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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Buryatia
Flag of Buryatia
["1 Color scheme","2 Gallery","2.1 Timeline","2.2 Administrative divitions","3 Notes","4 See also","5 External links"]
Flag of the Russian republic of BuryatiaThis article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flag of Buryatia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Republic of BuryatiaProportion1:2Adopted29 October 1992DesignA horizontal tricolour of blue, white, and yellow in 2:1:1 with a yellow Soyombo symbol on the hoist of the blue band.Designed byN. Batuyev, V. Abayev, S. Kalmykov UseStandard of the president of the Republic of Buryatia The flag of Buryatia, officially the State Flag of the Republic of Buryatia, is one of the official symbols of the Republic of Buryatia, a federal subject of Russia. Color scheme Colors scheme Blue White Yellow CMYK 100-68-0-34 0-0-0-0 0-15-100-0 HEX #232379 #FFFFFF #FFCC01 RGB 35-35-121 255-255-255 255-204-1 Gallery Timeline Flag Date Use Description 1939–1954 Flag of the Buryat-Mongol ASSR 1954–1958 Flag of the Buryat-Mongol ASSR 1958–30 May 1978 Flag of the Buryat ASSR 30 May 1978–1990 Flag of the Buryat ASSR Administrative divitions Flag Date Use Description ?–present Flag of Ulan-Ude ?–present Flag of Barguzinsky District ?–present Flag of Bauntovsky District ?–present Flag of Bichursky District ?–present Flag of Dzhidinsky District ?–present Flag of Yeravninsky District ?–present Flag of Zaigrayevsky District ?–present Flag of Zakamensky District ?–present Flag of Ivolginsky District ?–present Flag of Kabansky District 2011–present Flag of Kurumkansky District ?–2011 ?–present Flag of Kyakhtinsky District ?–present Flag of Mukhorshibirsky District ?–present Flag of Okinsky District ?–present Flag of Severo-Baykalsky District ?–present Flag of Selenginsky District ?–present Flag of Tarbagataysky District ?–present Flag of Khorinsky District Notes ^ Buryat: Буряад Республикын гурэнэй туг, romanized: Buryaad Respublikiin gurenei tug; Russian: Государственный флаг Республики Бурятия See also Coat of arms of the Republic of Buryatia Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia External links Buryatia at Flags of the World vteFlags of Russian regionsOblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kherson 1 Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Zaporozhye 1 Republics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Donetsk 1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Luhansk 1 Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia-Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi Nenets Yamalo-Nenets Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblasts Jewish 1 Recognized by most states as part of Ukraine. This Russian flag-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about Buryatia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Coat of arms of the Republic of Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Buryatia"},{"title":"Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Buryatia"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia
1950 United States House of Representatives elections
["1 Special elections","2 Overall results","3 Alabama","4 Arizona","5 Arkansas","6 California","7 Colorado","8 Connecticut","9 Delaware","10 Florida","11 Georgia","12 Idaho","13 Illinois","14 Indiana","15 Iowa","16 Kansas","17 Kentucky","18 Louisiana","19 Maine","20 Maryland","21 Massachusetts","22 Michigan","23 Minnesota","24 Mississippi","25 Missouri","26 Montana","27 Nebraska","28 Nevada","29 New Hampshire","30 New Jersey","31 New Mexico","32 New York","33 North Carolina","34 North Dakota","35 Ohio","36 Oklahoma","37 Oregon","38 Pennsylvania","39 Rhode Island","40 South Carolina","41 South Dakota","42 Tennessee","43 Texas","44 Utah","45 Vermont","46 Virginia","47 Washington","48 West Virginia","49 Wisconsin","50 Wyoming","51 Non-voting delegates","51.1 Alaska Territory","52 See also","53 Notes","54 References"]
House elections for the 82nd U.S. Congress 1950 United States House of Representatives elections ← 1948 November 7, 1950 1952 → All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives218 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Sam Rayburn Joseph Martin Party Democratic Republican Leader since September 16, 1940 January 3, 1939 Leader's seat Texas 4th Massachusetts 14th Last election 263 seats 171 seats Seats won 235 199 Seat change 28 28 Popular vote 19,991,683 19,735,173 Percentage 49.6% 48.9% Swing 3.0% 3.5%   Third party Fourth party   Party Independent American Labor Last election 0 seats 1 seat Seats won 1 0 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 119,634 225,368 Percentage 0.3% 0.6% Swing 0.2% 0.3% Speaker before election Sam Rayburn Democratic Elected Speaker Sam Rayburn Democratic The 1950 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 82nd United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 7, 1950, while Maine held theirs on September 11. These elections occurred in the middle of President Harry Truman's second term. As the Korean War began and Truman's personal popularity plummeted for a second time during his presidency, his Democratic Party lost a net 28 seats to the Republican Party. This was the first election since 1908 where no third parties acquired any seats in the House. Special elections Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives There were six special elections throughout the year, listed here by date and district. District Incumbent This race Representative Party First elected Results Candidates New Jersey 7 J. Parnell Thomas Republican 1936 Incumbent resigned January 2, 1950.New member elected February 6, 1950.Republican hold.Successor was re-elected in November. ▌Y William B. Widnall (Republican) 67.5% ▌John T. English (Democratic) 32.5% Massachusetts 6 George J. Bates Republican 1936 Incumbent died November 1, 1949.New member elected February 14, 1950.Republican hold.Successor was re-elected in November. ▌Y William H. Bates (Republican) 72.7% ▌Richard M. Russell (Democratic) 27.1% ▌Others (Write-in) 0.2% Virginia 1 S. Otis Bland Democratic 1918 (special) Incumbent died February 16, 1950.New member elected May 2, 1950.Democratic hold.Successor was re-elected in November. ▌Y Edward J. Robeson Jr. (Democratic) Texas 18 Eugene Worley Democratic 1940 Incumbent resigned April 3, 1950.New member elected May 6, 1950.Republican gain.Successor subsequently lost re-election in November. ▌Y Ben H. Guill (Republican) 23.2% ▌Alvatene Clark (Democratic) 17.1% ▌J. Blake Timmons (Democratic) 15.3% ▌Walter E. Rogers (Democratic) 14.9% ▌LeRoy LeMaster (Democratic) 9.9% ▌Ronald Davis (Democratic) 9.9% ▌E. T. Burke (Democratic) 6.6% ▌Talma Smith (Democratic) 3.2% ▌Ben Pickel (Democratic) 1.3% ▌Woodrow W. Montgomery (Democratic) 0.6% ▌Hule H. Bice (Democratic) 0.3% Kansas 3 Herbert A. Meyer Democratic 1946 Incumbent died August 31, 1950.New member elected November 7, 1950.Republican hold.Successor was also elected to the next term. ▌Y Myron V. George (Republican) 54.46% ▌Barnes Griffith (Democratic) 45.54% North Carolina 11 Alfred L. Bulwinkle Democratic 19201928 (lost)1930 Incumbent died August 31, 1950.New member elected November 7, 1950.Democratic hold.Successor was also elected to the next term. ▌Y Woodrow W. Jones (Democratic) 67.29% ▌A. W. Whitehurst (Republican) 32.71% Overall results ↓ 235 1 199 Democratic I Republican Party Totalseats Change Seatpercentage Votepercentage Popular Vote Democratic Party 235 -28 54.0% 49.6% 19,991,683 Republican Party 199 +28 45.7% 48.9% 19,735,173 American Labor Party 0 -1 0.0% 0.6% 225,368 Progressive Party 0 - 0.0% 0.3% 127,715 Independents 1 +1 0.2% 0.3% 119,634 Liberal Party 0 -1 0.0% 0.2% 87,827 Prohibition Party 0 - 0.0% 0.1% 34,761 Independent People's Choice Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 7,072 Socialist Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 4,626 Socialist Workers Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 2,484 Social Democratic Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 1,803 Constitutional Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 865 Christian Nationalist Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 594 Fusion Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 426 States' Rights Democratic Party 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 147 Others 0 - 0.0% <0.1% 1,705 Totals 435 +0 100.0% 100.0% 40,341,883 Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk Popular vote Democratic   49.56% Republican   48.92% American Labor   0.56% Others   0.96% House seats Democratic   54.02% Republican   45.75% Others   0.23% House seats by party holding plurality in state   80+ to 100% Democratic   80+ to 100% Republican   60+ to 80% Democratic   60+ to 80% Republican   Up to 60% Democratic   Up to 60% Republican Net change in representation by state   6+ Democratic gain   6+ Republican gain   3-5 Democratic gain   3-5 Republican gain   1-2 Democratic gain   1-2 Republican gain   no net change Alabama See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Alabama 1 Frank W. Boykin Democratic 1935 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank W. Boykin (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 2 George M. Grant Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George M. Grant (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 3 George W. Andrews Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George W. Andrews (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 4 Sam Hobbs Democratic 1934 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Kenneth A. Roberts (Democratic) 93.7% ▌J. P. Carter (Republican) 6.3% Alabama 5 Albert Rains Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert Rains (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 6 Edward deGraffenried Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward deGraffenried (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 