name":"Ge rum i Bröllopsgåln din hund!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_rum_i_Br%C3%B6llopsg%C3%A5ln_din_hund!"},{"link_name":"Värm mer Öl och Bröd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rm_mer_%C3%96l_och_Br%C3%B6d"},{"link_name":"Tjenare Mollberg, hur är det fatt?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjenare_Mollberg,_hur_%C3%A4r_det_fatt%3F"},{"link_name":"Solen glimmar blank och trind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solen_glimmar_blank_och_trind"},{"link_name":"Movitz blåste en konsert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movitz_bl%C3%A5ste_en_konsert"},{"link_name":"Fader Bergström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fader_Bergstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Ulla! min Ulla! Säj får jag dig bjuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla!_min_Ulla!_S%C3%A4j_f%C3%A5r_jag_dig_bjuda"},{"link_name":"Glimmande nymf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimmande_nymf"},{"link_name":"Charon i Luren tutar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_i_Luren_tutar"},{"link_name":"Liksom en herdinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liksom_en_Herdinna,_h%C3%B6gtids_kl%C3%A4dd"},{"link_name":"Märk hur vår skugga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rk_hur_v%C3%A5r_skugga"},{"link_name":"Hvila vid denna källa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvila_vid_denna_k%C3%A4lla"},{"link_name":"Fredmans sånger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredmans_s%C3%A5nger"},{"link_name":"Hör klockorna med ängsligt dån","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6r_klockorna_med_%C3%A4ngsligt_d%C3%A5n"},{"link_name":"Så lunka vi så småningom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5_lunka_vi_s%C3%A5_sm%C3%A5ningom"},{"link_name":"Opp Amaryllis!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opp_Amaryllis!"},{"link_name":"Träd fram du Nattens Gud (Aftonkväde)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4d_fram_du_Nattens_Gud"},{"link_name":"Gubben Noak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubben_Noak"},{"link_name":"Fjäriln vingad syns på Haga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4riln_vingad_syns_p%C3%A5_Haga"},{"link_name":"Bacchi Tempel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchi_Tempel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Michael_Bellman,_portrayed_by_Per_Krafft_1779.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barbara Ekenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Ekenberg"},{"link_name":"Jean Fredman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fredman"},{"link_name":"Lovisa von Plat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovisa_von_Plat"},{"link_name":"Ulla Winblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla_Winblad"},{"link_name":"Maria Kristina Kiellström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kristina_Kiellstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Helena Quiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Quiding"},{"link_name":"Fredmans Epistlar & Sånger Sjungna Av Sven-Bertil Taube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredmans_Epistlar_%26_S%C3%A5nger_Sjungna_Av_Sven-Bertil_Taube"},{"link_name":"William Clauson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clauson"},{"link_name":"sjunger Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clauson_sjunger_Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Fred Åkerström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_%C3%85kerstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Fred sjunger Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_sjunger_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Glimmande nymf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimmande_nymf_(album)"},{"link_name":"Vila vid denna källa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_vid_denna_k%C3%A4lla_(album)"},{"link_name":"Martin Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bagge"},{"link_name":"Sven-Bertil Taube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-Bertil_Taube"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Vreeswijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Vreeswijk"},{"link_name":"Spring mot Ulla, spring! Cornelis sjunger Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_mot_Ulla,_spring!_Cornelis_sjunger_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Movitz! Movitz!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movitz!_Movitz!"},{"link_name":"Martin Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Best"},{"link_name":"Songs of Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_Carl_Michael_Bellman_(Martin_Best)"},{"link_name":"Mikael Samuelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"Music of Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Carl_Michael_Bellman_(Mikael_Samuelson)"},{"link_name":"Paul Britten Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Britten_Austin"},{"link_name":"Carina Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina_Burman"},{"link_name":"Bellman. Biografin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman._Biografin"},{"link_name":"Lars Lönnroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B6nnroth"},{"link_name":"Ljuva karneval!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Willem van Loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_van_Loon"},{"link_name":"James Massengale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Massengale"},{"link_name":"Michael Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Charles Wharton Stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wharton_Stork"},{"link_name":"Bellmanmuseet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellmanmuseet"},{"link_name":"Bellmansällskapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellmans%C3%A4llskapet"},{"link_name":"Par Bricole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_Bricole"},{"link_name":"Elis Chiewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elis_Chiewitz"}],"text":"Lönnroth, Lars (2005). Ljuva karneval! : om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning (in Swedish). Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag. ISBN 978-91-0-057245-7. OCLC 61881374.vteCarl Michael BellmanWorksFredmans epistlar(List)\n2: Nå skruva Fiolen\n3: Fader Berg i hornet stöter\n5: Käre bröder, så låtom oss supa i frid\n7: Fram med basfiolen, knäpp och skruva\n9: Käraste Bröder Systrar och Vänner\n12: Gråt Fader Berg och spela\n23: Ack du min moder\n24: Kära syster\n25: Blåsen nu alla\n28: I går såg jag ditt barn, min Fröja\n33: Stolta Stad!\n35: Bröderna fara väl vilse ibland\n36: Vår Ulla låg i sängen och sov\n40: Ge rum i Bröllopsgåln din hund!\n43: Värm mer Öl och Bröd\n45: Tjenare Mollberg, hur är det fatt?\n48: Solen glimmar blank och trind\n51: Movitz blåste en konsert\n63: Fader Bergström\n71: Ulla! min Ulla! Säj får jag dig bjuda\n72: Glimmande nymf\n79: Charon i Luren tutar\n80: Liksom en herdinna\n81: Märk hur vår skugga\n82: Hvila vid denna källa\nFredmans sånger\n6: Hör klockorna med ängsligt dån\n21: Så lunka vi så småningom\n31: Opp Amaryllis!\n32: Träd fram du Nattens Gud (Aftonkväde)\n35: Gubben Noak\n64: Fjäriln vingad syns på Haga\nOther\nBacchi Tempel\nCharacters\nBarbara Ekenberg\nJean Fredman\nLovisa von Plat\nUlla Winblad / Maria Kristina Kiellström\nHelena Quiding\nInterpreters,Albums\n1960, 1963 Fredmans Epistlar & Sånger Sjungna Av Sven-Bertil Taube\nWilliam Clauson\n1963 sjunger Carl Michael Bellman\nFred Åkerström\n1969 Fred sjunger Bellman\n1974 Glimmande nymf\n1977 Vila vid denna källa\nMartin Bagge\nSven-Bertil Taube\nCornelis Vreeswijk\n1971 Spring mot Ulla, spring! Cornelis sjunger Bellman\n1977 Movitz! Movitz!\nMartin Best\n1982 Songs of Carl Michael Bellman\nMikael Samuelson\n1988 Music of Carl Michael Bellman\nScholars,Translators\nPaul Britten Austin\nCarina Burman\n2019 Bellman. Biografin\nLars Lönnroth\n2005 Ljuva karneval!\nHendrik Willem van Loon\nJames Massengale\nMichael Roberts\nCharles Wharton Stork\nOther\nInstitutions\nBellmanmuseet\nBellmansällskapet\nPar Bricole\nIllustrators\nElis Chiewitz","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Lönnroth views Bellman as depicting life as a carnival, choosing this painting attributed to Antonio Verrio, Comédie-Française, 1670 for the inside front cover.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Detail_of_French_and_Italian_Comedians%2C_1670_Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/220px-Detail_of_French_and_Italian_Comedians%2C_1670_Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration by Elias Martin of drunken celebrations by the \"Order of Bacchus\" from Bellman's Bacchi Tempel, 1783, engraved by his brother Johan Fredrik Martin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bacchi_Tempel.jpg/220px-Bacchi_Tempel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lönnroth shows that Carl Michael Bellman was above all an entertainer, playing many roles.[5] Painting of Bellman entertaining King Gustav III, by Albert Edelfelt, 1884.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Bellman_Playing_the_Lute_for_Gustaf_III_of_Sweden_and_G.M._Armfelt_in_Haga_Park%2C_sketch.jpg/220px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Bellman_Playing_the_Lute_for_Gustaf_III_of_Sweden_and_G.M._Armfelt_in_Haga_Park%2C_sketch.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Carl Michael Bellmans liv och verk. En minibiografi\" [The Life and Works of Carl Michael Bellman. A Short Biography] (in Swedish). The Bellman Society. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bellman.org/index.php/om-bellman-och-hans-verk/biografi","url_text":"\"Carl Michael Bellmans liv och verk. En minibiografi\""}]},{"reference":"Britten Austin, Paul (1967). The Life and Songs of Carl Michael Bellman: Genius of the Swedish Rococo. New York: Allhem, Malmö American-Scandinavian Foundation. pp. 60–93. ISBN 978-3-932759-00-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Britten_Austin","url_text":"Britten Austin, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-932759-00-0","url_text":"978-3-932759-00-0"}]},{"reference":"Lena Jönsson, ed. (1993). \"Lönnroth, Lars\". Vem är det. Svensk biografisk handbok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. Retrieved 4 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1993/0734.html","url_text":"\"Lönnroth, Lars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vem_%C3%A4r_det","url_text":"Vem är det"}]},{"reference":"Dahlman, Inger (15 April 2005). \"Gamla myter avlivas\" [Old Myths Killed Off]. Gotlands Allehanda (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellmangesellschaft.de/archiv/litteratur/ljuva-karneval/loennroth-ljuva-karneval.php","url_text":"\"Gamla myter avlivas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotlands_Allehanda","url_text":"Gotlands Allehanda"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235147/https://www.bellmangesellschaft.de/archiv/litteratur/ljuva-karneval/loennroth-ljuva-karneval.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ljuva karneval! Om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning\". Albert Bonniers Förlag. Retrieved 13 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albertbonniersforlag.se/bocker/154667/ljuva-karneval/","url_text":"\"Ljuva karneval! Om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning\""}]},{"reference":"Cullhed, Anders (2 March 2005). \"Karnevalisk cross-over\" [Carnival Cross-over]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellmangesellschaft.de/archiv/litteratur/ljuva-karneval/loennroth-ljuva-karneval.php","url_text":"\"Karnevalisk cross-over\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter","url_text":"Dagens Nyheter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235147/https://www.bellmangesellschaft.de/archiv/litteratur/ljuva-karneval/loennroth-ljuva-karneval.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stålmarck, Torkel (12 June 2005). \"Lars Lönnroth, Ljuva karneval! Om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning. Albert Bonniers Förlag. Stockholm 2005\" (PDF). Samlaren. Svenska Litteratursällskapet: 441–443.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:515948/FULLTEXT01.pdf","url_text":"\"Lars Lönnroth, Ljuva karneval! Om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning. Albert Bonniers Förlag. Stockholm 2005\""}]},{"reference":"Olsen, Per (May 2014). \"Herlige karneval!\" [Splendid Carnival!] (PDF). Meddelelser Fra Selskabet Bellman I Danmark (81): 11–17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bellman.dk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BellmanMaj2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Herlige karneval!\""}]},{"reference":"Stenström, Johan (22 March 2005). \"Bellman bakom maskerna\" [Bellman behind his masks]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 14 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svd.se/bellman-bakom-maskerna","url_text":"\"Bellman bakom maskerna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet","url_text":"Svenska Dagbladet"}]},{"reference":"Lönnroth, Lars (2005). Ljuva karneval! : om Carl Michael Bellmans diktning (in Swedish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipos	Ipos	["1 See also","2 Sources"]	This article is about the goetic demon. For the album by the Dreamers, see Ipos: Book of Angels Volume 14. For IP over Satellite, see Satellite Internet access. Ipos In demonology, Ipos is an Earl and powerful Prince of Hell (a Duke to some authors) who has thirty-six legions of demons under his command. He knows and can reveal all things, past, present and future (only the future to some authors, and past and future to others). He can make men witty and valiant. He is commonly depicted with the body of an angel with the head of a lion, the tail of a hare, and the feet of a goose, less frequently in the same shape but with the body of a lion, and rarely as a vulture. Other spellings: Aiperos, Ayperos, Ayporos, Ipes. See also Religion portal The Lesser Key of Solomon Sources S. L. MacGregor Mathers, A. Crowley, The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King (1904). 1995 reprint: ISBN 0-87728-847-X. vteDemons in the Ars GoetiaNames, number and rankings according to the Ars GoetiaKing 1. Bael 9. Paimon 13. Beleth 20. Purson 32. Asmoday 45. Viné 51. Balam 61. Zagan 68. Belial Prince 3. Vassago 12. Sitri 22. Ipos 33. Gäap 36. Stolas 55. Orobas 70. Seere Duke 2. Agares 6. Valefor 8. Barbatos 11. Gusion 15. Eligos 16. Zepar 18. Bathin 19. Sallos 23. Aim 26. Buné 28. Berith 29. Astaroth 41. Focalor 42. Vepar 47. Vual 49. Crocell 52. Alloces 54. Murmur 56. Gemory 60. Vapula 64. Flauros 67. Amdusias 71. Dantalion Marquis 4. Samigina 7. Amon 14. Leraje 24. Naberius 27. Ronové 30. Forneus 35. Marchosias 37. Phenex 43. Sabnock 44. Shax 59. Orias 63. Andras 65. Andrealphus 66. Cimeies 69. Decarabia Count 17. Botis 21. Marax 22. Ipos 25. Glasya-Labolas 27. Ronové 34. Furfur 38. Halphas 40. Räum 45. Viné 46. Bifrons 54. Murmur 72. Andromalius Knight 50. Furcas President 5. Marbas 10. Buer 17. Botis 21. Marax 25. Glasya-Labolas 31. Foras 33. Gäap 39. Malphas 48. Häagenti 53. Caim 57. Ose 58. Amy 61. Zagan 62. Valac See also: Pruflas · List of demons in the Ars Goetia vteDemons in the Pseudomonarchia DaemonumNames, number and rankings according to Pseudomonarchia DaemonumKing 1. Baël 11. Pursan 20. Byleth 22. Paimon 23. Bélial 35. Sidonay 45. Viné 48. Zagan 52. Decarabia 63. Balam Prince 4. Pruflas 16. Ipes 21. Sytry 36. Gäap 58. Orobas 69. Stolas Duke 2. Aguarès 4. Pruflas 6. Barbatos 8. Gusoyn 10. Bathym 12. Eligos 14. Valefor 19. Zepar 19. Sallos 24. Buné 27. Berith 28. Astaroth 33. Vepar 37. Chax 38. Pucel 40. Murmur 44. Focalor 51. Gomory 53. Amduscias 57. Aim 59. Vapula 62. Flauros 64. Alloces 66. Vuall Marquis 5. Amon 13. Loray 18. Naberius 25. Forneus 26. Roneve 31. Marchocias 34. Sabnac 37. Chax 47. Samigina 49. Orias 54. Andras 55. Andrealphus 60. Cimeies 68. Phoenix Count 6. Barbatos 9. Botis 15. Morax 16. Ipes 26. Roneve 30. Furfur 40. Murmur 42. Räum 43. Halphas 45. Viné 46. Bifrons 52. Decarabia 65. Sallos Knight 39. Furcas President 3. Barbas 7. Buer 9. Botis 15. Morax 17. Glasya-Labolas 29. Forras 32. Malphas 36. Gäap 41. Caym 48. Zagan 50. Volac 56. Oze 61. Amy 67. Häagenti See also: Vassago · Seere · Dantalion · Andromalius This occult-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ipos: Book of Angels Volume 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipos:_Book_of_Angels_Volume_14"},{"link_name":"Satellite Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ip%C3%A8s.png"},{"link_name":"demonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture"}],"text":"This article is about the goetic demon. For the album by the Dreamers, see Ipos: Book of Angels Volume 14. For IP over Satellite, see Satellite Internet access.IposIn demonology, Ipos is an Earl and powerful Prince of Hell (a Duke to some authors) who has thirty-six legions of demons under his command. He knows and can reveal all things, past, present and future (only the future to some authors, and past and future to others). He can make men witty and valiant.He is commonly depicted with the body of an angel with the head of a lion, the tail of a hare, and the feet of a goose, less frequently in the same shape but with the body of a lion, and rarely as a vulture.Other spellings: Aiperos, Ayperos, Ayporos, Ipes.","title":"Ipos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goetia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87728-847-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87728-847-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Demons_in_the_Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Demons_in_the_Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demons_in_the_Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demons"},{"link_name":"Ars 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,{"link_name":"Andromalius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromalius"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Furcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcas"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Marbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbas"},{"link_name":"Buer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buer_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Botis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botis"},{"link_name":"Marax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morax_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Glasya-Labolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasya-Labolas"},{"link_name":"Foras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras"},{"link_name":"Gäap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaap"},{"link_name":"Malphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malphas"},{"link_name":"Häagenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagenti"},{"link_name":"Caim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caim"},{"link_name":"Ose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ose_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Zagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagan_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Valac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valac"},{"link_name":"Pruflas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruflas"},{"link_name":"List of demons in the Ars Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_demons_in_the_Ars_Goetia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Demons_in_Pseudomonarchia_Daemonum"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Demons_in_Pseudomonarchia_Daemonum"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demons_in_Pseudomonarchia_Daemonum"},{"link_name":"Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonarchia Daemonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonarchia_Daemonum"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonarchia 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pedia.org/wiki/Decarabia"},{"link_name":"Sallos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleos"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Furcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcas"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Barbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbas"},{"link_name":"Buer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buer_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Botis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botis"},{"link_name":"Morax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morax_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Glasya-Labolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasya-Labolas"},{"link_name":"Forras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras"},{"link_name":"Malphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malphas"},{"link_name":"Gäap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaap"},{"link_name":"Caym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caim"},{"link_name":"Zagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagan_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Volac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valac"},{"link_name":"Oze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ose_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_(demon)"},{"link_name":"Häagenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagenti"},{"link_name":"Vassago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassago"},{"link_name":"Seere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seere"},{"link_name":"Dantalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantalion"},{"link_name":"Andromalius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromalius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentagram_(Levi).jpg"},{"link_name":"occult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ipos&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Occult-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Occult-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occult-stub"}],"text":"S. L. MacGregor Mathers, A. Crowley, The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King (1904). 1995 reprint: ISBN 0-87728-847-X.vteDemons in the Ars GoetiaNames, number and rankings according to the Ars GoetiaKing\n1. Bael\n9. Paimon\n13. Beleth\n20. Purson\n32. Asmoday\n45. Viné\n51. Balam\n61. Zagan\n68. Belial\nPrince\n3. Vassago\n12. Sitri\n22. Ipos\n33. Gäap\n36. Stolas\n55. Orobas\n70. Seere\nDuke\n2. Agares\n6. Valefor\n8. Barbatos\n11. Gusion\n15. Eligos\n16. Zepar\n18. Bathin\n19. Sallos\n23. Aim\n26. Buné\n28. Berith\n29. Astaroth\n41. Focalor\n42. Vepar\n47. Vual\n49. Crocell\n52. Alloces\n54. Murmur\n56. Gemory\n60. Vapula\n64. Flauros\n67. Amdusias\n71. Dantalion\nMarquis\n4. Samigina\n7. Amon\n14. Leraje\n24. Naberius\n27. Ronové\n30. Forneus\n35. Marchosias\n37. Phenex\n43. Sabnock\n44. Shax\n59. Orias\n63. Andras\n65. Andrealphus\n66. Cimeies\n69. Decarabia\nCount\n17. Botis\n21. Marax\n22. Ipos\n25. Glasya-Labolas\n27. Ronové\n34. Furfur\n38. Halphas\n40. Räum\n45. Viné\n46. Bifrons\n54. Murmur\n72. Andromalius\nKnight\n50. Furcas\nPresident\n5. Marbas\n10. Buer\n17. Botis\n21. Marax\n25. Glasya-Labolas\n31. Foras\n33. Gäap\n39. Malphas\n48. Häagenti\n53. Caim\n57. Ose\n58. Amy\n61. Zagan\n62. Valac\nSee also: Pruflas · List of demons in the Ars GoetiavteDemons in the Pseudomonarchia DaemonumNames, number and rankings according to Pseudomonarchia DaemonumKing\n1. Baël\n11. Pursan\n20. Byleth\n22. Paimon\n23. Bélial\n35. Sidonay\n45. Viné\n48. Zagan\n52. Decarabia\n63. Balam\nPrince\n4. Pruflas\n16. Ipes\n21. Sytry\n36. Gäap\n58. Orobas\n69. Stolas\nDuke\n2. Aguarès\n4. Pruflas\n6. Barbatos\n8. Gusoyn\n10. Bathym\n12. Eligos\n14. Valefor\n19. Zepar\n19. Sallos\n24. Buné\n27. Berith\n28. Astaroth\n33. Vepar\n37. Chax\n38. Pucel\n40. Murmur\n44. Focalor\n51. Gomory\n53. Amduscias\n57. Aim\n59. Vapula\n62. Flauros\n64. Alloces\n66. Vuall\nMarquis\n5. Amon\n13. Loray\n18. Naberius\n25. Forneus\n26. Roneve\n31. Marchocias\n34. Sabnac\n37. Chax\n47. Samigina\n49. Orias\n54. Andras\n55. Andrealphus\n60. Cimeies\n68. Phoenix\nCount\n6. Barbatos\n9. Botis\n15. Morax\n16. Ipes\n26. Roneve\n30. Furfur\n40. Murmur\n42. Räum\n43. Halphas\n45. Viné\n46. Bifrons\n52. Decarabia\n65. Sallos\nKnight\n39. Furcas\nPresident\n3. Barbas\n7. Buer\n9. Botis\n15. Morax\n17. Glasya-Labolas\n29. Forras\n32. Malphas\n36. Gäap\n41. Caym\n48. Zagan\n50. Volac\n56. Oze\n61. Amy\n67. Häagenti\nSee also: Vassago · Seere · Dantalion · AndromaliusThis occult-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Ipos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ip%C3%A8s.png/220px-Ip%C3%A8s.png"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"The Lesser Key of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lesser_Key_of_Solomon"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ipos&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Family_Treasure	Duck Family Treasure	["1 Premise","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1","2.2 Season 2","3 Release","4 References","5 External links"]	American reality television series Duck Family TreasurePromotional Poster for Season 1GenreDocumentaryRealityChristianDeveloped by Fox Entertainment Duck Commander StarringMurry CroweJase RobertsonJep RobertsonSi RobertsonCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes20ProductionExecutive producers Korie Robertson Chris Richardson Marc Pierce Zach Dasher Production locationsMonroe and West Monroe, LouisianaRunning time38–40 minutesProduction companiesFox EntertainmentDuck CommanderWarm Springs ProductionsTread LivelyOriginal releaseNetworkFox NationReleaseJune 19, 2022 (2022-06-19) –presentRelated Duck Dynasty Duck Commander series Duck Family Treasure is an American reality television series from Fox that premiered in 2022 on Fox Nation, produced by Warm Springs Productions in collaboration with Tread Lively. It chronicles the metal detecting activities of Murry Crowe, Jase Robertson and Jep Robertson, with the Robertsons' Uncle Si directing them from The Duck Call Room podcast studio at Duck Commander. The show contains educational entertainment by highlighting historic sites and natural wonders, including those related to the National Park Service. Premise Treasure hunter Murry Crowe is joined by Robertson brothers Jase and Jep of Duck Commander, as they metal detect various locations. United by a shared passion for the hunt, the trio embarks on expeditions to unearth hidden treasures using metal detecting technology. Their collaboration was sparked when Crowe, facing a diagnosis of cancer, invited the brothers to join him on one of his quests. Leveraging Murry's innovative engineering skills, they employ state-of-the-art equipment designed specifically for their treasure-seeking endeavors. The primary plot features various nationwide adventures of Murry, Jase, and Jep, usually with a subplot involving the Robertson's Uncle Si humorously managing various aspects of the endeavors from their hometown of West Monroe. The show also incorporates aspects of reality series Duck Dynasty, such as cameos from that show and expanding on events that have transpired since then. Episodes Season 1 The first episodes were released on June 19, 2022, on Fox Nation's streaming service. "Always Hunting Something" "Welcome Home!" "Mrs. Ball and Mrs. Chain" "The Buzzards are Circling" "Steamboat Fever" On June 26, 2022, the rest of the first-season episodes were made available. "Meteorites!" "Mama's Boy" "The Thrill of the Hunt" "Home of the Brave" "#mensnightout" Season 2 On June 11, 2023, the first episodes of season 2 premiered. "Lucky Lawnmower" "Welcome to the Jungle!" "Loved, Chosen and Treasured" "Quail Fever" "I Believe!" On December 1, 2023, the rest of the second-season episodes were made available. "Battle of the Assistants" "Ghost Hunt" "Something Old" "Bullet Bonanza" "A Duck Family Christmas" Release The first episode was released on VOD platform Fox Nation on June 19, 2022, and was also broadcast on Fox News. The first season was released in two batches on Fox Nation during late June 2022. The first batch of the second season premiered on June 11, 2023, with the second batch set to premiere in December 2023. Fox Business began to syndicate the first season of the series, starting on October 20, 2022, as a part of their Fox Business Prime programming block. Fox Nation's entertainment productions are part of a multi-year Fox Television Stations distribution agreement, for syndication options of Duck Family Treasure, Sharon Osbourne's To Hell & Back documentary, and Kevin Costner's Yellowstone: One-Fifty documentary about Yellowstone National Park. References ^ Levine, Daniel S. (March 25, 2022). "'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff in The Works With Robertson Siblings". Streaming. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ Liptak, Carena (June 13, 2022). "WATCH: See the First Trailer for 'Duck Family Treasure,' Starring Jase + Jep Robertson". Taste of Country. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ "'Duck Family Treasure' debuts Monday; find out where in Louisiana the hunt starts". The Advocate. June 15, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022. ^ Cost, Ben (June 21, 2022). "'Duck Dynasty' brothers unearth 'eye-popping finds' during TV treasure hunts". New York Post. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ Malone, Michael (June 15, 2022). "'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff 'Duck Family Treasure' Starts on Fox Nation June 19". Broadcasting Cable. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ Pedersen, Erik (June 11, 2022). "Summer Premiere Dates For New & Returning Series On Broadcast, Cable & Streaming". Deadline. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ Weprin, Alex (May 24, 2023). "Fox Nation Renews 'Duck Family Treasure' for Season Two (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Cunningham, Taylor (October 20, 2022). "'Duck Dynasty's Robertson Family Discusses New Show Premiering on FOX Business Prime, 'Duck Family Treasure'". Outsider. Retrieved November 6, 2022. ^ "Fox's (FOXA) News Digital Ranks 1st for 21 Straight Months". Zacks Equity Research. December 16, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2023. External links Official website Duck Family Treasure at IMDb vteDuck CommanderRobertson familyDuckmen Phil Robertson Si Robertson Willie Robertson Jase Robertson Jep Robertson Other Kay Robertson Korie Robertson Sadie Robertson Media franchise Duck Dynasty (2012–2017) (Episodes) Duck the Halls: A Robertson Family Christmas (2013) Si-cology 1: Tales and Wisdom from Duck Dynasty's Favorite Uncle (2013) Dancing with the Stars Season 19 (2014–2015) The Masked Singer Season 6 (2021) Duck Family Treasure (2022–present) The Blind (2023) Sponsorship Duck Commander 500 (2014) Duck Commander Independence Bowl (2014)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Fox Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Nation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levine_2022-1"},{"link_name":"metal detecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_detector"},{"link_name":"Jase Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jase_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Jep Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jep_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Uncle Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Duck Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Commander"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liptak_2022-2"},{"link_name":"educational entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_entertainment"},{"link_name":"historic sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_site"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Advocate_2022-3"}],"text":"Duck Family Treasure is an American reality television series from Fox that premiered in 2022 on Fox Nation, produced by Warm Springs Productions in collaboration with Tread Lively.[1] It chronicles the metal detecting activities of Murry Crowe, Jase Robertson and Jep Robertson, with the Robertsons' Uncle Si directing them from The Duck Call Room podcast studio at Duck Commander.[2] The show contains educational entertainment by highlighting historic sites and natural wonders, including those related to the National Park Service.[3]","title":"Duck Family Treasure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treasure hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_hunting"},{"link_name":"West Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Monroe,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Duck Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cost_2022-4"}],"text":"Treasure hunter Murry Crowe is joined by Robertson brothers Jase and Jep of Duck Commander, as they metal detect various locations. United by a shared passion for the hunt, the trio embarks on expeditions to unearth hidden treasures using metal detecting technology. Their collaboration was sparked when Crowe, facing a diagnosis of cancer, invited the brothers to join him on one of his quests. Leveraging Murry's innovative engineering skills, they employ state-of-the-art equipment designed specifically for their treasure-seeking endeavors. The primary plot features various nationwide adventures of Murry, Jase, and Jep, usually with a subplot involving the Robertson's Uncle Si humorously managing various aspects of the endeavors from their hometown of West Monroe. The show also incorporates aspects of reality series Duck Dynasty, such as cameos from that show and expanding on events that have transpired since then.[4]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1","text":"The first episodes were released on June 19, 2022, on Fox Nation's streaming service.\"Always Hunting Something\"\n\"Welcome Home!\"\n\"Mrs. Ball and Mrs. Chain\"\n\"The Buzzards are Circling\"\n\"Steamboat Fever\"On June 26, 2022, the rest of the first-season episodes were made available.\"Meteorites!\"\n\"Mama's Boy\"\n\"The Thrill of the Hunt\"\n\"Home of the Brave\"\n\"#mensnightout\"","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2","text":"On June 11, 2023, the first episodes of season 2 premiered.\"Lucky Lawnmower\"\n\"Welcome to the Jungle!\"\n\"Loved, Chosen and Treasured\"\n\"Quail Fever\"\n\"I Believe!\"On December 1, 2023, the rest of the second-season episodes were made available.\"Battle of the Assistants\"\n\"Ghost Hunt\"\n\"Something Old\"\n\"Bullet Bonanza\"\n\"A Duck Family Christmas\"","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"Fox Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Nation"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malone_2022-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedersen_Pedersen_2022-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fox Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Business"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cunningham_2022-8"},{"link_name":"Fox Television Stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Television_Stations"},{"link_name":"Sharon Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Kevin Costner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costner"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zacks_Equity_2022-9"}],"text":"The first episode was released on VOD platform Fox Nation on June 19, 2022, and was also broadcast on Fox News.[5][6] The first season was released in two batches on Fox Nation during late June 2022. The first batch of the second season premiered on June 11, 2023, with the second batch set to premiere in December 2023.[7]Fox Business began to syndicate the first season of the series, starting on October 20, 2022, as a part of their Fox Business Prime programming block.[8] Fox Nation's entertainment productions are part of a multi-year Fox Television Stations distribution agreement, for syndication options of Duck Family Treasure, Sharon Osbourne's To Hell & Back documentary, and Kevin Costner's Yellowstone: One-Fifty documentary about Yellowstone National Park.[9]","title":"Release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Levine, Daniel S. (March 25, 2022). \"'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff in The Works With Robertson Siblings\". Streaming. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://popculture.com/streaming/news/duck-dynasty-spinoff-robertson-siblings-family-treasure-fox-nation/","url_text":"\"'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff in The Works With Robertson Siblings\""}]},{"reference":"Liptak, Carena (June 13, 2022). \"WATCH: See the First Trailer for 'Duck Family Treasure,' Starring Jase + Jep Robertson\". Taste of Country. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tasteofcountry.com/duck-family-treasure-trailer/","url_text":"\"WATCH: See the First Trailer for 'Duck Family Treasure,' Starring Jase + Jep Robertson\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Duck Family Treasure' debuts Monday; find out where in Louisiana the hunt starts\". The Advocate. June 15, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/entertainment_life/article_c73f9ee2-ecd3-11ec-9634-9773d6523466.html","url_text":"\"'Duck Family Treasure' debuts Monday; find out where in Louisiana the hunt starts\""}]},{"reference":"Cost, Ben (June 21, 2022). \"'Duck Dynasty' brothers unearth 'eye-popping finds' during TV treasure hunts\". New York Post. Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2022/06/21/duck-dynasty-stars-tease-treasure-show/","url_text":"\"'Duck Dynasty' brothers unearth 'eye-popping finds' during TV treasure hunts\""}]},{"reference":"Malone, Michael (June 15, 2022). \"'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff 'Duck Family Treasure' Starts on Fox Nation June 19\". Broadcasting Cable. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/duck-dynasty-spinoff-duck-family-treasure-starts-on-fox-nation-june-19","url_text":"\"'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff 'Duck Family Treasure' Starts on Fox Nation June 19\""}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (June 11, 2022). \"Summer Premiere Dates For New & Returning Series On Broadcast, Cable & Streaming\". Deadline. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/summer-premiere-dates-2022-streaming-broadcast-cable-1234987391/","url_text":"\"Summer Premiere Dates For New & Returning Series On Broadcast, Cable & Streaming\""}]},{"reference":"Weprin, Alex (May 24, 2023). \"Fox Nation Renews 'Duck Family Treasure' for Season Two (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/fox-nation-renews-duck-family-treasure-1235499051/","url_text":"\"Fox Nation Renews 'Duck Family Treasure' for Season Two (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Taylor (October 20, 2022). \"'Duck Dynasty's Robertson Family Discusses New Show Premiering on FOX Business Prime, 'Duck Family Treasure'\". Outsider. Retrieved November 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://outsider.com/entertainment/duck-dynasty-robertson-family-discusses-new-show-premiering-fox-business-prime-duck-family-treasure-2/","url_text":"\"'Duck Dynasty's Robertson Family Discusses New Show Premiering on FOX Business Prime, 'Duck Family Treasure'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox's (FOXA) News Digital Ranks 1st for 21 Straight Months\". Zacks Equity Research. December 16, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/now/foxs-foxa-news-digital-ranks-154703719.html","url_text":"\"Fox's (FOXA) News Digital Ranks 1st for 21 Straight Months\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://popculture.com/streaming/news/duck-dynasty-spinoff-robertson-siblings-family-treasure-fox-nation/","external_links_name":"\"'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff in The Works With Robertson Siblings\""},{"Link":"https://tasteofcountry.com/duck-family-treasure-trailer/","external_links_name":"\"WATCH: See the First Trailer for 'Duck Family Treasure,' Starring Jase + Jep Robertson\""},{"Link":"https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/entertainment_life/article_c73f9ee2-ecd3-11ec-9634-9773d6523466.html","external_links_name":"\"'Duck Family Treasure' debuts Monday; find out where in Louisiana the hunt starts\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2022/06/21/duck-dynasty-stars-tease-treasure-show/","external_links_name":"\"'Duck Dynasty' brothers unearth 'eye-popping finds' during TV treasure hunts\""},{"Link":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/duck-dynasty-spinoff-duck-family-treasure-starts-on-fox-nation-june-19","external_links_name":"\"'Duck Dynasty' Spinoff 'Duck Family Treasure' Starts on Fox Nation June 19\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/summer-premiere-dates-2022-streaming-broadcast-cable-1234987391/","external_links_name":"\"Summer Premiere Dates For New & Returning Series On Broadcast, Cable & Streaming\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/fox-nation-renews-duck-family-treasure-1235499051/","external_links_name":"\"Fox Nation Renews 'Duck Family Treasure' for Season Two (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://outsider.com/entertainment/duck-dynasty-robertson-family-discusses-new-show-premiering-fox-business-prime-duck-family-treasure-2/","external_links_name":"\"'Duck Dynasty's Robertson Family Discusses New Show Premiering on FOX Business Prime, 'Duck Family Treasure'\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/now/foxs-foxa-news-digital-ranks-154703719.html","external_links_name":"\"Fox's (FOXA) News Digital Ranks 1st for 21 Straight Months\""},{"Link":"https://nation.foxnews.com/duck-family-treasure-nation/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18974462/","external_links_name":"Duck Family Treasure"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meycauayan_City	Meycauayan	["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Cityhood","2.2 Contemporary","3 Geography","3.1 Barangays","3.2 Climate","4 Demographics","5 Government","5.1 Local government","5.2 Past officials","6 Economy","6.1 Industrial compounds and parks","7 Education","8 Religion","8.1 Feasts","9 Issues and controversies","9.1 Mayoralty dispute (1995–2008)","9.2 Heirs of Anacleto Nieto vs. Meycauayan, Bulacan","9.3 Pollution","10 Gallery","11 References","12 External links"]	Coordinates: 14°44′N 120°57′E / 14.73°N 120.95°E / 14.73; 120.95Component city in Bulacan, Philippines Not to be confused with Cauayan, Isabela. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Meycauayan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Component city in Central Luzon, PhilippinesMeycauayanComponent cityCity of Meycauayan (From top, left to right: Meycauayan City Hall • St. Francis of Assisi Parish Church • Meycauayan River • NLEX Tollgate • Malhacan Road • Meycauayan People's Market) FlagSealNickname: The Fine Jewelry Center of the PhilippinesMotto(s): "May Magandang Buhay sa Meycauayan"English: "There is a Beautiful Life in Meycauayan"Anthem: Awit ng Meycauayan(English: Song of Meycauayan)Map of Bulacan with Meycauayan highlightedOpenStreetMapMeycauayanLocation within the PhilippinesShow map of LuzonMeycauayanMeycauayan (Philippines)Show map of PhilippinesCoordinates: 14°44′N 120°57′E / 14.73°N 120.95°E / 14.73; 120.95CountryPhilippinesRegionCentral LuzonProvinceBulacanDistrict 4th districtFoundedOctober 4, 1578CityhoodDecember 10, 2006Barangays26 (see Barangays)Government • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod • MayorHenry R. Villarica • Vice MayorJosefina O. Violago • RepresentativeLinabelle Ruth R. Villarica • City Council Members Anna Kathrina M. HernandezMariano V. Alarilla IIRonald S. PalomaresJerimeco S. DulaliaRaoul M. AtaderoMario T. BerbosoDanilo B. Abacan Jr.Larissa A. San DiegoWilfredo D. MacatuladRovielyn A. Cabigquez • Electorate128,237 voters (2022)Area • Total32.10 km2 (12.39 sq mi)Elevation20 m (70 ft)Highest elevation93 m (305 ft)Lowest elevation−5 m (−16 ft)Population (2020 census) • Total225,673 • Density7,000/km2 (18,000/sq mi) • Households60,570Economy • Income class3rd city income class • Poverty incidence12.62% (2021) • Revenue₱ 1,781 million (2020) • Assets₱ 5,483 million (2020) • Expenditure₱ 1,303 million (2020) • Liabilities₱ 1,249 million (2020)Utilities • ElectricityMeralcoTime zoneUTC+8 (PST)ZIP code3020PSGC031412000IDD : area code +63 (0)44Native languagesTagalogWebsitemeycauayan.gov.ph Meycauayan , officially the City of Meycauayan (Filipino: Lungsod ng Meycauayan), is a 1st class component city in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 225,673 people. It is one of the oldest towns in the province. The city is located 19 kilometers (12 mi) north of Manila and 26 kilometers (16 mi) south of Malolos City, the provincial capital city. It is bounded by the town of Marilao to the north, the two Metro Manila cities of Valenzuela to the south and Caloocan (North) to the east, and the town of Obando to the west. It encompasses an aggregate area of 22.1 square kilometers (8.5 sq mi), representing 1.17% of the total land area of the province of Bulacan. Etymology The place got its name from the Tagalog words may kawayan which is literally translated to English as there is bamboo. It was formerly known as Mecabayan , a Kapampangan name. History During the Spanish colonization of the country, the town of Meycauayan was established as a settlement by a group of Spanish priests belonging to the Franciscan Order. In 1578, its early inhabitants came into contact with Christianity. In that same year, Father Juan de Placencia and Diego Oropesa built the first church structure, which was believed to be made of nipa and bamboo. Common to all Spanish settlements in that period was the adoption of a patron saint for the newly opened town. Meycauayan has St. Francis of Assisi as the Patron Saint. It was only in 1668, however, that a concrete church structure was erected. Meycauayan was then one of the largest towns in the province of Bulacan. The towns, which fell under its political jurisdiction, were San Jose del Monte, Bocaue, Valenzuela (formerly Polo), Obando, Marilao, Santa Maria and Pandi. It was also regarded as the unofficial capital of the province, being the hub of activities brought about by the establishment of the market center and the presence of the Spanish military detachment. During the revolution, which was set off by the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal in 1896, Meycauayan contributed its share in the fight against the Spanish conquistadores. Among her sons who figured prominently in the revolution were: Andres Pacheco, Ciriaco Contreras, Guillermo Contreras, Guillermo Bonque, Tiburcio Zuela, and Liberato Exaltacion. There were many others who had joined the revolution and had displayed their exceptional heroism until 1898, when the country gained its independence from Spain. Between 1901 and 1913, Marilao became part of Meycauayan. In 1949, a big fire razed the market center and several business establishments in the town, causing setbacks to the development of the municipality. It took several years to recover from the destruction and property losses. However, in the 1960s and early part of 1970s, new hope for the development was ushered in. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of infrastructure facilities were made possible through the assistance of the provincial and national governments. A more sound economic base was established and crop production more than doubled. Cityhood Main article: Cities of the Philippines Meycauayan twice attempted for cityhood. The first was filed by district representative Angelito Sarmiento, seeking the conversion of the then-municipality of Meycauayan into a component city, which was signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on March 5, 2001 as Republic Act No. 9021. The plebiscite for the ratification, along with that of Cauayan, Isabela (by virtue of RA No. 9017 dated February 28), was scheduled by the Commission on Elections on March 30. The bid however failed, and Meycauayan remained a municipality. (Meanwhile, affirmative votes won in the separate plebiscite in Cauayan.) For the second time, in another attempt for conversion, district representative Reylina Nicolas authored House Bill 4397 (dated July 24, 2006), which was later signed into law by President Arroyo as RA No. 9356 on October 2, 2006. Meycauayan cityhood plebiscites Choice 20011st attempt 20062nd attempt Votes % Votes % Yes 8,109 35.42% 8,247 59.01% No 14,788 64.58% 5,728 40.99% Total (valid) votes 22,897 100% 13,975 100% Registered voters/turnout — — 118,339 11.81% Result No Yes Sources A plebiscite was held on December 10, where the cityhood was eventually ratified and the proclamation was made in the evening. It was noted that compared to the first plebiscite, the second showed that only more than a hundred voters were added to those in favor of the conversion, as well as a sharp decline in the number of those who were against. With the ratification, Meycauayan became Bulacan's third component city, following San Jose del Monte in 2000, and Malolos, whose loss in its cityhood bid in 1999 was reversed following a recount. Contemporary Today, the city of Meycauayan has transformed into a major economic and industrial hub in the Province of Bulacan and the rest of Region III. Geography The City of Meycauayan is generally surrounded with plain land and gentle rolling hills. Meycauayan is named to Filipino phrase may kawayan that means "with bamboo". Comfortably above sea level, this terrain is an interweaving of greenery and concrete road network. The slope of the land dips towards a west to north westerly direction. River, natural lake and drainage waterways envelope and criss-cross the area. Today it is bordered by the town of Marilao to the north, towns of Bocaue and Bulakan, Bulacan to the northwest, Valenzuela to the south, Northern part of Caloocan to the east, and the town of Obando to the west. Barangays Meycauayan is administratively subdivided into 26 urban barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. PSGC Barangay Population ±% p.a. 2020 2010 031412001 Bagbaguin 3.4% 7,760 6,908 ▴ 1.17% 031412002 Bahay Pare 5.1% 11,568 10,221 ▴ 1.25% 031412003 Bancal 5.6% 12,589 14,242 ▾ −1.23% 031412004 Banga 1.3% 2,913 2,911 ▴ 0.01% 031412005 Bayugo 8.2% 18,560 17,982 ▴ 0.32% 031417026 Caingin 2.4% 5,443 4,763 ▴ 1.34% 031412006 Calvario 2.4% 5,317 5,009 ▴ 0.60% 031412007 Camalig 4.0% 8,972 8,042 ▴ 1.10% 031412008 Hulo 0.7% 1,675 1,636 ▴ 0.24% 031412009 Iba 3.6% 8,032 7,450 ▴ 0.75% 031412010 Langka 1.7% 3,871 3,179 ▴ 1.99% 031412011 Lawa 5.7% 12,854 13,392 ▾ −0.41% 031412012 Libtong 4.7% 10,552 10,190 ▴ 0.35% 031412013 Liputan 0.7% 1,584 1,546 ▴ 0.24% 031412014 Longos 1.5% 3,412 3,300 ▴ 0.33% 031412015 Malhacan 9.8% 22,205 20,914 ▴ 0.60% 031412016 Pajo 2.7% 6,166 5,168 ▴ 1.78% 031412017 Pandayan 6.8% 15,264 14,703 ▴ 0.38% 031412018 Pantoc 5.2% 11,804 10,554 ▴ 1.13% 031412019 Perez 7.6% 17,251 15,779 ▴ 0.90% 031412020 Poblacion 0.2% 348 239 ▴ 3.83% 031412021 Saluysoy 4.6% 10,347 10,603 ▾ −0.24% 031412022 Saint Francis (Gasak) 0.6% 1,288 1,286 ▴ 0.02% 031412023 Tugatog 2.0% 4,407 4,288 ▴ 0.27% 031412024 Ubihan 1.0% 2,225 2,279 ▾ −0.24% 031412025 Zamora 2.4% 5,443 2,570 ▴ 7.79% Total 225,673 199,154 ▴ 1.26% Climate Climate data for Meycauayan City, Bulacan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29(84) 30(86) 32(90) 34(93) 33(91) 31(88) 30(86) 29(84) 29(84) 30(86) 30(86) 29(84) 31(87) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20(68) 20(68) 21(70) 23(73) 24(75) 25(77) 24(75) 24(75) 24(75) 23(73) 22(72) 21(70) 23(73) Average precipitation mm (inches) 7(0.3) 7(0.3) 9(0.4) 21(0.8) 101(4.0) 152(6.0) 188(7.4) 170(6.7) 159(6.3) 115(4.5) 47(1.9) 29(1.1) 1,005(39.7) Average rainy days 3.3 3.5 11.1 8.1 18.9 23.5 26.4 25.5 24.5 19.6 10.4 6.4 181.2 Source: Meteoblue Demographics Population census of MeycauayanYearPop.±% p.a.1903 9,742— 1918 11,285+0.99%1939 16,082+1.70%1948 21,695+3.38%1960 32,234+3.35%1970 50,977+4.68%1975 60,225+3.40%1980 83,579+6.77%1990 123,982+4.02%1995 137,081+1.90%2000 163,037+3.79%2007 196,569+2.61%2010 199,154+0.48%2015 209,083+0.93%2020 225,673+1.51%Source: Philippine Statistics Authority In the 2020 census, the population of Meycauayan was 225,673 people, with a density of 7,000 inhabitants per square kilometer or 18,000 inhabitants per square mile. 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 19903,860/km2 19954,270/km2 20005,100/km2 20076,100/km2 20106,200/km2 20156,500/km2 20207,000/km2 Government Local government Main article: Sangguniang Panglungsod The Sangguniang Panlungsod is the legislature of the government of Meycauayan. As defined by the Local Government Code of 1991, the legislatures have legislative and quasi-judicial powers and functions. The members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod, often referred to as councilors are either elected or ex-officio and includes a city's vice mayor who serves as the presiding officer. 2019–2022 Meycauayan City Officials Position Name Party Mayor Henry R. Villarica PFP Vice Mayor Josefina O. Violago PDP–Laban Councilors Anna Kathrina M. Hernandez PDP–Laban Mariano V. Alarilla II PDP–Laban Ronald S. Palomares PDP–Laban Jerimeco S. Dulalia PDP–Laban Raoul M. Atadero PDP–Laban Mario T. Berboso PDP–Laban Danilo B. Abacan Jr. PDP–Laban Larissa A. San Diego PDP–Laban Wilfredo D. Macatulad PDP–Laban Rovielyn A. Cabigquez Independent Ex Officio Municipal Council Members ABC President Carlito O. Magno (Tugatog) Nonpartisan SK Federation President Jin Marie Eugenie L. Misuse (Malhacan) Nonpartisan Past officials List of mayors of Meycauayan No. Presidente Municipal Took office Left office 1 Tomas Testa 1902 1903 2 Aquedo Noriega 1903 1905 3 Dalmacio Ferrer 1906 1907 4 Aquedo Noriega 1907 1909 5 Cedistino Juson 1910 1916 6 Liberato Exaltacion 1917 1921 7 Jose Peñas 1921 1922 8 Hermogenes Lim 1922 1925 9 Maximo Albaño 1925 1928 10 Moises Buñing 1928 1931 11 Hermogenes Lim 1931 1934 12 Perfecto Reyes Lim 1934 1937 No. Alcalde Took office Left office 1 Enrique Legaspi 1938 1942 2 Dr. Restituto Calaguas 1942 1945 3 Patricio Alcaraz 1945 1945 4 Marcelo Lucero 1945 1945 5 Jacinto Legaspi 1945 1945 No. Municipal Mayors Took office Left office 1 Dr. Lope Daez 1946 1951 2 Dr. Lope Daez 1956 1959 3 Pedro Carreon 1960 1963 4 Celso Legaspi 1964 1978 5 Jose Catajan 1980 1982 6 Adriano Daez 1982 1986 7 Ernesto Cabigas 1986 1987 8 Oscar Legaspi 1987 1987 9 Rolando Liwanag 1987 1988 10 Florentino Blanco 1988 1992 11 Edgardo Nolasco 1995 1998 12 Eduardo Alarilla 1998 2006 No. City Mayors Took office Left office 1 Eduardo Alarilla 2006 2007 2 Joan Alarilla 2007 2016 3 Henry Villarica 2016 2019 4 Linabelle Villarica 2019 2022 3 Henry Villarica 2022 incumbent Economy Poverty incidence of Meycauayan 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 2006 4.20 2009 4.51 2012 1.71 2015 5.84 2018 5.17 2021 12.62 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The City of Meycauayan is the economic, industrial, commercial, financial and educational center of southern Bulacan. The city is known for its jewelry and leather industries. For years, Meycauayan has been the hub of jewelry production in the Philippines and in Asia. It is known for its low-priced jewelries. The locality also produces leather goods. Shoes, bags and every kind of leather product has been traditionally manufactured here. A number of leather tanneries still operate in Meycauayan, which over the years have converted the city into a hub for leather goods. In 2016, the total net income for Meycauayan is worth Php 6.875 billion, making it the richest in the province of Bulacan and 18th-highest-income city in the Philippines. Industrial compounds and parks The City of Meycauayan is also home to many industrial parks and compounds. Meycauayan Industrial Subd. I, II, III & IV Meridian Industrial Compound Muralla Industrial Park First Valenzuela Industrial Compound Sterling Industrial Park Phase I, II, III & IV Education Meycauayan College building Meycauayan City have its own division of schools since January 2013. The City Schools Division of Meycauayan has two districts, Meycauayan West District and Meycauayan East District. There are 24 public elementary schools and 4 public high schools as well as 11 private schools in the city. There are also tertiary schools in Meycauayan. Polytechnic College of the City of Meycauayan is under the funding and management of the City Government, currently located at Pag-asa Street, Barangay Malhacan. Meycauayan College is a private educational institution in Barangay Calvario and Malhacan. It was established in 1925 as Meycauayan Institute. Other than tertiary education, it also offers primary and secondary education. Religion Meycauayan Church, also known as St. Francis of Assisi Parish Church Main article: Meycauayan Church Decorated fluvial float (pagoda) carrying the image of the Mahal na Señor of Liputan, Meycauayan City on its feast day every May. Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as the Meycauayan Church, is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan, Philippines. It is one of the oldest parishes in Bulacan which even predates the Malolos Cathedral established in 1580 and the Barasoain Church established in 1859. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. The church is the seat of the vicariate of St. Francis of Assisi in the Diocese of Malolos. Feasts Liputan Barrio Fiesta This festival takes place every 2nd Sunday of May in Barangay Liputan. After a nine-day novena, the fiesta culminates with a colorful fluvial procession in honor of the "Mahal na Señor", an image of the Crucified Christ venerated on the island of Liputan. The image, along with those of the Virgin and St. Joseph, are placed on a pagoda, a makeshift bamboo bier constructed on boats and decorated with buntings. The images are then taken to the old church in the town center of Meycauayan for a mass. Feast of St. Francis of Assisi It is a celebration held in the oldest church in Meycauayan, the St. Francis of Assisi Parish Church in Barangay Poblacion, which commemorates the foundation of the city in 1578 by the Franciscans. Before, it has come to be known as the "Kawayanan Festival", and includes an animal parade, street dancing, and other related cultural activities. It is held every fourth of October. Issues and controversies Mayoralty dispute (1995–2008) The succession of the city's administration was put into question by a series of legal cases between two then-Mayors. Florentino Blanco, town mayor from 1987 to 1992, ran in 1995 but was disqualified by the Supreme Court for vote buying on July 21, 1997. Blanco was replaced by Vice Mayor Eduardo Nolasco in an acting capacity, serving out the remainder of his term. Blanco ran again in 1998 but lost to Eduardo Alarilla; Blanco attempted to file an election protest against Alarilla but the COMELEC dismissed the case. He attempted to run again in 2004 but later withdrew his candidacy. In 2007, he ran once more but lost to Eduardo Alarilla's wife, Joan Alarilla (Mr. Alarilla has then reached the three-term limit imposed by law). The then Mayor Alarilla then attempted to disqualify Blanco; the COMELEC ruled in favor of Alarilla, but the Supreme Court reversed this decision, stating that Blanco is still eligible to run for public office. Heirs of Anacleto Nieto vs. Meycauayan, Bulacan On December 13, 2007, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ordered Meycauayan, Bulacan to surrender peaceful possession to the Heirs of Anacleto Nieto, and vacate the 3,882 square meters lot, at Poblacion, Meycauayan, TCT No. T-24.055 (M) which it used and even constructed an extension of the public market therein. Meycauayan was also ordered to pay the reasonable value of the property and P 1,716,000.00 as reasonable compensation for the use of the property from 1966 until the filing of the complaint on December 28, 1994. Pollution In 2007, The Meycauayan and the neighboring town of Marilao in Bulacan province shared a slot in the list of the world's 30 most polluted places in the developing world drawn up by the private New York-based institute Pure Earth. In its report, "The World’s Worst Polluted Places" for 2007, Pure Earth said: "Industrial waste is haphazardly dumped into the Meycauayan, Marilao and Obando River system, a source of drinking and agricultural water supplies for the 250,000 people living in and around" the Meycauayan-Marilao area. Meycauayan also shares border with Caloocan. Gallery The Parish Church of St. Francis of Assisi Meycauayan Heritage Bells 2005 Meycauayan City Hall (Camalig) Old Municipal Hall in Poblacion (later demolished and replaced by Meycauayan Convention Center) Meycauayan River Mangroves in Barangay Ubihan Pagoda ng Mahal na Señor ng Liputan Old Meycauayan Train Station References ^ City of Meycauayan \| (DILG) ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ a b c d Census of Population (2020). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024. ^ Act No. 932 (October 8, 1903), "An Act Reducing the Twenty-five Municipalities of the Province of Bulacan to Thirteen", Senate of the Philippines Legislative Digital Resources, retrieved July 3, 2023 ^ "Marilao". Provincial Government of Bulacan. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b c d Balabo, Dino (December 12, 2006). "Bulacan now has 3 cities". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 2, 2023. ^ a b c d Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006). "Meycauayan bids for cityhood". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 10, 2006. ^ Republic Act No. 9021 (March 5, 2001), Charter of the City of Meycauayan, retrieved November 2, 2023 ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 22, s. 2001 (March 28, 2001), Declaring Friday, March 30, 2001, as a special day in the municipality of Cauayan, Isabela, and in the municipality of Meycauayan, Bulacan, retrieved November 2, 2023 ^ Republic Act No. 9356 (October 2, 2006), Charter of the City of Meycauayan, retrieved November 2, 2023 ^ "Everything about City of Meycauayan (History)". City of Meycauayan, Bulacan: City of Meycauayan Official Website. Retrieved July 29, 2018. ^ a b Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region III (Central Luzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016. ^ "Meycauayan: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved May 12, 2020. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Province of Bulacan". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016. ^ ""Meycauayan City Officials"". City of Malolos,Bulacan: Provincial Government of Bulacan Official Website. Retrieved June 29, 2018. ^ "Mayors of Meycauayan". Retrieved July 29, 2018. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024. ^ "Everything about the city of Meycauayan (Festivals)". City of Meycauayan Official Website. Retrieved July 29, 2018. ^ supremecourt.gov.ph, Blanco v. Comelec and Alarilla, G.R. No. 180164, June 17, 2008 Archived July 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ supremecourt.gov.ph, HEIRS OF ANACLETO B. NIETO vs. MUNICIPALITY OF MEYCAUAYAN, BULACAN, 3rd Div., G.R. No. 150654 Archived December 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ Inquirer.net, Meycauayan, Marilao in world’s ‘Dirty 30’-- report Archived June 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The World's Most Polluted Places" (PDF). The Blacksmith Institute. September 2007. p. 8. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Meycauayan. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meycauayan. Meycauayan Bulacan Charter of the City of Meycauayan (RA 9356) Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Places adjacent to Meycauayan Bocaue / Marilao Bulakan Meycauayan Caloocan Obando Valenzuela Articles Related to Meycauayan vte Province of BulacanMalolos (capital) San Jose del Monte (largest city)Municipalities Angat Balagtas Bocaue Bulakan Bustos Calumpit Doña Remedios Trinidad Guiguinto Hagonoy Marilao Norzagaray Obando Pandi Paombong Plaridel Pulilan San Ildefonso San Miguel San Rafael Santa Maria Component cities Baliwag Malolos Meycauayan San Jose del Monte vteCentral Luzon (Region III)Regional center San Fernando Provinces Aurora Bataan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Pampanga Tarlac Zambales Highly urbanized cities Angeles Olongapo Component cities Balanga Baliwag Cabanatuan Gapan Mabalacat Malolos Meycauayan Muñoz Palayan San Fernando San Jose San Jose del Monte Tarlac City Provincial capitals Balanga Baler Iba Malolos Palayan San Fernando Tarlac City Municipalities Abucay Aliaga Anao Angat Apalit Arayat Bacolor Bagac Balagtas Baler Bamban Bocaue Bongabon Botolan Bulacan Bustos Cabangan Cabiao Calumpit Camiling Candaba Candelaria Capas Carranglan Casiguran Castillejos Concepcion Cuyapo Dilasag Dinalungan Dinalupihan Dingalan Dipaculao Doña Remedios Trinidad Floridablanca Gabaldon General Mamerto Natividad General Tinio Gerona Guagua Guiguinto Guimba Hagonoy Hermosa Iba Jaen La Paz Laur Licab Limay Llanera Lubao Lupao Macabebe Magalang Maria Aurora Marilao Mariveles Masantol Masinloc Mayantoc Mexico Minalin Moncada Morong Nampicuan Norzagaray Obando Orani Orion Palauig Pandi Paniqui Pantabangan Paombong Peñaranda Pilar Plaridel Porac Pulilan Pura Quezon Ramos Rizal Samal San Antonio (Nueva Ecija) San Antonio (Zambales) San Clemente San Felipe San Ildefonso San Isidro San Jose (Tarlac) San Leonardo San Luis (Aurora) San Luis (Pampanga) San Manuel San Marcelino San Miguel San Narciso San Rafael San Simon Santa Ana Santa Cruz Santa Ignacia Santa Maria Santa Rita Santa Rosa Santo Domingo Santo Tomas Sasmuan Subic Talavera Talugtug Victoria Zaragoza Luzon, Republic of the Philippines vteList of cities in the PhilippinesHighly urbanizedcities Angeles City Bacolod Baguio Butuan Cagayan de Oro Caloocan Cebu City Davao City General Santos Iligan Iloilo City Lapu-Lapu City Las Piñas Lucena Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Mandaue Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Navotas Olongapo Parañaque Pasay Pasig Puerto Princesa Quezon City San Juan Tacloban Taguig Valenzuela Zamboanga City Independentcomponent cities Cotabato City Dagupan Naga, Camarines Sur Ormoc Santiago Component cities Alaminos Antipolo Bacoor Bago Bais Balanga Baliwag Batac Batangas City Bayawan Baybay Bayugan Biñan Bislig Bogo Borongan Cabadbaran Cabanatuan Cabuyao Cadiz Calaca Calamba Calapan Calbayog Candon Canlaon Carcar Carmona Catbalogan Cauayan Cavite City Danao Dapitan Dasmariñas Digos Dipolog Dumaguete El Salvador Escalante Gapan General Trias Gingoog Guihulngan Himamaylan Ilagan Imus Iriga Isabela Kabankalan Kidapawan Koronadal La Carlota Lamitan Laoag Legazpi Ligao Lipa Maasin Mabalacat Malaybalay Malolos Marawi Masbate City Mati Meycauayan Muñoz Naga, Cebu Oroquieta Ozamiz Pagadian Palayan Panabo Passi Roxas Sagay Samal San Carlos, Negros Occidental San Carlos, Pangasinan San Fernando, La Union San Fernando, Pampanga San Jose San Jose del Monte San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Santo Tomas Silay Sipalay Sorsogon City Surigao City Tabaco Tabuk Tacurong Tagaytay Tagbilaran Tagum Talisay, Cebu Talisay, Negros Occidental Tanauan Tandag Tangub Tanjay Tarlac City Tayabas Toledo Trece Martires Tuguegarao Urdaneta Valencia Victorias Vigan vte Philippines cities with a 100,000+ population2,000,000 and more Quezon City (2,960,048) 1,000,000–1,999,999 Manila (1,846,513) Davao City (1,776,949) Caloocan (1,661,584) Taguig (1,223,597) 500,000–999,999 Zamboanga City (977,234) Cebu City (964,169) Antipolo (887,399) Pasig (803,159) Cagayan de Oro (728,402) Valenzuela (714,978) Dasmariñas (703,141) General Santos (697,315) Parañaque (689,992) Bacoor (664,625) San Jose del Monte (651,813) Las Piñas (606,293) Bacolod (600,783) Muntinlupa (543,445) Calamba (539,671) 200,000–499,999 Lapu-Lapu City (497,604) Imus (496,794) Angeles City (462,928) Iloilo City (457,626) Marikina (456,059) General Trias (450,583) Pasay (440,656) Mandaluyong (425,758) Santa Rosa (414,812) Biñan (407,437) Tarlac City (385,398) Malabon (380,522) Lipa (372,931) Butuan (372,910) Baguio (366,358) Mandaue (364,116) Iligan (363,115) Cabuyao (355,330) San Fernando (Pampanga) (354,666) Batangas City (351,647) Cabanatuan (327,325) San Pedro (326,001) Cotabato City (325,079) Puerto Princesa (307,079) Tagum (296,202) Mabalacat (293,244) Makati (292,743) San Pablo (285,348) Lucena (278,924) Talisay (Cebu) (263,048) Malolos (261,189) Olongapo (260,317) Tacloban (251,881) Navotas (247,543) Ormoc (230,998) Meycauayan (225,673) Santo Tomas (218,500) Valencia (Bukidnon) (216,546) Trece Martires (210,503) Pagadian (210,542) Legazpi (209,533) Panabo (209,230) Naga (Camarines Sur) (209,170) Toledo (207,314) Marawi (207,010) San Carlos (Pangasinan) (205,424) Kabankalan (200,198) 100,000–199,999 Koronadal (195,398) Bago (191,210) Malaybalay (190,712) Digos (188,376) Calbayog (186,960) Sorsogon City (182,237) Roxas City (179,292) Dagupan (174,302) Surigao City (171,107) Baliwag (168,470) Tuguegarao (166,334) Kidapawan (160,791) Cadiz (158,544) Ilagan (158,258) Danao (156,321) San Jose (Nueva Ecija) (150,917) Sagay (148,894) Santiago (148,580) Mati (147,547) Urdaneta (144,577) Cauayan (143,403) Calapan (145,786) Tabaco (140,961) Ozamis (140,443) Dipolog (138,141) Gingoog (136,698) Carcar (136,453) Dumaguete (134,103) Naga (Cebu) (133,184) San Carlos (Negros Occidental) (132,650) Silay (130,478) Isabela (Basilan) (130,379) San Juan (Metro Manila) (126,347) San Fernando (La Union) (125,640) Gapan (122,968) Bayawan (122,747) Tabuk (121,033) Ligao (118,096) Samal (Davao del Norte) (116,771) Himamaylan (116,240) Iriga (114,457) Tayabas (112,658) Baybay (111,848) Laoag (111,651) Tacurong (109,319) Talisay (Negros Occidental) (108,909) Catbalogan (106,440) Carmona (106,256) Tagbilaran (104,976) Masbate City (104,522) Balanga (104,173) Guihulngan (102,656) Cavite City (100,674) Lamitan (100,150) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cauayan, Isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauayan,_Isabela"},{"link_name":"[meɪkɐˈwajan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"component city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Legal_classification"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Bulacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulacan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9303-3"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Malolos City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_City"},{"link_name":"Marilao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilao,_Bulacan"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Valenzuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Caloocan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan"},{"link_name":"Obando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obando,_Bulacan"}],"text":"Component city in Bulacan, PhilippinesNot to be confused with Cauayan, Isabela.Component city in Central Luzon, PhilippinesMeycauayan [meɪkɐˈwajan], officially the City of Meycauayan (Filipino: Lungsod ng Meycauayan), is a 1st class component city in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 225,673 people.[3] It is one of the oldest towns in the province.The city is located 19 kilometers (12 mi) north of Manila and 26 kilometers (16 mi) south of Malolos City, the provincial capital city. It is bounded by the town of Marilao to the north, the two Metro Manila cities of Valenzuela to the south and Caloocan (North) to the east, and the town of Obando to the west. It encompasses an aggregate area of 22.1 square kilometers (8.5 sq mi), representing 1.17% of the total land area of the province of Bulacan.","title":"Meycauayan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_English"}],"text":"The place got its name from the Tagalog words may kawayan which is literally translated to English as there is bamboo. It was formerly known as Mecabayan [mekəˈbajən], a Kapampangan name.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"San Jose del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Bocaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocaue"},{"link_name":"Valenzuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Marilao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilao"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria,_Bulacan"},{"link_name":"Pandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandi,_Bulacan"},{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Marilao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilao"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"During the Spanish colonization of the country, the town of Meycauayan was established as a settlement by a group of Spanish priests belonging to the Franciscan Order. In 1578, its early inhabitants came into contact with Christianity. In that same year, Father Juan de Placencia and Diego Oropesa built the first church structure, which was believed to be made of nipa and bamboo. Common to all Spanish settlements in that period was the adoption of a patron saint for the newly opened town. Meycauayan has St. Francis of Assisi as the Patron Saint. It was only in 1668, however, that a concrete church structure was erected.Meycauayan was then one of the largest towns in the province of Bulacan. The towns, which fell under its political jurisdiction, were San Jose del Monte, Bocaue, Valenzuela (formerly Polo), Obando, Marilao, Santa Maria and Pandi. It was also regarded as the unofficial capital of the province, being the hub of activities brought about by the establishment of the market center and the presence of the Spanish military detachment. During the revolution, which was set off by the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal in 1896, Meycauayan contributed its share in the fight against the Spanish conquistadores. Among her sons who figured prominently in the revolution were: Andres Pacheco, Ciriaco Contreras, Guillermo Contreras, Guillermo Bonque, Tiburcio Zuela, and Liberato Exaltacion. There were many others who had joined the revolution and had displayed their exceptional heroism until 1898, when the country gained its independence from Spain.Between 1901 and 1913, Marilao became part of Meycauayan.[5][6]In 1949, a big fire razed the market center and several business establishments in the town, causing setbacks to the development of the municipality. It took several years to recover from the destruction and property losses. However, in the 1960s and early part of 1970s, new hope for the development was ushered in. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of infrastructure facilities were made possible through the assistance of the provincial and national governments. A more sound economic base was established and crop production more than doubled.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2c1212tPS-7"},{"link_name":"district representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Angelito Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelito_Sarmiento"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2c1210tPS-8"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo"},{"link_name":"Republic Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Act"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cauayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauayan,_Isabela"},{"link_name":"Isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_(province)"},{"link_name":"Commission on Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2c1210tPS-8"},{"link_name":"Reylina Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reylina_Nicolas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2c1210tPS-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2c1212tPS-7"},{"link_name":"San Jose del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Malolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2c1212tPS-7"}],"sub_title":"Cityhood","text":"Meycauayan twice attempted for cityhood.[7] The first was filed by district representative Angelito Sarmiento,[8] seeking the conversion of the then-municipality of Meycauayan into a component city, which was signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on March 5, 2001 as Republic Act No. 9021.[9]The plebiscite for the ratification, along with that of Cauayan, Isabela (by virtue of RA No. 9017 dated February 28), was scheduled by the Commission on Elections on March 30.[10] The bid however failed, and Meycauayan remained a municipality.[8] (Meanwhile, affirmative votes won in the separate plebiscite in Cauayan.)For the second time, in another attempt for conversion, district representative Reylina Nicolas authored House Bill 4397 (dated July 24, 2006), which was later signed into law by President Arroyo as RA No. 9356 on October 2, 2006.[8][11]A plebiscite was held on December 10, where the cityhood was eventually ratified and the proclamation was made in the evening. It was noted that compared to the first plebiscite, the second showed that only more than a hundred voters were added to those in favor of the conversion, as well as a sharp decline in the number of those who were against.[7]With the ratification, Meycauayan became Bulacan's third component city, following San Jose del Monte in 2000, and Malolos, whose loss in its cityhood bid in 1999 was reversed following a recount.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary","text":"Today, the city of Meycauayan has transformed into a major economic and industrial hub in the Province of Bulacan and the rest of Region III.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The City of Meycauayan is generally surrounded with plain land and gentle rolling hills. Meycauayan is named to Filipino phrase may kawayan that means \"with bamboo\". Comfortably above sea level, this terrain is an interweaving of greenery and concrete road network. The slope of the land dips towards a west to north westerly direction. River, natural lake and drainage waterways envelope and criss-cross the area.Today it is bordered by the town of Marilao to the north, towns of Bocaue and Bulakan, Bulacan to the northwest, Valenzuela to the south, Northern part of Caloocan to the east, and the town of Obando to the west.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barangays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay"},{"link_name":"puroks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purok"},{"link_name":"sitios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitios"}],"sub_title":"Barangays","text":"Meycauayan is administratively subdivided into 26 urban barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-met_norms-14"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Meycauayan City, Bulacan\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n32(90)\n\n34(93)\n\n33(91)\n\n31(88)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n31(87)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n20(68)\n\n20(68)\n\n21(70)\n\n23(73)\n\n24(75)\n\n25(77)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n23(73)\n\n22(72)\n\n21(70)\n\n23(73)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n7(0.3)\n\n7(0.3)\n\n9(0.4)\n\n21(0.8)\n\n101(4.0)\n\n152(6.0)\n\n188(7.4)\n\n170(6.7)\n\n159(6.3)\n\n115(4.5)\n\n47(1.9)\n\n29(1.1)\n\n1,005(39.7)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n3.3\n\n3.5\n\n11.1\n\n8.1\n\n18.9\n\n23.5\n\n26.4\n\n25.5\n\n24.5\n\n19.6\n\n10.4\n\n6.4\n\n181.2\n\n\nSource: Meteoblue[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9303-3"}],"text":"In the 2020 census, the population of Meycauayan was 225,673 people,[3] with a density of 7,000 inhabitants per square kilometer or 18,000 inhabitants per square mile.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangguniang Panlungsod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"The Sangguniang Panlungsod is the legislature of the government of Meycauayan. As defined by the Local Government Code of 1991, the legislatures have legislative and quasi-judicial powers and functions. The members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod, often referred to as councilors are either elected or ex-officio and includes a city's vice mayor who serves as the presiding officer.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Past officials","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Poverty incidence of MeycauayanThe City of Meycauayan is the economic, industrial, commercial, financial and educational center of southern Bulacan. The city is known for its jewelry and leather industries. For years, Meycauayan has been the hub of jewelry production in the Philippines and in Asia. It is known for its low-priced jewelries. The locality also produces leather goods. Shoes, bags and every kind of leather product has been traditionally manufactured here. A number of leather tanneries still operate in Meycauayan, which over the years have converted the city into a hub for leather goods.In 2016, the total net income for Meycauayan is worth Php 6.875 billion, making it the richest in the province of Bulacan and 18th-highest-income city in the Philippines.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Industrial compounds and parks","text":"The City of Meycauayan is also home to many industrial parks and compounds.Meycauayan Industrial Subd. I, II, III & IV\nMeridian Industrial Compound\nMuralla Industrial Park\nFirst Valenzuela Industrial Compound\nSterling Industrial Park Phase I, II, III & IV","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meycollegejf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Meycauayan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meycauayan_College"}],"text":"Meycauayan College buildingMeycauayan City have its own division of schools since January 2013. The City Schools Division of Meycauayan has two districts, Meycauayan West District and Meycauayan East District.There are 24 public elementary schools and 4 public high schools as well as 11 private schools in the city. There are also tertiary schools in Meycauayan. Polytechnic College of the City of Meycauayan is under the funding and management of the City Government, currently located at Pag-asa Street, Barangay Malhacan. Meycauayan College is a private educational institution in Barangay Calvario and Malhacan. It was established in 1925 as Meycauayan Institute. Other than tertiary education, it also offers primary and secondary education.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meycauayan_Church_at_noon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pagoda_ng_Mahal_na_Se%C3%B1or_ng_Liputan_(4).jpg"}],"text":"Meycauayan Church, also known as St. Francis of Assisi Parish ChurchDecorated fluvial float (pagoda) carrying the image of the Mahal na Señor of Liputan, Meycauayan City on its feast day every May.Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as the Meycauayan Church, is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan, Philippines. It is one of the oldest parishes in Bulacan which even predates the Malolos Cathedral established in 1580 and the Barasoain Church established in 1859. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. The church is the seat of the vicariate of St. Francis of Assisi in the Diocese of Malolos.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Feasts","text":"Liputan Barrio FiestaThis festival takes place every 2nd Sunday of May in Barangay Liputan. After a nine-day novena, the fiesta culminates with a colorful fluvial procession in honor of the \"Mahal na Señor\", an image of the Crucified Christ venerated on the island of Liputan. The image, along with those of the Virgin and St. Joseph, are placed on a pagoda, a makeshift bamboo bier constructed on boats and decorated with buntings. The images are then taken to the old church in the town center of Meycauayan for a mass.Feast of St. Francis of AssisiIt is a celebration held in the oldest church in Meycauayan, the St. Francis of Assisi Parish Church in Barangay Poblacion, which commemorates the foundation of the city in 1578 by the Franciscans. Before, it has come to be known as the \"Kawayanan Festival\", and includes an animal parade, street dancing, and other related cultural activities. It is held every fourth of October.[28]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issues and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"vote buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud#Vote_buying"},{"link_name":"COMELEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)"}],"sub_title":"Mayoralty dispute (1995–2008)","text":"The succession of the city's administration was put into question by a series of legal cases between two then-Mayors.[29] Florentino Blanco, town mayor from 1987 to 1992, ran in 1995 but was disqualified by the Supreme Court for vote buying on July 21, 1997. Blanco was replaced by Vice Mayor Eduardo Nolasco in an acting capacity, serving out the remainder of his term.Blanco ran again in 1998 but lost to Eduardo Alarilla; Blanco attempted to file an election protest against Alarilla but the COMELEC dismissed the case. He attempted to run again in 2004 but later withdrew his candidacy. In 2007, he ran once more but lost to Eduardo Alarilla's wife, Joan Alarilla (Mr. Alarilla has then reached the three-term limit imposed by law). The then Mayor Alarilla then attempted to disqualify Blanco; the COMELEC ruled in favor of Alarilla, but the Supreme Court reversed this decision, stating that Blanco is still eligible to run for public office.","title":"Issues and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Bulacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulacan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Heirs of Anacleto Nieto vs. Meycauayan, Bulacan","text":"On December 13, 2007, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ordered Meycauayan, Bulacan to surrender peaceful possession to the Heirs of Anacleto Nieto, and vacate the 3,882 square meters lot, at Poblacion, Meycauayan, TCT No. T-24.055 (M) which it used and even constructed an extension of the public market therein. Meycauayan was also ordered to pay the reasonable value of the property and P 1,716,000.00 as reasonable compensation for the use of the property from 1966 until the filing of the complaint on December 28, 1994.[30]","title":"Issues and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pure Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Earth"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dirty-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Pollution","text":"In 2007, The Meycauayan and the neighboring town of Marilao in Bulacan province shared a slot in the list of the world's 30 most polluted places in the developing world drawn up by the private New York-based institute Pure Earth. In its report, \"The World’s Worst Polluted Places\" for 2007, Pure Earth said: \"Industrial waste is haphazardly dumped into the Meycauayan, Marilao and Obando River system, a source of drinking and agricultural water supplies for the 250,000 people living in and around\"[31][32] the Meycauayan-Marilao area. Meycauayan also shares border with Caloocan.","title":"Issues and controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meycauayan_Church_decorated_for_the_opening_of_its_jubilee_door.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parish Church of St. Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Church_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9891Photos_taken_during_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_Meycauayan_City_34.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Municmeycjf.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Municipal_Hall_of_Meycauayan,_Bulacan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rivermeycjf-cr.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangroves_in_Ubihan,_Meycauayan_City.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pagoda_ng_Mahal_na_Se%C3%B1or_ng_Liputan_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JfMalhacan9081MeycauayanCityHwayChurchfvf_23.JPG"}],"text":"The Parish Church of St. Francis of Assisi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMeycauayan Heritage Bells\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2005 Meycauayan City Hall (Camalig)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld Municipal Hall in Poblacion (later demolished and replaced by Meycauayan Convention Center)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMeycauayan River\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMangroves in Barangay Ubihan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPagoda ng Mahal na Señor ng Liputan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld Meycauayan Train Station","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Meycauayan College building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Meycollegejf.JPG/220px-Meycollegejf.JPG"},{"image_text":"Meycauayan Church, also known as St. Francis of Assisi Parish Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Meycauayan_Church_at_noon.jpg/220px-Meycauayan_Church_at_noon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Decorated fluvial float (pagoda) carrying the image of the Mahal na Señor of Liputan, Meycauayan City on its feast day every May.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pagoda_ng_Mahal_na_Se%C3%B1or_ng_Liputan_%284%29.jpg/220px-Pagoda_ng_Mahal_na_Se%C3%B1or_ng_Liputan_%284%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1453","url_text":"0117-1453"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210525030629/https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Census of Population (2020). \"Region III (Central Luzon)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Region%25203.xlsx","url_text":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority","url_text":"Philippine Statistics Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2021-city-and-municipal-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"Act No. 932 (October 8, 1903), \"An Act Reducing the Twenty-five Municipalities of the Province of Bulacan to Thirteen\", Senate of the Philippines Legislative Digital Resources, retrieved July 3, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%20932","url_text":"\"An Act Reducing the Twenty-five Municipalities of the Province of Bulacan to Thirteen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marilao\". Provincial Government of Bulacan. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bulacan.gov.ph/cities-and-municipalities/marilao","url_text":"\"Marilao\""}]},{"reference":"Balabo, Dino (December 12, 2006). \"Bulacan now has 3 cities\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2006/12/12/374596/bulacan-now-has-3-cities/","url_text":"\"Bulacan now has 3 cities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006). \"Meycauayan bids for cityhood\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 10, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2006/12/10/374311/meycauayan-bids-cityhood","url_text":"\"Meycauayan bids for cityhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Republic Act No. 9021 (March 5, 2001), Charter of the City of Meycauayan, retrieved November 2, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/5852","url_text":"Charter of the City of Meycauayan"}]},{"reference":"Presidential Proclamation No. 22, s. 2001 (March 28, 2001), Declaring Friday, March 30, 2001, as a special day in the municipality of Cauayan, Isabela, and in the municipality of Meycauayan, Bulacan, retrieved November 2, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/03/28/proclamation-no-22-s-2001/","url_text":"Declaring Friday, March 30, 2001, as a special day in the municipality of Cauayan, Isabela, and in the municipality of Meycauayan, Bulacan"}]},{"reference":"Republic Act No. 9356 (October 2, 2006), Charter of the City of Meycauayan, retrieved November 2, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://republicact.com/docs/statute/5677/ra-9356-charter-city-meycauayan","url_text":"Charter of the City of Meycauayan"}]},{"reference":"\"Everything about City of Meycauayan (History)\". City of Meycauayan, Bulacan: City of Meycauayan Official Website. Retrieved July 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityofmeycauayanbulacan.gov.ph/?page=cityInfo","url_text":"\"Everything about City of Meycauayan (History)\""}]},{"reference":"Census of Population and Housing (2010). \"Region III (Central Luzon)\" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Central%2520Luzon.pdf","url_text":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office","url_text":"National Statistics Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Meycauayan: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\". Meteoblue. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/meycauayan_philippines_1699802","url_text":"\"Meycauayan: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\""}]},{"reference":"Census of Population (2015). \"Region III (Central Luzon)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/R03.xlsx","url_text":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority","url_text":"Philippine Statistics Authority"}]},{"reference":"Censuses of Population (1903–2007). \"Region III (Central Luzon)\". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007/Region%203%20Central%20Luzon%20Philippines%20Census%20of%20Population%201903%20-%202007.xls","url_text":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007","url_text":"Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office","url_text":"National Statistics Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Province of Bulacan\". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://122.54.214.222/population/MunPop.asp?prov=BUL&province=Bulacan","url_text":"\"Province of Bulacan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Water_Utilities_Administration","url_text":"Local Water Utilities Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Meycauayan City Officials\"\". City of Malolos,Bulacan: Provincial Government of Bulacan Official Website. Retrieved June 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bulacan.gov.ph/meycauayan/government.php","url_text":"\"\"Meycauayan City Officials\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayors of Meycauayan\". Retrieved July 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://meycauayanculture.blogspot.com/2012/03/mayors-of-meycauayan.html?m=1","url_text":"\"Mayors of Meycauayan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poverty incidence (PI):\". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidence-pi","url_text":"\"Poverty incidence (PI):\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NSCB_LocalPovertyPhilippines_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2003%20SAE%20of%20poverty%20(Full%20Report)_1.pdf","url_text":"\"2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2006%20and%202009%20City%20and%20Municipal%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates_0_1.pdf","url_text":"\"City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2012%20Municipal%20and%20City%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates%20Publication%20(1).pdf","url_text":"\"2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015\". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%20Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx","url_text":"\"Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2018-municipal-and-city-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2021-city-and-municipal-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything about the city of Meycauayan (Festivals)\". City of Meycauayan Official Website. Retrieved July 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cityofmeycauayanbulacan.gov.ph/?page=cityInfo","url_text":"\"Everything about the city of Meycauayan (Festivals)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World's Most Polluted Places\" (PDF). The Blacksmith Institute. September 2007. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worstpolluted.org/reports/file/2007%20Report%20updated%202009.pdf","url_text":"\"The World's Most Polluted Places\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meycauayan&params=14.73_N_120.95_E_region:PH_type:city(225673)","external_links_name":"14°44′N 120°57′E / 14.73°N 120.95°E / 14.73; 120.95"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Meycauayan%22","external_links_name":"\"Meycauayan\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Meycauayan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Meycauayan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Meycauayan%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Meycauayan%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Meycauayan%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meycauayan&params=14.73_N_120.95_E_region:PH_type:city(225673)","external_links_name":"14°44′N 120°57′E / 14.73°N 120.95°E / 14.73; 120.95"},{"Link":"https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/","external_links_name":"PSGC"},{"Link":"https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/?q=psgc/barangays/031412000&regcode=03&provcode=14","external_links_name":"031412000"},{"Link":"https://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=03&p=14&m=12","external_links_name":"City of Meycauayan"},{"Link":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1453","external_links_name":"0117-1453"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210525030629/https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Region%25203.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"Link":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2021-city-and-municipal-level-poverty-estimates","external_links_name":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%20932","external_links_name":"\"An Act Reducing the Twenty-five Municipalities of the Province of Bulacan to Thirteen\""},{"Link":"https://bulacan.gov.ph/cities-and-municipalities/marilao","external_links_name":"\"Marilao\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2006/12/12/374596/bulacan-now-has-3-cities/","external_links_name":"\"Bulacan now has 3 cities\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2006/12/10/374311/meycauayan-bids-cityhood","external_links_name":"\"Meycauayan bids for cityhood\""},{"Link":"https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/5852","external_links_name":"Charter of the City of Meycauayan"},{"Link":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/03/28/proclamation-no-22-s-2001/","external_links_name":"Declaring Friday, March 30, 2001, as a special day in the municipality of Cauayan, Isabela, and in the municipality of Meycauayan, Bulacan"},{"Link":"https://republicact.com/docs/statute/5677/ra-9356-charter-city-meycauayan","external_links_name":"Charter of the City of Meycauayan"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofmeycauayanbulacan.gov.ph/?page=cityInfo","external_links_name":"\"Everything about City of Meycauayan (History)\""},{"Link":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Central%2520Luzon.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"Link":"https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/meycauayan_philippines_1699802","external_links_name":"\"Meycauayan: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\""},{"Link":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/R03.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007/Region%203%20Central%20Luzon%20Philippines%20Census%20of%20Population%201903%20-%202007.xls","external_links_name":"\"Region III (Central Luzon)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007","external_links_name":"Table 1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_of_Christians_and_Jews	National Conference for Community and Justice	["1 History","2 Programs and events","2.1 Anytown","2.2 Brotherhood Week","3 See also","4 References"]	American social justice organization National Conference for Community and JusticeLogo of the NCCJAbbreviationNCCJFormation1927; 97 years ago (1927)HeadquartersMiddletown, CTRegion United StatesAffiliationsNational Federation for Just CommunitiesWebsitehttps://www.nccj.org/Formerly calledNational Conference of Christians and Jews The National Conference for Community and Justice is an American social justice organization focused on fighting biases and promoting understanding between people of different races and cultures. The organization was founded in 1927 as the National Conference of Christians and Jews in response to anti-Semitism and anti-Catholic sentiment surrounding Al Smith's run for President. History The NCCJ was established in 1927 by social activists, including Jane Addams and US Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, to bring diverse people together to address interfaith divisions. Over the course of its history, the organization expanded its purview to all issues of social justice; in 1998 its name changed from "National Conference of Christians and Jews" to "National Conference for Community and Justice". A number of regional offices exist under the auspices of the National Federation for Just Communities. Programs and events The NCCJ promoted inclusivity through various events and programs. One of the first was the "Tolerance Trio", a traveling roadshow which toured the country with a priest, a rabbi, and a clergyman, all making jokes and providing entertainment. Throughout its tenure, the NCCJ offered interfaith events, school-age programs, and youth leadership programs aimed at promoting values such as understanding, respect, and community building. Anytown The "Anytown" program began in the 1950s and was designed for youth ages 14–18. It was intended to educate and empower its participants through multi-day intensive retreats. Remarks of Franklin D. Roosevelt for Brotherhood Week 1943 Brotherhood Week The NCCJ promoted a "National Brotherhood Day" in the 1930s, expanding to Brotherhood Week starting in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt named honorary chairman. In 1944 the week included extensive radio programming, military and USO participation, and an "education program of nationwide scope" aimed at "extending good will and understanding among religious groups". By the early 2000s the event had lost relevance and was eventually canceled. Tom Lehrer satirized National Brotherhood Week in a 1965 song of the same name, recorded on his album That Was the Year That Was. See also Society portal Jane Addams S. Parkes Cadman Charles Evans Hughes References ^ a b "Our Story – NCCJ". www.nccj.org. Retrieved October 1, 2022. ^ a b c d e Goren, Jennifer (February 21, 2018). "Whatever became of National Brotherhood Week?". The World. Public Radio International. Retrieved October 22, 2019. ^ "Conference Outlines a Wide Campaign of Good-Will Among All Classes". The New York Times. December 11, 1927. Retrieved December 8, 2018. ^ "National Conference of Christians and Jews Changes Its Name to Better Reflect Its Work and Inclusivity". The Boston Globe. June 14, 1998 – via Pluralism Project. ^ "National Conference of Christians and Jews Announces Measures Against Racial Bias" (Press release). February 18, 1944. Retrieved October 22, 2019 – via Jewish Telegraphic Agency.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Al Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith"}],"text":"The National Conference for Community and Justice is an American social justice organization focused on fighting biases and promoting understanding between people of different races and cultures.