7 Carl Elliott Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl Elliott (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 8 Robert E. Jones Jr. Democratic 1947 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert E. Jones Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Alabama 9 Laurie C. Battle Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Laurie C. Battle (Democratic) Uncontested Arizona See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Arizona 1 John R. Murdock Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John R. Murdock (Democratic) 60.6% ▌Carl W. Divelbliss (Republican) 39.4% Arizona 2 Harold Patten Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold Patten (Democratic) 69.1% ▌John H. Curnutte (Republican) 30.9% Arkansas See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Arkansas 1 Ezekiel C. Gathings Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ezekiel C. Gathings (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 2 Wilbur Mills Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wilbur Mills (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 3 James William Trimble Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James William Trimble (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 4 Boyd Anderson Tackett Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Boyd Anderson Tackett (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 5 Brooks Hays Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Brooks Hays (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 6 William F. Norrell Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William F. Norrell (Democratic) Uncontested Arkansas 7 Oren Harris Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Oren Harris (Democratic) Uncontested California Main article: 1950 United States House of Representatives elections in California See also: List of United States representatives from California District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates California 1 Hubert B. Scudder Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hubert B. Scudder (Republican) 54.0% ▌Roger Kent (Democratic) 46.0% California 2 Clair Engle Democratic 1943 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clair Engle (Democratic) Uncontested California 3 J. Leroy Johnson Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Leroy Johnson (Republican) Uncontested California 4 Franck R. Havenner Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Franck R. Havenner (Democratic) 67.2% ▌Raymond D. Smith (Republican) 32.8% California 5 John F. Shelley Democratic 1949 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John F. Shelley (Democratic) Uncontested California 6 George P. Miller Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George P. Miller (Democratic) Uncontested California 7 John J. Allen Jr. Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John J. Allen Jr. (Republican) 55.3% ▌Lyle E. Cook (Democratic) 44.7% California 8 Jack Z. Anderson Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jack Z. Anderson (Republican) 83.1% ▌John A. Peterson (Ind. Progressive) 16.9% California 9 Cecil F. White Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Allan O. Hunter (Republican) 52.0% ▌Cecil F. White (Democratic) 48.0% California 10 Thomas H. Werdel Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas H. Werdel (Republican) 53.6% ▌Ardis M. Walker (Democratic) 46.4% California 11 Ernest K. Bramblett Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ernest K. Bramblett (Republican) 52.1% ▌Marion R. Walker (Democratic) 47.9% California 12 Richard Nixon Republican 1946 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican hold. ▌Y Patrick J. Hillings (Republican) 60.1% ▌Steve Zetterberg (Democratic) 39.9% California 13 Norris Poulson Republican 19321946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Norris Poulson (Republican) 84.9% ▌Ellen P. Davidson (Ind. Progressive) 15.1% California 14 Helen Gahagan Douglas Democratic 1944 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y Sam Yorty (Democratic) 49.4% ▌Jack W. Hardy (Republican) 36.8% ▌Charlotta Bass (Ind. Progressive) 13.8% California 15 Gordon L. McDonough Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Gordon L. McDonough (Republican) 87.2% ▌Jeanne Cole (Ind. Progressive) 12.8% California 16 Donald L. Jackson Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Donald L. Jackson (Republican) 59.3% ▌Esther Murray (Democratic) 40.7% California 17 Cecil R. King Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Cecil R. King (Democratic) Uncontested California 18 Clyde Doyle Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clyde Doyle (Democratic) 50.5% ▌Craig Hosmer (Republican) 49.5% California 19 Chet Holifield Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Chet Holifield (Democratic) 90.9% ▌Myra Tanner Weiss (Independent) 9.1% California 20 John Carl Hinshaw Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Carl Hinshaw (Republican) 85.1% ▌William B. Esterman (Ind. Progressive) 10.7% ▌Frank Nelson (Prohibition) 4.2% California 21 Harry R. Sheppard Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harry R. Sheppard (Democratic) 57.4% ▌Roy E. Reynolds (Republican) 42.6% California 22 John Phillips Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Phillips (Republican) Uncontested California 23 Clinton D. McKinnon Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clinton D. McKinnon (Democratic) 51.0% ▌Leslie E. Gehres (Republican) 49.0% Colorado See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Colorado 1 John A. Carroll Democratic 1946 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y Byron G. Rogers (Democratic) 50.3% ▌Richard G. Luxford (Republican) 48.4% ▌Tillman H. Erb (Independent) 0.9% ▌Carle Whitehead (Socialist) 0.4% Colorado 2 William S. Hill Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William S. Hill (Republican) 57.5% ▌George L. Bickel (Democratic) 42.0% ▌Hugh M. Fickle (Socialist) 0.5% Colorado 3 John H. Marsalis Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y John Chenoweth (Republican) 51.6% ▌John H. Marsalis (Democratic) 48.4% Colorado 4 Wayne N. Aspinall Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wayne N. Aspinall (Democratic) 57.3% ▌Jack Evans (Republican) 42.7% Connecticut See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Connecticut 1 Abraham Ribicoff Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Abraham Ribicoff (Democratic) 58.2% ▌Harry Schwolsky (Republican) 41.8% Connecticut 2 Chase G. Woodhouse Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Horace Seely-Brown Jr. (Republican) 50.8% ▌Chase G. Woodhouse (Democratic) 49.2% Connecticut 3 John A. McGuire Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John A. McGuire (Democratic) 52.1% ▌Ellsworth Foote (Republican) 47.9% Connecticut 4 John Davis Lodge Republican 1946 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Connecticut.Republican hold. ▌Y Albert P. Morano (Republican) 55.8% ▌Dennis M. Carroll (Democratic) 44.2% Connecticut 5 James T. Patterson Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James T. Patterson (Republican) 53.7% ▌J. Gregory Lynch (Democratic) 46.3% Connecticut at-large Antoni Sadlak Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Antoni Sadlak (Republican) 50.4% ▌Joseph W. Bogdanski (Democratic) 49.6% Delaware See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Delaware at-large J. Caleb Boggs Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Caleb Boggs (Republican) 56.7% ▌Henry M. Winchester (Democratic) 43.3% Florida See also: List of United States representatives from Florida District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Florida 1 J. Hardin Peterson Democratic 1932 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Chester B. McMullen (Democratic) Uncontested Florida 2 Charles E. Bennett Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles E. Bennett (Democratic) Uncontested Florida 3 Bob Sikes Democratic 19401944 (resigned)1974 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bob Sikes (Democratic) Uncontested Florida 4 George Smathers Democratic 1946 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y Bill Lantaff (Democratic) 82.1% ▌Joseph Edward Worton (Republican) 17.9% Florida 5 Syd Herlong Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Syd Herlong (Democratic) 76.5% ▌Carl K. Landes (Republican) 23.5% Florida 6 Dwight L. Rogers Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dwight L. Rogers (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Georgia 1 Prince Hulon Preston Jr. Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Prince Hulon Preston Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 2 Edward E. Cox Democratic 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward E. Cox (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 3 Stephen Pace Democratic 1936 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Tic Forrester (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 4 Albert Sidney Camp Democratic 1939 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert Sidney Camp (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 5 James C. Davis Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James C. Davis (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 6 Carl Vinson Democratic 1914 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl Vinson (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 7 Henderson Lovelace Lanham Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henderson Lovelace Lanham (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 8 William M. Wheeler Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William M. Wheeler (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 9 John Stephens Wood Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Stephens Wood (Democratic) Uncontested Georgia 10 Paul Brown Democratic 1933 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul Brown (Democratic) Uncontested Idaho See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Idaho 1 Compton I. White Democratic 1948 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican gain. ▌Y John Travers Wood (Republican) 50.5% ▌Gracie Pfost (Democratic) 49.5% Idaho 2 John C. Sanborn Republican 1946 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican hold. ▌Y Hamer H. Budge (Republican) 57.1% ▌James H. Hawley Jr. (Democratic) 42.9% Illinois See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Illinois 1 William L. Dawson Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William L. Dawson (Democratic) 61.7% ▌Archibald James Carey Jr. (Republican) 37.3% ▌Samuel J. Parks (Progressive) 1.0% Illinois 2 Barratt O'Hara Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Richard B. Vail (Republican) 53.6% ▌Barratt O'Hara (Democratic) 46.4% Illinois 3 Neil J. Linehan Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Fred E. Busbey (Republican) 57.2% ▌Neil J. Linehan (Democratic) 42.8% Illinois 4 James V. Buckley Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y William E. McVey (Republican) 55.8% ▌James V. Buckley (Democratic) 44.2% Illinois 5 Martin Gorski Democratic 1942 Incumbent died.Democratic hold. ▌Y John C. Kluczynski (Democratic) 65.6% ▌Edward M. Gaynor (Republican) 34.4% Illinois 6 Thomas J. O'Brien Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas J. O'Brien (Democratic) 64.6% ▌John M. Fay (Republican) 35.4% Illinois 7 Adolph J. Sabath Democratic 1906 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Adolph J. Sabath (Democratic) 71.8% ▌Henry E. Hayes (Republican) 28.2% Illinois 8 Thomas S. Gordon Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas S. Gordon (Democratic) 59.3% ▌Philip Grontkowski (Republican) 40.7% Illinois 9 Sidney R. Yates Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Sidney R. Yates (Democratic) 51.8% ▌Maxwell A. Goodwin (Republican) 48.2% Illinois 10 Richard W. Hoffman Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard W. Hoffman (Republican) 66.5% ▌Charles J. Michal (Democratic) 33.5% Illinois 11 Chester A. Chesney Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Timothy P. Sheehan (Republican) 56.7% ▌Chester A. Chesney (Democratic) 43.3% Illinois 12 Edgar A. Jonas Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edgar A. Jonas (Republican) 56.2% ▌Charles J. Komaiko (Democratic) 43.8% Illinois 13 Ralph E. Church Republican 1942 Incumbent died.Republican hold. ▌Y Marguerite S. Church (Republican) 74.1% ▌Thomas F. Dolan (Democratic) 25.9% Illinois 14 Chauncey W. Reed Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Chauncey W. Reed (Republican) 74.2% ▌Homer R. McElroy (Democratic) 25.8% Illinois 15 Noah M. Mason Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Noah M. Mason (Republican) 63.3% ▌Wayne F. Caskey (Democratic) 36.7% Illinois 16 Leo E. Allen Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leo E. Allen (Republican) 67.3% ▌Russell J. Goldman (Democratic) 32.7% Illinois 17 Leslie C. Arends Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leslie C. Arends (Republican) 66.8% ▌Joe W. Russell (Democratic) 33.2% Illinois 18 Harold H. Velde Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold H. Velde (Republican) 61.6% ▌Walter Durley Boyle (Democratic) 38.4% Illinois 19 Robert B. Chiperfield Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert B. Chiperfield (Republican) 59.0% ▌John Michael Kerwin Jr. (Democratic) 41.0% Illinois 20 Sid Simpson Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Sid Simpson (Republican) 59.3% ▌Howard Manning (Democratic) 40.7% Illinois 21 Peter F. Mack Jr. Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Peter F. Mack Jr. (Democratic) 52.8% ▌Benjamin S. DeBoice (Republican) 47.2% Illinois 22 Rolla C. McMillen Republican 1944 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y William L. Springer (Republican) 60.7% ▌Robert B. Borchers (Democratic) 39.3% Illinois 23 Edward H. Jenison Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward H. Jenison (Republican) 55.9% ▌Laurence F. Arnold (Democratic) 44.1% Illinois 24 Charles W. Vursell Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles W. Vursell (Republican) 55.3% ▌John David Upchurch (Democratic) 44.7% Illinois 25 Melvin Price Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Melvin Price (Democratic) 64.9% ▌Roger D. Jones (Republican) 35.1% Illinois 26 C. W. Bishop Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y C. W. Bishop (Republican) 51.2% ▌Kent E. Keller (Democratic) 48.8% Indiana See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Indiana 1 Ray Madden Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ray Madden (Democratic) 52.6% ▌Paul Cyr (Republican) 47.0% ▌Harry Beamer (Prohibition) 0.4% Indiana 2 Charles A. Halleck Republican 1935 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Halleck (Republican) 57.2% ▌Dale E. Beck (Democratic) 42.2% ▌Lee R. Cory (Prohibition) 0.6% Indiana 3 Thurman C. Crook Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Shepard Crumpacker (Republican) 52.8% ▌Thurman C. Crook (Democratic) 46.4% ▌Everett Mishler (Prohibition) 0.7% Indiana 4 Edward H. Kruse Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y E. Ross Adair (Republican) 56.2% ▌Edward H. Kruse (Democratic) 43.1% ▌Lewis Black (Prohibition) 0.7% Indiana 5 John R. Walsh Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y John V. Beamer (Republican) 54.1% ▌John R. Walsh (Democratic) 45.3% ▌Ralph G. Stallsmith (Prohibition) 0.6% Indiana 6 Cecil M. Harden Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Cecil M. Harden (Republican) 52.4% ▌Jack H. Mankin (Democratic) 47.2% ▌Ernie Beck (Prohibition) 0.4% Indiana 7 James E. Noland Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y William G. Bray (Republican) 50.0% ▌James E. Noland (Democratic) 49.3% ▌Graydon E. Terbush (Prohibition) 0.7% Indiana 8 Winfield K. Denton Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Winfield K. Denton (Democratic) 51.0% ▌Herman L. McCray (Republican) 48.3% ▌Raymond Morris (Prohibition) 0.6% Indiana 9 Earl Wilson Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Earl Wilson (Republican) 54.9% ▌Charles W. Long (Democratic) 44.6% ▌Elmer D. Riggs (Prohibition) 0.4% Indiana 10 Ralph Harvey Republican 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ralph Harvey (Republican) 58.7% ▌Vernon J. Dwyer (Democratic) 40.5% ▌Carl W. Thompson (Prohibition) 0.9% Indiana 11 Andrew Jacobs Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Charles B. Brownson (Republican) 56.5% ▌Andrew Jacobs (Democratic) 43.0% ▌Alston E. Wrentmore (Prohibition) 0.5% Iowa See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Iowa 1 Thomas E. Martin Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas E. Martin (Republican) 61.7% ▌James D. France (Democratic) 38.0% ▌F.A. Oliver (Prohibition) 0.3% Iowa 2 Henry O. Talle Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry O. Talle (Republican) 58.8% ▌Eugene J. Kean (Democratic) 41.2% Iowa 3 H. R. Gross Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y H. R. Gross (Republican) 64.0% ▌James O. Babcock (Democratic) 35.5% Others ▌Paul Kindschi (Prohibition) 0.3% ▌Baker (State Rights) 0.1% Iowa 4 Karl M. LeCompte Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Karl M. LeCompte (Republican) 56.7% ▌Steven V. Carter (Democratic) 42.8% ▌Benson B. Compton (Prohibition) 0.5% Iowa 5 Paul Cunningham Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul Cunningham (Republican) 56.9% ▌Gibson C. Holliday (Democratic) 42.7% ▌Richard DeCamp (Prohibition) 0.3% Iowa 6 James I. Dolliver Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James I. Dolliver (Republican) 64.6% ▌Maurice O'Reilly (Democratic) 35.0% ▌Nelson (Prohibition) 0.4% Iowa 7 Ben F. Jensen Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ben F. Jensen (Republican) 62.0% ▌James A. Hart (Democratic) 37.7% ▌Young (Prohibition) 0.2% Iowa 8 Charles B. Hoeven Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles B. Hoeven (Republican) 64.1% ▌L. J. McGivern (Democratic) 35.7% ▌Roy V. Bishop (Prohibition) 0.2% Kansas See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Kansas 1 Albert M. Cole Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert M. Cole (Republican) 66.5% ▌Ewell Stewart (Democratic) 33.5% Kansas 2 Errett P. Scrivner Republican 1943 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Errett P. Scrivner (Republican) 52.2% ▌Milton Sullivant (Democratic) 47.8% Kansas 3 Herbert A. Meyer Republican 1946 Incumbent died October 2, 1950.Republican hold. ▌Y Myron V. George (Republican) 54.68% ▌Barnes Griffith (Democratic) 45.32% Kansas 4 Edward Herbert Rees Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward Herbert Rees (Republican) 58.9% ▌Louis A. Donnell (Democratic) 41.1% Kansas 5 Clifford R. Hope Republican 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clifford R. Hope (Republican) 61.8% ▌Robert L. Bock (Democratic) 38.2% Kansas 6 Wint Smith Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wint Smith (Republican) 59.5% ▌F. F. Wasinger (Democratic) 40.5% Kentucky See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Kentucky 1 Noble Jones Gregory Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Noble Jones Gregory (Democratic) Uncontested Kentucky 2 John A. Whitaker Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John A. Whitaker (Democratic) Uncontested Kentucky 3 Thruston Ballard Morton Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thruston Ballard Morton (Republican) 55.5% ▌Alex P. Humphrey (Democratic) 44.5% Kentucky 4 Frank Chelf Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank Chelf (Democratic) Uncontested Kentucky 5 Brent Spence Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Brent Spence (Democratic) 63.3% ▌Thomas W. Hardesty (Republican) 36.7% Kentucky 6 Thomas R. Underwood Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas R. Underwood (Democratic) Uncontested Kentucky 7 Carl D. Perkins Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl D. Perkins (Democratic) 56.1% ▌O. W. Thompson (Republican) 43.9% Kentucky 8 Joe B. Bates Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joe B. Bates (Democratic) 60.5% ▌Elmer C. Roberts (Republican) 39.5% Kentucky 9 James S. Golden Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James S. Golden (Republican) Uncontested Louisiana See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Louisiana 1 F. Edward Hébert Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y F. Edward Hébert (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 2 Hale Boggs Democratic 19401942 (lost)1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hale Boggs (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 3 Edwin E. Willis Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edwin E. Willis (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 4 Overton Brooks Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Overton Brooks (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 5 Otto Passman Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Otto Passman (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 6 James H. Morrison Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James H. Morrison (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 7 Henry D. Larcade Jr. Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry D. Larcade Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Louisiana 8 A. Leonard Allen Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y A. Leonard Allen (Democratic) Uncontested Maine See also: List of United States representatives from Maine District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Maine 1 Robert Hale Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Hale (Republican) 54.0% ▌Lucia M. Cormier (Democratic) 46.0% Maine 2 Charles P. Nelson Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles P. Nelson (Republican) 57.7% ▌John J. Malone Jr. (Democratic) 42.3% Maine 3 Frank Fellows Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank Fellows (Republican) 62.9% ▌John V. Keenan (Democratic) 37.1% Maryland See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Maryland 1 Edward T. Miller Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward T. Miller (Republican) 57.0% ▌Thomas F. Johnson (Democratic) 43.0% Maryland 2 William P. Bolton Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y James Devereux (Republican) 50.2% ▌William P. Bolton (Democratic) 48.7% ▌Thelma Gerende (Progressive) 1.1% Maryland 3 Edward Garmatz Democratic 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward Garmatz (Democratic) 65.7% ▌Louis R. Milio (Republican) 34.3% Maryland 4 George Hyde Fallon Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George Hyde Fallon (Democratic) 56.8% ▌James W. Miller (Republican) 41.3% ▌Marshall Jones (Progressive) 1.8% Maryland 5 Lansdale Sasscer Democratic 1939 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lansdale Sasscer (Democratic) 57.5% ▌Thomas S. Carr (Republican) 42.5% Maryland 6 J. Glenn Beall Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Glenn Beall (Republican) 61.9% ▌Russell P. Hartle (Democratic) 38.1% Massachusetts See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Massachusetts 1 John W. Heselton Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. Heselton (Republican) 68.9% ▌Anna Sullivan (Democratic) 31.1% Massachusetts 2 Foster Furcolo Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Foster Furcolo (Democratic) 54.6% ▌Chester T. Skibinski (Republican) 45.4% Massachusetts 3 Philip J. Philbin Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Philip J. Philbin (Democratic) 71.5% ▌John F. Fuller (Republican) 28.5% Massachusetts 4 Harold Donohue Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold Donohue (Democratic) 56.9% ▌John Winslow (Republican) 42.6% ▌Victoria M. Beckett (Prohibition) 0.5% Massachusetts 5 Edith Nourse Rogers Republican 1925 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edith Nourse Rogers (Republican) 76.1% ▌Clement Gregory McDonough (Democratic) 23.9% Massachusetts 6 William H. Bates Republican 1950 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William H. Bates (Republican) 73.7% ▌Richard M. Russell (Democratic) 26.3% Massachusetts 7 Thomas J. Lane Democratic 1941 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas J. Lane (Democratic) 78.5% ▌Laurence A. Doyle (Republican) 20.8% ▌E. Frank Searle (Prohibition) 0.8% Massachusetts 8 Angier Goodwin Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Angier Goodwin (Republican) 53.9% ▌John B. Carr (Democratic) 46.1% Massachusetts 9 Donald W. Nicholson Republican 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Donald W. Nicholson (Republican) 58.1% ▌August J. Cormier (Democratic) 41.3% ▌Grace Farnsworth Luder (Prohibition) 0.6% Massachusetts 10 Christian Herter Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Christian Herter (Republican) 57.8% ▌Francis X. Hurley (Democratic) 41.5% ▌Katherine L. S. Goddard (Prohibition) 0.7% Massachusetts 11 John F. Kennedy Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John F. Kennedy (Democratic) 82.3% ▌Vincent J. Celeste (Republican) 17.2% ▌Martha E. Geer (Prohibition) 0.5% Massachusetts 12 John W. McCormack Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. McCormack (Democratic) 84.0% ▌John J. Biggins (Republican) 13.7% ▌Florence Luscomb (Progressive) 1.8% ▌Anna B. Campbell (Prohibition) 0.5% Massachusetts 13 Richard B. Wigglesworth Republican 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard B. Wigglesworth (Republican) 62.2% ▌David J. Concannon (Democratic) 37.3% ▌William R. Ferry (Prohibition) 0.5% Massachusetts 14 Joseph W. Martin Jr. Republican 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Republican) 64.3% ▌Edward P. Grace (Democratic) 35.3% ▌Paul D. Campbell (Prohibition) 0.4% Michigan See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Michigan 1 George G. Sadowski Democratic 1942 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Thaddeus M. Machrowicz (Democratic) 82.2% ▌Rudolph G. Tenerowicz (Republican) 15.9% ▌Dorothy Knight (Progressive) 1.6% ▌Norman Frazier (Prohibition) 0.3% Michigan 2 Earl C. Michener Republican 1934 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y George Meader (Republican) 60.4% ▌John P. Dawson (Democratic) 39.0% ▌Walter S. Haynes (Prohibition) 0.5% Michigan 3 Paul W. Shafer Republican 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul W. Shafer (Republican) 61.4% ▌Thomas B. Woodworth (Democratic) 37.6% ▌Lawrence A. Ruble (Prohibition) 1.0% Michigan 4 Clare Hoffman Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clare Hoffman (Republican) 68.6% ▌Forest A. Schoonard (Democratic) 30.8% ▌Ralph C. March (Prohibition) 0.7% Michigan 5 Gerald Ford Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Gerald Ford (Republican) 66.7% ▌James H. McLaughlin (Democratic) 32.9% ▌Ella Fruin (Prohibition) 0.3% Michigan 6 William W. Blackney Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William W. Blackney (Republican) 52.8% ▌Herbert W. Devine (Democratic) 46.3% Others ▌Howard E. Winters (Prohibition) 0.5% ▌Shirley O. Foster (Progressive) 0.3% ▌Genora Dollinger (Socialist Workers) 0.04% Michigan 7 Jesse P. Wolcott Republican 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jesse P. Wolcott (Republican) 63.0% ▌Roy E. Visnaw (Democratic) 36.6% ▌Clarence Dykehouse (Prohibition) 0.4% Michigan 8 Fred L. Crawford Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Fred L. Crawford (Republican) 60.5% ▌Leland S. Jennings (Democratic) 38.7% ▌D. Ruth Larson (Prohibition) 0.8% Michigan 9 Albert J. Engel Republican 1934 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Michigan.Republican hold. ▌Y Ruth Thompson (Republican) 54.5% ▌Noel P. Fox (Democratic) 45.0% ▌Seth A. Davey (Prohibition) 0.5% Michigan 10 Roy O. Woodruff Republican 1920 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Roy O. Woodruff (Republican) 66.2% ▌William J. Kelly (Democratic) 33.8% Michigan 11 Charles E. Potter Republican 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles E. Potter (Republican) 66.5% ▌Fred L. Hanscom (Democratic) 33.2% ▌Benjamin G. Roberts (Prohibition) 0.3% Michigan 12 John B. Bennett Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John B. Bennett (Republican) 61.7% ▌John Sabol (Democratic) 38.3% Michigan 13 George D. O'Brien Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George D. O'Brien (Democratic) 61.4% ▌Clarence J. McLeod (Republican) 38.3% ▌Karl V. Kurtz (Prohibition) 0.2% Michigan 14 Louis C. Rabaut Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Louis C. Rabaut (Democratic) 51.5% ▌Richard Durant (Republican) 48.3% ▌Herman G. Ottmer (Prohibition) 0.2% Michigan 15 John Dingell Sr. Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Dingell Sr. (Democratic) 64.1% ▌Robert L. Berry (Republican) 35.7% ▌Harold Drake (Prohibition) 0.2% Michigan 16 John Lesinski Sr. Democratic 1932 Incumbent died.Democratic hold. ▌Y John Lesinski Jr. (Democratic) 60.7% ▌Kirby L. Wilson Jr. (Republican) 38.5% Others ▌O. Don Christie (Progressive) 0.5% ▌Earl A. Johnson (Prohibition) 0.3% Michigan 17 George A. Dondero Republican 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George A. Dondero (Republican) 55.6% ▌Eugene G. Donohoe (Democratic) 44.1% ▌A. J. Nellis (Prohibition) 0.3% Minnesota See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Minnesota 1 August H. Andresen Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y August H. Andresen (Republican) 67.1% ▌Burton Chambers (DFL) 32.9% Minnesota 2 Joseph P. O'Hara Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph P. O'Hara (Republican) 59.9% ▌Harry Sieben Sr. (DFL) 40.1% Minnesota 3 Roy Wier Democratic (DFL) 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Roy Wier (DFL) 51.7% ▌Alfred D. Lindley (Republican) 48.3% Minnesota 4 Eugene McCarthy Democratic (DFL) 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Eugene McCarthy (DFL) 60.4% ▌Ward Fleming (Republican) 39.6% Minnesota 5 Walter Judd Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter Judd (Republican) 58.7% ▌Marcella F. Killen (DFL) 40.2% ▌Grace Carlson (Socialist Workers) 1.1% Minnesota 6 Fred Marshall Democratic (DFL) 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Fred Marshall (DFL) 56.2% ▌Robert F. Lee (Republican) 43.8% Minnesota 7 H. Carl Andersen Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y H. Carl Andersen (Republican) 61.7% ▌Carl J. Eastvold (DFL) 38.3% Minnesota 8 John Blatnik Democratic (DFL) 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Blatnik (DFL) 62.9% ▌William A. Pittenger (Republican) 37.1% Minnesota 9 Harold Hagen Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold Hagen (Republican) 61.9% ▌Curtiss Olson (DFL) 33.5% ▌August J. Duren (Independent) 4.6% Mississippi See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Mississippi 1 John E. Rankin Democratic 1920 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John E. Rankin (Democratic) 92.5% ▌Glenn Hayes (Republican) 7.5% Mississippi 2 Jamie Whitten Democratic 1941 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jamie Whitten (Democratic) Uncontested Mississippi 3 William Madison Whittington Democratic 1924 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Frank Ellis Smith (Democratic) 92.5% ▌Nelson E. Taylor (Republican) 7.5% Mississippi 4 Thomas Abernethy Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas Abernethy (Democratic) 95.8% ▌G. O. Deaton (Republican) 4.2% Mississippi 5 W. Arthur Winstead Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y W. Arthur Winstead (Democratic) 97.6% ▌J. Clay Erwin (Republican) 2.4% Mississippi 6 William M. Colmer Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William M. Colmer (Democratic) 87.9% ▌Frank H. Harper (Independent) 12.1% Mississippi 7 John Bell Williams Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Bell Williams (Democratic) 96.4% ▌James A. White (Republican) 3.6% Missouri See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Missouri 1 Clare Magee Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clare Magee (Democratic) 54.4% ▌Samuel W. Arnold (Republican) 45.6% Missouri 2 Morgan M. Moulder Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Morgan M. Moulder (Democratic) 53.0% ▌Max Schwabe (Republican) 47.0% Missouri 3 Phil J. Welch Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Phil J. Welch (Democratic) 51.1% ▌William C. Cole (Republican) 48.9% Missouri 4 Leonard Irving Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leonard Irving (Democratic) 61.6% ▌Vernon D. Fulcrut (Republican) 38.4% Missouri 5 Richard Walker Bolling Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard Walker Bolling (Democratic) 54.5% ▌Richard C. Jensen (Republican) 45.5% Missouri 6 George H. Christopher Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Orland K. Armstrong (Republican) 50.7% ▌George H. Christopher (Democratic) 49.3% Missouri 7 Dewey Jackson Short Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dewey Jackson Short (Republican) 58.7% ▌Daniel J. Leary (Democratic) 41.3% Missouri 8 A. S. J. Carnahan Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y A. S. J. Carnahan (Democratic) 54.6% ▌Parke M. Banta (Republican) 45.4% Missouri 9 Clarence Cannon Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence Cannon (Democratic) 61.4% ▌John H. Fahien (Republican) 38.6% Missouri 10 Paul C. Jones Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul C. Jones (Democratic) Uncontested Missouri 11 John B. Sullivan Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John B. Sullivan (Democratic) 64.5% ▌Sidney R. Redmond (Republican) 35.1% ▌Don Lohbeck (Christian Nationalist) 0.3% Missouri 12 Raymond W. Karst Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Thomas B. Curtis (Republican) 50.9% ▌Raymond W. Karst (Democratic) 49.0% ▌Joseph Intaliata (Christian Nationalist) 0.1% Missouri 13 Frank M. Karsten Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank M. Karsten (Democratic) 68.2% ▌Hal A. Hamilton (Republican) 31.7% ▌Edward Abshier (Christian Nationalist) 0.1% Montana See also: List of United States representatives from Montana District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Montana 1 Mike Mansfield Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Mike Mansfield (Democratic) 60.2% ▌Ralph Y. McGinnis (Republican) 38.7% ▌Leverne Hamilton (Socialist) 1.0% Montana 2 Wesley A. D'Ewart Republican 1945 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wesley A. D'Ewart (Republican) 54.1% ▌John J. Holmes (Democratic) 44.8% ▌Chester L. Kinsey (Progressive) 1.2% Nebraska See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Nebraska 1 Carl Curtis Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl Curtis (Republican) 54.5% ▌Clarence G. Miles (Democratic) 45.5% Nebraska 2 Eugene D. O'Sullivan Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Howard Buffett (Republican) 63.5% ▌Eugene D. O'Sullivan (Democratic) 36.5% Nebraska 3 Karl Stefan Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Karl Stefan (Republican) 66.9% ▌Duane K. Peterson (Democratic) 33.1% Nebraska 4 Arthur L. Miller Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Arthur L. Miller (Republican) 65.8% ▌Hans J. Holtorf Jr. (Democratic) 34.2% Nevada See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Nevada at-large Walter S. Baring Jr. Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter S. Baring Jr. (Democratic) 52.8% ▌A. E. MacKenzie (Republican) 47.2% New Hampshire See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates New Hampshire 1 Chester Earl Merrow Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Chester Earl Merrow (Republican) 57.5% ▌Frank L. Sullivan (Democratic) 42.5% New Hampshire 2 Norris Cotton Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Norris Cotton (Republican) 64.5% ▌George Brummer (Democratic) 35.5% New Jersey See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates New Jersey 1 Charles A. Wolverton Republican 1926 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Wolverton (Republican) 56.7% ▌John J. Crean (Democratic) 43.3% New Jersey 2 T. Millet Hand Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y T. Millet Hand (Republican) 54.3% ▌Elmer H. Wene (Democratic) 45.7% New Jersey 3 James C. Auchincloss Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James C. Auchincloss (Republican) 62.4% ▌John C. Applegate (Democratic) 37.0% ▌Frances Leber (Progressive) 0.6% New Jersey 4 Charles R. Howell Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles R. Howell (Democratic) 52.2% ▌Gill Robb Wilson (Republican) 47.8% New Jersey 5 Charles A. Eaton Republican 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Eaton (Republican) 61.6% ▌Thomas Chabrak (Democratic) 38.4% New Jersey 6 Clifford P. Case Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clifford P. Case (Republican) 62.2% ▌Harry Mopsick (Democratic) 37.8% New Jersey 7 William B. Widnall Republican 1950 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William B. Widnall (Republican) 69.7% ▌Emil M. Wulster (Democratic) 30.3% New Jersey 8 Gordon Canfield Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Gordon Canfield (Republican) 63.6% ▌Charles H. Roemer (Democratic) 36.0% ▌Joseph Carie (Fusion) 0.4% New Jersey 9 Harry L. Towe Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harry L. Towe (Republican) 57.8% ▌Karl D. Van Wagner (Democratic) 32.8% ▌Carl E. Ring (Independent) 9.3% New Jersey 10 Peter W. Rodino Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Peter W. Rodino (Democratic) 61.0% ▌William H. Rawson (Republican) 39.0% New Jersey 11 Hugh J. Addonizio Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hugh J. Addonizio (Democratic) 51.6% ▌Albert L. Vreeland (Republican) 47.5% ▌William E. Bohannon (Socialist Workers) 0.9% New Jersey 12 Robert Kean Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Kean (Republican) 53.1% ▌Harry Dudkin (Democratic) 44.7% ▌Katherine A. Van Orden (Progressive) 2.2% New Jersey 13 Mary Teresa Norton Democratic 1924 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. ▌Y Alfred Sieminski (Democratic) 51.9% ▌Edward S. Binkowski (Republican) 41.4% ▌Michael A. Fiore (Independent) 6.7% New Jersey 14 Edward J. Hart Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward J. Hart (Democratic) 59.2% ▌Michael Bongiovanni (Republican) 40.8% New Mexico See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates New Mexico at-large Antonio M. Fernández Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Antonio M. Fernández (Democratic) 28.8% ▌Y John J. Dempsey (Democratic) 28.7% ▌Steiner Mason (Republican) 22.3% ▌Jose E. Armijo (Republican) 20.3% New Mexico at-large John E. Miles Democratic 1948 Incumbent retired.Democratic hold. New York See also: List of United States representatives from New York District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates New York 1 W. Kingsland Macy Republican 1946 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Ernest Greenwood (Democratic) 49.2% ▌W. Kingsland Macy (Republican) 49.1% ▌Otto Skottedal (American Labor) 1.7% New York 2 Leonard W. Hall Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leonard W. Hall (Republican) 67.1% ▌Lawrence W. McKeown (Democratic) 31.2% ▌Henry Dolimer (American Labor) 1.7% New York 3 Henry J. Latham Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry J. Latham (Republican) 56.3% ▌James Pasta (Democratic) 33.6% ▌Mark Starr (Liberal) 6.8% ▌Arnold J. Olenick (American Labor) 3.3% New York 4 L. Gary Clemente Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y L. Gary Clemente (Democratic) 54.2% ▌Gregory McMahon (Republican) 41.8% ▌Mary Murphy (American Labor) 4.0% New York 5 T. Vincent Quinn Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y T. Vincent Quinn (Democratic) 48.4% ▌Robert Tripp Ross (Republican) 41.1% ▌Bernard Brown (Liberal) 6.0% ▌Joseph Shill (American Labor) 4.5% New York 6 James J. Delaney Democratic 19441946 (lost)1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James J. Delaney (Democratic) 