\nThe organization was founded in 1927 as the National Conference of Christians and Jews in response to anti-Semitism and anti-Catholic sentiment surrounding Al Smith's run for President.","title":"National Conference for Community and Justice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goren-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-namechange-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The NCCJ was established in 1927 by social activists, including Jane Addams and US Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes,[1] to bring diverse people together to address interfaith divisions.[2][3]\nOver the course of its history, the organization expanded its purview to all issues of social justice; in 1998 its name changed from \"National Conference of Christians and Jews\" to \"National Conference for Community and Justice\".[4] A number of regional offices exist under the auspices of the National Federation for Just Communities.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goren-2"}],"text":"The NCCJ promoted inclusivity through various events and programs.\nOne of the first was the \"Tolerance Trio\", a traveling roadshow which toured the country with a priest, a rabbi, and a clergyman, all making jokes and providing entertainment.[2]\nThroughout its tenure, the NCCJ offered interfaith events, school-age programs, and youth leadership programs aimed at promoting values such as understanding, respect, and community building.","title":"Programs and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Brotherhood_Week%22_-_NARA_-_513813.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Anytown","text":"The \"Anytown\" program began in the 1950s and was designed for youth ages 14–18. It was intended to educate and empower its participants through multi-day intensive retreats.Remarks of Franklin D. Roosevelt for Brotherhood Week 1943","title":"Programs and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goren-2"},{"link_name":"USO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USO"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTA-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goren-2"},{"link_name":"Tom Lehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lehrer"},{"link_name":"That Was the Year That Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Was_the_Year_That_Was"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goren-2"}],"sub_title":"Brotherhood Week","text":"The NCCJ promoted a \"National Brotherhood Day\" in the 1930s, expanding to Brotherhood Week starting in 1936 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt named honorary chairman.[2]\nIn 1944 the week included extensive radio programming, military and USO participation, and an \"education program of nationwide scope\" aimed at \"extending good will and understanding among religious groups\".[5]\nBy the early 2000s the event had lost relevance and was eventually canceled.[2]Tom Lehrer satirized National Brotherhood Week in a 1965 song of the same name, recorded on his album That Was the Year That Was.[2]","title":"Programs and events"}]	[{"image_text":"Remarks of Franklin D. Roosevelt for Brotherhood Week 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%22Brotherhood_Week%22_-_NARA_-_513813.jpg/220px-%22Brotherhood_Week%22_-_NARA_-_513813.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"title":"Society portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"title":"Jane Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams"},{"title":"S. Parkes Cadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Parkes_Cadman"},{"title":"Charles Evans Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes"}]	[{"reference":"\"Our Story – NCCJ\". www.nccj.org. Retrieved October 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nccj.org/about/our-story","url_text":"\"Our Story – NCCJ\""}]},{"reference":"Goren, Jennifer (February 21, 2018). \"Whatever became of National Brotherhood Week?\". The World. Public Radio International. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-02-21/whatever-became-national-brotherhood-week","url_text":"\"Whatever became of National Brotherhood Week?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_(radio_program)","url_text":"The World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Radio_International","url_text":"Public Radio International"}]},{"reference":"\"Conference Outlines a Wide Campaign of Good-Will Among All Classes\". The New York Times. December 11, 1927. Retrieved December 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1927/12/11/archives/aims-to-harmonize-national-groups-conference-outlines-a-wide.html","url_text":"\"Conference Outlines a Wide Campaign of Good-Will Among All Classes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"National Conference of Christians and Jews Changes Its Name to Better Reflect Its Work and Inclusivity\". The Boston Globe. June 14, 1998 – via Pluralism Project.","urls":[{"url":"http://pluralism.org/news/national-conference-of-christians-and-jews-changes-its-name-to-better-reflect-its-work-and-inclusivity/","url_text":"\"National Conference of Christians and Jews Changes Its Name to Better Reflect Its Work and Inclusivity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"National Conference of Christians and Jews Announces Measures Against Racial Bias\" (Press release). February 18, 1944. Retrieved October 22, 2019 – via Jewish Telegraphic Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/1944/02/18/archive/national-conference-of-christians-and-jews-announces-measures-against-racial-bias","url_text":"\"National Conference of Christians and Jews Announces Measures Against Racial Bias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency","url_text":"Jewish Telegraphic Agency"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nccj.org/","external_links_name":"https://www.nccj.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.nccj.org/about/our-story","external_links_name":"\"Our Story – NCCJ\""},{"Link":"https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-02-21/whatever-became-national-brotherhood-week","external_links_name":"\"Whatever became of National Brotherhood Week?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1927/12/11/archives/aims-to-harmonize-national-groups-conference-outlines-a-wide.html","external_links_name":"\"Conference Outlines a Wide Campaign of Good-Will Among All Classes\""},{"Link":"http://pluralism.org/news/national-conference-of-christians-and-jews-changes-its-name-to-better-reflect-its-work-and-inclusivity/","external_links_name":"\"National Conference of Christians and Jews Changes Its Name to Better Reflect Its Work and Inclusivity\""},{"Link":"https://www.jta.org/1944/02/18/archive/national-conference-of-christians-and-jews-announces-measures-against-racial-bias","external_links_name":"\"National Conference of Christians and Jews Announces Measures Against Racial Bias\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_National_Air_Show	Cleveland National Air Show	["1 Performers","1.1 2023","1.2 2022","1.3 2021","1.4 2020","1.5 2019","1.6 2018","1.7 2017","1.8 2016","1.9 2015","1.10 2014","1.11 2013","1.12 2012","1.13 2011","1.14 2010","1.15 2009","1.16 2008","1.17 2007","1.18 2006","1.19 2005","1.20 2004","1.21 2003","1.22 2002","1.23 2001","1.24 2000","1.25 1999","2 Accidents and incidents related to air show","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°31′N 81°41′W / 41.517°N 81.683°W / 41.517; -81.683Annual air show This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cleveland National Air ShowThe United States Army Parachute Team makes an appearance at the air show.GenreAir showDatesLabor Day weekendVenueBurke Lakefront AirportLocation(s)Cleveland, OhioCountryU.S.A.Established1964 The Cleveland National Air Show is an annual air show held on Labor Day weekend at Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland, Ohio. It was established in 1964 as an indirect successor to the National Air Races. The show includes stunt airplanes, modern fighters and alternates between the U.S. Navy Blue Angels and U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds every other year. The show typically runs from 9:00 a.m. to around 4:30 p.m. EDT. The show usually starts with smaller acts, and the Blue Angels or Thunderbirds perform last. Another regular attraction is the NASA Glenn Research Center, which usually has an exhibit located near the back of the show. There is usually some type of heritage or legacy flight, sometimes both. There was no show in 2020 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Performers This section is a list of all aircraft that have performed in the Cleveland National Airshow in recent history. Please note that only the acts are listed, not static displays or other ground attractions. 2023 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds U.S. Air Force F-22 Raptor U.S. Air Force F-15 Eagle U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team U.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker Hot Streak Jet Truck C-130 Hercules 2022 U.S. Navy Blue Angels U.S. Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon U.S. Air Force F-15 Eagle U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team Randy Ball MiG-17F Hot Streak Jet Truck WWII B-25 Georgie’s Gal 2021 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds A-10C Thunderbolt II Shockwave Jet Truck U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team C-130 Hercules 2020 The 2020 Air Show was canceled due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. The action was necessary in order to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and to comply with State, County and City Health regulations, which prohibited large events and mass gatherings. 2019 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds U.S. Air Force F-35 Lightning II A-10C Thunderbolt II Shockwave Jet Truck U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team C-130 Hercules Lucas Oil Airshows GEICO Skytypers 2018 U.S. Navy Blue Angels U.S. Air Force F-16 Viper Jet C-130 Hercules Shockwave Jet Truck Sean Tucker Tiger Yak 55 2017 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds U.S. Navy Super Hornet U.S. Air Force A-10 Shockwave Jet Truck Ohio Air National Guard C-130 Nakajima B5N Havilland D.H. 115 Vampire Jet Vought F4U Corsair 2016 U.S. Navy Blue Angels U.S. Air Force F-35 Lightning II U.S. Air Force F-22 Raptor Shockwave Jet Truck North American P-51 Mustang North American B-25 Mitchell 2015 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Boeing F/A-18E Super Hornet C-130 Hercules C-17 Globemaster Sean Tucker North American P-51 Mustang North American B-25 Mitchell 2014 U.S. Navy Blue Angels Unmanned Aircraft Systems Demonstration Nasa Glenn Northern Ohio Unmanned Aircraft Systems Association (NOUASA) Art Nalls' Sea Harrier and L-39 Black Jet 2013 The 2013 Cleveland National Air Show was canceled due to the federal sequester. 2012 U.S. Navy Blue Angels USMC Fat Albert (C-130 Hercules) US Army Golden Knights F/A-18F Super Hornet Sky Soldiers Cobra Helicopter Demonstration Team (AH-1 Cobra) Sean Tucker (Oracle Challenger II) Mike Goulian Aerosports Jane Wicker Shockwave Jet Truck Aurora Stearman B-17 Flying Fortress "Yankee Lady" Jim Leavelle (T-6 Texan) Metro Life Flight (Eurocopter EC-145) US Air Force Heritage Flight (F-22 Raptor and P-51) 2011 The United States Air Force Thunderbirds performed at the 2011 air show. U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds US Army Golden Knights A-10 Thunderbolt II F/A-18 Hornet F-4 Phantom II P-51 Mustang CP-140 Aurora Jason Newburg- Viper Airshows USAF Heritage Flight Jacquie B Airshows Kent Pietsch Jelly Belly Jim "Fang" Maroney School Time Jet Bus John Klatt (Staudacher S-300D) B-17 Flying Fortress "Memphis Belle" Metro Life Flight Eurocopter EC-145 2010 The Blue Angels' support plane is a Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport, nicknamed Fat Albert. U.S. Navy Blue Angels USMC Fat Albert (C-130 Hercules) US Army Golden Knights F/A-18F Super Hornet U.S. Navy Legacy Flight F-15E Strike Eagle Red Eagle Air Sports (Pitts Special) Gene Soucy (Grumman Ag Cat) Teresa Stokes Wingwalking B-17 Flying Fortress "Yankee Lady" Mitsubishi A6M Zero "TORA 101" Shockwave Jet Truck Mad Bomber Pyrotechnics and Wall of Fire Metro Life Flight Eurocopter EC-145 TS-11 Iskra 2009 A CH-46 Sea Knight at the 2009 air show U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds AV-8B Harrier II F-15E Strike Eagle A-10 Thunderbolt II USCG HH-65C Dolphin C-130 Hercules KC-135 Stratotanker Skip Stewart (Pitts S2S) Franklin's Flying Circus (Waco UPF-7) John Klatt (Staudacher S-300D) AH-64 Apache B-17 Flying Fortress "Memphis Belle" TS-11 Iskra US Army Golden Knights Cleveland Aeromodeling Society USAF Heritage Flight Metro Life Flight Eurocopter EC-145 Shockwave Jet Truck 2008 The U.S. Navy's Blue Angels appeared at the 2008 air show U.S. Navy Blue Angels F/A-18F Super Hornet F-15C Eagle F-16C Fighting Falcon C-130 Hercules Red Star & Dragon B-17 Flying Fortress "Yankee Lady" John Mohr Barnstorming (Stearman PT-17) Silent Wings (Alisport Silent-J) Nikolay Timofeev (Sukhoi Su-26) Sean Tucker (Oracle Challenger II) TS-11 Iskra Cleveland Aeromodeling Society US Army Golden Knights USN Legacy Flight USAF Heritage Flight Metro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76 Shockwave Jet Truck 2007 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds F/A-18F Super Hornet F-15E Strike Eagle C-17 Globemaster III F-86 Sabre C-130 Hercules Julie Clark T-34 Mentor John Klatt (Staudacher S-300D) Sean Tucker (Oracle Challenger II) TS-11 Iskra USAF Heritage Flight Shockwave Jet truck Metro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76 2006 This A-10 appeared at the 2006 air show. U.S. Navy Blue Angels A-10 Thunderbolt II F-22 Raptor B-1 Lancer F-117 Nighthawk USAF Heritage Flight C-130 Hercules US Army Golden Knights The Red Knight (T-33 Shooting Star) TS-11 Iskra Shockwave Jet Truck Greg Poe (Ethanoledge 540) Walt Pierce B-25 Mitchell "Panchito" Supermarine Spitfire F4U Corsair Metro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76 Cleveland Aeromodeling Society 2005 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds A-10 Thunderbolt II B-1 Lancer USAF Heritage Flight F/A-18F Super Hornet USN Legacy Flight C-130 Hercules US Army Golden Knights Sean Tucker (Pitts SpecialI) Matt Chapman (Lycoming CAP 580) Michael Mancuso (Extra 300) Shockwave Jet Truck B-17 Flying Fortress "Yankee Lady" B-25 Mitchell "Yankee Warrior" C-47 Skytrain "Yankee Doodle Dandy" Metro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76 Cleveland Aeromodeling Society Sky Busters Rocketry Club 2004 F-16 Fighting Falcon F/A-18 Hornet USAF Heritage Flight USN Legacy Flight P-51 Mustang F4U Corsair B-1 Lancer C-17 Globemaster III C-130 Hercules US Army Golden Knights B-25 Mitchell "Panchito" B-17 Flying Fortress "Memphis Belle" Shockwave Jet truck Jim Leroy (Pitts S2S) US Jet Aerobatic Team Jimmy Franklin (Waco biplane) Steve Coan (Windex 1200) Kyle Franklin Jet Wingwalking Metro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76 Cleveland Aeromodeling Society Sky Busters Rocketry Club 2003 U.S. Navy Blue Angels US Army Golden Knights F-16 Fighting Falcon F-14 Tomcat Firebirds Delta Team Debbie Gary (SF 260 Marchetti) F4U Corsair P-51 Mustang Hawker Sea Fury US Air Force Reserve Jet Cars Classic Air Racers P-38 Lightning P-40 Warhawk F6F Hellcat Metro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76 Cleveland Aeromodeling Society 2002 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds US Army Golden Knights A-10 Thunderbolt II F-14 Tomcat CF-18 Hornet AeroShell Aerobatics (T-6 Texan) Hispano HA-200 Learjet 23 Beech 18 Sukhoi Su-31 Shockwave Jet Truck Lockheed Constellation Martin 404 Douglas DC-3 Ford Tri-Motor Air Racing B-25 Mitchell Cleveland Aeromodeling Society 2001 U.S. Navy Blue Angels US Army Golden Knights A-10 Thunderbolt II CF-18 Hornet C-130 Hercules B-1 Lancer C-17 Globemaster III Swift Magic aerobatic team F-86 Sabre MiG-15 Aero L-39 Bob & Pat Wagner (Boeing-Stearman Model 75) Jim "Bulldog" Leroy (Pitts S2S) Dan Buchanan ("Flying Colors" hangliding) Bee Gee replica Walt Linscott Ian Groom (Sukhoi Su-31) Cleveland Aeromodeling Society 2000 US Air Force Thunderbirds CASPA Challenge Series F-14 Tomcat F-15 Eagle F/A-18 Hornet RAF Hawker Siddeley Nimrod YAK-55 Greg Poe (Zivko Edge) Gene Soucy (Extra 300) Sean Tucker (Pitts Special) Showcopters (Robinson R22) Shockwave Jet truck F4U Corsair B-29 Superfortress "Fifi" B-24 Liberator "Diamond Lil" B-25 Mitchell B-17 Flying Fortress 1999 Sean Tucker flies over North Coast Harbor in 1999 U.S. Navy Blue Angels CASPA Challenge Series Sean Tucker Pitts Special US Army Golden Knights F-14 Tomcat F-16 Fighting Falcon P-51 Mustang RAF Hawker Siddeley Nimrod SNJ-2 Kyle Franklin Waco UPF-7 Walt Linscott YAK-55 Bob Correll's Kitecycle Metro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76 Accidents and incidents related to air show September 8, 1981: Departing Cleveland after three successful shows, a T-38 Talon from the United States Air Force Thunderbirds, ingested birds shortly after take off. The Thunderbirds Commander/Leader, Lt Col David "DL" Smith ("Thunderbird 1") and his Crew Chief, SSgt Dwight Roberts, both ejected. However, Lt Col Smith's parachute did not open and he died upon impact with the shoreline. SSgt Roberts survived, and was quickly retrieved from Lake Erie. September 6, 2009: A TS-11 Iskra practicing for the air show made a gear up landing. The pilot was unharmed and the aircraft received only light damage to the cowling and left wing. References ^ "Cleveland Air Show". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 1997-06-24. Retrieved 2009-09-06. ^ a b "Home". Cleveland National Air Show. Retrieved 2024-06-19. ^ "Cleveland National Air Show canceled for 2013 because of federal budget cuts". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. March 25, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013. ^ "Media \| Cleveland National Air Show". ^ http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=121084 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cleveland National Air Show. Cleveland National Air Show 41°31′N 81°41′W / 41.517°N 81.683°W / 41.517; -81.683	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_show"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"Burke Lakefront Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Lakefront_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"National Air Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_Races"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"stunt airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_airplane"},{"link_name":"fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"Glenn Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleshow-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Annual air showThe Cleveland National Air Show is an annual air show held on Labor Day weekend at Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland, Ohio. It was established in 1964 as an indirect successor to the National Air Races.[1] The show includes stunt airplanes, modern fighters and alternates between the U.S. Navy Blue Angels and U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds every other year. The show typically runs from 9:00 a.m. to around 4:30 p.m. EDT. The show usually starts with smaller acts, and the Blue Angels or Thunderbirds perform last. Another regular attraction is the NASA Glenn Research Center, which usually has an exhibit located near the back of the show. There is usually some type of heritage or legacy flight, sometimes both.[2]There was no show in 2020 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Cleveland National Air Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleshow-2"}],"text":"This section is a list of all aircraft that have performed in the Cleveland National Airshow in recent history. Please note that only the acts are listed, not static displays or other ground attractions.[2]","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_F-22_Raptor"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force F-15 Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Air_Force_F-15_Eagle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_Golden_Knights_Parachute_Team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Marine_Corps_AV-8B_Harrier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Navy_F/A-18_Super_Hornet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Air_Force_KC-135_Stratotanker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nU.S. Air Force F-22 Raptor\nU.S. Air Force F-15 Eagle\nU.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team\nU.S. Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier\nU.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet\nU.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker\nHot Streak Jet Truck\nC-130 Hercules","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Air_Force_F-16_Fighting_Falcon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force F-15 Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Air_Force_F-15_Eagle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_Golden_Knights_Parachute_Team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Randy Ball MiG-17F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Ball_MiG-17F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WWII B-25 Georgie’s Gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WWII_B-25_Georgie%E2%80%99s_Gal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nU.S. Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon\nU.S. Air Force F-15 Eagle\nU.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team\nRandy Ball MiG-17F\nHot Streak Jet Truck\nWWII B-25 Georgie’s Gal","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"A-10C Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10C_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"Shockwave Jet Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shockwave_Jet_Truck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_Golden_Knights_Parachute_Team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nA-10C Thunderbolt II\nShockwave Jet Truck\nU.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team\nC-130 Hercules","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 Air Show was canceled due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. The action was necessary in order to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and to comply with State, County and City Health regulations, which prohibited large events and mass gatherings.","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force F-35 Lightning II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Air_Force_F-35_Lightning_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A-10C Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10C_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"Shockwave Jet Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shockwave_Jet_Truck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Golden Knights Parachute Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_Golden_Knights_Parachute_Team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C-130 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Hercules\nShockwave Jet Truck\nSean Tucker\nTiger Yak 55","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Navy_Super_Hornet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force A-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Air_Force_A-10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shockwave Jet Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shockwave_Jet_Truck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ohio Air National Guard C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_Air_National_Guard_C-130&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nakajima B5N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_B5N"},{"link_name":"Havilland D.H. 115 Vampire 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Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"North American B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nU.S. Air Force F-35 Lightning II\nU.S. Air Force F-22 Raptor\nShockwave Jet Truck\nNorth American P-51 Mustang\nNorth American B-25 Mitchell","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"Boeing F/A-18E Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"C-17 Globemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17_Globemaster"},{"link_name":"North American P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"North American B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nBoeing F/A-18E Super Hornet\nC-130 Hercules\nC-17 Globemaster\nSean Tucker\nNorth American P-51 Mustang\nNorth American B-25 Mitchell","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"Unmanned Aircraft Systems Demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unmanned_Aircraft_Systems_Demonstration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nasa Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasa_Glenn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Art Nalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nalls"},{"link_name":"Sea Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier"},{"link_name":"L-39 Black Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_L-39_Albatros"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nUnmanned Aircraft Systems Demonstration\nNasa Glenn\nNorthern Ohio Unmanned Aircraft Systems Association (NOUASA)\nArt Nalls' Sea Harrier and L-39 Black Jet","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federal sequester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_sequestration_in_2013"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"The 2013 Cleveland National Air Show was canceled due to the federal sequester.[3]","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"F/A-18F Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18F_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"AH-1 Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Oracle Challenger II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Challenger_II"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"T-6 Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC-145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC-145"},{"link_name":"F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor"},{"link_name":"P-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nUSMC Fat Albert (C-130 Hercules)\nUS Army Golden Knights\nF/A-18F Super Hornet\nSky Soldiers Cobra Helicopter Demonstration Team (AH-1 Cobra)\nSean Tucker (Oracle Challenger II)\nMike Goulian Aerosports\nJane Wicker\nShockwave Jet Truck\nAurora Stearman\nB-17 Flying Fortress \"Yankee Lady\"\nJim Leavelle (T-6 Texan)\nMetro Life Flight (Eurocopter EC-145)\nUS Air Force Heritage Flight (F-22 Raptor and P-51)","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Cleveland_National_Air_Show_(Image_10_of_10).jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"F/A-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantom II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"CP-140 Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-140_Aurora"},{"link_name":"Staudacher S-300D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staudacher_S-300D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC-145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC-145"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"The United States Air Force Thunderbirds performed at the 2011 air show.U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nUS Army Golden Knights\nA-10 Thunderbolt II\nF/A-18 Hornet\nF-4 Phantom II\nP-51 Mustang\nCP-140 Aurora\nJason Newburg- Viper Airshows\nUSAF Heritage Flight\nJacquie B Airshows\nKent Pietsch Jelly Belly\nJim \"Fang\" Maroney\nSchool Time Jet Bus\nJohn Klatt (Staudacher S-300D)\nB-17 Flying Fortress \"Memphis Belle\"\nMetro Life Flight Eurocopter EC-145","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fat_Albert_banking_right.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"F/A-18F Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18F_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Pitts Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitts_Special"},{"link_name":"Grumman Ag Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_Ag_Cat"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi A6M Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC-145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC-145"},{"link_name":"TS-11 Iskra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS-11_Iskra"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"The Blue Angels' support plane is a Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport, nicknamed Fat Albert.U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nUSMC Fat Albert (C-130 Hercules)\nUS Army Golden Knights\nF/A-18F Super Hornet\nU.S. Navy Legacy Flight\nF-15E Strike Eagle\nRed Eagle Air Sports (Pitts Special)\nGene Soucy (Grumman Ag Cat)\nTeresa Stokes Wingwalking\nB-17 Flying Fortress \"Yankee Lady\"\nMitsubishi A6M Zero \"TORA 101\"\nShockwave Jet Truck\nMad Bomber Pyrotechnics and Wall of Fire\nMetro Life Flight Eurocopter EC-145\nTS-11 Iskra","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-46_Sea_Knight.jpg"},{"link_name":"CH-46 Sea Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"AV-8B Harrier II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier_II"},{"link_name":"F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"USCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG"},{"link_name":"HH-65C Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-65C_Dolphin"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"KC-135 Stratotanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"Pitts S2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitts_S2S"},{"link_name":"Waco UPF-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_UPF-7"},{"link_name":"Staudacher S-300D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staudacher_S-300D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AH-64 Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-64_Apache"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Memphis Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Belle_(B-17)"},{"link_name":"TS-11 Iskra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS-11_Iskra"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter EC-145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_EC-145"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"A CH-46 Sea Knight at the 2009 air showU.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nAV-8B Harrier II\nF-15E Strike Eagle\nA-10 Thunderbolt II\nUSCG HH-65C Dolphin\nC-130 Hercules\nKC-135 Stratotanker\nSkip Stewart (Pitts S2S)\nFranklin's Flying Circus (Waco UPF-7)\nJohn Klatt (Staudacher S-300D)\nAH-64 Apache\nB-17 Flying Fortress \"Memphis Belle\"\nTS-11 Iskra\nUS Army Golden Knights\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society\nUSAF Heritage Flight\nMetro Life Flight Eurocopter EC-145\nShockwave Jet Truck","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Angels_prep.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"F/A-18F Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18F_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"F-15C Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15C_Eagle"},{"link_name":"F-16C Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16C_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Stearman PT-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearman_PT-17"},{"link_name":"Alisport Silent-J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisport_Silent-J"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-26"},{"link_name":"Oracle Challenger II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Challenger_II"},{"link_name":"TS-11 Iskra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS-11_Iskra"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"The U.S. Navy's Blue Angels appeared at the 2008 air showU.S. Navy Blue Angels\nF/A-18F Super Hornet\nF-15C Eagle\nF-16C Fighting Falcon\nC-130 Hercules\nRed Star & Dragon\nB-17 Flying Fortress \"Yankee Lady\"\nJohn Mohr Barnstorming (Stearman PT-17)\nSilent Wings (Alisport Silent-J)\nNikolay Timofeev (Sukhoi Su-26)\nSean Tucker (Oracle Challenger II)\nTS-11 Iskra\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society\nUS Army Golden Knights\nUSN Legacy Flight\nUSAF Heritage Flight\nMetro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76\nShockwave Jet Truck","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"F/A-18F Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18F_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"C-17 Globemaster III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"F-86 Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86_Sabre"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"T-34 Mentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34_Mentor"},{"link_name":"TS-11 Iskra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS-11_Iskra"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76"}],"sub_title":"2007","text":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nF/A-18F Super Hornet\nF-15E Strike Eagle\nC-17 Globemaster III\nF-86 Sabre\nC-130 Hercules\nJulie Clark T-34 Mentor\nJohn Klatt (Staudacher S-300D)\nSean Tucker (Oracle Challenger II)\nTS-11 Iskra\nUSAF Heritage Flight\nShockwave Jet truck\nMetro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-10_Warthog.JPG"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor"},{"link_name":"B-1 Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"F-117 Nighthawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"T-33 Shooting Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-33_Shooting_Star"},{"link_name":"TS-11 Iskra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS-11_Iskra"},{"link_name":"Ethanoledge 540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanoledge_540"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76"}],"sub_title":"2006","text":"This A-10 appeared at the 2006 air show.U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nA-10 Thunderbolt II\nF-22 Raptor\nB-1 Lancer\nF-117 Nighthawk\nUSAF Heritage Flight\nC-130 Hercules\nUS Army Golden Knights\nThe Red Knight (T-33 Shooting Star)\nTS-11 Iskra\nShockwave Jet Truck\nGreg Poe (Ethanoledge 540)\nWalt Pierce\nB-25 Mitchell \"Panchito\"\nSupermarine Spitfire\nF4U Corsair\nMetro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"B-1 Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"F/A-18F Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18F_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"Pitts SpecialI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitts_SpecialI&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycoming CAP 580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lycoming_CAP_580&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Extra 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_300"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76"}],"sub_title":"2005","text":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nA-10 Thunderbolt II\nB-1 Lancer\nUSAF Heritage Flight\nF/A-18F Super Hornet\nUSN Legacy Flight\nC-130 Hercules\nUS Army Golden Knights\nSean Tucker (Pitts SpecialI)\nMatt Chapman (Lycoming CAP 580)\nMichael Mancuso (Extra 300)\nShockwave Jet Truck\nB-17 Flying Fortress \"Yankee Lady\"\nB-25 Mitchell \"Yankee Warrior\"\nC-47 Skytrain \"Yankee Doodle Dandy\"\nMetro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society\nSky Busters Rocketry Club","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"F/A-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"B-1 Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"C-17 Globemaster III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Pitts S2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitts_S2S"},{"link_name":"Windex 1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windex_1200"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76"}],"sub_title":"2004","text":"F-16 Fighting Falcon\nF/A-18 Hornet\nUSAF Heritage Flight\nUSN Legacy Flight\nP-51 Mustang\nF4U Corsair\nB-1 Lancer\nC-17 Globemaster III\nC-130 Hercules\nUS Army Golden Knights\nB-25 Mitchell \"Panchito\"\nB-17 Flying Fortress \"Memphis Belle\"\nShockwave Jet truck\nJim Leroy (Pitts S2S)\nUS Jet Aerobatic Team\nJimmy Franklin (Waco biplane)\nSteve Coan (Windex 1200)\nKyle Franklin Jet Wingwalking\nMetro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society\nSky Busters Rocketry Club","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"SF 260 Marchetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_260_Marchetti"},{"link_name":"F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Hawker Sea Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury"},{"link_name":"P-38 Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"P-40 Warhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"F6F Hellcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76"}],"sub_title":"2003","text":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nUS Army Golden Knights\nF-16 Fighting Falcon\nF-14 Tomcat\nFirebirds Delta Team\nDebbie Gary (SF 260 Marchetti)\nF4U Corsair\nP-51 Mustang\nHawker Sea Fury\nUS Air Force Reserve Jet Cars\nClassic Air Racers\nP-38 Lightning\nP-40 Warhawk\nF6F Hellcat\nMetro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"CF-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"T-6 Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Hispano HA-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano_HA-200"},{"link_name":"Learjet 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet_23"},{"link_name":"Beech 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_18"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-31"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Martin 404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_404"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Ford Tri-Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Tri-Motor"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"}],"sub_title":"2002","text":"U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds\nUS Army Golden Knights\nA-10 Thunderbolt II\nF-14 Tomcat\nCF-18 Hornet\nAeroShell Aerobatics (T-6 Texan)\nHispano HA-200\nLearjet 23\nBeech 18\nSukhoi Su-31\nShockwave Jet Truck\nLockheed Constellation\nMartin 404\nDouglas DC-3\nFord Tri-Motor\nAir Racing\nB-25 Mitchell\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"CF-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"B-1 Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"C-17 Globemaster III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"F-86 Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86_Sabre"},{"link_name":"MiG-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-15"},{"link_name":"Aero L-39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_L-39"},{"link_name":"Boeing-Stearman Model 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing-Stearman_Model_75"},{"link_name":"Pitts S2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitts_S2S"},{"link_name":"Bee Gee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gee"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-31"}],"sub_title":"2001","text":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nUS Army Golden Knights\nA-10 Thunderbolt II\nCF-18 Hornet\nC-130 Hercules\nB-1 Lancer\nC-17 Globemaster III\nSwift Magic aerobatic team\nF-86 Sabre\nMiG-15\nAero L-39\nBob & Pat Wagner (Boeing-Stearman Model 75)\nJim \"Bulldog\" Leroy (Pitts S2S)\nDan Buchanan (\"Flying Colors\" hangliding)\nBee Gee replica\nWalt Linscott\nIan Groom (Sukhoi Su-31)\nCleveland Aeromodeling Society","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Air Force Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"CASPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASPA"},{"link_name":"F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"F-15 Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15_Eagle"},{"link_name":"F/A-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod"},{"link_name":"YAK-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAK-55"},{"link_name":"Zivko Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zivko_Edge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Extra 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_300"},{"link_name":"Pitts Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitts_Special"},{"link_name":"Robinson R22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_R22"},{"link_name":"F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"US Air Force Thunderbirds\nCASPA Challenge Series\nF-14 Tomcat\nF-15 Eagle\nF/A-18 Hornet\nRAF Hawker Siddeley Nimrod\nYAK-55\nGreg Poe (Zivko Edge)\nGene Soucy (Extra 300)\nSean Tucker (Pitts Special)\nShowcopters (Robinson R22)\nShockwave Jet truck\nF4U Corsair\nB-29 Superfortress \"Fifi\"\nB-24 Liberator \"Diamond Lil\"\nB-25 Mitchell\nB-17 Flying Fortress","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEAN_TUCKER.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sean Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_D._Tucker"},{"link_name":"North Coast Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_Harbor"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"Pitts Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitts_Special"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Parachute_Team"},{"link_name":"F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod"},{"link_name":"SNJ-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNJ-2"},{"link_name":"Waco UPF-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_UPF-7"},{"link_name":"YAK-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAK-55"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76"}],"sub_title":"1999","text":"Sean Tucker flies over North Coast Harbor in 1999U.S. Navy Blue Angels\nCASPA Challenge Series\nSean Tucker Pitts Special\nUS Army Golden Knights\nF-14 Tomcat\nF-16 Fighting Falcon\nP-51 Mustang\nRAF Hawker Siddeley Nimrod\nSNJ-2\nKyle Franklin Waco UPF-7\nWalt Linscott YAK-55\nBob Correll's Kitecycle\nMetro Life Flight Sikorsky S-76","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"TS-11 Iskra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS-11_Iskra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"September 8, 1981: Departing Cleveland after three successful shows, a T-38 Talon from the United States Air Force Thunderbirds, ingested birds shortly after take off. The Thunderbirds Commander/Leader, Lt Col David \"DL\" Smith (\"Thunderbird 1\") and his Crew Chief, SSgt Dwight Roberts, both ejected. However, Lt Col Smith's parachute did not open and he died upon impact with the shoreline. SSgt Roberts survived, and was quickly retrieved from Lake Erie.[4]\nSeptember 6, 2009: A TS-11 Iskra practicing for the air show made a gear up landing. The pilot was unharmed and the aircraft received only light damage to the cowling and left wing.[5]","title":"Accidents and incidents related to air show"}]	[{"image_text":"The United States Air Force Thunderbirds performed at the 2011 air show.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Cleveland_National_Air_Show_%28Image_10_of_10%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Cleveland_National_Air_Show_%28Image_10_of_10%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Blue Angels' support plane is a Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport, nicknamed Fat Albert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fat_Albert_banking_right.jpg/220px-Fat_Albert_banking_right.jpg"},{"image_text":"A CH-46 Sea Knight at the 2009 air show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/CH-46_Sea_Knight.jpg/220px-CH-46_Sea_Knight.jpg"},{"image_text":"The U.S. Navy's Blue Angels appeared at the 2008 air show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blue_Angels_prep.jpg/220px-Blue_Angels_prep.jpg"},{"image_text":"This A-10 appeared at the 2006 air show.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A-10_Warthog.JPG/220px-A-10_Warthog.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sean Tucker flies over North Coast Harbor in 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/SEAN_TUCKER.JPG/220px-SEAN_TUCKER.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cleveland Air Show\". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 1997-06-24. Retrieved 2009-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=CAS1","url_text":"\"Cleveland Air Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University","url_text":"Case Western Reserve University"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Cleveland National Air Show. Retrieved 2024-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandairshow.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cleveland National Air Show canceled for 2013 because of federal budget cuts\". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. March 25, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2013/03/cleveland_international_air_sh.html","url_text":"\"Cleveland National Air Show canceled for 2013 because of federal budget cuts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"\"Media \| Cleveland National Air Show\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clevelandairshow.com/press_room/historical.htm","url_text":"\"Media \| Cleveland National Air Show\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cleveland_National_Air_Show&params=41_31_N_81_41_W_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"41°31′N 81°41′W / 41.517°N 81.683°W / 41.517; -81.683"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Cleveland_National_Air_Show&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Cleveland_National_Air_Show","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=CAS1","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland Air Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandairshow.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2013/03/cleveland_international_air_sh.html","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland National Air Show canceled for 2013 because of federal budget cuts\""},{"Link":"http://www.clevelandairshow.com/press_room/historical.htm","external_links_name":"\"Media \| Cleveland National Air Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=121084","external_links_name":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=121084"},{"Link":"http://www.clevelandairshow.com/","external_links_name":"Cleveland National Air Show"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cleveland_National_Air_Show&params=41_31_N_81_41_W_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"41°31′N 81°41′W / 41.517°N 81.683°W / 41.517; -81.683"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia	Military-Industrial Commission of Russia	["1 Commission members","2 Gunsmith Day","3 Journal \"Defence of Russia\"","4 Notes","5 See also"]	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (December 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ru\|Военно-промышленная комиссия при Правительстве Российской Федерации}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. A meeting of the commission on 19 September 2015 The Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation (Russian: Военно-промышленная комиссия Российской Федерации (acronym VPK)) was established by a presidential decree in March 2006. According to the decree, it is a permanently functioning body with vast responsibilities for supervising the distribution and implementation of the "State defense order". The commission answers directly to the President of Russia. It coordinates between the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and the defense industry of Russia. Until then, the defense industry was supervised by Russia's Ministry of Industry and Energy, as well as by the previous government consultative body with a similar name. The VPK of the Russian Federation shares the name of the former Soviet Military Industrial Commission, which served as a central management body for the Soviet defense industry. The VPK was an inner circle of the Council of Ministers, and the first deputy chairman of the Council headed it. The Soviet VPK's primary function was to facilitate plan fulfilment by easing bottlenecks, enforcing inter-ministerial cooperation, and overseeing the availability of resources. Commission members Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces (Chairman of the commission) Deputy Prime Minister of Russia (Deputy Chairman of the commission, chairman of the Board of the commission) First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia First Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Aide to the President Minister of Defense of Russia Chief of the General Staff Deputy Minister of Defense Director of the Russian National Guard Director of the FSB General Director of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia Minister of Industry and Trade of Russia Minister of Economic Development of Russia General Director of Roscosmos Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia General Director of Rostec State Corporation Gunsmith Day 19 September marks Gunsmith Day (Russian: День оружейника), the professional holiday for the commission and the forces under its jurisdiction. It was celebrated for the first time in 2010, following a visit in May of that year to the hometown of Mikhail Kalashnikov by Vladimir Putin. 19 September was chosen for this holiday, because the Russian Orthodox Church honors the memory of Saint Michael the Taxiarch on this day. Journal "Defence of Russia" The magazine Oborona Rossii or Defence of Russia is the official printed organ of the Military-Industrial Commission and has been published since October 2008. The publication covers the activities of the commission and publishes materials related to the issues and activities of the military-industrial complex of Russia. Notes ^ William E. Odom, 1998, p.20 ^ "Day of Gunsmith celebrating in 2022 at 19 september - Russian holidays". ^ Статья «День оружейника в России» на сайте www.calend.ru ^ «Оборона России» ^ "Новости. "Оборона России" - журнал ВПК". See also Military-Industrial Commission of the USSR Security Council of Russia Federal Service for Defence Contracts (Rosoboronzakaz) vteGovernment of the Russian FederationOffices subordinated to the President of RussiaMinistry of Internal Affairs Police of the Russian Federation Ministry for Affairs of Civil Defence, Emergencies and Disaster Relief Russian State Fire Service Ministry of Foreign Affairs Federal Agency for CIS Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation Ministry of Defence Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation Federal Service for Technical and Export Control Ministry of Justice Federal Penitentiary Service Federal Bailiff Service Presidential Services and Directorates Foreign Intelligence Service Federal Security Service Federal Protective Service Special Communications Service State Courier Service Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President Federal Financial Monitoring Directorate of the President National Guard of Russia Security Council of Russia Federal Archival Agency Offices subordinated to the Government of Russia, headed by the Prime Minister of RussiaMinistry of Health Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare Ministry of Culture Ministry of Education Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources Federal Agency of Water Resources Federal Agency for Mineral Resources Federal Agency for Forestry Ministry of Industry and Trade Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities Ministry for the Developmentof the Russian Far East and Arctic Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media Federal Communications Agency Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media Ministry of Agriculture Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision Federal Agency for Fishery Ministry of Sport Ministry of Transport Federal Service for Supervision of Transport Federal Air Transport Agency Federal Road Agency Federal Rail Transport Agency Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transportation Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs Federal Service for Labour and Employment Ministry of Finance Federal Agency for State Property Management Federal Customs Service Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation Federal Tax Service Federal Treasury Ministry of Economic Development Federal State Statistics Service Federal Accreditation Service Federal Service for Intellectual Property Ministry of Energy Federal Energy Agency Ministry of Science and Higher Education Governmental committees,services and agencies Federal Medical-Biological Agency Federal Antimonopoly Service Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs Federal Agency for State Reserves Federal Agency for Youth Affairs Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia_(19-09-2015).jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"presidential decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_of_the_President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Ministry_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"defense industry of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Industry and Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Military Industrial Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A meeting of the commission on 19 September 2015The Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation (Russian: Военно-промышленная комиссия Российской Федерации (acronym VPK)) was established by a presidential decree in March 2006. According to the decree, it is a permanently functioning body with vast responsibilities for supervising the distribution and implementation of the \"State defense order\". The commission answers directly to the President of Russia. It coordinates between the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and the defense industry of Russia. Until then, the defense industry was supervised by Russia's Ministry of Industry and Energy, as well as by the previous government consultative body with a similar name.The VPK of the Russian Federation shares the name of the former Soviet Military Industrial Commission, which served as a central management body for the Soviet defense industry. The VPK was an inner circle of the Council of Ministers, and the first deputy chairman of the Council headed it. The Soviet VPK's primary function was to facilitate plan fulfilment by easing bottlenecks, enforcing inter-ministerial cooperation, and overseeing the availability of resources.[1]","title":"Military-Industrial Commission of Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Security Council of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defense of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Chief of the General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Russian National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"FSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service"},{"link_name":"State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Atomic_Energy_Corporation_Rosatom"},{"link_name":"Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Industry and Trade of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Trade_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Economic Development of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_SVR"},{"link_name":"Rostec State Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostec"}],"text":"Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces (Chairman of the commission)\nDeputy Prime Minister of Russia (Deputy Chairman of the commission, chairman of the Board of the commission)\nFirst Deputy Prime Minister of Russia\nFirst Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of Russia\nAide to the President\nMinister of Defense of Russia\nChief of the General Staff\nDeputy Minister of Defense\nDirector of the Russian National Guard\nDirector of the FSB\nGeneral Director of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom\nMinister of Internal Affairs of Russia\nMinister of Industry and Trade of Russia\nMinister of Economic Development of Russia\nGeneral Director of Roscosmos\nDirector of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia\nGeneral Director of Rostec State Corporation","title":"Commission members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kalashnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kalashnikov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Saint Michael the Taxiarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Taxiarch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"19 September marks Gunsmith Day (Russian: День оружейника), the professional holiday for the commission and the forces under its jurisdiction. It was celebrated for the first time in 2010, following a visit in May of that year to the hometown of Mikhail Kalashnikov by Vladimir Putin. 19 September was chosen for this holiday, because the Russian Orthodox Church honors the memory of Saint Michael the Taxiarch on this day.[2][3]","title":"Gunsmith Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The magazine Oborona Rossii or Defence of Russia is the official printed organ of the Military-Industrial Commission and has been published since October 2008. The publication covers the activities of the commission and publishes materials related to the issues and activities of the military-industrial complex of Russia.[4][5]","title":"Journal \"Defence of Russia\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Day of Gunsmith celebrating in 2022 at 19 september - Russian holidays\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rusevents.info/prazdnik/day-of-gunsmith/#:~:text=Day%20of%20Gunsmith%20celebrating%20in%202020%20at%2019%20september%20-%20Russian%20holidays"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Статья «День оружейника в России» на сайте www.calend.ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.calend.ru/holidays/0/0/2966/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"«Оборона России»","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ros-oborona.ru"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Новости. \"Оборона России\" - журнал ВПК\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.roscosmos.ru/5001/"}],"text":"^ William E. Odom, 1998, p.20\n\n^ \"Day of Gunsmith celebrating in 2022 at 19 september - Russian holidays\".\n\n^ Статья «День оружейника в России» на сайте www.calend.ru\n\n^ «Оборона России»\n\n^ \"Новости. \"Оборона России\" - журнал ВПК\".","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"A meeting of the commission on 19 September 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia_%2819-09-2015%29.jpg/220px-Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia_%2819-09-2015%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Military-Industrial Commission of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_the_USSR"},{"title":"Security Council of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia"},{"title":"Federal Service for Defence 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Way_Ticket_(Stephen_Lawrence_song)	One Way Ticket (Stephen Lawrence song)	["1 Helen Reddy cover","2 Chris Rayburn cover","3 Cass Elliot cover","4 Later uses","5 References","6 External links"]	"One Way Ticket" is a 1967 song co-written by American composer Stephen J. Lawrence, which became Helen Reddy's first single. The lyrics were written by Bruce Hart. It was introduced by Gloria Loring on her 1968 MGM Records album, Today, produced by Bob Morgan. Loring's original rendition was not, however, released as a single. Helen Reddy cover "One Way Ticket"Side A of the retail US singleSingle by Helen ReddyB-side"Go"Released1968 (Australia)GenrePopLabelPhilips RecordsSongwriter(s)Bruce Hart, Stephen LawrenceProducer(s)Bob HalleyHelen Reddy singles chronology "One Way Ticket" (1968) "I Don't Know How to Love Him" (1971) Helen Reddy covered "One Way Ticket" in 1968. It was a non-album single, and was excluded from any later compilations of her work as a result of her label change to Capitol Records. Reddy would later state - whether or not in absolute earnest - that this, her first single, sold (presumably in the US) six copies - five or even all six of them purchased by her mother-in-law. Reddy's rendition would in fact receive enough support in her native Australia to reach #83 on the national pop singles ranking, with the local hit parade for Melbourne - her birthplace - ranking the single as high as #43. In 1973, Pickwick Records included her version on a variety LP entitled, "Helen Reddy/Shirley Bassey/Dusty Springfield." In 1974 K-tel Records included "One Way Ticket" by Reddy in one of their TV albums, Dynamic Sound. In 2005, Raven Records Australia included the song as a bonus track on the two-fer reissue of Helen's No Way to Treat a Lady/Music Music albums, using a tape furnished by Reddy, since none of sufficient quality could be found in the Universal vaults, which now owned Philips Records. Chris Rayburn cover Chris Rayburn, an American singer who worked in Britain during the 1960s, recorded "One Way Ticket" for a 1968 single released in the UK and in the US. It was produced in London by Mike Hurst and arranged by Harry Robinson. Rayburn's single was released a few months after Helen Reddy's. Cass Elliot cover "One Way Ticket"Side A of the UK singleSingle by Mama Cassfrom the album Mama's Big Ones B-side"Words of Love"ReleasedSeptember 1971 (UK)Recorded1970LabelProbe RecordsSongwriter(s)Bruce Hart, Stephen LawrenceProducer(s)Steve BarriMama Cass singles chronology "New World Coming" (1970) "One Way Ticket" (1971) "A Song That Never Comes" (1970) Music videoListen to "One Way Ticket" on YouTube Cass Elliot covered "One Way Ticket" in 1970. Her version was included on her album, Mama's Big Ones. It was released as a single in the UK in 1971 but failed to chart. Elliot also performed "One Way Ticket" "live" on The Andy Williams Show and The Ray Stevens Show, circa 1970. Later uses Elliot's version of "One Way Ticket" was featured in the 1996 British film Beautiful Thing, along with several other songs by Elliot and the Mamas and the Papas. Helen Reddy's version of "One Way Ticket" was sampled in 1999 in the Fatboy Slim and Freddy Fresh song "Badder Badder Schwing". References ^ "Gloria Loring - Today (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. 1968. Retrieved 2016-12-01. ^ a b History of "One Way Ticket" at poparchives.com.au. Retrieved 2020-11-09 ^ San Francisco Examiner 22 July 1973 "Reddy with 'Woman' - the song of marching libbers" by Lawrence Laurent p.18 ^ Philadelphia Inquirer 23 September 1973 "Totally Liberated Ms. Reddy Can Spot a Pig a Mile Away" by Jack Lloyd p.K-1 ^ Steffen Hung (2013-01-27). "Forum - 1968 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01. ^ "Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield - Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield". Discogs.com. 1973. Retrieved 2016-12-01. ^ "One Way Ticket": Chris Rayburn singles, discographical listing at 45cat.com. Retrieved 2020-11-09 ^ a b "Mama Cass Elliot - One Way Ticket / Words Of Love - Probe - UK - PRO 537". 45cat.com. 1971-09-03. Retrieved 2016-12-01. ^ "Mama Cass Mama's Big Ones Records, LPs, Vinyl and CDs". MusicStack.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01. ^ Steffen Hung (2000-10-30). "Mama Cass - One Way Ticket". Uk-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01. ^ "Freddy Fresh feat. Fatboy Slim's 'Badder Badder Schwing' - Discover the Sample Source". WhoSampled. External links Mama Cass - One Way Ticket on YouTube vteHelen ReddyStudio albums I Don't Know How to Love Him Helen Reddy I Am Woman Long Hard Climb Love Song for Jeffrey Free and Easy No Way to Treat a Lady Music, Music Ear Candy We'll Sing in the Sunshine Reddy Take What You Find Play Me Out Imagination Feel So Young Center Stage The Best Christmas Ever Greatest & Latest Live albums Live in London Compilations Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits No Way to Treat a Lady The Best of Helen Reddy Lust for Life Feel So Young: The Helen Reddy Collection All-Time Greatest Hits Basic: Original Hits When I Dream Love Songs I Am Woman: The Essential Helen Reddy Collection The Collection Absolutely the Best of Helen Reddy Come with Me: The Rest of Helen Reddy The Woman I Am: The Definitive Collection Rarities from the Capitol Vaults Singles "One Way Ticket" "I Don't Know How to Love Him" "Crazy Love" "No Sad Song" "Summer of '71" "I Am Woman" "Peaceful" "Delta Dawn" "Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)" "Keep On Singing" "You and Me Against the World" "Angie Baby" "Emotion" "Free and Easy" "Bluebird" "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" "Somewhere in the Night" "I Can't Hear You No More" "Gladiola" "You're My World" "The Happy Girls" "Candle on the Water" "We'll Sing in the Sunshine" "Ready or Not" "Make Love to Me" "Let Me Be Your Woman" "Take What You Find" "I Can't Say Goodbye to You" "Don't Tell Me Tonight" "Imagination" "Voices That Care" "Surrender" Other songs "I Believe in Music" "Don't Throw It All Away" Related articles Discography Toni Lamond Tony Sheldon "Voices That Care" vteCass ElliotAlbums Dream a Little Dream Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama Cass Elliot The Road Is No Place for a Lady Collaborations Dave Mason & Cass Elliot Compilations Mama's Big Ones Live Don't Call Me Mama Anymore Singles "Dream a Little Dream of Me" "Move in a Little Closer, Baby" "It's Getting Better" "Make Your Own Kind of Music" "New World Coming" "One Way Ticket" "Baby I'm Yours" Related articles The Mamas & the Papas	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"One Way Ticket (Stephen Lawrence song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poparchives-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pickwick Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickwick_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"No Way to Treat a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Way_to_Treat_a_Lady"}],"text":"Helen Reddy covered \"One Way Ticket\" in 1968. It was a non-album single, and was excluded from any later compilations of her work as a result of her label change to Capitol Records. Reddy would later state - whether or not in absolute earnest - that this, her first single,[2] sold (presumably in the US) six copies - five or even all six of them purchased by her mother-in-law.[3][4] Reddy's rendition would in fact receive enough support in her native Australia to reach #83 on the national pop singles ranking,[5] with the local hit parade for Melbourne - her birthplace - ranking the single as high as #43.In 1973, Pickwick Records included her version on a variety LP entitled, \"Helen Reddy/Shirley Bassey/Dusty Springfield.\"[6]In 1974 K-tel Records included \"One Way Ticket\" by Reddy in one of their TV albums, Dynamic Sound.In 2005, Raven Records Australia included the song as a bonus track on the two-fer reissue of Helen's No Way to Treat a Lady/Music Music albums, using a tape furnished by Reddy, since none of sufficient quality could be found in the Universal vaults, which now owned Philips Records.","title":"Helen Reddy cover"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hurst_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Robertson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poparchives-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Chris Rayburn, an American singer who worked in Britain during the 1960s, recorded \"One Way Ticket\" for a 1968 single released in the UK and in the US. It was produced in London by Mike Hurst and arranged by Harry Robinson. Rayburn's single was released a few months after Helen Reddy's.[2][7]","title":"Chris Rayburn cover"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Mama's Big Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Big_Ones"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cat1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Andy Williams Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andy_Williams_Show"},{"link_name":"Ray Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stevens"}],"text":"Cass Elliot covered \"One Way Ticket\" in 1970. Her version was included on her album, Mama's Big Ones.[9] It was released as a single in the UK in 1971 but failed to chart.[8][10]Elliot also performed \"One Way Ticket\" \"live\" on The Andy Williams Show and The Ray Stevens Show, circa 1970.","title":"Cass Elliot cover"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beautiful Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Thing_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fatboy Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_Slim"},{"link_name":"Freddy Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Fresh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Elliot's version of \"One Way Ticket\" was featured in the 1996 British film Beautiful Thing, along with several other songs by Elliot and the Mamas and the Papas.\nHelen Reddy's version of \"One Way Ticket\" was sampled in 1999 in the Fatboy Slim and Freddy Fresh song \"Badder Badder Schwing\".[11]","title":"Later uses"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gloria Loring - Today (Vinyl, LP)\". Discogs.com. 1968. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Gloria-Loring-Today/release/2963635","url_text":"\"Gloria Loring - Today (Vinyl, LP)\""}]},{"reference":"Steffen Hung (2013-01-27). \"Forum - 1968 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)\". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=40714","url_text":"\"Forum - 1968 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield - Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield\". Discogs.com. 1973. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Helen-Reddy-Shirley-Bassey-Dusty-Springfield-Helen-Reddy-Shirley-Bassey-Dusty-Springfield/master/716137","url_text":"\"Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield - Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mama Cass Elliot - One Way Ticket / Words Of Love - Probe - UK - PRO 537\". 45cat.com. 1971-09-03. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.45cat.com/record/pro537","url_text":"\"Mama Cass Elliot - One Way Ticket / Words Of Love - Probe - UK - PRO 537\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mama Cass Mama's Big Ones Records, LPs, Vinyl and CDs\". MusicStack.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicstack.com/album/mama+cass/mama's+big+ones","url_text":"\"Mama Cass Mama's Big Ones Records, LPs, Vinyl and CDs\""}]},{"reference":"Steffen Hung (2000-10-30). \"Mama Cass - One Way Ticket\". Uk-charts.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mama+Cass&titel=One+Way+Ticket&cat=s","url_text":"\"Mama Cass - One Way Ticket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freddy Fresh feat. Fatboy Slim's 'Badder Badder Schwing' - Discover the Sample Source\". WhoSampled.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/9409/Freddy-Fresh-Fatboy-Slim-Badder-Badder-Schwing-Helen-Reddy-One-Way-Ticket/","url_text":"\"Freddy Fresh feat. Fatboy Slim's 'Badder Badder Schwing' - Discover the Sample Source\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhoSampled","url_text":"WhoSampled"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mp5Fnvh1DM","external_links_name":"Listen to \"One Way Ticket\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Gloria-Loring-Today/release/2963635","external_links_name":"\"Gloria Loring - Today (Vinyl, LP)\""},{"Link":"http://www.poparchives.com.au/3003/helen-reddy/one-way-ticket","external_links_name":"History of \"One Way Ticket\""},{"Link":"http://www.australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=40714","external_links_name":"\"Forum - 1968 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Helen-Reddy-Shirley-Bassey-Dusty-Springfield-Helen-Reddy-Shirley-Bassey-Dusty-Springfield/master/716137","external_links_name":"\"Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield - Helen Reddy / Shirley Bassey / Dusty Springfield\""},{"Link":"https://www.45cat.com/45_search.php?sq=CHRIS+RAYBURN+One+Way+Ticket&sm=se","external_links_name":"\"One Way Ticket\": Chris Rayburn singles"},{"Link":"http://www.45cat.com/record/pro537","external_links_name":"\"Mama Cass Elliot - One Way Ticket / Words Of Love - Probe - UK - PRO 537\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicstack.com/album/mama+cass/mama's+big+ones","external_links_name":"\"Mama Cass Mama's Big Ones Records, LPs, Vinyl and CDs\""},{"Link":"http://uk-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mama+Cass&titel=One+Way+Ticket&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Mama Cass - One Way Ticket\""},{"Link":"https://www.whosampled.com/sample/9409/Freddy-Fresh-Fatboy-Slim-Badder-Badder-Schwing-Helen-Reddy-One-Way-Ticket/","external_links_name":"\"Freddy Fresh feat. Fatboy Slim's 'Badder Badder Schwing' - Discover the Sample Source\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2V2n4_szsY","external_links_name":"Mama Cass - One Way Ticket"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browningia	Browningia	["1 Description","2 Species","3 References"]	Species of plant Browningia B. hertlingiana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Caryophyllales Family: Cactaceae Subfamily: Cactoideae Tribe: Cereeae Subtribe: Rebutiinae Genus: BrowningiaBritton & Rose Type species Browningia candelaris Synonyms Azureocereus Akers & H.Johnson Gymnanthocereus Backeb. Gymnocereus Rauh & Backeb. Browningia is a genus of cacti, comprising 11 accepted and 3 unresolved species. It is named for Webster E Browning (1869-1942), director of the Instituto Inglés, Santiago, Chile. Description Browningia candelaris (Candelabra cactus), Chile The bushy or tree-like, usually columnar species of the genus Browningia are branched, often have a well-developed trunk and reach heights of growth of up to 10 meters. The cylindrical shoots have a diameter of up to 50 centimeters. Large areoles sit on the numerous, low ribs. Areoles in the growth area are heavily spined, while areoles in the reproductive area usually have few or no spines. The tubular to bell-shaped flowers are white to purple and open at night. The areoles of the flower cup and the flower tube are (almost) bare. The flower tube is slightly curved. The usually small fruits are very different, as are the seeds. Species Species of the genus Browningia according to Plants of the World Online as of August 2023: Image Scientific name Distribution Browningia altissima (F.Ritter) Buxb. N. Peru Browningia amstutziae (Rauh & Backeb.) Hutchison ex Krainz Peru Browningia candelaris (Meyen) Britton & Rose northern Chile and southern Peru Browningia chlorocarpa (Kunth) W.T.Marshall Peru. Browningia columnaris F.Ritter Peru. Browningia hernandezii Fern.Alonso Colombia (Boyacá) Browningia hertlingiana (Backeb.) Buxb. Peru. Browningia macracantha (F.Ritter) Wittner N. Peru. Browningia microsperma (Werderm. & Backeb.) W.T.Marshall Peru. Browningia pilleifera (F.Ritter) Hutchison N. Peru. Browningia utcubambensis Hutchison ex Wittner N. Peru. References ^ a b "Browningia Britton & Rose". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-10-03. ^ Anderson, Edward F (2001). The cactus family. Timber Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-88192-498-9. ^ Anderson, Edward F.; Eggli, Urs (2005). Das grosse Kakteen-Lexikon (in German). Stuttgart (Hohenheim): Ulmer. p. . 94–97. ISBN 3-8001-4573-1. The Plant List.org: Browningia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Browningia. Taxon identifiersBrowningia Wikidata: Q134372 Wikispecies: Browningia BioLib: 105569 CoL: 62H4Y GBIF: 7280458 GRIN: 1740 iNaturalist: 438079 IPNI: 296081-2 IRMNG: 1070728 ITIS: 907047 NCBI: 153841 Open Tree of Life: 345470 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296081-2 Tropicos: 40032124 WFO: wfo-4000005515 This Cactaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"cacti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacti"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Browningia is a genus of cacti, comprising 11 accepted and 3 unresolved species. It is named for Webster E Browning (1869-1942), director of the Instituto Inglés, Santiago, Chile.[2]","title":"Browningia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Browningia_candelaris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Browningia candelaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browningia_candelaris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson_Eggli_2005_p._94%E2%80%9397-3"}],"text":"Browningia candelaris (Candelabra cactus), ChileThe bushy or tree-like, usually columnar species of the genus Browningia are branched, often have a well-developed trunk and reach heights of growth of up to 10 meters. The cylindrical shoots have a diameter of up to 50 centimeters. Large areoles sit on the numerous, low ribs. Areoles in the growth area are heavily spined, while areoles in the reproductive area usually have few or no spines.The tubular to bell-shaped flowers are white to purple and open at night. The areoles of the flower cup and the flower tube are (almost) bare. The flower tube is slightly curved.The usually small fruits are very different, as are the seeds.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plants of the World Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Browningia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plants_of_the_World_Online_s277-1"}],"text":"Species of the genus Browningia according to Plants of the World Online as of August 2023[update]:[1]","title":"Species"}]	[{"image_text":"Browningia candelaris (Candelabra cactus), Chile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Browningia_candelaris.jpg/220px-Browningia_candelaris.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Browningia Britton & Rose\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296081-2","url_text":"\"Browningia Britton & Rose\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Edward F (2001). The cactus family. Timber Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-88192-498-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cactusfamily00ande","url_text":"The cactus family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press","url_text":"Timber Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cactusfamily00ande/page/n133","url_text":"133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88192-498-9","url_text":"0-88192-498-9"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Edward F.; Eggli, Urs (2005). Das grosse Kakteen-Lexikon (in German). Stuttgart (Hohenheim): Ulmer. p. . 94–97. ISBN 3-8001-4573-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8001-4573-1","url_text":"3-8001-4573-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Browningia&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296081-2","external_links_name":"\"Browningia Britton & Rose\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cactusfamily00ande","external_links_name":"The cactus family"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cactusfamily00ande/page/n133","external_links_name":"133"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Browningia+","external_links_name":"The Plant List.org: Browningia"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id105569","external_links_name":"105569"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62H4Y","external_links_name":"62H4Y"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7280458","external_links_name":"7280458"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=1740","external_links_name":"1740"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/438079","external_links_name":"438079"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/296081-2","external_links_name":"296081-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1070728","external_links_name":"1070728"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=907047","external_links_name":"907047"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=153841","external_links_name":"153841"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=345470","external_links_name":"345470"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A296081-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296081-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40032124","external_links_name":"40032124"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000005515","external_links_name":"wfo-4000005515"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Browningia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)	Foreign Secretary (India)	["1 Powers, responsibilities and postings","2 Emolument, accommodation and perquisites","3 List of foreign secretaries","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Seniormost non-elected official of the Ministry of External Affairs of India Not to be confused with the Foreign Minister of India. Foreign Secretary of IndiaVidēśa SacivaEmblem of IndiaFlag of IndiaIncumbentVinay Mohan Kwatra, IFSsince 1 May 2022Ministry of External AffairsReports to President of India Parliament of India Council of Ministers of India Prime Minister of India External Affairs Minister of India Residence3, Circular Road, Chanakyapuri New Delhi, IndiaAppointerAppointments Committee of the CabinetTerm lengthTwo years, term can be extended.Inaugural holderK. P. S. Menon, ICSFormation16 April 1948WebsiteMinistry of External Affairs This article is part of a series on the Politics of India Constitution and law Constitution of India Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Human rights Judicial review Taxation Uniform Civil Code Basic structure doctrine Amendment Law of India Indian criminal law Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam Code of Civil Procedure (India) Government President of India Droupadi Murmu Vice President of India Jagdeep Dhankhar Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi (BJP) Cabinet secretary Rajiv Gauba (IAS) Union Council of Ministries List of ministers Government Departments List of secretaries Parliament Parliament of India Lok Sabha Speaker Vacant Deputy Speaker Vacant Secretary General Utpal Kumar Singh (IAS) House Leader Narendra Modi (BJP) Opposition Leader Vacant Members of Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar Deputy Speaker Harivansh Narayan Singh Secretary General Pramod Chandra Mody House Leader Vacant Opposition Leader Mallikarjun Kharge (INC) Members of Rajya Sabha Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Minister Kiren Rijiju Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice Dhananjaya Y. 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Venkataramani Solicitor General Tushar Mehta Additional Solicitor General of India National Legal Services Authority Pendency of court cases in India National Judicial Appointments Commission Elections and political parties Presidential elections 2022 2017 2012 Vice Presidential elections 2022 2017 2012 Lok Sabha Election (General elections) 2014 2019 2024 Parliamentary constituencies Rajya Sabha Election 2024 2023 2022 Seats of State of Council State Assembly elections 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Political parties National coalitions National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) National parties State parties Electoral College (India) Election Commission of India State election commission (India) Administrative divisions States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals of State and Union Territory Divisions Districts Sub-Districts Community development block Autonomous administrative divisions Proposed states and union territories Federalism Executive Governors (List) Lieutenant governor and administrators(List) Chief minister(List) Deputy chief ministers(List) Ministries of All State and U.T. governments Legislative State legislative councils State legislative assemblies Speakers(List) Official Opposition(List) Judiciary High Courts Chief justices of High courts Judges of high courts Local government District court(List) Foreign relations Ministry of External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar Foreign Secretary Vinay Mohan Kwatra (IFrS) Diplomatic missions of / in India Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India / to India Foreign aid by India / to India Passports Nationality law Extradition Treaties Visa requirements Visa policy India and the United Nations India and the Non-Aligned Movement India and the Commonwealth 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue QUAD United Nations Security Council G4 Russia China United States Japan Canada United Kingdom Arabia Persia(Iran) Indo-European Union India–Pacific Islands Indo-Africa (India–Africa Forum Summit) India-Latin America MGC BBIN BRICS BIMSTEC SAARC SCO G20 IBSA East Asia Summit Indian Ocean Naval Symposium Indian Ocean Rim Association History Sanctions Indian diaspora Overseas citizens Policy Of India ITEC programme Look East policy Pan-African e-Network project Indira Gandhi government Narendra Modi government Asian Middle Eastern South Asian Act East) Kashmir conflict Siachen conflict Conflicts with Pakistan Disputes with China Disputes with Nepal State visits to India State visits by prime ministers of India Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi India portal Other countries vte The foreign secretary of India (ISO: Vidēśa Saciva) is the top diplomat of India and administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs. This post is held by an Indian foreign service officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India. Vinay Mohan Kwatra is an Indian diplomat and currently serving as the Foreign Secretary of India from May 2022, succeeding Harsh Vardhan Shringla. As an officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India, the foreign secretary ranks 23rd on the Indian Order of Precedence. However, unlike other secretaries to the government of India, the foreign secretary is also the top diplomat of the country and heads the 'Foreign Service Board'. Powers, responsibilities and postings The foreign secretary is the administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs, and is the principal adviser to the minister of external affairs on all matters of policy and administration within the External Affairs Ministry. The role of the foreign secretary is as follows: To act as the administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs. The responsibility in this regard is complete and undivided. To act as the chief adviser to the Minister of External Affairs on all aspects of policy and administrative affairs. To represent the Ministry of External Affairs before the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament of India. Recommends postings of officers under the Ministry of External Affairs of the rank of secretary, additional secretary and joint secretary to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC). To act as the first among equals among the Secretaries in the Ministry of External Affairs. Emolument, accommodation and perquisites The foreign secretary is eligible for a Diplomatic passport. The official earmarked residence of the union foreign secretary is 3, Circular Road, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. Foreign Secretary monthly pay and allowances Base Salary as per 7th Pay Commission (Per month) Pay Matrix Level ₹225,000 (US$2,700) Pay Level 17 List of foreign secretaries No. Name Photo Took office Left office Minister of External Affairs 1 K. P. S. Menon Sr. 16 April 1948 21 September 1952 Jawaharlal Nehru (de jure) V. K. Krishna Menon (de facto) 2 R. K. Nehru 22 September 1952 10 October 1955 3 Subimal Dutt 11 October 1955 17 January 1961 4 M. J. Desai 11 April 1961 4 December 1963 5 Y. D. Gundevia 5 December 1963 18 February 1965 Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda Lal Bahadur Shastri Swaran Singh 6 C. S. Jha 19 February 1965 13 August 1967 M. C. Chagla 7 Rajeshwar Dayal 19 August 1967 6 November 1968 Indira Gandhi 8 T. N. Kaul 7 November 1968 3 December 1972 Indira Gandhi Dinesh Singh Swaran Singh 9 Kewal Singh 4 December 1972 31 March 1976 Yashwantrao Chavan 10 J. S. Mehta 1 April 1976 18 November 1979 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 11 Ram Sathe 19 November 1979 30 April 1982 Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra P. V. Narasimha Rao 12 M. K. Rasgotra 1 May 1982 31 January 1985 Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 13 Romesh Bhandari 1 February 1985 31 March 1986 Rajiv Gandhi Bali Ram Bhagat 14 A. P. Venkateswaran 1 April 1986 20 January 1987 P. Shiv Shankar N. D. Tiwari 15 K. P. S. Menon Jr. January 1987 February 1989 N. D. Tiwari 16 Shilendra Kumar Singh 16 February 1989 19 April 1990 P. V. Narasimha Rao Vishwanath Pratap Singh I. K. Gujral 17 Muchukund Dubey 20 April 1990 30 November 1991 I. K. Gujral 18 J. N. Dixit 1 December 1991 31 January 1994 Madhavsinh Solanki P. V. Narasimha Rao Dinesh Singh 19 Krishnan Srinivasan 1 February 1994 28 February 1995 Pranab Mukherjee 20 Salman Haidar 1 March 1995 30 June 1997 Pranab Mukherjee Sikander Bakht I. K. Gujral 21 K. Raghunath 1 July 1997 1 December 1999 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Jaswant Singh 22 Lalit Mansingh 1 December 1999 11 March 2001 Jaswant Singh 23 Chokila Iyer 12 March 2001 29 June 2002 24 Kanwal Sibal 1 July 2002 30 November 2003 Yashwant Sinha 25 Shashank 19 November 2003 31 July 2004 Yashwant Sinha Natwar Singh 26 Shyam Saran 31 July 2004 1 September 2006 Manmohan Singh 27 Shivshankar Menon 1 September 2006 31 July 2009 Pranab Mukherjee S. M. Krishna 28 Nirupama Rao 31 July 2009 31 July 2011 29 Ranjan Mathai 1 August 2011 1 August 2013 Salman Khurshid 30 Sujatha Singh 1 August 2013 28 January 2015 Sushma Swaraj 31 Subrahmanyam Jaishankar 28 January 2015 28 January 2018 32 Vijay Keshav Gokhale 29 January 2018 28 January 2020 Subrahmanyam Jaishankar 33 Harsh Vardhan Shringla 29 January 2020 April 30, 2022 34 Vinay Mohan Kwatra 1 May 2022 Incumbent See also Cabinet Secretary of India Defence Secretary of India Home Secretary of India Finance Secretary of India Minister of External Affairs References ^ "Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed India's new Foreign Secretary: Government". The Hindu. PTI. 4 April 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Table of Precedence" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. 26 July 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2017. ^ "Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension. p. 6. Retrieved 15 November 2016. ^ Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 3.1–3.10. ISBN 978-9339204785. ^ "Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India" (PDF). Seventh Central Pay Commission, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2017. ^ Nirupama Rao is India's new foreign secretary The Times of India, 1 August 2009."Chokila Iyer was first woman, Indian Foreign Secretary in 2001." 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government Asian Middle Eastern South Asian Act East) Kashmir conflict Siachen conflict Conflicts with Pakistan Disputes with China Disputes with Nepal State visits to India State visits by prime ministers of India Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi vteGovernment ministries of IndiaPresident (List) • Vice President (List) • Government of India • Prime Minister (List • Office) • Deputy Prime Minister • Council of MinistersCurrentKey Defence External Affairs Finance Home Affairs Economy & Industry Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Commerce and Industry Communications Co-operation Corporate Affairs Electronics and Information Technology Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Steel Textiles Tourism Infrastructure Development of North Eastern Region Jal Shakti Ports, Shipping and Waterways Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Housing and Urban Affairs Food Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Food Processing Industries Energy & Climate Change Coal Environment, Forest and Climate Change New and Renewable Energy Petroleum and Natural Gas Power Science, Education & Health AYUSH Earth Sciences Education Health and Family Welfare Science and Technology Skill Development and Entrepreneurship General Administration Culture Law and Justice Minority Affairs Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Planning Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Tribal Affairs Women and Child Development Youth Affairs and Sports Defunct Communications and Information Technology Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Drinking Water and Sanitation Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Ministers Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Communications Defence Education External Affairs Finance Home Affairs Housing and Urban Affairs Law and Justice Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Road Transport and Highways Secretaries Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Personnel DepartmentsCurrent Atomic Energy Biotechnology Economic Affairs Higher Education Official Language Science and Technology Military Affairs Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Space Technical Education Telecommunications Defunct Criminal Intelligence Thagi and Dakaiti	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foreign Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15919"},{"link_name":"Ministry of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Indian foreign service officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"secretary to the government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Vinay Mohan Kwatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinay_Mohan_Kwatra"},{"link_name":"Harsh Vardhan Shringla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_Shringla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indian Order of Precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Foreign Minister of India.The foreign secretary of India (ISO: Vidēśa Saciva) is the top diplomat of India and administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs. This post is held by an Indian foreign service officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India. Vinay Mohan Kwatra is an Indian diplomat and currently serving as the Foreign Secretary of India from May 2022, succeeding Harsh Vardhan Shringla.[1]As an officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India, the foreign secretary ranks 23rd on the Indian Order of Precedence.[2] However, unlike other secretaries to the government of India, the foreign secretary is also the top diplomat of the country and heads the 'Foreign Service Board'.","title":"Foreign Secretary (India)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"minister of external affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSMOP_India-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Governance_India-4"},{"link_name":"Ministry of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Minister of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Public Accounts Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Accounts_Committee"},{"link_name":"Parliament of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ministry of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"additional secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_secretary_to_the_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"joint secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_secretary_to_the_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"first among equals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_inter_pares"},{"link_name":"Secretaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ministry of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)"}],"text":"The foreign secretary is the administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs, and is the principal adviser to the minister of external affairs on all matters of policy and administration within the External Affairs Ministry.[3]The role of the foreign secretary is as follows:[4]To act as the administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs. The responsibility in this regard is complete and undivided.\nTo act as the chief adviser to the Minister of External Affairs on all aspects of policy and administrative affairs.\nTo represent the Ministry of External Affairs before the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament of India.\nRecommends postings of officers under the Ministry of External Affairs of the rank of secretary, additional secretary and joint secretary to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC).\nTo act as the first among equals among the Secretaries in the Ministry of External Affairs.","title":"Powers, responsibilities and postings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diplomatic passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_passport"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"}],"text":"The foreign secretary is eligible for a Diplomatic passport. The official earmarked residence of the union foreign secretary is 3, Circular Road, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.","title":"Emolument, accommodation and perquisites"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of foreign secretaries"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ashoka_Chakra.svg/60px-Ashoka_Chakra.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_of_India_logo.svg/100px-Government_of_India_logo.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Logo_of_Indian_parliament.png/100px-Logo_of_Indian_parliament.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Lok_Sabha.svg/50px-Lok_Sabha.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rajyasabha.svg/50px-Rajyasabha.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_India.png/100px-Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_India.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Balanced_scale_of_Justice.svg/50px-Balanced_scale_of_Justice.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice.svg/100px-Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_India.svg/100px-Ministry_of_External_Affairs_India.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Cabinet Secretary of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India"},{"title":"Defence Secretary of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_India"},{"title":"Home Secretary of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary_of_India"},{"title":"Finance Secretary of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Secretary_of_India"},{"title":"Minister of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed India's new Foreign Secretary: Government\". The Hindu. PTI. 4 April 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-appointed-indias-new-foreign-secretary-government/article65289783.ece","url_text":"\"Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed India's new Foreign Secretary: Government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Table of Precedence\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. 26 July 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf","url_text":"\"Table of Precedence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Home Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"},{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)\" (PDF). Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension. p. 6. Retrieved 15 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel,_Public_Grievances_and_Pensions_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension"}]},{"reference":"Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 3.1–3.10. ISBN 978-9339204785.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida","url_text":"Noida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9339204785","url_text":"978-9339204785"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India\" (PDF). Seventh Central Pay Commission, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_Commission","url_text":"Pay Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"},{"url":"http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.mea.gov.in/fs.htm","external_links_name":"Ministry of External Affairs"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-appointed-indias-new-foreign-secretary-government/article65289783.ece","external_links_name":"\"Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed India's new Foreign Secretary: Government\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140527155701/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table of Precedence\""},{"Link":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/table_of_precedence.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India\""},{"Link":"http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Nirupama-Rao-is-Indias-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/4844580.cms","external_links_name":"Nirupama Rao is India's new foreign secretary"},{"Link":"http://www.mea.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Ministry of External Affairs, Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/menik/sets/72157603595144886/","external_links_name":"Indian Foreign Secretaries Listing"},{"Link":"http://www.easa.nic.in/index.php?s=whateasa.htm&easaleftbar.php&cur=011111111&status=&mem=","external_links_name":"External Affairs Spouses Association or EASA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Seiwert	Joe Seiwert	["1 Committee membership","2 Major donors","3 References","4 External links"]	American politician Joe SeiwertMember of the Kansas House of Representativesfrom the 101st districtIncumbentAssumed office January 12, 2009Preceded byMark Treaster Personal detailsBorn (1951-08-21) August 21, 1951 (age 72)Pretty Prairie, Kansas, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseLindaChildren3EducationUniversity of NebraskaFriends University Joe Seiwert (born August 21, 1951) is a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 101st district. He has served since 2009. In 2017, the American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime evaluation of 77%. In 2022, during a public forum, Seiwet promulgated the litter boxes in schools hoax. Committee membership Energy and Utilities Vision 2020 Veterans, Military, and Homeland Security Economic Development and Tourism Local Government Joint Committee on Economic Development Major donors The top 5 donors to Seiwert's 2008 campaign: 1. Reno County Republican Cmte $7,500 2. Kansas Republican Party $2,250 3. Koch Industries $1,000 4. Sunflower Electric Power Corp $800 5. Kansas Insurance Agents $550 References ^ "KanFocus -- Error". ^ Mipro, Rachel (2023-02-05). "Educators say attacking Kansas teachers is GOP strategy to push private schools". Kansas Reflector. Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ Follow the Money - 2008 Campaign Contributions External links Official Website Kansas Legislature - Joe Seiwert Project Vote Smart profile Kansas Votes profile Campaign contributions: 2008 vteMembers of the Kansas House of Representatives Speaker of the House Daniel Hawkins (R) Speaker pro tempore Blake Carpenter (R) Majority Leader Chris Croft (R) Minority Leader Vic Miller (D) ▌Michael Houser (R) ▌Kenneth Collins (R) ▌Chuck Smith (R) ▌Trevor Jacobs (R) ▌Carrie Barth (R) ▌Samantha Poetter Parshall (R) ▌Dan Goddard (R) ▌Chris Croft (R) ▌Fred Gardner (R) ▌Christina Haswood (D) ▌Ron Bryce (R) ▌Doug Blex (R) ▌Duane Droge (R) ▌Dennis Miller (D) ▌Allison Hougland (D) ▌Linda Featherston (D) ▌Jo Ella Hoye (D) ▌Cindy Neighbor (D) ▌Stephanie Clayton (D) ▌Mari-Lynn Poskin (D) ▌Jerry Stogsdill (D) ▌Lindsay Vaughn (D) ▌Susan Ruiz (D) ▌Jarrod Ousley (D) ▌Rui Xu (D) ▌Adam Thomas (R) ▌Sean Tarwater (R) ▌Carl Turner (R) ▌Heather Meyer (D) ▌Laura Williams (R) ▌Louis Ruiz (D) ▌Pam Curtis (D) ▌Mike Thompson (R) ▌Valdenia Winn (D) ▌Marvin Robinson (D) ▌Lynn Melton (D) ▌Melissa Oropeza (D) ▌Timothy H. Johnson (R) ▌Owen Donohoe (R) ▌David Buehler (R) ▌Pat Proctor (R) ▌Lance Neelly (R) ▌Bill Sutton (R) ▌Barbara Ballard (D) ▌Mike Amyx (D) ▌Dennis Highberger (D) ▌Ronald Ellis (R) ▌Dan Osman (D) ▌Nikki McDonald (D) ▌Kyle McNorton (R) ▌Kenny Titus (R) ▌Jesse Borjon (R) ▌Kirk Haskins (D) ▌Ken Corbet (R) ▌Tobias Schlingensiepen (D) ▌Virgil Weigel (D) ▌John Alcala (D) ▌Vic Miller (D) ▌Rebecca Schmoe (R) ▌Mark Schreiber (R) ▌Francis Awerkamp (R) ▌Randy Garber (R) ▌John Eplee (R) ▌Lewis Bloom (R) ▌Jeff Underhill (R) ▌Sydney Carlin (D) ▌Mike Dodson (R) ▌Nathan Butler (R) ▌Clarke Sanders (R) ▌Scott Hill (R) ▌Steven Howe (R) ▌Avery Anderson (R) ▌Lori Shultz (R) ▌Stephen Owens (R) ▌Will Carpenter (R) ▌Eric Smith (R) ▌Kristey Williams (R) ▌Robyn Essex (R) ▌Webster Roth (R) ▌Bill Rhiley (R) ▌Blake Carpenter (R) ▌Leah Howell (R) ▌Henry Helgerson (D) ▌Ford Carr (D) ▌Patrick Penn (R) ▌Silas Miller (D) ▌Susan Estes (R) ▌Sandy Pickert (R) ▌KC Ohaebosim (D) ▌Carl Maughan (R) ▌Emil Bergquist (R) ▌John Carmichael (D) ▌Brian Bergkamp (R) ▌Leo Delperdang (R) ▌Tom Sawyer (D) ▌Tom Kessler (R) ▌Nick Hoheisel (R) ▌Cyndi Howerton (R) ▌Susan Humphries (R) ▌Daniel Hawkins (R) ▌Joe Seiwert (R) ▌Jason Probst (D) ▌Angela Martinez (D) ▌Paul Waggoner (R) ▌Brenda Landwehr (R) ▌Lisa Moser (R) ▌Susan Concannon (R) ▌Brandon Woodard (D) ▌Troy Waymaster (R) ▌Ken Rahjes (R) ▌Barbara Wasinger (R) ▌Tory Marie Arnberger (R) ▌Brett Fairchild (R) ▌Michael Murphy (R) ▌Gary White (R) ▌Kyle Hoffman (R) ▌Adam Turk (R) ▌Jim Minnix (R) ▌Jason Goetz (R) ▌Adam Smith (R) ▌John Resman (R) ▌Bill Clifford (R) ▌Bob Lewis (R) ▌David Younger (R) ▌Shannon Francis (R) ▌Republican (84) ▌Democratic (40) ▌Vacant (1) Kansas Legislature Kansas House of Representatives Kansas Senate This article about a Kansas politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"American Conservative Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservative_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"litter boxes in schools hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Joe Seiwert (born August 21, 1951) is a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 101st district. He has served since 2009. In 2017, the American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime evaluation of 77%.[1] In 2022, during a public forum, Seiwet promulgated the litter boxes in schools hoax.[2]","title":"Joe Seiwert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilities"},{"link_name":"Veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_US"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government"}],"text":"Energy and Utilities\nVision 2020\nVeterans, Military, and Homeland Security\nEconomic Development and Tourism\nLocal Government\nJoint Committee on Economic Development","title":"Committee membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"donors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_donation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Reno County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Koch Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Industries"}],"text":"The top 5 donors to Seiwert's 2008 campaign:[3]1. Reno County Republican Cmte \t$7,500\n2. Kansas Republican Party \t$2,250\n3. Koch Industries \t$1,000\n4. Sunflower Electric Power Corp \t$800\n5. Kansas Insurance Agents \t$550","title":"Major donors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"KanFocus -- Error\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kanfocus.com/FMPro.php?-DB=House_Profiles_KS&-lay=Contact_Current&-format=Contact_House.html&-RecID=2071&-find","url_text":"\"KanFocus -- Error\""}]},{"reference":"Mipro, Rachel (2023-02-05). \"Educators say attacking Kansas teachers is GOP strategy to push private schools\". Kansas Reflector. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Darlan	Jean-Baptiste Darlan	["1 Early years (1848–80)","2 Political career (1880–98)","3 Last years (1898–1912)","4 Notes","5 Sources"]	French politician Jean-Baptiste DarlanDarlan in 1896Minister of JusticeIn office29 April 1896 – 1 December 1897Preceded byLouis RicardSucceeded byVictor Milliard Personal detailsBorn(1848-06-10)10 June 1848Podensac, Gironde, FranceDied8 December 1912(1912-12-08) (aged 64)Nérac, Lot-et-Garonne, France Jean-Baptiste Darlan (10 June 1848 – 8 December 1912) was a French politician who was Minister of Justice in 1896–97. Early years (1848–80) Jean-Baptiste Darlan was born on 10 June 1848 in Podensac, Gironde, son of a sea captain. A distant cousin of his had been a sailor on the ship that killed Nelson during the Battle of Trafalgar. His grandfather was a master mariner. His father owned two ships that sailed between France and Mexico, and was mayor of Podensac. Darlan studied at the lycée in Bordeaux, then obtained his law degree at the faculty of Paris. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 he was a non-commissioned officer in the forces of Lot-et-Garonne. When his father died in 1872 Darlan had to sell the two ships, and with the proceeds bought the position of notary in Marmande. In 1877 he married Marie Marguerite Espagnac, daughter of a Nérac doctor, who brought a substantial dowry. Darlan sold his practice as a notary and set up as an attorney in Nérac. They had two children. Hélène married a ship's captain and François Darlan later became an admiral. François was born on 7 August 1881. Marie Marguerite died in 1885 at the age of 34. Political career (1880–98) In 1878 Darlan joined the Association from Propagation of Republican Ideas, and became a freemason. As a member of the Grand Lodge he progressed through the ranks to become Vénérable in the lodge L'Auguste amitié in Condom. He became a friend of Armand Fallières and of Georges Leygues, who would many years later make his son chief of staff of the Ministry of Marine. In 1880 he became municipal councilor of Nérac, and was mayor of Nérac from 1880–82 and 1888–96. From 1886 to 1898 he was a member of the general council of the Lot-et-Garonne department. Darlan was elected deputy for Lot-et-Garonne in a by-election on 27 July 1890 by a landslide, and was easily reelected in the general election of 20 August 1893. On 29 April 1896 he was appointed Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Jules Méline, and on 26 September 1896 was also appointed Minister of Religious Affairs. When he was in office there was growing public debate over the Dreyfus affair. Darlan was opposed to reviewing the trial of 1894. Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, vice-president of the Senate, became convinced that Dreyfus was innocent and came to see Darlan on 5 November 1896. Darlan said he could not support a premature investigation. On 30 November 1897 Darlan was challenged over the appointment of two magistrates, said to have been made for political reasons, and was censured by the Senate. He resigned the next day. He lost his seat in the general elections of 8–22 May 1898. Last years (1898–1912) Darlan was named percepteur-receveur in Paris in 1899. He died on 8 December 1912 in Nérac, Lot-et-Garonne. Notes ^ a b c d Jolly 1960–1977. ^ a b c d e Guillaume & Lachaise 1998, p. 450. ^ Berthou, Chautard & Guislain 2003. ^ Ordioni 1995, p. 393. ^ Read 2012, p. 180. Sources Berthou, Benoît; Chautard, Sophie; Guislain, Gilbert (2003), "Darlan, amiral (1881-1942)", 100 hommes qui ont fait la France du XXe siècle (in French), Studyrama, ISBN 978-2-84472-323-9, retrieved 2015-12-07 Guillaume, Sylvie; Lachaise, Bernard (1998-01-01), "DARLAN Jena-Baptiste, Joas", Dictionnaire des parlementaires d'Aquitaine sous la Troisième République (in French), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, ISBN 978-2-86781-231-6, retrieved 2015-12-07 Jolly, Jean (1960–1977). "Darlan (Jean-Baptiste)". Dictionnaire des parlementaires français; notices biographiques sur les ministres, députés et sénateurs français de 1889 à 1940 (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 2-1100-1998-0. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-12-06. Ordioni, Pierre (1995), La fracture: de Londres 1941 à Sétif 1945, Nouvelles Editions Latines, ISBN 978-2-7233-0492-4, retrieved 2015-12-07 Read, Piers Paul (2012-02-02), The Dreyfus Affair, A&C Black, ISBN 978-1-4088-0139-0, retrieved 2015-12-07 Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data People Sycomore	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)"}],"text":"Jean-Baptiste Darlan (10 June 1848 – 8 December 1912) was a French politician who was Minister of Justice in 1896–97.","title":"Jean-Baptiste Darlan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Podensac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podensac"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977-1"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450-2"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Lot-et-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450-2"},{"link_name":"Marmande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmande"},{"link_name":"Nérac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9rac"},{"link_name":"François Darlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerthouChautardGuislain2003-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450-2"}],"text":"Jean-Baptiste Darlan was born on 10 June 1848 in Podensac, Gironde, son of a sea captain.[1]\nA distant cousin of his had been a sailor on the ship that killed Nelson during the Battle of Trafalgar.\nHis grandfather was a master mariner.\nHis father owned two ships that sailed between France and Mexico, and was mayor of Podensac.[2]\nDarlan studied at the lycée in Bordeaux, then obtained his law degree at the faculty of Paris.\nDuring the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 he was a non-commissioned officer in the forces of Lot-et-Garonne.[2]When his father died in 1872 Darlan had to sell the two ships, and with the proceeds bought the position of notary in Marmande.\nIn 1877 he married Marie Marguerite Espagnac, daughter of a Nérac doctor, who brought a substantial dowry.\nDarlan sold his practice as a notary and set up as an attorney in Nérac.\nThey had two children. Hélène married a ship's captain and François Darlan later became an admiral.[2]\nFrançois was born on 7 August 1881.[3]\nMarie Marguerite died in 1885 at the age of 34.[2]","title":"Early years (1848–80)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Condom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom,_Gers"},{"link_name":"Armand Fallières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Georges Leygues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues"},{"link_name":"Lot-et-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450-2"},{"link_name":"Lot-et-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne"},{"link_name":"Jules Méline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977-1"},{"link_name":"Dreyfus affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdioni1995393-4"},{"link_name":"Auguste Scheurer-Kestner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Scheurer-Kestner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2012180-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977-1"}],"text":"In 1878 Darlan joined the Association from Propagation of Republican Ideas, and became a freemason.\nAs a member of the Grand Lodge he progressed through the ranks to become Vénérable in the lodge L'Auguste amitié in Condom. \nHe became a friend of Armand Fallières and of Georges Leygues, who would many years later make his son chief of staff of the Ministry of Marine. \nIn 1880 he became municipal councilor of Nérac, and was mayor of Nérac from 1880–82 and 1888–96.\nFrom 1886 to 1898 he was a member of the general council of the Lot-et-Garonne department.[2]Darlan was elected deputy for Lot-et-Garonne in a by-election on 27 July 1890 by a landslide, and was easily reelected in the general election of 20 August 1893.\nOn 29 April 1896 he was appointed Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Jules Méline, and on 26 September 1896 was also appointed Minister of Religious Affairs.[1]\nWhen he was in office there was growing public debate over the Dreyfus affair. \nDarlan was opposed to reviewing the trial of 1894.[4]\nAuguste Scheurer-Kestner, vice-president of the Senate, became convinced that Dreyfus was innocent and came to see Darlan on 5 November 1896. \nDarlan said he could not support a premature investigation.[5]On 30 November 1897 Darlan was challenged over the appointment of two magistrates, said to have been made for political reasons, and was censured by the Senate. \nHe resigned the next day.\nHe lost his seat in the general elections of 8–22 May 1898.[1]","title":"Political career (1880–98)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nérac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9rac"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977-1"}],"text":"Darlan was named percepteur-receveur in Paris in 1899.\nHe died on 8 December 1912 in Nérac, Lot-et-Garonne.[1]","title":"Last years (1898–1912)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1960%E2%80%931977_1-3"},{"link_name":"Jolly 1960–1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJolly1960%E2%80%931977"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillaumeLachaise1998450_2-4"},{"link_name":"Guillaume & Lachaise 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGuillaumeLachaise1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerthouChautardGuislain2003_3-0"},{"link_name":"Berthou, Chautard & Guislain 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBerthouChautardGuislain2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdioni1995393_4-0"},{"link_name":"Ordioni 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOrdioni1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2012180_5-0"},{"link_name":"Read 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRead2012"}],"text":"^ a b c d Jolly 1960–1977.\n\n^ a b c d e Guillaume & Lachaise 1998, p. 450.\n\n^ Berthou, Chautard & Guislain 2003.\n\n^ Ordioni 1995, p. 393.\n\n^ Read 2012, p. 180.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Darlan, amiral (1881-1942)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NqCdJX6KuPAC&pg=PA68"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-84472-323-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84472-323-9"},{"link_name":"\"DARLAN Jena-Baptiste, Joas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AYTAbg-XBhAC&pg=PA450"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-86781-231-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86781-231-6"},{"link_name":"\"Darlan (Jean-Baptiste)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303174806/http://www.assembleenationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=2134"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-1100-1998-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-1100-1998-0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.assembleenationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=2134"},{"link_name":"La fracture: de Londres 1941 à Sétif 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bf7SoD1FwvoC&pg=PA393"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7233-0492-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7233-0492-4"},{"link_name":"The Dreyfus Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SAdiWayrtSMC&pg=PA180"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4088-0139-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0139-0"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3163997#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/277091"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14823248s"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14823248s"},{"link_name":"Sycomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/2134"}],"text":"Berthou, Benoît; Chautard, Sophie; Guislain, Gilbert (2003), \"Darlan, amiral (1881-1942)\", 100 hommes qui ont fait la France du XXe siècle (in French), Studyrama, ISBN 978-2-84472-323-9, retrieved 2015-12-07\nGuillaume, Sylvie; Lachaise, Bernard (1998-01-01), \"DARLAN Jena-Baptiste, Joas\", Dictionnaire des parlementaires d'Aquitaine sous la Troisième République (in French), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, ISBN 978-2-86781-231-6, retrieved 2015-12-07\nJolly, Jean (1960–1977). \"Darlan (Jean-Baptiste)\". Dictionnaire des parlementaires français; notices biographiques sur les ministres, députés et sénateurs français de 1889 à 1940 (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 2-1100-1998-0. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-12-06.\nOrdioni, Pierre (1995), La fracture: de Londres 1941 à Sétif 1945, Nouvelles Editions Latines, ISBN 978-2-7233-0492-4, retrieved 2015-12-07\nRead, Piers Paul (2012-02-02), The Dreyfus Affair, A&C Black, ISBN 978-1-4088-0139-0, retrieved 2015-12-07Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nPeople\nSycomore","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Berthou, Benoît; Chautard, Sophie; Guislain, Gilbert (2003), \"Darlan, amiral (1881-1942)\", 100 hommes qui ont fait la France du XXe siècle (in French), Studyrama, ISBN 978-2-84472-323-9, retrieved 2015-12-07","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NqCdJX6KuPAC&pg=PA68","url_text":"\"Darlan, amiral (1881-1942)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84472-323-9","url_text":"978-2-84472-323-9"}]},{"reference":"Guillaume, Sylvie; Lachaise, Bernard (1998-01-01), \"DARLAN Jena-Baptiste, Joas\", Dictionnaire des parlementaires d'Aquitaine sous la Troisième République (in French), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, ISBN 978-2-86781-231-6, retrieved 2015-12-07","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AYTAbg-XBhAC&pg=PA450","url_text":"\"DARLAN Jena-Baptiste, Joas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86781-231-6","url_text":"978-2-86781-231-6"}]},{"reference":"Jolly, Jean (1960–1977). \"Darlan (Jean-Baptiste)\". Dictionnaire des parlementaires français; notices biographiques sur les ministres, députés et sénateurs français de 1889 à 1940 (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 2-1100-1998-0. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174806/http://www.assembleenationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=2134","url_text":"\"Darlan (Jean-Baptiste)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-1100-1998-0","url_text":"2-1100-1998-0"},{"url":"http://www.assembleenationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=2134","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ordioni, Pierre (1995), La fracture: de Londres 1941 à Sétif 1945, Nouvelles Editions Latines, ISBN 978-2-7233-0492-4, retrieved 2015-12-07","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bf7SoD1FwvoC&pg=PA393","url_text":"La fracture: de Londres 1941 à Sétif 1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7233-0492-4","url_text":"978-2-7233-0492-4"}]},{"reference":"Read, Piers Paul (2012-02-02), The Dreyfus Affair, A&C Black, ISBN 978-1-4088-0139-0, retrieved 2015-12-07","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SAdiWayrtSMC&pg=PA180","url_text":"The Dreyfus Affair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0139-0","url_text":"978-1-4088-0139-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NqCdJX6KuPAC&pg=PA68","external_links_name":"\"Darlan, amiral (1881-1942)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AYTAbg-XBhAC&pg=PA450","external_links_name":"\"DARLAN Jena-Baptiste, Joas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174806/http://www.assembleenationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=2134","external_links_name":"\"Darlan (Jean-Baptiste)\""},{"Link":"http://www.assembleenationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=2134","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bf7SoD1FwvoC&pg=PA393","external_links_name":"La fracture: de Londres 1941 à Sétif 1945"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SAdiWayrtSMC&pg=PA180","external_links_name":"The Dreyfus Affair"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/277091","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14823248s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14823248s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/2134","external_links_name":"Sycomore"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_minehunter_Visvaldis	Latvian minehunter Visvaldis	["1 History","2 References"]	Delfzijl on the right History Netherlands NameDelfzijl NamesakeThe city of Delfzijl BuilderVan der Giessen de Noord, Alblasserdam Laid down29 May 1980 Launched30 October 1982 Commissioned17 August 1983 Decommissioned19 June 2000 IdentificationHull number: M851 FateSold to the Latvian Navy Latvia NameVisvaldis Cost€11.4 million (2007) Acquired2007 Commissioned2008 IdentificationHull number: M-07 StatusIn active service General characteristics TypeAlkmaar-class minehunter Displacement588 t (579 long tons) full load Length51.50 m (169 ft 0 in) Beam8.90 m (29 ft 2 in) Height18.5 m (60 ft 8 in) Draft2.60 m (8 ft 6 in) Propulsion1 × 1,860 hp (1,390 kW) Werkspoor RUB 215 V12 diesel engine Speed15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) Range3,000 nmi (5,600 km) at 12 knots (22 km/h) Boats & landing craft carried 2 × rigid-hulled inflatable boats 1 × PAP 104 ROV Crew44 Sensors and processing systems1 × DUBM 21B sonar Armament1 × 20 mm (0.79 in) machine gun Visvaldis (M-07) (ex-HNLMS Delfzijl (A851)) is a former minehunter of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Now in service with the Latvian Navy. History Delfzijl is the result of a cooparation between France, Belgium and The Netherlands. She is the second ship of the Alkmaar-class minehunters. The commissioning ceremony took place in Alblasserdam on 17 August 1983. Delfzijl was sold to the Latvian Navy in 2007 together with the Alkmaar, Dordrecht, Harlingen and Scheveningen. She was transferred in 2008 and renamed Visvaldis. References ^ a b c "Alkmaarklasse mijnenjagers" (in Dutch). Marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 14 June 2023. ^ a b c d "Hr.Ms. Delfzijl. (bnr. 851)" (in Dutch). Onze Marinevloot. Retrieved 14 June 2023. ^ "M-07 "Visvaldis"" (in Latvian). Latvian National Armed Forces. Retrieved 14 June 2023. vteTripartite-class minehunters Belgian Navy Aster Bellis Crocus Dianthus Fuschia Iris Lobelia Narcis Myosotis Primula French Navy Éridan class Aigle Andromède Capricorne (ex-Dianthus) Cassiopée Céphée (ex-Fuchsia) Croix du sud Éridan Lyre Orion Pégase Persée Sagittaire Verseau (ex-Iris) Royal Netherlands Navy Alkmaar class Alkmaar Delfzijl Dordrecht Haarlem Harlingen Hellevoetsluis Maasluis Makkum Middelburg Scheveningen Schiedam Urk Vlaardingen Willemstad Zierikzee Other operators Bulgarian Navy Mesta (ex-Maasluis) Struma (ex-Hellevoetsluis) Tsibar (ex-Myosotis) Indonesian Navy Pulau Rengat class Pulau Rengat Pulau Rupat Latvian Naval Forces Imanta class Imanta (ex-Harlingen) Rūsiņš (ex-Alkmaar) Tālivaldis (ex-Dordrecht) Viesturs (ex-Scheveningen) Visvaldis (ex-Delfzijl) Pakistan Navy Munsif class Muhafiz Mujahid Munsif (ex-Sagittaire) vteDutch naval ship classes post-1945ActiveAmphibious transport docks RotterdamS Johan de WittS Frigates Karel Doorman De Zeven Provinciën Mine countermeasures vessels Alkmaar GeoseaLS Joint support ships Karel DoormanS Patrol vessels Holland Noorderhaaks Submarines Walrus Research vessels Snellius HydrograafS Auxiliary ships MercuurS PelikaanS Diving support vessels SoembaS Cerberus Landing craft LCU Mk.II LCU Mk.III LCVP Mk.V(C) Tugboats Linge Schelde Breezand Noordzee Bolder Training ships Van KinsbergenS UraniaS S Single ship of class L Leased ship DecommissionedAircraft carriers Karel DoormanBS Karel DoormanBS Cruisers De Zeven Provinciën Destroyers KortenaarB BanckertBS Holland Friesland Frigates BatjanAu Van AmstelA RoofdierA Van Speijk Tromp Kortenaer Jacob van Heemskerck Patrol vessels Balder Mine warfare vessels BorndiepB GoereeD KeetenB Beemster Onversaagd Wildervank Dokkum Van Straelen Submarines WalrusA Dolfijn Zwaardvis Replenishment ships PoolsterS ZuiderkruisS AmsterdamS Research vessels Dreg I ZeefakkelS Snellius Buyskes TydemanS Auxiliary ships WoendiAS VulkaanBS PelikaanBS ZuiderkruisAS Van BochoveS PelikaanS Cornelis DrebbelS ThetisS Diving support vessels CerberusS Triton Landing craft LCU Mk.I LCVP I LCVP II LCVP III Tugboats SoridoS Beatrix Dorus RijkersS TritonJS Bambi Berkel OrkaanS WambrauS WamandaiS Westgat Training ships HobeinDS UraniaS A ex-American Au ex-Australian B ex-British D ex-German J ex-Japanese S Single ship of class This article about a specific military ship or boat of the Netherlands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Latvian minehunter Visvaldis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the result of a cooparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite-class_minehunter"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"The Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Alkmaar-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmaar-class_minehunter"},{"link_name":"minehunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehunter"},{"link_name":"commissioning ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Alblasserdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alblasserdam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specs_2-2"},{"link_name":"Latvian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_minehunter_R%C5%ABsi%C5%86%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Dordrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_minehunter_T%C4%81livaldis"},{"link_name":"Harlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_minehunter_Imanta"},{"link_name":"Scheveningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_minehunter_Viesturs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specs_1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specs_2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Delfzijl is the result of a cooparation between France, Belgium and The Netherlands. She is the second ship of the Alkmaar-class minehunters. The commissioning ceremony took place in Alblasserdam on 17 August 1983.[2]Delfzijl was sold to the Latvian Navy in 2007 together with the Alkmaar, Dordrecht, Harlingen and Scheveningen. She was transferred in 2008 and renamed Visvaldis.[1][2][3]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Alkmaarklasse mijnenjagers\" (in Dutch). Marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://marineschepen.nl/schepen/alkmaar.html","url_text":"\"Alkmaarklasse mijnenjagers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hr.Ms. Delfzijl. (bnr. 851)\" (in Dutch). Onze Marinevloot. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://onzemarinevloot.weebly.com/hrms-delfzijl-m-851.html","url_text":"\"Hr.Ms. Delfzijl. (bnr. 851)\""}]},{"reference":"\"M-07 \"Visvaldis\"\" (in Latvian). Latvian National Armed Forces. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mil.lv/en/node/320","url_text":"\"M-07 \"Visvaldis\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://marineschepen.nl/schepen/alkmaar.html","external_links_name":"\"Alkmaarklasse mijnenjagers\""},{"Link":"https://onzemarinevloot.weebly.com/hrms-delfzijl-m-851.html","external_links_name":"\"Hr.Ms. Delfzijl. (bnr. 851)\""},{"Link":"https://www.mil.lv/en/node/320","external_links_name":"\"M-07 \"Visvaldis\"\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_minehunter_Visvaldis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Climbers	Ice Climber	["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Releases","4 Reception","5 Legacy","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	1985 video game This article is about the video game. For the activity in general, see Ice climbing. 1985 video gameIce ClimberNorth American NES box artDeveloper(s)Nintendo R&D1Publisher(s)NintendoHudson Soft(PC-8801)Director(s)Kenji MikiProducer(s)Masayuki UemuraShigeru MiyamotoProgrammer(s)Kazuaki MoritaToshihiko NakagoArtist(s)Tadashi SugiyamaComposer(s)Akito NakatsukaPlatform(s)Arcade, Nintendo Entertainment System, PC-8801, Sharp X1, Famicom Disk SystemRelease 1985 NES JP: January 30, 1985NA: October 18, 1985EU: September 1, 1986 Arcade (VS. Ice Climber) JP: February 4, 1985NA: March 1985 PC-8801 JP: October 1985 Sharp X1 JP: November 1985 Famicom (VS. Ice Climber) JP: November 18, 1988 Game Boy AdvanceClassic NES Series JP: February 14, 2004NA: June 2, 2004EU: July 9, 2004 Nintendo SwitchArcade ArchivesWW: February 22, 2019Genre(s)PlatformMode(s)Single-player, multiplayerArcade systemNintendo VS. System Ice Climber is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo. It was released in 1985 for both the arcade VS. System and the Famicom / Nintendo Entertainment System console. The characters Popo and Nana, collectively known as the Ice Climbers, scale 32 vertically scrolling, ice-covered mountains to recover stolen vegetables from a giant condor. In some European countries, Ice Climber was bundled with the Nintendo Entertainment System. The arcade version, VS. Ice Climber, has an animated title screen, a stage select menu at the start of the game and between levels, 16 more mountains, occasional blizzard and wind effects, more enemy characters, and bonus multiplier items. Nana and Popo are playable characters in the Super Smash Bros. series, starting with the 2001 game Super Smash Bros. Melee for the GameCube. Nintendo released the NES version for the Game Boy Advance through the Nintendo e-Reader in 2002. Gameplay Popo scales Mountain 1 surrounded by Topis and a Nitpicker. The first player controls Popo, a boy wearing a blue parka, while the second player controls Nana, a girl wearing a pink one. The only tool they carry is a wooden mallet to carve openings in the ice above and to club enemies. Each mountain level consists of eight layers of colorful ice and a bonus stage. Standard, dull ice blocks pose no threat other than an easily disposed-of barrier and platform. Square ice blocks with higher detail are indestructible, forcing the player to take another path. Hatched ice acts as a conveyor belt sliding Popo or Nana either left or right. Finally, many mountains include unbreakable moving platforms resembling clouds. The bonus stage takes place at the peak. Within a 40-second time limit and no enemies, the Ice Climbers often face trickier jumps and multiple moving platforms. The peak is also the only place to recover stolen vegetables, most notably eggplants. Collecting just one piece of corn from the fifth bonus stage is the only way to gain an extra life. At the top of the peak, the Condor flies overhead. Enemies encountered on the way up the mountains include the Topi, Nitpicker, and White Bear. Topis come in two varieties: the blue seal featured in the Japanese Famicom Ice Climber release and the short Yeti-like creatures seen in Western versions and VS. Ice Climber. Topis have the ability to fill in holes in the floor with ice. To do this, a Topi scouts out an opening in the floor, runs back to its cave, and reemerges pushing an icicle to fill in two blocks. This process repeats until no more openings on their layer of ice exist. The Nitpicker is a small, mountain-dwelling bird that swoops down from icy caves on the levels' edges. Unlike the Topi, which is confined to one floor of the mountain, Nitpickers can cross over multiple ice layers. Taking them into account along with moving platforms and sliding ice, timing jumps can be more difficult. The final enemy is the White Bear. This enemy, wearing sunglasses and pink speedo, appears on screen only when Popo and Nana take too long to advance. Pounding the ice, the Polar Bear forces the screen to move up. If Nana or Popo are forced off the screen, the player loses a life. Other obstacles include deadly falling icicles. These can form on the bottom of any type of platform. After a few successful mountains climbed, all enemies' speeds increase. The arcade game VS. Ice Climber has a few more gameplay differences. The player must pick from an initial set of 24 mountains to conquer. After eight are cleared, a Super Bonus stage occurs in which the player must reach a high platform. Afterwards, the player must choose from the second set of 24 mountains, in which the Condor is replaced by a giant butterfly. After the next eight stages are cleared and the Super Bonus is over, the player resumes the cycle from the original mountain set. The game keeps track of whether the mountain was claimed by an Ice Climber or if it remains Topi territory—once all the stages are completed, the counter resets. Approximately 30 of the 48 level designs are borrowed from the NES game. Stage setups are generally trickier in VS. Ice Climber, with some new mechanics such as cloud platforms that move diagonally or strong gusts of wind. A purple bee with a spear flying in a horizontal pattern is included as a somewhat rare fourth enemy. After the bonus stage, the players' scores are tallied. Points are rewarded for every brick of ice destroyed, every Topi-pushed icicle smashed, every Nitpicker killed and every vegetable collected. Finally, a bonus score is rewarded if a player manages to climb to the top of the bonus stage and jump up and grab the Condor. The game keeps track of the high score, although there is no way to save it on the NES version. The game can be played in one- or two-player mode. The latter places Popo and Nana against each other in a race to the summit. Players may prefer to play cooperatively on the way up, but during the bonus round, they must compete for the top. Development This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2008) Ice Climber and NES Open Tournament Golf were directed by longtime Nintendo producer Kenji Miki. Ice Climber is the first video game programmed by Kazuaki Morita. He considered this a "warm-up" before becoming a main programmer on Super Mario Bros.. Morita was later credited with central programming roles in numerous games within the Super Mario series, The Legend of Zelda series, and in Star Fox 64. Releases Ice Climber, a launch game for the NES in North America, has been re-released for several of Nintendo's consoles. The PC-8801 version has a more limited color palette and a reworked HUD. VS. Ice Climber has been re-released for the Famicom Disk System, removing the difficulty settings and changing a few graphics to be closer to Ice Climber (such as the bee and butterfly replaced by a Nitpicker and blue Condor, respectively). It has also been released in the Arcade Archives series on Nintendo Switch, although the bee enemy has been removed. Including the releases listed below, the NES game is unlockable in the 2002 GameCube release of Animal Crossing. It can only be officially unlocked via a North America-exclusive e-Reader card, or as a gift to players requesting their save data be transferred from the Japanese-exclusive Nintendo 64 version to the Doubutsu no Mori+ edition. Name Date Platform Notes Vs. Ice Climber 1985 Arcade Nintendo Vs. Series Ice Climber 1985 Famicom/NES Ice Climber 1985 NEC PC-8801 Published by Hudson Soft Ice Climber 1988 Famicom Disk System Port of Vs. Ice Climber Ice Climber-e 2002 e-Reader Barcoded cards, readable with e-Reader and Game Boy Advance. Classic NES Series: Ice Climber 2004 Game Boy Advance Classic NES Series Ice Climber 2007 Wii Virtual Console Ice Climber 2011 3DS Virtual Console Ice Climber 2013 Wii U Virtual Console Ice Climber 2018 Nintendo Switch Nintendo Switch Online Arcade Archives Ice Climber 2019 Nintendo Switch Arcade Archives Reception This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2023) In Japan, Game Machine listed VS. Ice Climbers in its April 1, 1985, issue as the eighth most-successful table arcade unit of the month. Former President of Finland Mauno Koivisto was reportedly keen on Nintendo games and his son-in-law has reported that Ice Climber was his favorite game. Reviewing the American release, Computer Entertainer magazine called it "addictive" for fans of climbing games. The reviewer awarded 3.5 out of 4 stars, for both categories of graphics and gameplay, adding that it provide "hours of challenging play". Legacy The Ice Climbers in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Popo and Nana appear in the Super Smash Bros. series of fighting game as a two-in-one playable fighter under the name Ice Climbers, voiced by Sanae Kobayashi. Appearing in 2001's Melee, and 2008's Brawl, their return was planned for Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, but technical issues with the 3DS version required game director Masahiro Sakurai to scrap development on them to maintain parity between the two versions. He said that there was not a high priority to include them because the Ice Climber series was "unlikely to have another installment" at the time. The Ice Climbers returned in 2018's Ultimate. Themes from Ice Climber regularly appear in the WarioWare series' classic Nintendo microgames. In Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land and Kirby Air Ride, when Kirby gets the Freeze ability, he dons Popo's parka in the same manner it is worn in the Super Smash Bros. series. In Tetris DS, an Ice Climber backdrop appears among other classic Nintendo games. Daigasso! Band Brothers includes the bonus stage music theme. The Ice Climbers appear in Super Mario Maker as an unlockable Mystery Mushroom costume. Notes ^ Japanese: アイスクライマー, Hepburn: Aisu Kuraimā ^ One book says the North American arcade release was October 1984, although contemporary flyers are all from 1985. ^ Japanese: VSアイスクライマー, Hepburn: VS Aisu Kuraimā References ^ "Ice Climber: instruction booklet. (Registration Number TX0002515321)". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ "アイスクライマー" . Famitsu (in Japanese). Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ "Flyer Fever - The Vs. Challenge (U.S.)". ^ "Ice climber. (Registration Number PA0000254907)". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ {{cite web \|title=Arcade Archives ICE CLIMBER. \|url=https://www.nintendo.com/us/store/products/arcade-archives-ice-climber-switch/ \|website= Nintendo \|access-date=June 13, 2024 ^ "Ice Climber retrospective: A slippery slope for platforming". YouTube. Jeremy Parish. May 24, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021. ^ Famicom 20th Anniversary Original Sound Tracks Vol. 1 (Media notes). Scitron Digital Contents Inc. 2004. Retrieved April 18, 2011. ^ Akagi, Masumi (October 13, 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. p. 128. ISBN 978-4990251215. ^ Ice Climber (PDF) (Instruction manual). Nintendo. 1985. ^ "Kenji Miki". IMDB. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ "Inside Zelda Part 9". Zelda Universe. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ "Kazuaki Morita". IMDB. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ "NEC PC-8801 Games". Strange and Wonderful. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ Schneider, Peer (September 11, 2001). "Inside Animal Forest Part VII (GameCube, N64)". IGN. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ a b "'Ice Climber'". NinDB. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 257. Amusement Press, Inc. April 1, 1985. p. 25. ^ "Uutuuskirja: Mauno Koivisto hullaantui 30 vuotta sitten videopeleihin ja kyykytti kavereitaan Nintendolla: 'Etkö sä oikein hallitse tätä?'", on September 26, 2019, Ilta-Sanomat, https://www.is.fi/tv-ja-elokuvat/art-2000006251088.html ^ "The Video Game Update" (PDF). Computer Entertainer. Vol. 5, no. 1. April 1986. p. 11. ^ Brian (September 16, 2014). "Sakurai addresses Ice Climbers' absence in Smash Bros. Wii U/3DS and more in new Famitsu column". Nintendo Everything. Retrieved September 16, 2014.. ^ "Back in the battle after a ten-year absence! There are two of them, so does that make them twice as strong as other fighters?". Super Smash Blog. Retrieved January 14, 2019. ^ "Tetris DS". Nintendo. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ Gerstmann, Jeff (December 10, 2004). "Daigasso! Band Brothers Import Hands-On". GameSpot. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ Benson, Julian. "The Ice Climbers are coming to Super Mario Maker". Kotaku.com.co.uk. Retrieved May 12, 2016. External links Virtual Console: Ice Climber at Nintendo.com Ice Climber at Killer List of Videogames Ice Climber at NinDB Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ice climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_climbing"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"platform game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"VS. 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Melee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Melee"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Nintendo e-Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_e-Reader"}],"text":"This article is about the video game. For the activity in general, see Ice climbing.1985 video gameIce Climber[a] is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo. It was released in 1985 for both the arcade VS. System and the Famicom / Nintendo Entertainment System console.[b] The characters Popo and Nana, collectively known as the Ice Climbers, scale 32 vertically scrolling, ice-covered mountains to recover stolen vegetables from a giant condor. In some European countries, Ice Climber was bundled with the Nintendo Entertainment System.The arcade version, VS. Ice Climber[c], has an animated title screen, a stage select menu at the start of the game and between levels, 16 more mountains, occasional blizzard and wind effects, more enemy characters, and bonus multiplier items.Nana and Popo are playable characters in the Super Smash Bros. series, starting with the 2001 game Super Smash Bros. Melee for the GameCube. Nintendo released the NES version for the Game Boy Advance through the Nintendo e-Reader in 2002.","title":"Ice Climber"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NES_Ice_Climber.png"},{"link_name":"parka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parka"},{"link_name":"mallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet"},{"link_name":"level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"bonus stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_stage"},{"link_name":"Hatched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatching"},{"link_name":"conveyor belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belt"},{"link_name":"extra life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(video_games)#Extra_lives"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor"},{"link_name":"White Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped"},{"link_name":"Yeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti"},{"link_name":"scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_(game)"},{"link_name":"play cooperatively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"}],"text":"Popo scales Mountain 1 surrounded by Topis and a Nitpicker.The first player controls Popo, a boy wearing a blue parka, while the second player controls Nana, a girl wearing a pink one. The only tool they carry is a wooden mallet to carve openings in the ice above and to club enemies. Each mountain level consists of eight layers of colorful ice and a bonus stage. Standard, dull ice blocks pose no threat other than an easily disposed-of barrier and platform. Square ice blocks with higher detail are indestructible, forcing the player to take another path. Hatched ice acts as a conveyor belt sliding Popo or Nana either left or right. Finally, many mountains include unbreakable moving platforms resembling clouds. The bonus stage takes place at the peak. Within a 40-second time limit and no enemies, the Ice Climbers often face trickier jumps and multiple moving platforms. The peak is also the only place to recover stolen vegetables, most notably eggplants. Collecting just one piece of corn from the fifth bonus stage is the only way to gain an extra life.[9] At the top of the peak, the Condor flies overhead.Enemies encountered on the way up the mountains include the Topi, Nitpicker, and White Bear. Topis come in two varieties: the blue seal featured in the Japanese Famicom Ice Climber release and the short Yeti-like creatures seen in Western versions and VS. Ice Climber. Topis have the ability to fill in holes in the floor with ice. To do this, a Topi scouts out an opening in the floor, runs back to its cave, and reemerges pushing an icicle to fill in two blocks. This process repeats until no more openings on their layer of ice exist. The Nitpicker is a small, mountain-dwelling bird that swoops down from icy caves on the levels' edges. Unlike the Topi, which is confined to one floor of the mountain, Nitpickers can cross over multiple ice layers. Taking them into account along with moving platforms and sliding ice, timing jumps can be more difficult. The final enemy is the White Bear. This enemy, wearing sunglasses and pink speedo, appears on screen only when Popo and Nana take too long to advance. Pounding the ice, the Polar Bear forces the screen to move up. If Nana or Popo are forced off the screen, the player loses a life.Other obstacles include deadly falling icicles. These can form on the bottom of any type of platform. After a few successful mountains climbed, all enemies' speeds increase.The arcade game VS. Ice Climber has a few more gameplay differences. The player must pick from an initial set of 24 mountains to conquer. After eight are cleared, a Super Bonus stage occurs in which the player must reach a high platform. Afterwards, the player must choose from the second set of 24 mountains, in which the Condor is replaced by a giant butterfly. After the next eight stages are cleared and the Super Bonus is over, the player resumes the cycle from the original mountain set. The game keeps track of whether the mountain was claimed by an Ice Climber or if it remains Topi territory—once all the stages are completed, the counter resets. Approximately 30 of the 48 level designs are borrowed from the NES game. Stage setups are generally trickier in VS. Ice Climber, with some new mechanics such as cloud platforms that move diagonally or strong gusts of wind. A purple bee with a spear flying in a horizontal pattern is included as a somewhat rare fourth enemy.After the bonus stage, the players' scores are tallied. Points are rewarded for every brick of ice destroyed, every Topi-pushed icicle smashed, every Nitpicker killed and every vegetable collected. Finally, a bonus score is rewarded if a player manages to climb to the top of the bonus stage and jump up and grab the Condor. The game keeps track of the high score, although there is no way to save it on the NES version.The game can be played in one- or two-player mode. The latter places Popo and Nana against each other in a race to the summit. Players may prefer to play cooperatively on the way up, but during the bonus round, they must compete for the top.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NES Open Tournament Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NES_Open_Tournament_Golf"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_producer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB_Kenji-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_programmer"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inside_Zelda_9-14"},{"link_name":"Super Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda"},{"link_name":"Star Fox 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Fox_64"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazuaki_Morita_IMDB-15"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Ice Climber and NES Open Tournament Golf were directed by longtime Nintendo producer Kenji Miki.[10][better source needed] Ice Climber is the first video game programmed by Kazuaki Morita. He considered this a \"warm-up\" before becoming a main programmer on Super Mario Bros..[11] Morita was later credited with central programming roles in numerous games within the Super Mario series, The Legend of Zelda series, and in Star Fox 64.[12][better source needed]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"launch game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_game"},{"link_name":"PC-8801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-8801"},{"link_name":"HUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strange_and_Wonderful_Images-16"},{"link_name":"Famicom Disk System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom_Disk_System"},{"link_name":"Arcade Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_Archives"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"Animal Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Crossing_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NES_AnimalCrossing-17"},{"link_name":"e-Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_e-Reader"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"}],"text":"Ice Climber, a launch game for the NES in North America, has been re-released for several of Nintendo's consoles. The PC-8801 version has a more limited color palette and a reworked HUD.[13] VS. Ice Climber has been re-released for the Famicom Disk System, removing the difficulty settings and changing a few graphics to be closer to Ice Climber (such as the bee and butterfly replaced by a Nitpicker and blue Condor, respectively). It has also been released in the Arcade Archives series on Nintendo Switch, although the bee enemy has been removed. Including the releases listed below, the NES game is unlockable in the 2002 GameCube release of Animal Crossing.[14] It can only be officially unlocked via a North America-exclusive e-Reader card, or as a gift to players requesting their save data be transferred from the Japanese-exclusive Nintendo 64 version to the Doubutsu no Mori+ edition.","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mauno Koivisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauno_Koivisto"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Computer Entertainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Entertainer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In Japan, Game Machine listed VS. Ice Climbers in its April 1, 1985, issue as the eighth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.[16] Former President of Finland Mauno Koivisto was reportedly keen on Nintendo games and his son-in-law has reported that Ice Climber was his favorite game.[17]Reviewing the American release, Computer Entertainer magazine called it \"addictive\" for fans of climbing games. The reviewer awarded 3.5 out of 4 stars, for both categories of graphics and gameplay, adding that it provide \"hours of challenging play\".[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Climbers_SSBU.png"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros."},{"link_name":"Sanae Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanae_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Melee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Melee"},{"link_name":"Brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._for_Nintendo_3DS_and_Wii_U"},{"link_name":"Masahiro Sakurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Sakurai"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"WarioWare series'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wario_(franchise)#WarioWare_series"},{"link_name":"Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby:_Nightmare_in_Dream_Land"},{"link_name":"Kirby Air Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Air_Ride"},{"link_name":"Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_(character)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_Database-18"},{"link_name":"Tetris DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris_DS"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nintendo_TDS-24"},{"link_name":"Daigasso! Band Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigasso!_Band_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daigasso-25"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Maker"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The Ice Climbers in Super Smash Bros. UltimatePopo and Nana appear in the Super Smash Bros. series of fighting game as a two-in-one playable fighter under the name Ice Climbers, voiced by Sanae Kobayashi. Appearing in 2001's Melee, and 2008's Brawl, their return was planned for Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, but technical issues with the 3DS version required game director Masahiro Sakurai to scrap development on them to maintain parity between the two versions. He said that there was not a high priority to include them because the Ice Climber series was \"unlikely to have another installment\" at the time.[19] The Ice Climbers returned in 2018's Ultimate.[20]Themes from Ice Climber regularly appear in the WarioWare series' classic Nintendo microgames. In Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land and Kirby Air Ride, when Kirby gets the Freeze ability, he dons Popo's parka in the same manner it is worn in the Super Smash Bros. series.[15] In Tetris DS, an Ice Climber backdrop appears among other classic Nintendo games.[21] Daigasso! Band Brothers includes the bonus stage music theme.[22] The Ice Climbers appear in Super Mario Maker as an unlockable Mystery Mushroom costume.[23]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Japanese: アイスクライマー, Hepburn: Aisu Kuraimā\n\n^ One book says the North American arcade release was October 1984, although contemporary flyers are all from 1985.[8]\n\n^ Japanese: VSアイスクライマー, Hepburn: VS Aisu Kuraimā","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Popo scales Mountain 1 surrounded by Topis and a Nitpicker.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/NES_Ice_Climber.png/220px-NES_Ice_Climber.png"},{"image_text":"The Ice Climbers in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Ice_Climbers_SSBU.png/220px-Ice_Climbers_SSBU.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ice Climber: instruction booklet. (Registration Number TX0002515321)\". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cocatalog.loc.gov/","url_text":"\"Ice Climber: instruction booklet. (Registration Number TX0002515321)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office","url_text":"United States Copyright Office"}]},{"reference":"\"アイスクライマー\" [Ice Climber]. Famitsu (in Japanese). Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=476&redirect=no","url_text":"\"アイスクライマー\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"}]},{"reference":"\"Flyer Fever - The Vs. Challenge (U.S.)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flyerfever.com/vs-challenge-screenshots/","url_text":"\"Flyer Fever - The Vs. Challenge (U.S.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ice climber. (Registration Number PA0000254907)\". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cocatalog.loc.gov/","url_text":"\"Ice climber. (Registration Number PA0000254907)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office","url_text":"United States Copyright Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Climber retrospective: A slippery slope for platforming\". YouTube. Jeremy Parish. May 24, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUsmC2nP85o","url_text":"\"Ice Climber retrospective: A slippery slope for platforming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/RUsmC2nP85o","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Famicom 20th Anniversary Original Sound Tracks Vol. 1 (Media notes). Scitron Digital Contents Inc. 2004. Retrieved April 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://vgmdb.net/album/404","url_text":"Famicom 20th Anniversary Original Sound Tracks Vol. 1"}]},{"reference":"Akagi, Masumi (October 13, 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. p. 128. ISBN 978-4990251215.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n129","url_text":"アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215","url_text":"978-4990251215"}]},{"reference":"Ice Climber (PDF) (Instruction manual). Nintendo. 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/clv/manuals/en/pdf/CLV-P-NAAUE.pdf","url_text":"Ice Climber"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenji Miki\". IMDB. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1308638/","url_text":"\"Kenji Miki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Zelda Part 9\". Zelda Universe. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090331053648/http://www.zelda.com/universe/game/twilightprincess/inside09.jsp","url_text":"\"Inside Zelda Part 9\""},{"url":"http://www.zelda.com/universe/game/twilightprincess/inside09.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kazuaki Morita\". IMDB. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0605715/","url_text":"\"Kazuaki Morita\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEC PC-8801 Games\". Strange and Wonderful. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224165924/http://andre.facadecomputer.com/saw/pc88.html#ice","url_text":"\"NEC PC-8801 Games\""},{"url":"http://andre.facadecomputer.com/saw/pc88.html#ice","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Peer (September 11, 2001). \"Inside Animal Forest Part VII (GameCube, N64)\". IGN. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071226101635/http://insider.ign.com/teasers/305/305747.html","url_text":"\"Inside Animal Forest Part VII (GameCube, N64)\""},{"url":"http://insider.ign.com/teasers/305/305747.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Ice Climber'\". NinDB. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100619064232/http://nindb.net/game/ice-climber.html","url_text":"\"'Ice Climber'\""},{"url":"http://www.nindb.net/game/ice-climber.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)\". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 257. Amusement Press, Inc. April 1, 1985. p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"The Video Game Update\" (PDF). Computer Entertainer. Vol. 5, no. 1. April 1986. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/5/5e/ComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.5_01.pdf#page=11","url_text":"\"The Video Game Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Entertainer","url_text":"Computer Entertainer"}]},{"reference":"Brian (September 16, 2014). \"Sakurai addresses Ice Climbers' absence in Smash Bros. Wii U/3DS and more in new Famitsu column\". Nintendo Everything. Retrieved September 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nintendoeverything.com/sakurai-addresses-ice-climbers-absence-in-smash-bros-wii-u3ds-and-more-in-new-famitsu-column/","url_text":"\"Sakurai addresses Ice Climbers' absence in Smash Bros. Wii U/3DS and more in new Famitsu column\""}]},{"reference":"\"Back in the battle after a ten-year absence! There are two of them, so does that make them twice as strong as other fighters?\". Super Smash Blog. Retrieved January 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smashbros.com/en_US/blog/index.html?category=cat02_fighter_15","url_text":"\"Back in the battle after a ten-year absence! There are two of them, so does that make them twice as strong as other fighters?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tetris DS\". Nintendo. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090422034903/http://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/SHMfI4-pd_DDhbjpYkb631-LunYD1UhC","url_text":"\"Tetris DS\""},{"url":"https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/SHMfI4-pd_DDhbjpYkb631-LunYD1UhC","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gerstmann, Jeff (December 10, 2004). \"Daigasso! Band Brothers Import Hands-On\". GameSpot. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/ds/puzzle/jamwiththeband/preview_6114895.html","url_text":"\"Daigasso! Band Brothers Import Hands-On\""}]},{"reference":"Benson, Julian. \"The Ice Climbers are coming to Super Mario Maker\". Kotaku.com.co.uk. Retrieved May 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2016/05/12/the-ice-climbers-are-coming-to-super-mario-maker/","url_text":"\"The Ice Climbers are coming to Super Mario Maker\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Climber&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Climber&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://cocatalog.loc.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Ice Climber: instruction booklet. (Registration Number TX0002515321)\""},{"Link":"https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=476&redirect=no","external_links_name":"\"アイスクライマー\""},{"Link":"https://www.flyerfever.com/vs-challenge-screenshots/","external_links_name":"\"Flyer Fever - The Vs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%CA%BCe_Zone	Siltʼe Zone	["1 Demographics","2 Woredas","3 References"]	Zone in Central Ethiopia Regional State Zone in Central Ethiopia Regional State, EthiopiaSiltʼe ZoneZoneCountry EthiopiaRegion Central Ethiopia Regional StateCapitalWorabeGovernment • Chief AdministratorAli Kedir (Prosperity Party)Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT) Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia Silt'e is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. This zone is named for the Silt'e people, whose homeland lies in this zone. Like other nationalities in Ethiopia, the Silt'e people have their own language, Silt'e. Silt'e is bordered on the south by Halaba, on the southwest by Hadiya, on the north by Gurage, and on the east by the Oromia Region. Following a referendum held between 18 and 26 April 2001, the Silt'e unanimously voted to form their own Zone, Silt'e. Later more woredas from Gurage and Hadya zones and Alaba special woreda were added. Demographics Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Siltʼe Zone has a total population of 750,398, of whom 364,108 are men and 386,290 women; 78,525 or 6.28% are urban inhabitants. The largest ethnic group reported in Silt'e was the Silt'e people (97.35%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.65% of the population. Silt'e is spoken as a first language by 96.95% of the population, and 1.54% speak Amharic; the remaining 1.51% speak all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 97.6% of the population reporting that belief, while 2.03% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. Woredas Current Districts (also called woreda locally, is third level administration in Ethiopia after Zone) of Siltʼe Zone are: Districts and administrative towns Number Woredas Administrative town 1 Alicho Werero Kawaqoto 2 Dalocha Woreda Dalocha* 3 Lanfro Torra* 4 Mirab Azernet Berbere Lera 5 Misraq Azernet Berbere Kilto 6 Misraq Silti Gerbeber 7 Mito Mito 8 Sankurra Alam Gebeya* 8 Silti Kibet* 9 Wulbareg Kerate * Town administrations, which are considered as Woreda for all administrative purposes. Worabe which is the seat of the Zone also one of the town administration in the zone. References ^ Sarah Vaughan, "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia" Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (University of Edinburgh: Ph.D. Thesis, 2003), p. 265 ^ "Population Size and Characteristics" (PDF). statsethiopia.gov.et. Retrieved 18 March 2024. vteZones and Woredas of the Central Ethiopia Regional State List of districts in the Central Ethiopia Regional StateEast Gurage Zone Buee (town) Butajira (town) East Meskane Enseno (town) Meskane North Soddo South Soddo Gurage Zone Abeshge Cheha Endegagn Enemorina Eaner Ezha Geta Gumer Kokir Gedebano Muhor Na Aklil Wolkite (town) Hadiya Zone Ana Lemo Duna Gibe Gomibora Hosaena (town) Lemo Mirab Badawacho Misha Misraq Badawacho Shashogo Soro Halaba Zone Atoti Ullo Kulito (town) Wera Kembata Zone Adilo Zuria Angacha Damboya Doyogena Durame Town Hadero Tunto Kacha Bira Kedida Gamela Siltʼe Zone Alicho Werero Dalocha Lanfro Mirab Azernet Berbere Misraq Azernet Berbere Sankurra Silti Worabe (town) Wulbareg Yem Zone Saja (town) Deri Saja Zuria Special woredas Kebena Special Woreda Mareko Special Woreda Tembaro Special Woreda	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg"},{"link_name":"Central Ethiopia Regional State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ethiopia_Regional_State"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Silt'e people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_people"},{"link_name":"Silt'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_language"},{"link_name":"Halaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaba_Zone"},{"link_name":"Hadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gurage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_Zone"},{"link_name":"Oromia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"Silt'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Zone in Central Ethiopia Regional State, EthiopiaMap of the regions and zones of EthiopiaSilt'e is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. This zone is named for the Silt'e people, whose homeland lies in this zone. Like other nationalities in Ethiopia, the Silt'e people have their own language, Silt'e. Silt'e is bordered on the south by Halaba, on the southwest by Hadiya, on the north by Gurage, and on the east by the Oromia Region.Following a referendum held between 18 and 26 April 2001, the Silt'e unanimously voted to form their own Zone, Silt'e.[1] Later more woredas from Gurage and Hadya zones and Alaba special woreda were added.","title":"Siltʼe Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Silt'e people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%27e_people"},{"link_name":"Silt'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silte_language"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Siltʼe Zone has a total population of 750,398, of whom 364,108 are men and 386,290 women; 78,525 or 6.28% are urban inhabitants. The largest ethnic group reported in Silt'e was the Silt'e people (97.35%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.65% of the population. Silt'e is spoken as a first language by 96.95% of the population, and 1.54% speak Amharic; the remaining 1.51% speak all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 97.6% of the population reporting that belief, while 2.03% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Woreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woreda"},{"link_name":"Worabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worabe"}],"text":"Current Districts (also called woreda locally, is third level administration in Ethiopia after Zone) of Siltʼe Zone are:* Town administrations, which are considered as Woreda for all administrative purposes. Worabe which is the seat of the Zone also one of the town administration in the zone.","title":"Woredas"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/220px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population Size and Characteristics\" (PDF). statsethiopia.gov.et. Retrieved 18 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Population-and-Housing-Census-2007-SNNPR-Statistical.pdf","url_text":"\"Population Size and Characteristics\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ihasa.org/documents/special-reports/ethnicity-in-ethiopia.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813043308/http://www.ihasa.org/documents/special-reports/ethnicity-in-ethiopia.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Population-and-Housing-Census-2007-SNNPR-Statistical.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population Size and Characteristics\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_League_South	Southern Conference League	["1 History","2 Clubs","3 Results","3.1 Winners","4 Tables","4.1 2021","4.2 2022","4.3 2023","4.4 2024","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Not to be confused with Conference South, Big South Conference, or Southern Conference. Southern Conference LeagueCurrent season, competition or edition: 2023 Southern Conference LeagueSportRugby leagueFounded2012No. of teams8Country England WalesMost recentchampion(s)Hammersmith Hills Hoists (2023)Promotion toLeague 1 (via RFL application)Relegation toMidlands LeagueSouth West LeagueEast LeagueLondon and South East LeagueNorth Wales ConferenceSouth Wales Premiership(all via RFL application)Domestic cup(s)Challenge CupOfficial websiteRFL SCL Page The Southern Conference League is the fourth tier of the British rugby league system. It is the highest level of amateur rugby league outside of the heartlands in Northern England, thus operates in The Midlands, Southern England, and Wales. It was one of the many leagues that replaced the Rugby League Conference. The competition was first played between 2012 and 2016, and was relaunched in 2019 after a two-year hiatus. History The Conference League South was founded in 2012 following the restructuring of amateur rugby league in Great Britain. Teams competing in the Rugby League Conference National Division in 2011 were moved to the 2012 NCL Division Three season, however many opted to play outside of the National Conference League hence the formation of the Conference League South. Because of this, the 2012 NCL Division Three season and 2012 Conference League South season are the same. The Conference League South was created for sides outside the rugby league heartlands of the North of England that wanted a higher standard of rugby league than the Midlands Rugby League Premier Division or the South Premier but were not yet ready to join the NCL. In 2013 the six teams to compete in the Conference League South were, Bristol Sonics, Nottingham Outlaws and St Albans Centurions joined from National Conference League Division 3; Leicester Storm and Northampton Demons were elevated from the premier division of Midlands Rugby League and Sheffield Hallam Eagles joined as a new side after the collapse of the Championship reserve under-23 division. Northampton Demons and St Albans Centurions were replaced with Oxford Cavaliers and Valley Cougars in 2014 however Oxford Cavaliers failed to complete the season. Bristol Sonics dropped down to the West of England Rugby League in 2015 which allowed four new clubs to join; Gloucestershire Warriors, Coventry Bears Reserves, Torfaen Tigers and Raiders RL alongside the return of Oxford Cavaliers. London Chargers were promoted to compete in 2016 alongside a new reserve side from University of Gloucestershire All Golds with Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Storm, Oxford Cavaliers and Sheffield Hallam Eagles dropping out. At the end of the 2016 season, it was announced that the Conference League South season would not take place in 2017, and teams would return to their respective regional leagues. In May 2017, the RFL announced plans to introduce a new Southern League competition from 2018 onwards. The Conference League South was reintroduced for the 2019 season as the Southern Conference League, split into geographic Eastern and Western divisions, with the Hammersmith Hills Hoists winning the first title under the tournament's new name. The 2020 season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the competition resumed in 2021, with a maiden title for Wests Warriors beating local rivals London Chargers 20 points to 10. For the 2023 season, the geographic split of the league has been removed with all teams in the divisions below being able to apply to enter the competition if they so wish. When the fixture list was released, only 8 teams have entered the division - All Golds, Bedford Tigers, Brentwood Eels, Eastern Rhinos, Hammersmith Hills Hoists, London Chargers, North Herts Crusaders, Wests Warriors. Clubs Bedford TigersBrentwood EelsEastern RhinosH'smithHillsHoists,Wests WarriorsLondon ChargersN. Herts CrusadersBristol All GoldsLondon Skolarsclass=notpageimage\| Locations of Conference League South teams in England Team City Ground Bristol All Golds Bristol North Bristol RFC Bedford Tigers Bedford Great Ouse Way Brentwood Eels Brentwood, Essex Old Brentwoods RFC Eastern Rhinos Colchester Mill Road Playing Fields Hammersmith Hills Hoists Chiswick, London Chiswick RFC London Chargers Chiswick, London Chiswick RFC London Skolars Tottenham, London New River Stadium North Herts Crusaders Hitchin King George V Playing Fields Wests Warriors Acton, London Twyford Avenue Results Season Grand Final Information Champions Score Runners-up 2012 Hemel Stags 17–10 Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 2013 Sheffield Hallam Eagles 32–24 Nottingham Outlaws 2014 Valley Cougars 19–10 Sheffield Hallam Eagles 2015 Nottingham Outlaws 39–12 Valley Cougars 2016 London Chargers 42–0 Valley Cougars 2017 Hiatus 2018 2019 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 16–10 London Chargers 2020 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Wests Warriors 20–10 London Chargers 2022 Wests Warriors 20–12 London Chargers 2023 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 14–0 Wests Warriors Winners Club Wins Winning years Hammersmith Hills Hoists 2 2019, 2023 Wests Warriors 2 2021, 2022 Hemel Stags 1 2012 Sheffield Hallam Eagles 1 2013 Valley Cougars 1 2014 Nottingham Outlaws 1 2015 London Chargers 1 2016 Tables 2021 Western Conference Eastern Conference POS CLUB P W L D PF PA DIFF PTS POS CLUB P W L D PF PA DIFF PTS 1 Swindon St George 6 4 2 0 162 150 12 8 1 Wests Warriors 12 12 0 0 538 146 392 24 2 Valley Cougars 6 3 3 0 156 115 41 5 2 London Chargers 12 10 2 0 396 207 189 20 3 Devon Sharks 6 2 3 1 144 125 19 5 3 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 12 8 4 0 351 308 43 16 4 All Golds 6 2 3 1 114 186 -72 3 4 North Herts Crusaders 12 5 7 0 366 326 40 10 Deductions Valley Cougars: 1 points for forfeit All Golds: 2 point for two forfeits Hemel Stags: 1 point for forfeit South London Silverbacks: 1 point for forfeit 5 Bedford Tigers 11 5 6 0 274 298 -24 10 6 Eastern Rhinos 12 5 7 0 250 344 -94 10 7 Hemel Stags 11 1 10 0 139 423 -284 1 8 South London Silverbacks 10 0 10 0 132 394 -262 -1 Playoffs Preliminary Round London Chargers 56–18 North Herts Crusaders Devon Sharks 22–36 Hammersmith Hills Hoists Swindon St George 24–22 Bedford Tigers Semi Finals Wests Warriors 36–10 Hammersmith Hills Hoists Swindon St George 14–52 London Chargers Final Wests Warriors 20–10 London Chargers 2022 Western Conference Eastern Conference POS CLUB P W L D PF PA DIFF PTS POS CLUB P W L D PF PA DIFF PTS 1 All Golds 5 4 1 0 138 54 84 8 1 London Chargers 12 12 0 0 482 164 318 24 2 Torfaen Tigers 6 4 2 0 228 152 76 8 2 Wests Warriors 12 10 2 0 460 228 232 20 3 Swindon St George 6 2 4 0 146 188 -42 3 3 Brentwood Eels 12 5 7 0 210 316 -106 10 4 Devon Sharks 5 1 4 0 54 172 -118 2 4 Eastern Rhinos 12 4 8 0 238 290 -52 8 Deductions Swindon St George: 1 point for forfeit Hammersmith Hills Hoists: 1 point for forfeit 5 Bedford Tigers 12 4 8 0 220 314 -94 8 6 North Herts Crusaders 12 4 8 0 226 392 -166 8 7 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 12 3 9 0 228 360 -132 5 Playoffs Preliminary Rounds Torfaen Tigers 0–24 Brentwood Eels All Golds 46–6 Eastern Rhinos Semi Finals All Golds 12–46 Wests Warriors Brentwood Eels 8–38 London Chargers Final Wests Warriors 20–12 London Chargers 2023 POS CLUB P W L D PF PA DIFF PTS 1 Wests Warriors 14 13 1 0 690 126 564 26 2 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 14 13 1 0 470 150 320 26 3 London Chargers 14 10 4 0 466 184 282 20 4 Brentwood Eels 14 7 7 0 380 346 34 14 5 Bristol All Golds 14 6 8 0 280 424 -184 12 6 Eastern Rhinos 14 4 10 0 230 458 -228 8 7 North Herts Crusaders 14 2 12 0 146 502 -356 3 8 Bedford Tigers 14 1 13 0 154 586 -432 -1 Deductions Bedford Tigers: 3 points for three forfeits North Herts Crusaders: 1 point for forfeit Playoffs Semi Finals Wests Warriors 38–6 Brentwood Eels Hammersmith Hills Hoists 28–12 London Chargers Final Wests Warriors 0–14 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 2024 POS CLUB P W L D PF PA DIFF PTS 1 Wests Warriors 3 3 0 0 126 44 82 6 2 Hammersmith Hills Hoists 3 3 0 0 112 36 76 6 3 Bristol All Golds 2 2 0 0 98 34 64 4 4 London Chargers 3 2 1 0 58 44 14 4 5 Brentwood Eels 3 1 2 0 76 66 10 2 6 Bedford Tigers 3 1 2 0 100 134 -34 2 7 Eastern Rhinos 2 0 2 0 26 48 -22 0 8 North Herts Crusaders 2 0 2 0 16 88 -72 0 9 London Skolars 3 0 3 0 58 176 -118 0 See also Sports portalUnited Kingdom portal National Conference League Conference Challenge Trophy References ^ "Conference South to launch in April". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. ^ Hodgson, Phil (15 December 2016). "Goodbye to the Conference League South?". Total Rugby League. League Publications. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ "New Southern Rugby League Competition set to launch in 2018". The Rugby Football League. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ "Contact \| All Golds Rugby League Football Club". allgoldsrugby.co.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2023. ^ "Contact Bedford Tigers RLFC". www.pitchero.com. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ "StackPath". www.easternrhinos.co.uk. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ "CONTACT". mysite. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ "Contact London Chargers RL". www.pitchero.com. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ "North Herts Crusaders Rugby League". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ "Contact Wests Warriors Rugby League". www.pitchero.com. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ a b "Wests Warriors Crowned SCL Champions Once Again". www.rugby-league.com. Retrieved 21 April 2023. External links vteConference League SouthConference League South teams Coventry Bears Reserves Gloucestershire Warriors Leicester Storm Nottingham Outlaws Oxford Cavaliers Sheffield Hallam Eagles Raiders RL Torfaen Tigers Valley Cougars Former CL South teams Northampton Demons St Albans Centurions Bristol Sonics Former NCL Division 3 teams Bramley Buffaloes Coventry Bears Hemel Stags Huddersfield Underbank Rangers Kippax Knights South Wales Hornets Warrington Wizards Former RL Conference National teams Carlisle Centurions Crusaders Colts Cottingham Phoenix Dewsbury Celtic East Lancashire Lions Featherstone Lions Gateshead Storm Leeds Akkies Liverpool Buccaneers Former NL 3 teams Birmingham Bulldogs Bradford Dudley Hill Essex Eels Manchester Knights Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks South London Storm Teesside Steelers Seasons 2013 2014 2015 Related Rugby League Conference National Conference League Division 3 British rugby league system vteRugby league in Great BritainNations and regions Rugby league in England Rugby league in Scotland Rugby league in Wales Rugby league in Cornwall Rugby league in Lancashire Rugby league in Yorkshire Federations Rugby Football League BARLA Scotland Rugby League Wales Rugby League National teams Great Britain England Scotland Wales Women's national teams Great Britain England Scotland Wales Leagues Super League Championship League 1 National Conference League Cumbria Men's League Cumberland League East Rugby League London & South East Men's League Midlands Rugby League North East Rugby League North West Men's League South West Rugby League Yorkshire Men's League Pennine League Hull & District League London Mens League Southern Conference League Scottish National League North Wales Conference South Wales Premiership Women's Super League Women's Championship Wheelchair Super League Wheelchair Championship Cups Challenge Cup 1895 Cup Yorkshire Cup Conference Challenge Trophy BARLA National Cup BARLA Yorkshire Cup BARLA Cumbria Cup Cumberland County Cup Women's Challenge Cup Wheelchair Challenge Cup Formercompetitions RFL Championship Premiership Divisional Premiership Rugby League Conference Lancashire Cup Lancs/Yorks League Regal Trophy Charity Shield BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Independent Television Floodlit Trophy Trans-Pennine Cup Championship Cup Conference League South BARLA Lancashire Cup Captain Morgan Trophy County Championship League 1 Cup Women's Rugby League Conference Women's Rugby League Women's Super League South	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conference South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_South"},{"link_name":"Big South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"British rugby league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rugby_league_system"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"The Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Southern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Rugby League Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Conference South, Big South Conference, or Southern Conference.The Southern Conference League is the fourth tier of the British rugby league system. It is the highest level of amateur rugby league outside of the heartlands in Northern England, thus operates in The Midlands, Southern England, and Wales. It was one of the many leagues that replaced the Rugby League Conference. The competition was first played between 2012 and 2016, and was relaunched in 2019 after a two-year hiatus.","title":"Southern Conference League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby League Conference National Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_National_Division"},{"link_name":"2012 NCL Division Three season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_National_Conference_League#Division_Three"},{"link_name":"North of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_of_England"},{"link_name":"Midlands Rugby League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_Rugby_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"South Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Premier_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bristol Sonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Sonics"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Outlaws_(rugby_league_team)"},{"link_name":"St Albans Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Leicester Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Storm"},{"link_name":"Northampton Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Demons"},{"link_name":"Northampton Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Demons"},{"link_name":"St Albans Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"Valley Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"Bristol Sonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Sonics"},{"link_name":"West of England Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_England_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Coventry Bears Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Bears_Reserves"},{"link_name":"Torfaen Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Raiders RL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_RL"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"University of Gloucestershire All Golds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_All_Golds"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Leicester Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Storm"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Wests Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wests_Warriors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Chargers"}],"text":"The Conference League South was founded in 2012 following the restructuring of amateur rugby league in Great Britain. Teams competing in the Rugby League Conference National Division in 2011 were moved to the 2012 NCL Division Three season, however many opted to play outside of the National Conference League hence the formation of the Conference League South. Because of this, the 2012 NCL Division Three season and 2012 Conference League South season are the same.The Conference League South was created for sides outside the rugby league heartlands of the North of England that wanted a higher standard of rugby league than the Midlands Rugby League Premier Division or the South Premier but were not yet ready to join the NCL.In 2013 the six teams to compete in the Conference League South were,[1] Bristol Sonics, Nottingham Outlaws and St Albans Centurions joined from National Conference League Division 3; Leicester Storm and Northampton Demons were elevated from the premier division of Midlands Rugby League and Sheffield Hallam Eagles joined as a new side after the collapse of the Championship reserve under-23 division.Northampton Demons and St Albans Centurions were replaced with Oxford Cavaliers and Valley Cougars in 2014 however Oxford Cavaliers failed to complete the season. Bristol Sonics dropped down to the West of England Rugby League in 2015 which allowed four new clubs to join; Gloucestershire Warriors, Coventry Bears Reserves, Torfaen Tigers and Raiders RL alongside the return of Oxford Cavaliers.London Chargers were promoted to compete in 2016 alongside a new reserve side from University of Gloucestershire All Golds with Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Storm, Oxford Cavaliers and Sheffield Hallam Eagles dropping out.At the end of the 2016 season, it was announced that the Conference League South season would not take place in 2017, and teams would return to their respective regional leagues.[2] In May 2017, the RFL announced plans to introduce a new Southern League competition from 2018 onwards.[3]The Conference League South was reintroduced for the 2019 season as the Southern Conference League, split into geographic Eastern and Western divisions, with the Hammersmith Hills Hoists winning the first title under the tournament's new name. The 2020 season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the competition resumed in 2021, with a maiden title for Wests Warriors beating local rivals London Chargers 20 points to 10.For the 2023 season, the geographic split of the league has been removed with all teams in the divisions below being able to apply to enter the competition if they so wish. When the fixture list was released, only 8 teams have entered the division - All Golds, Bedford Tigers, Brentwood Eels, Eastern Rhinos, Hammersmith Hills Hoists, London Chargers, North Herts Crusaders, Wests Warriors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_south_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Bedford Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Brentwood Eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brentwood_Eels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"H'smithHillsHoists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Hills_Hoists"},{"link_name":"Wests Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wests_Warriors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Chargers"},{"link_name":"N. Herts Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Herts_Crusaders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bristol All Golds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_All_Golds"},{"link_name":"London Skolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Skolars"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_south_location_map.svg"}],"text":"Bedford TigersBrentwood EelsEastern RhinosH'smithHillsHoists,Wests WarriorsLondon ChargersN. Herts CrusadersBristol All GoldsLondon Skolarsclass=notpageimage\| Locations of Conference League South teams in England","title":"Clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Winners","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","text":"PlayoffsPreliminary RoundLondon Chargers 56–18 North Herts Crusaders\nDevon Sharks 22–36 Hammersmith Hills Hoists\nSwindon St George 24–22 Bedford TigersSemi FinalsWests Warriors 36–10 Hammersmith Hills Hoists\nSwindon St George 14–52 London ChargersFinalWests Warriors 20–10 London Chargers","title":"Tables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"PlayoffsPreliminary RoundsTorfaen Tigers 0–24 Brentwood Eels\nAll Golds 46–6 Eastern RhinosSemi FinalsAll Golds 12–46 Wests Warriors\nBrentwood Eels 8–38 London ChargersFinalWests Warriors 20–12 London Chargers[11]","title":"Tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023","text":"PlayoffsSemi FinalsWests Warriors 38–6 Brentwood Eels\nHammersmith Hills Hoists 28–12 London ChargersFinalWests Warriors 0–14 Hammersmith Hills Hoists","title":"Tables"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2024","title":"Tables"}]	[]	[{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"National Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_League"},{"title":"Conference Challenge Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_Challenge_Trophy"}]	[{"reference":"\"Conference South to launch in April\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005720/http://www.nationalconferenceleague.co.uk/article/8894/conference-south-to-launch-in","url_text":"\"Conference South to launch in April\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalconferenceleague.co.uk/article/8894/conference-south-to-launch-in","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hodgson, Phil (15 December 2016). \"Goodbye to the Conference League South?\". Total Rugby League. League Publications. Retrieved 1 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.totalrl.com/goodbye-conference-league-south/","url_text":"\"Goodbye to the Conference League South?\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Southern Rugby League Competition set to launch in 2018\". The Rugby Football League. 26 May 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Brazilians	Bulgarian Brazilians	["1 Notable Bulgarian Brazilians","2 References"]	Ethnic group Bulgarian BraziliansBúlgaro-brasileiro · бразилци българиBulgarian descendants in São Paulo.Total population62,000-65,000Regions with significant populationsBrazilLanguagesPredominantly Portuguese. Some also speak BulgarianRelated ethnic groupsOther White Brazilians, Bulgarians Bulgarian Brazilians (Portuguese: búlgaro-brasileiros, Bulgarian: бразилци българи, Braziltsi Bŭlgari) are Brazilian citizens who are fully, partially or predominantly of Bulgarian descent or are Bulgarian-born people residing in Brazil. According to 2011 estimates, there are around 65,000 Bulgarians or people of Bulgarian descent currently living in Brazil. Notable Bulgarian Brazilians The most notable Brazilian citizen of Bulgarian origin is Dilma Rousseff, former and first female president of Brazil. Her father, Pétar, was born in Gabrovo and, as a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party in the 1920s, he was forced to flee Bulgaria in 1929 due to political persecution. Rousseff's win during the 2010 presidential election sparked excitement in Bulgaria. References ^ De acordo com dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), cerca de 62.000 brasileiros declararam possuir ascendência búlgara no ano de 2006, o que faz com que o país abrigue a nona maior colônia búlgara do mundo. ^ "bTV - Бразилия, президентски избори и Дилма Русеф". 2010-10-11. Archived from the original on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2020-11-23. ^ G1, Do; Brasília, em (2011-10-05). "Dilma recebe condecoração na Bulgária e diz estar 'emocionada'". Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-11-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) vte Ancestry and ethnicity in BrazilBrazil Brazilians Indigenous peoples Mixed-race or mestiços ainokos pardos caboclos mamelucos Amazonian Jews cafuzos juçaras caiçaras mulatos sararás AfricaBy ethnicity Black quilombolas Kalunga West Africa Nigerian Central Africa Angolan Congolese AmericasNorth America American (United States) Americana Confederados New Texas Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Canadian Mexican Caribbean Barbadian Cuban Haitian Jamaican Central America Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran South America Argentine Bolivian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan AsiaBy ethnicity Yellow (East Asian) By country or regionEastern Chinese Filipino Indonesian Japanese in São Paulo Korean Malaysian Thai Vietnamese Southern Bangladeshi East Indians Pakistani Romani Central Afghan Western Armenian Arab Iraqi Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Iranian Jewish Turkish EuropeBy ethnicity White By country or regionCentral Austrian Czech German Hungarian Polish Swiss Eastern Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Northern Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Scandinavian Southern Bulgarian Croatian Greek Italian Macedonian Portuguese Romanian Spanish Western Belgian British (English and Scottish) Dutch French Irish Luxembourgian Related topics Demographics of Brazil Colonization Slave trade Immigration from Europe Emigration Racism vte Bulgarian diasporaEuropeSoutheast Europe Albania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Macedonia Greece North Macedonia Moldova Romania Banat Dobruja Șchei Serbia Banat Turkey Bulgarian Turks Ukraine Bessarabia Crimea Austria Czech Rep. & Slovakia France Germany Italy Spain United Kingdom Americas Argentina Canada Honduras Mexico South America Brazil United States Asia and Oceania Australia Israel Kazakhstan Lebanon	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilians"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bulgarian Brazilians (Portuguese: búlgaro-brasileiros, Bulgarian: бразилци българи, Braziltsi Bŭlgari) are Brazilian citizens who are fully, partially or predominantly of Bulgarian descent or are Bulgarian-born people residing in Brazil.According to 2011 estimates, there are around 65,000 Bulgarians or people of Bulgarian descent currently living in Brazil.[2]","title":"Bulgarian Brazilians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dilma Rousseff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff"},{"link_name":"Gabrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"2010 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Brazilian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The most notable Brazilian citizen of Bulgarian origin is Dilma Rousseff, former and first female president of Brazil. Her father, Pétar, was born in Gabrovo and, as a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party in the 1920s, he was forced to flee Bulgaria in 1929 due to political persecution. Rousseff's win during the 2010 presidential election sparked excitement in Bulgaria.[3]","title":"Notable Bulgarian Brazilians"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"bTV - Бразилия, президентски избори и Дилма Русеф\". 2010-10-11. Archived from the original on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2020-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093705/http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html","url_text":"\"bTV - Бразилия, президентски избори и Дилма Русеф\""},{"url":"http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"G1, Do; Brasília, em (2011-10-05). \"Dilma recebe condecoração na Bulgária e diz estar 'emocionada'\". Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2011/10/dilma-recebe-condecoracao-na-bulgaria-e-diz-estar-emocionada.html","url_text":"\"Dilma recebe condecoração na Bulgária e diz estar 'emocionada'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093705/http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html","external_links_name":"\"bTV - Бразилия, президентски избори и Дилма Русеф\""},{"Link":"http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2011/10/dilma-recebe-condecoracao-na-bulgaria-e-diz-estar-emocionada.html","external_links_name":"\"Dilma recebe condecoração na Bulgária e diz estar 'emocionada'\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Chichibaba	Vasil Chichibaba	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Bulgarian politician (born 1935) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vasil Chichibaba" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vasil ChichibabaPersonal detailsBornVasil Dimitrov Chichibaba(1935-01-26)26 January 1935Barakovo, Kingdom of BulgariaDied8 December 2013(2013-12-08) (aged 78)Sofia, BulgariaPolitical partyBANUProfessionAgronomist, politician, scientist Vasil Dimitrov Chichibaba (Bulgarian: Васил Димитров Чичибаба) was a Bulgarian scientist, agronomist and politician. He was a member of the left-wing party Agrarian Union "Aleksandar Stamboliyski", and former chairman at the Agricultural Academy in Sofia, Bulgaria. Biography He was born in Barakovo on 26 January 1935. His father is of Ukrainian descent. He graduated from the Higher Agricultural Institute in Sofia in 1958. After he graduated from school, he worked as a zootechnician in the villages of Chapaevo, Strazhitsa, and Simeonovo. In 1966, he specialized in genetics and aviculture in Czechoslovakia. In 1969, he became a member of BANU. Between 1973 and 1978, he was the Scientific Secretary at the Institute of Aviculture in Kostinbrod. In 1977, he became a PhD in agricultural sciences and a senior scientist at the Hybrid Center of Aviculture in Kostinbrod. Between 1978 and 1982, he was director of the Aviculture Research and Production Association at Kostinbrod. In 1989, he was an academician at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In 1982, he became the Vice President at the Agricultural Academy in Sofia, and in 1992, he became chairman. Vasil Chichibaba was Minister of Agriculture and Food Industry between 1995 and 1996 during the government of Jean Videnov, but later resigned. He died on 8 December 2013. References ^ a b Tashev, Tasho. The Ministers of Bulgaria 1879–1999. Sofia, AI "Prof. Marin Drinov" / Ed. of the Ministry of Defense, 1999 ISBN 978-954-430-603-8 / ISBN 978-954-509-191-9. с. 522. ^ Почина Васил Чичибаба, земеделски министър в кабинета „Виденов“, dnevnik.bg. Bulgaria portalAgriculture portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"agronomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy"},{"link_name":"Agrarian Union \"Aleksandar Stamboliyski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_Union_%22Aleksandar_Stamboliyski%22"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Academy"},{"link_name":"Sofia, Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tashev-1"}],"text":"Vasil Dimitrov Chichibaba (Bulgarian: Васил Димитров Чичибаба) was a Bulgarian scientist, agronomist and politician. He was a member of the left-wing party Agrarian Union \"Aleksandar Stamboliyski\", and former chairman at the Agricultural Academy in Sofia, Bulgaria.[1]","title":"Vasil Chichibaba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakovo,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Strazhitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strazhitsa"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"aviculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviculture"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"BANU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Agrarian_National_Union"},{"link_name":"Kostinbrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostinbrod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tashev-1"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"academician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academician"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Academy"},{"link_name":"Jean Videnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Videnov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He was born in Barakovo on 26 January 1935. His father is of Ukrainian descent. He graduated from the Higher Agricultural Institute in Sofia in 1958. After he graduated from school, he worked as a zootechnician in the villages of Chapaevo, Strazhitsa, and Simeonovo.In 1966, he specialized in genetics and aviculture in Czechoslovakia. In 1969, he became a member of BANU. Between 1973 and 1978, he was the Scientific Secretary at the Institute of Aviculture in Kostinbrod.[1] In 1977, he became a PhD in agricultural sciences and a senior scientist at the Hybrid Center of Aviculture in Kostinbrod.Between 1978 and 1982, he was director of the Aviculture Research and Production Association at Kostinbrod. In 1989, he was an academician at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In 1982, he became the Vice President at the Agricultural Academy in Sofia, and in 1992, he became chairman.Vasil Chichibaba was Minister of Agriculture and Food Industry between 1995 and 1996 during the government of Jean Videnov, but later resigned.He died on 8 December 2013.[2]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vasil+Chichibaba%22","external_links_name":"\"Vasil Chichibaba\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vasil+Chichibaba%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vasil+Chichibaba%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vasil+Chichibaba%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vasil+Chichibaba%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vasil+Chichibaba%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.dnevnik.bg/v_pamet/2013/12/09/2199352_pochina_vasil_chichibaba_zemedelski_ministur_v/","external_links_name":"Почина Васил Чичибаба, земеделски министър в кабинета „Виденов“"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickolai_Slichenko	Nikolai Slichenko	["1 Biography","2 Awards and honors","3 References","4 External links"]	Russian actor (1934–2021) Nikolai SlichenkoНиколай СличенкоBornNikolai Alekseyevich Slichenko(1934-12-27)27 December 1934Belgorod, Russian SFSR, USSRDied2 July 2021(2021-07-02) (aged 86)Occupation(s)Actor, singer, theatre directorYears active1951–2021TitlePeople's Artist of the USSR (1981)Awards Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (Russia,2nd,3rd,4th class) Order of Honour (Russia) Order of Friendship (Russia) Order of Friendship of Peoples (USSR) USSR State Prize (1987) Nikolai Alekseyevich Slichenko (Russian: Никола́й Алексе́евич Сличе́нко; 27 December 1934 — 2 July 2021) was a Soviet and Russian singer, actor and chief director of the Romen Theatre in Moscow. He was the only Romani person to be awarded the title People's Artist of the USSR (1981). Biography Nikolai was born in Belgorod area, Russia. Part of his childhood passed during World War II. During the war, Nikolai lost many relatives. In particular, when he was a boy, his father was shot before his eyes in 1942. After the war, the Slichenko family settled at a Romani collective farm in Voronezh Oblast. That was the time when Nikolai heard about a theater in Moscow and had dreamt of performing on its stage. In 1951, Nikolai was accepted into the Romen Theatre. The gifted boy drew the attention of the leading theater masters. Certainly, they did not make it easy for him: he began like most, as an auxiliary staff actor. Nikolai was first entrusted with a leading role as long ago as 1952, when he was not yet 18 years old. This was at the time when the theater left to Zagorsk (present-day Sergiyev Posad) with the play Four Fiancées by Ivan Khrustalev. Nikolai played the role of Leksa, as a substitute for the actor Sergey Fyodorovich Shishkov (of the Shishkov gypsy dynasty) who had become ill. He then played the role of Leksa for many years, and later, as he grew older, played the role of Badi in this play as well. After the play Slichenko received attention as a capable actor. The theater began to engage him in the current repertoire plays. In all, at the time he played more than 60 roles in his native theater, and also took part in a number of popular films, including Under the Rain and the Sun, My Island Is Blue, Wedding in Malinovka and others. In 1977, Nikolai Slichenko became the chief director of the Romen Theatre. For this, he completed the Higher Courses for Directors at the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts in 1972, under the management of the People's Artist of the USSR Andrey Goncharov. On 4 December 1998, a star with Nikolai Slichenko's name was placed at the Star Square in Moscow. Awards and honors Orders Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 2nd class (2020) Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 3rd class (2004) Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 4th class (1994) Order of Honour (2009) Order of Friendship (2014) Order of Friendship of Peoples (1984) Titles People's Artist of the USSR (1981) People's Artist of the RSFSR (1975) Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1969) Awards USSR State Prize (1987) Russian Federation Government Prize in the field of culture (2013) References ^ Умер народный артист СССР и худрук театра "Ромэн" Николай Сличенко (in Russian) ^ Music in the USSR. VAAP-INFORM. 