56.8% ▌Herbert Suppan (Republican) 38.9% ▌Rose Podmaka (American Labor) 4.3% New York 7 Louis B. Heller Democratic 1949 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Louis B. Heller (Democratic) 57.0% ▌Francis E. Dorn (Republican) 36.5% ▌Lester Zirin (American Labor) 6.5% New York 8 Joseph L. Pfeifer Democratic 1934 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y Victor Anfuso (Democratic) 61.9% ▌Joseph R. Fontanetta (Republican) 27.2% ▌Antonio Iandiorio (American Labor) 6.0% ▌August Claessens (Liberal) 4.9% New York 9 Eugene James Keogh Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Eugene James Keogh (Democratic) 91.0% ▌Helen Wishnofsky (American Labor) 9.0% New York 10 Edna F. Kelly Democratic 1949 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edna F. Kelly (Democratic) 67.1% ▌David L. Damuels (Republican) 25.6% ▌Gerald Root (American Labor) 7.4% New York 11 James J. Heffernan Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James J. Heffernan (Democratic) 62.9% ▌Alfred C. McKenzie (Republican) 29.4% ▌Blanche K. Katz (American Labor) 7.7% New York 12 John J. Rooney Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John J. Rooney (Democratic) 61.6% ▌Joseph J. Petito (Republican) 33.1% ▌Vincent J. Longhi (American Labor) 5.3% New York 13 Donald L. O'Toole Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Donald L. O'Toole (Democratic) 56.9% ▌James F. O'Hara (Republican) 36.7% ▌Ralph Shapiro (American Labor) 6.5% New York 14 Abraham J. Multer Democratic 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Abraham J. Multer (Democratic) 70.6% ▌P. Vincent Landi (Republican) 20.1% ▌Helen Phillips (American Labor) 9.3% New York 15 Emanuel Celler Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Emanuel Celler (Democratic) 72.8% ▌Louis H. Heiger (Republican) 17.2% ▌William Podell (American Labor) 10.0% New York 16 James J. Murphy Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James J. Murphy (Democratic) 50.5% ▌Edward J. McCormick (Republican) 44.4% ▌Frank Cremonesi (American Labor) 5.2% New York 17 Frederic René Coudert Jr. Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frederic René Coudert Jr. (Republican) 53.4% ▌Irving M. Engel (Democratic) 41.5% ▌Robert T. Leicester (American Labor) 5.1% New York 18 Vito Marcantonio AmericanLabor 1938 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y James G. Donovan (Democratic) 57.8% ▌Vito Marcantonio (American Labor) 42.2% New York 19 Arthur George Klein Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Arthur George Klein (Democratic) 66.4% ▌Edward I. Goldberg (Republican) 23.8% ▌Bernard Harkavy (American Labor) 9.7% New York 20 Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. Liberal 1949 Incumbent re-elected as a Democrat.Democratic gain. ▌Y Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. (Democratic) 62.1% ▌Henry V. Poor (Republican) 31.7% ▌John W. Darr Jr. (American Labor) 6.2% New York 21 Jacob K. Javits Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jacob K. Javits (Republican) 61.8% ▌Bennett I. Schlessel (Democratic) 32.9% ▌William Mandel (American Labor) 5.3% New York 22 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (Democratic) 63.5% ▌Elmer A. Carter (Republican) 27.4% ▌John Quillian (American Labor) 9.1% New York 23 Walter A. Lynch Democratic 1940 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of New York.Democratic hold. ▌Y Sidney A. Fine (Democratic) 56.3% ▌William J. Waterman (Republican) 19.4% ▌Harold Bauman (Liberal) 15.7% ▌Robert Diamond (Liberal) 8.6% New York 24 Isidore Dollinger Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Isidore Dollinger (Democratic) 62.5% ▌Barnett Levy (Republican) 12.9% ▌Herman Woskow (Liberal) 12.3% ▌Stephen J. White (American Labor) 12.3% New York 25 Charles A. Buckley Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles A. Buckley (Democratic) 46.8% ▌Solon S. Kane (Republican) 29.5% ▌Max Bloom (Liberal) 15.2% ▌Charles J. Hendley (American Labor) 8.5% New York 26 Christopher C. McGrath Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Christopher C. McGrath (Democratic) 51.4% ▌Fred E. Schiemann (Republican) 33.1% ▌Ernest Doerfler (Liberal) 8.6% ▌August Buhr (American Labor) 6.9% New York 27 Ralph W. Gwinn Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ralph W. Gwinn (Republican) 55.9% ▌George A. Brenner (Democratic) 42.7% ▌Michele Cimbalo (American Labor) 1.4% New York 28 Ralph A. Gamble Republican 1937 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ralph A. Gamble (Republican) 67.5% ▌Morris E. Lasker (Democratic) 29.8% ▌Walter Luftman (Liberal) 1.4% ▌William K. Maloney (American Labor) 1.4% New York 29 Katharine St. George Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Katharine St. George (Republican) 61.8% ▌Harry O. Prince (Democratic) 36.8% ▌Harold Meredith Chown (American Labor) 1.4% New York 30 Jay Le Fevre Republican 1942 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y J. Ernest Wharton (Republican) 65.8% ▌James R. Bourne (Democratic) 32.0% ▌James F. Green (American Labor) 1.3% ▌Clarence Silvernail (Liberal) 1.0% New York 31 Bernard W. Kearney Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bernard W. Kearney (Republican) 64.1% ▌John H. Peterson (Democratic) 33.8% ▌Paul F. Hacko (American Labor) 1.5% ▌Herbert M. Merrill (Liberal) 0.6% New York 32 William T. Byrne Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William T. Byrne (Democratic) 58.8% ▌John T. Casey (Republican) 39.1% ▌Janet Scott (American Labor) 2.1% New York 33 Dean P. Taylor Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Dean P. Taylor (Republican) 68.9% ▌Joseph T. Hammer (Democratic) 29.3% ▌George LaFortune (American Labor) 1.3% ▌John H. Sullivan (Liberal) 0.5% New York 34 Clarence E. Kilburn Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence E. Kilburn (Republican) 66.4% ▌Mildred McGill (Democratic) 31.8% ▌Carl H. Bogardus (American Labor) 1.3% ▌William J. Delo Jr. (Liberal) 0.6% New York 35 John C. Davies II Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y William R. Williams (Republican) 51.6% ▌John C. Davies II (Democratic) 46.2% ▌Ross Maracchion (American Labor) 2.2% New York 36 R. Walter Riehlman Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y R. Walter Riehlman (Republican) 61.9% ▌Alfred W. Haight (Democratic) 38.1% New York 37 Edwin Arthur Hall Republican 1939 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edwin Arthur Hall (Republican) 64.6% ▌John J. Burns (Democratic) 35.4% New York 38 John Taber Republican 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Taber (Republican) 68.8% ▌Robert G. Gordon (Democratic) 31.2% New York 39 W. Sterling Cole Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y W. Sterling Cole (Republican) 66.3% ▌Donald J. O'Connor (Democratic) 32.6% ▌Grace W. Hill (American Labor) 1.1% New York 40 Kenneth B. Keating Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Kenneth B. Keating (Republican) 65.8% ▌A. Roger Clarke (Democratic) 33.2% ▌Marie D'Amico (American Labor) 1.0% New York 41 James W. Wadsworth Jr. Republican 1932 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y Harold C. Ostertag (Republican) 64.1% ▌Bernard E. Hart (Democratic) 35.0% ▌Helen Lopez (American Labor) 0.9% New York 42 William L. Pfeiffer Republican 1948 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y William E. Miller (Republican) 58.6% ▌Mary Louise Nice (Democratic) 41.4% New York 43 Anthony F. Tauriello Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Edmund P. Radwan (Republican) 50.8% ▌Anthony F. Tauriello (Democratic) 48.0% ▌Michael Clune (American Labor) 1.2% New York 44 Chester C. Gorski Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y John Cornelius Butler (Republican) 50.2% ▌Chester C. Gorski (Democratic) 48.3% ▌Rufus Frasier (American Labor) 1.5% New York 45 Daniel A. Reed Republican 1918 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Daniel A. Reed (Republican) 66.0% ▌Frederick S. Buck (Democratic) 33.1% ▌Elmer Olson (Liberal) 0.9% North Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates North Carolina 1 Herbert C. Bonner Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Herbert C. Bonner (Democratic) 92.8% ▌Zeno O. Ratcliff (Republican) 7.2% North Carolina 2 John H. Kerr Democratic 1923 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John H. Kerr (Democratic) Uncontested North Carolina 3 Graham Arthur Barden Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Graham Arthur Barden (Democratic) Uncontested North Carolina 4 Harold D. Cooley Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold D. Cooley (Democratic) 72.8% ▌Ray F. Swain (Republican) 27.2% North Carolina 5 R. Thurmond Chatham Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y R. Thurmond Chatham (Democratic) Uncontested North Carolina 6 Carl T. Durham Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl T. Durham (Democratic) 75.4% ▌A. A. McDonald (Republican) 24.6% North Carolina 7 Frank Ertel Carlyle Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank Ertel Carlyle (Democratic) 84.0% ▌Irvin B. Tucker Jr. (Republican) 16.0% North Carolina 8 Charles B. Deane Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles B. Deane (Democratic) 59.6% ▌T. E. Story (Republican) 40.4% North Carolina 9 Robert L. Doughton Democratic 1910 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert L. Doughton (Democratic) 61.1% ▌Fate J. Beal (Republican) 38.9% North Carolina 10 Hamilton C. Jones Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hamilton C. Jones (Democratic) 52.3% ▌Louis G. Rogers (Republican) 47.7% North Carolina 11 Alfred L. Bulwinkle Democratic 1930 Incumbent died. Democratic hold. ▌Y Woodrow W. Jones (Democratic) 68.9% ▌A. W. Whitehurst (Republican) 31.1% North Carolina 12 Monroe Minor Redden Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Monroe Minor Redden (Democratic) 63.7% ▌John A. Wagner (Republican) 36.3% North Dakota See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates North Dakota at-large Usher L. Burdick