1987. p. 22. ^ "Article". comments.ua. ^ "Николай Сличенко в Российском гуманитарном энциклопедическом словаре". Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. ^ a b c d Умер народный артист СССР Николай Сличенко ^ Указ Президента РФ от 27 декабря 2004 г. № 1606 External links Nikolai Slichenko at IMDb Nikolai Slichenko at Find a Grave (in Russian) Official website (in Russian) Biography of Nikolai Slichenko Nikolai Slichenko discography at Discogs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nikolay Slichenko. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Romen Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romen_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nikolai Alekseyevich Slichenko (Russian: Никола́й Алексе́евич Сличе́нко; 27 December 1934 — 2 July 2021[1]) was a Soviet and Russian singer,[2] actor and chief director of the Romen Theatre in Moscow. He was the only Romani person to be awarded the title People's Artist of the USSR (1981).[3][4]","title":"Nikolai Slichenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"collective farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming"},{"link_name":"Voronezh Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Romen Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romen_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbc-5"},{"link_name":"Sergiyev Posad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergiyev_Posad"},{"link_name":"Wedding in Malinovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_in_Malinovka"},{"link_name":"Romen Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romen_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbc-5"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Theatre Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Institute_of_Theatre_Arts"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"Andrey Goncharov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Goncharov"},{"link_name":"Star Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Square_(Moscow)"}],"text":"Nikolai was born in Belgorod area, Russia. Part of his childhood passed during World War II. During the war, Nikolai lost many relatives. In particular, when he was a boy, his father was shot before his eyes in 1942. After the war, the Slichenko family settled at a Romani collective farm in Voronezh Oblast. That was the time when Nikolai heard about a theater in Moscow and had dreamt of performing on its stage.In 1951, Nikolai was accepted into the Romen Theatre.[5] The gifted boy drew the attention of the leading theater masters. Certainly, they did not make it easy for him: he began like most, as an auxiliary staff actor.Nikolai was first entrusted with a leading role as long ago as 1952, when he was not yet 18 years old. This was at the time when the theater left to Zagorsk (present-day Sergiyev Posad) with the play Four Fiancées by Ivan Khrustalev. Nikolai played the role of Leksa, as a substitute for the actor Sergey Fyodorovich Shishkov (of the Shishkov gypsy dynasty) who had become ill. He then played the role of Leksa for many years, and later, as he grew older, played the role of Badi in this play as well.After the play Slichenko received attention as a capable actor. The theater began to engage him in the current repertoire plays. In all, at the time he played more than 60 roles in his native theater, and also took part in a number of popular films, including Under the Rain and the Sun, My Island Is Blue, Wedding in Malinovka and others.In 1977, Nikolai Slichenko became the chief director of the Romen Theatre.[5] For this, he completed the Higher Courses for Directors at the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts in 1972, under the management of the People's Artist of the USSR Andrey Goncharov.On 4 December 1998, a star with Nikolai Slichenko's name was placed at the Star Square in Moscow.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_the_Fatherland"},{"link_name":"Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_the_Fatherland"},{"link_name":"Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_the_Fatherland"},{"link_name":"Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Honour_(Russian_Federation)"},{"link_name":"Order of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Honour_(Russia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Order of Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friendship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Order of Friendship of Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbc-5"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_RSFSR"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbc-5"},{"link_name":"Honored Artist of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merited_Artist_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"USSR State Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"}],"text":"OrdersOrder \"For Merit to the Fatherland\" 2nd class (2020)\n Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\" 3rd class (2004)[6]\n Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\" 4th class (1994)\n Order of Honour (2009)\n Order of Friendship (2014)\n Order of Friendship of Peoples (1984)TitlesPeople's Artist of the USSR (1981)[5]\nPeople's Artist of the RSFSR (1975)[5]\nHonored Artist of the RSFSR (1969)AwardsUSSR State Prize (1987)\nRussian Federation Government Prize in the field of culture (2013)","title":"Awards and honors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Music in the USSR. VAAP-INFORM. 1987. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wQFMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Music in the USSR"}]},{"reference":"\"Article\". comments.ua.","urls":[{"url":"https://comments.ua/life/239176-desyatka-znamenitih-tsigan.html","url_text":"\"Article\""}]},{"reference":"\"Николай Сличенко в Российском гуманитарном энциклопедическом словаре\". Archived from the original on 20 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120720131758/http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/rges/article/rg3/rg3-1121.htm?text=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE","url_text":"\"Николай Сличенко в Российском гуманитарном энциклопедическом словаре\""},{"url":"http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/rges/article/rg3/rg3-1121.htm?text=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ria.ru/20210702/slichenko-1739589316.html","external_links_name":"Умер народный артист СССР и худрук театра \"Ромэн\" Николай Сличенко"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wQFMAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Music in the USSR"},{"Link":"https://comments.ua/life/239176-desyatka-znamenitih-tsigan.html","external_links_name":"\"Article\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120720131758/http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/rges/article/rg3/rg3-1121.htm?text=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE","external_links_name":"\"Николай Сличенко в Российском гуманитарном энциклопедическом словаре\""},{"Link":"http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/rges/article/rg3/rg3-1121.htm?text=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rbc.ru/society/02/07/2021/60def5b19a79473a85df676d","external_links_name":"Умер народный артист СССР Николай Сличенко"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0805797/","external_links_name":"Nikolai Slichenko"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/229151281","external_links_name":"Nikolai Slichenko"},{"Link":"http://www.slichenko.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070923014845/http://www.biograph.comstar.ru/bank/slichenko_na.htm","external_links_name":"Biography of Nikolai Slichenko"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE","external_links_name":"Nikolai Slichenko"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/81814/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000097110361","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143545858","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtH4YVbhCmJV3cPKJTJXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81127749","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2010589203&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810668807405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3068c826-a978-40fb-a181-b3e027e3b669","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Curtis	Jackie Curtis	["1 Early life and career","2 Death","3 In popular culture","4 Filmography","5 Plays (as playwright)","6 References","7 External links"]	American actor, writer, singer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jackie Curtis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jackie CurtisCurtis Backstage at SNAFU in 1980 by Gary LeGaultBorn(1947-02-19)February 19, 1947New York City, USDiedMay 15, 1985(1985-05-15) (aged 38)New York City, USResting placeRose Hills Memorial Park, Putnam Valley, New YorkOccupation(s)Actor, writer, singer, Warhol SuperstarRelativesSlugger Ann (grandmother) Jackie Curtis (February 19, 1947 – May 15, 1985) was an American actor, writer, singer, and Warhol superstar. Early life and career Jackie Curtis was born John Curtis Holder Jr. in New York City to John Holder and Jenevive Uglialoro and had one sibling, half-brother Timothy Holder, who is an openly gay Episcopal priest. Their parents divorced and Curtis was mostly raised by maternal grandmother Slugger Ann (Ann Uglialoro), an East Village bar owner. Curtis performed as both a man and a woman. While performing in drag, Curtis would typically wear lipstick, glitter, bright red hair, ripped dresses, and stockings. Curtis pioneered this combination of trashy and glamour, a style that has prompted assertions that Curtis inspired the glitter rock or glam rock movement of the 1970s. Andy Warhol said of Curtis, "Jackie Curtis is not a drag queen. Jackie is an artist. A pioneer without a frontier." Primarily a stage actor, Curtis debuted at the age of 17 in Tom Eyen's play Miss Nefertiti Regrets produced in 1965 at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club along with fellow newcomer Bette Midler. Curtis began writing plays immediately thereafter, productions often featuring well-known transgender people, such as Candy Darling and Holly Woodlawn. Curtis's work was influenced by the Playhouse of the Ridiculous, a resident company at La MaMa. Curtis's plays included Glamour, Glory and Gold, which also starred Darling, Melba LaRose, Jr., and Robert De Niro in his first appearance on stage, playing several roles; Vain Victory, with Darling and Mario Montez; Amerika Cleopatra featuring Harvey Fierstein; Femme Fatale, with Patti Smith, Jayne County and Penny Arcade; and Heaven Grand in Amber Orbit with Ruby Lynn Reyner and Holly Woodlawn. Curtis's final play Champagne ran at La Mama Experimental Theatre Club January 3–27, 1985 and featured George Abagnalo as the male lead. While writing plays, Curtis continued to act and reprised the role as Ptolemy II in a 1966 production of Miss Nefertiti Regrets at La MaMa. In 1969, Curtis performed with the Playhouse of the Ridiculous in Tom Murrin's Cock-Strong alongside Penny Arcade, Anthony Ingrassia, and others. Music for the production was written by Ralph Czitrom and performed by the Silver Apples. Curtis wrote Vain Victory and co-directed a production of the play at La MaMa in 1971, and directed and performed in Nick Markovich's I Died Yesterday at La MaMa in 1983. Andy Warhol and director Paul Morrissey cast Curtis and Darling in Flesh (1968) and, with the addition of Holly Woodlawn, in Women in Revolt (1971), a comedic spoof of the women's liberation movement. Curtis was also a singer and poet. In 1974, Curtis and Woodlawn appeared in Cabaret in the Sky at the New York Cultural Center. An album by Paul Serrato collecting songs from the Curtis works Lucky Wonderful and Vain Victory, including the love ballad "Who Are You", which Curtis sang to Darling, was released in 2004. Curtis's poem "B-Girls", much of which is based on observations of people who visited grandmother Slugger Ann's bar, was included in the 1979 book The Poets' Encyclopedia. At eight pages long, it was the longest poem in the book. Jackie Curtis made two more movies during the 1980s. Death Curtis had a drug addiction, and died from a heroin overdose in 1985. In popular culture Curtis is named in Lou Reed's 1972 song "Walk on the Wild Side" which was about the 'superstars' Reed knew from Warhol's Factory. The verse speaks of her drug addiction and fascination with James Dean: "Jackie is just speeding away / Thought she was James Dean for a day / Then I guess she had to crash / Valium would have helped that bash". In 2004, a documentary Superstar in a Housedress exposed some little-known facts about Curtis to a wider public. Curtis's influence on a number of people, including friends and associates such as Holly Woodlawn, Joe Dallesandro, and Penny Arcade, and observers such as David Bowie, are noted in the film. Jayne County writes of Curtis as being "...the biggest influence on me at this time." Filmography This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Year Title Role Notes 1968 Flesh Jackie 1971 W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism Herself 1971 Women in Revolt Jackie 1971 An American Family Herself 1 episode 1973 The Corner Bar Herself 1 episode 1980 Underground U.S.A. Roommate 1983 Burroughs Nurse 2002 The Cockettes Herself archival footage 2004 Superstar in a Housedress Herself archival footage 2010 Beautiful Darling Herself archival footage Plays (as playwright) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Glamour, Glory and Gold (1967) Lucky Wonderful Amerika Cleopatra (1968) Heaven Grand in Amber Orbit (1970) Femme Fatale Vain Victory: Vicissitudes of the Damned (1971) The Trojan Women (1972) Tyrone X (1979) I Died Yesterday (1983) (play written by Nick Markovich with additional dialogue by Curtis) Champagne (1985) References ^ Interviews in Superstar in a Housedress Accessed 4/4/2015. ^ About Timothy Holder Accessed 4/4/2015. ^ La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: Miss Nefertiti Regrets (1965)". Accessed April 9, 2018. ^ "Curtis Serves "Champagne"". Back Stage. 25 (53): 35. December 28, 1984. ProQuest 1438563882. ^ La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: Miss Nefertiti Regrets (1966a)". Accessed April 9, 2018. ^ La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: Cock-Strong (1969)". Accessed April 9, 2018. ^ La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: Vain Victory, The Vicissitudes of the Damned (1971)". Accessed April 9, 2018. ^ La MaMa Archives Digital Collections. "Production: I Died Yesterday (1983)". Accessed April 9, 2018. ^ Holden, Stephen (May 5, 2004). "FILM REVIEW; Always the Lady, Even When He Needed a Shave". The New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2009. ^ ABBOTT, ALYSIA (August 1, 2017). "Living with Cookie". The Recollectors. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ "Jackie Curtis, 38, Performer And Writer for Warhol Films". The New York Times. May 17, 1985. ^ Hann, Michael. "Lou Reed's Walk on the Wild Side: what became of Candy, Little Joe and co?". The Guardian. Retrieved December 9, 2015. ^ County, Jayne (1995). Man Enough To Be A Woman. Serpent's Tail. pp. 51. ISBN 1-85242-338-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jackie Curtis. Jackie Curtis at IMDb Website for 2004 documentary Jackie Curtis: Superstar In A Housedress Article about Superstar In A Housedress Jackie Curtis at the Warhol Superstars Website Melba LaRose, star of Glamour, Glory and Gold, talks about Jackie Curtis Jackie Curtis at Find a Grave Curtis' page on La MaMa Archives Digital Collections Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warhol superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhol_superstars"}],"text":"Jackie Curtis (February 19, 1947 – May 15, 1985) was an American actor, writer, singer, and Warhol superstar.","title":"Jackie Curtis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Slugger Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugger_Ann"},{"link_name":"East Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"glamour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(presentation)"},{"link_name":"glitter rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitter_rock"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Tom Eyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Eyen"},{"link_name":"La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club"},{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Candy Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Darling"},{"link_name":"Holly Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn"},{"link_name":"Playhouse of the Ridiculous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_of_the_Ridiculous"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Mario Montez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montez"},{"link_name":"Harvey Fierstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Fierstein"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jayne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_County"},{"link_name":"Penny Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(performer)"},{"link_name":"Ruby Lynn Reyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Lynn_Reyner"},{"link_name":"Holly Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn"},{"link_name":"La Mama Experimental Theatre Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_MaMa_Experimental_Theatre_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tom Murrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Murrin"},{"link_name":"Penny Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(performer)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Ingrassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ingrassia"},{"link_name":"Silver Apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Apples"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Paul Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Women in Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Revolt"},{"link_name":"women's liberation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement"},{"link_name":"New York Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cultural_Center"},{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"The Poets' Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poets%27_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"Jackie Curtis was born John Curtis Holder Jr. in New York City to John Holder and Jenevive Uglialoro and had one sibling, half-brother Timothy Holder, who is an openly gay Episcopal priest.[1][2] Their parents divorced and Curtis was mostly raised by maternal grandmother Slugger Ann (Ann Uglialoro), an East Village bar owner. Curtis performed as both a man and a woman. While performing in drag, Curtis would typically wear lipstick, glitter, bright red hair, ripped dresses, and stockings. Curtis pioneered this combination of trashy and glamour, a style that has prompted assertions that Curtis inspired the glitter rock or glam rock movement of the 1970s.Andy Warhol said of Curtis, \"Jackie Curtis is not a drag queen. Jackie is an artist. A pioneer without a frontier.\" Primarily a stage actor, Curtis debuted at the age of 17 in Tom Eyen's play Miss Nefertiti Regrets produced in 1965 at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club along with fellow newcomer Bette Midler.[3] Curtis began writing plays immediately thereafter, productions often featuring well-known transgender people, such as Candy Darling and Holly Woodlawn. Curtis's work was influenced by the Playhouse of the Ridiculous, a resident company at La MaMa. Curtis's plays included Glamour, Glory and Gold, which also starred Darling, Melba LaRose, Jr., and Robert De Niro in his first appearance on stage, playing several roles; Vain Victory, with Darling and Mario Montez; Amerika Cleopatra featuring Harvey Fierstein; Femme Fatale, with Patti Smith, Jayne County and Penny Arcade; and Heaven Grand in Amber Orbit with Ruby Lynn Reyner and Holly Woodlawn. Curtis's final play Champagne ran at La Mama Experimental Theatre Club January 3–27, 1985 and featured George Abagnalo as the male lead.[4]While writing plays, Curtis continued to act and reprised the role as Ptolemy II in a 1966 production of Miss Nefertiti Regrets at La MaMa.[5] In 1969, Curtis performed with the Playhouse of the Ridiculous in Tom Murrin's Cock-Strong alongside Penny Arcade, Anthony Ingrassia, and others. Music for the production was written by Ralph Czitrom and performed by the Silver Apples.[6] Curtis wrote Vain Victory and co-directed a production of the play at La MaMa in 1971,[7] and directed and performed in Nick Markovich's I Died Yesterday at La MaMa in 1983.[8]Andy Warhol and director Paul Morrissey cast Curtis and Darling in Flesh (1968) and, with the addition of Holly Woodlawn, in Women in Revolt (1971), a comedic spoof of the women's liberation movement.Curtis was also a singer and poet. In 1974, Curtis and Woodlawn appeared in Cabaret in the Sky at the New York Cultural Center. An album by Paul Serrato collecting songs from the Curtis works Lucky Wonderful and Vain Victory, including the love ballad \"Who Are You\", which Curtis sang to Darling, was released in 2004. Curtis's poem \"B-Girls\", much of which is based on observations of people who visited grandmother Slugger Ann's bar, was included in the 1979 book The Poets' Encyclopedia. At eight pages long, it was the longest poem in the book.Jackie Curtis made two more movies during the 1980s.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Curtis had a drug addiction, and died from a heroin overdose in 1985.[9][10][11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"Walk on the Wild Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_on_the_Wild_Side_(Lou_Reed_song)"},{"link_name":"Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Factory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Superstar in a Housedress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstar_in_a_Housedress"},{"link_name":"Holly Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Woodlawn"},{"link_name":"Joe Dallesandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dallesandro"},{"link_name":"Penny Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Arcade_(performer)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Curtis is named in Lou Reed's 1972 song \"Walk on the Wild Side\" which was about the 'superstars' Reed knew from Warhol's Factory. The verse speaks of her drug addiction and fascination with James Dean: \"Jackie is just speeding away / Thought she was James Dean for a day / Then I guess she had to crash / Valium would have helped that bash\".[12]\nIn 2004, a documentary Superstar in a Housedress exposed some little-known facts about Curtis to a wider public. Curtis's influence on a number of people, including friends and associates such as Holly Woodlawn, Joe Dallesandro, and Penny Arcade, and observers such as David Bowie, are noted in the film. Jayne County writes of Curtis as being \"...the biggest influence on me at this time.\"[13]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Glamour, Glory and Gold (1967)\nLucky Wonderful\nAmerika Cleopatra (1968)\nHeaven Grand in Amber Orbit (1970)\nFemme Fatale\nVain Victory: Vicissitudes of the Damned (1971)\nThe Trojan Women (1972)\nTyrone X (1979)\nI Died Yesterday (1983) (play written by Nick Markovich with additional dialogue by Curtis)\nChampagne (1985)","title":"Plays (as playwright)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Curtis Serves \"Champagne\"\". Back Stage. 25 (53): 35. December 28, 1984. ProQuest 1438563882.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/1438563882","url_text":"\"Curtis Serves \"Champagne\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1438563882","url_text":"1438563882"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Stephen (May 5, 2004). \"FILM REVIEW; Always the Lady, Even When He Needed a Shave\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/05/movies/film-review-always-the-lady-even-when-he-needed-a-shave.html","url_text":"\"FILM REVIEW; Always the Lady, Even When He Needed a Shave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"ABBOTT, ALYSIA (August 1, 2017). \"Living with Cookie\". The Recollectors. Retrieved August 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://therecollectors.com/recollections/growing-up-with-cookie/","url_text":"\"Living with Cookie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie Curtis, 38, Performer And Writer for Warhol Films\". The New York Times. May 17, 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/17/arts/jackie-curtis-38-performer-and-writer-for-warhol-films.html","url_text":"\"Jackie Curtis, 38, Performer And Writer for Warhol Films\""}]},{"reference":"Hann, Michael. \"Lou Reed's Walk on the Wild Side: what became of Candy, Little Joe and co?\". The Guardian. Retrieved December 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/shortcuts/2015/dec/07/holly-woodlawn-walk-on-the-wild-side-lou-reed-candy-little-joe?CMP=fb_gu","url_text":"\"Lou Reed's Walk on the Wild Side: what became of Candy, Little Joe and co?\""}]},{"reference":"County, Jayne (1995). Man Enough To Be A Woman. Serpent's Tail. pp. 51. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Schied	Marcel von Walsleben-Schied	["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]	German footballer (born 1983) Marcel von Walsleben-SchiedPersonal informationDate of birth (1983-07-28) 28 July 1983 (age 40)Place of birth Weißenfels, East GermanyHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) StrikerYouth career Rot-Weiß Weißenfels0000–1998 Grün-Weiß Langendorf1998–1999 Hansa Rostock1999–2000 Halle 18962000–2001 Hansa RostockSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2001–2003 Hansa Rostock II 38 (25)2001–2007 Hansa Rostock 59 (10)2003–2004 → VfL Osnabrück (loan) 33 (12)2004–2005 → SpVgg Unterhaching (loan) 34 (6)2008 Carl Zeiss Jena 17 (5)2008–2009 Eintracht Braunschweig 31 (6)2009–2012 Hansa Rostock 75 (15)2012–2014 Holstein Kiel 64 (22)2014–2016 TSG Neustrelitz 48 (5)2016–2020 TuS Dassendorf 113 (72)2020 SV Curslack-Neuengamme 4 (0)2021 Hagenower SV 2022–2023 MSV Pampow 39 (12)International career2004 Germany U21 7 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 July 2023 Marcel Schied, after his marriage Marcel von Walsleben-Schied, (born 28 July 1983) is a German professional footballer who most recently played as a striker for NOFV-Oberliga Nord club MSV Pampow. Career Von Walsleben-Schied was born in Weißenfels. He spent three seasons in the Bundesliga with Hansa Rostock and returned to the club for a second spell from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2019. In 2016 he joined Hamburg-based club TuS Dassendorf in the fifth tier. In December 2020 he announced his retirement from playing, having made four appearances for SV Curslack-Neuengamme. He unretired and started playing again in the 2021–22 season. References ^ a b c "Marcel von Walsleben-Schied » Club matches". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 9 February 2019. ^ "Von Walsleben-Schied: Neuer Name, fünfte Liga". fussball.de (in German). 29 October 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2019. ^ "Marcel von Walsleben-Schied". kicker.de (in German). Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Dassendorf verpflichtet Marcel von Walsleben-Schied". amateur-fussball-hamburg.de (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2019. ^ "Karriereende: Ex-Profi Marcel von Walsleben-Schied hört auf". kicker (in German). Retrieved 19 December 2020. External links Marcel von Walsleben-Schied at fussballdaten.de (in German) This biographical article related to association football in Germany, about a forward born in the 1980s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"NOFV-Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga_Nord"}],"text":"Marcel Schied, after his marriage Marcel von Walsleben-Schied,[2] (born 28 July 1983) is a German professional footballer who most recently played as a striker for NOFV-Oberliga Nord club MSV Pampow.","title":"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weißenfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Hansa_Rostock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"TuS Dassendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuS_Dassendorf"},{"link_name":"fifth tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Von Walsleben-Schied was born in Weißenfels. He spent three seasons in the Bundesliga with Hansa Rostock and returned to the club for a second spell from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2019.[3]In 2016 he joined Hamburg-based club TuS Dassendorf in the fifth tier.[4]In December 2020 he announced his retirement from playing, having made four appearances for SV Curslack-Neuengamme.[5] He unretired and started playing again in the 2021–22 season.","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied » Club matches\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/marcel-von-walsleben-schied/2/","url_text":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied » Club matches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Von Walsleben-Schied: Neuer Name, fünfte Liga\". fussball.de (in German). 29 October 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussball.de/newsdetail/von-walsleben-schied-neuer-name-fuenfte-liga/-/article-id/156481#!/","url_text":"\"Von Walsleben-Schied: Neuer Name, fünfte Liga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\". kicker.de (in German). Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/dfbpokal/spielrunde/2010-11/27714/vereinsspieler_marcel-von-walsleben-schied.html","url_text":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dassendorf verpflichtet Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\". amateur-fussball-hamburg.de (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amateur-fussball-hamburg.de/dassendorf-verpflichtet-marcel-von-walsleben-schied/","url_text":"\"Dassendorf verpflichtet Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karriereende: Ex-Profi Marcel von Walsleben-Schied hört auf\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 19 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/karriereende-ex-profi-marcel-von-walsleben-schied-verlaesst-curslack-neuengamme-792777/artikel","url_text":"\"Karriereende: Ex-Profi Marcel von Walsleben-Schied hört auf\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/marcel-von-walsleben-schied/2/","external_links_name":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied » Club matches\""},{"Link":"http://www.fussball.de/newsdetail/von-walsleben-schied-neuer-name-fuenfte-liga/-/article-id/156481#!/","external_links_name":"\"Von Walsleben-Schied: Neuer Name, fünfte Liga\""},{"Link":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/dfbpokal/spielrunde/2010-11/27714/vereinsspieler_marcel-von-walsleben-schied.html","external_links_name":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\""},{"Link":"https://www.amateur-fussball-hamburg.de/dassendorf-verpflichtet-marcel-von-walsleben-schied/","external_links_name":"\"Dassendorf verpflichtet Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\""},{"Link":"https://www.kicker.de/karriereende-ex-profi-marcel-von-walsleben-schied-verlaesst-curslack-neuengamme-792777/artikel","external_links_name":"\"Karriereende: Ex-Profi Marcel von Walsleben-Schied hört auf\""},{"Link":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/schiedmarcel/","external_links_name":"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcel_von_Walsleben-Schied&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fowler	Bernard Fowler	["1 Biography","1.1 The Rolling Stones","2 Songwriting and projects","3 Discography","3.1 With The Rolling Stones and their solo projects","3.2 With others","4 Personal discography","5 References","6 External links"]	American musician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Bernard Fowler" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bernard FowlerBernard Fowler publicity photo, 2019Background informationBirth nameR. Bernard FowlerBorn (1960-01-02) January 2, 1960 (age 64)New York City, United StatesGenreselectro, rock, rock and roll, funk, R&B, blues, country rock, reggae, blues rock, gospelOccupation(s)Musician, producer, Songwriter, ActorInstrument(s)VocalspercussionYears active1974-presentLabelsAtlantic, Rolling Stones, SonyWebsiteBernard Fowler.comMusical artist Bernard Fowler (born January 2, 1960) is an American musician. He is known for a long association with The Rolling Stones, providing backing vocals since 1989 and on their studio recordings and live tours. Fowler has been a featured guest vocalist on the majority of solo albums released by the members of that band. He has released two solo albums, and he has also been a regular featured singer on other musicians' recordings and tours. Fowler has toured and recorded with the bands Tackhead and Bad Dog and occasionally with Nicklebag and Little Axe. Biography Fowler's first recordings were with the group The Total Eclipse for the album A Great Combination released 1975. In the early 1980s he was a member of The New York City Peech Boys with DJ Larry Levan and keyboard player Michael De Benedictus. The group had dance hits with tracks like "Don't Make Me Wait" and "Life Is Something Special". He provided vocals for the songs "I'm the One" and "Come Down" from the Material album One Down, where he was credited as a songwriter on several tracks. In 1982 Fowler sang on the Celluloid Records release Do The Smurf For What It's Worth. Fowler guested on Herbie Hancock's classic electro-funk albums Future Shock (1983) and Sound-System (1984), as well as the 1985 albums Compact Disc by Public Image Ltd and Language Barrier by Sly & Robbie. In 1986, he sang a song written by Philip Glass (music) and Paul Simon (lyrics), which appeared on Philip Glass's Songs from Liquid Days. In 1987 he sang backup for James Blood Ulmer on America – Do You Remember the Love?, and the next year he appeared on Bootsy Collins's What's Bootsy Doin'?. Fowler was the lead singer for the group Tackhead for several albums in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He has also appeared on albums from Herb Alpert, Little Axe, Todd Terry, Michael Hutchence, (formerly of INXS) and Tackhead. In 1988 Fowler found himself touring with Steven Seagal. The Rolling Stones Fowler in Potsdam, Germany; March 8th 2007 performing with The Rolling Stones In 1985, Fowler was hired to record backing vocals on Mick Jagger's first solo album, She's the Boss. This proved to be the beginning of a lasting business and personal relationship, not only with Jagger, but with all the current members of the Rolling Stones, as he has also performed on the solo albums of Charlie Watts, Keith Richards and Ron Wood. After Fowler had already performed as a session musician with individual members of the Rolling Stones on their solo projects, he was chosen to join the Stones on their Steel Wheels world tour, in 1989. Mick Jagger spoke about his choice of Fowler to sing backing vocals saying that Fowler impressed him because he had a wide vocal range, many musical influences, and stamina. He has remained as a regular backup singer on tours with the Stones since then. Fowler was a feature vocalist on three of Watts' jazz solo albums. The other members of the Rolling Stones have utilized his vocal talents on their solo projects, including Richards' Main Offender and Wood's solo projects. Songwriting and projects Fowler has been asked to collaborate on songs from other artists. One such person has been Ron Wood in writing and composing songs for his solo albums. Fowler and Wood have co-written several songs together and recorded them on Wood's albums. In 2006, Fowler released his first solo album, Friends with Privileges, on Sony Japan. This is his first entirely solo effort, however, he has had a significant number of rock and roll and R&B heavyweights in the music industry working with him. They include Ron Wood, Darryl Jones and Lisa Fischer of Rolling Stones fame; studio session musician and record producer Waddy Wachtel, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Robert Plant, Dave Abbruzzese (formerly of Pearl Jam), Joe Elliot (of Def Leppard), and Ivan Neville. His newest project is called the IMF's. In May 2011, he appeared as a special guest joining Argentine musician Charly Garcia playing a concert in Montevideo, Uruguay. Discography With The Rolling Stones and their solo projects (1985) She's the Boss (Mick Jagger) (1989) Steel Wheels (Rolling Stones) (1991) Flashpoint (Rolling Stones) (1992) Tribute to Charlie Parker with Strings (Charlie Watts) (1992) Slide on This (Ronnie Wood) (1992) Main Offender (Keith Richards) (1993) Warm and Tender (Charlie Watts) (1993) Slide on Live: Plugged in and Standing (Ronnie Wood) (1993) Jump Back (Rolling Stones) (1994) Voodoo Lounge (Rolling Stones) (1995) Stripped (Rolling Stones) (1996) Long Ago and Far Away (Charlie Watts) (1997) Bridges to Babylon (Rolling Stones) (1998) No Security (Rolling Stones) (2000) Live and Eclectic (Ronnie Wood) (2002) Forty Licks (Rolling Stones) (2004) Live Licks (Rolling Stones) (2005) A Bigger Bang (Rolling Stones) (2005) Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones) (2008) Shine a Light (Rolling Stones) (2010) I Feel Like Playing (Ronnie Wood) (2012) Light the Fuse (Rolling Stones) (a digital download through Google Music) (2012) GRRR! (Rolling Stones) compilation album (2013) Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones) (2015) From the Vault – Live at the Tokyo Dome (Rolling Stones) (2015) Sticky Fingers Live (Rolling Stones) (2015) Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones) (2015) Crosseyed Heart (Keith Richards) (2016) Totally Stripped (Rolling Stones) (2016) Havana Moon (Rolling Stones) (2017) Sticky Fingers – Live At The Fonda Theatre 2015 (Rolling Stones) (2018) San Jose '99 (Rolling Stones) (2018) Voodoo Lounge Uncut (Rolling Stones) (2019) Bridges to Bremen (Rolling Stones) (2019) HONK (Rolling Stones) compilation album incl. live CD (Lim. ed.) (2019) Bridges to Buenos Aires (Rolling Stones) (2020) Steel Wheels Live (Rolling Stones) (2021) A Bigger Bang Live (10" Vinyl, 2 track, RSD 2021) (2021) A Bigger Bang: Live on Copacabana Beach (Rolling Stones) (2022) Licked Live in NYC (Rolling Stones) (2022) Grrr Live! (Rolling Stones) With others (1982) Smurf For What It's Worth (The Smurfs) (1982) Don't Make Me Wait (Peech Boys) (1982) Life Is Something Special (Peech Boys) (1982) One Down (Material) (1982) Future Shock (Herbie Hancock) (1983) I Need You Now (Sinnamon) (1983) Crazy Cuts (Grandmixer DST) (1984) Do You Believe (The Mariner's Baptist Church Choir) Beat Street soundtrack and movie (1984) Sound-System (Herbie Hancock) (1985) Starpeace (Yoko Ono) (1985) Language Barrier (Sly & Robbie) (1986) Futurista (Ryuichi Sakamoto) (1986) Media Bahn Live (Ryuichi Sakamoto) (1986) Songs from Liquid Days (Philip Glass) (1986) Axis (Jonas Hellborg) (1986) Album (Public Image, Ltd.) (1987) America – Do You Remember the Love? (James Blood Ulmer) (1988) What's Bootsy Doin'? (Bootsy Collins) (1988) Bass (Jonas Hellborg) (1990) Strange Things (Tackhead) (1990) Liberty (Duran Duran) (1991) Videohead (Tackhead) (1991) Johnnie B. Bad (Johnnie Johnson) (1992) No Other World (Shining Path) (1992) Onobox (Yoko Ono) (1993) Stain (Living Colour) (1994) Jazz Passengers in Love (Roy Nathanson's Jazz Passengers) (1996) 12 Hits and a Bump (Nicklebag) (1997) Power Inc. (Tackhead) (1999) Michael Hutchence (Michael Hutchence) (1999) Colors (Herb Alpert) (2000) Hot Night Tonight (Barbara Lynn) (2001) Best of Material (Material) (2004) Champagne & Grits (Little Axe) (2008) Along Came a Spider (Alice Cooper) (2008) Ever Changing Times (Steve Lukather) (2010) All's Well That Ends Well (Steve Lukather) (2010) Bought for a Dollar, Sold for a Dime (Little Axe) (2013) Ronin (Tao Of Sound) (2023) Heavy Hitters II (George Lynch and Jeff Pilson) Personal discography (2006) Friends With Privileges (Bernard Fowler) (Sony Japan) (2015) The Bura (Bernard Fowler) (MRI) (2019) Inside Out (Rhyme & Reason Records) References ^ a b "Bernard Fowler - The Rolling Stones". www.rollingstones.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2016-03-31. ^ "Bernard Fowler". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-03-31. ^ Kelly, Kurt (May 31, 2014). "Kurt Kelly Interviews Singer, Songwriter, and Producer Bernard Fowler". kurtkelly.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2016-03-31. ^ "The Total Eclipse - A Great Combination". Discogs. 1976. Retrieved 2016-03-31. ^ Bernard Fowler at AllMusic ^ "Music News: Latest and Breaking Music News". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-16. ^ Heslin, Maria Katrien (Oct–Nov 1998). "Rock-n-soul with Bernard Fowler - backup rock vocalist's career and his band Nickelbag". bNet Business Library. American Visions. Archived from the original on 2006-02-11. Retrieved 2008-06-08. ^ "Songs by Ronnie Wood". Slideonron.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2014-07-16. ^ "Bernard Fowler - Friends With Privileges". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-03-31. ^ "Tres músicos de los Rolling Stones visitaron Mendoza: "Charly García es el padre del rock and roll"". Diario Uno (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01. ^ "Ronin". iTunes. 10 September 2013. ^ "The Bura". AllMusic. External links Bernard Fowler at Allmusic.com Bernard Fowler interview at allaboutjazz.com vteThe Dead Daisies David Lowy Doug Aldrich Tommy Clufetos Glenn Hughes Marco Mendoza John Corabi Jon Stevens Richard Fortus Charley Drayton Clayton Doley Alex Carapetis Dizzy Reed Frank Ferrer Brian Tichy Darryl Jones John Tempesta Bernard Fowler Jackie Barnes Damon Johnson Deen Castronovo Studio albums The Dead Daisies Revolución Make Some Noise Burn It Down Live albums Live & Louder Related articles Discography Members vteThe Pussycat Dolls Awards and nominations Discography (Songs) Carmit Bachar Ashley Roberts Nicole Scherzinger Jessica Sutta Melody Thornton Kimberly Wyatt Studio albums PCD Doll Domination Extended plays Doll Domination – The Mini Collection Video albums PCD Live from London Singles "Sway" "Don't Cha" "Stickwitu" "Beep" "Buttons" "I Don't Need a Man" "Wait a Minute" "When I Grow Up" "Whatcha Think About That" "Out of This Club" "I Hate This Part" "Bottle Pop" "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" "Hush Hush; Hush Hush" "React" Other songs "Feeling Good" "Bad Girl" Television Pussycat Dolls Present The Search for the Next Doll Girlicious Concert tours PCD World Tour Doll Domination Tour The Pussycat Dolls Tour (canceled) Other members Robin Antin (founder) Carmen Electra Cyia Batten Kaya Jones Asia Nitollano Related groups Girlicious Paradiso Girls G.R.L. Category vteTackhead Keith LeBlanc Skip McDonald Adrian Sherwood Doug Wimbish Gary Clail Bernard Fowler Studio albums Tackhead Tape Time (1987) Friendly as a Hand Grenade (1989) Strange Things (1990) For the Love of Money (2014) Remix albums Tackhead Sound Crash (2006) Compilations Power Inc. Vol. 1 (1994) Power Inc. Vol. 2 (1994) Power Inc. Vol. 3 (1997) Singles "What's My Mission Now?" "Mind at the End of the Tether" "The Game (You'll Never Walk Alone)" "Reality" "Ticking Time Bomb" as The Maffia As the Veneer of Democracy Starts to Fade (1985) Mark Stewart (1987) Metatron (1990) Control Data (1996) Edit (2008) as Fats Comet "Stormy Weather" "Rockchester" as Strange Parcels Disconnection (1994) Related Discography Dub Syndicate Jungle Funk Living Colour Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalist"},{"link_name":"Tackhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackhead"},{"link_name":"Little Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Axe"}],"text":"Musical artistBernard Fowler (born January 2, 1960[1]) is an American musician. He is known for a long association with The Rolling Stones, providing backing vocals since 1989 and on their studio recordings and live tours.[1] Fowler has been a featured guest vocalist on the majority of solo albums released by the members of that band. He has released two solo albums,[2] and he has also been a regular featured singer on other musicians' recordings and tours. Fowler has toured and recorded with the bands Tackhead and Bad Dog and occasionally with Nicklebag and Little Axe.","title":"Bernard Fowler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Peech Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peech_Boys"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Larry Levan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Levan"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"Don't Make Me Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Make_Me_Wait_(Peech_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_(band)"},{"link_name":"One Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Down"},{"link_name":"Celluloid Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid_Records"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Future Shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shock_(Herbie_Hancock_album)"},{"link_name":"Sound-System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-System_(album)"},{"link_name":"Public Image Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Sly & Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_%26_Robbie"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Paul Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Songs from Liquid Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_from_Liquid_Days"},{"link_name":"James Blood Ulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blood_Ulmer"},{"link_name":"America – Do You Remember the Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_%E2%80%93_Do_You_Remember_the_Love%3F"},{"link_name":"Bootsy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootsy_Collins"},{"link_name":"What's Bootsy Doin'?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Bootsy_Doin%27%3F"},{"link_name":"Tackhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackhead"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"Little Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Axe"},{"link_name":"Todd Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Terry"},{"link_name":"Michael Hutchence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hutchence"},{"link_name":"INXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INXS"},{"link_name":"Tackhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackhead"},{"link_name":"Steven Seagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Seagal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bliss-6"}],"text":"Fowler's first recordings were with the group The Total Eclipse for the album A Great Combination released 1975.[3][4] In the early 1980s he was a member of The New York City Peech Boys with DJ Larry Levan and keyboard player Michael De Benedictus. The group had dance hits with tracks like \"Don't Make Me Wait\" and \"Life Is Something Special\". He provided vocals for the songs \"I'm the One\" and \"Come Down\" from the Material album One Down, where he was credited as a songwriter on several tracks. In 1982 Fowler sang on the Celluloid Records release Do The Smurf For What It's Worth. Fowler guested on Herbie Hancock's classic electro-funk albums Future Shock (1983) and Sound-System (1984), as well as the 1985 albums Compact Disc by Public Image Ltd and Language Barrier by Sly & Robbie. In 1986, he sang a song written by Philip Glass (music) and Paul Simon (lyrics), which appeared on Philip Glass's Songs from Liquid Days. In 1987 he sang backup for James Blood Ulmer on America – Do You Remember the Love?, and the next year he appeared on Bootsy Collins's What's Bootsy Doin'?. Fowler was the lead singer for the group Tackhead for several albums in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[5] He has also appeared on albums from Herb Alpert, Little Axe, Todd Terry, Michael Hutchence, (formerly of INXS) and Tackhead. In 1988 Fowler found himself touring with Steven Seagal.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAD_DOG.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"She's the Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_the_Boss"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Ron Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wood"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"session musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"Steel Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Wheels"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Main Offender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Offender"}],"sub_title":"The Rolling Stones","text":"Fowler in Potsdam, Germany; March 8th 2007 performing with The Rolling StonesIn 1985, Fowler was hired to record backing vocals on Mick Jagger's first solo album, She's the Boss. This proved to be the beginning of a lasting business and personal relationship, not only with Jagger, but with all the current members of the Rolling Stones, as he has also performed on the solo albums of Charlie Watts, Keith Richards and Ron Wood.[7] After Fowler had already performed as a session musician with individual members of the Rolling Stones on their solo projects, he was chosen to join the Stones on their Steel Wheels world tour, in 1989. Mick Jagger spoke about his choice of Fowler to sing backing vocals saying that Fowler impressed him because he had a wide vocal range, many musical influences, and stamina.He has remained as a regular backup singer on tours with the Stones since then. Fowler was a feature vocalist on three of Watts' jazz solo albums. The other members of the Rolling Stones have utilized his vocal talents on their solo projects, including Richards' Main Offender and Wood's solo projects.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ron_Wood-8"},{"link_name":"Sony Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(music)"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Ron Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wood"},{"link_name":"Darryl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Lisa Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"session musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"Waddy Wachtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddy_Wachtel"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Robert Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plant"},{"link_name":"Dave Abbruzzese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Abbruzzese"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Joe Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Def Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Leppard"},{"link_name":"Ivan Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Neville"},{"link_name":"Charly Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Fowler has been asked to collaborate on songs from other artists. One such person has been Ron Wood in writing and composing songs for his solo albums. Fowler and Wood have co-written several songs together and recorded them on Wood's albums.[8]In 2006, Fowler released his first solo album, Friends with Privileges, on Sony Japan.[9] This is his first entirely solo effort, however, he has had a significant number of rock and roll and R&B heavyweights in the music industry working with him. They include Ron Wood, Darryl Jones and Lisa Fischer of Rolling Stones fame; studio session musician and record producer Waddy Wachtel, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Robert Plant, Dave Abbruzzese (formerly of Pearl Jam), Joe Elliot (of Def Leppard), and Ivan Neville. His newest project is called the IMF's.In May 2011, he appeared as a special guest joining Argentine musician Charly Garcia playing a concert in Montevideo, Uruguay.[10]","title":"Songwriting and projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"She's the Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_the_Boss"},{"link_name":"Steel Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Wheels"},{"link_name":"Flashpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashpoint_(album)"},{"link_name":"Slide on This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_on_This"},{"link_name":"Main Offender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Offender"},{"link_name":"Slide on Live: Plugged in and Standing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_on_Live:_Plugged_in_and_Standing"},{"link_name":"Jump Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_Back"},{"link_name":"Voodoo Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Stripped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripped_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"Bridges to Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges_to_Babylon"},{"link_name":"No Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Security"},{"link_name":"Live and Eclectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_Eclectic"},{"link_name":"Forty Licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Licks"},{"link_name":"Live Licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Licks"},{"link_name":"A Bigger Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bigger_Bang"},{"link_name":"Rarities 1971–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarities_1971%E2%80%932003"},{"link_name":"Shine a Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_a_Light_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"I Feel Like Playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_Like_Playing"}],"sub_title":"With The Rolling Stones and their solo projects","text":"(1985) She's the Boss (Mick Jagger)\n(1989) Steel Wheels (Rolling Stones)\n(1991) Flashpoint (Rolling Stones)\n(1992) Tribute to Charlie Parker with Strings (Charlie Watts)\n(1992) Slide on This (Ronnie Wood)\n(1992) Main Offender (Keith Richards)\n(1993) Warm and Tender (Charlie Watts)\n(1993) Slide on Live: Plugged in and Standing (Ronnie Wood)\n(1993) Jump Back (Rolling Stones)\n(1994) Voodoo Lounge (Rolling Stones)\n(1995) Stripped (Rolling Stones)\n(1996) Long Ago and Far Away (Charlie Watts)\n(1997) Bridges to Babylon (Rolling Stones)\n(1998) No Security (Rolling Stones)\n(2000) Live and Eclectic (Ronnie Wood)\n(2002) Forty Licks (Rolling Stones)\n(2004) Live Licks (Rolling Stones)\n(2005) A Bigger Bang (Rolling Stones)\n(2005) Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones)\n(2008) Shine a Light (Rolling Stones)\n(2010) I Feel Like Playing (Ronnie Wood)\n(2012) Light the Fuse (Rolling Stones) (a digital download through Google Music)\n(2012) GRRR! (Rolling Stones) compilation album\n(2013) Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones)\n(2015) From the Vault – Live at the Tokyo Dome (Rolling Stones)\n(2015) Sticky Fingers Live (Rolling Stones)\n(2015) Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones)\n(2015) Crosseyed Heart (Keith Richards)\n(2016) Totally Stripped (Rolling Stones)\n(2016) Havana Moon (Rolling Stones)\n(2017) Sticky Fingers – Live At The Fonda Theatre 2015 (Rolling Stones)\n(2018) San Jose '99 (Rolling Stones)\n(2018) Voodoo Lounge Uncut (Rolling Stones)\n(2019) Bridges to Bremen (Rolling Stones)\n(2019) HONK (Rolling Stones) compilation album incl. live CD (Lim. ed.)\n(2019) Bridges to Buenos Aires (Rolling Stones)\n(2020) Steel Wheels Live (Rolling Stones)\n(2021) A Bigger Bang Live (10\" Vinyl, 2 track, RSD 2021)\n(2021) A Bigger Bang: Live on Copacabana Beach (Rolling Stones)\n(2022) Licked Live in NYC (Rolling Stones)\n(2022) Grrr Live! (Rolling Stones)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peech Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peech_Boys"},{"link_name":"One Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Down"},{"link_name":"Material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_(band)"},{"link_name":"Future Shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shock_(Herbie_Hancock_album)"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Sinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinnamon"},{"link_name":"Grandmixer DST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmixer_DST"},{"link_name":"Beat Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Street"},{"link_name":"Sound-System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-System_(album)"},{"link_name":"Starpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starpeace"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"Language Barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Barrier_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sly & Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_%26_Robbie"},{"link_name":"Ryuichi Sakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto"},{"link_name":"Songs from Liquid Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_from_Liquid_Days"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_(Public_Image_Limited_album)"},{"link_name":"Public Image, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Image,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"America – Do You Remember the Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_%E2%80%93_Do_You_Remember_the_Love%3F"},{"link_name":"James Blood Ulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blood_Ulmer"},{"link_name":"What's Bootsy Doin'?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Bootsy_Doin%27%3F"},{"link_name":"Bootsy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootsy_Collins"},{"link_name":"Tackhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackhead"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(Duran_Duran_album)"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Onobox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onobox"},{"link_name":"Stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stain_(album)"},{"link_name":"Living Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Colour"},{"link_name":"Roy Nathanson's Jazz Passengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Nathanson"},{"link_name":"Michael Hutchence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hutchence_(album)"},{"link_name":"Michael Hutchence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hutchence"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"Barbara Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Champagne & Grits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_%26_Grits"},{"link_name":"Little Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Axe"},{"link_name":"Along Came a Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Came_a_Spider_(album)"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Ever Changing Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_Changing_Times"},{"link_name":"Steve Lukather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lukather"},{"link_name":"All's Well That Ends Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well_(Steve_Lukather_album)"},{"link_name":"Bought for a Dollar, Sold for a Dime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bought_for_a_Dollar,_Sold_for_a_Dime"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"With others","text":"(1982) Smurf For What It's Worth (The Smurfs)\n(1982) Don't Make Me Wait (Peech Boys)\n(1982) Life Is Something Special (Peech Boys)\n(1982) One Down (Material)\n(1982) Future Shock (Herbie Hancock)\n(1983) I Need You Now (Sinnamon)\n(1983) Crazy Cuts (Grandmixer DST)\n(1984) Do You Believe (The Mariner's Baptist Church Choir) Beat Street soundtrack and movie\n(1984) Sound-System (Herbie Hancock)\n(1985) Starpeace (Yoko Ono)\n(1985) Language Barrier (Sly & Robbie)\n(1986) Futurista (Ryuichi Sakamoto)\n(1986) Media Bahn Live (Ryuichi Sakamoto)\n(1986) Songs from Liquid Days (Philip Glass)\n(1986) Axis (Jonas Hellborg)\n(1986) Album (Public Image, Ltd.)\n(1987) America – Do You Remember the Love? (James Blood Ulmer)\n(1988) What's Bootsy Doin'? (Bootsy Collins)\n(1988) Bass (Jonas Hellborg)\n(1990) Strange Things (Tackhead)\n(1990) Liberty (Duran Duran)\n(1991) Videohead (Tackhead)\n(1991) Johnnie B. Bad (Johnnie Johnson)\n(1992) No Other World (Shining Path)\n(1992) Onobox (Yoko Ono)\n(1993) Stain (Living Colour)\n(1994) Jazz Passengers in Love (Roy Nathanson's Jazz Passengers)\n(1996) 12 Hits and a Bump (Nicklebag)\n(1997) Power Inc. (Tackhead)\n(1999) Michael Hutchence (Michael Hutchence)\n(1999) Colors (Herb Alpert)\n(2000) Hot Night Tonight (Barbara Lynn)\n(2001) Best of Material (Material)\n(2004) Champagne & Grits (Little Axe)\n(2008) Along Came a Spider (Alice Cooper)\n(2008) Ever Changing Times (Steve Lukather)\n(2010) All's Well That Ends Well (Steve Lukather)\n(2010) Bought for a Dollar, Sold for a Dime (Little Axe)\n(2013) Ronin (Tao Of Sound)[11]\n(2023) Heavy Hitters II (George Lynch and Jeff Pilson)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"(2006) Friends With Privileges (Bernard Fowler) (Sony Japan)\n(2015) The Bura (Bernard Fowler) (MRI) [12]\n(2019) Inside Out (Rhyme & Reason Records)","title":"Personal discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Fowler in Potsdam, Germany; March 8th 2007 performing with The Rolling Stones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BAD_DOG.jpg/230px-BAD_DOG.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bernard Fowler - The Rolling Stones\". www.rollingstones.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2016-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412090952/http://www.rollingstones.com/artist/bernard-fowler/","url_text":"\"Bernard Fowler - The Rolling Stones\""},{"url":"http://www.rollingstones.com/artist/bernard-fowler/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Fowler\". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/14400-Bernard-Fowler","url_text":"\"Bernard Fowler\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Kurt (May 31, 2014). \"Kurt Kelly Interviews Singer, Songwriter, and Producer Bernard Fowler\". kurtkelly.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2016-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://kurtkelly.blogspot.com/2014/05/actorse-chat-with-kurt-kelly-of-live_9822.html","url_text":"\"Kurt Kelly Interviews Singer, Songwriter, and Producer Bernard Fowler\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Total Eclipse - A Great Combination\". Discogs. 1976. Retrieved 2016-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Total-Eclipse-A-Great-Combination/release/2989855","url_text":"\"The Total Eclipse - A Great Combination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music News: Latest and Breaking Music News\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080709010222/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/stevierayvaughan/articles/story/5923117/seagal_taps_bsb_n_sync_britney_camps_for_help_on_debut_album","url_text":"\"Music News: Latest and Breaking Music News\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/stevierayvaughan/articles/story/5923117/seagal_taps_bsb_n_sync_britney_camps_for_help_on_debut_album","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heslin, Maria Katrien (Oct–Nov 1998). \"Rock-n-soul with Bernard Fowler - backup rock vocalist's career and his band Nickelbag\". bNet Business Library. American Visions. Archived from the original on 2006-02-11. Retrieved 2008-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060211024248/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1546/is_n5_v13/ai_21277708","url_text":"\"Rock-n-soul with Bernard Fowler - backup rock vocalist's career and his band Nickelbag\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1546/is_n5_v13/ai_21277708","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Songs by Ronnie Wood\". Slideonron.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2014-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706073127/http://www.slideonron.com/songs.htm","url_text":"\"Songs by Ronnie Wood\""},{"url":"http://www.slideonron.com/songs.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernard Fowler - Friends With Privileges\". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Bernard-Fowler-Friends-With-Privileges/release/1223069","url_text":"\"Bernard Fowler - Friends With Privileges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tres músicos de los Rolling Stones visitaron Mendoza: \"Charly García es el padre del rock and roll\"\". Diario Uno (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051434/http://www.diariouno.com.ar/espectaculos/Tres-musicos-de-los-Rolling-Stones-visitaron-Mendoza-Charly-Garcia-es-el-padre-del-rock-and-roll-20130927-0005.html","url_text":"\"Tres músicos de los Rolling Stones visitaron Mendoza: \"Charly García es el padre del rock and roll\"\""},{"url":"http://www.diariouno.com.ar/espectaculos/Tres-musicos-de-los-Rolling-Stones-visitaron-Mendoza-Charly-Garcia-es-el-padre-del-rock-and-roll-20130927-0005.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ronin\". iTunes. 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/ronin/id646120807","url_text":"\"Ronin\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bura\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Margaret%27s_At_Cliffe	St Margaret's at Cliffe	["1 History","2 Governance","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°09′12″N 1°22′20″E / 51.15333°N 1.37222°E / 51.15333; 1.37222 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "St Margaret's at Cliffe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Human settlement in EnglandSt Margaret's at CliffeSt Margaret of Antioch Church, St Margaret's at CliffeSt Margaret's at CliffeLocation within KentPopulation2,499 (2011 Census including Westcliffe)OS grid referenceTR3544Civil parishSt Margaret's at CliffeDistrictDoverShire countyKentRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townDoverPostcode districtCT15PoliceKentFireKentAmbulanceSouth East Coast List of places UK England Kent 51°09′12″N 1°22′20″E / 51.15333°N 1.37222°E / 51.15333; 1.37222 St. Margaret's at Cliffe is a three-part village situated just off the coast road between Deal and Dover in Kent, England. The centre of the village is about ¾ mile (1 km) from the sea, with the residential area of Nelson Park further inland, and St Margaret's Bay situated along and below the cliffs north of South Foreland. The parish church, dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch, is a Grade I listed building. Channel swimmers and submarine telephone cables start from St Margaret's Bay. At the north end of the bay is Leathercote Point (sometimes spelt Leathercoat Point or Lethercote Point), where there is the Dover Patrol Monument war memorial commemorating the Dover Patrol. According to the International Hydrographic Organization, Leathercote Point marks the western end of the line which defines the divide between the North Sea and the English Channel, the opposite end being at the Walde Lighthouse near Calais. History 'Pooh', the second of two 14-inch guns installed in March 1941. It came from the reserve stock of guns for the 'King George V' class of battleships In 1851, the first successfully laid international submarine telegraph cable started here to Sangatte, France – with Thomas Russell Crampton as the responsible engineer. During the Second World War, most of the population were moved out and guns with their attendant military personnel were moved in. Most of the guns were anti-aircraft but there were heavier pieces intended to prevent German shipping from travelling along the French coast. There were two 15 in (380 mm) guns called "Jane" and "Clem" and there were also the two famous ex-Navy BL 14 inch Mk VII naval guns called "Winnie" and "Pooh". They originally came from the battleship HMS King George V. The parish church suffered a direct hit from German guns located in Calais, but the only damage was the destruction of a window dedicated to John Knott, lighthouse keeper of South Foreland Lighthouse. Sir Peter Ustinov was stationed in the village during the Second World War, and bought a house on the cliffs after the war. The house is now owned by actress Miriam Margolyes, and both have hosted functions to raise funds for the new village hall. At the other end of the beach there are cottages, two of which were owned by Noël Coward, and one which was rented by Ian Fleming. Oxney Court, to the north east of the village, is a Grade II listed country house, dating from the 16th century. The original manor house was owned by the De Crioll family and later by the Sedley family. The adjacent church of St Nicholas is now a ruin. In the 18th century, Oxney Court was owned by the Jeken and Rose-Fuller families, who added a Gothic tower and crenellations; in the 19th century it was further remodelled for its then owner, John May of Deal and later acquired by Sir Edward Banks. The house became a school and was requisitioned for military use in World War I, and then suffered fire damage. It was restored in the 1990s as a private residence. The village had its own fire station from 1896, a hand-cart that was manned by volunteer firemen who were residents of the village. At the start of the 20th century, a second fire shed was constructed on the beach where there was a small community existing of hotels, cafés and housing. In 1936 the village purchased its first motor fire engine and housed it next to the Hope Inn in the central village. Its first emergency call was to Wanstone Court Farm, St Margaret's. The Auxiliary Fire Service took the station over in 1939, and at the outbreak of the Second World War, the Royal Marines based in the village manned the two fire engines that were stationed there. In 1945, it reverted to the National Fire Service, and in 1948, with the disbandment of the NFS, Kent Fire Brigade took over. A new station was built in 1970 along Reach Road, and St Margaret's became one of the first fire stations in Kent to alert the crew by Pocket Alerter instead of the traditional siren. Kent Fire Brigade was rebranded Kent Fire & Rescue Service on 1 October 2003. The station closed on 1 April 2012 along with nine other fire stations in Kent due to restructuring by Kent Fire & Rescue Service In 2005–06, the affordable village housing in Ash Grove won the Best New Neighbourhood category in the Kent Design Awards. There has been green energy in the village since 1929, when St Margaret's Bay Windmill was built to generate electricity. Governance An electoral ward with the same name exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 5,169. References ^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016. ^ Historic England. "Church of St. Margaret (Grade I) (1101743)". National Heritage List for England. ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. pp. 42 and 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020. ^ "Oxney Court". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ "Oxney Court". Conservation News Kent. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ "Top design award for converted rail shed". www.kentonline.co.uk. 2 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. ^ Coles Finch, William (1933). Watermills and Windmills. London: C W Daniel Company. p. 268. ^ "Ward population 2011". Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Margaret's at Cliffe. Parish council website St.Margaret-at-Cliffe Online vteSettlements in the Dover District of KentTowns Deal Dover Sandwich Walmer Villages and hamlets Alkham Ash Ashley Aycliff Aylesham Barfrestone Barnsole Betteshanger Buckland Buttsole Capel-le-Ferne Chillenden Church Whitfield Coldred Coombe Denton Drellingore East Langdon Eastry East Studdal Elmstone Elvington Ewell Minnis Eythorne Farthingloe Finglesham Frogham Goodnestone Great Mongeham Little Mongeham Guston Hacklinge Ham Hoaden Hougham Kearsney Kingsdown Knowlton Langdon Lydden Marley Marshborough Martin Martin Mill Maxton Nonington Northbourne Preston-next-Wingham Richborough Ringwould Ripple River Shepherdswell Sholden Snowdown St Margaret's at Cliffe Staple Stourmouth Sutton Swingate Temple Ewell Tilmanstone Waldershare Ware West Langdon West Studdal West Cliffe Westmarsh Whitfield Wingham Woodnesborough Wootton Worth Civil parishes List of civil parishes in Kent List of places in Kent Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"South Foreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Foreland"},{"link_name":"St Margaret of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dover Patrol Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Patrol_Monument"},{"link_name":"Dover Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Patrol"},{"link_name":"International Hydrographic Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHO-3"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandSt. Margaret's at Cliffe is a three-part village situated just off the coast road between Deal and Dover in Kent, England. The centre of the village is about ¾ mile (1 km) from the sea, with the residential area of Nelson Park further inland, and St Margaret's Bay situated along and below the cliffs north of South Foreland. The parish church, dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch, is a Grade I listed building.[2]Channel swimmers and submarine telephone cables start from St Margaret's Bay. At the north end of the bay is Leathercote Point (sometimes spelt Leathercoat Point or Lethercote Point), where there is the Dover Patrol Monument war memorial commemorating the Dover Patrol. According to the International Hydrographic Organization, Leathercote Point marks the western end of the line which defines the divide between the North Sea and the English Channel, the opposite end being at the Walde Lighthouse near Calais.[3]","title":"St Margaret's at Cliffe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain%27s_Coastal_Defences_1939-45_H7922.jpg"},{"link_name":"submarine telegraph cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_telegraph_cable"},{"link_name":"Sangatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangatte"},{"link_name":"Thomas Russell Crampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Russell_Crampton"},{"link_name":"BL 14 inch Mk VII naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_14_inch_Mk_VII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_King_George_V_(41)"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"South Foreland Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Foreland_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Peter Ustinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ustinov"},{"link_name":"Miriam Margolyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Margolyes"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"De Crioll family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_de_Crioll"},{"link_name":"Sedley family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedley_baronets"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Banks_(builder)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"National Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"Kent Fire Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"Kent Design Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Design_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St Margaret's Bay Windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Bay_Windmill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finch-7"}],"text":"'Pooh', the second of two 14-inch guns installed in March 1941. It came from the reserve stock of guns for the 'King George V' class of battleshipsIn 1851, the first successfully laid international submarine telegraph cable started here to Sangatte, France – with Thomas Russell Crampton as the responsible engineer.During the Second World War, most of the population were moved out and guns with their attendant military personnel were moved in. Most of the guns were anti-aircraft but there were heavier pieces intended to prevent German shipping from travelling along the French coast. There were two 15 in (380 mm) guns called \"Jane\" and \"Clem\" and there were also the two famous ex-Navy BL 14 inch Mk VII naval guns called \"Winnie\" and \"Pooh\". They originally came from the battleship HMS King George V.The parish church suffered a direct hit from German guns located in Calais, but the only damage was the destruction of a window dedicated to John Knott, lighthouse keeper of South Foreland Lighthouse.Sir Peter Ustinov was stationed in the village during the Second World War, and bought a house on the cliffs after the war. The house is now owned by actress Miriam Margolyes, and both have hosted functions to raise funds for the new village hall.At the other end of the beach there are cottages, two of which were owned by Noël Coward, and one which was rented by Ian Fleming.Oxney Court, to the north east of the village, is a Grade II listed country house, dating from the 16th century. The original manor house was owned by the De Crioll family and later by the Sedley family. The adjacent church of St Nicholas is now a ruin. In the 18th century, Oxney Court was owned by the Jeken and Rose-Fuller families, who added a Gothic tower and crenellations; in the 19th century it was further remodelled for its then owner, John May of Deal and later acquired by Sir Edward Banks. The house became a school and was requisitioned for military use in World War I, and then suffered fire damage. It was restored in the 1990s as a private residence.[4][5]The village had its own fire station from 1896, a hand-cart that was manned by volunteer firemen who were residents of the village. At the start of the 20th century, a second fire shed was constructed on the beach where there was a small community existing of hotels, cafés and housing. In 1936 the village purchased its first motor fire engine and housed it next to the Hope Inn in the central village. Its first emergency call was to Wanstone Court Farm, St Margaret's. The Auxiliary Fire Service took the station over in 1939, and at the outbreak of the Second World War, the Royal Marines based in the village manned the two fire engines that were stationed there.In 1945, it reverted to the National Fire Service, and in 1948, with the disbandment of the NFS, Kent Fire Brigade took over. A new station was built in 1970 along Reach Road, and St Margaret's became one of the first fire stations in Kent to alert the crew by Pocket Alerter instead of the traditional siren. Kent Fire Brigade was rebranded Kent Fire & Rescue Service on 1 October 2003. The station closed on 1 April 2012 along with nine other fire stations in Kent due to restructuring by Kent Fire & Rescue ServiceIn 2005–06, the affordable village housing in Ash Grove won the Best New Neighbourhood category in the Kent Design Awards.[6]There has been green energy in the village since 1929, when St Margaret's Bay Windmill was built to generate electricity.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"An electoral ward with the same name exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 5,169.[8]","title":"Governance"}]	[{"image_text":"'Pooh', the second of two 14-inch guns installed in March 1941. It came from the reserve stock of guns for the 'King George V' class of battleships","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Britain%27s_Coastal_Defences_1939-45_H7922.jpg/220px-Britain%27s_Coastal_Defences_1939-45_H7922.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11128872&c=CT15+6HT&d=16&e=62&g=6436987&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1473781815312&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020155933/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11128872&c=CT15+6HT&d=16&e=62&g=6436987&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1473781815312&enc=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St. Margaret (Grade I) (1101743)\". National Heritage List for England.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101743","url_text":"\"Church of St. Margaret (Grade I) (1101743)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections\" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. pp. 42 [corrections to page 13] and 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections\""},{"url":"https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxney Court\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101070031-oxney-court-st-margarets-at-cliffe","url_text":"\"Oxney Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxney Court\". Conservation News Kent. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnkent.co.uk/oxney-court/","url_text":"\"Oxney Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top design award for converted rail shed\". www.kentonline.co.uk. 2 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=23955","url_text":"\"Top design award for converted rail shed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140117030253/http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=23955","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coles Finch, William (1933). Watermills and Windmills. London: C W Daniel Company. p. 268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coles_Finch","url_text":"Coles Finch, William"}]},{"reference":"\"Ward population 2011\". Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/st-margarets-at-cliffe-e05004957#sthash.dSsq00QL.dpbs","url_text":"\"Ward population 2011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151008162145/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/st-margarets-at-cliffe-e05004957#sthash.dSsq00QL.dpbs","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Margaret%27s_at_Cliffe&params=51_09_12_N_1_22_20_E_region:GB_type:city(2499)","external_links_name":"51°09′12″N 1°22′20″E / 51.15333°N 1.37222°E / 51.15333; 1.37222"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22St+Margaret%27s+at+Cliffe%22","external_links_name":"\"St Margaret's at Cliffe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22St+Margaret%27s+at+Cliffe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22St+Margaret%27s+at+Cliffe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22St+Margaret%27s+at+Cliffe%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22St+Margaret%27s+at+Cliffe%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22St+Margaret%27s+at+Cliffe%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Margaret%27s_at_Cliffe&params=51.146887_N_1.358586_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=St+Margaret%27s+at+Cliffe","external_links_name":"TR3544"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Margaret%27s_at_Cliffe&params=51_09_12_N_1_22_20_E_region:GB_type:city(2499)","external_links_name":"51°09′12″N 1°22′20″E / 51.15333°N 1.37222°E / 51.15333; 1.37222"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11128872&c=CT15+6HT&d=16&e=62&g=6436987&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1473781815312&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020155933/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11128872&c=CT15+6HT&d=16&e=62&g=6436987&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1473781815312&enc=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1101743","external_links_name":"\"Church of St. Margaret (Grade I) (1101743)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections\""},{"Link":"https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101070031-oxney-court-st-margarets-at-cliffe","external_links_name":"\"Oxney Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnkent.co.uk/oxney-court/","external_links_name":"\"Oxney Court\""},{"Link":"http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=23955","external_links_name":"\"Top design award for converted rail shed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140117030253/http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=23955","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/st-margarets-at-cliffe-e05004957#sthash.dSsq00QL.dpbs","external_links_name":"\"Ward population 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151008162145/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/st-margarets-at-cliffe-e05004957#sthash.dSsq00QL.dpbs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091025154226/http://stmargaretspc.co.uk/index.html","external_links_name":"Parish council website"},{"Link":"http://members.aol.com/stmargar/index.htm","external_links_name":"St.Margaret-at-Cliffe Online"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125467562","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561973405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78010117","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InPost	InPost	["1 History","2 Sponsorship","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Mail and package delivery company InPost S.A.Company typePublicIndustryLogistic ServicesFounded2006FoundersRafał BrzoskaHeadquartersKraków, PolandArea servedEuropeProductsAPMs (lockers), PUDOsNumber of employees5 000 +Websitewww.inpost.pl InPost parcel locker in London, United Kingdom. InPost van delivering and collecting parcels in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland. InPost S.A. (Euronext Amsterdam: INPST) is a Polish public logistics limited company with courier, package delivery and express mail service. It is based in Kraków, Poland, and it is owned by Integer.pl corporate group. The company specializes in parcel locker service operated in Poland, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Benelux, Spain, and Portugal. Founded in 2006 in Poland by Rafał Brzoska, InPost provides delivery services through a network of more than 20,000 lockers (Automated Parcels Machines or APMs) and 18,000 pick-up drop-off points (PUDOs), as well as to-door courier and fulfilment services to e-commerce merchants. History Integer. pl Group was established in 1999 by Rafał Brzoska as a distribution of leaflets company. In 2006, InPost S.A. was founded as a subsidiary. In 2009, The Integer.pl Capital Group, introduced InPost Lockers – self-service machines for receiving and sending parcels. In 2015, the company's offering expanded to include courier service, and it also made its debut on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The company has been cooperating with the American Advent International fund since 2017. InPost SA went public in January 2021 on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange after its shareholders raised 2.8 billion euros as an online shopping boom, largely caused by pandemic lockdowns, increased demand for its automated parcel lockers. As a result, InPost's shares jumped 19%, valuing the company at 9.5 billion euros ($11.55 billion). In July 2021, InPost acquired Mondial Relay, a logistics company from France, for a reported EUR 516 million. The firm's network of automated parcel machines in 2021 grew more than 50% in its core Polish market reaching 16,000 lockers. In February 2022, the company informed that the InPost Mobile app, which was first launched in 2019, had over 9.3 million active users, making it Poland's second most popular e-commerce app. The company also reported it had delivered 744.9 million parcels in 2022. On June 30, 2022, the operator had a network of nearly 18,500 parcel machines nationwide. In July 2023, the company acquired a £50 million stake in British logistics firm Menzies, which constitutes 30% of the company's total shares. InPost also expanded on the UK market with the installation of its 6,000th Parcel Locker and the delivery of 13.4 million parcels in the third quarter. Sponsorship Since 2022, InPost has sponsored the Poland men's national football team. In 2023, the company became the strategic sponsor of the Polish Cycling Federation. In the same year, InPost became an official sponsor of Premier League football club Newcastle United. In October 2023, Tour de France added Mondial Relay, owned by InPost Group, as one of its official partners. The company also endorses Polish athletes including Konrad Bukowiecki and Wojciech Nowicki. See also Economy of Poland List of Polish companies References ^ "Integer znacząco przyspieszył inwestycje zagraniczne". portalspozywczy.pl (in Polish). 2013-03-02. ^ "Mamy już 15 000 Paczkomatów". inpost.pl (in Polish). 2021-10-20. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. ^ "InPost Italia - il network di locker italiano per spedire e ritirare pacchi". inpost24.it (in Italian). ^ "InPost UK \| Click & Collect Parcel Lockers Delivery Service". inpost.co.uk. ^ "Order Foreign Cash in Australia". Simify. Retrieved 2023-12-11. ^ "Rafał Brzoska". forbes.com. Retrieved 9 March 2024. ^ "Rafał Brzoska". forbes.com. Retrieved 9 March 2024. ^ "Debiut InPost na GPW. Spółka nie daje zarobić". money.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 10 December 2022. ^ "Inpost stock surged 30% after Amsterdam IPO". xtb.com. Retrieved 10 December 2022. ^ "Polish locker company InPost worth 9.5 billion euros after buoyant Amsterdam debut". reuters.com. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ "InPost completes acquisition of Mondial Relay to create Europe's leading out-of-home solution for e-commerce". prnewswire.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2022. ^ "Capex InPostu w '23 nie przebije 1,2 mld zł; nowe rynki po uruchomieniu po 15 tys. paczkomatów we Francji i W. Brytanii (wywiad)". bankier.pl (in Polish). 18 January 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ "InPost increases number of automated parcel machines in Poland by 50% in 2021". reuters.com. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ "Aplikacja InPost Mobile otworzy Paczkomat". inpost.pl (in Polish). 6 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ "Z aplikacji InPost Mobile korzysta już ponad 9,3 mln aktywnych użytkowników!". inpost.pl (in Polish). 23 February 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ Magdalena Brzózka (11 January 2023). "InPost zalicza 2022 r. do bardzo udanych. "Dostarczyliśmy 744,9 mln przesyłek"". portalspozywczy.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ "InPost celuje w 20 tys. paczkomatów w Polsce na koniec 2022 roku". Bankier.pl (in Polish). 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2023-12-11. ^ Laura Montoya (21 July 2023). "Delivery giant InPost buys £50m stake in British logistics firm Menzies". thefirstnews.com. Retrieved 22 July 2023. ^ a b Roger Hampel. "InPost Becomes the Sponsor of Newcastle United: A Strategic Move by the Polish Logistics Giant". footballbusinessjournal.com. Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ "INPOST GRA Z REPREZENTACJĄ POLSKI! PZPN ZYSKUJE NOWEGO SPONSORA STRATEGICZNEGO". pzpn.pl (in Polish). 30 May 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ Bartłomiej Supernak (27 July 2023). "InPost został Sponsorem Strategicznym Polskiego Kolarstwa". inwestycje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 December 2023. ^ "Tour de France adds Mondial Relay (InPost group) as official partner". endurance.biz. 3 December 2023. ^ Maciej Ławrynowicz (2 December 2023). "Wielka chwila! InPost został oficjalnym partnerem Newcastle United". sport.tvp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 December 2023. External links Media related to InPost at Wikimedia Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InPost_paczkomat_Londyn.jpg"},{"link_name":"parcel locker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_locker"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_car_delivering_and_collecting_parcels_from_the_InPost_parcel_locker_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki,_Poland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomaszów Mazowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Euronext Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier"},{"link_name":"package delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_delivery"},{"link_name":"express mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_mail"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"corporate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"parcel locker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_locker"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Rafał Brzoska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Brzoska"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"}],"text":"InPost parcel locker in London, United Kingdom.InPost van delivering and collecting parcels in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland.InPost S.A. (Euronext Amsterdam: INPST) is a Polish public logistics limited company with courier, package delivery and express mail service. It is based in Kraków, Poland, and it is owned by Integer.pl corporate group.[1] The company specializes in parcel locker service operated in Poland,[2] Italy,[3] United Kingdom,[4] France, Benelux, Spain, and Portugal.Founded in 2006 in Poland by Rafał Brzoska, InPost provides delivery services through a network of more than 20,000 lockers (Automated Parcels Machines or APMs) and 18,000 pick-up drop-off points (PUDOs),[5] as well as to-door courier and fulfilment services to e-commerce merchants.","title":"InPost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Advent International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_International"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"pandemic lockdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mondial Relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondial_Relay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-19"}],"text":"Integer. pl Group was established in 1999 by Rafał Brzoska as a distribution of leaflets company.[6] In 2006, InPost S.A. was founded as a subsidiary.[7]In 2009, The Integer.pl Capital Group, introduced InPost Lockers – self-service machines for receiving and sending parcels. In 2015, the company's offering expanded to include courier service, and it also made its debut on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.[8] The company has been cooperating with the American Advent International fund since 2017.InPost SA went public in January 2021 on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange after its shareholders raised 2.8 billion euros as an online shopping boom, largely caused by pandemic lockdowns, increased demand for its automated parcel lockers.[9] As a result, InPost's shares jumped 19%, valuing the company at 9.5 billion euros ($11.55 billion).[10]In July 2021, InPost acquired Mondial Relay, a logistics company from France, for a reported EUR 516 million.[11][12] The firm's network of automated parcel machines in 2021 grew more than 50% in its core Polish market reaching 16,000 lockers.[13]In February 2022, the company informed that the InPost Mobile app, which was first launched in 2019,[14] had over 9.3 million active users, making it Poland's second most popular e-commerce app.[15] The company also reported it had delivered 744.9 million parcels in 2022.[16] On June 30, 2022, the operator had a network of nearly 18,500 parcel machines nationwide.[17]In July 2023, the company acquired a £50 million stake in British logistics firm Menzies, which constitutes 30% of the company's total shares.[18] InPost also expanded on the UK market with the installation of its 6,000th Parcel Locker and the delivery of 13.4 million parcels in the third quarter.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland men's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Polish Cycling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cycling_Federation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-19"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Mondial Relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondial_Relay"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Konrad Bukowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Bukowiecki"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Nowicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Nowicki"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Since 2022, InPost has sponsored the Poland men's national football team.[20] In 2023, the company became the strategic sponsor of the Polish Cycling Federation.[21] In the same year, InPost became an official sponsor of Premier League football club Newcastle United.[19]In October 2023, Tour de France added Mondial Relay, owned by InPost Group, as one of its official partners.[22] The company also endorses Polish athletes including Konrad Bukowiecki and Wojciech Nowicki.[23]","title":"Sponsorship"}]	[{"image_text":"InPost parcel locker in London, United Kingdom.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/InPost_paczkomat_Londyn.jpg/220px-InPost_paczkomat_Londyn.jpg"},{"image_text":"InPost van delivering and collecting parcels in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/A_car_delivering_and_collecting_parcels_from_the_InPost_parcel_locker_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_Poland.jpg/220px-A_car_delivering_and_collecting_parcels_from_the_InPost_parcel_locker_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_Poland.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Economy of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Poland"},{"title":"List of Polish companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_companies"}]	[{"reference":"\"Integer znacząco przyspieszył inwestycje zagraniczne\". portalspozywczy.pl (in Polish). 2013-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portalspozywczy.pl/handel/wiadomosci/integer-znaczaco-przyspieszyl-inwestycje-zagraniczne,83010.html","url_text":"\"Integer znacząco przyspieszył inwestycje zagraniczne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mamy już 15 000 Paczkomatów\". inpost.pl (in Polish). 2021-10-20. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211211013611/https://inpost.pl/aktualnosci-mamy-juz-15-000-paczkomatow","url_text":"\"Mamy już 15 000 Paczkomatów\""},{"url":"https://inpost.pl/aktualnosci-mamy-juz-15-000-paczkomatow","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"InPost Italia - il network di locker italiano per spedire e ritirare pacchi\". inpost24.it (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://inpost24.it/it/","url_text":"\"InPost Italia - il network di locker italiano per spedire e ritirare pacchi\""}]},{"reference":"\"InPost UK \| Click & Collect Parcel Lockers Delivery Service\". inpost.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://inpost.co.uk/","url_text":"\"InPost UK \| Click & Collect Parcel Lockers Delivery Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order Foreign Cash in Australia\". Simify. Retrieved 2023-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://simify.com/blogs/travel/order-foreign-cash-in-australia","url_text":"\"Order Foreign Cash in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rafał Brzoska\". forbes.com. Retrieved 9 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/rafal-brzoska/#:~:text=Rafa%C5%82%20Brzoska%20is%20the%20founder%20and%20CEO%20of,off%20and%20collect%20packages%20anytime%20of%20the%20day.","url_text":"\"Rafał Brzoska\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rafał Brzoska\". forbes.com. Retrieved 9 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/rafal-brzoska/#:~:text=Rafa%C5%82%20Brzoska%20is%20the%20founder%20and%20CEO%20of,off%20and%20collect%20packages%20anytime%20of%20the%20day.","url_text":"\"Rafał Brzoska\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debiut InPost na GPW. Spółka nie daje zarobić\". money.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 10 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.money.pl/gielda/ipo/wiadomosci/artykul/debiut-inpost-na-gpw-spolka-nie-daje-zarobic,185,0,1927353.html","url_text":"\"Debiut InPost na GPW. Spółka nie daje zarobić\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inpost stock surged 30% after Amsterdam IPO\". xtb.com. Retrieved 10 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xtb.com/int/market-analysis/news-and-research/inpost-stock-surged-30-after-amsterdam-ipo","url_text":"\"Inpost stock surged 30% after Amsterdam IPO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polish locker company InPost worth 9.5 billion euros after buoyant Amsterdam debut\". reuters.com. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-inpost-ipo-idUSKBN29W0TF/","url_text":"\"Polish locker company InPost worth 9.5 billion euros after buoyant Amsterdam debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"InPost completes acquisition of Mondial Relay to create Europe's leading out-of-home solution for e-commerce\". prnewswire.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/inpost-completes-acquisition-of-mondial-relay-to-create-europe-s-leading-out-of-home-solution-for-e-commerce-839745830.html","url_text":"\"InPost completes acquisition of Mondial Relay to create Europe's leading out-of-home solution for e-commerce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capex InPostu w '23 nie przebije 1,2 mld zł; nowe rynki po uruchomieniu po 15 tys. paczkomatów we Francji i W. Brytanii (wywiad)\". bankier.pl (in Polish). 18 January 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Capex-InPostu-w-23-nie-przebije-1-2-mld-zl-nowe-rynki-po-uruchomieniu-po-15-tys-paczkomatow-we-Francji-i-W-Brytanii-wywiad-8474102.html","url_text":"\"Capex InPostu w '23 nie przebije 1,2 mld zł; nowe rynki po uruchomieniu po 15 tys. paczkomatów we Francji i W. Brytanii (wywiad)\""}]},{"reference":"\"InPost increases number of automated parcel machines in Poland by 50% in 2021\". reuters.com. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/inpost-increases-number-automated-parcel-machines-poland-by-50-2021-2021-12-21/","url_text":"\"InPost increases number of automated parcel machines in Poland by 50% in 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aplikacja InPost Mobile otworzy Paczkomat\". inpost.pl (in Polish). 6 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://inpost.pl/aktualnosci-aplikacja-inpost-mobile-otworzy-paczkomat","url_text":"\"Aplikacja InPost Mobile otworzy Paczkomat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Z aplikacji InPost Mobile korzysta już ponad 9,3 mln aktywnych użytkowników!\". inpost.pl (in Polish). 23 February 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://inpost.pl/aktualnosci-z-aplikacji-inpost-mobile-korzysta-juz-ponad-93-mln-aktywnych-uzytkownikow","url_text":"\"Z aplikacji InPost Mobile korzysta już ponad 9,3 mln aktywnych użytkowników!\""}]},{"reference":"Magdalena Brzózka (11 January 2023). \"InPost zalicza 2022 r. do bardzo udanych. \"Dostarczyliśmy 744,9 mln przesyłek\"\". portalspozywczy.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portalspozywczy.pl/handel/wiadomosci/inpost-zalicza-2022-r-do-bardzo-udanych-quot-dostarczylismy-744-9-mln-przesylek-quot,218192.html","url_text":"\"InPost zalicza 2022 r. do bardzo udanych. \"Dostarczyliśmy 744,9 mln przesyłek\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"InPost celuje w 20 tys. paczkomatów w Polsce na koniec 2022 roku\". Bankier.pl (in Polish). 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2023-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/InPost-celuje-w-20-tys-paczkomatow-w-Polsce-na-koniec-2022-roku-8398791.html","url_text":"\"InPost celuje w 20 tys. paczkomatów w Polsce na koniec 2022 roku\""}]},{"reference":"Laura Montoya (21 July 2023). \"Delivery giant InPost buys £50m stake in British logistics firm Menzies\". thefirstnews.com. Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/delivery-giant-inpost-buys-50m-stake-in-british-logistics-firm-menzies-40054","url_text":"\"Delivery giant InPost buys £50m stake in British logistics firm Menzies\""}]},{"reference":"Roger Hampel. \"InPost Becomes the Sponsor of Newcastle United: A Strategic Move by the Polish Logistics Giant\". footballbusinessjournal.com. Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballbusinessjournal.com/post/inpost-becomes-the-sponsor-of-newcastle-united-a-strategic-move-by-the-polish-logistics-giant","url_text":"\"InPost Becomes the Sponsor of Newcastle United: A Strategic Move by the Polish Logistics Giant\""}]},{"reference":"\"INPOST GRA Z REPREZENTACJĄ POLSKI! PZPN ZYSKUJE NOWEGO SPONSORA STRATEGICZNEGO\". pzpn.pl (in Polish). 30 May 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pzpn.pl/federacja/aktualnosci/2022-05-30/inpost-gra-z-reprezentacja-polski-pzpn-zyskuje-nowego-sponsora-strategicznego","url_text":"\"INPOST GRA Z REPREZENTACJĄ POLSKI! PZPN ZYSKUJE NOWEGO SPONSORA STRATEGICZNEGO\""}]},{"reference":"Bartłomiej Supernak (27 July 2023). \"InPost został Sponsorem Strategicznym Polskiego Kolarstwa\". inwestycje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://inwestycje.pl/biznes/inpost-zostal-sponsorem-strategicznym-polskiego-kolarstwa/","url_text":"\"InPost został Sponsorem Strategicznym Polskiego Kolarstwa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de France adds Mondial Relay (InPost group) as official partner\". endurance.biz. 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://endurance.biz/2023/event-news/tour-de-france-adds-mondial-relay-inpost-group-as-official-partner/#:~:text=Since%20July%202021%2C%20Mondial%20Relay%20has%20been%20a,villages%20with%20a%20Point%20Relais%20or%20a%20Locker.","url_text":"\"Tour de France adds Mondial Relay (InPost group) as official partner\""}]},{"reference":"Maciej Ławrynowicz (2 December 2023). \"Wielka chwila! InPost został oficjalnym partnerem Newcastle United\". sport.tvp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 3 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.tvp.pl/74490746/wielka-chwila-inpost-zostal-oficjalnym-partnerem-newcastle-united","url_text":"\"Wielka chwila! InPost został oficjalnym partnerem Newcastle United\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.inpost.pl/","external_links_name":"www.inpost.pl"},{"Link":"http://www.portalspozywczy.pl/handel/wiadomosci/integer-znaczaco-przyspieszyl-inwestycje-zagraniczne,83010.html","external_links_name":"\"Integer znacząco przyspieszył inwestycje zagraniczne\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211211013611/https://inpost.pl/aktualnosci-mamy-juz-15-000-paczkomatow","external_links_name":"\"Mamy już 15 000 Paczkomatów\""},{"Link":"https://inpost.pl/aktualnosci-mamy-juz-15-000-paczkomatow","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://inpost24.it/it/","external_links_name":"\"InPost Italia - il network di locker italiano per spedire e ritirare pacchi\""},{"Link":"https://inpost.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"InPost UK \| Click & Collect Parcel Lockers Delivery Service\""},{"Link":"https://simify.com/blogs/travel/order-foreign-cash-in-australia","external_links_name":"\"Order Foreign Cash in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/rafal-brzoska/#:~:text=Rafa%C5%82%20Brzoska%20is%20the%20founder%20and%20CEO%20of,off%20and%20collect%20packages%20anytime%20of%20the%20day.","external_links_name":"\"Rafał Brzoska\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/rafal-brzoska/#:~:text=Rafa%C5%82%20Brzoska%20is%20the%20founder%20and%20CEO%20of,off%20and%20collect%20packages%20anytime%20of%20the%20day.","external_links_name":"\"Rafał Brzoska\""},{"Link":"https://www.money.pl/gielda/ipo/wiadomosci/artykul/debiut-inpost-na-gpw-spolka-nie-daje-zarobic,185,0,1927353.html","external_links_name":"\"Debiut InPost na GPW. Spółka nie daje zarobić\""},{"Link":"https://www.xtb.com/int/market-analysis/news-and-research/inpost-stock-surged-30-after-amsterdam-ipo","external_links_name":"\"Inpost stock surged 30% after Amsterdam IPO\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-inpost-ipo-idUSKBN29W0TF/","external_links_name":"\"Polish locker company InPost worth 9.5 billion euros after buoyant Amsterdam debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/inpost-completes-acquisition-of-mondial-relay-to-create-europe-s-leading-out-of-home-solution-for-e-commerce-839745830.html","external_links_name":"\"InPost completes acquisition of Mondial Relay to create Europe's leading out-of-home solution for e-commerce\""},{"Link":"https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Capex-InPostu-w-23-nie-przebije-1-2-mld-zl-nowe-rynki-po-uruchomieniu-po-15-tys-paczkomatow-we-Francji-i-W-Brytanii-wywiad-8474102.html","external_links_name":"\"Capex InPostu w '23 nie przebije 1,2 mld zł; nowe rynki po uruchomieniu po 15 tys. paczkomatów we Francji i W. 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PZPN ZYSKUJE NOWEGO SPONSORA STRATEGICZNEGO\""},{"Link":"https://inwestycje.pl/biznes/inpost-zostal-sponsorem-strategicznym-polskiego-kolarstwa/","external_links_name":"\"InPost został Sponsorem Strategicznym Polskiego Kolarstwa\""},{"Link":"https://endurance.biz/2023/event-news/tour-de-france-adds-mondial-relay-inpost-group-as-official-partner/#:~:text=Since%20July%202021%2C%20Mondial%20Relay%20has%20been%20a,villages%20with%20a%20Point%20Relais%20or%20a%20Locker.","external_links_name":"\"Tour de France adds Mondial Relay (InPost group) as official partner\""},{"Link":"https://sport.tvp.pl/74490746/wielka-chwila-inpost-zostal-oficjalnym-partnerem-newcastle-united","external_links_name":"\"Wielka chwila! InPost został oficjalnym partnerem Newcastle United\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_political_parties	History of political parties in China	["1 History","2 Political parties in China (1912–1949)","3 See also","4 References"]	For political parties in the People's Republic of China, see List of political parties in China. For political parties in special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, see List of political parties in Hong Kong and List of political parties in Macau. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "History of political parties in China" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader: Xi Jinping First lady: Peng Liyuan Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping State representative: Xi Jinping Head of government: Li Qiang Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji Conference Chairman: Wang Huning Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members Related systems Unified power Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service ConstitutionLaw Constitution Previous constitutions 195419751978 "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) Democratic centralism (Article 3) Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) Protection of human rights (Article 33) Freedom of religion (Article 36) Highest state organ of power (Article 57) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020) Civil Code (From 2021) Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Communist Party History Principal leaders Constitution & ideology Admission Oath (Article 6) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Communism Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Two Establishes and Two Safeguards Democracy Organization National Party Congress (20th) Central Committee (20th) General Secretary (list) Xi Jinping Central Politburo (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Central Secretariat (20th) Central Military Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang Youxia, He Weidong National Security Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice-Chairman: Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi Office Chief: Cai Qi Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Directors: Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi Secretary-General: Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Office Chief: He Lifeng General Office Director: Cai Qi Office of the General Secretary Chief: Cai Qi Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head: Li Ganjie Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Secretary: Li Xi Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader: Li Xi Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries Party group National People's Congress (14th) Elections Standing Committee (14th) Council of Chairpersons Chairman: Zhao Leji Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong Secretary-General: Liu Qi Special Committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Presidium State representative President (list): Xi Jinping Presidential Office Chief: Cai Qi Vice President: Han Zheng Executive organ State Council (Central People's Government) Li Qiang Cabinet Premier (list): Li Qiang Vice-Premiers (list) Ding XuexiangHe LifengZhang GuoqingLiu Guozhong State Councilors Wang XiaohongWu ZhenglongShen Yiqin Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong Cabinet-level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary-General Deputy Secretaries-General State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission most Central Enterprises Military organ Central Military Commission (CMC) Chairman (supreme commander): Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang YouxiaHe Weidong Members: Liu ZhenliMiao HuaZhang Shengmin Departments: General Office Director: Zhong Shaojun Joint Staff Dept. Chief: Liu Zhenli Political Work Dept. Director: Miao Hua Logistic Support Dept. Director: Zhang Lin Equipment Development Dept. Director: Xu Xueqiang Training and Administration Dept. Director: Wang Peng National Defense Mobilization Dept. Director: Liu Faqing Discipline Inspection Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Politics and Legal Affairs Commission Science and Technology Commission Strategic Planning Office Reform & Organizational Structure Office Int'l Military Cooperation Office Audit Office Offices Administration Agency National armed forces: People's Liberation Army Theater commands People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman: Li Qiang Ministry of National Defense Minister: Dong Jun Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader: Xi Jinping Supervisory organ National Supervisory Commission Director: Liu Jinguo Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) Judicial organs Supreme People's Court President: Zhang Jun People's Courts Judicial Police Supreme People's Procuratorate Prosecutor General: Ying Yong People's Procuratorates Judicial Police Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services Public Security Police Judiciary Police United front Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman: Wang Huning Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng Political parties: CCP (ruling) United Front Work Department Head: Shi Taifeng RCCKCDLCNDCACAPDCPWDPCZGPJSTDSL Historical parties: KMTCDSPYCP Federation of Industry and Commerce People's organizations Law enforcement CCP Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary: Chen Wenqing Ministry of Public Security Minister: Wang Xiaohong Public Security Organs People's Police State Immigration Administration Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister: Chen Yixin State Security Organs People's Police Ministry of Justice Minister: He Rong Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police Bureau of Prison Administration Office for Safeguarding National Security Urban Management (chengguan) Propaganda Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Leader: Cai Qi Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director: Cai Qi Deputy Director: Li Shulei Central Propaganda Department Head: Li Shulei National Press and Publication Administration China Film Administration State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism National Radio and Television Administration China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio 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Civil War One China Political status of Taiwan Republic of China on Taiwan Taiwan Area "Taiwan Province", PRC Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader: Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Wang Huning Taiwan Affairs Office Director: Song Tao Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Secretary-General: Wang Yi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Wang Yi Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of China / in China Foreign aid from China / to China International Development Cooperation Agency Ministry of Commerce Exim Bank of China China Development Bank Belt and Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CCP International Department State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau) Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau) National Immigration Administration Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Community of Common Destiny China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation China–Africa relations China–Arab relations China–Caribbean relations China–European Union relations China–Latin America relations China–Pacific relations China–Russia relations China–United States relations Related topics Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities China portal Other countries vte Politics of Taiwan Government Constitution Additional Articles of the Constitution Law Taxation Presidency President of the Republic of China Lai Ching-te (DPP) Vice President of the Republic of China Hsiao Bi-khim (DPP) Office of the President National Security Council ExecutiveExecutive Yuan Premier Cho Jung-tai (DPP) Vice Premier Cheng Li-chun (DPP) LegislatureLegislative Yuan 11th Legislative Yuan President of the Legislative Yuan Han Kuo-yu (KMT) Vice President of the Legislative Yuan Johnny Chiang (KMT) JudiciaryJudicial Yuan President of the Judicial Yuan and Chief Justice Hsu Tzong-li Vice President of the Judicial Yuan Tsai Jeong-duen Supreme Court High Courts District Courts Other branchesExamination Yuan President of the Examination Yuan Huang Jong-tsun Vice President of the Examination Yuan Chou Hung-hsien Control Yuan President of the Control Yuan Chen Chu Vice President of the Control Yuan Lee Hung-chun Local government Mayors and Magistrates Elections Central Election Commission Presidential elections Legislative elections Local elections Referendums Political partiesRepresented in the Legislative Yuan Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party Taiwan People's Party Others New Power Party Taiwan Statebuilding Party People First Party Taiwan Solidarity Union New Party Non-Partisan Solidarity Union Green Party Taiwan Mass mediaTelevision Newspapers United Daily News Liberty Times China Times Taipei Times Propaganda Censorship Film censorship White Terror Foreign relationsMinistry of Foreign Affairs Foreign Minister Lin Chia-lung Cross-Strait relations Special state-to-state relations One Country on Each Side 1992 Consensus Taiwan consensus Chinese Taipei Australia–Taiwan relations Canada–Taiwan relations France–Taiwan relations Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwan–United Kingdom relations Taiwan–United States relations Taiwan and the World Health Organization Related topicsPolitical status of Taiwan Republic of China (1912–1949) Chinese Civil War One-China policy China and the United Nations Chinese unification Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese nationalism Tangwai movement Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Taiwan portal Other countries vte In the history of political parties in China, the first major party in China was the Kuomintang (KMT), which moved to Taiwan in 1949. It was founded in the Republic of Hawaii on November 24, 1894, before being reorganized at Guangdong Province on August 25, 1912, from a union of several revolutionary groups. The Republic of China was founded by Kuomintang's leader Sun Yat-sen later that year. In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in Shanghai as a study society, and an informal political network. During the Chinese Civil War, the CCP's military wing, the People's Liberation Army, defeated the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army (later the Republic of China Army) in 1949. The Kuomintang leadership fled mainland China, and re-established itself in Taiwan. History The emblems of the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party, the two major political parties in China. After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, a plethora of parties appeared to compete for the upcoming National Assembly elections. The four largest winners were the Nationalist Party representing revolutionaries, the Republican Party representing militarists, the Unity Party representing the gentry, and the Democratic Party representing former constitutional monarchists. The latter three merged to form the Progressive Party in 1913. After the failed Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai, the Nationalist leadership fled China and regrouped as the Chinese Revolutionary Party. The Progressives were split into pro- and anti-Yuan factions during the National Protection War. During the Warlord Era, the Chinese Revolutionary Party which ruled in southern China renamed itself as the Chinese Nationalist Party in 1919. Meanwhile, the Beiyang government in northern China held its own elections in 1918 which were won by the Anfu Club and followed by the Communications Clique and the Research Clique (successors to the Progressives). The Anfu Club dissolved after the 1920 Zhili–Anhui War, the Communications Clique in the Northern Expedition, and the Research Clique after the 1924 Beijing Coup. The CCP, formed in 1921, entered into a united front with the Nationalists in 1923 to defeat the warlords. The right-wing Young China Party (YCP) appeared in 1923. Following the 1925 Yunnan–Guangxi War, ex-Nationalists who adhered to the expelled Chen Jiongming and Tang Jiyao created the China Public Interest Party (CPIP). During the Northern Expedition, the Communists were purged from the united front while the Nationalists set up their one-party state. Left-wing Nationalists and non-doctrinaire Communists formed the genesis of the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (CPWDP) in the wake of the purge. In 1935, former members of the Research Clique created the Chinese National Socialist Party, they were known as the Socialists to avoid confusion with the German Nazis. The CPWDP joined the short-lived Productive People's Party in the Fujian Rebellion.. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the YCP, CPWDP, and the Socialists formed the China Democratic League (CDL), as an umbrella group, to fight the Japanese while providing for a "Third Way". After the war, the YCP and the Socialists, joined the Nationalists in Taiwan. The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, CPWDP, CDL, and the CPIP joined the Communists' United Front which also included several political pressure groups. Political parties in China (1912–1949) Tongmenghui. The Republic of China was founded by the Kuomintang (KMT) leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1912. The Kuomintang's prior revolutionary political group, the Revive China Society, was founded on 24 November 1894. It later merged with various other revolutionary groups to form the Tongmenghui in 1905. In August 1911, the Tongmenghui further merged with various other political parties in Beijing to form the KMT. In July 1914, the KMT re-organized itself as the "Chinese Revolutionary Party" in Tokyo, Japan. In 1919, the party officially renamed itself as "Kuomintang of China", which literally translates to "Chinese Nationalist Party". It was China's first major political party. In 1921, the CCP was founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in Shanghai as a study society and an informal network. Slowly, the CCP began to grow. These were the two major political parties in China, during the time when the ROC ruled mainland China from 1911 to 1949. During the Chinese Civil War, under the leadership of the CCP, the People's Liberation Army defeated the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang in 1949. The Kuomintang had no choice but to leave mainland China and move to Taiwan. It continued to use the name "Republic of China" even though the CCP claimed that the Republic of China ceased to exist after 1949. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2016) Kuomintang United Republic party Unity Party Progressive Party Democratic Party Republican Party People Constitution Party Association of Political Friendship China Socialism Party Citizen Party Dazhong Party Chongqing Communist Party Oriental Communist Party Chinese Youth Communist Party Productive People's Party See also Democracy in China Republic of China (1912–1949) List of political parties in mainland China List of political parties in Hong Kong List of political parties in Macau List of political parties in Taiwan References ^ http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=27 History of KMT vte Political parties in Mainland ChinaNational People's Congress Chinese Communist Party (2,098) Jiusan Society (63) China Association for Promoting Democracy (58) China Democratic League (57) China National Democratic Construction Association (57) Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (54) Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (44) China Zhi Gong Party (38) Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (13) Banned Democracy Party of China Inner Mongolian People's Party Maoist Communist Party of China New Democracy Party of China Union of Chinese Nationalists Zhi Xian Party Overseas Shanghai National Party Historical China Democratic Socialist Party Committee for National Revolution Concordia Association Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Kuomintangstill existing in the Republic of China People's Anti-Imperialist Association Productive People's Party Progressive Party Social Democratic Party of China Tongmenghui Young China Partystill existing in the Republic of China Young Kashgar Party Portal:Politics Lists of political parties Politics of China Political parties in the Republic of China after 1949	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of political parties in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China"},{"link_name":"List of political parties in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"List of political parties in Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Macau"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Republic of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Sun Yat-sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chen Duxiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu"},{"link_name":"Li Dazhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dazhao"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"}],"text":"For political parties in the People's Republic of China, see List of political parties in China. For political parties in special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, see List of political parties in Hong Kong and List of political parties in Macau.In the history of political parties in China, the first major party in China was the Kuomintang (KMT), which moved to Taiwan in 1949. It was founded in the Republic of Hawaii on November 24, 1894, before being reorganized at Guangdong Province on August 25, 1912, from a union of several revolutionary groups. The Republic of China was founded by Kuomintang's leader Sun Yat-sen later that year. In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in Shanghai as a study society, and an informal political network.During the Chinese Civil War, the CCP's military wing, the People's Liberation Army, defeated the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army (later the Republic of China Army) in 1949. The Kuomintang leadership fled mainland China, and re-established itself in Taiwan.","title":"History of political parties in China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danghui.svg"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongmenghui"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)"},{"link_name":"militarists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_Army"},{"link_name":"Unity Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)"},{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry_(China)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(1912)"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)"},{"link_name":"Second Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Yuan Shikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai"},{"link_name":"Chinese Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"National Protection War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Protection_War"},{"link_name":"Warlord Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era"},{"link_name":"Beiyang government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_government"},{"link_name":"Anfu Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfu_Club"},{"link_name":"Communications Clique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Clique"},{"link_name":"Research Clique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Clique"},{"link_name":"Zhili–Anhui War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhili%E2%80%93Anhui_War"},{"link_name":"Northern Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Beijing Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Coup"},{"link_name":"united front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_Front"},{"link_name":"Young China Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_China_Party"},{"link_name":"Yunnan–Guangxi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangxi_War"},{"link_name":"Chen Jiongming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jiongming"},{"link_name":"Tang Jiyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Jiyao"},{"link_name":"China Public Interest Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Public_Interest_Party"},{"link_name":"one-party state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Chinese National Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_National_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Productive People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Fujian Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"China Democratic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Democratic_League"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"United Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_(China)"},{"link_name":"political pressure groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_group"}],"text":"The emblems of the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party, the two major political parties in China.After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, a plethora of parties appeared to compete for the upcoming National Assembly elections. The four largest winners were the Nationalist Party representing revolutionaries, the Republican Party representing militarists, the Unity Party representing the gentry, and the Democratic Party representing former constitutional monarchists. The latter three merged to form the Progressive Party in 1913. After the failed Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai, the Nationalist leadership fled China and regrouped as the Chinese Revolutionary Party. The Progressives were split into pro- and anti-Yuan factions during the National Protection War.During the Warlord Era, the Chinese Revolutionary Party which ruled in southern China renamed itself as the Chinese Nationalist Party in 1919. Meanwhile, the Beiyang government in northern China held its own elections in 1918 which were won by the Anfu Club and followed by the Communications Clique and the Research Clique (successors to the Progressives). The Anfu Club dissolved after the 1920 Zhili–Anhui War, the Communications Clique in the Northern Expedition, and the Research Clique after the 1924 Beijing Coup.The CCP, formed in 1921, entered into a united front with the Nationalists in 1923 to defeat the warlords. The right-wing Young China Party (YCP) appeared in 1923. Following the 1925 Yunnan–Guangxi War, ex-Nationalists who adhered to the expelled Chen Jiongming and Tang Jiyao created the China Public Interest Party (CPIP). During the Northern Expedition, the Communists were purged from the united front while the Nationalists set up their one-party state. Left-wing Nationalists and non-doctrinaire Communists formed the genesis of the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (CPWDP) in the wake of the purge.In 1935, former members of the Research Clique created the Chinese National Socialist Party, they were known as the Socialists to avoid confusion with the German Nazis. The CPWDP joined the short-lived Productive People's Party in the Fujian Rebellion.. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the YCP, CPWDP, and the Socialists formed the China Democratic League (CDL), as an umbrella group, to fight the Japanese while providing for a \"Third Way\". After the war, the YCP and the Socialists, joined the Nationalists in Taiwan. The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, CPWDP, CDL, and the CPIP joined the Communists' United Front which also included several political pressure groups.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_Yat_Sen_together_with_the_members_of_the_Singapore_Branch_of_Tongmen_Hui.png"},{"link_name":"Tongmenghui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongmenghui"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)"},{"link_name":"Sun Yat-sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen"},{"link_name":"Revive China Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revive_China_Society"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chen Duxiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu"},{"link_name":"Li Dazhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dazhao"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Unity Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(1912)"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)"},{"link_name":"Productive People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_People%27s_Party"}],"text":"Tongmenghui.The Republic of China was founded by the Kuomintang (KMT) leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1912. The Kuomintang's prior revolutionary political group, the Revive China Society, was founded on 24 November 1894. It later merged with various other revolutionary groups to form the Tongmenghui in 1905. In August 1911, the Tongmenghui further merged with various other political parties in Beijing to form the KMT. In July 1914, the KMT re-organized itself as the \"Chinese Revolutionary Party\" in Tokyo, Japan. In 1919, the party officially renamed itself as \"Kuomintang of China\", which literally translates to \"Chinese Nationalist Party\".[1] It was China's first major political party. In 1921, the CCP was founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in Shanghai as a study society and an informal network. Slowly, the CCP began to grow. These were the two major political parties in China, during the time when the ROC ruled mainland China from 1911 to 1949.[citation needed]During the Chinese Civil War, under the leadership of the CCP, the People's Liberation Army defeated the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang in 1949. The Kuomintang had no choice but to leave mainland China and move to Taiwan. It continued to use the name \"Republic of China\" even though the CCP claimed that the Republic of China ceased to exist after 1949.Kuomintang\nUnited Republic party\nUnity Party\nProgressive Party\nDemocratic Party\nRepublican Party\nPeople Constitution Party\nAssociation of Political Friendship\nChina Socialism Party\nCitizen Party\nDazhong Party\nChongqing Communist Party\nOriental Communist Party\nChinese Youth Communist Party\nProductive People's Party","title":"Political parties in China (1912–1949)"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/80px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Tongmenghui.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sun_Yat_Sen_together_with_the_members_of_the_Singapore_Branch_of_Tongmen_Hui.png/220px-Sun_Yat_Sen_together_with_the_members_of_the_Singapore_Branch_of_Tongmen_Hui.png"}]	[{"title":"Democracy in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_China"},{"title":"Republic of China (1912–1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"title":"List of political parties in mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China"},{"title":"List of political parties in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"List of political parties in Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Macau"},{"title":"List of political parties in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+political+parties+in+China%22","external_links_name":"\"History of political parties in China\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+political+parties+in+China%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+political+parties+in+China%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+political+parties+in+China%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+political+parties+in+China%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+political+parties+in+China%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_political_parties_in_China&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=27","external_links_name":"http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=27"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugo_(disambiguation)	Jugo (disambiguation)	["1 See also"]	Look up jugo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Jugo is the name for the Mediterranean wind that blows from the Sahara. Jugo may also refer to: Jugo bean, alternative name for the Bambara groundnut Jugo (Naruto), an antagonist in the Japanese animated series Naruto Jugo (poem), 1930s poem by Jakub Deml Zastava Koral, subcompact Yugoslav car widely known as the Yugo, or in some markets, the Jugo People with the family name Jugo include: Jenny Jugo (1904–2001), Austrian film star Bogs Jugo (born 1979), drummer in Philippine rock band Pupil Amer Jugo (born 1982), Bosnian footballer See also Hugo (disambiguation) Yugo (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jugo.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jugo"},{"link_name":"Jugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugo"},{"link_name":"Jugo bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugo_bean"},{"link_name":"Jugo (Naruto)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugo_(Naruto)"},{"link_name":"Jugo (poem)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jugo_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jakub Deml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Deml"},{"link_name":"Zastava Koral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Koral"},{"link_name":"Jenny Jugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Jugo"},{"link_name":"Bogs Jugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogs_Jugo"},{"link_name":"Amer Jugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer_Jugo"}],"text":"Look up jugo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Jugo is the name for the Mediterranean wind that blows from the Sahara.Jugo may also refer to:Jugo bean, alternative name for the Bambara groundnut\nJugo (Naruto), an antagonist in the Japanese animated series Naruto\nJugo (poem), 1930s poem by Jakub Deml\nZastava Koral, subcompact Yugoslav car widely known as the Yugo, or in some markets, the JugoPeople with the family name Jugo include:Jenny Jugo (1904–2001), Austrian film star\nBogs Jugo (born 1979), drummer in Philippine rock band Pupil\nAmer Jugo (born 1982), Bosnian footballer","title":"Jugo (disambiguation)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Hugo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Yugo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugo_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Jugo_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Jugo_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallam%C3%B6lla	Hallamölla	[]	Coordinates: 55°42′30″N 14°01′06″E / 55.7083°N 14.0183°E / 55.7083; 14.0183Hallamölla is the biggest waterfall in Skåne County, Sweden with a height of 23 metres. The waterfall is situated in Tomelilla Municipality, in the Verkeån river 6 km south of Brösarp and 2.5 km north west of Eljaröd. The waterfall is named after its watermill. waterfall watermill 55°42′30″N 14°01′06″E / 55.7083°N 14.0183°E / 55.7083; 14.0183 This article about a location in Skåne County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Skåne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Tomelilla Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomelilla_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Verkeån","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verke%C3%A5n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brösarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6sarp"},{"link_name":"Eljaröd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eljar%C3%B6d&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hallamoella_waterfall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hallamoella_mill.jpg"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"link_name":"55°42′30″N 14°01′06″E / 55.7083°N 14.0183°E / 55.7083; 14.0183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hallam%C3%B6lla&params=55.7083_N_14.0183_E_source:wikidata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scaniawithflag.svg"},{"link_name":"Skåne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallam%C3%B6lla&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sk%C3%A5ne-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sk%C3%A5ne-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sk%C3%A5ne-geo-stub"}],"text":"Hallamölla is the biggest waterfall in Skåne County, Sweden with a height of 23 metres. The waterfall is situated in Tomelilla Municipality, in the Verkeån river 6 km south of Brösarp and 2.5 km north west of Eljaröd. The waterfall is named after its watermill.waterfall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\twatermill55°42′30″N 14°01′06″E / 55.7083°N 14.0183°E / 55.7083; 14.0183This article about a location in Skåne County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Hallamölla"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hallam%C3%B6lla&params=55.7083_N_14.0183_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"55°42′30″N 14°01′06″E / 55.7083°N 14.0183°E / 55.7083; 14.0183"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hallam%C3%B6lla&params=55.7083_N_14.0183_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"55°42′30″N 14°01′06″E / 55.7083°N 14.0183°E / 55.7083; 14.0183"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallam%C3%B6lla&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itha_Oru_Dhikkari	Itha Oru Dhikkari	["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 References","4 External links"]	1981 Indian filmItha Oru DhikkariDirected byN. P. SureshWritten byPurushan AlappuzhaAlappuzha Karthikeyan (dialogues)Screenplay byPurushan AlappuzhaProduced byPurushan AlappuzhaStarringPrem NazirJayabharathiSrividyaSukumaranCinematographyP. N. SundaramEdited byN. P. SureshMusic byA. T. UmmerProductioncompanySreedevi MoviesDistributed bySreedevi MoviesRelease date 27 November 1981 (1981-11-27) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Itha Oru Dhikkari is a 1981 Indian Malayalam film, directed by N. P. Suresh and produced by Purushan Alappuzha. The film stars Prem Nazir, Jayabharathi, Srividya and Sukumaran in the lead roles. The film has musical score by A. T. Ummer. Cast Prem Nazir as Ravi Jayabharathi as Ramani Srividya as Ammini Sukumaran as Suku Balan K. Nair as Panikkar M. G. Soman as Raju Mala Aravindan as Kumar Janardhanan as Kurup Sathyakala Kaduvakulam Antony as Keshavan Subhashini Manochithra Cochin Haneefa as Shekaran Meena Devi Sujithra Soundtrack The music was composed by A. T. Ummer and the lyrics were written by Poovachal Khader. No. Song Singers Lyrics Length (m:ss) 1 "Ariyaathe Ariyaathe Anuraaga" K. J. Yesudas Poovachal Khader 2 "Ente Janmam Neeyeduthu" K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki Poovachal Khader 3 "Meghangal" K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki Poovachal Khader References ^ "Ithaa Oru Dhikkaari". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 17 October 2014. ^ "Ithaa Oru Dhikkaari". malayalasangeetham.info. Retrieved 17 October 2014. ^ "Itha Oru Dhikkari". spicyonion.com. Retrieved 17 October 2014. External links Itha Oru Dhikkari at IMDb This article about a Malayalam film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"},{"link_name":"Prem Nazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Nazir"},{"link_name":"Jayabharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabharathi"},{"link_name":"Srividya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srividya"},{"link_name":"Sukumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"A. T. Ummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._T._Ummer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1981 Indian filmItha Oru Dhikkari is a 1981 Indian Malayalam film, directed by N. P. Suresh and produced by Purushan Alappuzha. The film stars Prem Nazir, Jayabharathi, Srividya and Sukumaran in the lead roles. The film has musical score by A. T. Ummer.[1][2][3]","title":"Itha Oru Dhikkari"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prem Nazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Nazir"},{"link_name":"Jayabharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabharathi"},{"link_name":"Srividya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srividya"},{"link_name":"Sukumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"Balan K. Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balan_K._Nair"},{"link_name":"M. G. 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Ummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._T._Ummer"},{"link_name":"Poovachal Khader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poovachal_Khader"}],"text":"The music was composed by A. T. Ummer and the lyrics were written by Poovachal Khader.","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ithaa Oru Dhikkaari\". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1183","url_text":"\"Ithaa Oru Dhikkaari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ithaa Oru Dhikkaari\". malayalasangeetham.info. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?273","url_text":"\"Ithaa Oru Dhikkaari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Itha Oru Dhikkari\". spicyonion.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Hybald	Hybald	["1 Life and legacy","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	Saint HybaldSaintBornc. 664Diedc. 690 (aged 25–26)Hibaldstow, Lincolnshire, EnglandVenerated inCatholic ChurchWestern OrthodoxyCanonizedPre-CongregationMajor shrineHibaldstow (destroyed & rebuilt)Feast18 September14 December (Orthodox) St Hybald's church, Ashby de la Launde St Hybald's church, Hibaldstow St Hybald's church, Manton St Hybald's church, Scawby Saint Hybald (fl. c. 664 – c. 690), also known as Higbald, Hibald or Hygbald, was a 7th-century Anglo-Saxon saint. His feastdays are 18 September and 14 December (Orthodox). Life and legacy The Venerable Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History, describes St Hybald as a "most holy and continent man who was an abbot in Lindsey". It is conjectured, in the Dictionary of Christian Biography (1877–87), that this is the Benedictine abbey at Bardney, then in the old Kingdom of Lindsey, now Lincolnshire. In 679, Osthryth, queen of Mercia, sought to move the remains of her uncle, St Oswald, to Bardney, but the monks refused to accept the body because Oswald, as king of Northumbria, had once conquered Lindsey. The remains were locked outside the abbey but the appearance of a mysterious beam of light, that night, led the monks to reconsider. Hybald was also a friend of Saint Chad, and, had a prophetic vision of his death. He later, followed Chad's example and became a hermit. Hybald died around 690, and was buried in the village of Hibaldstow, whose name means place where St Hygbald is buried. Following his canonisation, a shrine was built near his grave to hold his relics, and became a place of pilgrimage. This continued until the English Reformation when the shrine was destroyed. Hybald's body remained undisturbed until it was rediscovered in 1864, when, the, then, dilapidated, church, was, rebuilt. In addition to Hibaldstow, three Lincolnshire churches are dedicated to Hybald at Ashby de la Launde, Manton and Scawby. Notes ^ Hybald was a follower of Saint Chad, who died in 664. Hybald died around 690. ^ 'When the chancel was built in 1864 an early stone coffin containing the skeleton of a man of powerful frame, and a crozier, came to light. Probably the remains of St.Hibald, who is mentioned by Bede.' References ^ "CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Saint Hygbald". ^ "Hybald December 14". ^ a b David Farmer (14 April 2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-959660-7. ^ a b Matthew Bunson; Stephen Bunson (2003). Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 404. ISBN 978-1-931709-75-0. ^ Bede 'Ecclesiastical History of the English People' Book 4, ^ a b David Farmer (14 April 2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-0-19-959660-7. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: St Oswald ^ Bede. "iii.11" . Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. (as Leo Sherley-Price (trans.) (2008). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Penguin Classics. Penguin. p. 160.) ^ Historic England. "St Hybalds, Hibaldstow (63488)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 23 March 2013. External links Saints portal Hygebald 2 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England List of celtic saints:Hybald of Bardney The Parish Church of St Hybald, Hibaldstow The Parish Church of St Hybald, Scawby	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashby_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ashby de la Launde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby_de_la_Launde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hibaldstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_182717.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hibaldstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibaldstow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St,_Hybald%27s_Church,_Manton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_138502.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manton,_North_Lincolnshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St.Hybald%27s_church,_Scawby,_Lincs._-_geograph.org.uk_-_50441.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scawby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"feastdays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesdays"}],"text":"St Hybald's church, Ashby de la LaundeSt Hybald's church, HibaldstowSt Hybald's church, MantonSt Hybald's church, ScawbySaint Hybald (fl. c. 664 – c. 690),[nb 1] also known as Higbald, Hibald or Hygbald, was a 7th-century Anglo-Saxon saint. His feastdays are 18 September and 14 December (Orthodox).","title":"Hybald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venerable Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Bede"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Bardney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardney_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer2011p219-7"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Osthryth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osthryth"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"St Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Bardney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardney_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bede_iii.11-9"},{"link_name":"Saint Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Chad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer2011p219-7"},{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BunsonBunson2003-4"},{"link_name":"Hibaldstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibaldstow"},{"link_name":"canonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonisation"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ashby de la Launde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby_de_la_Launde"},{"link_name":"Manton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manton,_North_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Scawby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scawby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer2011-3"}],"text":"The Venerable Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History, describes St Hybald as a \"most holy and continent man who was an abbot in Lindsey\".[5] It is conjectured, in the Dictionary of Christian Biography (1877–87), that this is the Benedictine abbey at Bardney,[6] then in the old Kingdom of Lindsey, now Lincolnshire.In 679, Osthryth, queen of Mercia, sought to move the remains of her uncle, St Oswald, to Bardney,[7] but the monks refused to accept the body because Oswald, as king of Northumbria, had once conquered Lindsey. The remains were locked outside the abbey but the appearance of a mysterious beam of light, that night, led the monks to reconsider.[8]Hybald was also a friend of Saint Chad, and, had a prophetic vision of his death.[6] He later, followed Chad's example and became a hermit.Hybald died around 690,[4] and was buried in the village of Hibaldstow, whose name means place where St Hygbald is buried. Following his canonisation, a shrine was built near his grave to hold his relics, and became a place of pilgrimage. This continued until the English Reformation when the shrine was destroyed. Hybald's body remained undisturbed until it was rediscovered in 1864, when, the, then, dilapidated, church, was, rebuilt.[nb 2]In addition to Hibaldstow, three Lincolnshire churches are dedicated to Hybald at Ashby de la Launde, Manton and Scawby.[3]","title":"Life and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Saint Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Chad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farmer2011-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BunsonBunson2003-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ Hybald was a follower of Saint Chad, who died in 664.[3] Hybald died around 690.[4]\n\n^ 'When the chancel was built in 1864 an early stone coffin containing the skeleton of a man of powerful frame, and a crozier, came to light. Probably the remains of St.Hibald, who is mentioned by Bede.'[9]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"St Hybald's church, Ashby de la Launde","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ashby_Church.jpg/290px-Ashby_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Hybald's church, Hibaldstow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hibaldstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_182717.jpg/290px-Hibaldstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_182717.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Hybald's church, Manton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/St%2C_Hybald%27s_Church%2C_Manton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_138502.jpg/290px-St%2C_Hybald%27s_Church%2C_Manton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_138502.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Hybald's church, Scawby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/St.Hybald%27s_church%2C_Scawby%2C_Lincs._-_geograph.org.uk_-_50441.jpg/290px-St.Hybald%27s_church%2C_Scawby%2C_Lincs._-_geograph.org.uk_-_50441.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Saint Hygbald\".","urls":[{"url":"http://catholicsaints.info/saint-hygbald/","url_text":"\"CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Saint Hygbald\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hybald December 14\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.synaxarion.org.uk/10MercianSaints/Hybald/Hybald.html","url_text":"\"Hybald December 14\""}]},{"reference":"David Farmer (14 April 2011). 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Penguin. p. 160.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"St Hybalds, Hibaldstow (63488)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 23 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=63488&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"St Hybalds, Hibaldstow (63488)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://catholicsaints.info/saint-hygbald/","external_links_name":"\"CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Saint Hygbald\""},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.org.uk/10MercianSaints/Hybald/Hybald.html","external_links_name":"\"Hybald December 14\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_zJJtvK2_KsC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l-pwoTFp31kC&pg=PA404","external_links_name":"Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_zJJtvK2_KsC&pg=PA219","external_links_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People/Book_3#11","external_links_name":"\"iii.11\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=63488&resourceID=19191","external_links_name":"\"St Hybalds, Hibaldstow (63488)\""},{"Link":"http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=5504","external_links_name":"Hygebald 2"},{"Link":"http://celticsaints.org/2007/1214b.html","external_links_name":"List of celtic saints:Hybald of Bardney"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070315130300/http://beehive.thisisscunthorpe.co.uk/default.asp?WCI=SiteHome&ID=8823&PageID=48008","external_links_name":"The Parish Church of St Hybald, Hibaldstow"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192907/http://beehive.thisisscunthorpe.co.uk/default.asp?WCI=SiteHome&ID=8823&PageID=48009","external_links_name":"The Parish Church of St Hybald, Scawby"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Tanzania	Chinese people in Tanzania	["1 History","2 Numbers","3 Business and employment","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 External links"]	Ethnic group Chinese people in TanzaniaTotal population30,000+ (2013)Regions with significant populationsDar es Salaam · ZanzibarLanguagesChinese, EnglishRelated ethnic groupsOverseas Chinese There were Chinese people in Tanzania as early as 1891. However, most of the Chinese in the country trace their roots to three distinct waves of migration: 1930s settlement on Zanzibar, workers sent by the Chinese government in the 1960s and 1970s as part of development assistance to Tanzania, and private entrepreneurs and traders who began doing business there during the 1990s. History The Chinese built TAZARA Railway linking Zambia with Tanzania. Most foreign labour in Tanganyika's history as a German colony came from other parts of Africa; however, there were a few Chinese as well. In 1891, the German East Africa Company hired 491 Chinese and Javanese labourers from Singapore to work on plantations in Usambara. Separately, a community of overseas Chinese began to form on the island of Zanzibar, by then a British possession, in the 1930s. The Chinese noodles they produced there became a popular staple food for the local population, especially for the evening iftar meal which marks the end of the day's fasting during Ramadan. In 1969, a few years after Tanganyika and Zanzibar achieved independence from the British Empire and merged to become Tanzania, the People's Republic of China agreed to provide financing and technical assistance for the construction of the TAZARA Railway, intended to give Zambia an alternative to an existing railway route passing through Rhodesia, and allow them to export copper through ports in Tanzania instead. The first thousand Chinese railway workers came to Dar es Salaam on board the ocean liner Yao Hao in August 1969.; they would be followed by twenty to thirty thousand more in the next five years. At any given time, Chinese composed between twenty-five and thirty percent, or 13,000, of the thirty to forty thousand workers on the railway. Most of them returned home after their stint in the country, but due to the emphasis placed on speedy construction, they had little time to train their Tanzanian counterparts to replace them; as a result, teams of Chinese experts continued to work for the railway authority as late as 2004. During these years, China also sent some advisors to Zanzibar for work on other development projects. Finally, roughly 200 doctors from Jiangsu were dispatched all over Tanzania on two-year stints; people's positive experience with these doctors laid the foundations for the later popularity of traditional Chinese medicine, though they themselves were not TCM practitioners. The population of old overseas Chinese continued to decrease; by 2008, just twenty remained in Dar es Salaam, including a Meixian Hakka couple from South Africa who ran a Chinese restaurant, and a number of Burmese Chinese who traced their roots to the Taishan and Kaiping counties of Guangdong. However, their numbers were bolstered by the arrival of new expatriate businessmen and entrepreneurs beginning in the 1990s. Numbers In 2000, statistics of Tanzania's Immigration Department showed that they had issued work or residence permits to just 239 Chinese nationals, making them one of the smaller groups of foreigners in the country. However, China's official Xinhua News Agency reported in 2008 that 10,000 Chinese people live in the country. In January 2013, the Chinese Ambassador to Tanzania was quoted saying that there were more than 30,000 Chinese people living in Tanzania. Business and employment The new wave of Chinese expatriates in the 1990s initially came to Tanzania with the intention of working in more typical industries, such as construction, textiles, or food products. However, the World Health Organization's push for privatisation of health care in Tanzania provided unexpected business opportunities to them; despite the fact that most lacked any medical training, they began setting up traditional Chinese medicine clinics, the first of which was established in 1996. Qualified practitioners came later, but in the early 2000s, the majority were still learning on the job. See also China portalTanzania portal China–Tanzania relations Indians in Tanzania References Citations ^ a b Tagy, Mwakawago (14 January 2013). "Dar-Beijing for improved diplomatic-ties". Daily News. Dar es Salaam. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2015. ^ Hsu 2008, p. 226 ^ a b c Mwalimu 2004, p. 15 ^ a b c Hsu 2006, p. 113 ^ Hsu 2006 ^ a b Monson 2004 ^ a b Qu 2008 ^ Hsu 2008, p. 222 ^ Xinhua News Agency (2008-04-13), "达市圣火传递路线精彩纷呈 14名华人参加接力 (14 Chinese march in splendid Dar Es Salaam Olympic torch parade)", People's Daily, retrieved 2008-10-30 ^ Hsu 2008, p. 234 ^ Hsu 2008, pp. 221, 227 ^ Hsu 2008, p. 227 Sources Hsu, Elisabeth (2006), "Zanzibar and its Chinese communities", Population, Space and Place, 3 (2): 113–124, doi:10.1002/psp.429, archived from the original on 2013-01-05, retrieved 2008-10-30 Hsu, Elizabeth (2008), "Medicine as business: Chinese medicine in Tanzania", in Alden, Christopher (ed.), China Returns to Africa: A Superpower and a Continent Embrace, C. Hurst and Company, pp. 221–235, ISBN 978-1-85065-886-3 Monson, Jamie (2004), "Freedom Railway: The unexpected successes of a Cold War development project", Boston Review, archived from the original on 2008-05-12, retrieved 2008-10-30 Mwalimu, Ummy (April 2004), Patterns, Policy and Legal Issues on International Labour Migration in Tanzania (PDF), Globalisation and East Africa Working Paper Series, vol. 13, Tanzania: Economic and Social Research Foundation, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-22, retrieved 2009-03-25 Qu, Zhengmin (2008), "中国给坦赞尼亚筑铁路 (The railway China built for Tanzania)", Yibao Monthly (51), retrieved 2008-10-30 External links Chinese in Tanzania Archived 2018-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, a post from Marc van der Chijs' weblog Making Noodles in Zanzibar, a film by Elisabeth Hsu vteOverseas ChineseAfricaNorth Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco West Cape Verde Ghana Mali Nigeria Senegal East Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Uganda Central Cameroon Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo Southern Angola Botswana Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Réunion1 Seychelles South Africa Johannesburg Zambia Zimbabwe AmericasCaribbean Belize Cuba Dominican Republic Guyana Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Suriname Trinidad and Tobago North Canada from Hong Kong from Taiwan British Columbia (Vancouver) Toronto Mexico United States from Hong Kong from Taiwan by city and state Central Costa Rica Nicaragua Panama South Argentina Brazil Chile Guyana Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela AsiaCentral Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan East Japan Korea Mongolia Southeast Brunei Cambodia Hokkien East Timor Indonesia Benteng Chinese Peranakan Chinese Bangka-Belitung Laos Malaysia Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese Sino-Native Myanmar Kokang Panthay Pashu Philippines Sangley Singapore Chinese nationals Straits-Born Chinese Thailand Chin Haw Phuket Baba Vietnam Minh Hương Ngái Nùng San Diu South Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka West Iran Israel Turkey United Arab Emirates EuropeNorthern Denmark Finland Sweden Western Belgium France Paris Germany Hungary Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom from Hong Kong London Southern Italy Portugal Spain Eastern Bulgaria Czech Republic Romania Russia Serbia Turkey Oceania Australia (from Hong Kong) Fiji Hawaii Palau New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga 1 An overseas department of France in the western Indian Ocean. See also: Hong Kong Diaspora	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mwalimu_a-3"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsu-4"}],"text":"There were Chinese people in Tanzania as early as 1891.[3] However, most of the Chinese in the country trace their roots to three distinct waves of migration: 1930s settlement on Zanzibar, workers sent by the Chinese government in the 1960s and 1970s as part of development assistance to Tanzania, and private entrepreneurs and traders who began doing business there during the 1990s.[4]","title":"Chinese people in Tanzania"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rovos_Rail_on_TAZARA_track_across_Mpanga_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"TAZARA Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAZARA_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tanganyika's history as a German colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"German East Africa Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Usambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usambara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mwalimu_a-3"},{"link_name":"overseas Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"a British possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Chinese noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_noodles"},{"link_name":"iftar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftar"},{"link_name":"day's fasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawm"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"TAZARA Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAZARA_Railway"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monson-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qu-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monson-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsu-4"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Meixian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei_County,_Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people"},{"link_name":"from South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"Chinese restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Burmese Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Taishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Kaiping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiping"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qu-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsu-4"}],"text":"The Chinese built TAZARA Railway linking Zambia with Tanzania.Most foreign labour in Tanganyika's history as a German colony came from other parts of Africa; however, there were a few Chinese as well. In 1891, the German East Africa Company hired 491 Chinese and Javanese labourers from Singapore to work on plantations in Usambara.[3] Separately, a community of overseas Chinese began to form on the island of Zanzibar, by then a British possession, in the 1930s. The Chinese noodles they produced there became a popular staple food for the local population, especially for the evening iftar meal which marks the end of the day's fasting during Ramadan.[5]In 1969, a few years after Tanganyika and Zanzibar achieved independence from the British Empire and merged to become Tanzania, the People's Republic of China agreed to provide financing and technical assistance for the construction of the TAZARA Railway, intended to give Zambia an alternative to an existing railway route passing through Rhodesia, and allow them to export copper through ports in Tanzania instead. The first thousand Chinese railway workers came to Dar es Salaam on board the ocean liner Yao Hao in August 1969.; they would be followed by twenty to thirty thousand more in the next five years.[6] At any given time, Chinese composed between twenty-five and thirty percent, or 13,000, of the thirty to forty thousand workers on the railway.[7] Most of them returned home after their stint in the country, but due to the emphasis placed on speedy construction, they had little time to train their Tanzanian counterparts to replace them; as a result, teams of Chinese experts continued to work for the railway authority as late as 2004.[6] During these years, China also sent some advisors to Zanzibar for work on other development projects.[4] Finally, roughly 200 doctors from Jiangsu were dispatched all over Tanzania on two-year stints; people's positive experience with these doctors laid the foundations for the later popularity of traditional Chinese medicine, though they themselves were not TCM practitioners.[8]The population of old overseas Chinese continued to decrease; by 2008, just twenty remained in Dar es Salaam, including a Meixian Hakka couple from South Africa who ran a Chinese restaurant, and a number of Burmese Chinese who traced their roots to the Taishan and Kaiping counties of Guangdong.[7] However, their numbers were bolstered by the arrival of new expatriate businessmen and entrepreneurs beginning in the 1990s.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mwalimu_a-3"},{"link_name":"Xinhua News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xinhua-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30k-1"}],"text":"In 2000, statistics of Tanzania's Immigration Department showed that they had issued work or residence permits to just 239 Chinese nationals, making them one of the smaller groups of foreigners in the country.[3] However, China's official Xinhua News Agency reported in 2008 that 10,000 Chinese people live in the country.[9]\nIn January 2013, the Chinese Ambassador to Tanzania was quoted saying that there were more than 30,000 Chinese people living in Tanzania.[1]","title":"Numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The new wave of Chinese expatriates in the 1990s initially came to Tanzania with the intention of working in more typical industries, such as construction, textiles, or food products.[10] However, the World Health Organization's push for privatisation of health care in Tanzania provided unexpected business opportunities to them; despite the fact that most lacked any medical training, they began setting up traditional Chinese medicine clinics, the first of which was established in 1996.[11] Qualified practitioners came later, but in the early 2000s, the majority were still learning on the job.[12]","title":"Business and employment"}]	[{"image_text":"The Chinese built TAZARA Railway linking Zambia with Tanzania.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rovos_Rail_on_TAZARA_track_across_Mpanga_River.jpg/220px-Rovos_Rail_on_TAZARA_track_across_Mpanga_River.jpg"}]	[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"Tanzania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tanzania"},{"title":"China–Tanzania relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations"},{"title":"Indians in Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Tanzania"}]	[{"reference":"Tagy, Mwakawago (14 January 2013). \"Dar-Beijing for improved diplomatic-ties\". Daily News. Dar es Salaam. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514091927/http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/13620-dar-beijing-for-improved-diplomatic-ties/","url_text":"\"Dar-Beijing for improved diplomatic-ties\""},{"url":"http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/13620-dar-beijing-for-improved-diplomatic-ties/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Xinhua News Agency (2008-04-13), \"达市圣火传递路线精彩纷呈 14名华人参加接力 (14 Chinese march in splendid Dar Es Salaam Olympic torch parade)\", People's Daily, retrieved 2008-10-30","urls":[{"url":"http://2008.sohu.com/20080413/n256257940.shtml","url_text":"\"达市圣火传递路线精彩纷呈 14名华人参加接力 (14 Chinese march in splendid Dar Es Salaam Olympic torch parade)\""}]},{"reference":"Hsu, Elisabeth (2006), \"Zanzibar and its Chinese communities\", Population, Space and Place, 3 (2): 113–124, doi:10.1002/psp.429, archived from the original on 2013-01-05, retrieved 2008-10-30","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105061058/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113509336/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0","url_text":"\"Zanzibar and its Chinese communities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpsp.429","url_text":"10.1002/psp.429"},{"url":"http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113509336/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hsu, Elizabeth (2008), \"Medicine as business: Chinese medicine in Tanzania\", in Alden, Christopher (ed.), China Returns to Africa: A Superpower and a Continent Embrace, C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezuriki	Kezuriki	["1 See also","2 References"]	Japanese kitchen utensil This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kezuriki" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A katsuobushi kezuriki, with its blade cover removed and the collection drawer ajar A katsuobushi kezuriki (鰹節削り器; かつおぶしけずりき) is a traditional Japanese kitchen utensil, similar to a wood plane or mandoline. It is used to shave katsuobushi, dried blocks of skipjack tuna (katsuo). The technique used to prepare the cooking ingredient is pulling and pushing a block of katsuobushi across the blade in the device in a back-and-forth movement. The resulting shavings are captured in a wooden drawer at the bottom of the instrument and retrieved by opening and emptying the shavings that are roughly sorted into two sizes for different uses. The shavings are a staple of Japanese cuisine. Larger, thicker shavings, called kezurikatsuo (削り鰹; けずりかつお), are boiled with kombu to make dashi. Smaller, thinner shavings, called hanakatsuo (花鰹; はなかつお), are used as a flavoring and as a topping for many Japanese dishes, such as okonomiyaki. Today, many Japanese households no longer use the katsuobushi kezuriki, opting instead to buy packages of already-shaved hanakatsuo or kezurikikatsuo at supermarkets. See also Mandoline Oroshigane, the category of graters used in Japanese cooking References ^ Albala, Ken (2019-11-01). "A Katsuobushi Story: Preserving Fish and Preserving Tradition". Gastronomica. 19 (4): 42–48. doi:10.1525/gfc.2019.19.4.42. ISSN 1529-3262. S2CID 210462092. ^ Hachisu, Nancy Singleton (2012-09-04). Japanese Farm Food. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4494-1829-8. vteKitchen tools Kitchenware Cooking vessel Cookware and bakeware Cutlery Dishwashing Eating utensils Food preparation utensils Food storage container Tableware Teaware Apple corer (Apple cutter) Baster Beanpot Blowtorch Bottle opener Bowl Bread knife Browning tray Butter curler Cake and pie server Candy thermometer Can opener Cheese cutter Cheese knife Cheese slicer Cheesecloth Chef's knife Cherry pitter Chinois Chopsticks Citrus reamer Clay pot Cleaver Colander Mated colander pot Cookie cutter Cookie press Corkscrew Crab cracker Cutting board Edible tableware Egg piercer Egg poacher Egg separator Egg slicer Egg timer Fat separator Fillet knife Fish scaler Fish slice Flour sifter Food mill Funnel Garlic press Grapefruit knife Grater Gravy strainer Honey dipper Honing steel Ladle Lame Lemon squeezer Lobster pick Mandoline Measuring cup Measuring spoon Meat grinder Meat tenderizer Meat thermometer Melon baller Mezzaluna Herb chopper Microplane Milk frother Milk watcher Mortar and pestle Nutcracker Nutmeg grater Oven glove Pastry bag Pastry blender Pastry brush Pastry wheel Peel Peeler Pepper mill Pie bird Pizza cutter Potato masher Potato ricer Pot-holder Poultry shears Roller docker Rolling pin Salt and pepper shakers Scissors Scoop Sieve Slotted spoon Spatula Spider Strawberry huller Tamis Tomato knife Tongs Trussing needle Twine Weighing scale Whisk Wooden spoon Scraper Dough Zester Categories Kitchenware Commons Kitchen utensils Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Kitchen Machine and metalworking Masonry Measuring and alignment Mining Power Woodworking This Japan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katsuobushi_kezuriki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"wood plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(tool)"},{"link_name":"mandoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoline"},{"link_name":"katsuobushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuobushi"},{"link_name":"skipjack tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipjack_tuna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kombu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombu"},{"link_name":"dashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashi"},{"link_name":"okonomiyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okonomiyaki"}],"text":"A katsuobushi kezuriki, with its blade cover removed and the collection drawer ajarA katsuobushi kezuriki (鰹節削り器; かつおぶしけずりき) is a traditional Japanese kitchen utensil, similar to a wood plane or mandoline. It is used to shave katsuobushi, dried blocks of skipjack tuna (katsuo).[1]The technique used to prepare the cooking ingredient is pulling and pushing a block of katsuobushi across the blade in the device in a back-and-forth movement. The resulting shavings are captured in a wooden drawer at the bottom of the instrument and retrieved by opening and emptying the shavings that are roughly sorted into two sizes for different uses.The shavings are a staple of Japanese cuisine.[2] Larger, thicker shavings, called kezurikatsuo (削り鰹; けずりかつお), are boiled with kombu to make dashi. Smaller, thinner shavings, called hanakatsuo (花鰹; はなかつお), are used as a flavoring and as a topping for many Japanese dishes, such as okonomiyaki.Today, many Japanese households no longer use the katsuobushi kezuriki, opting instead to buy packages of already-shaved hanakatsuo or kezurikikatsuo at supermarkets.","title":"Kezuriki"}]	[{"image_text":"A katsuobushi kezuriki, with its blade cover removed and the collection drawer ajar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Katsuobushi_kezuriki.jpg/220px-Katsuobushi_kezuriki.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Mandoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoline"},{"title":"Oroshigane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroshigane"}]	[{"reference":"Albala, Ken (2019-11-01). \"A Katsuobushi Story: Preserving Fish and Preserving Tradition\". Gastronomica. 19 (4): 42–48. doi:10.1525/gfc.2019.19.4.42. ISSN 1529-3262. S2CID 210462092.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/19/4/42/109174/A-Katsuobushi-Story-Preserving-Fish-and-Preserving","url_text":"\"A Katsuobushi Story: Preserving Fish and Preserving Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2019.19.4.42","url_text":"10.1525/gfc.2019.19.4.42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1529-3262","url_text":"1529-3262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210462092","url_text":"210462092"}]},{"reference":"Hachisu, Nancy Singleton (2012-09-04). Japanese Farm Food. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4494-1829-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FUKBik7ONf8C&dq=%22Kezuriki%22&pg=PR5","url_text":"Japanese Farm Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4494-1829-8","url_text":"978-1-4494-1829-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kezuriki%22","external_links_name":"\"Kezuriki\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kezuriki%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kezuriki%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kezuriki%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kezuriki%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kezuriki%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/19/4/42/109174/A-Katsuobushi-Story-Preserving-Fish-and-Preserving","external_links_name":"\"A Katsuobushi Story: Preserving Fish and Preserving Tradition\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2019.19.4.42","external_links_name":"10.1525/gfc.2019.19.4.42"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1529-3262","external_links_name":"1529-3262"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210462092","external_links_name":"210462092"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FUKBik7ONf8C&dq=%22Kezuriki%22&pg=PR5","external_links_name":"Japanese Farm Food"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kezuriki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebello_Ionico	Montebello Ionico	["1 References","2 External links"]	Comune in Calabria, ItalyMontebello IonicoComuneComune di Montebello Ionico Coat of armsLocation of Montebello Ionico Montebello IonicoLocation of Montebello Ionico in ItalyShow map of ItalyMontebello IonicoMontebello Ionico (Calabria)Show map of CalabriaCoordinates: 37°59′N 15°46′E / 37.983°N 15.767°E / 37.983; 15.767CountryItalyRegionCalabriaMetropolitan cityReggio Calabria (RC)FrazioniFossato Jonico, Masella, Saline JonicheGovernment • MayorMaria FotiArea • Total55.7 km2 (21.5 sq mi)Elevation425 m (1,394 ft)Population (November 2008) • Total6,499 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)DemonymMontebellesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code89064Dialing code0965WebsiteOfficial website Montebello Ionico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Reggio Calabria. Montebello Ionico borders the following municipalities: Bagaladi, Melito di Porto Salvo, Motta San Giovanni, Reggio Calabria, San Lorenzo. References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics from the Italian statistical institute (Istat) External links Official website vteCalabria · Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria Africo Agnana Calabra Anoia Antonimina Ardore Bagaladi Bagnara Calabra Benestare Bianco Bivongi Bova Bova Marina Bovalino Brancaleone Bruzzano Zeffirio Calanna Camini Campo Calabro Candidoni Canolo Caraffa del Bianco Cardeto Careri Casignana Caulonia Ciminà Cinquefrondi Cittanova Condofuri Cosoleto Delianuova Feroleto della Chiesa Ferruzzano Fiumara Galatro Gerace Giffone Gioia Tauro Gioiosa Ionica Grotteria Laganadi Laureana di Borrello Locri Mammola Marina di Gioiosa Ionica Maropati Martone Melicuccà Melicucco Melito di Porto Salvo Molochio Monasterace Montebello Ionico Motta San Giovanni Oppido Mamertina Palizzi Palmi Pazzano Placanica Platì Polistena Portigliola Reggio Calabria Riace Rizziconi Roccaforte del Greco Roccella Ionica Roghudi Rosarno Samo San Ferdinando San Giorgio Morgeto San Giovanni di Gerace San Lorenzo San Luca San Pietro di Caridà San Procopio San Roberto Sant'Agata del Bianco Sant'Alessio in Aspromonte Sant'Eufemia d'Aspromonte Sant'Ilario dello Ionio Santa Cristina d'Aspromonte Santo Stefano in Aspromonte Scido Scilla Seminara Serrata Siderno Sinopoli Staiti Stignano Stilo Taurianova Terranova Sappo Minulio Varapodio Villa San Giovanni Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This Calabrian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Catanzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catanzaro"},{"link_name":"Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Bagaladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaladi"},{"link_name":"Melito di Porto Salvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melito_di_Porto_Salvo"},{"link_name":"Motta San Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motta_San_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Calabria"}],"text":"Montebello Ionico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Reggio Calabria.Montebello Ionico borders the following municipalities: Bagaladi, Melito di Porto Salvo, Motta San Giovanni, Reggio Calabria, San Lorenzo.","title":"Montebello Ionico"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montebello_Ionico&params=37_59_N_15_46_E_type:city(6,685)_region:IT","external_links_name":"37°59′N 15°46′E / 37.983°N 15.767°E / 37.983; 15.767"},{"Link":"http://www.montebellojonico.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.montebellojonico.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/245878498","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7644155-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montebello_Ionico&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Talfourd	Thomas Talfourd	["1 Early life","2 In politics","3 Literary work","4 Family","5 Death","6 References","7 References","8 External links"]	English judge and politician SirThomas Noon TalfourdSLPersonal detailsBorn(1795-05-26)26 May 1795Reading, Berkshire, EnglandDied13 March 1854(1854-03-13) (aged 58)Stafford, Staffordshire, England Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd SL (26 May 1795 – 13 March 1854) was an English judge, Radical politician and author. Early life The son of a well-to-do brewer, Talfourd was born in Reading, Berkshire. He received his education at Hendon and Reading School. At the age of 18, he was sent to London to study law under Joseph Chitty, a special pleader. Early in 1821, he joined the Oxford circuit, having been Called to the Bar at Middle Temple earlier in the year. Fourteen years later, he was created a serjeant-at-law and led the court with William Fry Channell until 1846, when serjeants lost their monopoly of audience. In 1849 he succeeded Thomas Coltman as judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In politics Talfourd Avenue in Reading is named after Thomas Talfourd At the general election in 1835 he was elected MP for the Parliamentary Borough of Reading as a Radical, a result repeated in the general election of 1837. He chose not to stand in the general election of 1841, but stood again in the general election of 1847 and was elected. In the House of Commons, Talfourd introduced a copyright bill in 1837, but the dissolution of Parliament in 1837 following the death of William IV meant that it had to be reintroduced in the new Parliament in 1838. By that time, the bill was met with strong opposition. Talfourd re-introduced it again in 1839, 1840 and 1841. It finally became law in 1842, albeit in modified form, and at a time when Talfourd was not in Parliament. Charles Dickens dedicated The Pickwick Papers to Talfourd. Literary work In his early years in London, Talfourd was dependent in great measure on his literary contributions. He was then on the staff of The London Magazine, and was an occasional contributor to the Edinburgh Review and Quarterly Review, The New Monthly Magazine, and other periodicals; on joining the Oxford circuit, he acted as law reporter to The Times. His legal writings on literary matters are excellent expositions, animated by a lucid and telling, if not highly polished, style. Among the best of these are his article On the Principle of Advocacy in the Practice of the Bar (in the Law Magazine, January 1846); his Proposed New Law of Copyright of the Highest Importance to Authors (1838); Three Speeches delivered in the House of Commons in Favour of an Extension of Copyright (1840); and Speech for the Defendant in the Prosecution, the Queen v. Moxon, for the Publication of Shelley's Poetical Works (1841), a celebrated defence of Edward Moxon. Talfourd's tragedy Ion was privately printed in 1835 and produced the following year at Covent Garden theatre. It was also well received in America, and was revived at Sadler's Wells Theatre in December 1861. His dramatic poem turns on the voluntary sacrifice of Ion, king of Argos, in response to the Delphic oracle, which had declared that only with the extinction of the reigning family could the prevailing pestilence incurred by the deeds of that family be removed. Two years later, at the Haymarket Theatre, The Athenian Captive was acted with moderate success. In 1839 Glencoe, was privately printed, and in 1840 it was produced at the Haymarket. The Castilian (1853) did not excite much interest. Talfourd also wrote: "History of Greek Literature", in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana The Letters of Charles Lamb, with a Sketch of his Life (1837) Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841) Vacation Rambles and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental tours in the vacations of 1841, 1842, and 1843 (2 vols., 1844) Final Memorials of Charles Lamb (1849–50) Family Talfourd married Rachel, daughter of the English political activist and social reformer John Towill Rutt. The barrister and dramatist Francis ("Frank") Talfourd was their eldest son. Death Lough's memorial to Talfourd in the Shire Hall, Stafford Talfourd died in 1854 in Stafford, after an apoplectic seizure in court while addressing the jury from his judge's seat at the town's Shire Hall, where he is commemorated by a bust, sculpted by John Graham Lough. Dickens was amongst the mourners at Talfourd's funeral at West Norwood Cemetery. Talfourd Avenue, a residential street in Reading, is named after him. References ^ Hall, Edith (2015). "Making it Really New: Dickens versus the Classics". In Stead, Henry; Hall, Edith (eds.). Greek and Roman Classics in the British Struggle for Social Reform. Bloomsbury. p. 148. ISBN 9781472584274. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ^ Richards, Jeffrey (2009). The Ancient World on the Victorian and Edwardian Stage (eBook). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 36. doi:10.1057/9780230250895. ISBN 978-0-230-25089-5. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ^ Gregory, James (2012). Victorians Against the Gallows: Capital Punishment and the Abolitionist Movement in Nineteenth Century Britain. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 200. ISBN 978-18488-56943. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911. ^ Garnett 1898. ^ Hall 2004. ^ Anon. The Shire Hall Gallery Guide. Staffordshire County Council. ^ Cox, Stephen B. "Place Names". History of Redlands. Retrieved 9 October 2023. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 371. Garnett, Richard (1898). "Talfourd, Thomas Noon" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Hall, Edith (2004). "Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon (1795–1854)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26951. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Thomas Noon Talfourd. Works by Thomas Talfourd at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byCharles Fyshe PalmerCharles Russell Member of Parliament for Reading 1835–1841 With: Charles Russell 1835–1837Charles Fyshe Palmer 1837–1841 Succeeded byCharles RussellViscount Chelsea Preceded byCharles RussellViscount Chelsea Member of Parliament for Reading 1847–1849 With: Francis Piggott Succeeded byFrancis PiggottJohn Frederick Stanford Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-law"},{"link_name":"Radical politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicals_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talfour-hall-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talfourd-richards-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talfourd-gregory-3"}],"text":"Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd SL (26 May 1795 – 13 March 1854) was an English judge, Radical politician[1][2][3] and author.","title":"Thomas Talfourd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reading, Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon"},{"link_name":"Reading School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_School"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chitty_(the_elder)"},{"link_name":"special pleader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_pleader"},{"link_name":"Oxford circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_circuit"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"serjeant-at-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-law"},{"link_name":"William Fry Channell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fry_Channell"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"}],"text":"The son of a well-to-do brewer, Talfourd was born in Reading, Berkshire. He received his education at Hendon and Reading School. At the age of 18, he was sent to London to study law under Joseph Chitty, a special pleader. Early in 1821, he joined the Oxford circuit, having been Called to the Bar at Middle Temple earlier in the year. Fourteen years later, he was created a serjeant-at-law and led the court with William Fry Channell until 1846, when serjeants lost their monopoly of audience. In 1849 he succeeded Thomas Coltman as judge of the Court of Common Pleas.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talfourd_Avenue,_Reading_-_geograph.org.uk_-_611897.jpg"},{"link_name":"general election in 1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Borough of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Borough_of_Reading"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"The Pickwick Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"}],"text":"Talfourd Avenue in Reading is named after Thomas TalfourdAt the general election in 1835 he was elected MP for the Parliamentary Borough of Reading as a Radical, a result repeated in the general election of 1837. He chose not to stand in the general election of 1841, but stood again in the general election of 1847 and was elected. In the House of Commons, Talfourd introduced a copyright bill in 1837, but the dissolution of Parliament in 1837 following the death of William IV meant that it had to be reintroduced in the new Parliament in 1838. By that time, the bill was met with strong opposition. Talfourd re-introduced it again in 1839, 1840 and 1841. It finally became law in 1842, albeit in modified form, and at a time when Talfourd was not in Parliament. Charles Dickens dedicated The Pickwick Papers to Talfourd.[4]","title":"In politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The London Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Review"},{"link_name":"Quarterly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Review"},{"link_name":"The New Monthly Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Monthly_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Edward Moxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Moxon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(Talfourd_play)"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Sadler's Wells Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Argos"},{"link_name":"Delphic oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphic_oracle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Haymarket Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Athenian Captive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athenian_Captive"},{"link_name":"Glencoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glencoe_(play)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Metropolitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Metropolitana"},{"link_name":"Letters of Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_of_Charles_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"}],"text":"In his early years in London, Talfourd was dependent in great measure on his literary contributions. He was then on the staff of The London Magazine, and was an occasional contributor to the Edinburgh Review and Quarterly Review, The New Monthly Magazine, and other periodicals; on joining the Oxford circuit, he acted as law reporter to The Times. His legal writings on literary matters are excellent expositions, animated by a lucid and telling, if not highly polished, style. Among the best of these are his article On the Principle of Advocacy in the Practice of the Bar (in the Law Magazine, January 1846); his Proposed New Law of Copyright of the Highest Importance to Authors (1838); Three Speeches delivered in the House of Commons in Favour of an Extension of Copyright (1840); and Speech for the Defendant in the Prosecution, the Queen v. Moxon, for the Publication of Shelley's Poetical Works (1841), a celebrated defence of Edward Moxon.[4]Talfourd's tragedy Ion was privately printed in 1835 and produced the following year at Covent Garden theatre. It was also well received in America, and was revived at Sadler's Wells Theatre in December 1861. His dramatic poem turns on the voluntary sacrifice of Ion, king of Argos, in response to the Delphic oracle, which had declared that only with the extinction of the reigning family could the prevailing pestilence incurred by the deeds of that family be removed.[4]Two years later, at the Haymarket Theatre, The Athenian Captive was acted with moderate success. In 1839 Glencoe, was privately printed, and in 1840 it was produced at the Haymarket. The Castilian (1853) did not excite much interest.[4]Talfourd also wrote:\"History of Greek Literature\", in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana\nThe Letters of Charles Lamb, with a Sketch of his Life (1837)\nRecollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841)\nVacation Rambles and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental tours in the vacations of 1841, 1842, and 1843 (2 vols., 1844)\nFinal Memorials of Charles Lamb (1849–50)[4]","title":"Literary work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Towill Rutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Towill_Rutt"},{"link_name":"Francis (\"Frank\") Talfourd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Talfourd"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnett1898-5"}],"text":"Talfourd married Rachel, daughter of the English political activist and social reformer John Towill Rutt. The barrister and dramatist Francis (\"Frank\") Talfourd was their eldest son.[5]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Thomas_Noon_Talfourd_in_Shire_Hall_Stafford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shire Hall, Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Stafford"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford"},{"link_name":"apoplectic seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplexy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2004-6"},{"link_name":"the town's Shire Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Stafford"},{"link_name":"John Graham Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham_Lough"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHG-7"},{"link_name":"West Norwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Lough's memorial to Talfourd in the Shire Hall, StaffordTalfourd died in 1854 in Stafford, after an apoplectic seizure in court while addressing the jury from his judge's seat[6] at the town's Shire Hall, where he is commemorated by a bust, sculpted by John Graham Lough.[7]Dickens was amongst the mourners at Talfourd's funeral at West Norwood Cemetery. Talfourd Avenue, a residential street in Reading, is named after him.[8]","title":"Death"}]	[{"image_text":"Talfourd Avenue in Reading is named after Thomas Talfourd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Talfourd_Avenue%2C_Reading_-_geograph.org.uk_-_611897.jpg/220px-Talfourd_Avenue%2C_Reading_-_geograph.org.uk_-_611897.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lough's memorial to Talfourd in the Shire Hall, Stafford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Memorial_to_Thomas_Noon_Talfourd_in_Shire_Hall_Stafford.jpg/170px-Memorial_to_Thomas_Noon_Talfourd_in_Shire_Hall_Stafford.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hall, Edith (2015). \"Making it Really New: Dickens versus the Classics\". In Stead, Henry; Hall, Edith (eds.). Greek and Roman Classics in the British Struggle for Social Reform. Bloomsbury. p. 148. ISBN 9781472584274. Retrieved 30 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFC9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148","url_text":"\"Making it Really New: Dickens versus the Classics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472584274","url_text":"9781472584274"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Jeffrey (2009). The Ancient World on the Victorian and Edwardian Stage (eBook). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 36. doi:10.1057/9780230250895. ISBN 978-0-230-25089-5. Retrieved 30 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sHmHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Ancient World on the Victorian and Edwardian Stage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke","url_text":"Basingstoke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230250895","url_text":"10.1057/9780230250895"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-25089-5","url_text":"978-0-230-25089-5"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, James (2012). Victorians Against the Gallows: Capital Punishment and the Abolitionist Movement in Nineteenth Century Britain. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 200. ISBN 978-18488-56943. Retrieved 30 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rqT3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT200","url_text":"Victorians Against the Gallows: Capital Punishment and the Abolitionist Movement in Nineteenth Century Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris","url_text":"I.B. Tauris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18488-56943","url_text":"978-18488-56943"}]},{"reference":"Anon. The Shire Hall Gallery Guide. Staffordshire County Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_County_Council","url_text":"Staffordshire County Council"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Stephen B. \"Place Names\". History of Redlands. Retrieved 9 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://sbcox.history-redlands.tripod.com/place-names.html","url_text":"\"Place Names\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Talfourd,_Sir_Thomas_Noon","url_text":"Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Garnett, Richard (1898). \"Talfourd, Thomas Noon\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Talfourd,_Thomas_Noon","url_text":"\"Talfourd, Thomas Noon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Edith (2004). \"Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon (1795–1854)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhydration	Water intoxication	["1 Risk factors","1.1 Low body mass (infants)","1.2 Endurance sports","1.3 Military training","1.4 Overexertion and heat stress","1.5 Psychiatric conditions","1.6 Iatrogenic","2 Pathophysiology","3 Prevention","4 Treatment","5 Notable cases","6 See also","7 References"]	Potentially fatal overhydration Not to be confused with Hydrocephalus. Medical conditionWater intoxicationSpecialtyToxicology, critical care medicine Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning, hyperhydration, overhydration or water toxemia is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions that can result when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by excessive water intake. Under normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water is exceptionally rare. Most deaths related to water intoxication in healthy individuals have resulted either from water-drinking contests, in which individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, or from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid were consumed. In addition, water cure, a method of torture in which the victim is forced to consume excessive amounts of water, can cause water intoxication. Water, like any other substance, can be considered a poison when over-consumed in a brief period of time. Water intoxication mostly occurs when water is being consumed in a high quantity provoking disturbances in electrolyte balance. Excess of body water may also be a result of a medical condition or improper treatment; see "hyponatremia" for some examples. Water is considered one of the least toxic chemical compounds, with an LD50 exceeding 90,000 mg/kg (90 g/kg) body weight in rats; drinking six liters in three hours has caused the death of a human. Risk factors Low body mass (infants) It can be very easy for children under one year old (especially those under nine months) to absorb too much water. Because of their small body mass, it is easy for them to take in a large amount of water relative to body mass and total body sodium stores. Endurance sports Marathon runners are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink too much while running. This occurs when sodium levels drop below 135 mmol/L, which can happen when athletes consume large amounts of fluid. This has been noted to be the result of the encouragement of excessive fluid replacement by various guidelines. This has largely been identified in marathon runners as a dilutional hyponatremia. A study conducted on runners completing the 2002 Boston Marathon found that thirteen percent finished the race with hyponatremia. The study concluded that the strongest predictor of hyponatremia was weight gain while racing (over-hydration), and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water. Military training Hyponatremia and other physical conditions associated with water intoxication are more often seen in those participating in military training. One US Army study found 17 trainees were admitted to hospital over a year's period for water intoxication while another found that three soldiers had died, leading to a recommendation that no more than 1–1.5 L of water should be consumed per hour of heavy sweating. Overexertion and heat stress Any activity or situation that promotes heavy sweating can lead to water intoxication when water is consumed to replace lost fluids. Persons working in extreme heat and/or humidity for long periods must take care to drink and eat in ways that help to maintain electrolyte balance. People using drugs such as MDMA (often referred to colloquially as "Ecstasy") may overexert themselves, perspire heavily, feel increased thirst, and then drink large amounts of water to rehydrate, leading to electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication – this is compounded by MDMA use increasing the levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), decreasing the amount of water lost through urination. Even people who are resting quietly in extreme heat or humidity may run the risk of water intoxication if they drink large amounts of water over short periods for rehydration. Psychiatric conditions Psychogenic polydipsia is the psychiatric condition in which patients feel compelled to drink excessive quantities of water, thus putting them at risk of water intoxication. This condition can be especially dangerous if the patient also exhibits other psychiatric indications (as is often the case), as the care-takers might misinterpret the hyponatremic symptoms. Iatrogenic When an unconscious person is being fed intravenously (for example, total parenteral nutrition) or via a nasogastric tube, the fluids given must be carefully balanced in composition to match fluids and electrolytes lost. These fluids are typically hypertonic, and so water is often co-administered. If the electrolytes are not monitored (even in an ambulatory patient), either hypernatremia or hyponatremia may result. Some neurological/psychiatric medications (oxcarbazepine, among others) have been found to cause hyponatremia in some patients. Patients with diabetes insipidus are particularly vulnerable due to rapid fluid processing. Pathophysiology At the onset of this condition, fluid outside the cells has an excessively low amount of solutes, such as sodium and other electrolytes, in comparison to fluid inside the cells, causing the fluid to move into the cells to balance its osmotic concentration. This causes the cells to swell. The swelling increases intracranial pressure in the brain, which leads to the first observable symptoms of water intoxication: headache, personality changes, changes in behavior, confusion, irritability, and drowsiness. These are sometimes followed by difficulty breathing during exertion, muscle weakness and pain, twitching, or cramping, nausea, vomiting, thirst, and a dulled ability to perceive and interpret sensory information. As the condition persists, papillary and vital signs may result including bradycardia and widened pulse pressure. The cells in the brain may swell to the point where blood flow is interrupted resulting in cerebral edema. Swollen brain cells may also apply pressure to the brain stem causing central nervous system dysfunction. Both cerebral edema and interference with the central nervous system are dangerous and could result in seizures, brain damage, coma or death. Prevention Water intoxication can be prevented if a person's intake of water does not grossly exceed their losses. Healthy kidneys are able to excrete approximately 800 millilitres to one litre of fluid water (0.84–1.04 quarts) per hour. However, stress (from prolonged physical exertion), as well as disease states, can greatly reduce this amount. Treatment Mild intoxication may remain asymptomatic and require only fluid restriction. In more severe cases, treatment consists of: Diuretics to increase urination, which are most effective for excess blood volume. Vasopressin receptor antagonists Notable cases 325 BC: Alexander the Great loses many companion travelers to excessive water intake during a march through the Gedrosian Desert 1097: During the First Crusade, according to at least one chronicle, many crusaders died after drinking too much from a river while marching to Antioch. 1991, Andy Warhol: Five years after his death, Warhol's family publicly accused the hospital where he had his gallbladder removed of causing his death by water intoxication administered post-operatively. A claimed autopsy weight of 68 kg (150 lb), with his weight being 58 kg (128 lb) when admitted, was cited as evidence that too much fluid had been given. November 16, 1995: Leah Betts, a British schoolgirl, died as the result of drinking too much water, though in the media her death was mistakenly attributed to taking an ecstasy tablet at her 18th birthday party. 2003: British actor Anthony Andrews survived a case of water intoxication. He was performing as Henry Higgins in a revival of the musical My Fair Lady at the time, and consumed up to eight litres of water a day. He was unconscious and in intensive care for three days. February 2, 2005: Matthew Carrington, a student at Chico State University in Chico, California, died as a direct result of a fraternity hazing ritual involving forced water intoxication. January 12, 2007: Jennifer Strange died after drinking nearly 2 US gallons (7.6 litres) of water in an attempt to win a Nintendo Wii. The KDND radio station's morning show, the Morning Rave, held an on-air contest entitled "Hold Your Wee for a Wii," in which contestants were asked to drink as much water as they could without urinating. The DJs were made aware of the dangers but did not inform the contestants. KDND's parent company, Entercom Sacramento LLC, was subsequently ordered to pay $16,577,118 in damages to Strange's family. March 11, 2020: Zachary Sabin, an 11-year-old child, died after being forced to drink almost three liters of water in just four hours by his parents. They thought his urine was too dark, so they made him drink water until he threw up. A 2022 study proposed that martial-arts actor Bruce Lee's death in 1973 was due to water poisoning. July 4, 2023: A 35 year old Indiana woman died after consuming too much water while on vacation with her family. See also Water portal Dehydration Drowning Hyperkalemia / Hypokalemia Hypermagnesemia / Hypomagnesemia Hypernatremia / Hyponatremia Gastroenteritis Oral rehydration therapy Polydipsia Water urticaria Dihydrogen monoxide hoax Electrolyte imbalance List of unusual deaths Potomania The dose makes the poison References ^ a b Noakes TD, Speedy DB (July 2006). "Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (7): 567–72. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354. PMC 2564296. PMID 16799109. ^ Farrell DJ, Bower L (Oct 2003). "Fatal water intoxication". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 56 (10): 803–804. doi:10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a. PMC 1770067. PMID 14514793. ^ "Section 11: Toxicological Information". Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS (Report). ScienceLab.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. ^ Ballantyne, Coco (21 June 2007). "Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill". Scientific American. ^ "Water Intoxication in Infants". Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ a b Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, et al. (April 2005). "Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (15): 1550–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043901. PMID 15829535. S2CID 42909509. ^ O'Brien, K. K.; Montain, S. J.; Corr, W. P.; Sawka, M. N.; Knapik, J. J.; Craig, S. C. (May 2001). "Hyponatremia associated with overhydration in U.S. Army trainees". Military Medicine. 166 (5): 405–410. PMID 11370203. ^ Gardner, John W. (May 2002). "Death by water intoxication". Military Medicine. 167 (5): 432–434. PMID 12053855. ^ Timbrell, John (2005). The Poison Paradox: Chemicals as Friends and Foes. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-280495-2. ^ Zerbe, Robert L.; Robertson, Gary L. (1981-12-24). "A Comparison of Plasma Vasopressin Measurements with a Standard Indirect Test in the Differential Diagnosis of Polyuria". New England Journal of Medicine. 305 (26): 1539–1546. doi:10.1056/NEJM198112243052601. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 7311993. ^ Schwaderer AL, Schwartz GJ (April 2005). "Treating hypernatremic dehydration". Pediatrics in Review. 26 (4): 148–50. doi:10.1542/pir.26-4-148. PMID 15805238. ^ "Oxcarbazepine". Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ "What Is Diabetes Insipidus?". Archived from the original on 2010-07-29. Retrieved 2011-12-02. ^ Moreau, David (2008). Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy! (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-1582555652. ^ a b Coco Ballantyne. "Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill". Scientific American. Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/anabasis/alexanders-courtiers/ ^ https://thehistorianshut.com/2018/09/14/alexander-the-great-and-his-army-almost-drowned-while-they-were-dying-of-thirst-in-the-gedrosian-desert/ ^ Asbridge, Thomas (2010). The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land. HarperCollins. p. 90. ^ "Care Faulted In the Death Of Warhol". NYT. Retrieved 27 October 2013. ^ "Hyponatremia ("Water Intoxication")". The DEA.org. Retrieved May 10, 2007. ^ Grice, Elizabeth (August 21, 2003). "My battle with the bottle". The Daily Telegraph. London. ^ Valentine Low (3 July 2003). "Actor tells of water overdose". Evening Standard. Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest". LA Times. 2007-01-14. Archived from the original on 2020-04-19. Retrieved 2020-04-19. ^ "Ten Fired After Radio Contest Tragedy". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2019-02-02. ^ "$16M Awarded In Water Drinking Death". ABC News. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2019-02-02. ^ "Couple accused of killing son by forcing him to drink water". CTVNews. June 17, 2020. ^ Villalvazo, Priscila; Fernandez-Prado, Raul; Niño, Maria Dolores Sánchez; Carriazo, Sol; Fernández-Fernández, Beatriz; Ortiz, Alberto; Perez-Gomez, Maria Vanessa (December 2022). "Who killed Bruce Lee? The hyponatraemia hypothesis". Clinical Kidney Journal. 15 (12): 2169–2176. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac071. ISSN 2048-8505. PMC 9664576. PMID 36381374. ^ "Mom of 2 dies of water intoxication, family says". ClassificationDICD-10: E87.7ICD-9-CM: 276.69MeSH: D014869DiseasesDB: 29222 vteAcid–base disordersAcidosisMetabolic High anion gap Ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Alcoholic ketoacidosis Lactic Normal anion gap Hyperchloremic Renal tubular Respiratory Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Contraction alkalosis Respiratory Other Mixed disorder of acid-base balance Acid–base homeostasis Authority control databases: National Israel United States Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hydrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"electrolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"contests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition"},{"link_name":"exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noakes2006-1"},{"link_name":"water cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cure_(torture)"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noakes2006-1"},{"link_name":"poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrell,_D._J.-2"},{"link_name":"body water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_water"},{"link_name":"hyponatremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Hydrocephalus.Medical conditionWater intoxication, also known as water poisoning, hyperhydration, overhydration or water toxemia is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions that can result when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by excessive water intake.Under normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water is exceptionally rare. Most deaths related to water intoxication in healthy individuals have resulted either from water-drinking contests, in which individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, or from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid were consumed.[1] In addition, water cure, a method of torture in which the victim is forced to consume excessive amounts of water, can cause water intoxication.[1]Water, like any other substance, can be considered a poison when over-consumed in a brief period of time. Water intoxication mostly occurs when water is being consumed in a high quantity provoking disturbances in electrolyte balance.[2]Excess of body water may also be a result of a medical condition or improper treatment; see \"hyponatremia\" for some examples. Water is considered one of the least toxic chemical compounds, with an LD50 exceeding 90,000 mg/kg (90 g/kg) body weight in rats;[3] drinking six liters in three hours has caused the death of a human.[4]","title":"Water intoxication"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Low body mass (infants)","text":"It can be very easy for children under one year old (especially those under nine months) to absorb too much water. Because of their small body mass, it is easy for them to take in a large amount of water relative to body mass and total body sodium stores.[5]","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"hyponatremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEJMed1-6"},{"link_name":"Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEJMed1-6"}],"sub_title":"Endurance sports","text":"Marathon runners are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink too much while running. This occurs when sodium levels drop below 135 mmol/L, which can happen when athletes consume large amounts of fluid. This has been noted to be the result of the encouragement of excessive fluid replacement by various guidelines. This has largely been identified in marathon runners as a dilutional hyponatremia.[6] A study conducted on runners completing the 2002 Boston Marathon found that thirteen percent finished the race with hyponatremia. The study concluded that the strongest predictor of hyponatremia was weight gain while racing (over-hydration), and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water.[6]","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Military training","text":"Hyponatremia and other physical conditions associated with water intoxication are more often seen in those participating in military training. One US Army study found 17 trainees were admitted to hospital over a year's period for water intoxication[7] while another found that three soldiers had died, leading to a recommendation that no more than 1–1.5 L of water should be consumed per hour of heavy sweating.[8]","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extreme heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave"},{"link_name":"MDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"antidiuretic hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Overexertion and heat stress","text":"Any activity or situation that promotes heavy sweating can lead to water intoxication when water is consumed to replace lost fluids. Persons working in extreme heat and/or humidity for long periods must take care to drink and eat in ways that help to maintain electrolyte balance. People using drugs such as MDMA (often referred to colloquially as \"Ecstasy\") may overexert themselves, perspire heavily, feel increased thirst, and then drink large amounts of water to rehydrate, leading to electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication – this is compounded by MDMA use increasing the levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), decreasing the amount of water lost through urination.[9] Even people who are resting quietly in extreme heat or humidity may run the risk of water intoxication if they drink large amounts of water over short periods for rehydration.","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psychogenic polydipsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_polydipsia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Psychiatric conditions","text":"Psychogenic polydipsia is the psychiatric condition in which patients feel compelled to drink excessive quantities of water, thus putting them at risk of water intoxication. This condition can be especially dangerous if the patient also exhibits other psychiatric indications (as is often the case), as the care-takers might misinterpret the hyponatremic symptoms.[10]","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total parenteral nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_parenteral_nutrition"},{"link_name":"nasogastric tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasogastric_tube"},{"link_name":"hypertonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity#Hypertonic_solution"},{"link_name":"hypernatremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatremia"},{"link_name":"hyponatremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"oxcarbazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"diabetes insipidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Iatrogenic","text":"When an unconscious person is being fed intravenously (for example, total parenteral nutrition) or via a nasogastric tube, the fluids given must be carefully balanced in composition to match fluids and electrolytes lost. These fluids are typically hypertonic, and so water is often co-administered. If the electrolytes are not monitored (even in an ambulatory patient), either hypernatremia or hyponatremia may result.[11]Some neurological/psychiatric medications (oxcarbazepine, among others) have been found to cause hyponatremia in some patients.[12] Patients with diabetes insipidus are particularly vulnerable due to rapid fluid processing.[13]","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excessively low amount of solutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_concentration"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"electrolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte"},{"link_name":"osmotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis"},{"link_name":"intracranial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure"},{"link_name":"drowsiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence"},{"link_name":"bradycardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia"},{"link_name":"pulse pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_pressure"},{"link_name":"cerebral edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_edema"},{"link_name":"pressure to the brain stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_herniation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"At the onset of this condition, fluid outside the cells has an excessively low amount of solutes, such as sodium and other electrolytes, in comparison to fluid inside the cells, causing the fluid to move into the cells to balance its osmotic concentration. This causes the cells to swell. The swelling increases intracranial pressure in the brain, which leads to the first observable symptoms of water intoxication: headache, personality changes, changes in behavior, confusion, irritability, and drowsiness. These are sometimes followed by difficulty breathing during exertion, muscle weakness and pain, twitching, or cramping, nausea, vomiting, thirst, and a dulled ability to perceive and interpret sensory information. As the condition persists, papillary and vital signs may result including bradycardia and widened pulse pressure. The cells in the brain may swell to the point where blood flow is interrupted resulting in cerebral edema. Swollen brain cells may also apply pressure to the brain stem causing central nervous system dysfunction. Both cerebral edema and interference with the central nervous system are dangerous and could result in seizures, brain damage, coma or death.[14]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sa-15"}],"text":"Water intoxication can be prevented if a person's intake of water does not grossly exceed their losses. Healthy kidneys are able to excrete approximately 800 millilitres to one litre of fluid water (0.84–1.04 quarts) per hour.[15] However, stress (from prolonged physical exertion), as well as disease states, can greatly reduce this amount.[15]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diuretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic"},{"link_name":"Vasopressin receptor antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist"}],"text":"Mild intoxication may remain asymptomatic and require only fluid restriction. In more severe cases, treatment consists of:Diuretics to increase urination, which are most effective for excess blood volume.\nVasopressin receptor antagonists","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"gallbladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Leah Betts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Betts"},{"link_name":"ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Anthony Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Andrews"},{"link_name":"My Fair Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Lady"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Matthew Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Chico State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Chico"},{"link_name":"fraternity hazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Wii"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"KDND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDND"},{"link_name":"\"Hold Your Wee for a Wii,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDND#%22Hold_Your_Wee_for_a_Wii%22_contest"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"325 BC: Alexander the Great loses many companion travelers to excessive water intake during a march through the Gedrosian Desert [16][17]\n1097: During the First Crusade, according to at least one chronicle, many crusaders died after drinking too much from a river while marching to Antioch.[18]\n1991, Andy Warhol: Five years after his death, Warhol's family publicly accused the hospital where he had his gallbladder removed of causing his death by water intoxication administered post-operatively. A claimed autopsy weight of 68 kg (150 lb), with his weight being 58 kg (128 lb) when admitted, was cited as evidence that too much fluid had been given.[19]\nNovember 16, 1995: Leah Betts, a British schoolgirl, died as the result of drinking too much water, though in the media her death was mistakenly attributed to taking an ecstasy tablet at her 18th birthday party.[20]\n2003: British actor Anthony Andrews survived a case of water intoxication. He was performing as Henry Higgins in a revival of the musical My Fair Lady at the time, and consumed up to eight litres of water a day. He was unconscious and in intensive care for three days.[21][22]\nFebruary 2, 2005: Matthew Carrington, a student at Chico State University in Chico, California, died as a direct result of a fraternity hazing ritual involving forced water intoxication.\nJanuary 12, 2007: Jennifer Strange died after drinking nearly 2 US gallons (7.6 litres) of water in an attempt to win a Nintendo Wii.[23] The KDND radio station's morning show, the Morning Rave, held an on-air contest entitled \"Hold Your Wee for a Wii,\" in which contestants were asked to drink as much water as they could without urinating. The DJs were made aware of the dangers but did not inform the contestants. KDND's parent company, Entercom Sacramento LLC, was subsequently ordered to pay $16,577,118 in damages to Strange's family.[24][25]\nMarch 11, 2020: Zachary Sabin, an 11-year-old child, died after being forced to drink almost three liters of water in just four hours by his parents. They thought his urine was too dark, so they made him drink water until he threw up.[26]\nA 2022 study proposed that martial-arts actor Bruce Lee's death in 1973 was due to water poisoning.[27]\nJuly 4, 2023: A 35 year old Indiana woman died after consuming too much water while on vacation with her family.[28]","title":"Notable cases"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg"},{"title":"Water portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water"},{"title":"Dehydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration"},{"title":"Drowning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning"},{"title":"Hyperkalemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemia"},{"title":"Hypokalemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemia"},{"title":"Hypermagnesemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermagnesemia"},{"title":"Hypomagnesemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemia"},{"title":"Hypernatremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatremia"},{"title":"Hyponatremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia"},{"title":"Gastroenteritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis"},{"title":"Oral rehydration therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy"},{"title":"Polydipsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsia"},{"title":"Water urticaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_urticaria"},{"title":"Dihydrogen monoxide hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_hoax"},{"title":"Electrolyte imbalance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance"},{"title":"List of unusual deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths"},{"title":"Potomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomania"},{"title":"The dose makes the poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dose_makes_the_poison"}]	[{"reference":"Noakes TD, Speedy DB (July 2006). \"Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?\". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (7): 567–72. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354. PMC 2564296. PMID 16799109.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564296","url_text":"\"Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2005.020354","url_text":"10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564296","url_text":"2564296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16799109","url_text":"16799109"}]},{"reference":"Farrell DJ, Bower L (Oct 2003). \"Fatal water intoxication\". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 56 (10): 803–804. doi:10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a. PMC 1770067. PMID 14514793.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770067","url_text":"\"Fatal water intoxication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjcp.56.10.803-a","url_text":"10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770067","url_text":"1770067"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14514793","url_text":"14514793"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 11: Toxicological Information\". Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS (Report). ScienceLab.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929230110/http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321","url_text":"Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS"},{"url":"http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ballantyne, Coco (21 June 2007). \"Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill\". Scientific American.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill/","url_text":"\"Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Water Intoxication in Infants\". Retrieved 31 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stlouischildrens.org/content/healthinfo/WaterIntoxicationinInfants.htm","url_text":"\"Water Intoxication in Infants\""}]},{"reference":"Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, et al. (April 2005). \"Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (15): 1550–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043901. PMID 15829535. S2CID 42909509.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa043901","url_text":"\"Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa043901","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMoa043901"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15829535","url_text":"15829535"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42909509","url_text":"42909509"}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, K. K.; Montain, S. J.; Corr, W. P.; Sawka, M. N.; Knapik, J. J.; Craig, S. C. (May 2001). \"Hyponatremia associated with overhydration in U.S. Army trainees\". Military Medicine. 166 (5): 405–410. PMID 11370203.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11370203/","url_text":"\"Hyponatremia associated with overhydration in U.S. Army trainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11370203","url_text":"11370203"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, John W. (May 2002). \"Death by water intoxication\". Military Medicine. 167 (5): 432–434. PMID 12053855.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12053855/","url_text":"\"Death by water intoxication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12053855","url_text":"12053855"}]},{"reference":"Timbrell, John (2005). The Poison Paradox: Chemicals as Friends and Foes. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-280495-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qYYOtQU37jcC","url_text":"The Poison Paradox: Chemicals as Friends and Foes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280495-2","url_text":"978-0-19-280495-2"}]},{"reference":"Zerbe, Robert L.; Robertson, Gary L. (1981-12-24). \"A Comparison of Plasma Vasopressin Measurements with a Standard Indirect Test in the Differential Diagnosis of Polyuria\". New England Journal of Medicine. 305 (26): 1539–1546. doi:10.1056/NEJM198112243052601. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 7311993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198112243052601","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM198112243052601"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793","url_text":"0028-4793"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7311993","url_text":"7311993"}]},{"reference":"Schwaderer AL, Schwartz GJ (April 2005). \"Treating hypernatremic dehydration\". Pediatrics in Review. 26 (4): 148–50. doi:10.1542/pir.26-4-148. 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Retrieved 2011-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100729052008/http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/whatisdi.htm","url_text":"\"What Is Diabetes Insipidus?\""},{"url":"http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/whatisdi.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moreau, David (2008). Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy! (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-1582555652.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1582555652","url_text":"978-1582555652"}]},{"reference":"Coco Ballantyne. \"Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill\". Scientific American. Retrieved 31 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-drinking-too-much-water-can-kill","url_text":"\"Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"}]},{"reference":"Asbridge, Thomas (2010). The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land. HarperCollins. p. 90.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"}]},{"reference":"\"Care Faulted In the Death Of Warhol\". NYT. Retrieved 27 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/05/nyregion/care-faulted-in-the-death-of-warhol.html","url_text":"\"Care Faulted In the Death Of Warhol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyponatremia (\"Water Intoxication\")\". The DEA.org. Retrieved May 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedea.org/mdma-risks-science-and-statistics-technical-faq/mdma-molly-overheating-hyponatremia-how-much-water-to-drink/","url_text":"\"Hyponatremia (\"Water Intoxication\")\""}]},{"reference":"Grice, Elizabeth (August 21, 2003). \"My battle with the bottle\". The Daily Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/drama/3600987/My-battle-with-the-bottle.html","url_text":"\"My battle with the bottle\""}]},{"reference":"Valentine Low (3 July 2003). \"Actor tells of water overdose\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 31 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/actor-tells-of-water-overdose-6352571.html","url_text":"\"Actor tells of water overdose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest\". LA Times. 2007-01-14. Archived from the original on 2020-04-19. Retrieved 2020-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-14-me-water14-story.html","url_text":"\"Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200419185759/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-14-me-water14-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Fired After Radio Contest Tragedy\". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2019-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ten-fired-after-radio-contest-tragedy/","url_text":"\"Ten Fired After Radio Contest Tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"$16M Awarded In Water Drinking Death\". ABC News. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2019-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/jury-rules-radio-station-jennifer-strange-water-drinking/story?id=8970712","url_text":"\"$16M Awarded In Water Drinking Death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Couple accused of killing son by forcing him to drink water\". CTVNews. June 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/couple-accused-of-killing-son-by-forcing-him-to-drink-water-1.4989133","url_text":"\"Couple accused of killing son by forcing him to drink water\""}]},{"reference":"Villalvazo, Priscila; Fernandez-Prado, Raul; Niño, Maria Dolores Sánchez; Carriazo, Sol; Fernández-Fernández, Beatriz; Ortiz, Alberto; Perez-Gomez, Maria Vanessa (December 2022). \"Who killed Bruce Lee? The hyponatraemia hypothesis\". Clinical Kidney Journal. 15 (12): 2169–2176. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac071. ISSN 2048-8505. PMC 9664576. PMID 36381374.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36381374/","url_text":"\"Who killed Bruce Lee? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_men%27s_national_basketball_team	Togo men's national basketball team	["1 Competitive performance","1.1 FIBA AfroBasket","2 Current roster","3 Head coach position","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Togo women's national basketball team. Togo FIBA ranking (1 March 2024)Joined FIBA1963FIBA zoneFIBA AfricaNational federationFédération Nationale de Basketball Togo (FTBB)CoachGuy ArneaudOlympic GamesAppearancesNoneFIBA World CupAppearancesNoneFIBA Africa ChampionshipAppearances4MedalsNone Home Away The Togo national basketball team is the men's national basketball team representing Togo in international competition. In August 2010, the team qualified for the 2011 African Championship in Madagascar. Competitive performance FIBA AfroBasket Togo has made four appearances in the AfroBasket (formerly African Championship), its first being in 1972. Their best finish was their 6th place in 1974. After the country's third appearance in 1978, Togo was missing from the stage for 33 years, before returning at the 2011 edition. AfroBasket record Qualification record Year Round Position GP W L GP W L – 1964 Did not qualify 1965 1968 1970 1972 Classification stage 11th 6 1 5 1974 Classification stage 6th 6 4 2 1975 Did not qualify 1978 Classification stage 8th 5 1 4 1980 Did not qualify 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1992 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 4 0 4 2009 2011 Round of 16 16th 4 0 4 6 3 3 2011 2013 Did not qualify 2 1 1 2013 2015 Did not enter 2017 2021 2025 Total 4/29 21 6 15 10 4 6 – Current roster At the AfroBasket 2013 qualification: Togo men's national basketball team roster Players Coaches Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr. C 4 Rachidi Soulemana 28 – (1983-09-03)3 September 1983 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) Fighters Lomé F 5 Fatarh Damtare 28 – (1983-12-29)29 December 1983 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) Fighters Lomé PG 9 Komi Ayayi 25 – (1986-10-30)30 October 1986 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) Swallows Lomé SG 8 Edem Pinheiro 31 – (1981-04-14)14 April 1981 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Swallows Lomé F 10 Messan Kokou Doe-Bruce 25 – (1986-07-02)2 July 1986 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) CO Modèle de Lomé G 11 Komi Tinin Kouigan 27 – (1984-08-04)4 August 1984 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) Racing Club Lomé SG 12 Jimmy Williams 26 – (1986-05-27)27 May 1986 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) Al-Wakrah Sport Club PF 14 Fofana Saibou 25 – (1986-11-11)11 November 1986 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) Gombe Bulls Komla Mawunyo Banka 26 – (1986-01-01)1 January 1986 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) Yaovi Enenamede De Souza 34 – (1977-10-06)6 October 1977 Etteh Dittey 31 – (1980-11-03)3 November 1980 Assad John Kadi 26 – (1986-05-30)30 May 1986 Head coach Assistant coaches Legend Club – describes lastclub before the tournament Age – describes ageon 1 July 2012 Head coach position Guy Arneaud - 2011 See also Togo women's national basketball team Samson Johnson References ^ "FIBA Ranking Presented by Nike". FIBA. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ Togo \| 2013 Afrobasket Qualification, ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 18 October 2016. External links Presentation at FIBA.com History of Togo's Basketball Federation (in French) vteInternational men's basketball FIBA National teams Olympics World Cup Universiade U-21 World Cup U-19 World Cup U-17 World Cup DBB U-18 Invitational TBF U-16 Invitational World Ranking Africa FIBA Africa – AfroBasket AfroCan U-18 U-16 African Games Basketball Africa League (BAL) Americas FIBA Americas – FIBA AmeriCup U-18 U-16 CBC Championship Centrobasket COCABA Championship Marchand Cup Pan American Games South American Championship Basketball Champions League Americas (BCLA) Asia FIBA Asia – FIBA Asia Cup (includes Oceania) U-18 U-16 Asian Games FIBA Asia Challenge Basketball Champions League Asia Stanković Cup East Asian Championship East Asian Games SABA Championship SEABA Championship South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Championship West Asian Games William Jones Cup ASEAN Basketball League Europe FIBA Europe – EuroBasket U-20 U-18 U-16 Acropolis Tournament Adecco Cup Belgrade Trophy FIBA European Championship for Small Countries Games of the Small States of Europe World Cup (Turkey) Basketball Champions League (BCL) Oceania FIBA Oceania – FIBA Oceania Championship (defunct) U-20 U-17 U-15 Pacific Games Othertournaments FIBA Intercontinental Cup Arab Basketball Championship Arab Games Commonwealth Games Diamond Ball FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Note: The Under-21 Championship is no longer held. Basketball portal vteNational men's basketball teams of Africa (FIBA Africa)AfroBasket MenZone 1 (4) Algeria Libya Morocco Tunisia Zone 2 (8) Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mauritania Senegal Sierra Leone Zone 3 (8) Benin Burkina Faso Ivory Coast Ghana Liberia Niger Nigeria Togo Zone 4 (8) Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Zone 5 (11) Burundi Egypt United Arab Republic Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Somalia North Sudan South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zone 6 (10) Angola Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Malawi Mozambique Namibia South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Zone 7 (5) Comoros Djibouti Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles vte National sports teams of Togo Badminton Basketball M W Football M M U/20 M U/17 W W U/20 Handball M W Rugby union Tennis Volleyball Olympics Paralympics African Games	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Togo women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"qualified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_2011_qualification"},{"link_name":"2011 African Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_2011"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"}],"text":"This article is about the men's team. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Tho_Chance	Ek Tho Chance	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	2009 Indian filmEk Tho ChanceTheatrical release posterDirected bySaeed Akhtar MirzaStory bySaeed Akhtar MirzaProduced byRangita Pritish NandyRajat KapoorStarringAmrita AroraPurab KohliAli FazalVijay RaazPawan MalhotraAshwini KalsekarRajat KapoorVinay PathakCinematographySandeep PatilMusic byIsmail DarbarDistributed byPritish Nandy CommunicationsRelease date December 2009 (2009-12) (Film Festival of Kerala) Running time2 hoursCountryIndiaLanguageHindi Ek Tho Chance is a 2009 Bollywood erotic thriller film directed by Saeed Akhtar Mirza and produced by Rangita Pritish Nandy under Pritish Nandy Communications. The music director is Ismail Darbar. The film stars Amrita Arora, Purab Kohli, Ali Fazal, Pawan Malhotra, Vijay Raaz, and others. The film premiered at the 2009 Film Festival of Kerala. Plot The film tells the tale of Mumbai city and the millions who get off the train at VT station at every second of the day, hoping to latch on to the magic of Mumbai. Cast Amrita Arora as Nishi Purab Kohli Ali Fazal as Smridh Vijay Raaz Pawan Malhotra Zafar Karachiwala Ashwini Kalsekar Rajat Kapoor Saurabh Shukla Vinay Pathak Imaad Shah References ^ a b "'Ek Tho Chance' is a people's film'". Deccan Herald. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2022. ^ "First of Many: Ali Fazal revisits Ek Tho Chance". 20 January 2021. External links Ek Tho Chance at IMDb Complete Cast & Crew: at Bollywood Hungama This article about a Hindi film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an erotic thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"erotic thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Saeed Akhtar Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Akhtar_Mirza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deccan-1"},{"link_name":"Rangita Pritish Nandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangita_Pritish_Nandy"},{"link_name":"Pritish Nandy Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritish_Nandy_Communications"},{"link_name":"Ismail Darbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Darbar"},{"link_name":"Amrita Arora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Arora"},{"link_name":"Purab Kohli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purab_Kohli"},{"link_name":"Ali Fazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Fazal"},{"link_name":"Pawan Malhotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Malhotra"},{"link_name":"Vijay Raaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Raaz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deccan-1"}],"text":"2009 Indian filmEk Tho Chance is a 2009 Bollywood erotic thriller film directed by Saeed Akhtar Mirza[1] and produced by Rangita Pritish Nandy under Pritish Nandy Communications. The music director is Ismail Darbar.The film stars Amrita Arora, Purab Kohli, Ali Fazal, Pawan Malhotra, Vijay Raaz, and others. The film premiered at the 2009 Film Festival of Kerala.[1]","title":"Ek Tho Chance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"}],"text":"The film tells the tale of Mumbai city and the millions who get off the train at VT station at every second of the day, hoping to latch on to the magic of Mumbai.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amrita Arora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Arora"},{"link_name":"Purab Kohli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purab_Kohli"},{"link_name":"Ali Fazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Fazal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vijay Raaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Raaz"},{"link_name":"Pawan Malhotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Malhotra"},{"link_name":"Zafar Karachiwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafar_Karachiwala"},{"link_name":"Ashwini Kalsekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwini_Kalsekar"},{"link_name":"Rajat Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajat_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Saurabh Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurabh_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Vinay Pathak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinay_Pathak"},{"link_name":"Imaad Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaad_Shah"}],"text":"Amrita Arora as Nishi\nPurab Kohli\nAli Fazal as Smridh[2]\nVijay Raaz\nPawan Malhotra\nZafar Karachiwala\nAshwini Kalsekar\nRajat Kapoor\nSaurabh Shukla\nVinay Pathak\nImaad Shah","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"'Ek Tho Chance' is a people's film'\". Deccan Herald. 11 December 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_210	Minnesota State Highway 210	["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 US 210","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]	Route map: State highway in Minnesota, United States Trunk Highway 210MN 210 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by MnDOTLength227.916 mi (366.795 km)ExistedJuly 1, 1949–presentTouristroutes Great River RoadOtter Trail Scenic BywayMajor junctionsWest end ND 210 at the Red River near BreckenridgeMajor intersections US 75 / MN 9 at Breckenridge I-94 / US 52 / US 59 at Fergus Falls US 71 at Hewitt US 10 at Staples US 10 / MN 64 at Motley MN 371 at Baxter MN 6 at Crosby US 169 at Aitkin MN 65 at McGregor I-35 at Carlton East end MN 23 at Duluth LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountiesWilkin, Otter Tail, Todd, Morrison, Cass, Crow Wing, Aitkin, Carlton, St. Louis Highway system Minnesota Trunk Highway System Interstate US State Legislative Scenic ← MN 200→ US 212 Minnesota State Highway 210 (MN 210) is a state highway in west-central, central, and northeast Minnesota, which runs from North Dakota Highway 210 (ND 210) at the North Dakota state line (at Breckenridge), and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with MN 23 in Duluth near the Saint Louis River. The route runs across Minnesota from west-central to northeast; connecting Fergus Falls, Brainerd, and Duluth. At the western terminus of MN 210, upon crossing the Red River, the roadway becomes ND 210 and feeds into ND 13. MN 210 is 228 miles (367 km) in length. Route description MN 210 crosses the Saint Louis River in Thomson MN 210 serves as an east–west route in west-central, central, and northeast Minnesota between Breckenridge, Fergus Falls, Staples, Baxter, Brainerd, Carlton, and Duluth. For part of its route (7 mi or 11 km), MN 210 is concurrent with US Highway 10 (US 10) between Motley and Staples in central Minnesota. The highway crosses the Washington Street Bridge at the Mississippi River in Brainerd and the Saint Louis River in Thomson. The portion of MN 210 in Aitkin County is officially designated the "Dale Wayrynen Memorial Highway". This same designation is also signed on MN 210 in Carlton County from Cromwell westbound to the county line with Aitkin County. MN 210 passes through the Cuyuna Range in Crow Wing County and the Fond du Lac State Forest in Carlton County. Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area is located on the highway in Crow Wing County near Crosby and Ironton; northeast of Brainerd. Jay Cooke State Park is located on MN 210 in Carlton County. The park is located between Carlton and Fond du Lac (Duluth). History Trunk Highway 3LocationBreckenridge to StaplesExisted1920–1955 MN 210 was authorized on July 1, 1949 between then-US 61 (now MN 45) in Carlton and MN 23 in Duluth, acting as an eastern extension of US 210. Circa 1955, the highway was expanded on the west end of US 210, replacing former MN 3 from Staples to the North Dakota state line at Breckenridge. The original eastern segment was subsequently renumbered as part of MN 39 in 1956. When US 210 was removed in 1970, the highway was redesignated MN 210. The historic original route of MN 210 between Carlton and Duluth was changed back at this time as well. MN 210 runs along the original mainline of the Northern Pacific Railway as built westward from Carlton to Staples. Between Henning and Breckenridge, the highway runs along a former branch line of the Northern Pacific Railway. Most of the branch line has since been abandoned. The western section of the highway, between Breckenridge and Fergus Falls, was originally part of Minnesota Constitutional Route 3. Between Fergus Falls and Henning, the highway was part of Constitutional Route 36. The section between Carlton and Motley was part of Constitutional Route 2. US 210 U.S. Highway 210LocationCarlton–MotleyExisted1926–1970 MN 210 from Carlton to Motley, the eastern portion of the present day highway, was originally part of U.S. Route 210 from 1926 to 1970. During 1970, US 210 was decommissioned from Carlton to Motley and re-designated MN 210 that same year. US 210 was originally commissioned in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials, as one of the original US Highways. In the 1934 numbering plan, US 210 from Carlton to Motley was slated to be re-designated as U.S. Route 208. The road was almost re-numbered because of a routing change in its parent road (US 10). Ultimately, US 10 was routed along former US 10N. US 208 was shown on some maps in the mid-1930s running from Carlton to Motley, but the number was not officially commissioned or signed, and US 210 kept its number. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Red River of the North0.0000.000 ND 210 west – WahpetonContinuation into North Dakota WilkinBreckenridge0.2190.352 US 75 north – MoorheadWestern end of US 75 concurrency 0.7641.230 US 75 south / MN 9 south – BreckenridgeEastern end of US 75 concurrency; western end of MN 9 concurrency Connelly Township2.2413.607 MN 9 north / CSAH 16 south – BarnesvilleEastern end of MN 9 concurrency Otter TailFergus Falls24.24839.023 I-94 west / US 59 north (US 52) – MoorheadWestern end of I-94/US 52/US 59 concurrency; MN 210 west follows exit 54 24.691–25.04739.736–40.309 CSAH 1 – Fergus Falls, WendellInterchange; I-94 exit 55 Buse Township26.44642.561 I-94 east / US 59 south (US 52) / CSAH 25 south – AlexandriaEastern end of I-94/US 52/US 59 concurrency; western end of CSAH 25 concurrency Fergus Falls27.41744.123 CSAH 25 north / Otter Trail Scenic BywayEastern end of CSAH 25 concurrency; western end of Otter Trail Scenic Byway concurrency 28.27845.509 CSAH 82 (Pebble Lake Road) / I-94 Alt. east – Elbow LakeFormerly US 52/US 59 29.06646.777 CSAH 29 / Otter Trail Scenic BywayEastern end of Otter Trail Scenic Byway concurrency Battle Lake45.58373.359 MN 78 / Otter Trail Scenic Byway – Battle Lake, Ashby, Glendalough State ParkWestern end of Otter Trail Scenic Byway concurrency Vining54.58287.841 CSAH 40 / Otter Trail Scenic BywayEastern end of Otter Trail Scenic Byway concurrency Henning60.59297.513 MN 108 west (Douglas Avenue) – Henning, Ottertail, Airport Inman Township66.412106.880 MN 29 – Wadena, Alexandria ToddHewitt77.512124.743 US 71 – Wadena, Long Prairie Staples93.558150.567 US 10 west – WadenaWestern end of US 10 concurrency MorrisonMotley100.707162.072 US 10 east – Little FallsEastern end of US 10 concurrency CassMay Township101.023162.581 MN 64 north – Akeley Crow WingBaxter120.539193.989 MN 371 – NisswaWestern end of MN 371 Bus. concurrency Brainerd122.095–122.215196.493–196.686Washington Street Bridge over Mississippi River 122.663197.407 MN 371 Bus. south (North 6th Street) / Great River Road (National Route) southEastern end of MN 371 Bus. concurrency; western end of Great River Road concurrency 122.967197.8968th StreetFormer MN 18 123.203198.276 CSAH 45 south / Inter-County C south (13th Street) 123.879199.364 MN 25 south / CSAH 3 north / Inter-County C north / Great River Road (National Route) north – Merrifield, Crosslake, PierzEastern end of Great River Road concurrency Crosby137.855221.856 MN 6 north / Great River Road (National Route) south – Emily, RemerWestern end of MN 6/Great River Road concurrency Deerwood142.248228.926 MN 6 south – GarrisonEastern end of MN 6 concurrency AitkinAitkin152.441245.330 US 169 south / Great River Road (National Route) north (Minnesota Avenue) to MN 47 – GarrisonEastern end of Great River Road concurrency; western end of US 169 concurrency Morrison Township160.351258.060 US 169 north / CR T587 – Grand RapidsEastern end of US 169 concurrency McGregor174.536280.888 MN 65 north – Range CitiesWestern end of MN 65 concurrency McGregor Township175.734282.816 MN 65 south – Mora, Rice Lake National Wildlife RefugeEastern end of MN 65 concurrency CarltonCromwell196.233315.806 MN 73 – Floodwood, Moose Lake Twin Lakes Township215.986–216.107347.596–347.791 I-35 – Duluth, St. Paul, MinneapolisI-35 exit 235 216.253348.025 CSAH 61 south / Old US 61 – AtkinsonWestern end of CSAH 61 concurrency Carlton218.558351.735 MN 45 / CSAH 61 north / CSAH 1 south / Old US 61 – Scanlon, WrenshallWestern end of CSAH 1 concurrency; eastern end of CSAH 61 concurrency Thomson219.846353.808 CSAH 1 north (Dalles Avenue)Eastern end of CSAH 1 concurrency St. LouisDuluth227.790366.592 MN 23 – Duluth, Sandstone 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus References ^ a b Minnesota Legislature. "Chapter 663-H.F. No. 1792". Session Laws of Minnesota for 1949. Earl L. Berg, Commissioner of Administration. pp. 1177–85. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|url= (help) ^ a b Minnesota Department of Transportation (September 6, 2011). Statewide Trunk Logpoint Listing (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. ^ Minnesota Legislature (2010). "161.14, Names and Designations of Certain Highways". 2010 Minnesota Statutes. Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes. Subd. 39. Retrieved December 4, 2010. ^ Rand McNally and Company; Minnesota Office of Railroad Commissioners (1886). Official Railroad Map of Minnesota (Map). . Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. OCLC 37047373. Retrieved August 30, 2020 – via Minnesota Historical Society. ^ Minnesota Department of Highways; H.M. Gousha (1954). Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads (Map). Scale not given. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B11-F11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library. (Showing road conditions as of January 1, 1954) ^ a b Minnesota Department of Highways; H.M. Gousha (1956). Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads (Map). 1:760,320. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B11-F11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 381173598. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library. ^ Minnesota Department of Highways; H.M. Gousha (1957). Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads (Map). 1:760,320. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. § M10. OCLC 5673160, 80405240. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library. ^ a b c Minnesota Department of Highways (1970). Official Road Map (Map). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B12-M11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 70295993. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library. ^ a b c Minnesota Department of Highways (1971). Official Road Map (Map). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B12-M11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 45785565. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library. ^ Riner, Steve. "Details of routes 152–218". The Unofficial Minnesota Highways Page. Retrieved April 5, 2006. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 210KML is from Wikidata Endpoints of historic U.S. Highway 210 vteU.S. Routes related to US 10 US 110 former US 210 former US 310 US 410 former	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota Highway 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_210"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Breckenridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckenridge,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"MN 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_23"},{"link_name":"Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Fergus Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Brainerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainerd,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"ND 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_13"}],"text":"State highway in Minnesota, United StatesMinnesota State Highway 210 (MN 210) is a state highway in west-central, central, and northeast Minnesota, which runs from North Dakota Highway 210 (ND 210) at the North Dakota state line (at Breckenridge), and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with MN 23 in Duluth near the Saint Louis River.The route runs across Minnesota from west-central to northeast; connecting Fergus Falls, Brainerd, and Duluth. At the western terminus of MN 210, upon crossing the Red River, the roadway becomes ND 210 and feeds into ND 13. MN 210 is 228 miles (367 km) in length.","title":"Minnesota State Highway 210"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Louis_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Breckenridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckenridge,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Fergus Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Brainerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainerd,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US Highway 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_10_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Motley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motley,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"central Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Washington Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Brainerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainerd,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Aitkin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Dale Wayrynen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Eugene_Wayrynen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Carlton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Cuyuna Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyuna_Range"},{"link_name":"Crow Wing County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyuna_Country_State_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ironton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironton,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Jay Cooke State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Cooke_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnmap1-4"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_(Duluth)"}],"text":"MN 210 crosses the Saint Louis River in ThomsonMN 210 serves as an east–west route in west-central, central, and northeast Minnesota between Breckenridge, Fergus Falls, Staples, Baxter, Brainerd, Carlton, and Duluth.For part of its route (7 mi or 11 km), MN 210 is concurrent with US Highway 10 (US 10) between Motley and Staples in central Minnesota. The highway crosses the Washington Street Bridge at the Mississippi River in Brainerd and the Saint Louis River in Thomson.The portion of MN 210 in Aitkin County is officially designated the \"Dale Wayrynen Memorial Highway\".[3] This same designation is also signed on MN 210 in Carlton County from Cromwell westbound to the county line with Aitkin County.MN 210 passes through the Cuyuna Range in Crow Wing County and the Fond du Lac State Forest in Carlton County. Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area is located on the highway in Crow Wing County near Crosby and Ironton; northeast of Brainerd. Jay Cooke State Park is located on MN 210 in Carlton County.[4] The park is located between Carlton and Fond du Lac (Duluth).","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_61_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"MN 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_45"},{"link_name":"MN 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laws1949-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1954map-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956map-6"},{"link_name":"MN 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_39"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1956map-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1957map-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1970map-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1971map-9"},{"link_name":"Northern Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Breckenridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckenridge,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Fergus Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_route_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riner1-10"}],"text":"MN 210 was authorized on July 1, 1949 between then-US 61 (now MN 45) in Carlton and MN 23 in Duluth,[1] acting as an eastern extension of US 210. Circa 1955, the highway was expanded on the west end of US 210, replacing former MN 3 from Staples to the North Dakota state line at Breckenridge.[5][6] The original eastern segment was subsequently renumbered as part of MN 39 in 1956.[6][7]When US 210 was removed in 1970, the highway was redesignated MN 210. The historic original route of MN 210 between Carlton and Duluth was changed back at this time as well.[8][9]MN 210 runs along the original mainline of the Northern Pacific Railway as built westward from Carlton to Staples. Between Henning and Breckenridge, the highway runs along a former branch line of the Northern Pacific Railway. Most of the branch line has since been abandoned.The western section of the highway, between Breckenridge and Fergus Falls, was originally part of Minnesota Constitutional Route 3. Between Fergus Falls and Henning, the highway was part of Constitutional Route 36. The section between Carlton and Motley was part of Constitutional Route 2.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1970map-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1971map-9"},{"link_name":"American Association of State Highway Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"US 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_10_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"US 10N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_10N_(Minnesota)"}],"sub_title":"US 210","text":"MN 210 from Carlton to Motley, the eastern portion of the present day highway, was originally part of U.S. Route 210 from 1926 to 1970. During 1970, US 210 was decommissioned from Carlton to Motley and re-designated MN 210 that same year.[8][9]US 210 was originally commissioned in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials, as one of the original US Highways.[citation needed]In the 1934 numbering plan, US 210 from Carlton to Motley was slated to be re-designated as U.S. Route 208. The road was almost re-numbered because of a routing change in its parent road (US 10). Ultimately, US 10 was routed along former US 10N. US 208 was shown on some maps in the mid-1930s running from Carlton to Motley, but the number was not officially commissioned or signed, and US 210 kept its number.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[{"image_text":"MN 210 crosses the Saint Louis River in Thomson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/St_Louis_River.jpg/220px-St_Louis_River.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Minnesota Legislature. \"Chapter 663-H.F. No. 1792\". Session Laws of Minnesota for 1949. Earl L. Berg, Commissioner of Administration. pp. 1177–85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Transportation (September 6, 2011). Statewide Trunk Logpoint Listing (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadway/data/reports/logpt/statelpt.pdf","url_text":"Statewide Trunk Logpoint Listing"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Legislature (2010). \"161.14, Names and Designations of Certain Highways\". 2010 Minnesota Statutes. Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes. Subd. 39. Retrieved December 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=161.14","url_text":"\"161.14, Names and Designations of Certain Highways\""}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally and Company; Minnesota Office of Railroad Commissioners (1886). Official Railroad Map of Minnesota (Map). [1:760,320]. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. OCLC 37047373. Retrieved August 30, 2020 – via Minnesota Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/display?irn=10061996","url_text":"Official Railroad Map of Minnesota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37047373","url_text":"37047373"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Highways; H.M. Gousha (1954). Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads (Map). Scale not given. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B11-F11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1183/rec/5","url_text":"Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","url_text":"5673160"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","url_text":"80405240"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Highways; H.M. Gousha (1956). Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads (Map). 1:760,320. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B11-F11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 381173598. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1186/rec/16","url_text":"Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","url_text":"5673160"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","url_text":"80405240"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/381173598","url_text":"381173598"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Highways; H.M. Gousha (1957). Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads (Map). 1:760,320. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. § M10. OCLC 5673160, 80405240. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1189/rec/17","url_text":"Official Road Map of Minnesota Showing the State Highway System and Main Secondary Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","url_text":"5673160"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","url_text":"80405240"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Highways (1970). Official Road Map (Map). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B12-M11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 70295993. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1228/rec/55","url_text":"Official Road Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","url_text":"5673160"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","url_text":"80405240"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70295993","url_text":"70295993"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Department of Highways (1971). Official Road Map (Map). 1:1,137,760. St. Paul: Minnesota Department of Highways. §§ B12-M11. OCLC 5673160, 80405240, 45785565. Retrieved December 1, 2010 – via Minnesota Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/mdt/id/1231/rec/56","url_text":"Official Road Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673160","url_text":"5673160"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80405240","url_text":"80405240"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45785565","url_text":"45785565"}]},{"reference":"Riner, Steve. \"Details of routes 152–218\". The Unofficial Minnesota Highways Page. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe_Glacier_Tongue	Astrolabe Glacier	["1 See also","2 References","3 Footnotes"]	Glacier in Antarctica Astrolabe GlacierNatural-colour satellite image of AstrolabeLocation of Astrolabe Glacier in AntarcticaTypeunknownLocationAdélie LandCoordinates66°45′S 139°55′E / 66.750°S 139.917°E / -66.750; 139.917Area96 km2Length19 km (12 mi)Width7 km (4.3 mi)ThicknessunknownTerminusSouthern OceanStatusunknown Astrolabe Glacier is a glacier 10 kilometres (10 km) wide and 19 kilometres (10 nmi) long, flowing north-northeast from the continental ice and terminating at the coast in a prominent tongue at the east side of Geologie Archipelago. It was first sighted in 1840 by the French expedition under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville, although no glaciers were noted on d'Urville's chart of this coast but a formidable icy dike with perpendicular flanks of 37.7 m high according to the joined plate, corresponding to the glacier tongue. The glacier was photographed from the air by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in January 1947. It was charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1949–51, and named after d'Urville's flagship, the Astrolabe. The Astrolabe Glacier Tongue (66°42′S 140°5′E / 66.700°S 140.083°E / -66.700; 140.083) is a prominent glacier tongue about 6 kilometres (3 nmi) wide and 7 kilometres (4 nmi) long, extending northeast from Astrolabe Glacier. Located in the Terre Adélie-George V Land section of East Antarctica, Astrolabe Glacier streams out from the interior of Antarctica to dump ice into the sea. See also List of glaciers in the Antarctic Glaciology References This article incorporates public domain material from "Astrolabe Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. This article incorporates public domain material from "Astrolabe Glacier Tongue". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Footnotes ^ (in French) IGN Map of Pointe Géologie archipelago, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments. ^ (in French) Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes "l'Astrolabe" et "la Zélée", exécuté par ordre du Roi pendant les années 1837-1838-1839-1840 sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont-d'Urville, capitaine de vaisseau, Paris, Gide éditeur, 1842-1846, tome 8, p. 149-152, site of Gallica, BNF. Clic first on Accéder au site complet down left of the page. ^ (in French) Carte des explorations effectuées par les corvettes "l'Astrolabe" et "la Zélée" dans les régions circum-polaires, 1841 (plate of Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes "l'Astrolabe" et "la Zélée"), site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments, enlarge for ships position number 38 near the glacier tongue called Pointe Géologie on the map. ^ (in French) Prise de possession de la Terre Adélie (plate 171 of Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes "l'Astrolabe" et "la Zélée"), site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments : view from the west towards the glacier tongue on January 22, 1840. Portal: Geography vteGlaciersTypes Aufeis Cirque Ice cap Ice field Ice sheet Ice shelf Ice stream Ledoyom Outlet glacier Piedmont glacier Rock glacier Valley glacier Anatomy Ablation zone Accumulation zone Bergschrund Blue ice Crevasse Dirt cone Firn Glacier cave Glacier head Ice divide Glacier tongue Icefall Lateral moraine Medial moraine Moraine Moulin Penitente Randkluft Sérac Terminus Processes Ablation Accumulation Basal sliding Calving Creep Motion Outburst flood Overdeepening Periglaciation Plucking Retreat Starvation Surge Measurements Ice core Mass balance Volcanic relations Jökulhlaup Subglacial eruption Subglacial volcano Tuya LandformsErosional Arête Cirque Cirque stairway Crag and tail Finger lake Fjord Glacial horn Glacial lake Glacial striae Hanging valley Nunatak P-form Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Suncup Tarn Trough lake Trough valley Tunnel valley U-valley Valley step Zungenbecken Depositional Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Moraine-dammed lake Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Sevetti moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glaciofluvial Alpentor Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Urstromtal Glaciology Category List Template:Periglacial environment vteGlaciers in the AntarcticAlphabetic List of glaciers in the Antarctic: A–H List of glaciers in the Antarctic: I–Z By territory Adélie Land Bouvet Island Coats Land Ellsworth Land Enderby Land Graham Land Heard Island and McDonald Islands James Ross Island and Graham Land Kaiser Wilhelm II Land Kemp Land Mac. Robertson Land Marie Byrd Land Oates Land Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land Palmer Land Princess Elizabeth Land Queen Elizabeth Land Queen Mary Land Queen Maud Land Ross Dependency South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Trinity Peninsula and Graham Land Victoria Land Wilkes Land Miscellaneous List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands List of Antarctic ice rises List of Antarctic ice shelves List of Antarctic ice streams List of glaciers List of subantarctic glaciers vteGlaciers of Adélie Land Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef This Adélie Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a glacier in Antarctica or antarctic or sub-antarctic islands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Geologie Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologie_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jules Dumont d'Urville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Operation Highjump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Operation_Highjump"},{"link_name":"French Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Astrolabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1817)"},{"link_name":"66°42′S 140°5′E / 66.700°S 140.083°E / -66.700; 140.083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Astrolabe_Glacier&params=66_42_S_140_5_E_type:glacier_region:AQ_source:GNIS"}],"text":"Astrolabe Glacier is a glacier 10 kilometres (10 km) wide and 19 kilometres (10 nmi) long, flowing north-northeast from the continental ice and terminating at the coast in a prominent tongue at the east side of Geologie Archipelago.[1] It was first sighted in 1840 by the French expedition under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville, although no glaciers were noted on d'Urville's chart of this coast but a formidable icy dike with perpendicular flanks[2] of 37.7 m high according to the joined plate,[3] corresponding to the glacier tongue.[4] The glacier was photographed from the air by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump in January 1947. It was charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1949–51, and named after d'Urville's flagship, the Astrolabe.The Astrolabe Glacier Tongue (66°42′S 140°5′E / 66.700°S 140.083°E / -66.700; 140.083) is a prominent glacier tongue about 6 kilometres (3 nmi) wide and 7 kilometres (4 nmi) long, extending northeast from Astrolabe Glacier.Located in the Terre Adélie-George V Land section of East Antarctica, Astrolabe Glacier streams out from the interior of Antarctica to dump ice into the sea.","title":"Astrolabe Glacier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"(in French) IGN Map of Pointe Géologie archipelago, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM29/att/ATCM29_att023_f.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"(in French) Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\", exécuté par ordre du Roi pendant les années 1837-1838-1839-1840 sous le commandement de M. 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Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"},{"link_name":"James Ross Island and Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_James_Ross_Island_and_Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_Land"},{"link_name":"Kemp Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Kemp_Land"},{"link_name":"Mac. Robertson Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Mac._Robertson_Land"},{"link_name":"Marie Byrd Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Marie_Byrd_Land"},{"link_name":"Oates Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Oates_Land"},{"link_name":"Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_Palmer_Archipelago_and_Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Palmer Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Palmer_Land"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Princess_Elizabeth_Land"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Queen_Elizabeth_Land"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Queen_Mary_Land"},{"link_name":"Queen Maud Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Queen_Maud_Land"},{"link_name":"Ross Dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_Ross_Dependency"},{"link_name":"South Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_South_Georgia"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"South Orkney Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_South_Orkney_Islands"},{"link_name":"Trinity Peninsula and Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_the_Trinity_Peninsula_and_Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Victoria Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Victoria_Land"},{"link_name":"Wilkes Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Wilkes_Land"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic ice rises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rise"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic ice shelves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves"},{"link_name":"List of Antarctic ice streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_streams"},{"link_name":"List of glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers"},{"link_name":"List of subantarctic glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic#Subantarctic_glaciers"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Glaciers_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_Land"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Glaciers_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_Land"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_Land"},{"link_name":"Glaciers of Adélie Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_Land"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3108357#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/2007148574261124430001"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/15558216X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adelie_stub_map.png"},{"link_name":"Adélie Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrolabe_Glacier&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antarctica-glacier-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica-glacier-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica-glacier-stub"}],"text":"^ (in French) IGN Map of Pointe Géologie archipelago, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments.\n\n^ (in French) Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\", exécuté par ordre du Roi pendant les années 1837-1838-1839-1840 sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont-d'Urville, capitaine de vaisseau, Paris, Gide éditeur, 1842-1846, tome 8, p. 149-152, site of Gallica, BNF. Clic first on Accéder au site complet down left of the page.\n\n^ (in French) Carte des explorations effectuées par les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\" dans les régions circum-polaires, 1841 (plate of Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\"), site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments, enlarge for ships position number 38 near the glacier tongue called Pointe Géologie on the map.\n\n^ (in French) Prise de possession de la Terre Adélie (plate 171 of Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\"), site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments : view from the west towards the glacier tongue on January 22, 1840.Portal: GeographyvteGlaciersTypes\nAufeis\nCirque\nIce cap\nIce field\nIce sheet\nIce shelf\nIce stream\nLedoyom\nOutlet glacier\nPiedmont glacier\nRock glacier\nValley glacier\nAnatomy\nAblation zone\nAccumulation zone\nBergschrund\nBlue ice\nCrevasse\nDirt cone\nFirn\nGlacier cave\nGlacier head\nIce divide\nGlacier tongue\nIcefall\nLateral moraine\nMedial moraine\nMoraine\nMoulin\nPenitente\nRandkluft\nSérac\nTerminus\nProcesses\nAblation\nAccumulation\nBasal sliding\nCalving\nCreep\nMotion\nOutburst flood\nOverdeepening\nPeriglaciation\nPlucking\nRetreat\nStarvation\nSurge\nMeasurements\nIce core\nMass balance\nVolcanic relations\nJökulhlaup\nSubglacial eruption\nSubglacial volcano\nTuya\nLandformsErosional\nArête\nCirque\nCirque stairway\nCrag and tail\nFinger lake\nFjord\nGlacial horn\nGlacial lake\nGlacial striae\nHanging valley\nNunatak\nP-form\nRibbon lake\nRoche moutonnée\nSuncup\nTarn\nTrough lake\nTrough valley\nTunnel valley\nU-valley\nValley step\nZungenbecken\nDepositional\nDrumlin\nErratic block\nMoraine\nMoraine-dammed lake\nPulju moraine\nRogen moraine\nSevetti moraine\nTerminal moraine\nTill plain\nVeiki moraine\nGlaciofluvial\nAlpentor\nDiluvium\nEsker\nGiant current ripples\nKame\nKame delta\nKettle hole\nOutwash fan\nSandur\nUrstromtal\n\nGlaciology\nCategory\nList\nTemplate:Periglacial environmentvteGlaciers in the AntarcticAlphabetic\nList of glaciers in the Antarctic: A–H\nList of glaciers in the Antarctic: I–Z\nBy territory\nAdélie Land\nBouvet Island\nCoats Land\nEllsworth Land\nEnderby Land\nGraham Land\nHeard Island and McDonald Islands\nJames Ross Island and Graham Land\nKaiser Wilhelm II Land\nKemp Land\nMac. Robertson Land\nMarie Byrd Land\nOates Land\nPalmer Archipelago and Graham Land\nPalmer Land\nPrincess Elizabeth Land\nQueen Elizabeth Land\nQueen Mary Land\nQueen Maud Land\nRoss Dependency\nSouth Georgia\nSouth Shetland Islands\nSouth Orkney Islands\nTrinity Peninsula and Graham Land\nVictoria Land\nWilkes Land\nMiscellaneous\nList of Antarctic and subantarctic islands\nList of Antarctic ice rises\nList of Antarctic ice shelves\nList of Antarctic ice streams\nList of glaciers\nList of subantarctic glaciersvteGlaciers of Adélie LandAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nOther\nIdRefThis Adélie Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a glacier in Antarctica or antarctic or sub-antarctic islands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of glaciers in the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"title":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"}]	[{"reference":"\"Astrolabe Glacier\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:674","url_text":"\"Astrolabe Glacier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Astrolabe Glacier Tongue\". Geographic Names Information System. 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Dumont-d'Urville, capitaine de vaisseau, Paris, Gide éditeur, 1842-1846, tome 8, p. 149-152, site of Gallica, BNF."},{"Link":"http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM29/att/ATCM29_att022_f.jpg","external_links_name":"(in French) Carte des explorations effectuées par les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\" dans les régions circum-polaires, 1841 (plate of Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\"), site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments"},{"Link":"http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM29/att/ATCM29_att032_f.jpg","external_links_name":"(in French) Prise de possession de la Terre Adélie (plate 171 of Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes \"l'Astrolabe\" et \"la Zélée\"), site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments : view from the west towards the glacier tongue on January 22, 1840."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2007148574261124430001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/15558216X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrolabe_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrolabe_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamerican_Cup_of_Volleyball	Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup	["1 Results","2 Medal table","3 Teams by year","4 Most valuable player by edition","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Volleyball competition The Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup is a continental cup organized by NORCECA with teams from all over America (North-, South- and Central America, and the Caribbean), that served as a qualifier for the World Grand Prix. The tournament also granted places for the Final Four Women's Volleyball Cup. Since 2018 the event also serves as Pan American Games classification. The men have their own equivalent of the tournament, the Men's Pan-American Cup. Results Pan-American Cup Year Host Winner Runner-up 3rd Place 4th Place 2002Details Tijuana, Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Mexico 2003Details Saltillo, Mexico United States Dominican Republic Cuba Brazil 2004Details Tijuana and Mexicali, Mexico Cuba United States Dominican Republic Brazil 2005Details Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Cuba Dominican Republic Brazil United States 2006Details San Juan, Puerto Rico Brazil Cuba Dominican Republic United States 2007Details Colima, Mexico Cuba Brazil Dominican Republic United States 2008Details Tijuana and Mexicali, Mexico Dominican Republic Brazil Argentina Puerto Rico 2009Details Miami, United States Brazil Dominican Republic Puerto Rico United States 2010Details Rosarito and Tijuana, Mexico Dominican Republic Peru United States Cuba 2011Details Ciudad Juárez, Mexico Brazil Dominican Republic United States Cuba 2012Details Ciudad Juárez, Mexico United States Brazil Cuba Dominican Republic 2013Details Lima, Peru United States Dominican Republic Argentina Brazil 2014Details Ciudad de México and Pachuca, Mexico Dominican Republic United States Puerto Rico Argentina 2015Details Lima and Callao, Peru United States Dominican Republic Argentina Cuba 2016Details Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Puerto Rico United States Cuba 2017Details Lima and Cañete, Peru United States Dominican Republic Puerto Rico Peru 2018Details Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic United States Dominican Republic Canada Brazil 2019Details Trujillo and Chiclayo, Peru United States Dominican Republic Colombia Puerto Rico 2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 2021Details Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Mexico United States Canada 2022Details Hermosillo,Mexico Dominican Republic Colombia United States Mexico 2023Details Ponce,Puerto Rico Argentina Puerto Rico United States Dominican Republic Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States726152 Dominican Republic6103193 Cuba41274 Brazil33175 Argentina10346 Puerto Rico02357 Colombia01128 Mexico0101 Peru010110 Canada0022Totals (10 entries)21212163 Teams by year Nation 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 Years Argentina 5th – 8th 9th 10th 6th 3rd 6th 5th 6th 5th 3rd 4th 3rd 5th 8th 9th 5th – – 1st 18 Barbados – – – 10th 12th – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 Brazil – 4th 4th 3rd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 8th 1st 2nd 4th – 7th – – 4th – – – – 13 Canada 3rd 6th 5th 6th 7th 9th 8th 7th 7th 7th 8th 7th 6th 5th 6th 6th 3rd 6th 4th 9th 8th 21 Chile – – – – – – – – – 12th – – – – – 12th – – – – 9th 3 Colombia – – – – – – – – – – 11th 9th 7th 8th 7th 7th 5th 3rd – 2nd 5th 10 Costa Rica – – 9th 11th 11th 8th 9th 8th 11th 11th 9th 11th 10th 11th 12th – 12th – – 8th 10th 16 Cuba 1st 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 11th – 4th 4th 3rd 6th 5th 4th 4th 5th 7th 8th 5th 5th – 19 Dominican Republic 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 4th 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 4th 21 Guatemala – – 10th – – – – 11th – – – – – – – – – 11th – – – 3 Jamaica – – – 12th – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 Mexico 4th 8th 7th 7th 9th 10th 10th 9th 9th 9th 12th 12th 8th 10th 11th 11th 10th 9th 2nd 4th 7th 21 Nicaragua – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10th – 1 Peru – – – – 6th 7th 7th 5th 2nd 8th 7th 8th 9th 9th 9th 4th 8th 7th – 7th 6th 16 Puerto Rico 7th 7th 6th 5th 5th 5th 4th 3rd 6th 5th 6th 5th 3rd 6th 2nd 3rd 6th 4th 6th 6th 2nd 21 Trinidad and Tobago – – – – – 12th 12th 10th 10th 10th 10th 10th 11th – 10th 9th 11th 10th – – – 12 United States 6th 1st 2nd 4th 4th 4th 5th 4th 3rd 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 1st 1st 1st 3rd 3rd 3rd 21 Uruguay – – – – – 11th – – – – – – – 12th – – – – – – – 2 Venezuela – 5th – 8th 8th – 6th – – – – – – – 8th 10th – – – – – 6 Total 7 8 10 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 11 6 10 10 Most valuable player by edition 2002 – Yumilka Ruíz 2003 – Milagros Cabral 2004 – Zoila Barros 2005 – Yudelkys Bautista 2006 – Mari Steinbrecher 2007 – Nancy Carrillo 2008 – Sidarka Núñez 2009 – Bethania de la Cruz 2010 – Prisilla Rivera 2011 – Sheilla Castro 2012 – Kristin Richards 2013 – Nicole Fawcett 2014 – Brenda Castillo 2015 – Krista Vansant 2016 – Brayelin Martinez 2017 – Micha Hancock 2018 – Lauren Carlini 2019 – Micha Hancock 2021 – Prisilla Rivera 2022 – Niverka Marte 2023 – Bianca Cugno See also Women's Junior Pan-American Volleyball Cup Girls' Youth Pan-American Volleyball Cup References ^ 2011–2015 NORCECA Calendar ^ PeruVoley.com: Perú entrega la sede de la Copa Panamericana 2012 (In Spanish) External links NORCECA vteInternational volleyball FIVB World Rankings Achievements by nation Records and statistics Worldwide Olympic Games World Championships men women Nations League men women Olympic Qualification Tournaments men women World Cup men women Challenger Cup men women Club World Championship men women World League (defunct) World Grand Prix (defunct) World Grand Champions Cup (defunct) Junior / Youth Youth Olympic Games World Championships men U23 (defunct) women U23 (defunct) men U21 women U21 boys U19 girls U19 Multi-sport events Arab Games Bolivarian Games Goodwill Games Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Military World Games Universiade ContinentalAfrica(CAVB) African Championship men women men U23 women U23 men U21 women U20 boys U19 girls U18 African Club Championships men women African Club Cup men women African Beach men women African Games Asia andOceania(AVC) Asian Championship men women men U23 (defunct) women U23 (defunct) men U20 women U20 boys U18 girls U18 boys U16 girls U16 Asian Cup men (defunct) women (defunct) Asian Challenge Cup men women Asian Club Championship men women Asian Games Pacific Games Europe(CEV) European Championship men women men U22 women U22 men U20 women U20 men U18 women U18 men U17 women U17 European League men women Champions League men women CEV Cup men women Challenge Cup men women European Games MEVZA League NEVZA Clubs Championship AmericasTop events Pan American Games Pan-American Cup men women America's Cup (defunct) North America(NORCECA) NORCECA Championship men women men U21 women U20 boys U19 girls U18 Central American and Caribbean Games Central America(AFECAVOL) Central American Championship men women Central American Games South America(CSV) South American Championship men women men U23 women U22 men U21 women U20 boys U19 girls U18 boys U17 girls U16 South American Club Championship men women South American Games vteInternational women's volleyball FIVB World Ranking Summer Olympic Games FIVB World Championship FIVB World Cup FIVB Nations League FIVB Challenger Cup Universiade Africa CAVB African Championship African Games Asia & Oceania AVC Asian Championship Asian Cup Asian Challenger Cup Asian Games Europe CEV European Championship European League Small Countries Division GSSE Games North America NORCECA NORCECA Championship Pan American Cup Pan American Games Central America AFECAVOL Central American Championship Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games South America CSV South American Championship Pan American Cup Pan American Games South American Games Multi-sport events Arab Games Bolivarian Games Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Military World Games Discontinued FIVB World Grand Prix FIVB World Grand Champions Cup Goodwill Games Final Four Cup European Games vtePan American Volleyball CupMenSenior 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 U23 2012 2014 2016 2018 2021 2023 Junior 2011 2015 2017 2019 2022 Youth 2011 2017 2019 2022 WomenSenior 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 U23 2012 2014 2016 2018 2021 2023 Junior 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 Youth 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 vtePan American ChampionshipsOlympic sportsTeam sports Basketball men women Curling Field hockey men women Football Handball men women cadet men Ice hockey Volleyball men women Water polo Individual sports Archery Artistic swimming Athletics combined events race walking Badminton Cycling Road Track Cyclo-cross Fencing Gymnastics Judo Luge Table tennis championships cup Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Non-Olympic sportsTeam sports Beach handball Cricket Indoor hockey men women Korfball Rink hockey championships cup Rugby union Americas PARA Individual sports Athletics cross country Chess team Draughts Jiu-jitsu no-gi Racquetball Squash Wushu Paralympic sportsTeam sports Wheelchair rugby Individual sports Para badminton Para table tennis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NORCECA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORCECA"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"North-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"South-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Central 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The tournament also granted places for the Final Four Women's Volleyball Cup. Since 2018 the event also serves as Pan American Games classification. The men have their own equivalent of the tournament, the Men's Pan-American Cup.","title":"Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams by year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Yumilka Ruíz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumilka_Ru%C3%ADz"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Milagros Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milagros_Cabral"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Zoila Barros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoila_Barros"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yudelkys Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudelkys_Bautista"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Mari Steinbrecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Steinbrecher"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Nancy Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sidarka Núñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarka_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bethania de la Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethania_de_la_Cruz"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prisilla Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisilla_Rivera"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Sheilla Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheilla_Castro"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kristin Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Richards"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nicole Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Fawcett"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brenda Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Castillo"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Krista Vansant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Vansant"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brayelin Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayelin_Martinez"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Micha Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_Hancock"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lauren Carlini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Carlini"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Micha Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_Hancock"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prisilla Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisilla_Rivera"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Niverka Marte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niverka_Marte"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Bianca Cugno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bianca_Cugno&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"2002 – Yumilka Ruíz\n2003 – Milagros Cabral\n2004 – Zoila Barros\n2005 – Yudelkys Bautista\n2006 – Mari Steinbrecher\n2007 – Nancy Carrillo\n2008 – Sidarka Núñez\n2009 – Bethania de la Cruz\n2010 – Prisilla Rivera\n2011 – Sheilla Castro\n2012 – Kristin Richards\n2013 – Nicole Fawcett\n2014 – Brenda Castillo\n2015 – Krista Vansant\n2016 – Brayelin Martinez\n2017 – Micha Hancock\n2018 – Lauren Carlini\n2019 – Micha Hancock\n2021 – Prisilla Rivera\n2022 – Niverka Marte\n2023 – Bianca Cugno","title":"Most valuable player by edition"}]	[]	[{"title":"Women's Junior Pan-American Volleyball Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Junior_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"title":"Girls' Youth Pan-American Volleyball Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_Youth_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.norceca.org/Caledars_2010-2014/Calendario%20NORCECA%202010-2014%281%29.htm","external_links_name":"2011–2015 NORCECA Calendar"},{"Link":"http://www.peruvoley.com/","external_links_name":"PeruVoley.com"},{"Link":"http://www.peruvoley.com/foro/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=3144","external_links_name":"Perú entrega la sede de la Copa Panamericana 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.norceca.org/Norceca%20Competition_.htm","external_links_name":"NORCECA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet	Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Sources","4 External links"]	Dutch Golden Age painter Portrait of Michiel van der Dussen, his Wife, Wilhelmina van Setten and their Children 1640 Gemeente Musea Delft; Collection Stedelijk Museum Het Prinsenhof, Delft Hendrick Corneliszoon van Vliet (1611/1612, Delft – buried October 28, 1675, Delft) was a Dutch Golden Age painter remembered mostly for his church interiors. Biography Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, c.1650 with tomb of William the Silent. He studied under his uncle Willem van der Vliet and was admitted to the painters guild in Delft in 1632. He was good at perspective but later took up portrait painting with Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt. Van Vliet started out with architectural painting, particularly the painting of church interiors. Before him, architectural painting had been pioneered by Pieter Saenredam, who introduced innovative techniques of perspective. By mid century, architectural painting gained great popularity. Among the churches painted by Van Vliet are the Pieterskerk (Peter's Church) in Leiden, the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) in Delft, and the Oude Kerk (Old Church) in Delft (Van Vliet would be buried in the latter in 1675). Emanuel de Witte and Gerard Houckgeest, also painted these Delft church interiors. Paintings of the tomb of William the Silent were quite popular. Works The paintings of Van Vliet can be seen at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Centraal Museum Utrecht, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Walker Art Gallery (Liverpool, England), the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Ringling Art Museum in Sarasota, Florida, the Nelson-Atkins Art Museum in Kansas City, Missouri, the Baltimore Museum of Art in Baltimore, the Bildenden Kunste Art Museum in Leipzig, Germany and the Hermitage Museum (Portrait of a Woman) and Pushkin Art Museum in Russia. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet. Sources Hendrick van Vliet at the Netherlands Institute for Art History External links Works at WGA Works and literature on Hendrick Corneliszoon van Vliet Van Vliet at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Vermeer and The Delft School, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Hendrick Corneliszoon van Vliet (see index) The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Hendrick Corneliszoon van Vliet (cat. no. 11) Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany United States Artists KulturNav Victoria RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet_-_Portrait_of_Michiel_van_der_Dussen_and_His_Family_-_WGA25275.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"}],"text":"Portrait of Michiel van der Dussen, his Wife, Wilhelmina van Setten and their Children 1640 Gemeente Musea Delft; Collection Stedelijk Museum Het Prinsenhof, DelftHendrick Corneliszoon van Vliet (1611/1612, Delft – buried October 28, 1675, Delft) was a Dutch Golden Age painter remembered mostly for his church interiors.","title":"Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willem van der Vliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_der_Vliet"},{"link_name":"Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt"},{"link_name":"architectural painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_painting"},{"link_name":"Pieter Saenredam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Jansz_Saenredam"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Nieuwe Kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)"},{"link_name":"Oude Kerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Kerk_(Delft)"},{"link_name":"Emanuel de Witte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_de_Witte"},{"link_name":"Gerard Houckgeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Houckgeest"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"}],"text":"Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, c.1650 with tomb of William the Silent.He studied under his uncle Willem van der Vliet and was admitted to the painters guild in Delft in 1632. He was good at perspective but later took up portrait painting with Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt. Van Vliet started out with architectural painting, particularly the painting of church interiors. Before him, architectural painting had been pioneered by Pieter Saenredam, who introduced innovative techniques of perspective. By mid century, architectural painting gained great popularity. Among the churches painted by Van Vliet are the Pieterskerk (Peter's Church) in Leiden, the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church) in Delft, and the Oude Kerk (Old Church) in Delft (Van Vliet would be buried in the latter in 1675). Emanuel de Witte and Gerard Houckgeest, also painted these Delft church interiors. Paintings of the tomb of William the Silent were quite popular.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Centraal Museum Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal_Museum_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Walker Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ringling Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ringling_Art_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nelson-Atkins Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Woman_(van_Vliet)"},{"link_name":"Pushkin Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet"}],"text":"The paintings of Van Vliet can be seen at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Centraal Museum Utrecht, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Walker Art Gallery (Liverpool, England), the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Ringling Art Museum in Sarasota, Florida, the Nelson-Atkins Art Museum in Kansas City, Missouri, the Baltimore Museum of Art in Baltimore, the Bildenden Kunste Art Museum in Leipzig, Germany and the Hermitage Museum (Portrait of a Woman) and Pushkin Art Museum in Russia.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hendrick van Vliet at the Netherlands Institute for Art History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/81475"}],"text":"Hendrick van Vliet at the Netherlands Institute for Art History","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of Michiel van der Dussen, his Wife, Wilhelmina van Setten and their Children 1640 Gemeente Musea Delft; Collection Stedelijk Museum Het Prinsenhof, Delft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet_-_Portrait_of_Michiel_van_der_Dussen_and_His_Family_-_WGA25275.jpg/220px-Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet_-_Portrait_of_Michiel_van_der_Dussen_and_His_Family_-_WGA25275.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, c.1650 with tomb of William the Silent.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet_001.jpg/220px-Hendrick_Cornelisz._van_Vliet_001.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/81475","external_links_name":"Hendrick van Vliet at the Netherlands Institute for Art History"},{"Link":"http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/v/vliet/","external_links_name":"Works at WGA"},{"Link":"http://www.pubhist.com/person/135/hendrick-van-vliet","external_links_name":"Works and literature on Hendrick Corneliszoon van Vliet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608223718/http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/zoeken/asset.jsp?id=SK-A-1971&lang=en","external_links_name":"Van Vliet at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/65202/rec/17","external_links_name":"Vermeer and The Delft School"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/121680","external_links_name":"The Milkmaid by Johannes Vermeer"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95748146","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/32793034","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14492156n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14492156n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118805576","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2003020848","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/a4903985-2bad-45da-98ab-5986a7a3b828","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/8945/","external_links_name":"Victoria"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/81475","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500011033","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/42481352","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118805576.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-35	Northrop YB-35	["1 Design and development","2 Variants","2.1 XB-35","2.2 YB-35","2.3 YB-49","2.4 YRB-49A","2.5 EB-35B","2.6 XB2T","3 Operational history","4 Specifications (YB-35)","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	American flying-wing bomber prototype YB-35 / XB-35 YB-35 prototype Role Strategic bomberType of aircraft Manufacturer Northrop Designer Jack Northrop First flight 25 June 1946 Retired 1948-1949 Status Canceled Primary user United States Air Force Number built 14 (Including 1 experimental version) Variants Northrop YB-49 The Northrop YB-35/XB-35, Northrop designation N-9 or NS-9, were experimental heavy bomber aircraft developed by the Northrop Corporation for the United States Army Air Forces during and shortly after World War II. The airplane used the radical and potentially very efficient flying wing design, in which the tail section and fuselage are eliminated and all payload is carried in a thick wing. Only prototypes and pre-production aircraft were built, although interest remained strong enough to warrant further development of the design as a jet bomber, under the designation YB-49. Design and development The B-35 was the brainchild of Jack Northrop, who made the flying wing the focus of his work during the 1930s. In 1941 before the USA entered World War II, Northrop and Consolidated Vultee Corporation had been commissioned to develop a large wing-only, long-range bomber designated XB-35 and XB-36. Northrop advocated a "flying wing" as a means of reducing parasitic drag and eliminating structural weight not directly responsible for producing lift. Consolidated Vultee proposed a more conventional design with fuselage and tail, which was much larger and heavier. In theory, the B-35 could carry a greater payload faster, farther, and cheaper than a conventional bomber. In December 1941, the Army Air Forces awarded prototype contracts to both Northrop and Consolidated Vultee for a bomber that could carry 4,500 kg (10,000 lb) of bombs to a round-trip mission of 16,000 km (10,000 mi). Requested performance was a maximum speed of 720 km/h (450 mph), cruise speed of 443 km/h (275 mph), and service ceiling of 14,000 m (45,000 ft). This aircraft would be able to bomb Nazi-occupied Europe in the event that Britain fell (this was similar to Nazi Germany's own Amerikabomber program design competition through the RLM, itself initiated in the spring of 1942). The original April 1941 USAAC proposal was first submitted to Boeing and Consolidated Aircraft Company and led to the production of the Convair B-36. In May, one month before the USAAF was created, the contract was also extended to include Northrop, inviting it to submit a design along the lines it was already exploring. Since the new aircraft would require a significant amount of engineering work in untested waters, the first order placed was actually for two prototypes of the XB-35, and included Northrop's plan to also build two all-wood one-third scale flying models to measure performance and stability; these were dubbed the Northrop N-9M (M standing for model). This aircraft would be used to gather flight test data on the Flying Wing design. Jack Northrop also hired part-time the leading aeronautical designer of the day Theodore von Kármán, to evaluate and who approved of Northrop's initial design, and to start building the tooling for building the prototypes ... as explained in detail in the book "Goodbye Beautiful Wing" by Terrence O'Neill. The N9Ms would also be used as a flight trainer, to familiarize pilots with the radical, all-wing concept. Early in 1942, design work on the XB-35 itself began in earnest. Unlike conventional aircraft, truly "tailless" flying wings cannot use a rudder for lateral control as it was absent, so a set of clamshell-like, double split flaps (so-called flaperon, a portmanteau of flap and aileron) on the trailing edge of the wingtips were used. When aileron control was input, they were deflected up or down as a single unit, just like an aileron. When rudder input was made, the two surfaces on one side opened, top and bottom, creating drag, and yawing the aircraft. By applying input to both rudder pedals, both sets of surfaces were deployed creating drag so that the airspeed or the glide angle could be manipulated. Variants XB-35 On 22 November 1941, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF, or AAF) signed the development contract for an XB-35; the contract included an option for a second aircraft, which was exercised on 2 January 1942. The first was to be delivered in November 1943, the second in April of the next year. Detailed engineering began in early 1942. A fuselage-like crew cabin was to be embedded inside the wing; it included a tail cone protruding from the trailing edge. This tail cone would contain the remote sighting stations for the bomber's gunners and a cluster of rear-firing machine guns in the production aircraft. In the midsection of the cabin, there were folding bunks for off-duty crew on long missions. The aircraft's bomb load was to be carried in six smaller bomb bays, three in each wing section, fitted with roll-away doors; this original design precluded the carrying of large bombs, and the early atomic bombs, without bomb bay redesign and modifications. Production aircraft would have defensive armament of twenty 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns or 20 mm cannon, carried in six turrets, two turrets along the aircraft's center line, four above and below the outer wings, and four in the "stinger" tail cone. The B-35 would take advantage of a new aluminum alloy devised by Alcoa; it was considerably stronger than any alloy used previously. In June 1946, the XB-35 made its first flight, a 45-minute trip from Hawthorne, California, to Muroc Dry Lake, without incident. The XB-35's engines and propellers were AAF property and had not been tested for engine-propeller compatibility by either Pratt & Whitney, Hamilton Standard, or by the AAF which bought them at Wright Field without testing them or assuring reliability, and then shipped them to Northrop. Microfilmed records of reports and correspondence of the XB-35 program relate that after three or four flights, power plant and propeller vibrations increased, and the very efficient contra-rotating propellers began failing with frustrating frequency. Meetings were called by Northrop, of the AAF, Pratt & Whitney and Hamilton Standard where no one would take responsibility for correcting the AAF's engines and propellers. In addition, the AAF failed to supply the AC electrical alternator, insisting on Northrop using an onboard auxiliary power unit (APU) unit driven by an automotive engine which limited the high-altitude, high-speed XB-35 to test flights below 15,000 ft (4,600 m). The AAF also refused to allow Northrop proposed modification of the bomb bays to carry the standard Mk. 3 atomic bomb, while at the same time declaring the AF would not buy the bomber unless it could carry the A-bomb. Northrop reluctantly agreed to try a single-rotation propeller, which slightly increased takeoff distance and a reduced rate-of-climb and maximum speed. YB-35 Flying Wing showing its quartet of pusher contra-rotating propellers. The option was later discarded due to severe vibration in flight and later changed to the traditional single propeller configuration. Problems with the quartet of contra-rotating propellers' shafts comprising each aircraft's drive-line system continued until finally Jack Northrop himself grounded the XB-35s until the government fixed their propulsion system. Concurrently, the AAF ordered Northrop to convert two of the YB-35 airframes to YB-49s, essentially substituting eight jet engines for four reciprocating engines. As a result, the airframe promptly flew to more than 40,000 ft (12,000 m) and topped 520 mph (840 km/h) in flight tests, verifying the XB-35 air frame's aerodynamics, but at the price of range. The prop-version had a design range capable of reaching targets 4,000 mi (6,400 km) away, but the jet-engine version's range was cut nearly in half. The new version disqualified it for the Air Force's top-priority mission as a strategic bomber, which at that time meant striking at the USSR's industrial and military complexes in the Ural Mountains. The Air Force, itself involved in a confusion of rank and job changes, eventually cancelled the XB-35 project, while continuing testing the B-35 airframe as the YB-49, even ordering 30 of the jet-powered bombers after the first YB-49 crashed. The first and second XB-35s were scrapped on 23 and 19 August 1949, respectively. YB-35 On 30 September 1943, 13 pre-production YB-35s were ordered by the Army Air Force. The first one did not fly until 15 May 1948. While some Air Force generals felt the piston engines made the B-35 obsolete, it remained superior in overall performance and range to its competitor, the Convair B-36, and General Hoyt Vandenberg wrote that only the B-35 and the B-36 had adequate range for the Air Force's primary mission, and nothing comparable would be available until the mid-1950s. Only the first YB-35 was ever flown. Multiple flight testing demonstrated that it was airworthy; it was then parked and ignored for more than a year until being scrapped on 20 July 1949. The unfinished YB-35 #2, was scrapped almost a month later, on 19 August 1949. The other 11 of 13 YB-35 aircraft ordered underwent conversion to other power plants. YB-49 Two of those airframes were converted to use eight Allison J35 jet engines and designated YB-49. The second YB-35 converted to a YB-49 all-jet airframe crashed after Air Force test pilot Forbes pulled the outer wing panels off during stall tests at 4.8 g0 (47 m/s2). The first YB-35 airframe jet-modified to a YB-49 completed all stall tests and even demonstrated recovery from a spin. It was later destroyed after the Flying Wing's forward landing gear strut and wheel collapsed after encountering high vibration during a highly unusual taxi test procedure made with the engine's fuel tanks full, causing a fire that spread rapidly. Seven incomplete airframes began conversion to jet power as YB-49B but were never finished. YRB-49A A third YB-35 airframe was converted to use six jet engines (two placed in under wing pods) for use as a long-range reconnaissance aircraft, designated YRB-49A. After only a few months, the Air Force's order for 30 YRB-49As was suddenly cancelled without explanation. The sole YRB-49A built flew 13 test flights and then was returned to Northrop's Ontario Airport. The last of Northrop's big Flying Wings sat abandoned at the airport's edge for two years and was finally ordered scrapped on 1 December 1953. EB-35B In order to test the advanced Northrop T37 Turbodyne turboprop engine, produced by a Northrop subsidiary, the ultimate YB-35A was to be converted to a single EB-35B test aircraft (in this case the prefix "E" for the designation meant "Exempt," not the later Electronic). The test aircraft would use two of the powerful T37 engines, each driving a pair of contra-rotating, paddle-blade propellers; the first planned ground tests were to be made using a single T37 engine. When the EB-35B project was canceled, the Air Force had Northrop's Turbodyne engine name, all its patents, and technical data reassigned to General Electric. XB2T The XB2T-1 was a U.S. Navy designation for one YB-35 airframe to be used for development trials; the project was canceled while still in the planning stage. Operational history The U.S. Army Air Forces had originally ordered 200 production model B-35s. Since Northrop's facilities were not up to the task of producing them, the Glenn L. Martin Company agreed to undertake mass production. This proved irrelevant when the aircraft had too many development problems. Even disregarding these, so many of Martin's engineers had been drafted by 1944 that Martin pushed the first delivery date back to 1947. Seeing that it would almost certainly never be ready in time for the war, the Army Air Forces canceled the production contract, though the Air Technical Services Command continued to run the program for research purposes. Actual flight tests of the aircraft revealed several problems: the contra-rotating props caused constant heavy drive-shaft vibration and the government-supplied gearboxes had frequent malfunctions and reduced the effectiveness of propeller control. After only 19 flights, Northrop grounded the first XB-35; the second aircraft was grounded after eight test flights. During this time, the contra-rotating propellers were removed and replaced with four-blade single-rotation propellers. In addition to having continued drive shaft vibration problems, the new single-rotation props greatly reduced the aircraft's speed and performance. Furthermore, the intricate exhaust system turned into a fiasco to maintain. After only two years of use, the engines already showed signs of metal fatigue. In the end, the program was terminated due to its technical difficulties and the obsolescence of its reciprocating propeller engines, and the fact it was far behind schedule and over budget. Another contributing factor to the program's failure was the tendency of Northrop to become engaged in many experimental programs, which spread its small engineering staff far too wide. While the competing propeller-driven B-36 was obsolete by that time and had just as many or even more development problems, the Air Force needed a very long-range, post-war atomic bomber to counter the perceived Soviet threat. It had more faith that the B-36's "teething" problems could be overcome, compared to those of the new and radical "Flying Wing", the unofficial name that was later associated with all the Northrop "all-wing" designs. There are long-standing conspiracy theories about the cancellation of the Flying Wing program; specifically, an accusation from Jack Northrop that Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington attempted to coerce him to merge his company with the Atlas Corporation-controlled Convair. In a 1979 taped interview, Jack Northrop claimed the Flying Wing contract was cancelled because he would not agree to a merger because Convair's merger demands were "grossly unfair to Northrop." When Northrop refused, Symington supposedly arranged to cancel the B-35 and B-49 program. Symington became president of Convair after he left government service a short time later. Other observers note that the B-35 and B-49 designs had well-documented performance and design issues while the Convair B-36 needed more development money. At that time, it appeared the B-36 program might be cancelled as well as the B-35. The USAF and the Texas Congressional delegation desired to have a production program for the large Fort Worth aircraft production factory, and Convair had much more effective lobbyists in Washington, DC. The Northrop Corporation was always a technological trailblazer, but the independent nature of Jack Northrop often collided with the political wheeling-and-dealing in Washington that tended to run huge military allocations. Consequently, the B-36 prevailed, with just over 380 aircraft built. Furthermore, earlier the same year, when the YB-49 jet bomber was cancelled, Northrop received a smaller production contract for its F-89 Scorpion fighter as compensation for the lost Flying Wing contract. Specifications (YB-35) Data from Northrop Flying Wings : a history of Jack Northrop's visionary aircraftGeneral characteristics Crew: 9: pilot, copilot, bombardier, navigator, engineer, radio operator, three gunners Length: 53 ft 1 in (16.18 m) Wingspan: 172 ft 0 in (52.43 m) Height: 20 ft 3.5 in (6.185 m) Wing area: 4,000 sq ft (370 m2) Aspect ratio: 7.4 Airfoil: root: NACA 653-019; tip: NACA 653-018 Empty weight: 91,000 lb (41,277 kg) with turrets Gross weight: 154,000 lb (69,853 kg) with turrets Max takeoff weight: 209,000 lb (94,801 kg) Fuel capacity: 10,000 US gal (8,300 imp gal; 38,000 L) internal; 18,000 US gal (15,000 imp gal; 68,000 L) with bomb-bay auxiliary tanks fitted Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-45 Wasp Major 28-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) each mounted left and right outboard (Pratt & Whitney R-4360-17 Wasp Major with 8-bladed contra-props) Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-47 Wasp Major 28-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) each mounted left and right inboard (Pratt & Whitney R-4360-21 Wasp Major with 8-bladed contra-props) Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton Standard HSP24F60-344, 15 ft 3 in (4.65 m) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering pusher propellers (originally flown with 8-bladed contra-rotating propellers) Performance Maximum speed: 391 mph (629 km/h, 340 kn) Cruise speed: 240 mph (390 km/h, 210 kn) Range: 7,500 mi (12,100 km, 6,500 nmi) Service ceiling: 39,700 ft (12,100 m) (restricted to 20,000 ft (6,096 m) due to APU problems) Rate of climb: 625 ft/min (3.18 m/s) Wing loading: 45 lb/sq ft (220 kg/m2) Power/mass: 0.07 hp/lb (0.12 kW/kg) Armament Guns: 20 × .50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns in six remotely controlled turrets and one tail stinger Bombs: 52,200 lb (23,678 kg) of bombs, maximum See also Amerikabomber Stealth aircraft Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider Related development Northrop N-1 Northrop N-1M Northrop N-9M Northrop YB-49 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Convair B-36 Horten Ho 229 Horten H.XVIII Related lists List of bomber aircraft List of flying wing aircraft List of military aircraft of the United States List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962) References Notes ^ Chong, Anthony (2016-06-15). Flying Wings & Radical Things: Northrop's Secret Aerospace Projects & Concepts 1939-1994. Specialty Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-58007-229-8. ^ a b Pape, Garry R.; Campbell, John M. (1995). Northrop Flying Wings : a history of Jack Northrop's visionary aircraft (1st ed.). Atglen: Schiffer Pub. pp. 116–193, 253. ISBN 0887406890. ^ a b Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 93, 95, 103–6, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4. ^ a b Winchester 2005, p. 193. ^ Allen 2003, p.5 ^ Allen 2003, pp. 6–7. ^ Flight 20 March 1947, p. a. ^ Allen 2003, p. 8. ^ Gunston 1996, p. 33. ^ Swopes, Bryan R. "25 June 1946". thisdayinaviation.com. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ a b c "US government microfilm A2061, XB-35 Project Report, Vols. 1–4", Air Force Case History Files. Retrieved: 29 January 2011. ^ "USAF Museum XB-35 fact sheet", nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved: 4 January 2010. ^ a b Winchester 2005, p. 192. ^ Knaack 1988, p. 506. ^ Wooldridge, E.T. "The Northrop Bombers." Century of Flight, 2003. Retrieved: 27 August 2011. ^ Andrade, John M. (1979). U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials Since 1909. Hinckley, England: Midland. p. 52. ISBN 9780904597219. ^ Fahey, James Charles (1946). U.S. Army Aircraft (heavier-than-air) 1908-1946. Falls Church, VA: Ships & Aircraft. p. 23. ASIN B0000EEEV0. Retrieved 2022-05-10. ^ Fitzsimons 1978, p. 2282. ^ Donald 1997, p. 709. ^ Donald 1997, p. 708. ^ Jones 1975, p. 238. ^ AN 01-15EAA-4 : Parts Catalog Usaf series YB-35, YB-35A and YB-49 aircraft. Washington D.C.: United States Air Force. 10 August 1948. pp. 2, 170–179. Bibliography Allen, Francis. "Before the B-2: Northrop's Flying Wings, The XB-35 and XB-49". Air Enthusiast. No. 106, July/August 2003, pp. 2–12. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450. Coleman, Ted. Jack Northrop and the Flying Wing: The Real Story Behind the Stealth Bomber. New York: Paragon House, 1988. ISBN 1-55778-079-X. Donald, David, ed. "Northrop Flying Wings". Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario: Prospero Books, 1997. ISBN 1-85605-375-X. Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Scorpion, Northrop F-89." Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Volume 21. London: Phoebus, 1978. ISBN 0-8393-6175-0. Gunston, Bill. "Northrop's Flying Wings". Wings of Fame. Volume 2, pp. 24–37. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-874023-69-7. ISSN 1361-2034. Jones, Lloyd S. U. S. Fighters. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1975. ISBN 0-8168-9200-8. Knaack, Marcelle Size. Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1988. ISBN 0-16-002260-6. Maloney, Edward T. Northrop Flying Wings, Corona del Mar, California: World War II Publications, 1988. ISBN 0-915464-00-4. O'Leary, Michael. "Wings of Northrop, Part Three." Air Classics, Volume 44, Number 2, February 2008, Challenge Publications, Inc. ISSN 0002-2241. (Heavily illustrated, authoritative XB/YB-35 article.) Pape, Garry and John Campbell. Northrop Flying Wings: A History of Jack Northrop's Visionary Aircraft. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 1995. ISBN 0-88740-689-0. Pelletier, Alain J. "Towards the Ideal Aircraft: The Life and Times of the Flying Wing, Part Two". Air Enthusiast, No. 65, September–October 1996, pp. 8–19. ISSN 0143-5450. White, Graham (January 2013). "Determination & Dixie Cups". The Aviation Historian (2): 111–117. ISSN 2051-1930. Winchester, Jim, "Northrop XB-35/YB-49". Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. ISBN 978-1-84013-809-2. "The Wing". Flight, 20 March 1947, pp. a–b, 241. Wooldridge, E. T. Winged Wonders: The Story of the Flying Wings. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983. ISBN 0-87474-966-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northrop XB-35. Manual: (1948) Report No. HB-18 Pilot's Handbook for the XB-35 Heavy Bombardment Airplane Archived 2016-04-06 at the Wayback Machine USAF Museum XB-35 USAF Museum YB-35 Popular Science, May 1946, 100-ton Flying Wing vteNorthrop aircraft and aircraft enginesManufacturer designations'Greek' series Alpha Beta Gamma Delta 'N' seriesNote: Northrop company designations include a wide variety of technologies. Only aircraft, aero engines, and missiles are linked here. N-1/M N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9/M N-10 N-12 N-14 N-15 N-16 N-18 N-19 N-20 N-21 N-23 N-24 N-25A/B N-26 N-29 N-31 N-32 N-34 N-35 N-36 N-37 N-38 N-39 N-40 N-41 N-45 N-46 N-47 N-48 N-49 N-50 N-51 N-52 N-54 N-55 N-59 N-60 N-63 N-65 N-67 N-68 N-69 N-71 N-72 N-73 N-74 N-81 N-82 N-84 N-86 N-87 N-94 N-96 N-102 N-103 N-105 N-110 N-111 N-112 N-117 N-124 N-132 N-133 N-134 N-135 N-138 N-141 N-144 N-149 N-150 N-151 N-155 N-156 N-165 N-204 N-205 N-250 N-251 N-267 N-285 N-300 N-301 N-302 N-303 N-304 N-305 N-306 N-307 N-311 N-320 N-321 N-322 N-330 N-353 N-370 N-381'P' series P530 P600 P610 P630 By roleAttack YA-13 XA-16 A-17/Nomad N-3PB YA-9 Bombers YB-35 YB-49 B-62 BT B2T B-2 Drones Q-4 Fighters 3A XP-56 P-61 XP-79 F-89 XFT F2T F-5/CF-5/CF-116 YF-17 F-18L F-20 YF-23 Reconnaissance F-15 RF-61 RF-5 N-165 N-204 Trainers T-38 Transports Alpha Beta Gamma Delta C-19 C-100 YC-125 RT Experimental N-1M N-9M JB-1 MX-324 MX-334 M2-F2 M2-F3 HL-10 Tacit Blue X-4 X-21 Aircraftengines XT37 Names Alpha Bantam Beta Black Bullet Black Widow Boojum Chukar Delta Dervish Fang Freedom Fighter Gamma Hornet Nomad Pioneer Raider Reporter Scorpion Snark Spirit Talon Tigershark See also: TR-3 vteUSAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF bomber designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsOriginal sequences(1924–1930)Light Bomber LB-1 LB-2 LB-3 LB-4 LB-5 LB-6 LB-7 LB-8 LB-9 LB-10 LB-11 LB-12 LB-13 LB-14 Medium Bomber B-1 B-2 Heavy Bomber HB-1 HB-2 HB-3 Main sequence(1930–1962) B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10 B-11 B-12 B-13 B-14 B-15 B-16 B-17 B-18 B-19 B-20 B-21 B-22 B-23 B-24 B-25 B-26 B-27 B-28 B-29 B-29D B-30 B-31 B-32 B-33 B-34 B-35 B-36 B-36G NB-36H B-37 B-38 B-39 B-40 B-41 B-42 B-43 B-44 B-45 B-46 B-47 B-47C B-48 B-49 B-50 B-50C B-51 B-52 B-53 B-54 B-55 B-56 B-57 RB-57D RB-57F B-58 B-59 B-60 B-61 B-62 B-63 B-64 B-65 B-66 B-67 B-68 B-69 B-70 B-71 Long-range Bomber(1935–1936) BLR-1 BLR-2 BLR-3 Tri-Service sequence(1962–current) B-1 B-2 Non-sequentialRedesignated A-series B-20 B-26 Fighter-bomber, in F-series FB-22 FB-111 Other B-21 vteUSN/USMC bomber designations 1931–1962BomberDouglas BD Great Lakes BG B2G Kaiser-Fleetwings BK Martin BM B2M Naval Aircraft Factory BN Northrop BT B2T Consolidated BY B2Y Bomber DroneInterstate BDR Bomber FighterBoeing BFB Curtiss BFC BF2C Bomber TorpedoCurtiss BTC BT2C Douglas BTD BT2D Kaiser-Fleetwings BTK Martin BTM Authority control databases NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pape-2"},{"link_name":"heavy bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"Northrop Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Corporation"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"flying wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wing"},{"link_name":"YB-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-49"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker,_Dana_T._pp._93,_95-3"}],"text":"The Northrop YB-35/XB-35, Northrop designation N-9[1] or NS-9,[2] were experimental heavy bomber aircraft developed by the Northrop Corporation for the United States Army Air Forces during and shortly after World War II. The airplane used the radical and potentially very efficient flying wing design, in which the tail section and fuselage are eliminated and all payload is carried in a thick wing. Only prototypes and pre-production aircraft were built, although interest remained strong enough to warrant further development of the design as a jet bomber, under the designation YB-49.[3]","title":"Northrop YB-35"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Northrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knudsen_Northrop"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Vultee Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair"},{"link_name":"parasitic drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_drag"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Amerikabomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikabomber"},{"link_name":"RLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsluftfahrtministerium"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Convair B-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_B-36"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker,_Dana_T._pp._93,_95-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winchester_P._193-4"},{"link_name":"Northrop N-9M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_N-9M"},{"link_name":"Theodore von Kármán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"aileron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winchester_P._193-4"}],"text":"The B-35 was the brainchild of Jack Northrop, who made the flying wing the focus of his work during the 1930s. In 1941 before the USA entered World War II, Northrop and Consolidated Vultee Corporation had been commissioned to develop a large wing-only, long-range bomber designated XB-35 and XB-36. Northrop advocated a \"flying wing\" as a means of reducing parasitic drag and eliminating structural weight not directly responsible for producing lift. Consolidated Vultee proposed a more conventional design with fuselage and tail, which was much larger and heavier. In theory, the B-35 could carry a greater payload faster, farther, and cheaper than a conventional bomber. In December 1941, the Army Air Forces awarded prototype contracts to both Northrop and Consolidated Vultee for a bomber that could carry 4,500 kg (10,000 lb) of bombs to a round-trip mission of 16,000 km (10,000 mi). Requested performance was a maximum speed of 720 km/h (450 mph), cruise speed of 443 km/h (275 mph), and service ceiling of 14,000 m (45,000 ft). This aircraft would be able to bomb Nazi-occupied Europe in the event that Britain fell (this was similar to Nazi Germany's own Amerikabomber program design competition through the RLM, itself initiated in the spring of 1942). The original April 1941 USAAC proposal was first submitted to Boeing and Consolidated Aircraft Company and led to the production of the Convair B-36. In May, one month before the USAAF was created, the contract was also extended to include Northrop, inviting it to submit a design along the lines it was already exploring.[3][4]Since the new aircraft would require a significant amount of engineering work in untested waters, the first order placed was actually for two prototypes of the XB-35, and included Northrop's plan to also build two all-wood one-third scale flying models to measure performance and stability; these were dubbed the Northrop N-9M (M standing for model). This aircraft would be used to gather flight test data on the Flying Wing design. Jack Northrop also hired part-time the leading aeronautical designer of the day Theodore von Kármán, to evaluate and who approved of Northrop's initial design, and to start building the tooling for building the prototypes ... as explained in detail in the book \"Goodbye Beautiful Wing\" by Terrence O'Neill.[citation needed] The N9Ms would also be used as a flight trainer, to familiarize pilots with the radical, all-wing concept. Early in 1942, design work on the XB-35 itself began in earnest. Unlike conventional aircraft, truly \"tailless\" flying wings cannot use a rudder for lateral control as it was absent, so a set of clamshell-like, double split flaps (so-called flaperon, a portmanteau of flap and aileron) on the trailing edge of the wingtips were used. When aileron control was input, they were deflected up or down as a single unit, just like an aileron. When rudder input was made, the two surfaces on one side opened, top and bottom, creating drag, and yawing the aircraft. By applying input to both rudder pedals, both sets of surfaces were deployed creating drag so that the airspeed or the glide angle could be manipulated.[4]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_p5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_p6-7-6"},{"link_name":"atomic bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight_47_pa-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_p8-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston_WoF_p33-9"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy"},{"link_name":"Alcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"contra-rotating propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers"},{"link_name":"auxiliary power unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit"},{"link_name":"Mk. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YB-35_42-13603_on_the_ramp.jpg"},{"link_name":"contra-rotating propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microfilm-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"XB-35","text":"On 22 November 1941, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF, or AAF) signed the development contract for an XB-35;[5] the contract included an option for a second aircraft, which was exercised on 2 January 1942. The first was to be delivered in November 1943, the second in April of the next year.Detailed engineering began in early 1942. A fuselage-like crew cabin was to be embedded inside the wing; it included a tail cone protruding from the trailing edge. This tail cone would contain the remote sighting stations for the bomber's gunners and a cluster of rear-firing machine guns in the production aircraft. In the midsection of the cabin, there were folding bunks for off-duty crew on long missions.[6] The aircraft's bomb load was to be carried in six smaller bomb bays, three in each wing section, fitted with roll-away doors; this original design precluded the carrying of large bombs, and the early atomic bombs, without bomb bay redesign and modifications.[7][8] Production aircraft would have defensive armament of twenty 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns or 20 mm cannon, carried in six turrets, two turrets along the aircraft's center line, four above and below the outer wings, and four in the \"stinger\" tail cone.[9] The B-35 would take advantage of a new aluminum alloy devised by Alcoa; it was considerably stronger than any alloy used previously.In June 1946, the XB-35 made its first flight, a 45-minute trip from Hawthorne, California, to Muroc Dry Lake, without incident.[10] The XB-35's engines and propellers were AAF property and had not been tested for engine-propeller compatibility by either Pratt & Whitney, Hamilton Standard, or by the AAF which bought them at Wright Field without testing them or assuring reliability, and then shipped them to Northrop. Microfilmed records of reports and correspondence of the XB-35 program relate that after three or four flights, power plant and propeller vibrations increased, and the very efficient contra-rotating propellers began failing with frustrating frequency. Meetings were called by Northrop, of the AAF, Pratt & Whitney and Hamilton Standard where no one would take responsibility for correcting the AAF's engines and propellers. In addition, the AAF failed to supply the AC electrical alternator, insisting on Northrop using an onboard auxiliary power unit (APU) unit driven by an automotive engine which limited the high-altitude, high-speed XB-35 to test flights below 15,000 ft (4,600 m). The AAF also refused to allow Northrop proposed modification of the bomb bays to carry the standard Mk. 3 atomic bomb, while at the same time declaring the AF would not buy the bomber unless it could carry the A-bomb. Northrop reluctantly agreed to try a single-rotation propeller, which slightly increased takeoff distance and a reduced rate-of-climb and maximum speed.YB-35 Flying Wing showing its quartet of pusher contra-rotating propellers. The option was later discarded due to severe vibration in flight and later changed to the traditional single propeller configuration.Problems with the quartet of contra-rotating propellers' shafts comprising each aircraft's drive-line system continued until finally Jack Northrop himself grounded the XB-35s until the government fixed their propulsion system. Concurrently, the AAF ordered Northrop to convert two of the YB-35 airframes to YB-49s, essentially substituting eight jet engines for four reciprocating engines. As a result, the airframe promptly flew to more than 40,000 ft (12,000 m) and topped 520 mph (840 km/h) in flight tests, verifying the XB-35 air frame's aerodynamics, but at the price of range. The prop-version had a design range capable of reaching targets 4,000 mi (6,400 km) away, but the jet-engine version's range was cut nearly in half. The new version disqualified it for the Air Force's top-priority mission as a strategic bomber, which at that time meant striking at the USSR's industrial and military complexes in the Ural Mountains.[11] The Air Force, itself involved in a confusion of rank and job changes, eventually cancelled the XB-35 project, while continuing testing the B-35 airframe as the YB-49, even ordering 30 of the jet-powered bombers after the first YB-49 crashed. The first and second XB-35s were scrapped on 23 and 19 August 1949, respectively.[12]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoyt Vandenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microfilm-11"}],"sub_title":"YB-35","text":"On 30 September 1943, 13 pre-production YB-35s were ordered by the Army Air Force. The first one did not fly until 15 May 1948. While some Air Force generals felt the piston engines made the B-35 obsolete, it remained superior in overall performance and range to its competitor, the Convair B-36, and General Hoyt Vandenberg wrote that only the B-35 and the B-36 had adequate range for the Air Force's primary mission, and nothing comparable would be available until the mid-1950s.[11] Only the first YB-35 was ever flown. Multiple flight testing demonstrated that it was airworthy; it was then parked and ignored for more than a year until being scrapped on 20 July 1949. The unfinished YB-35 #2, was scrapped almost a month later, on 19 August 1949. The other 11 of 13 YB-35 aircraft ordered underwent conversion to other power plants.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allison J35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_J35"},{"link_name":"YB-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-49"},{"link_name":"g0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravity"},{"link_name":"m/s2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microfilm-11"}],"sub_title":"YB-49","text":"Two of those airframes were converted to use eight Allison J35 jet engines and designated YB-49. The second YB-35 converted to a YB-49 all-jet airframe crashed after Air Force test pilot Forbes pulled the outer wing panels off during stall tests at 4.8 g0 (47 m/s2). The first YB-35 airframe jet-modified to a YB-49 completed all stall tests and even demonstrated recovery from a spin. It was later destroyed after the Flying Wing's forward landing gear strut and wheel collapsed after encountering high vibration during a highly unusual taxi test procedure made with the engine's fuel tanks full, causing a fire that spread rapidly.[11] Seven incomplete airframes began conversion to jet power as YB-49B but were never finished.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winchester_P._192-13"}],"sub_title":"YRB-49A","text":"A third YB-35 airframe was converted to use six jet engines (two placed in under wing pods) for use as a long-range reconnaissance aircraft, designated YRB-49A. After only a few months, the Air Force's order for 30 YRB-49As was suddenly cancelled without explanation. The sole YRB-49A built flew 13 test flights and then was returned to Northrop's Ontario Airport. The last of Northrop's big Flying Wings sat abandoned at the airport's edge for two years and was finally ordered scrapped on 1 December 1953.[13]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northrop T37 Turbodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_T37"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knaack_p506-14"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"EB-35B","text":"In order to test the advanced Northrop T37 Turbodyne turboprop engine, produced by a Northrop subsidiary, the ultimate YB-35A was to be converted to a single EB-35B test aircraft (in this case the prefix \"E\" for the designation meant \"Exempt,\" not the later Electronic). The test aircraft would use two of the powerful T37 engines, each driving a pair of contra-rotating, paddle-blade propellers; the first planned ground tests were to be made using a single T37 engine.[14] When the EB-35B project was canceled, the Air Force had Northrop's Turbodyne engine name, all its patents, and technical data reassigned to General Electric.[15]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"XB2T","text":"The XB2T-1 was a U.S. Navy designation for one YB-35 airframe to be used for development trials; the project was canceled while still in the planning stage.[16][17]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glenn L. Martin Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company"},{"link_name":"metal fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winchester_P._192-13"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Stuart Symington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Symington"},{"link_name":"Convair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair"},{"link_name":"B-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-49"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"F-89 Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The U.S. Army Air Forces had originally ordered 200 production model B-35s. Since Northrop's facilities were not up to the task of producing them, the Glenn L. Martin Company agreed to undertake mass production. This proved irrelevant when the aircraft had too many development problems. Even disregarding these, so many of Martin's engineers had been drafted by 1944 that Martin pushed the first delivery date back to 1947. Seeing that it would almost certainly never be ready in time for the war, the Army Air Forces canceled the production contract, though the Air Technical Services Command continued to run the program for research purposes.Actual flight tests of the aircraft revealed several problems: the contra-rotating props caused constant heavy drive-shaft vibration and the government-supplied gearboxes had frequent malfunctions and reduced the effectiveness of propeller control. After only 19 flights, Northrop grounded the first XB-35; the second aircraft was grounded after eight test flights. During this time, the contra-rotating propellers were removed and replaced with four-blade single-rotation propellers. In addition to having continued drive shaft vibration problems, the new single-rotation props greatly reduced the aircraft's speed and performance. Furthermore, the intricate exhaust system turned into a fiasco to maintain. After only two years of use, the engines already showed signs of metal fatigue.[13]In the end, the program was terminated due to its technical difficulties and the obsolescence of its reciprocating propeller engines, and the fact it was far behind schedule and over budget. Another contributing factor to the program's failure was the tendency of Northrop to become engaged in many experimental programs, which spread its small engineering staff far too wide. While the competing propeller-driven B-36 was obsolete by that time and had just as many or even more development problems, the Air Force needed a very long-range, post-war atomic bomber to counter the perceived Soviet threat. It had more faith that the B-36's \"teething\" problems could be overcome, compared to those of the new and radical \"Flying Wing\", the unofficial name that was later associated with all the Northrop \"all-wing\" designs.There are long-standing conspiracy theories about the cancellation of the Flying Wing program; specifically, an accusation from Jack Northrop that Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington attempted to coerce him to merge his company with the Atlas Corporation-controlled Convair. In a 1979 taped interview, Jack Northrop claimed the Flying Wing contract was cancelled because he would not agree to a merger because Convair's merger demands were \"grossly unfair to Northrop.\" When Northrop refused, Symington supposedly arranged to cancel the B-35 and B-49 program. Symington became president of Convair after he left government service a short time later.[18]Other observers note that the B-35 and B-49 designs had well-documented performance and design issues while the Convair B-36 needed more development money.[19] At that time, it appeared the B-36 program might be cancelled as well as the B-35. The USAF and the Texas Congressional delegation desired to have a production program for the large Fort Worth aircraft production factory, and Convair had much more effective lobbyists in Washington, DC. The Northrop Corporation was always a technological trailblazer, but the independent nature of Jack Northrop often collided with the political wheeling-and-dealing in Washington that tended to run huge military allocations. Consequently, the B-36 prevailed, with just over 380 aircraft built. Furthermore, earlier the same year, when the YB-49 jet bomber was cancelled, Northrop received a smaller production contract for its F-89 Scorpion fighter as compensation for the lost Flying Wing contract.[20][21]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pape-2"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(aircrew)"},{"link_name":"navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_officer"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 653-019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 653-018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360-45 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360-45_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360-17 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360-17_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360-47 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360-47_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-4360-21 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360-21_Wasp_Major"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Standard"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AN01-22"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":".50 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.50_BMG"},{"link_name":"M3 Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Browning_machine_gun"}],"text":"Data from Northrop Flying Wings : a history of Jack Northrop's visionary aircraft[2]General characteristicsCrew: 9: pilot, copilot, bombardier, navigator, engineer, radio operator, three gunners\nLength: 53 ft 1 in (16.18 m)\nWingspan: 172 ft 0 in (52.43 m)\nHeight: 20 ft 3.5 in (6.185 m)\nWing area: 4,000 sq ft (370 m2)\nAspect ratio: 7.4\nAirfoil: root: NACA 653-019; tip: NACA 653-018\nEmpty weight: 91,000 lb (41,277 kg) with turrets\nGross weight: 154,000 lb (69,853 kg) with turrets\nMax takeoff weight: 209,000 lb (94,801 kg)\nFuel capacity: 10,000 US gal (8,300 imp gal; 38,000 L) internal; 18,000 US gal (15,000 imp gal; 68,000 L) with bomb-bay auxiliary tanks fitted\nPowerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-45 Wasp Major 28-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) each mounted left and right outboard(Pratt & Whitney R-4360-17 Wasp Major with 8-bladed contra-props)Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360-47 Wasp Major 28-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) each mounted left and right inboard(Pratt & Whitney R-4360-21 Wasp Major with 8-bladed contra-props)Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton Standard HSP24F60-344, 15 ft 3 in (4.65 m) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering pusher propellers[22](originally flown with 8-bladed contra-rotating propellers)PerformanceMaximum speed: 391 mph (629 km/h, 340 kn)\nCruise speed: 240 mph (390 km/h, 210 kn)\nRange: 7,500 mi (12,100 km, 6,500 nmi)\nService ceiling: 39,700 ft (12,100 m) (restricted to 20,000 ft (6,096 m) due to APU problems)\nRate of climb: 625 ft/min (3.18 m/s)\nWing loading: 45 lb/sq ft (220 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 0.07 hp/lb (0.12 kW/kg)ArmamentGuns: 20 × .50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns in six remotely controlled turrets and one tail stinger\nBombs: 52,200 lb (23,678 kg) of bombs, maximum","title":"Specifications (YB-35)"}]	[{"image_text":"YB-35 Flying Wing showing its quartet of pusher contra-rotating propellers. The option was later discarded due to severe vibration in flight and later changed to the traditional single propeller configuration.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/YB-35_42-13603_on_the_ramp.jpg/220px-YB-35_42-13603_on_the_ramp.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Amerikabomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikabomber"},{"title":"Stealth aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft"},{"title":"Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit"},{"title":"Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider"},{"title":"Northrop N-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_N-1"},{"title":"Northrop N-1M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_N-1M"},{"title":"Northrop N-9M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_N-9M"},{"title":"Northrop YB-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-49"},{"title":"Convair B-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_B-36"},{"title":"Horten Ho 229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horten_Ho_229"},{"title":"Horten H.XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horten_H.XVIII"},{"title":"List of bomber aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft"},{"title":"List of flying wing aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flying_wing_aircraft"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_designations_(pre-1962)"}]	[{"reference":"Chong, Anthony (2016-06-15). Flying Wings & Radical Things: Northrop's Secret Aerospace Projects & Concepts 1939-1994. Specialty Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-58007-229-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BPw6DAAAQBAJ&q=Type+Specification+XC-622&pg=PA13","url_text":"Flying Wings & Radical Things: Northrop's Secret Aerospace Projects & Concepts 1939-1994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-229-8","url_text":"978-1-58007-229-8"}]},{"reference":"Pape, Garry R.; Campbell, John M. (1995). Northrop Flying Wings : a history of Jack Northrop's visionary aircraft (1st ed.). Atglen: Schiffer Pub. pp. 116–193, 253. ISBN 0887406890.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887406890","url_text":"0887406890"}]},{"reference":"Swopes, Bryan R. \"25 June 1946\". thisdayinaviation.com. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisdayinaviation.com/25-june-1946/","url_text":"\"25 June 1946\""}]},{"reference":"Andrade, John M. (1979). U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials Since 1909. Hinckley, England: Midland. p. 52. ISBN 9780904597219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904597219","url_text":"9780904597219"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, James Charles (1946). U.S. Army Aircraft (heavier-than-air) 1908-1946. Falls Church, VA: Ships & Aircraft. p. 23. ASIN B0000EEEV0. Retrieved 2022-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Charles_Fahey","url_text":"Fahey, James Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0mghAAAAMAAJ&q=%22B2T%22","url_text":"U.S. Army Aircraft (heavier-than-air) 1908-1946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000EEEV0","url_text":"B0000EEEV0"}]},{"reference":"AN 01-15EAA-4 : Parts Catalog Usaf series YB-35, YB-35A and YB-49 aircraft. Washington D.C.: United States Air Force. 10 August 1948. pp. 2, 170–179.","urls":[]},{"reference":"White, Graham (January 2013). \"Determination & Dixie Cups\". The Aviation Historian (2): 111–117. ISSN 2051-1930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1930","url_text":"2051-1930"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BPw6DAAAQBAJ&q=Type+Specification+XC-622&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Flying Wings & Radical Things: Northrop's Secret Aerospace Projects & Concepts 1939-1994"},{"Link":"http://www.thisdayinaviation.com/25-june-1946/","external_links_name":"\"25 June 1946\""},{"Link":"http://www.enginehistory.org/","external_links_name":"\"US government microfilm A2061, XB-35 Project Report, Vols. 1–4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219132545/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2583","external_links_name":"\"USAF Museum XB-35 fact sheet\""},{"Link":"http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/flying%20wings/Northrop%20bombers.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Northrop Bombers.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0mghAAAAMAAJ&q=%22B2T%22","external_links_name":"U.S. Army Aircraft (heavier-than-air) 1908-1946"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000EEEV0","external_links_name":"B0000EEEV0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450","external_links_name":"0143-5450"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1930","external_links_name":"2051-1930"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%200390.html","external_links_name":"\"The Wing\""},{"Link":"http://www.usaf-sig.org/index.php/references/downloads/category/47-b-35-b-49-northrop","external_links_name":"Manual: (1948) Report No. HB-18 Pilot's Handbook for the XB-35 Heavy Bombardment Airplane"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160406221826/http://www.usaf-sig.org/index.php/references/downloads/category/47-b-35-b-49-northrop","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219132545/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2583","external_links_name":"USAF Museum XB-35"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219132534/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2594","external_links_name":"USAF Museum YB-35"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kiEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+September+1941&pg=PA78","external_links_name":"Popular Science, May 1946, 100-ton Flying Wing"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663076","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Epsom_Derby	2013 Epsom Derby	["1 Race synopsis","2 Race details","3 Full result","4 Winner details","5 Form analysis","5.1 Two-year-old races","5.2 The road to Epsom","5.3 Subsequent Group 1 wins","6 Subsequent breeding careers","6.1 Sires of Group/Grade One winners","6.2 Other Stallions","7 References"]	2013 Epsom DerbyDerbyLocationEpsom Downs RacecourseDate1 June 2013Winning horseRuler of the WorldStarting price7/1 3rd FavJockeyRyan MooreTrainerAidan O'BrienOwnerSue Magnier / Michael Tabor / Derrick SmithConditionsGood to firm← 20122014 → Epsom Derby 2013 1-2-3 Ruler Of The World Libertarian Galileo Rock Also Ran 4-5-6 Battle Of Marengo Ocovango Mars 7-8-9 Chopin Flying The Flag Mirsaale 10-11-12 Festive Cheer Ocean Applause Dawn Approach The 2013 Epsom Derby (known as the Investec Derby for sponsorship reasons) was the 234th annual running of the Derby horse race. It took place at Epsom Downs Racecourse on 1 June 2013. The race was won by Ruler of the World, at odds of 7/1 ridden by jockey Ryan Moore. The winner gave Aidan O'Brien his fourth success and was the first horse since Shergar to win both the Chester Vase and the Derby. The favourite Dawn Approach finished last of the twelve runners. Race synopsis Dawn Approach, who had been sired by 2008 Derby winner New Approach, was a 5-4 favorite leading into the race, having won the 2013 2000 Guineas Stakes, the first leg of Britain's Triple Crown, by 5 lengths. The only other horse from the 2000 Guineas was Mars, going off at 12–1. Appearing in his third race was Ruler of the World, who did not race as a two-year-old, but he won his first race, a maiden race at Curragh by 3 1/2 lengths and also took the Chester Vase by six lengths. Ruler of the World went off at 7-1 odds. Present for the race, as in years past, was Queen Elizabeth II, along with a crowd of 18,237. Favourite Dawn Approach would be ridden by Kevin Manning, who had also ridden his father New Approach to the 2008 Derby win. Ruler of the World, who would go on to win this year's Derby, was ridden by Ryan Moore, after fellow jockey Joseph O'Brien elected to ride Battle of Marengo. Both Battle of Marengo and Ruler of the World were trained by Aidan O'Brien from Ballydoyle, who is Joseph's father. O'Brien would train five of the twelve horses in the race, also including Mars, Flying the Flag, and Festive Cheer. At the start of the race, favourite Dawn Approach showed little discipline, and was out of the running by the first furlong. Though he led briefly at the one-mile mark, he would fall to the back of the pack and finished last, half a length behind Ocean Applause. Early in the straight Ruler of the World overtook his stable companion Battle of Marengo and established a clear advantage which he maintained throughout the final quarter mile and won by a length and a half. Libertarian finished strongly, overtaking several horses in the closing strides to finish second ahead of Galileo Rock and Battle of Marengo. Following the race, winning jockey Ryan Moore stated "I planned to be a bit closer but I just didn’t get away very well —- it was a very messy race." Trainer Aiden O'Brien, on winning his fifth Derby stated that Ruler of the World "quickened up well that day and won like a very good horse." Race details Sponsor: Investec Winner's prize money: £782,314 Going: Good Number of runners: 12 Winner's time: 2 minutes, 39.06 seconds Full result Dist * Horse Jockey Trainer SP 1 Ruler of the World Ryan Moore Aidan O'Brien 7-1 2 1½ Libertarian William Buick Elaine Burke 14-1 3 shd Galileo Rock Wayne Lordan David Wachman 25-1 4 shd Battle of Marengo Joseph O'Brien Aidan O'Brien 11-2 5 ½ Ocovango Pierre-Charles Boudot André Fabre 8-1 6 1½ Mars Richard Hughes Aidan O'Brien 12-1 7 nse Chopin Jamie Spencer Andreas Wohler 12-1 8 2¼ Flying the Flag Colm O'Donoghue Aidan O'Brien 66-1 9 1¼ Mirsaale Neil Callan James Tate 50-1 10 4½ Festive Cheer Seamie Heffernan Aidan O'Brien 25-1 11 21 Ocean Applause Daragh O'Donohoe John Ryan 200-1 12 ½ Dawn Approach Kevin Manning Jim Bolger 5-4 F Winner details Further details of the winner, Ruler of the World: Foaled: 17 March 2010, in Ireland Sire: Galileo; Dam: Love Me True (Kingmambo) Owner: Derrick Smith, Sue Magnier and Michael Tabor Breeder: Southern Bloodstock Form analysis Two-year-old races Notable runs by the future Derby participants as two-year-olds in 2012: Dawn Approach – 1st in Coventry Stakes, 1st in Vincent O'Brien Stakes, 1st in Dewhurst Stakes Battle of Marengo – 1st in Beresford Stakes The road to Epsom Early-season appearances in 2013 and trial races prior to running in the Derby: Dawn Approach – 1st in 2000 Guineas Ruler of the World – 1st in Chester Vase Libertarian – 1st in Dante Stakes Battle of Marengo – 1st in Ballysax Stakes, 1st in Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial Ocavango – 1st in Prix Greffulhe Chopin – 1st in Dr. Busch-Memorial Festive Cheer – 2nd in Prix Hocquart Subsequent Group 1 wins Group 1 / Grade I victories after running in the Derby: Dawn Approach – St. James's Palace Stakes (2013) Subsequent breeding careers Leading progeny of participants in the 2013 Epsom Derby. Sires of Group/Grade One winners Ruler of the World (1st) Iridessa – 1st Fillies' Mile (2018), 1st Matron Stakes, 1st Pretty Polly Stakes (Ireland), 1st Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf (2019) Other Stallions Dawn Approach (12th) – Musis Amica (2nd Prix De Diane 2018), Mary Tudor (3rd Irish Oaks 2018), Madhmoon (2nd Epsom Derby (2019)Ocovango (5th) – Langer Dan – 1st Wensleydale Juvenile Hurdle (2019)Battle Of Marengo (4th) – Sired flat and jumps winnersLibertarian (2nd) – Offspring yet to race, several sold as storesFlying The Flag (8th) – Exported to South Africa References ^ Greg Wood (2 June 2013). "Ruler Of The World gives Aidan O'Brien his fourth Epsom Derby victory". The Observer. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ a b c "Epsom Derby result". Racing Post. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ Hudson, Elizabeth (1 June 2013). "Epsom Derby: Ruler Of The World wins for Aidan O'Brien". BBC. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ a b c Cook, Chris (1 June 2013). "Hot favourite Dawn Approach finishes last in the Epsom Derby". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ^ a b c Miller, Alysen (1 June 2013). "Ruler of the World crowned king of Epsom Derby". CNN.com. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ^ "Crowd" (PDF). Epsom Downs Racecourse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ^ "Investec Derby Winning Quotes" (PDF). Epsom Downs Racecourse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ^ "Stammtafeln". Galopp Sieger. Galopp Sieger. Retrieved 28 April 2020. ^ "Profiles Search". Racing Post. Retrieved 28 April 2020. ^ "Progeny Reports". Pedigree Query. Pedigree Query. Retrieved 28 April 2020. vteEpsom DerbyYear 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Related articles Epsom Downs Epsom Oaks Derby Trials	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Investec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investec_Bank"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Epsom Downs Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Ruler of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"Aidan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Shergar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shergar"},{"link_name":"Chester Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Vase"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dawn Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Approach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 2013 Epsom Derby (known as the Investec Derby for sponsorship reasons) was the 234th annual running of the Derby horse race. It took place at Epsom Downs Racecourse on 1 June 2013.The race was won by Ruler of the World, at odds of 7/1 ridden by jockey Ryan Moore. The winner gave Aidan O'Brien his fourth success and was the first horse since Shergar to win both the Chester Vase and the Derby.[1] The favourite Dawn Approach finished last of the twelve runners.[2][3]","title":"2013 Epsom Derby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawn Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Approach"},{"link_name":"2008 Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"New Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Approach"},{"link_name":"2013 2000 Guineas Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_2000_Guineas_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Britain's Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing#English_Triple_Crowns"},{"link_name":"Ruler of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Curragh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curragh_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Chester Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Vase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kevin Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Manning_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Moore_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Joseph O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Brien_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Aidan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Ballydoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballydoyle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Dawn Approach, who had been sired by 2008 Derby winner New Approach, was a 5-4 favorite leading into the race, having won the 2013 2000 Guineas Stakes, the first leg of Britain's Triple Crown, by 5 lengths. The only other horse from the 2000 Guineas was Mars, going off at 12–1. Appearing in his third race was Ruler of the World, who did not race as a two-year-old, but he won his first race, a maiden race at Curragh by 3 1/2 lengths and also took the Chester Vase by six lengths. Ruler of the World went off at 7-1 odds.[4][5][2]Present for the race, as in years past, was Queen Elizabeth II, along with a crowd of 18,237.[6] Favourite Dawn Approach would be ridden by Kevin Manning, who had also ridden his father New Approach to the 2008 Derby win. Ruler of the World, who would go on to win this year's Derby, was ridden by Ryan Moore, after fellow jockey Joseph O'Brien elected to ride Battle of Marengo. Both Battle of Marengo and Ruler of the World were trained by Aidan O'Brien from Ballydoyle, who is Joseph's father. O'Brien would train five of the twelve horses in the race, also including Mars, Flying the Flag, and Festive Cheer.[4][5]At the start of the race, favourite Dawn Approach showed little discipline, and was out of the running by the first furlong. Though he led briefly at the one-mile mark, he would fall to the back of the pack and finished last, half a length behind Ocean Applause. Early in the straight Ruler of the World overtook his stable companion Battle of Marengo and established a clear advantage which he maintained throughout the final quarter mile and won by a length and a half. Libertarian finished strongly, overtaking several horses in the closing strides to finish second ahead of Galileo Rock and Battle of Marengo.[4][5][2]Following the race, winning jockey Ryan Moore stated \"I planned to be a bit closer but I just didn’t get away very well —- it was a very messy race.\" Trainer Aiden O'Brien, on winning his fifth Derby stated that Ruler of the World \"quickened up well that day and won like a very good horse.\"[7]","title":"Race synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Investec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investec_Bank"}],"text":"Sponsor: Investec\nWinner's prize money: £782,314\nGoing: Good\nNumber of runners: 12\nWinner's time: 2 minutes, 39.06 seconds","title":"Race details"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Full result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Kingmambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingmambo"},{"link_name":"Sue Magnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Magnier"},{"link_name":"Michael Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tabor"}],"text":"Further details of the winner, Ruler of the World:Foaled: 17 March 2010, in Ireland\nSire: Galileo; Dam: Love Me True (Kingmambo)\nOwner: Derrick Smith, Sue Magnier and Michael Tabor\nBreeder: Southern Bloodstock","title":"Winner details"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Form analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coventry Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Vincent O'Brien Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_O%27Brien_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Dewhurst Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewhurst_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Beresford Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresford_Stakes"}],"sub_title":"Two-year-old races","text":"Notable runs by the future Derby participants as two-year-olds in 2012:Dawn Approach – 1st in Coventry Stakes, 1st in Vincent O'Brien Stakes, 1st in Dewhurst Stakes\nBattle of Marengo – 1st in Beresford Stakes","title":"Form analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trial races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_races_for_the_Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Chester Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Vase"},{"link_name":"Dante Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Ballysax Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballysax_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrinstown_Stud_Derby_Trial"},{"link_name":"Prix Greffulhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Greffulhe"},{"link_name":"Dr. Busch-Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Busch-Memorial"},{"link_name":"Prix Hocquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Hocquart"}],"sub_title":"The road to Epsom","text":"Early-season appearances in 2013 and trial races prior to running in the Derby:Dawn Approach – 1st in 2000 Guineas\nRuler of the World – 1st in Chester Vase\nLibertarian – 1st in Dante Stakes\nBattle of Marengo – 1st in Ballysax Stakes, 1st in Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial\nOcavango – 1st in Prix Greffulhe\nChopin – 1st in Dr. Busch-Memorial\nFestive Cheer – 2nd in Prix Hocquart","title":"Form analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. James's Palace Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace_Stakes"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent Group 1 wins","text":"Group 1 / Grade I victories after running in the Derby:Dawn Approach – St. James's Palace Stakes (2013)","title":"Form analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Leading progeny of participants in the 2013 Epsom Derby.[8][9][10]","title":"Subsequent breeding careers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iridessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridessa"},{"link_name":"Fillies' Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillies%27_Mile"},{"link_name":"Matron Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matron_Stakes_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Pretty Polly Stakes (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Polly_Stakes_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Filly_%26_Mare_Turf"}],"sub_title":"Sires of Group/Grade One winners","text":"Ruler of the World (1st)\n\nIridessa – 1st Fillies' Mile (2018), 1st Matron Stakes, 1st Pretty Polly Stakes (Ireland), 1st Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf (2019)","title":"Subsequent breeding careers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prix De Diane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_De_Diane"},{"link_name":"Irish Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Oaks"},{"link_name":"Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"}],"sub_title":"Other Stallions","text":"Dawn Approach (12th) – Musis Amica (2nd Prix De Diane 2018), Mary Tudor (3rd Irish Oaks 2018), Madhmoon (2nd Epsom Derby (2019)Ocovango (5th) – Langer Dan – 1st Wensleydale Juvenile Hurdle (2019)Battle Of Marengo (4th) – Sired flat and jumps winnersLibertarian (2nd) – Offspring yet to race, several sold as storesFlying The Flag (8th) – Exported to South Africa","title":"Subsequent breeding careers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Greg Wood (2 June 2013). \"Ruler Of The World gives Aidan O'Brien his fourth Epsom Derby victory\". The Observer. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jun/01/aidan-obrien-epsom-derby-ruler-of-the-world","url_text":"\"Ruler Of The World gives Aidan O'Brien his fourth Epsom Derby victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Epsom Derby result\". Racing Post. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/17/epsom/2013-06-01/544226","url_text":"\"Epsom Derby result\""}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Elizabeth (1 June 2013). \"Epsom Derby: Ruler Of The World wins for Aidan O'Brien\". BBC. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/22716335","url_text":"\"Epsom Derby: Ruler Of The World wins for Aidan O'Brien\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Chris (1 June 2013). \"Hot favourite Dawn Approach finishes last in the Epsom Derby\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jun/01/dawn-approach-last-epsom-derby","url_text":"\"Hot favourite Dawn Approach finishes last in the Epsom Derby\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Alysen (1 June 2013). \"Ruler of the World crowned king of Epsom Derby\". CNN.com. Retrieved 2 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/01/sport/ruler-of-world-epsom-derby-queen/index.html","url_text":"\"Ruler of the World crowned king of Epsom Derby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crowd\" (PDF). Epsom Downs Racecourse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130722020518/http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/crowdfri.pdf","url_text":"\"Crowd\""},{"url":"http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/crowdfri.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Investec Derby Winning Quotes\" (PDF). Epsom Downs Racecourse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130722020525/http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/derby2013a.pdf","url_text":"\"Investec Derby Winning Quotes\""},{"url":"http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/derby2013a.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stammtafeln\". Galopp Sieger. Galopp Sieger. Retrieved 28 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://galopp-sieger.de/","url_text":"\"Stammtafeln\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profiles Search\". Racing Post. Retrieved 28 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/search/?tab=profiles&page=1&query=&profiles_type=horses_profiles","url_text":"\"Profiles Search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Progeny Reports\". Pedigree Query. Pedigree Query. Retrieved 28 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pedigreequery.com/","url_text":"\"Progeny Reports\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jun/01/aidan-obrien-epsom-derby-ruler-of-the-world","external_links_name":"\"Ruler Of The World gives Aidan O'Brien his fourth Epsom Derby victory\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/17/epsom/2013-06-01/544226","external_links_name":"\"Epsom Derby result\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/22716335","external_links_name":"\"Epsom Derby: Ruler Of The World wins for Aidan O'Brien\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jun/01/dawn-approach-last-epsom-derby","external_links_name":"\"Hot favourite Dawn Approach finishes last in the Epsom Derby\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/01/sport/ruler-of-world-epsom-derby-queen/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Ruler of the World crowned king of Epsom Derby\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130722020518/http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/crowdfri.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Crowd\""},{"Link":"http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/crowdfri.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130722020525/http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/derby2013a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Investec Derby Winning Quotes\""},{"Link":"http://www.epsomdowns.co.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/derby2013a.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://galopp-sieger.de/","external_links_name":"\"Stammtafeln\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/search/?tab=profiles&page=1&query=&profiles_type=horses_profiles","external_links_name":"\"Profiles Search\""},{"Link":"https://www.pedigreequery.com/","external_links_name":"\"Progeny Reports\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Asp_(1812)	USS Asp (1812)	["1 Service history","1.1 Battle of York","1.2 Battle of Fort George","1.3 At Sackett's Harbor","1.4 Raid on York","1.5 Action off the Niagara","1.6 Action off the Genesee","1.7 Action off Burlington","1.8 Later operations","2 References"]	Early-19th-century American naval sailboat For other ships with the same name, see USS Asp. History United States NameUSS Asp Acquiredby capture, 1812 Commissioned6 February 1813 FateSold, 15 May 1815 General characteristics TypeSchooner Tons burthen57 long tons (58 t) Complement45 officers and enlisted Armament 1 × 32-pounder gun 2 × 6-pounder guns The first Asp was a schooner in the United States Navy during the War of 1812. Asp, the former British merchant vessel Elizabeth, was captured on Lake Ontario in 1812 by the schooner Growler, purchased by the Navy from the prize court: outfitted; and commissioned on 6 February 1813. Service history Battle of York Asp got underway on 25 April 1813 as a unit of Commodore Isaac Chauncey's Lake Ontario squadron escorting General Henry Dearborn's 1,700 troops to York (now Toronto), Canada. The squadron arrived off York two days later. While Dearborn's troops hustled ashore, Asp and the other ships of the squadron supported them by bombarding the town's defenses. Outnumbered and outgunned, the defenders gave way after a brief, but stubborn, defense. The squadron remained at York for about a week loading booty of war and destroying that which could not be carried on. At York, the American force captured the 10-gun brig Gloucester and destroyed an 'almost complete' 24-gun ship. When the warships left York, they spent the following two weeks convoying reinforcements and supplies to General Dearborn. Battle of Fort George The next enterprise decided upon was an attack on Fort George, located almost due south from York across the western end of Lake Ontario and on the Canadian side of the Niagara River where it empties into Lake Ontario. Commodore Chauncy carefully reconnoitered the defenses of the British stronghold on 26 May. Before dawn the following morning, the squadron moved in with the embarked assault troops. While the larger ships of the squadron bombarded the various defenses and batteries around the fort, Asp joined Hamilton and Scourge in covering the landings themselves. Their point-blank grape shot fire riddled the British ranks to such a degree that the American troops easily established a beachhead and soon drove off the remnants of the British who tried unsuccessfully to rally further inland. In that victorious combined operation, the American Army and Navy succeeded in securing the Niagara frontier and the river by forcing the British to evacuate the entire area. It also allowed the Lake Erie squadron to be augmented by five vessels which had been bottled up in the Niagara between the falls and British batteries at the southern (Lake Erie) end of the river. At Sackett's Harbor While the American squadron had been concentrating on the western end of Lake Ontario, the British had been augmenting their squadron at Kingston in the eastern portion. Late in May, they made an unsuccessful attempt to carry Sackett's Harbor by storm. Chauncy took his squadron – Asp included – back to the eastern part of the lake and, on 2 June, put into Sackett's Harbor where he was forced to remain due to the temporary inferiority of his force to that of the British. The enemy then ranged the lake at will capturing stockpiles and intercepting American supplies. Raid on York However, on 21 July, the American squadron weighed anchor and set a course for the western end of the lake. The warships arrived at Niagara on the 27th and loaded a force of American troops to repeat the attack on York carried out the previous summer. On 30 July, the squadron conducted another successful raid on York, destroying 11 British transports and carrying off 5 cannon, some ammunition, and some flour. The ships returned to Niagara and disembarked the troops on 3 August. Action off the Niagara While Asp and the rest of the American squadron were still at Niagara, the British squadron appeared off the anchorage on the 7th. For three days, the two squadrons went through a tedious series of maneuvers ostensibly to bring about an action. A somewhat desultory action took place on the evening of the 10th. It consisted of some long-range gunfire in which Asp participated. The main result of that skirmish was the loss of two American schooners, Growler and Julia, which ships turned in the wrong direction and were cut off by the British. After another day or so of ineffectual maneuvering, the American squadron headed for Sackett's Harbor, where it arrived on the 13th. After taking on five weeks worth of provisions, the warships departed the harbor that same evening. The two squadrons spent the next month sailing up and down the lake, each trying to maneuver the other into a position of decisive advantage to itself. Action off the Genesee Near the mouth of the Genesee River on 11 September, the American warships exchanged gunfire with their British counterparts from extreme range. Though the British received the worst of it due to the American superiority in long guns, damage to both sides proved almost inconsequential; and the British escaped into Amherst Bay. Action off Burlington After a 17-day hiatus, the two forces met again on 28 September at York Bay. When the British ships were sighted, Asp was in tow of the American lead ship, General Pike, with Tompkins following close behind. The other American ships followed some distance astern. Fearing the loss of their sternmost ships, the British came around. The three leading American ships bore down upon them. The British van, composed of their two largest ships, the flagship Wolfe and Royal George, opened with their starboard batteries. The Americans responded, and Pike quickly shot away Wolfe's main topmast and main yard. Thereupon, the British flagship crowded sail on her foremast and moved off in headlong flight covered by Royal George. All other British ships, with the exception of Royal George, followed the example of the flagship. Pike tried to pursue but did not cast off Asp and, therefore, made no gain on the fleeing enemy who made good his escape. For the remainder of the 1813 navigation season, the American squadron kept the British blockaded in Kingston. Later operations With the British cleared from Lake Ontario, Asp and the other schooners became transports for troops and stores. On one occasion, 17 November 1813, she assisted in transporting 1,100 of General William Henry Harrison's troops from the mouth of the Genesee River to Sackett's Harbor. Asp never again saw combat and, apparently, served through the remainder of the war as a transport. She was sold at Sackett's Harbor on 15 May 1815. References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Asp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Asp"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Growler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Growler_(1812_schooner)"},{"link_name":"prize court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_court"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Asp.The first Asp was a schooner in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.Asp, the former British merchant vessel Elizabeth, was captured on Lake Ontario in 1812 by the schooner Growler, purchased by the Navy from the prize court: outfitted; and commissioned on 6 February 1813.","title":"USS Asp (1812)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Isaac Chauncey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey"},{"link_name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Henry Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"brief, but stubborn, defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_York"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Gloucester_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Battle of York","text":"Asp got underway on 25 April 1813 as a unit of Commodore Isaac Chauncey's Lake Ontario squadron escorting General Henry Dearborn's 1,700 troops to York (now Toronto), Canada. The squadron arrived off York two days later. While Dearborn's troops hustled ashore, Asp and the other ships of the squadron supported them by bombarding the town's defenses. Outnumbered and outgunned, the defenders gave way after a brief, but stubborn, defense. The squadron remained at York for about a week loading booty of war and destroying that which could not be carried on. At York, the American force captured the 10-gun brig Gloucester and destroyed an 'almost complete' 24-gun ship. When the warships left York, they spent the following two weeks convoying reinforcements and supplies to General Dearborn.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"an attack on Fort George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George"},{"link_name":"Niagara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hamilton_(1809)"},{"link_name":"Scourge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Scourge_(1812)"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Fort George","text":"The next enterprise decided upon was an attack on Fort George, located almost due south from York across the western end of Lake Ontario and on the Canadian side of the Niagara River where it empties into Lake Ontario. Commodore Chauncy carefully reconnoitered the defenses of the British stronghold on 26 May. Before dawn the following morning, the squadron moved in with the embarked assault troops. While the larger ships of the squadron bombarded the various defenses and batteries around the fort, Asp joined Hamilton and Scourge in covering the landings themselves. Their point-blank grape shot fire riddled the British ranks to such a degree that the American troops easily established a beachhead and soon drove off the remnants of the British who tried unsuccessfully to rally further inland. In that victorious combined operation, the American Army and Navy succeeded in securing the Niagara frontier and the river by forcing the British to evacuate the entire area. It also allowed the Lake Erie squadron to be augmented by five vessels which had been bottled up in the Niagara between the falls and British batteries at the southern (Lake Erie) end of the river.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"unsuccessful attempt to carry Sackett's Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sackett%27s_Harbor"}],"sub_title":"At Sackett's Harbor","text":"While the American squadron had been concentrating on the western end of Lake Ontario, the British had been augmenting their squadron at Kingston in the eastern portion. Late in May, they made an unsuccessful attempt to carry Sackett's Harbor by storm. Chauncy took his squadron – Asp included – back to the eastern part of the lake and, on 2 June, put into Sackett's Harbor where he was forced to remain due to the temporary inferiority of his force to that of the British. The enemy then ranged the lake at will capturing stockpiles and intercepting American supplies.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Raid on York","text":"However, on 21 July, the American squadron weighed anchor and set a course for the western end of the lake. The warships arrived at Niagara on the 27th and loaded a force of American troops to repeat the attack on York carried out the previous summer. On 30 July, the squadron conducted another successful raid on York, destroying 11 British transports and carrying off 5 cannon, some ammunition, and some flour. The ships returned to Niagara and disembarked the troops on 3 August.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Julia_(1812)"}],"sub_title":"Action off the Niagara","text":"While Asp and the rest of the American squadron were still at Niagara, the British squadron appeared off the anchorage on the 7th. For three days, the two squadrons went through a tedious series of maneuvers ostensibly to bring about an action. A somewhat desultory action took place on the evening of the 10th. It consisted of some long-range gunfire in which Asp participated. The main result of that skirmish was the loss of two American schooners, Growler and Julia, which ships turned in the wrong direction and were cut off by the British. After another day or so of ineffectual maneuvering, the American squadron headed for Sackett's Harbor, where it arrived on the 13th. After taking on five weeks worth of provisions, the warships departed the harbor that same evening. The two squadrons spent the next month sailing up and down the lake, each trying to maneuver the other into a position of decisive advantage to itself.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_River"}],"sub_title":"Action off the Genesee","text":"Near the mouth of the Genesee River on 11 September, the American warships exchanged gunfire with their British counterparts from extreme range. Though the British received the worst of it due to the American superiority in long guns, damage to both sides proved almost inconsequential; and the British escaped into Amherst Bay.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_General_Pike"},{"link_name":"Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Tompkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Wolfe_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Royal George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1809)"}],"sub_title":"Action off Burlington","text":"After a 17-day hiatus, the two forces met again on 28 September at York Bay. When the British ships were sighted, Asp was in tow of the American lead ship, General Pike, with Tompkins following close behind. The other American ships followed some distance astern. Fearing the loss of their sternmost ships, the British came around. The three leading American ships bore down upon them. The British van, composed of their two largest ships, the flagship \nWolfe and Royal George, opened with their starboard batteries. The Americans responded, and Pike quickly shot away Wolfe's main topmast and main yard. Thereupon, the British flagship crowded sail on her foremast and moved off in headlong flight covered by Royal George. All other British ships, with the exception of Royal George, followed the example of the flagship. Pike tried to pursue but did not cast off Asp and, therefore, made no gain on the fleeing enemy who made good his escape. For the remainder of the 1813 navigation season, the American squadron kept the British blockaded in Kingston.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"}],"sub_title":"Later operations","text":"With the British cleared from Lake Ontario, Asp and the other schooners became transports for troops and stores. On one occasion, 17 November 1813, she assisted in transporting 1,100 of General William Henry Harrison's troops from the mouth of the Genesee River to Sackett's Harbor. Asp never again saw combat and, apparently, served through the remainder of the war as a transport. She was sold at Sackett's Harbor on 15 May 1815.","title":"Service history"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/asp-schooner-i.html","external_links_name":"here"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_D%27Arcy	Eric D'Arcy	["1 Early life and education","2 Bishop of Sale and Archbishop of Hobart","3 References"]	Australian Catholic bishop The Most ReverendEric D'Arcy9th Catholic ArchbishopDioceseHobartInstalled24 October 1988Term ended26 July 1999PredecessorGuilford Clyde YoungSuccessorAdrian Leo DoyleOther post(s)Bishop of Sale (1981–1988)OrdersOrdination24 July 1949 (priest) in MelbourneConsecration1 July 1981 (bishop)Personal detailsBornJoseph Eric D'Arcy(1924-04-25)25 April 1924Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDied12 December 2005(2005-12-12) (aged 81)MelbourneNationalityAustralianDenominationRoman Catholic ChurchOccupationCatholic bishopProfessionClericAlma materCorpus Christi College, MelbourneUniversity of Melbourne (BA Hons, MA)University of Oxford (DPhil)Pontifical Gregorian University (PhD) Joseph Eric D'Arcy (25 April 1924 – 12 December 2005) was the ninth Archbishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia from 1988 to 1999. Immediately prior to his appointment to Hobart, D'Arcy served as the sixth Bishop of the Diocese of Sale from 1981 to 1988. Early life and education D'Arcy was born in Melbourne, and grew up in the suburb of Brighton. He was educated at Our Lady of Lourdes Parish School, Armadale; De La Salle College, Malvern; Corpus Christi College, Werribee; and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree with First Class Honours and an Exhibition in Philosophy, and a Master of Arts in Philosophy. He later pursued doctoral studies in philosophy at the University of Oxford, where he was the first Australian-born philosopher to receive an Oxford doctorate, and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He was ordained as a priest in 1949, and also taught in the Philosophy Department at University of Melbourne, eventually becoming its head, and was the author of Conscience and its Right to Freedom (Sheed and Ward, 1961) and Human Acts: an essay in their moral evaluation (Clarendon Press, 1963). He also participated as translator and commentator on the 60 volume English version of Thomas Aquinas' Summa. He garnered unwanted notoriety in 1955, when a letter undersigned by him was leaked to the press confirming the existence of 'The Movement' (modelled on Catholic Action groups in Europe) within the Australian Labor Party. The resulting furore contributed to the Labor Split. Bishop of Sale and Archbishop of Hobart He became Bishop of Sale, Victoria, in 1981 before his appointment to Hobart in 1988, and was Archbishop Emeritus of Hobart from his retirement in 1999 until his death in Melbourne in 2005, aged 81. References ^ "Archbishop Joseph Eric D'Arcy". The Catholic Hierarchy. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. ^ Franklin, James (2003). Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia. Macleay. p. 151. Catholic Church titles Preceded byArthur Fox 6th Bishop of Sale 1981–1988 Succeeded byJeremiah Coffey Preceded byGuilford Clyde Young 9th Archbishop of Hobart 1988–1999 Succeeded byAdrian Leo Doyle vteRoman Catholic archbishops of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Robert William Willson Daniel Murphy Patrick Delany William Barry William Hayden Justin Simonds Ernest Victor Tweedy Guilford Clyde Young Eric D'Arcy Adrian Leo Doyle Julian Porteous Catholicism portal vteCatholic Bishops of Sale, Victoria, Australia James Corbett Patrick Phelan Richard Ryan Patrick Lyons Arthur Fox Eric D'Arcy Jeremiah Coffey Christopher Prowse Patrick O'Regan Gregory Bennet Catholicism portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Archdiocese of Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hobart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Joseph Eric D'Arcy (25 April 1924 – 12 December 2005) was the ninth Archbishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia from 1988 to 1999. Immediately prior to his appointment to Hobart, D'Arcy served as the sixth Bishop of the Diocese of Sale from 1981 to 1988.[1]","title":"Eric D'Arcy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"De La Salle College, Malvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_College,_Malvern"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Werribee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Catholic Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Action"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Labor Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Split"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"D'Arcy was born in Melbourne, and grew up in the suburb of Brighton. He was educated at Our Lady of Lourdes Parish School, Armadale; De La Salle College, Malvern; Corpus Christi College, Werribee; and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree with First Class Honours and an Exhibition in Philosophy, and a Master of Arts in Philosophy. He later pursued doctoral studies in philosophy at the University of Oxford, where he was the first Australian-born philosopher to receive an Oxford doctorate, and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.He was ordained as a priest in 1949, and also taught in the Philosophy Department at University of Melbourne, eventually becoming its head, and was the author of Conscience and its Right to Freedom (Sheed and Ward, 1961) and Human Acts: an essay in their moral evaluation (Clarendon Press, 1963). He also participated as translator and commentator on the 60 volume English version of Thomas Aquinas' Summa.He garnered unwanted notoriety in 1955, when a letter undersigned by him was leaked to the press confirming the existence of 'The Movement' (modelled on Catholic Action groups in Europe) within the Australian Labor Party. The resulting furore contributed to the Labor Split.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sale, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Emeritus"}],"text":"He became Bishop of Sale, Victoria, in 1981 before his appointment to Hobart in 1988, and was Archbishop Emeritus of Hobart from his retirement in 1999 until his death in Melbourne in 2005, aged 81.","title":"Bishop of Sale and Archbishop of Hobart"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archbishop Joseph Eric D'Arcy\". The Catholic Hierarchy. 19 February 2011. 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Macleay. p. 151.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdarcyj.html","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop Joseph Eric D'Arcy\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083650842","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24609537","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwCWMC9JqJqpcg4fRdhHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119298746","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119298746","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003031228","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2012706194&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070312532","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810701453905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/641607","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027206513","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ship_Admiral_Lazarev	Russian ship Admiral Lazarev	[]	Four ships of the Imperial Russian Navy, Soviet Navy and Russian Navy have been named after Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. Russian monitor Admiral Lazarev – the lead ship of her class of monitor Russian cruiser Admiral Lazarev – an Admiral Nakhimov-class light cruiser subsequently named Krasnyi Kavkaz Soviet cruiser Admiral Lazarev – a Sverdlov-class cruiser Russian battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev – a Kirov-class missile cruiser originally named Frunze List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian monitor Admiral Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_monitor_Admiral_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"lead ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_ship"},{"link_name":"her class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Lazarev-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(warship)"},{"link_name":"Russian cruiser Admiral Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Krasny_Kavkaz"},{"link_name":"Admiral Nakhimov-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Nakhimov-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Soviet cruiser Admiral Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_cruiser_Admiral_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"Sverdlov-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlov-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Russian battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battlecruiser_Admiral_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"Kirov-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Russian_ship_Admiral_Lazarev&namespace=0"}],"text":"Russian monitor Admiral Lazarev – the lead ship of her class of monitor\nRussian cruiser Admiral Lazarev – an Admiral Nakhimov-class light cruiser subsequently named Krasnyi Kavkaz\nSoviet cruiser Admiral Lazarev – a Sverdlov-class cruiser\nRussian battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev – a Kirov-class missile cruiser originally named FrunzeList of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"Russian ship Admiral Lazarev"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Russian_ship_Admiral_Lazarev&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaliso_Matika	Mangaliso Matika	["1 References","2 External links"]	South African politician Mangaliso MatikaMPLDeputy Speaker of the Northern Cape Provincial LegislatureIncumbentAssumed office 22 May 2019Preceded byJuanita BeukesMember of the Northern Cape Provincial LegislatureIncumbentAssumed office 12 October 2018 Personal detailsNationalitySouth AfricanPolitical partyAfrican National CongressOccupationPolitician Octavious Mangaliso Matika is a South African politician who has served as the Deputy Speaker of the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature since May 2019. He took office as an MPL in October 2018. He was previously the Executive Mayor of the Sol Plaatje Local Municipality. Matika is a member of the African National Congress (ANC). References ^ Choane, Pulane (22 May 2019). "Northern Cape's first sitting of sixth legislature proceeds without glitches". OFM. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ Wildenboer, Norma (15 October 2018). "Matika sworn in as MPL". DFA. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ Mathebula, Austil (3 September 2018). "Embattled Sol Plaatje mayor Mangaliso Matika resigns". News24. Retrieved 18 January 2020. External links People's Assembly profile Northern Cape Provincial Legislature profile vteMembers of the Northern Cape Provincial LegislatureAfrican National Congress Saul Blennies Bloem Finies Klaaste Koloi Lekwene Makatong Maneng Manopole Matika Monakali Senye Tities Van Staden Vass Vilakazi Vosloo Democratic Alliance McGluwa Fritz Isaacs Kaars Liebenberg Mokae Rhoda Economic Freedom Fighters Thlaole Konote Lepolesa Freedom Front Plus Coetzee Party leaders in italics This article about a Northern Cape politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Cape Provincial Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cape_Provincial_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sol Plaatje Local Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Plaatje_Local_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"}],"text":"Octavious Mangaliso Matika is a South African politician who has served as the Deputy Speaker of the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature since May 2019.[1] He took office as an MPL in October 2018.[2] He was previously the Executive Mayor of the Sol Plaatje Local Municipality.[3] Matika is a member of the African National Congress (ANC).","title":"Mangaliso Matika"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Choane, Pulane (22 May 2019). \"Northern Cape's first sitting of sixth legislature proceeds without glitches\". OFM. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ofm.co.za/article/centralsa/274675/northern-cape-s-first-sitting-of-sixth-legislature-proceeds-without-glitches","url_text":"\"Northern Cape's first sitting of sixth legislature proceeds without glitches\""}]},{"reference":"Wildenboer, Norma (15 October 2018). \"Matika sworn in as MPL\". DFA. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfa.co.za/news/matika-sworn-in-as-mpl-17478436","url_text":"\"Matika sworn in as MPL\""}]},{"reference":"Mathebula, Austil (3 September 2018). \"Embattled Sol Plaatje mayor Mangaliso Matika resigns\". News24. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/embattled-sol-plaatje-mayor-mangaliso-matika-resigns-20180903","url_text":"\"Embattled Sol Plaatje mayor Mangaliso Matika resigns\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ofm.co.za/article/centralsa/274675/northern-cape-s-first-sitting-of-sixth-legislature-proceeds-without-glitches","external_links_name":"\"Northern Cape's first sitting of sixth legislature proceeds without glitches\""},{"Link":"https://www.dfa.co.za/news/matika-sworn-in-as-mpl-17478436","external_links_name":"\"Matika sworn in as MPL\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/embattled-sol-plaatje-mayor-mangaliso-matika-resigns-20180903","external_links_name":"\"Embattled Sol Plaatje mayor Mangaliso Matika resigns\""},{"Link":"https://www.pa.org.za/person/octavious-mangaliso-matika/","external_links_name":"People's Assembly profile"},{"Link":"http://www.ncpleg.gov.za/profile-mr-octavious-mangaliso-matika/","external_links_name":"Northern Cape Provincial Legislature profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangaliso_Matika&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke_Maata	Oke Maata	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"]	2000 Indian filmOke MattaPosterDirected byMuthyala SubbaiahProduced byAmbika KrishnaStarringUpendraRamya Krishna RaasiNagendra BabuBabu MohanMusic byKotiRelease date 2000 (2000) CountryIndiaLanguageTelugu Oke Mata is a 2000 Indian Telugu-language film, directed by Muthyala Subbaiah and produced by Ambhika Krishna. The film stars Upendra, Ramya Krishna, Raasi, Nagendra Babu, and Babu Mohan. Plot Sooryam, the president of a fisherman's community, protests against the discharge of toxic wastes into the sea by an industrialist's factory. As the protest turns violent, Sooryam gets arrested and jailed. Later, during the trial, the truth about Sooryam's dark past comes out. Cast Upendra as Sooryam Ramya Krishna as Sirisha Raasi Nagendra Babu as Gangaraju Babu Mohan M. S. Narayana Achyuth Soundtrack The music was composed by Koti. No. Song Singers Lyrics Length (m:ss) 1 Raja Raja Chola Devan, Sujatha Mohan Ghantadi Krishna 4.12 2 Kolo Kolo Koilallu Sukhwinder Singh, Gopika Poornima Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry 5.09 3 Hatteri Butta S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chithra Ravikumar 3.49 4 Maa Manchi Sukhwinder Singh, Shivaleela Samavedam Shanmukha Sharma 4.15 5 Raja Raja Chola Devan, Sujatha Ghantadi Krishna 4.12 6 Kiss Me Kiss Me Devi Sri Prasad, Anuradha Sriram Chandrabose 4.52 References ^ "Oke Mata Review". movies.fullhyderabad.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ "Oke Maata Songs". Raaga.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014. External links Oke Maata at IMDb vteFilmography of Muthyala Subbaiah Moodu Mulla Bandham (1980) Aruna Kiranam (1986) Idaa Prapancham (1987) Nava Bharatam (1988) Sagatu Manishi (1988) Inspector Pratap (1988) Chinnari Sneham (1989) Mamatala Kovela (1989) Dharma Yuddham (1989) Bharatanari (1990) Jayasimha (1990) Neti Charitra (1990) Maa Inti Katha (1990) Mamagaru (1991) Samsara Veena (1991) Kalikalam (1991) Yerra Mandaram (1991) Bangaru Mama (1992) Pellante Noorella Panta (1992) Parvatalu Panakalu (1992) Repati Koduku (1992) Madhavayya Gari Manavadu (1992) Illu Pelli (1993) Pelli Gola (1993) Palnati Pourusham (1994) Shrivari Priyaralu (1994) Anna (1994) Ammayi Kapuram (1995) Errodu (1995) Aadaalla Majaka (1995) Soggadi Pellam (1996) Prema Prayanam (1996) Pavitra Bandham (1997) Hitler (1997) Oka Chinna Maata (1997) Gokulamlo Seeta (1997) Pelli Chesukundam (1997) Suryudu (1998) Snehithulu (1998) Pavitra Prema (1998) Manikyam (1999) Krishna Babu (1999) Manasunna Maaraju (2000) Oke Maata (2000) Annayya (2000) Tholi Valapu (2001) Idemi Oorura Babu (2001) Deevinchandi (2001) Raja Narasimha (2003) (Kannada) Aaptudu (2004) Aalayam (2008) This article about a Telugu-language film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Muthyala Subbaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthyala_Subbaiah"},{"link_name":"Upendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upendra_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ramya Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Raasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raasi_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Nagendra Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagendra_Babu"},{"link_name":"Babu Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu_Mohan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"2000 Indian filmOke Mata is a 2000 Indian Telugu-language film, directed by Muthyala Subbaiah and produced by Ambhika Krishna. 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Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/oke-maata--a0003318","url_text":"\"Oke Maata Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raaga.com","url_text":"Raaga.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/oke-mata/telugu/oke-mata-movie-reviews-1545-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Oke Mata Review\""},{"Link":"http://play.raaga.com/telugu/album/oke-maata--a0003318","external_links_name":"\"Oke Maata Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8785234/","external_links_name":"Oke Maata"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oke_Maata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_receptors	Acetylcholine receptor	["1 Classification","2 Receptor types","2.1 nAChR","2.2 mAChR","3 Origin and evolution","4 Pharmacology","5 Role in health and disease","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Integral membrane protein Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor structure Acetylcholine An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) or a cholinergic receptor is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Classification Like other transmembrane receptors, acetylcholine receptors are classified according to their "pharmacology," or according to their relative affinities and sensitivities to different molecules. Although all acetylcholine receptors, by definition, respond to acetylcholine, they respond to other molecules as well. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, also known as "ionotropic" acetylcholine receptors) are particularly responsive to nicotine. The nicotine ACh receptor is also a Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ion channel. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR, also known as "metabotropic" acetylcholine receptors) are particularly responsive to muscarine. Nicotinic and muscarinic are two main kinds of "cholinergic" receptors. Receptor types Molecular biology has shown that the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors belong to distinct protein superfamilies. Nicotinic receptors are of two types: Nm and Nn. Nm is located in the neuromuscular junction which causes the contraction of skeletal muscles by way of end-plate potential (EPPs). Nn causes depolarization in autonomic ganglia resulting in post ganglionic impulse. Nicotinic receptors cause the release of catecholamine from the adrenal medulla, and also site specific excitation or inhibition in brain. Both Nm and Nn are Na+ and Ca2+ channel linked but Nn is also linked with an extra K+ channel. nAChR Main article: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor The nAChRs are ligand-gated ion channels, and, like other members of the "cys-loop" ligand-gated ion channel superfamily, are composed of five protein subunits symmetrically arranged like staves around a barrel. The subunit composition is highly variable across different tissues. Each subunit contains four regions which span the membrane and consist of approximately 20 amino acids. Region II which sits closest to the pore lumen, forms the pore lining. Binding of acetylcholine to the N termini of each of the two alpha subunits results in the 15° rotation of all M2 helices. The cytoplasm side of the nAChR receptor has rings of high negative charge that determine the specific cation specificity of the receptor and remove the hydration shell often formed by ions in aqueous solution. In the intermediate region of the receptor, within the pore lumen, valine and leucine residues (Val 255 and Leu 251) define a hydrophobic region through which the dehydrated ion must pass. The nAChR is found at the edges of junctional folds at the neuromuscular junction on the postsynaptic side; it is activated by acetylcholine release across the synapse. The diffusion of Na+ and K+ across the receptor causes depolarization, the end-plate potential, that opens voltage-gated sodium channels, which allows for firing of the action potential and potentially muscular contraction. mAChR Main article: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors In contrast, the mAChRs are not ion channels, but belong instead to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors that activate other ionic channels via a second messenger cascade. The muscarine cholinergic receptor activates a G-protein when bound to extracellular ACh. The alpha subunit of the G-protein activates guanylate cyclase (inhibiting the effects of intracellular cAMP) while the beta-gamma subunit activates the K-channels and therefore hyperpolarize the cell. This causes a decrease in cardiac activity. Origin and evolution ACh receptors are related to GABA, glycine, and 5-HT3 receptors and their similar protein sequence and gene structure strongly suggest that they evolved from a common ancestral receptor. In fact, relatively minor mutations, such as a change in 3 amino acids in many of these receptors can convert a cation-selective channel to an anion-selective channel gated by acetylcholine, showing that even fundamental properties can relatively easily change in evolution. Pharmacology Acetylcholine receptor modulators can be classified by which receptor subtypes they act on: ACh and its receptors Drug Nm Nn M1 M2 M3 ACh, Carbachol, Methacholine, AChEI (Physostigmine, Galantamine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine) + + + + + Nicotine, Varenicline + + Succinylcholine +/- Atracurium, Vecuronium, Tubocurarine, Pancuronium - Epibatidine, DMPP + Trimethaphan, Mecamylamine, Bupropion, Dextromethorphan, Hexamethonium - Muscarine, Oxotremorine, Bethanechol, Pilocarpine + + + Atropine, Tolterodine, Oxybutynin - - - Vedaclidine, Talsaclidine, Xanomeline, Ipratropium + Pirenzepine, Telenzepine - Methoctramine - Darifenacin, 4-DAMP, Solifenacin - Role in health and disease Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by curare, hexamethonium and toxins present in the venoms of snakes and shellfishes, like α-bungarotoxin. Drugs such as the neuromuscular blocking agents bind reversibly to the nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and are used routinely in anaesthesia. Nicotinic receptors are the primary mediator of the effects of nicotine. In myasthenia gravis, the receptor at the neuromuscular junction is targeted by antibodies, leading to muscle weakness. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by the drugs atropine and scopolamine. Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by defects of several types at the neuromuscular junction. Postsynaptic defects are the most frequent cause of CMS and often result in abnormalities in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The majority of mutations causing CMS are found in the AChR subunits genes. Out of all mutations associated with CMS, more than half are mutations in one of the four genes encoding the adult acetylcholine receptor subunits. Mutations of the AChR often result in endplate deficiency. Most of the mutations of the AChR are mutations of the CHRNE gene with mutations encoding for the Alpha5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor cause increased susceptibility to addiction. The CHRNE gene codes for the epsilon subunit of the AChR. Most mutations are autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations and as a result there is endplate AChR deficiency. CHRNE is associated with changing the kinetic properties of the AChR. One type of mutation of the epsilon subunit of the AChR introduces an Arg into the binding site at the α/ε subunit interface of the receptor. The addition of a cationic Arg into the anionic environment of the AChR binding site greatly reduces the kinetic properties of the receptor. The result of the newly introduced ARG is a 30-fold reduction of agonist affinity, 75-fold reduction of gating efficiency, and an extremely weakened channel opening probability. This type of mutation results in an extremely fatal form of CMS. See also Nicotinic agonist Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 Adrenergic receptor References ^ "Reference at image.slidesharecdn.com". ^ Doyle DA (2004). "Structural changes during ion channel gating". Trends Neurosci. 27 (6): 298–302. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.04.004. PMID 15165732. S2CID 36451231. ^ Miyazawa A, Fujiyoshi Y, Unwin N (2003). "Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore". Nature. 423 (6943): 949–55. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..949M. doi:10.1038/nature01748. PMID 12827192. S2CID 205209809. ^ Ortells, M. O.; Lunt, G. G. (March 1995). "Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors". Trends in Neurosciences. 18 (3): 121–127. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93887-4. ISSN 0166-2236. PMID 7754520. S2CID 18062185. ^ Galzi, J. L.; Devillers-Thiéry, A.; Hussy, N.; Bertrand, S.; Changeux, J. P.; Bertrand, D. (1992-10-08). "Mutations in the channel domain of a neuronal nicotinic receptor convert ion selectivity from cationic to anionic". Nature. 359 (6395): 500–505. Bibcode:1992Natur.359..500G. doi:10.1038/359500a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1383829. S2CID 4266961. ^ Cossins, J.; Burke, G.; Maxwell, S.; Spearman, H.; Man, S.; Kuks, J.; Vincent, A.; Palace, J.; Fuhrer, C.; Beeson, D. (2006). "Diverse molecular mechanisms involved in AChR deficiency due to rapsyn mutations". Brain. 129 (10): 2773–2783. doi:10.1093/brain/awl219. PMID 16945936. ^ Abicht, A.; Dusl, M.; Gallenmüller, C.; Guergueltcheva, V.; Schara, U.; Della Marina, A.; Wibbeler, E.; Almaras, S.; Mihaylova, V.; Von Der Hagen, M.; Huebner, A.; Chaouch, A.; Müller, J. S.; Lochmüller, H. (2012). "Congenital myasthenic syndromes: Achievements and limitations of phenotype-guided gene-after-gene sequencing in diagnostic practice: A study of 680 patients". Human Mutation. 33 (10): 1474–1484. doi:10.1002/humu.22130. PMID 22678886. S2CID 30868022. ^ Shen, X. -M.; Brengman, J. M.; Edvardson, S.; Sine, S. M.; Engel, A. G. (2012). "Highly fatal fast-channel syndrome caused by AChR subunit mutation at the agonist binding site". Neurology. 79 (5): 449–454. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825b5bda. PMC 3405251. PMID 22592360. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acetylcholine receptor. Acetylcholine receptor: PMAP The Proteolysis Map-animation Acetylcholine+Receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Acetylcholine Receptor: Molecule of The Month by David Goodsell Acetylcholine receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic by Flavio Guzman ANS receptors-overview vteIon channel, cell surface receptor: ligand-gated ion channelsCys-loop receptors5-HT/serotonin 5-HT3 A B C D E GABA GABAA α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 β1 β2 β3 γ1 γ2 γ3 δ ε π θ GABAA-ρ ρ1 ρ2 ρ3 Glycine α1 α2 α3 α4 β Nicotinic acetylcholine monomers: α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α9 α10 β1 β2 β3 β4 δ ε pentamers: (α3)2(β4)3 (α4)2(β2)3 (α7)5 (α1)2(β4)3 - Ganglion type (α1)2β1δε - Muscle type Zinc Zinc-activated Ionotropic glutamatesLigand-gated only AMPA (1 2 3 4) Kainate 1 2 3 4 5 Voltage- and ligand-gated NMDA 1 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B L1A L1B ‘Orphan’ GluD δ1 δ2 ATP-gated channelsPurinergic receptors P2X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3 Purinergic Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14) Serotonin (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7) Other Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 5 6 8 9) Metabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid CysLT (1 2) LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane Other Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate PeptideNeuropeptide B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2) Other Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a (1 2)) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin A B Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2) MiscellaneousTaste, bitter TAS2R 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor type 1 Orphan GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183) Other Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3) Class B: Secretin-likeAdhesion ADGRB Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 2 3 ADGRC Cadherin 1 2 3 ADGRE EMR 1 2 3 CD97 ADGRG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ADGRL Latrophilin 1 2 3 ELTD1 Orphan GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157) Other Calcitonin CALCRL Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2) Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet TAS1R 1 2 3 Vomeronasal receptor, type 2 Other Calcium-sensing receptor GABAB (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4) Class F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10) Smoothened Smoothened Acetylcholine receptor modulators vteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsmAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Bevonium Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline Choline cis-Dioxolane Clozapine Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796 Antagonists 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4-DAMP Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol) Abediterol AF-DX 250 AF-DX 384 Ambutonium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine) AQ-RA 741 Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine) Benactyzine Benzatropine (benztropine) Benzilone Benzilylcholine mustard Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine Camylofin CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Caramiphen Cimetropium bromide Clidinium bromide Cloperastine CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Desfesoterodine Dexetimide DIBD Dicycloverine (dicyclomine) Dihexyverine Difemerine Diphemanil metilsulfate Ditran Drofenine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Emepronium bromide Etanautine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) Fenpiverinium Fentonium bromide Fesoterodine Flavoxate Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine) Hexahydrodifenidol Hexahydrosiladifenidol Hexbutinol Hexocyclium Himbacine HL-031,120 Homatropine Imidafenacin Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol) Isopropamide J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Meladrazine Mepenzolate Methantheline Methoctramine Methylatropine Methylhomatropine Methylscopolamine Metixene Muscarinic toxin 7 N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate Nefopam Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide) Orphenadrine Otenzepad (AF-DX 116) Otilonium bromide Oxapium iodide Oxitropium bromide Oxybutynin Oxyphencyclimine Oxyphenonium bromide PBID PD-102,807 PD-0298029 Penthienate Pethidine pFHHSiD Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pipenzolate bromide Piperidolate Pirenzepine Piroheptine Pizotifen Poldine Pridinol Prifinium bromide Procyclidine Profenamine (ethopropazine) Propantheline bromide Propiverine Quinidine 3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate Revefenacin Rociverine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (hyoscine) Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide) Silahexacyclium Sofpironium bromide Solifenacin SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine) Telenzepine Terodiline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tiemonium iodide Timepidium bromide Tiotropium bromide Tiquizium bromide Tofenacin Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine) Tridihexethyl Trihexyphenidyl Trimebutine Tripitamine (tripitramine) Tropacine Tropatepine Tropicamide Trospium chloride Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine) Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol) WIN-2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators vteNicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsnAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists(and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators) 5-HIAA 6-Chloronicotine A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatabine Anatoxin-a AR-R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol (alcohol) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ-39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Morantel Nicotine (tobacco) NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR-2429 Sazetidine A SB-206553 Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) Suxethonium (succinyldicholine) TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 XY-4083 Antagonists(and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators) 18-MAC 18-MC α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others) ABT-126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) BNC-210 Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin) Bupropion BW284C51 BW-A444 Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (benzohexonium) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium (laudolissin) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME-18-MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (racemorphan) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Threohydrobupropion Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAChR.png"},{"link_name":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acetylcholine.svg"},{"link_name":"Acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"integral membrane protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"}],"text":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor structureAcetylcholineAn acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) or a cholinergic receptor is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.","title":"Acetylcholine receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transmembrane receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_receptor"},{"link_name":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"ionotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionotropic_receptor"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"ion channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel"},{"link_name":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"metabotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor"},{"link_name":"muscarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine"}],"text":"Like other transmembrane receptors, acetylcholine receptors are classified according to their \"pharmacology,\" or according to their relative affinities and sensitivities to different molecules. Although all acetylcholine receptors, by definition, respond to acetylcholine, they respond to other molecules as well.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, also known as \"ionotropic\" acetylcholine receptors) are particularly responsive to nicotine. The nicotine ACh receptor is also a Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ion channel.\nMuscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR, also known as \"metabotropic\" acetylcholine receptors) are particularly responsive to muscarine.Nicotinic and muscarinic are two main kinds of \"cholinergic\" receptors.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"protein superfamilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_superfamily"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"end-plate potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-plate_potential"}],"text":"Molecular biology has shown that the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors belong to distinct protein superfamilies. Nicotinic receptors are of two types: Nm and Nn. Nm[1] is located in the neuromuscular junction which causes the contraction of skeletal muscles by way of end-plate potential (EPPs). Nn causes depolarization in autonomic ganglia resulting in post ganglionic impulse. Nicotinic receptors cause the release of catecholamine from the adrenal medulla, and also site specific excitation or inhibition in brain. Both Nm and Nn are Na+ and Ca2+ channel linked but Nn is also linked with an extra K+ channel.","title":"Receptor types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ligand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand"},{"link_name":"-gated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel"},{"link_name":"ion channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel"},{"link_name":"cys-loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cys-loop"},{"link_name":"ligand-gated ion channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel"},{"link_name":"protein subunits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_subunit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15165732-2"},{"link_name":"valine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine"},{"link_name":"leucine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12827192-3"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"voltage-gated sodium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel"},{"link_name":"action potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential"}],"sub_title":"nAChR","text":"The nAChRs are ligand-gated ion channels, and, like other members of the \"cys-loop\" ligand-gated ion channel superfamily, are composed of five protein subunits symmetrically arranged like staves around a barrel. The subunit composition is highly variable across different tissues. Each subunit contains four regions which span the membrane and consist of approximately 20 amino acids. Region II which sits closest to the pore lumen, forms the pore lining.Binding of acetylcholine to the N termini of each of the two alpha subunits results in the 15° rotation of all M2 helices.[2] The cytoplasm side of the nAChR receptor has rings of high negative charge that determine the specific cation specificity of the receptor and remove the hydration shell often formed by ions in aqueous solution. In the intermediate region of the receptor, within the pore lumen, valine and leucine residues (Val 255 and Leu 251) define a hydrophobic region through which the dehydrated ion must pass.[3]The nAChR is found at the edges of junctional folds at the neuromuscular junction on the postsynaptic side; it is activated by acetylcholine release across the synapse. The diffusion of Na+ and K+ across the receptor causes depolarization, the end-plate potential, that opens voltage-gated sodium channels, which allows for firing of the action potential and potentially muscular contraction.","title":"Receptor types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mAChRs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAChRs"},{"link_name":"G-protein-coupled receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-protein-coupled_receptor"},{"link_name":"second messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messenger"}],"sub_title":"mAChR","text":"In contrast, the mAChRs are not ion channels, but belong instead to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors that activate other ionic channels via a second messenger cascade.\nThe muscarine cholinergic receptor activates a G-protein when bound to extracellular ACh. The alpha subunit of the G-protein activates guanylate cyclase (inhibiting the effects of intracellular cAMP) while the beta-gamma subunit activates the K-channels and therefore hyperpolarize the cell. This causes a decrease in cardiac activity.","title":"Receptor types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid"},{"link_name":"glycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_receptor"},{"link_name":"5-HT3 receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"ACh receptors are related to GABA, glycine, and 5-HT3 receptors and their similar protein sequence and gene structure strongly suggest that they evolved from a common ancestral receptor.[4] In fact, relatively minor mutations, such as a change in 3 amino acids in many of these receptors can convert a cation-selective channel to an anion-selective channel gated by acetylcholine, showing that even fundamental properties can relatively easily change in evolution.[5]","title":"Origin and evolution"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Acetylcholine receptor modulators can be classified by which receptor subtypes they act on:","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curare"},{"link_name":"hexamethonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethonium"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"shellfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish"},{"link_name":"α-bungarotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_bungarotoxin"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular blocking agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_blocking_agent"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"myasthenia gravis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis"},{"link_name":"antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"atropine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine"},{"link_name":"scopolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide"},{"link_name":"Congenital myasthenic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_myasthenic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cossins-6"},{"link_name":"CHRNE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRNE"},{"link_name":"Alpha5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha5_Nicotinic_Acetylcholine_Receptor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by curare, hexamethonium and toxins present in the venoms of snakes and shellfishes, like α-bungarotoxin. Drugs such as the neuromuscular blocking agents bind reversibly to the nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and are used routinely in anaesthesia. Nicotinic receptors are the primary mediator of the effects of nicotine. In myasthenia gravis, the receptor at the neuromuscular junction is targeted by antibodies, leading to muscle weakness.Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by the drugs atropine and scopolamine.Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by defects of several types at the neuromuscular junction. Postsynaptic defects are the most frequent cause of CMS and often result in abnormalities in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The majority of mutations causing CMS are found in the AChR subunits genes.[6]Out of all mutations associated with CMS, more than half are mutations in one of the four genes encoding the adult acetylcholine receptor subunits. Mutations of the AChR often result in endplate deficiency. Most of the mutations of the AChR are mutations of the CHRNE gene with mutations encoding for the Alpha5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor cause increased susceptibility to addiction. The CHRNE gene codes for the epsilon subunit of the AChR. Most mutations are autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations and as a result there is endplate AChR deficiency. CHRNE is associated with changing the kinetic properties of the AChR.[7] One type of mutation of the epsilon subunit of the AChR introduces an Arg into the binding site at the α/ε subunit interface of the receptor. The addition of a cationic Arg into the anionic environment of the AChR binding site greatly reduces the kinetic properties of the receptor. The result of the newly introduced ARG is a 30-fold reduction of agonist affinity, 75-fold reduction of gating efficiency, and an extremely weakened channel opening probability. This type of mutation results in an extremely fatal form of CMS.[8]","title":"Role in health and disease"}]	[{"image_text":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor structure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/NAChR.png/300px-NAChR.png"},{"image_text":"Acetylcholine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Acetylcholine.svg/220px-Acetylcholine.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Nicotinic agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist"},{"title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"title":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"title":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5"},{"title":"Adrenergic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor"}]	[{"reference":"\"Reference at image.slidesharecdn.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://image.slidesharecdn.com/anspharmacologyandcholinergics-drdhritiupdated2011-111228115516-phpapp02/95/autonomic-nervous-system-pharmacology-and-cholinergics-updated-2011-drdhriti-47-728.jpg?cb=1382965154","url_text":"\"Reference at image.slidesharecdn.com\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle DA (2004). \"Structural changes during ion channel gating\". Trends Neurosci. 27 (6): 298–302. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.04.004. PMID 15165732. S2CID 36451231.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.04.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.tins.2004.04.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15165732","url_text":"15165732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36451231","url_text":"36451231"}]},{"reference":"Miyazawa A, Fujiyoshi Y, Unwin N (2003). \"Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore\". Nature. 423 (6943): 949–55. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..949M. doi:10.1038/nature01748. PMID 12827192. S2CID 205209809.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..949M","url_text":"2003Natur.423..949M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01748","url_text":"10.1038/nature01748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12827192","url_text":"12827192"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205209809","url_text":"205209809"}]},{"reference":"Ortells, M. O.; Lunt, G. G. (March 1995). \"Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors\". Trends in Neurosciences. 18 (3): 121–127. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93887-4. ISSN 0166-2236. PMID 7754520. S2CID 18062185.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7754520","url_text":"\"Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-2236%2895%2993887-4","url_text":"10.1016/0166-2236(95)93887-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0166-2236","url_text":"0166-2236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7754520","url_text":"7754520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18062185","url_text":"18062185"}]},{"reference":"Galzi, J. L.; Devillers-Thiéry, A.; Hussy, N.; Bertrand, S.; Changeux, J. P.; Bertrand, D. (1992-10-08). \"Mutations in the channel domain of a neuronal nicotinic receptor convert ion selectivity from cationic to anionic\". Nature. 359 (6395): 500–505. Bibcode:1992Natur.359..500G. doi:10.1038/359500a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1383829. S2CID 4266961.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1383829","url_text":"\"Mutations in the channel domain of a neuronal nicotinic receptor convert ion selectivity from cationic to anionic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.359..500G","url_text":"1992Natur.359..500G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F359500a0","url_text":"10.1038/359500a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1383829","url_text":"1383829"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4266961","url_text":"4266961"}]},{"reference":"Cossins, J.; Burke, G.; Maxwell, S.; Spearman, H.; Man, S.; Kuks, J.; Vincent, A.; Palace, J.; Fuhrer, C.; Beeson, D. (2006). \"Diverse molecular mechanisms involved in AChR deficiency due to rapsyn mutations\". Brain. 129 (10): 2773–2783. doi:10.1093/brain/awl219. PMID 16945936.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawl219","url_text":"\"Diverse molecular mechanisms involved in AChR deficiency due to rapsyn mutations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawl219","url_text":"10.1093/brain/awl219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945936","url_text":"16945936"}]},{"reference":"Abicht, A.; Dusl, M.; Gallenmüller, C.; Guergueltcheva, V.; Schara, U.; Della Marina, A.; Wibbeler, E.; Almaras, S.; Mihaylova, V.; Von Der Hagen, M.; Huebner, A.; Chaouch, A.; Müller, J. S.; Lochmüller, H. (2012). \"Congenital myasthenic syndromes: Achievements and limitations of phenotype-guided gene-after-gene sequencing in diagnostic practice: A study of 680 patients\". Human Mutation. 33 (10): 1474–1484. doi:10.1002/humu.22130. PMID 22678886. S2CID 30868022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.22130","url_text":"10.1002/humu.22130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22678886","url_text":"22678886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30868022","url_text":"30868022"}]},{"reference":"Shen, X. -M.; Brengman, J. M.; Edvardson, S.; Sine, S. M.; Engel, A. G. (2012). \"Highly fatal fast-channel syndrome caused by AChR subunit mutation at the agonist binding site\". Neurology. 79 (5): 449–454. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825b5bda. PMC 3405251. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UCI_World_Tour	2015 UCI World Tour	["1 Teams","2 Events","3 Final standings","3.1 Individual","3.2 Team","3.3 Nation","4 Leader progress","5 References","6 External links"]	2015 UCI World TourSeventh edition of the UCI World TourDetailsDates20 January – 4 OctoberLocationEurope, Canada, and AustraliaRaces28ChampionsIndividual championAlejandro Valverde (Spain) (Movistar Team)Teams' championMovistar TeamNations' championSpain← 2014 2016 → The 2015 UCI World Tour was the seventh edition of the ranking system launched by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) in 2009. The series started with the opening stage of the Tour Down Under on 20 January, and concluded with Il Lombardia on 4 October. For the second successive year, Spain's Alejandro Valverde won the World Tour individual points title, amassing 675 points over the course of the season. The Movistar Team rider finished 201 points clear of his closest rival and compatriot Joaquim Rodríguez of Team Katusha, while Colombian rider Nairo Quintana was third – also for the Movistar Team – 17 points behind Rodríguez and 218 points in arrears of Valverde. In the teams' rankings, Movistar Team finished top for the third year running, with a total of 1619 points. Second place went to Team Katusha, 13 points behind, while Team Sky finished in third position. The nations' rankings was comfortably headed by Spain, with a points advantage of 839 over Italy, who moved into second at the final race with Vincenzo Nibali's victory at Il Lombardia. Teams Main article: List of 2015 UCI WorldTeams and riders The UCI WorldTeams competed in the World Tour, with UCI Professional Continental teams, or national squads, able to enter at the discretion of the organisers of each event. 2015 UCI World Teams and equipment viewtalkedit Code Official team name Licence holder Country Groupset Bicycles ALM AG2R La Mondiale (2015 season) EUSRL France Cyclisme France SRAM Focus AST Astana (2015 season) Abacanto SA Kazakhstan Campagnolo Specialized BMC BMC Racing Team (2015 season) Continuum Sports LLC United States Shimano BMC TCG Cannondale–Garmin (2015 season) Slipstream Sports, LLC United States Shimano Cannondale EQS Etixx–Quick-Step (2015 season) Esperanza bvba Belgium Shimano Specialized FDJ FDJ (2015 season) Société de Gestion de L'Echappée France Shimano Lapierre TGA Team Giant–Alpecin (2015 season) SMS Cycling B.V. Germany Shimano Giant IAM IAM Cycling (2015 season) Switzerland Shimano Scott KAT Team Katusha (2015 season) Katusha Management SA Russia Shimano Canyon LAM Lampre–Merida (2015 season) CGS Cycling Team AG Italy Shimano Merida LTS Lotto–Soudal (2015 season) Belgian Cycling Company sa Belgium Campagnolo Ridley TLJ LottoNL–Jumbo (2015 season) Rabo Wielerploegen Netherlands Shimano Bianchi MOV Movistar Team (2015 season) Abarca Sports S.L. Spain Campagnolo Canyon OGE Orica–GreenEDGE (2015 season) GreenEdge Cycling Australia Shimano Scott SKY Team Sky (2015 season) Tour Racing Limited Great Britain Shimano Pinarello TCS Tinkoff–Saxo (2015 season) Tinkoff Sport Russia Shimano Specialized TFR Trek Factory Racing (2015 season) Trek Bicycle Corporation United States Shimano Trek Events All events from the 2014 UCI World Tour are included, except the Tour of Beijing, which will no longer be organised. Race Date Winner Second Third Other points(4th place onwards) Stage points Tour Down Under January 20 – 25 Rohan Dennis (AUS) 100 pts Richie Porte (AUS) 80 pts Cadel Evans (AUS) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Paris–Nice March 8 – 15 Richie Porte (AUS) 100 pts Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) 80 pts Simon Špilak (SLO) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Tirreno–Adriatico March 11 – 17 Nairo Quintana (COL) 100 pts Bauke Mollema (NED) 80 pts Rigoberto Urán (COL) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Milan–San Remo March 22 John Degenkolb (GER) 100 pts Alexander Kristoff (NOR) 80 pts Michael Matthews (AUS) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 N/A Volta a Catalunya March 23 – 29 Richie Porte (AUS) 100 pts Alejandro Valverde (ESP) 80 pts Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 E3 Harelbeke March 27 Geraint Thomas (GBR) 80 pts Zdeněk Štybar (CZE) 60 pts Matteo Trentin (ITA) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A Gent–Wevelgem March 29 Luca Paolini (ITA) 80 pts Niki Terpstra (NED) 60 pts Geraint Thomas (GBR) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A Tour of Flanders April 5 Alexander Kristoff (NOR) 100 pts Niki Terpstra (NED) 80 pts Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 N/A Tour of the Basque Country April 6 – 11 Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP) 100 pts Sergio Henao (COL) 80 pts Jon Izagirre (ESP) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Paris–Roubaix April 12 John Degenkolb (GER) 100 pts Zdeněk Štybar (CZE) 80 pts Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 N/A Amstel Gold Race April 19 Michał Kwiatkowski (POL) 80 pts Alejandro Valverde (ESP) 60 pts Michael Matthews (AUS) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A La Flèche Wallonne April 22 Alejandro Valverde (ESP) 80 pts Julian Alaphilippe (FRA) 60 pts Michael Albasini (SUI) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A Liège–Bastogne–Liège April 26 Alejandro Valverde (ESP) 100 pts Julian Alaphilippe (FRA) 80 pts Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 N/A Tour de Romandie April 28 – May 3 Ilnur Zakarin (RUS) 100 pts Simon Špilak (SLO) 80 pts Chris Froome (GBR) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Giro d'Italia May 9 – 31 Alberto Contador (ESP) 170 pts Fabio Aru (ITA) 130 pts Mikel Landa (ESP) 100 pts 90, 80, 70, 60, 52, 44, 38, 32, 26, 22, 18, 14, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 Critérium du Dauphiné June 7 – 14 Chris Froome (GBR) 100 pts Tejay van Garderen (USA) 80 pts Rui Costa (POR) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Tour de Suisse June 13 – 21 Simon Špilak (SLO) 100 pts Geraint Thomas (GBR) 80 pts Tom Dumoulin (NED) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Tour de France July 4 – 26 Chris Froome (GBR) 200 pts Nairo Quintana (COL) 150 pts Alejandro Valverde (ESP) 120 pts 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 24, 20, 16, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 20, 10, 6, 4, 2 Clásica de San Sebastián August 1 Adam Yates (GBR) 80 pts Philippe Gilbert (BEL) 60 pts Alejandro Valverde (ESP) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A Tour de Pologne August 2 – 8 Jon Izagirre (ESP) 100 pts Bart De Clercq (BEL) 80 pts Ben Hermans (BEL) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Eneco Tour August 10 – 16 Tim Wellens (BEL) 100 pts Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) 80 pts Wilco Kelderman (NED) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 Vuelta a España August 22 – September 13 Fabio Aru (ITA) 170 pts Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP) 130 pts Rafał Majka (POL) 100 pts 90, 80, 70, 60, 52, 44, 38, 32, 26, 22, 18, 14, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 Vattenfall Cyclassics August 23 André Greipel (GER) 80 pts Alexander Kristoff (NOR) 60 pts Giacomo Nizzolo (ITA) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A GP Ouest-France August 30 Alexander Kristoff (NOR) 80 pts Simone Ponzi (ITA) 0 pts Ramūnas Navardauskas (LTU) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A GP de Québec September 11 Rigoberto Urán (COL) 80 pts Michael Matthews (AUS) 60 pts Alexander Kristoff (NOR) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A GP de Montréal September 13 Tim Wellens (BEL) 80 pts Adam Yates (GBR) 60 pts Rui Costa (POR) 50 pts 40, 30, 22, 14, 10, 6, 2 N/A Team time trial at the World Championships September 20 BMC Racing Team 200 pts Etixx–Quick-Step 170 pts Movistar Team 140 pts 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70 N/A Il Lombardia October 4 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) 100 pts Daniel Moreno (ESP) 80 pts Thibaut Pinot (FRA) 70 pts 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 4 N/A Notes ^ As Ponzi rode for Southeast Pro Cycling, which is not a World Tour team, he was ineligible to score points towards the UCI World Tour standings. ^ The World Team Time Trial Championship awards points only in the team rankings, not in the individual or national standings. Final standings Main article: 2015 UCI men's road cycling rankings Individual Riders tied with the same number of points were classified by number of victories, then number of second places, third places, and so on, in World Tour events and stages. Rank Name Team Points 1 Alejandro Valverde (ESP) Movistar Team 675 2 Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP) Team Katusha 474 3 Nairo Quintana (COL) Movistar Team 457 4 Alexander Kristoff (NOR) Team Katusha 453 5 Fabio Aru (ITA) Astana 448 6 Chris Froome (GBR) Team Sky 430 7 Alberto Contador (ESP) Tinkoff–Saxo 407 8 Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) BMC Racing Team 324 9 Rui Costa (POR) Lampre–Merida 324 10 Thibaut Pinot (FRA) FDJ 319 11 Richie Porte (AUS) Team Sky 314 12 John Degenkolb (GER) Team Giant–Alpecin 302 13 Rigoberto Urán (COL) Etixx–Quick-Step 301 14 Geraint Thomas (GBR) Team Sky 283 15 Tom Dumoulin (NED) Team Giant–Alpecin 271 16 Simon Špilak (SLO) Team Katusha 269 17 Peter Sagan (SVK) Tinkoff–Saxo 257 18 Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) AG2R La Mondiale 242 19 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) Astana 238 20 Michael Matthews (AUS) Orica–GreenEDGE 221 21 Daniel Moreno (ESP) Team Katusha 216 22 Bauke Mollema (NED) Trek Factory Racing 212 23 Romain Bardet (FRA) AG2R La Mondiale 206 24 André Greipel (GER) Lotto–Soudal 203 25 Tim Wellens (BEL) Lotto–Soudal 195 215 riders scored points. 48 other riders finished in positions that would have earned them points, but they were ineligible as members of non-WorldTour teams. Team Team rankings were calculated by adding the ranking points of the top five riders of a team in the table, plus points gained in the World Team Time Trial Championship (WTTT). Rank Team Points Top 5 riders WTTT 1 Movistar Team 1619 Valverde (675), N. Quintana (457), J. Izagirre (173), Amador (93), Intxausti (81) 140 2 Team Katusha 1606 Rodríguez (474), Kristoff (453), Špilak (269), D. Moreno (216), Zakarin (194) 0 3 Team Sky 1378 Froome (430), Porte (314), Thomas (283), Ser. Henao (167), Nieve (104) 80 4 Etixx–Quick-Step 1158 Urán (301), Kwiatkowski (195), Alaphilippe (180), Štybar (172), Terpstra (140) 170 5 Astana 1106 Aru (448), Nibali (238), Landa (164), Boom (102), Fuglsang (64) 90 6 BMC Racing Team 1010 Van Avermaet (324), Gilbert (179), Dennis (135), van Garderen (96), Evans (76) 200 7 Tinkoff–Saxo 929 Contador (407), P. Sagan (257), Majka (165), Kreuziger (64), Breschel (36) 0 8 Orica–GreenEDGE 845 Matthews (221), A. Yates (150), S. Yates (148), Chaves (134), Albasini (62) 130 9 Lotto–Soudal 832 Greipel (203), Wellens (195), Gallopin (127), De Clercq (106), Benoot (101) 100 10 Team Giant–Alpecin 769 Degenkolb (302), T. Dumoulin (271), Barguil (34), Geschke (32), Sinkeldam (10) 120 11 AG2R La Mondiale 587 Pozzovivo (242), Bardet (206), Bakelants (59), Vuillermoz (49), Riblon (31) 0 12 Lampre–Merida 566 Costa (324), Ulissi (98), Bonifazio (60), Modolo (43), Valls (41) 0 13 Trek Factory Racing 529 Mollema (212), Nizzolo (78), Felline (64), Cancellara (59), Jungels (46) 70 14 LottoNL–Jumbo 485 Gesink (114), Kelderman (111), Kruijswijk (80), Vanmarcke (52), Lindeman (18) 110 15 FDJ 439 Pinot (319), Geniez (44), Démare (33), Roux (22), Morabito (21) 0 16 Cannondale–Garmin 340 Hesjedal (102), D. Martin (85), Talansky (54), Navardauskas (50), Slagter (49) 0 17 IAM Cycling 189 Frank (72), Elmiger (56), Pantano (27), Pelucchi (20), Sy. Chavanel (14) 0 Nation National rankings were calculated by adding the ranking points of the top five riders registered in a nation in the table. The national rankings, as of 15 August, were also used to determine how many riders a country could have in the World Championships. Rank Nation Points Top 5 riders (if applicable) 1 Spain 1945 Valverde (675), Rodríguez (474), Contador (407), D. Moreno (216), J. Izagirre (173) 2 Italy 1106 Aru (448), Pozzovivo (242), Nibali (238), Ulissi (98), Paolini (80) 3 Colombia 1099 N. Quintana (457), Urán (301), Ser. Henao (167), Chaves (134), Atapuma (40) 4 Great Britain 1041 Froome (430), Thomas (283), A. Yates (150), S. Yates (148), Cavendish (30) 5 Belgium 905 Van Avermaet (324), Wellens (195), Gilbert (179), De Clercq (106), Benoot (101) 6 France 881 Pinot (319), Bardet (206), Alaphilippe (180), Gallopin (127), Vuillermoz (49) 7 Netherlands 848 T. Dumoulin (271), Mollema (212), Terpstra (140), Gesink (114), Kelderman (111) 8 Australia 777 Porte (314), Matthews (221), Dennis (135), Evans (76), Rogers (31) 9 Germany 587 Degenkolb (302), Greipel (203), T. Martin (40), Geschke (32), Kittel (10) 10 Norway 453 Kristoff (453) 11 Poland 376 Kwiatkowski (195), Majka (165), Bodnar (16) 12 Portugal 355 Costa (324), Oliveira (24), Cardoso (6), Machado (1) 13 Czech Republic 306 Štybar (172), König (70), Kreuziger (64) 14 Slovenia 294 Špilak (269), Polanc (16), Mezgec (9) 15 Switzerland 270 Frank (72), Albasini (62), Cancellara (59), Elmiger (56), Morabito (21) Riders from 34 countries scored points. Leader progress Event(Winner) Individual Team Nation Tour Down Under(Rohan Dennis) Rohan Dennis BMC Racing Team Australia Paris–Nice(Richie Porte) Richie Porte Team Sky Tirreno–Adriatico(Nairo Quintana) Milan–San Remo(John Degenkolb) E3 Harelbeke(Geraint Thomas) Volta a Catalunya(Richie Porte) Gent–Wevelgem(Luca Paolini) Tour of Flanders(Alexander Kristoff) Tour of the Basque Country(Joaquim Rodríguez) Paris–Roubaix(John Degenkolb) Amstel Gold Race(Michał Kwiatkowski) Etixx–Quick-Step La Flèche Wallonne(Alejandro Valverde) Liège–Bastogne–Liège(Alejandro Valverde) Alejandro Valverde Spain Tour de Romandie(Ilnur Zakarin) Giro d'Italia(Alberto Contador) Critérium du Dauphiné(Chris Froome) Team Sky Tour de Suisse(Simon Špilak) Team Katusha Tour de France(Chris Froome) Team Sky Clásica de San Sebastián(Adam Yates) Tour de Pologne(Jon Izagirre) Eneco Tour(Tim Wellens) Vattenfall Cyclassics(André Greipel) GP Ouest-France(Alexander Kristoff) Team Katusha Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec(Rigoberto Urán) Vuelta a España(Fabio Aru) Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal(Tim Wellens) World TTT Championships(BMC Racing Team) Movistar Team Il Lombardia(Vincenzo Nibali) References ^ "Registration of UCI WorldTeams and UCI Professional Continental Teams for the 2015 season". UCI.ch. Union Cycliste Internationale. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ "UCI confirm WorldTour Calendar 2015". Cycling News. Retrieved 8 December 2014. ^ a b c d "Part 2: Road races" (PDF). UCI.ch. Union Cycliste Internationale. 24 January 2015. pp. 58–59. Retrieved 25 January 2015. ^ "UCI WorldTour Ranking – 2015: Individual". UCI World Tour. Infostrada Sports; Union Cycliste Internationale. 4 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ "UCI WorldTour Ranking – 2015: Team". UCI World Tour. Infostrada Sports; Union Cycliste Internationale. 4 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ "UCI WorldTour Ranking – 2015: Nation". UCI World Tour. Infostrada Sports; Union Cycliste Internationale. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015. External links Official website vte2015 UCI World TourRaces Tour Down Under Paris–Nice Tirreno–Adriatico Milan–San Remo Volta a Catalunya E3 Harelbeke Gent–Wevelgem Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris–Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tour de Romandie Giro d'Italia Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne Eneco Tour Vuelta a España Vattenfall Cyclassics GP Ouest-France GP de Québec GP de Montréal TTT at the World Championships Il Lombardia Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana BMC Racing Team Cannondale–Garmin Etixx–Quick-Step FDJ Team Giant–Alpecin IAM Cycling Team Katusha Lampre–Merida Lotto–Soudal LottoNL–Jumbo Movistar Team Orica–GreenEDGE Team Sky Tinkoff–Saxo Trek Factory Racing List of 2015 UCI WorldTeams and riders vteUCI World TourSeasons 2009 Ranking 2010 Ranking Merged with the UCI ProTour 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 UCI WorldTeams 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 RacesActive Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race UAE Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris–Nice Tirreno–Adriatico Milan–San Remo Volta a Catalunya Classic Brugge–De Panne E3 Saxo Bank Classic Gent–Wevelgem Dwars door Vlaanderen Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris–Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn–Frankfurt Giro d'Italia Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics Bretagne Classic GP de Québec GP de Montréal Il Lombardia Tour of Guangxi Former Abu Dhabi Tour Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Beijing Tour of California Tour of Qatar RideLondon–Surrey Classic TTT at the World Championships vte2015 in road cycling (men, women) UCI Men's Road World Rankings UCI Women's Road World Rankings UCI World Circuits UCI World Tour UCI Women's Road World Cup UCI Continental Circuits UCI Africa Tour UCI America Tour UCI Asia Tour UCI Europe Tour UCI Oceania Tour Global Championships UCI Road World Championships International Games European Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Games of the Small States of Europe Island Games Southeast Asian Games Military World Games Continental Championships African Asian European (U23) Oceanian Pan American National ChampionshipsNational road cycling championshipsUCI cycling teams UCI WorldTeams UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams UCI Women's Teams vte2014–15 World Cup seasons/leagues in summer sportsUCI Cyclo-cross Mountain bike '14 '15 Road cycling (men's) '14 '15 Road cycling (women's) '14 '15 Track cycling FINA Diving '14 '15 Swimming '14 '15 Synchronized swimming '14 Water polo (men's) '14 '15 Water polo (women's) '14 '15 Others Archery '14 '15 Artistic gymnastics '14 '15 Athletics '14 '15 Badminton '14 '15 Beach volleyball '14 '15 Canoe slalom '14 '15 Equestrian dressage Fencing Field hockey men's women's Modern pentathlon Rhythmic gymnastics '14 '15 Rowing Sailing '14 '15 Shooting '14 '15 Table tennis Tennis (men's) '14 '15 Tennis (women's) '14 '15 Tennis (mixed) '14 '15 Volleyball (men's) '14 '15 Volleyball (women's) '14 '15 Wrestling '14 men's freestyle men's Greco-Roman women's freestyle Wrestling '15 men's freestyle men's Greco-Roman women's freestyle	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Union Cycliste Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"Tour Down Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tour_Down_Under"},{"link_name":"Il Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Il_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Valverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Valverde"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Team Katusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katusha%E2%80%93Alpecin"},{"link_name":"Nairo Quintana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairo_Quintana"},{"link_name":"Team Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Nibali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali"}],"text":"The 2015 UCI World Tour was the seventh edition of the ranking system launched by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) in 2009. The series started with the opening stage of the Tour Down Under on 20 January, and concluded with Il Lombardia on 4 October.For the second successive year, Spain's Alejandro Valverde won the World Tour individual points title, amassing 675 points over the course of the season. The Movistar Team rider finished 201 points clear of his closest rival and compatriot Joaquim Rodríguez of Team Katusha, while Colombian rider Nairo Quintana was third – also for the Movistar Team – 17 points behind Rodríguez and 218 points in arrears of Valverde. In the teams' rankings, Movistar Team finished top for the third year running, with a total of 1619 points. Second place went to Team Katusha, 13 points behind, while Team Sky finished in third position. The nations' rankings was comfortably headed by Spain, with a points advantage of 839 over Italy, who moved into second at the final race with Vincenzo Nibali's victory at Il Lombardia.","title":"2015 UCI World Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2015_UCI_WorldTeams_and_riders"},{"link_name":"UCI Professional Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Professional_Continental"}],"text":"The UCI WorldTeams competed in the World Tour, with UCI Professional Continental teams, or national squads, able to enter at the discretion of the organisers of each event.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Tour of Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Beijing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015Schedule-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Southeast Pro Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vini_Zab%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCI240115-3"}],"text":"All events from the 2014 UCI World Tour are included, except the Tour of Beijing, which will no longer be organised.[2]Notes^ As Ponzi rode for Southeast Pro Cycling, which is not a World Tour team, he was ineligible to score points towards the UCI World Tour standings.\n\n^ The World Team Time Trial Championship awards points only in the team rankings, not in the individual or national standings.[3]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCI240115-3"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"[4]\nRiders tied with the same number of points were classified by number of victories, then number of second places, third places, and so on, in World Tour events and stages.[3]215 riders scored points. 48 other riders finished in positions that would have earned them points, but they were ineligible as members of non-WorldTour teams.","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World Team Time Trial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_time_trial"}],"sub_title":"Team","text":"[5]\nTeam rankings were calculated by adding the ranking points of the top five riders of a team in the table, plus points gained in the World Team Time Trial Championship (WTTT).","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_road_race"}],"sub_title":"Nation","text":"[6]\nNational rankings were calculated by adding the ranking points of the top five riders registered in a nation in the table. The national rankings, as of 15 August, were also used to determine how many riders a country could have in the World Championships.Riders from 34 countries scored points.","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leader progress"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Registration of UCI WorldTeams and UCI Professional Continental Teams for the 2015 season\". UCI.ch. Union Cycliste Internationale. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uci.ch/road/teams/","url_text":"\"Registration of UCI WorldTeams and UCI Professional Continental Teams for the 2015 season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"Union Cycliste Internationale"}]},{"reference":"\"UCI confirm WorldTour Calendar 2015\". Cycling News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uta	Šuta	["1 The 2 letters of commissioner: Šuta","1.1 EA 288, \"Benign neglect\"","1.2 EA 234, \"Like Magdalu in Egypt\"","2 See also","3 References"]	"Shuta" redirects here. For the Japanese given name, see Shūta. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Šuta" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) Šuta, ("Shuta"), was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The name Šuta is a hypocoristicon-(nickname/petname) for the Ancient Egyptian god Seth, (Seth being the "God of the Desert", and an 'anti-Horus' god-(duality, Horus/Seth)). The following letters are referenced to commissioner Šuta, (EA for 'el Amarna'): EA 234—Title: "Like Magdalu in Egypt"–Satatna of Akka/Acre, Israel letter. EA 288—Title: "Benign neglect"–Abdi-Heba letter. See: Tjaru. The 2 letters of commissioner: Šuta EA 288, "Benign neglect" Abdi-Heba's letters, to the Egyptian pharaoh, are of moderate length, and topically discuss the intrigues of the cities, that are adjacent to Jerusalem, (a region named: Upu). Letter EA 288: (Abdi-Heba no. 4 of 6) Say o the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord, n: essage of 'Abdi-Heba, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. Behold, the king, my lord, has placed his name at the rising of the sun and at the setting of the sun. It is, therefore, impious what they have done to me. Behold, I am not a mayor;—I am a soldier of the king, my lord. Behold, I am a friend of the king and a tribute–bearer of the king. It was neither my father nor my mother, but the strong arm of the king that laced me in the house of fath. ame to me ... . I gave over ge 10–slaves, Šuta, the commissioner of the king, cao me; I gave over to Šuta's charge 21–girls, 0–prisoners, as a gift for the king, my lord. May the king give thought to his land; the land of the king is lost. All of it has attacked me. I am at war as far as the land of Šeru and as far as Ginti-kirmil. All the mayors are at peace, but I am at war. I am treated like an 'Apiru, and I do not visit the king, my lord, since I am at war. I am situated like a ship in the midst of the sea. The strong hand (arm) of the king took the land of Nahrima-(Mittani), and the land of Kasi-(Kush), but now the 'Apiru have taken the very cities of the king. Not a single mayor remains to the king, my lord; all are lost. Behold, Turbazu was slain in the city gate of Silu-(Tjaru). The king did nothing. Behold, servants who were joined to the 'Apiu smote Zimredda of Lakisu, and Yaptih-Hadda was slain in the city gate of Silu. The king did nothing. y has he not called them to account? May the king vide for and may he e to it tha archers t to h land. If there are no archers this year, all the lands of the king, my lord, are lost. They have not reported to the king that the lands of the king, my lord, are lost and all the mayors lost. If there are no archers this year, may the king send a commissioner to fetch me, me along with my brothers, and then we will die near the king, our lord. the scribe of the king, my lord: of 'Abdi-Heba, servant-( (your) servant). . Present e offered to " I am your servant your on. -EA 288, lines 1-66 (complete, with lacuna) EA 234, "Like Magdalu in Egypt" Letter no. 2 of 3 by Satatna of Akka-(now Acre, Israel). To the king, m lord, the Sun from the sky: Message of Satatna, the ruler of Akka, your servant, the servant of the king, and the dirt at his feet, the ground on which he treads. prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, the Sun from the sky, 7 times and 7 times, both on the stomach and the back. May the king, my lord, heed the word of his servant. damyašda dested iryawaza. He w with Šuta a ... of the king, in the gar city. He said otng o him. Out came the troops of the king, my lord. He w with them in Magidd. Nothing was said to hi. Then he deserted to me, and Šuta has just written to me,—"Hand over Zirdamyašda to Biryawaza." But I have not agreed to hand him over. Akka is like Magdalu in Egypt-(named Mizri), and has the king , not eard that Šuta is turned against me? May the king, my lord, d his missioner to fet him. -EA 234, lines 1-35 (lost partial of sentence) See also Tjaru-(called Silu, on the Way of Horus) Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem, and Upu References Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shūta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%ABta"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"1350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1350_BC"},{"link_name":"1335 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1335_BC"},{"link_name":"Amarna letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters"},{"link_name":"correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpus"},{"link_name":"hypocoristicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocoristicon"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"EA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_(el_Amarna)"},{"link_name":"Amarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna"},{"link_name":"Magdalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdol"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Satatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satatna"},{"link_name":"Akka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Acre, Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Abdi-Heba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi-Heba"},{"link_name":"Tjaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaru"}],"text":"\"Shuta\" redirects here. For the Japanese given name, see Shūta.Šuta, (\"Shuta\"), was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The name Šuta is a hypocoristicon-(nickname/petname) for the Ancient Egyptian god Seth, (Seth being the \"God of the Desert\", and an 'anti-Horus' god-(duality, Horus/Seth)).The following letters are referenced to commissioner Šuta, (EA for 'el Amarna'):EA 234—Title: \"Like Magdalu in Egypt\"–Satatna of Akka/Acre, Israel letter.\nEA 288—Title: \"Benign neglect\"–Abdi-Heba letter. See: Tjaru.","title":"Šuta"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The 2 letters of commissioner: Šuta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Upu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upu"},{"link_name":"pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Abdi-Heba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi-Heba"},{"link_name":"fall at the feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_formula"},{"link_name":"tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave"},{"link_name":"commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner"},{"link_name":"gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting-gift_(%C5%A0ulm%C4%81n%C4%AB)"},{"link_name":"Šeru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0eru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ginti-kirmil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginti-kirmil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"'Apiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habiru"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"Nahrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittani"},{"link_name":"Mittani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittani"},{"link_name":"Kasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush"},{"link_name":"Turbazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbazu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"city gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_gate"},{"link_name":"Silu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaru"},{"link_name":"Tjaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaru"},{"link_name":"Zimredda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimredda_(Lachish_mayor)"},{"link_name":"Lakisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish"},{"link_name":"Yaptih-Hadda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaptih-Hadda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADtati"},{"link_name":"scribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe"},{"link_name":"fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_formula"},{"link_name":"lacuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)"}],"sub_title":"EA 288, \"Benign neglect\"","text":"Abdi-Heba's letters, to the Egyptian pharaoh, are of moderate length, and topically discuss the intrigues of the cities, that are adjacent to Jerusalem, (a region named: Upu).Letter EA 288: (Abdi-Heba no. 4 of 6)Say [t]o the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord, [my Su]n: [M]essage of 'Abdi-Heba, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. Behold, the king, my lord, has placed his name at the rising of the sun and at the setting of the sun. It is, therefore, impious what they have done to me. Behold, I am not a mayor;—I am a soldier of the king, my lord. Behold, I am a friend of the king and a tribute–bearer of the king. It was neither my father nor my mother, but the strong arm of the king that [p]laced me in the house of [my] fath[er]. [... c]ame to me ... [...]. I gave over [to his char]ge 10–slaves, Šuta, the commissioner of the king, ca[me t]o me; I gave over to Šuta's charge 21–girls, [8]0–prisoners, as a gift for the king, my lord. May the king give thought to his land; the land of the king is lost. All of it has attacked me. I am at war as far as the land of Šeru and as far as Ginti-kirmil. All the mayors are at peace, but I am at war. I am treated like an 'Apiru, and I do not visit the king, my lord, since I am at war. I am situated like a ship in the midst of the sea. The strong hand (arm) of the king took the land of Nahrima-(Mittani), and the land of Kasi-(Kush), but now the 'Apiru have taken the very cities of the king. Not a single mayor remains to the king, my lord; all are lost. Behold, Turbazu was slain in the city gate of Silu-(Tjaru). The king did nothing. Behold, servants who were joined to the 'Api[r]u smote Zimredda of Lakisu, and Yaptih-Hadda was slain in the city gate of Silu. The king did nothing. [Wh]y has he not called them to account? May the king [pro]vide for [his land] and may he [se]e to it tha[t] archers [come ou]t to h[is] land. If there are no archers this year, all the lands of the king, my lord, are lost. They have not reported to the king that the lands of the king, my lord, are lost and all the mayors lost. If there are no archers this year, may the king send a commissioner to fetch me, me along with my brothers, and then we will die near the king, our lord. [To] the scribe of the king, my lord: [Message] of 'Abdi-Heba, servant-( (your) servant). [I fall a[t (your) feet]. Present [the words-(words=\"discourse\") that I hav]e offered to [the king, my lord]\" I am your servant [and] your [s]on. -EA 288, lines 1-66 (complete, with lacuna)","title":"The 2 letters of commissioner: Šuta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acre, Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Satatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satatna"},{"link_name":"Akka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"prostrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_formula"},{"link_name":"[B]iryawaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryawaza"},{"link_name":"gar[rison]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"Magidd[a].","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megiddo_(place)"},{"link_name":"Magdalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdol"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mizri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizraim"},{"link_name":"[com]missioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner"}],"sub_title":"EA 234, \"Like Magdalu in Egypt\"","text":"Letter no. 2 of 3 by Satatna of Akka-(now Acre, Israel).To the king, m[y] lord, the Sun from the sky: Message of Satatna, the ruler of Akka, your servant, the servant of the king, and the dirt at his feet, the ground on which he treads. [I] prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, the Sun from the sky, 7 times and 7 times, both on the stomach and the back.\nMay the king, my lord, heed the word of his servant. [Zir]damyašda des[er]ted [B]iryawaza. He w[as] with Šuta a ... [...] of the king, in the gar[rison] city. He said [n]ot[hi]ng [t]o him. Out came the troops of the king, my lord. He w[as] with them in Magidd[a]. Nothing was said to hi[m]. Then he deserted to me, and Šuta has just written to me,—\"Hand over Zirdamyašda to Biryawaza.\" But I have not agreed to hand him over. Akka is like Magdalu in Egypt-(named Mizri), and has the king [my lord], not [h]eard that Šuta is turned against me? May the king, my lord, [sen]d his [com]missioner to fet[ch] him. -EA 234, lines 1-35 (lost partial of sentence)","title":"The 2 letters of commissioner: Šuta"}]	[]	[{"title":"Tjaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaru"},{"title":"Way of Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_of_Horus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Abdi-Heba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi-Heba"},{"title":"Upu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upu"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0uta&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C5%A0uta%22","external_links_name":"\"Šuta\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C5%A0uta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C5%A0uta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C5%A0uta%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C5%A0uta%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C5%A0uta%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person-time	Incidence (epidemiology)	["1 Incidence proportion","2 Incidence rate","3 Incidence vs. prevalence","3.1 Example","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Chance over time of a medical condition This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Incidence" epidemiology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Evolution of weekly incidence rates of Dengue fever in Cambodia from January 2002 to December 2008 In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time. Incidence proportion Incidence proportion (IP), also known as cumulative incidence, is defined as the probability that a particular event, such as occurrence of a particular disease, has occurred in a specified period: I n c i d e n c e = n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s d e v e l o p i n g t h e d i s e a s e o v e r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s f o l l o w e d o v e r t h a t p e r i o d {\displaystyle Incidence={\frac {number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ the\ disease\ over\ a\ certain\ period}{the\ total\ number\ of\ subjects\ followed\ over\ that\ period}}} For example, if a population contains 1,000 persons and 28 develop a condition from the time the disease first occurred until two years later, the cumulative incidence is 28 cases per 1,000 persons, i.e. 2.8%. Incidence rate The incidence rate can be calculated by dividing the number of subjects developing a disease by the total time at risk from all patients: I n c i d e n c e r a t e = t h e n u m b e r o f s u b j e c t s d e v e l o p i n g a d i s e a s e t h e t o t a l t i m e a t r i s k f o r a l l p e o p l e t o g e t t h e d i s e a s e {\displaystyle Incidence\ rate={\frac {the\ number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ a\ disease}{the\ total\ time\ at\ risk\ for\ all\ people\ to\ get\ the\ disease}}} One of the important advantages of incidence rate is that it doesn't require all subjects to be present for the whole study because it's only interested in the time at risk. Incidence vs. prevalence See also: Prevalence § Difference between prevalence and incidence Incidence should not be confused with prevalence, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is. Prevalence is the proportion of the total number of cases to the total population and is more a measure of the burden of the disease on society with no regard to time at risk or when subjects may have been exposed to a possible risk factor. Prevalence can also be measured with respect to a specific subgroup of a population. Incidence is usually more useful than prevalence in understanding the disease etiology: for example, if the incidence rate of a disease in a population increases, then there is a risk factor that promotes the incidence. For example, consider a disease that takes a long time to cure and was widespread in 2002 but dissipated in 2003. This disease will have both high incidence and high prevalence in 2002, but in 2003 it will have a low incidence yet will continue to have a high prevalence (because it takes a long time to cure, so the fraction of individuals that are affected remains high). In contrast, a disease that has a short duration may have a low prevalence and a high incidence. When the incidence is approximately constant for the duration of the disease, prevalence is approximately the product of disease incidence and average disease duration, so prevalence = incidence × duration. The importance of this equation is in the relation between prevalence and incidence; for example, when the incidence increases, then the prevalence must also increase. Note that this relation does not hold for age-specific prevalence and incidence, where the relation becomes more complicated. Example Consider the following example. Say you are looking at a sample population of 225 people, and want to determine the incidence rate of developing HIV over a 10-year period: At the beginning of the study (t=0) you find 25 cases of existing HIV. These people are not counted as they cannot develop HIV a second time. A follow-up at 5 years (t=5 years) finds 20 new cases of HIV. A second follow-up at the end of the study (t=10 years) finds 30 new cases. If you were to measure prevalence you would simply take the total number of cases (25 + 20 + 30 = 75) and divide by your sample population (225). So prevalence would be 75/225 = 0.33 or 33% (by the end of the study). This tells you how widespread HIV is in your sample population, but little about the actual risk of developing HIV for any person over a coming year. To measure incidence rate you must take into account how many years each person contributed to the study, and when they developed HIV because when a subject develops HIV he stops being at risk. When it is not known exactly when a person develops the disease in question, epidemiologists frequently use the actuarial method, and assume it was developed at a half-way point between follow-ups. In this calculation: At 5 yrs you found 20 new cases, so you assume they developed HIV at 2.5 years, thus contributing (20 * 2.5) = 50 person-years of disease-free life. At 10 years you found 30 new cases. These people did not have HIV at 5 years, but did at 10, so you assume they were infected at 7.5 years, thus contributing (30 * 7.5) = 225 person-years of disease-free life. That is a total of (225 + 50) = 275 person years so far. You also want to account for the 150 people who never had or developed HIV over the 10-year period, (150 * 10) contributing 1500 person-years of disease-free life. That is a total of (1500 + 275) = 1775 person-years of life. Now take the 50 new cases of HIV, and divide by 1775 to get 0.028, or 28 cases of HIV per 1000 population, per year. In other words, if you were to follow 1000 people for one year, you would see 28 new cases of HIV. This is a much more accurate measure of risk than prevalence. See also Attack rate Attributable risk Rate ratio References ^ a b c Noordzij, Marlies; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine; Jager, Kitty J. (2010-02-19). "Measures of Disease Frequency: Prevalence and Incidence". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (1): c17–c20. doi:10.1159/000286345. PMID 20173345. Retrieved 2024-05-29. ^ Brinks R (2011) "A new method for deriving incidence rates from prevalence data and its application to dementia in Germany", arXiv:1112.2720 External links Calculation of standardized incidence rate PAMCOMP Person-Years Analysis and Computation Programme for calculating standardized incidence rates (SIRs) vteConcepts in infectious disease (Outline)DeterminantsAgent Biofilm Germ theory of disease Infectivity Infectious dose Pathogenicity Attack rate Quorum sensing Virulence Endotoxin Exotoxin Case fatality rate factors Antimicrobial resistance Drug resistance Horizontal gene transfer Multidrug-resistant bacteria Host tropism Host Burn Comorbidity Diabetes Host–pathogen interaction Immune response Immunodeficiency Immunosuppression Microbiome health Opportunistic infection Risk of infection Susceptible individual Age Gender Nutrition status Vaccination status Genetic predisposition Behavioral/lifestyle factors Smoking Pregnancy Stress levels Environment Access to water, sanitation and hygiene Air quality Biodiversity loss Climate change Climate zones El Niño Tropical diseases Commerce Deforestation Ecology Humidity Injection drug use Natural disaster Flood Poultry and livestock Poverty Travel Urbanization Vector control War and conflict TransmissionBasic concepts Asymptomatic carrier Chain of infection Fomite Host Incubation period Index case Infectious period Latent period Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Silent/Subclinical infection Superinfection Super-spreader Viral load Window period ModesEndogenous Endogenous overgrowth Normal flora overgrowth Endogenous reactivation Microbial translocation Endogenous seeding Biofilm formation ExogenousCross-species Spillover infection Vector Zoonosis Reverse zoonosis Human-to-human/Cross-infection Contagious disease Source Nosocomial/Hospital Iatrogenic/Medical care Generational difference Vertical/Congenital Prenatal Perinatal Neonatal Horizontal Breakthrough infection Environment-to-human Sapronosis RoutesRespiratory Air Bioaerosol Aerosol-generating procedure Dental aerosol Respiratory droplet Linked toVascular system Blood-borne disease Percutaneous inoculation Injection site Intravenous line Insect bite Animal bite Surgical intervention Postoperative wound Surgical site infection Vector-borne Mosquito Tick Gastrointestinal Food Contamination Breastmilk Water Feces Cutaneous Burn Fomite Soil Open wound Genitourinary Sex Trans-placental Prenatal Cervico-vaginal Perinatal Other Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane Modelling Agent-based model Animal disease model Attack rate Basic reproduction number Compartmental models in epidemiology Critical community size Force of infection Herd immunity Infection rate Machine learning Multiplicity of infection Serial interval WAIFW matrix Occurrencein population Cluster Endemic Epidemic Curve Farr's laws Holoendemic Hyperendemic Incidence Inequality Mesoendemic Outbreak Pandemic Prevalence Seasonality Geographic distribution Sporadic Syndemic Twindemic Anatomical location Respiratory Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract Chest/Lower respiratory tract Gastrointestinal Intestinal Genitourinary Nervous system Skin Soft tissue Bone Joint Cardiovascular Systemic/Generalized Blood Tooth Mouth Fetus Eye Preventionand ControlmeasuresPharmaceutical Antibiotic prophylactic Antifungal Anthelmintic Ascaricide Antimicrobial Antimicrobial stewardship Antiseptic Antiviral Asepsis Combination Drug safety Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed drugs Vaccination efficacy/effectiveness booster resistance Vaccine-preventable disease Ring vaccination Non-pharmaceutical Contact tracing Cordon sanitaire Disease surveillance Disinfection Flattening the curve Hygiene Food hygiene Hand washing Gloves Isolation Barrier nursing Lockdown Notification list Protective sequestration Public health Community health services Health communication Health education Outbreak response Quarantine Respiratory source control N95 respirator Surgical mask PPE Safe sex Sanitation Screening Social distancing Sterilization Transmission-based precautions Travel restrictions Universal precautions Vector control Wastewater surveillance Zoning Emerging infections Antigenic drift Antigenic shift Antimicrobial resistance surveillance EARS-Net Biosecurity CRISPR Disease X Emergent virus Evolutionary epidemiology Genetic epidemiology Global Health Initiatives Microbial phylogenetics One Health Model Genomic reassortment Re-emerging disease Reverse zoonosis Selection pressure Synthetic biology Viral phylodynamics Other Discovery Eradication Economics of Infectious Diseases Infectious disease (medical specialty) Infectious disease informatics Microbial bioterrorism Pandemic prevention Tropical disease Tropical medicine vteClinical research and experimental designOverview Clinical trial Trial protocols Adaptive clinical trial Academic clinical trials Clinical study design Evidence-based medicine Real world evidence Patient and public involvement Controlled study(EBM I to II-1) Randomized controlled trial Scientific experiment Blind experiment Open-label trial Adaptive clinical trial Platform trial Observational study(EBM II-2 to II-3) Cross-sectional study vs. Longitudinal study, Ecological study Cohort study Retrospective Prospective Case–control study (Nested case–control study) Case series Case study Case report MeasuresOccurrenceIncidence, Cumulative incidence, Prevalence, Point prevalence, Period prevalenceAssociationRisk difference, Number needed to treat, Number needed to harm, Risk ratio, Relative risk reduction, Odds ratio, Hazard ratioPopulation impactAttributable fraction among the exposed, Attributable fraction for the population, Preventable fraction among the unexposed, Preventable fraction for the populationOtherClinical endpoint, Virulence, Infectivity, Mortality rate, Morbidity, Case fatality rate, Specificity and sensitivity, Likelihood-ratios, Pre- and post-test probabilityTrial/test types In vitro In vivo Animal testing Animal testing on non-human primates First-in-man study Multicenter trial Seeding trial Vaccine trial Analysis of clinical trials Risk–benefit ratio Systematic review Replication Meta-analysis Intention-to-treat analysis Interpretation of results Selection bias Survivorship bias Correlation does not imply causation Null result Sex as a biological variable Category Glossary List of topics Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dengue fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"medical condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_condition"}],"text":"Evolution of weekly incidence rates of Dengue fever in Cambodia from January 2002 to December 2008In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.","title":"Incidence (epidemiology)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Incidence proportion (IP), also known as cumulative incidence, is defined as the probability that a particular event, such as occurrence of a particular disease, has occurred in a specified period:[1]I\n n\n c\n i\n d\n e\n n\n c\n e\n =\n \n \n \n n\n u\n m\n b\n e\n r\n \n o\n f\n \n s\n u\n b\n j\n e\n c\n t\n s\n \n d\n e\n v\n e\n l\n o\n p\n i\n n\n g\n \n t\n h\n e\n \n d\n i\n s\n e\n a\n s\n e\n \n o\n v\n e\n r\n \n a\n \n c\n e\n r\n t\n a\n i\n n\n \n p\n e\n r\n i\n o\n d\n \n \n t\n h\n e\n \n t\n o\n t\n a\n l\n \n n\n u\n m\n b\n e\n r\n \n o\n f\n \n s\n u\n b\n j\n e\n c\n t\n s\n \n f\n o\n l\n l\n o\n w\n e\n d\n \n o\n v\n e\n r\n \n t\n h\n a\n t\n \n p\n e\n r\n i\n o\n d\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Incidence={\\frac {number\\ of\\ subjects\\ developing\\ the\\ disease\\ over\\ a\\ certain\\ period}{the\\ total\\ number\\ of\\ subjects\\ followed\\ over\\ that\\ period}}}For example, if a population contains 1,000 persons and 28 develop a condition from the time the disease first occurred until two years later, the cumulative incidence is 28 cases per 1,000 persons, i.e. 2.8%.","title":"Incidence proportion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The incidence rate can be calculated by dividing the number of subjects developing a disease by the total time at risk from all patients:[1]I\n n\n c\n i\n d\n e\n n\n c\n e\n \n r\n a\n t\n e\n =\n \n \n \n t\n h\n e\n \n n\n u\n m\n b\n e\n r\n \n o\n f\n \n s\n u\n b\n j\n e\n c\n t\n s\n \n d\n e\n v\n e\n l\n o\n p\n i\n n\n g\n \n a\n \n d\n i\n s\n e\n a\n s\n e\n \n \n t\n h\n e\n \n t\n o\n t\n a\n l\n \n t\n i\n m\n e\n \n a\n t\n \n r\n i\n s\n k\n \n f\n o\n r\n \n a\n l\n l\n \n p\n e\n o\n p\n l\n e\n \n t\n o\n \n g\n e\n t\n \n t\n h\n e\n \n d\n i\n s\n e\n a\n s\n e\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Incidence\\ rate={\\frac {the\\ number\\ of\\ subjects\\ developing\\ a\\ disease}{the\\ total\\ time\\ at\\ risk\\ for\\ all\\ people\\ to\\ get\\ the\\ disease}}}One of the important advantages of incidence rate is that it doesn't require all subjects to be present for the whole study because it's only interested in the time at risk.[1]","title":"Incidence rate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prevalence § Difference between prevalence and incidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence#Difference_between_prevalence_and_incidence"},{"link_name":"prevalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence"},{"link_name":"proportion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"See also: Prevalence § Difference between prevalence and incidenceIncidence should not be confused with prevalence, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is. Prevalence is the proportion of the total number of cases to the total population and is more a measure of the burden of the disease on society with no regard to time at risk or when subjects may have been exposed to a possible risk factor. Prevalence can also be measured with respect to a specific subgroup of a population. Incidence is usually more useful than prevalence in understanding the disease etiology: for example, if the incidence rate of a disease in a population increases, then there is a risk factor that promotes the incidence.For example, consider a disease that takes a long time to cure and was widespread in 2002 but dissipated in 2003. This disease will have both high incidence and high prevalence in 2002, but in 2003 it will have a low incidence yet will continue to have a high prevalence (because it takes a long time to cure, so the fraction of individuals that are affected remains high). In contrast, a disease that has a short duration may have a low prevalence and a high incidence. When the incidence is approximately constant for the duration of the disease, prevalence is approximately the product of disease incidence and average disease duration, so prevalence = incidence × duration. The importance of this equation is in the relation between prevalence and incidence; for example, when the incidence increases, then the prevalence must also increase. Note that this relation does not hold for age-specific prevalence and incidence, where the relation becomes more complicated.[2]","title":"Incidence vs. prevalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Example","text":"Consider the following example. Say you are looking at a sample population of 225 people, and want to determine the incidence rate of developing HIV over a 10-year period:At the beginning of the study (t=0) you find 25 cases of existing HIV. These people are not counted as they cannot develop HIV a second time.\nA follow-up at 5 years (t=5 years) finds 20 new cases of HIV.\nA second follow-up at the end of the study (t=10 years) finds 30 new cases.If you were to measure prevalence you would simply take the total number of cases (25 + 20 + 30 = 75) and divide by your sample population (225). So prevalence would be 75/225 = 0.33 or 33% (by the end of the study). This tells you how widespread HIV is in your sample population, but little about the actual risk of developing HIV for any person over a coming year.To measure incidence rate you must take into account how many years each person contributed to the study, and when they developed HIV because when a subject develops HIV he stops being at risk. When it is not known exactly when a person develops the disease in question, epidemiologists frequently use the actuarial method, and assume it was developed at a half-way point between follow-ups.[citation needed] In this calculation:At 5 yrs you found 20 new cases, so you assume they developed HIV at 2.5 years, thus contributing (20 * 2.5) = 50 person-years of disease-free life.\nAt 10 years you found 30 new cases. These people did not have HIV at 5 years, but did at 10, so you assume they were infected at 7.5 years, thus contributing (30 * 7.5) = 225 person-years of disease-free life. That is a total of (225 + 50) = 275 person years so far.\nYou also want to account for the 150 people who never had or developed HIV over the 10-year period, (150 * 10) contributing 1500 person-years of disease-free life.That is a total of (1500 + 275) = 1775 person-years of life. Now take the 50 new cases of HIV, and divide by 1775 to get 0.028, or 28 cases of HIV per 1000 population, per year. In other words, if you were to follow 1000 people for one year, you would see 28 new cases of HIV. This is a much more accurate measure of risk than prevalence.","title":"Incidence vs. prevalence"}]	[{"image_text":"Evolution of weekly incidence rates of Dengue fever in Cambodia from January 2002 to December 2008"}]	[{"title":"Attack rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_rate"},{"title":"Attributable risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk"},{"title":"Rate ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_ratio"}]	[{"reference":"Noordzij, Marlies; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine; Jager, Kitty J. (2010-02-19). \"Measures of Disease Frequency: Prevalence and Incidence\". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (1): c17–c20. doi:10.1159/000286345. PMID 20173345. Retrieved 2024-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://karger.com/nec/article/115/1/c17/830444/Measures-of-Disease-Frequency-Prevalence-and","url_text":"\"Measures of Disease Frequency: Prevalence and Incidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000286345","url_text":"10.1159/000286345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20173345","url_text":"20173345"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Incidence%22+epidemiology","external_links_name":"\"Incidence\" epidemiology"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Incidence%22+epidemiology+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Incidence%22+epidemiology&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Incidence%22+epidemiology+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Incidence%22+epidemiology","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Incidence%22+epidemiology&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://karger.com/nec/article/115/1/c17/830444/Measures-of-Disease-Frequency-Prevalence-and","external_links_name":"\"Measures of Disease Frequency: Prevalence and Incidence\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000286345","external_links_name":"10.1159/000286345"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20173345","external_links_name":"20173345"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.2720","external_links_name":"1112.2720"},{"Link":"https://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/WebHelp/Standardized_Incidence_Ratio_and_Confidence_Limits.htm","external_links_name":"Calculation of standardized incidence rate"},{"Link":"http://www.d-taeger.de/","external_links_name":"PAMCOMP"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4693286-0","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quango_Music_Group	Quango Music Group	["1 Background","2 Revelator","3 See also","4 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Quango Music Group" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Quango Music Group is a record label founded in 1995 by Bruno Guez. Island Records distributes their releases. Over the last decade, Quango has developed a tastemaker brand with a cult following. Quango's repertoire consists of artists and global-centric compilations totaling more than 50 releases, including, Kruder and Dorfmeister, Zero 7, Koop, Bliss, Cantoma, Bitter:Sweet, Gecko Turner, Talvin Singh, Bomb the Bass, and Alex Reece. With over 50 records released through Island Records and Palm Pictures, Quango has represented the emerging electronic sounds from around the world with a diverse roster of artists, and innovative concept compilations. Background The vision for Quango was created by Bruno Guez, the popular LA-based DJ, producer and tastemaker. Guez was joined by Jason Bentley (KCRW/KROQ-FM DJ) to create the Quango aesthetic via compilations and artist albums that are widely acknowledged as being ahead of their time. In all, 28 titles were released through Island Records featuring early tracks by the likes of Tricky, Sneaker Pimps and Basement Jaxx amongst many others. Releases included the first Kruder and Dorfmeister G-Stoned EP and Talvin Singh's Anokha. Compilations included Abstract Vibes, World Groove and the Journey Into Ambient Groove series. During this time, Bruno also developed the programming and musical branding of Chris Blackwell's Island Outpost chain boutique hotels in Miami, the Bahamas, and Jamaica. A decade later, Bruno continues to work closely with Chris Blackwell, executive producing Martina Topley-Bird's debut album as well as spearheading the musical direction of a new series of quintessential world music DVD projects for Blackwell's Palm World Voices label. Quango represents and/or distributes Sunny Levine, Bitter:Sweet, Rosey, Slow Train Soul, Fat Freddy's Drop, Djosos Krost, Novalima, Kraak and Smaak, Gecko Turner, Cantoma, Bliss, Natalie Walker and Zero 7. Revelator Along with its experience from Quango, Bruno Guez has also created Revelator a SAAS platform to run an independent music business. See also List of record labels References ^ "Quango". Quango. Retrieved 23 March 2019. ^ "20 music/tech startups we'll be watching in 2016". 5 January 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2019. This article about a United Kingdom record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"Kruder and Dorfmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruder_and_Dorfmeister"},{"link_name":"Zero 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_7"},{"link_name":"Bitter:Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter:Sweet"},{"link_name":"Talvin Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talvin_Singh"},{"link_name":"Bomb the Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_the_Bass"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"Palm Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Pictures"}],"text":"Quango Music Group is a record label founded in 1995 by Bruno Guez. Island Records distributes their releases.Over the last decade, Quango has developed a tastemaker brand with a cult following. Quango's repertoire consists of artists and global-centric compilations totaling more than 50 releases, including, Kruder and Dorfmeister, Zero 7, Koop, Bliss, Cantoma, Bitter:Sweet, Gecko Turner, Talvin Singh, Bomb the Bass, and Alex Reece. With over 50 records released through Island Records and Palm Pictures, Quango has represented the emerging electronic sounds from around the world with a diverse roster of artists, and innovative concept compilations.","title":"Quango Music Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bentley"},{"link_name":"KCRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCRW"},{"link_name":"KROQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KROQ-FM"},{"link_name":"Tricky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricky_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sneaker Pimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaker_Pimps"},{"link_name":"Basement Jaxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_Jaxx"},{"link_name":"G-Stoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Stoned"},{"link_name":"Anokha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anokha"},{"link_name":"Chris Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"Fat Freddy's Drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Freddy%27s_Drop"},{"link_name":"Novalima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalima"},{"link_name":"Gecko Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_Turner"},{"link_name":"Natalie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Walker"},{"link_name":"Zero 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The vision for Quango was created by Bruno Guez, the popular LA-based DJ, producer and tastemaker. Guez was joined by Jason Bentley (KCRW/KROQ-FM DJ) to create the Quango aesthetic via compilations and artist albums that are widely acknowledged as being ahead of their time. In all, 28 titles were released through Island Records featuring early tracks by the likes of Tricky, Sneaker Pimps and Basement Jaxx amongst many others. Releases included the first Kruder and Dorfmeister G-Stoned EP and Talvin Singh's Anokha. Compilations included Abstract Vibes, World Groove and the Journey Into Ambient Groove series.During this time, Bruno also developed the programming and musical branding of Chris Blackwell's Island Outpost chain boutique hotels in Miami, the Bahamas, and Jamaica.A decade later, Bruno continues to work closely with Chris Blackwell, executive producing Martina Topley-Bird's debut album as well as spearheading the musical direction of a new series of quintessential world music DVD projects for Blackwell's Palm World Voices label.Quango represents and/or distributes Sunny Levine, Bitter:Sweet, Rosey, Slow Train Soul, Fat Freddy's Drop, Djosos Krost, Novalima, Kraak and Smaak, Gecko Turner, Cantoma, Bliss, Natalie Walker and Zero 7.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SAAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Along with its experience from Quango, Bruno Guez has also created Revelator a SAAS platform to run an independent music business.[2]","title":"Revelator"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]	[{"reference":"\"Quango\". Quango. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quango.com/","url_text":"\"Quango\""}]},{"reference":"\"20 music/tech startups we'll be watching in 2016\". 5 January 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://musically.com/2016/01/05/20-music-tech-startups-2016/","url_text":"\"20 music/tech startups we'll be watching in 2016\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Quango+Music+Group%22","external_links_name":"\"Quango Music Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Quango+Music+Group%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Quango+Music+Group%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Quango+Music+Group%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Quango+Music+Group%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Quango+Music+Group%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.quango.com/","external_links_name":"\"Quango\""},{"Link":"https://musically.com/2016/01/05/20-music-tech-startups-2016/","external_links_name":"\"20 music/tech startups we'll be watching in 2016\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quango_Music_Group&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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