Republican-NPL 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Fred G. Aandahl (Republican) 36.6% ▌Y Usher L. Burdick (Republican-NPL) 34.0% ▌Ervin Schumacher (Democratic) 19.2% ▌E. A. Johansson (Democratic) 10.1% William Lemke Republican-NPL 1942 Incumbent died.Republican hold. Ohio See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Ohio 1 Charles H. Elston Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Charles H. Elston (Republican) 59.0% ▌Rollin H. Everett (Democratic) 41.0% Ohio 2 Earl T. Wagner Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y William E. Hess (Republican) 52.7% ▌Earl T. Wagner (Democratic) 47.3% Ohio 3 Edward G. Breen Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward G. Breen (Democratic) 54.5% ▌Paul F. Schenck (Republican) 45.5% Ohio 4 William Moore McCulloch Republican 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Moore McCulloch (Republican) 66.8% ▌Carleton Carl Reiser (Democratic) 33.2% Ohio 5 Cliff Clevenger Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Cliff Clevenger (Republican) 57.5% ▌Dan Batt (Democratic) 42.5% Ohio 6 James G. Polk Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James G. Polk (Democratic) 50.8% ▌Edward O. McCowen (Republican) 49.2% Ohio 7 Clarence J. Brown Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence J. Brown (Republican) 68.4% ▌Ben J. Goldman (Democratic) 31.6% Ohio 8 Frederick Cleveland Smith Republican 1938 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y Jackson Edward Betts (Republican) 62.7% ▌W. Dexter Hazen (Democratic) 37.3% Ohio 9 Thomas Henry Burke Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Independent gain. ▌Y Frazier Reams (Independent) 36.6% ▌Thomas Henry Burke (Democratic) 32.4% ▌Homer A. Ramey (Republican) 31.0% Ohio 10 Thomas A. Jenkins Republican 1924 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas A. Jenkins (Republican) 65.2% ▌William J. Curry (Democratic) 34.8% Ohio 11 Walter E. Brehm Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter E. Brehm (Republican) 53.1% ▌Mell G. Underwood Jr. (Democratic) 46.9% Ohio 12 John Martin Vorys Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Martin Vorys (Republican) 64.1% ▌John W. Guy (Democratic) 35.9% Ohio 13 Alvin F. Weichel Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Alvin F. Weichel (Republican) 70.9% ▌Dwight A. Blackmore (Democratic) 29.1% Ohio 14 Walter B. Huber Democratic 1944 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y William Hanes Ayres (Republican) 48.7% ▌Walter B. Huber (Democratic) 47.8% ▌Robert G. Brenneman (Independent) 3.4% Ohio 15 Robert T. Secrest Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert T. Secrest (Democratic) 61.6% ▌Holland M. Gary (Republican) 38.4% Ohio 16 John McSweeney Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Frank T. Bow (Republican) 50.7% ▌John McSweeney (Democratic) 49.3% Ohio 17 J. Harry McGregor Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Harry McGregor (Republican) 64.2% ▌Robert W. Levering (Democratic) 35.8% Ohio 18 Wayne Hays Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wayne Hays (Democratic) 50.8% ▌Robert L. Quinn (Republican) 49.2% Ohio 19 Michael J. Kirwan Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Michael J. Kirwan (Democratic) 63.8% ▌Henry P. Kosling (Republican) 36.2% Ohio 20 Michael A. Feighan Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Michael A. Feighan (Democratic) 74.2% ▌Paul W. Cassidy (Republican) 25.8% Ohio 21 Robert Crosser Democratic 1922 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert Crosser (Democratic) 75.4% ▌William Hodge (Republican) 24.6% Ohio 22 Frances P. Bolton Republican 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frances P. Bolton (Republican) 62.7% ▌Chat Paterson (Democratic) 37.3% Ohio at-large Stephen M. Young Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y George H. Bender (Republican) 53.9% ▌Stephen M. Young (Democratic) 46.1% Oklahoma See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Oklahoma 1 Dixie Gilmer Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y George B. Schwabe (Republican) 52.9% ▌Dixie Gilmer (Democratic) 47.1% Oklahoma 2 William G. Stigler Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William G. Stigler (Democratic) 66.2% ▌Cleo Crain (Republican) 33.8% Oklahoma 3 Carl Albert Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carl Albert (Democratic) 82.8% ▌Charles Powell (Republican) 17.2% Oklahoma 4 Tom Steed Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Tom Steed (Democratic) 68.1% ▌Glenn O. Young (Republican) 31.9% Oklahoma 5 Mike Monroney Democratic 1938 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Democratic hold. ▌Y John Jarman (Democratic) 58.8% ▌C. E. Barnes (Republican) 41.2% Oklahoma 6 Toby Morris Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Toby Morris (Democratic) 67.1% ▌George Campbell (Republican) 32.9% Oklahoma 7 Victor Wickersham Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Victor Wickersham (Democratic) 67.1% ▌K. B. Cornell (Republican) 32.9% Oklahoma 8 George H. Wilson Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Page Belcher (Republican) 53.4% ▌George H. Wilson (Democratic) 46.6% Oregon See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Oregon 1 A. Walter Norblad Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y A. Walter Norblad (Republican) 66.5% ▌Roy R. Hewitt (Democratic) 33.5% Oregon 2 Lowell Stockman Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lowell Stockman (Republican) 55.4% ▌Vernon Bull (Democratic) 44.6% Oregon 3 Homer D. Angell Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Homer D. Angell (Republican) 50.7% ▌Carl C. Donaugh (Democratic) 43.6% ▌A. W. Lafferty (Independent) 4.1% ▌Vaughn S. Albertson (Progressive) 1.6% Oregon 4 Harris Ellsworth Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harris Ellsworth (Republican) 59.5% ▌David C. Shaw (Democratic) 40.5% Pennsylvania See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Pennsylvania 1 William A. Barrett Democratic 19441946 (lost)1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William A. Barrett (Democratic) 53.8% ▌Robert M. Sebastian (Republican) 46.2% Pennsylvania 2 William T. Granahan Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William T. Granahan (Democratic) 57.0% ▌Max Slepin (Republican) 43.0% Pennsylvania 3 Hardie Scott Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hardie Scott (Republican) 50.3% ▌Maurice S. Osser (Democratic) 49.7% Pennsylvania 4 Earl Chudoff Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Earl Chudoff (Democratic) 57.5% ▌Theodore O. Spaulding (Republican) 42.5% Pennsylvania 5 William J. Green Jr. Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William J. Green Jr. (Democratic) 55.5% ▌George W. Sarbacher Jr. (Republican) 44.5% Pennsylvania 6 Hugh Scott Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hugh Scott (Republican) 50.0% ▌Ethan Allen Doty (Democratic) 49.7% ▌Kenneth R. Forbes (Progressive) 0.3% Pennsylvania 7 Benjamin F. James Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Benjamin F. James (Republican) 62.7% ▌Hubert P. Earle (Democratic) 37.3% Pennsylvania 8 Franklin H. Lichtenwalter Republican 1947 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y Albert C. Vaughn (Republican) 58.2% ▌George F. Kane (Democratic) 41.8% Pennsylvania 9 Paul B. Dague Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul B. Dague (Republican) 67.2% ▌Philip Ragan (Democratic) 32.8% Pennsylvania 10 Harry P. O'Neill Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harry P. O'Neill (Democratic) 51.5% ▌Fraser P. Donlan (Republican) 48.5% Pennsylvania 11 Daniel Flood Democratic 19441946 (lost)1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Daniel Flood (Democratic) 54.4% ▌Elwood H. Jones (Republican) 45.6% Pennsylvania 12 Ivor D. Fenton Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ivor D. Fenton (Republican) 56.8% ▌James H. Gildea (Democratic) 43.2% Pennsylvania 13 George M. Rhodes Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George M. Rhodes (Democratic) 49.8% ▌James W. Bertolet (Republican) 47.5% ▌Darlington Hoopes (Socialist) 2.7% Pennsylvania 14 Wilson D. Gillette Republican 1941 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wilson D. Gillette (Republican) 60.9% ▌John E. Snedeker (Democratic) 39.1% Pennsylvania 15 Robert F. Rich Republican 1944 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y Alvin Bush (Republican) 60.7% ▌Paul A. Rothfuss (Democratic) 36.6% ▌A. Monroe Hall (Progressive) 2.7% Pennsylvania 16 Samuel K. McConnell Jr. Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Samuel K. McConnell Jr. (Republican) 66.1% ▌Leon C. MacMullen (Democratic) 33.9% Pennsylvania 17 Richard M. Simpson Republican 1937 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard M. Simpson (Republican) 62.8% ▌James L. Gatins (Democratic) 37.2% Pennsylvania 18 John C. Kunkel Republican 1938 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican hold. ▌Y Walter M. Mumma (Republican) 63.7% ▌James M. Quigley (Democratic) 36.3% Pennsylvania 19 Leon H. Gavin Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Leon H. Gavin (Republican) 62.8% ▌Fred C. Barr (Democratic) 37.2% Pennsylvania 20 Francis E. Walter Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Francis E. Walter (Democratic) 58.3% ▌George M. Berg (Republican) 41.7% Pennsylvania 21 James F. Lind Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James F. Lind (Democratic) 52.2% ▌Francis Worley (Republican) 47.8% Pennsylvania 22 James E. Van Zandt Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James E. Van Zandt (Republican) 59.5% ▌Arthur H. Reede (Democratic) 40.5% Pennsylvania 23 Anthony Cavalcante Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Edward L. Sittler Jr. (Republican) 51.8% ▌Anthony Cavalcante (Democratic) 48.2% Pennsylvania 24 Thomas E. Morgan Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas E. Morgan (Democratic) 59.1% ▌John J. Cairns Jr. (Republican) 40.9% Pennsylvania 25 Louis E. Graham Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Louis E. Graham (Republican) 52.4% ▌Samuel Gunnett Neff (Democratic) 47.6% Pennsylvania 26 John P. Saylor Republican 1949 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John P. Saylor (Republican) 52.5% ▌Lewis E. Evans (Democratic) 47.5% Pennsylvania 27 Augustine B. Kelley Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Augustine B. Kelley (Democratic) 57.1% ▌George E. Berry Jr. (Republican) 42.9% Pennsylvania 28 Carroll D. Kearns Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Carroll D. Kearns (Republican) 57.0% ▌Steve Filipkowski (Democratic) 43.0% Pennsylvania 29 Harry J. Davenport Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Harmar D. Denny Jr. (Republican) 52.6% ▌Harry J. Davenport (Democratic) 46.9% ▌Herbert Glickman (Progressive) 0.5% Pennsylvania 30 Robert J. Corbett Republican 19381940 (lost)1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert J. Corbett (Republican) 56.5% ▌J. R. Montgomery (Democratic) 43.5% Pennsylvania 31 James G. Fulton Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James G. Fulton (Republican) 67.5% ▌Wilber I. Newstetter Jr. (Democratic) 32.5% Pennsylvania 32 Herman P. Eberharter Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Herman P. Eberharter (Democratic) 68.7% ▌James P. Dougherty (Republican) 31.3% Pennsylvania 33 Frank Buchanan Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Frank Buchanan (Democratic) 65.8% ▌Cornelius McLaughlin Sr. (Republican) 34.2% Rhode Island See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Rhode Island 1 Aime Forand Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Aime Forand (Democratic) 63.2% ▌Francis R. Foley (Republican) 36.8% Rhode Island 2 John E. Fogarty Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John E. Fogarty (Democratic) 60.6% ▌Wilford S. Budlong (Republican) 39.4% South Carolina Main article: 1950 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates South Carolina 1 L. Mendel Rivers Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y L. Mendel Rivers (Democratic) Uncontested South Carolina 2 Hugo S. Sims Jr. Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y John J. Riley (Democratic) Uncontested South Carolina 3 James Butler Hare Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost renomination.Democratic hold. ▌Y William Jennings Bryan Dorn (Democratic) Uncontested South Carolina 4 Joseph R. Bryson Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph R. Bryson (Democratic) Uncontested South Carolina 5 James P. Richards Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James P. Richards (Democratic) Uncontested South Carolina 6 John L. McMillan Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John L. McMillan (Democratic) Uncontested South Dakota See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates South Dakota 1 Harold Lovre Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harold Lovre (Republican) 60.8% ▌Merton B. Tice (Democratic) 39.2% South Dakota 2 Francis H. Case Republican 1936 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.Republican hold. ▌Y Ellis Yarnal Berry (Republican) 60.3% ▌Sam H. Bober (Democratic) 39.7% Tennessee See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Tennessee 1 Dayton E. Phillips Republican 1946 Incumbent lost renomination;defeated as an Independent.Republican hold. ▌Y B. Carroll Reece (Republican) 46.5% ▌Dayton E. Phillips (Independent) 28.1% ▌Kyle K. King (Democratic) 25.5% Tennessee 2 John Jennings Republican 1939 Incumbent lost renomination.Republican hold. ▌Y Howard Baker Sr. (Republican) 52.2% ▌Frank W. Wilson (Democratic) 47.8% Tennessee 3 James B. Frazier Jr. Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James B. Frazier Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 4 Albert Gore Sr. Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert Gore Sr. (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 5 Joe L. Evins Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joe L. Evins (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 6 Percy Priest Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Percy Priest (Democratic) 65.9% ▌James W. Perkins (Independent) 34.1% Tennessee 7 James Patrick Sutton Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James Patrick Sutton (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 8 Tom J. Murray Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Tom J. Murray (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 9 Jere Cooper Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jere Cooper (Democratic) Uncontested Tennessee 10 Clifford Davis Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clifford Davis (Democratic) Uncontested Texas See also: List of United States representatives from Texas District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Texas 1 Wright Patman Democratic 1928 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wright Patman (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 2 Jesse M. Combs Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Jesse M. Combs (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 3 Lindley Beckworth Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lindley Beckworth (Democratic) 91.1% ▌R. E. Kennedy (Republican) 8.9% Texas 4 Sam Rayburn Democratic 1912 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Sam Rayburn (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 5 Joseph Franklin Wilson Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph Franklin Wilson (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 6 Olin E. Teague Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Olin E. Teague (Democratic) 98.1% ▌Mose R. Blumrosen (Republican) 1.9% Texas 7 Tom Pickett Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Tom Pickett (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 8 Albert Thomas Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albert Thomas (Democratic) 77.8% ▌B. F. Hanna (Republican) 22.2% Texas 9 Clark W. Thompson Democratic 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clark W. Thompson (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 10 Homer Thornberry Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Homer Thornberry (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 11 William R. Poage Democratic 1936 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William R. Poage (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 12 Wingate H. Lucas Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Wingate H. Lucas (Democratic) 80.6% ▌Harold G. Neely (Republican) 19.4% Texas 13 Ed Gossett Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ed Gossett (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 14 John E. Lyle Jr. Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John E. Lyle Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 15 Lloyd Bentsen Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lloyd Bentsen (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 16 Kenneth M. Regan Democratic 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Kenneth M. Regan (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 17 Omar Burleson Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Omar Burleson (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 18 Ben H. Guill Republican 1950 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic gain. ▌Y Walter E. Rogers (Democratic) 52.5% ▌Ben H. Guill (Republican) 47.5% Texas 19 George H. Mahon Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George H. Mahon (Democratic) 93.9% ▌Mohler D. Temple (Republican) 6.1% Texas 20 Paul J. Kilday Democratic 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Paul J. Kilday (Democratic) Uncontested Texas 21 O. C. Fisher Democratic 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y O. C. Fisher (Democratic) Uncontested Utah See also: List of United States representatives from Utah District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Utah 1 Walter K. Granger Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walter K. Granger (Democratic) 51.1% ▌Preston L. Jones (Republican) 48.9% Utah 2 Reva Beck Bosone Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Reva Beck Bosone (Democratic) 53.4% ▌Ivy Baker Priest (Republican) 46.6% Vermont See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Vermont at-large Charles Albert Plumley Republican 1934 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y Winston L. Prouty (Republican) 73.5% ▌Herbert B. Comings (Democratic) 25.6% ▌Birney F. Combs (Constitutional) 1.0% Virginia Main article: 1950 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Virginia 1 Edward J. Robeson Jr. Democratic 1950 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Edward J. Robeson Jr. (Democratic) 81.0% ▌Nile Straughan (Republican) 10.9% ▌Stanley S. Garner (Independent) 8.1% Virginia 2 Porter Hardy Jr. Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Porter Hardy Jr. (Democratic) Uncontested Virginia 3 J. Vaughan Gary Democratic 1945 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y J. Vaughan Gary (Democratic) 89.7% ▌Phronia A. McNeill (Progressive) 6.4% ▌Kathryn Berstein (Social Democratic) 3.9% Virginia 4 Watkins Abbitt Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Watkins Abbitt (Democratic) Uncontested Virginia 5 Thomas B. Stanley Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas B. Stanley (Democratic) Uncontested Virginia 6 Clarence G. Burton Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clarence G. Burton (Democratic) Uncontested Virginia 7 Burr Harrison Democratic 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Burr Harrison (Democratic) 69.4% ▌J. A. Garber (Republican) 30.6% Virginia 8 Howard W. Smith Democratic 1930 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Howard W. Smith (Democratic) 57.2% ▌Tyrrell Krum (Republican) 40.6% ▌Clarke T. Robb (Social Democratic) 2.2% Virginia 9 Thomas B. Fugate Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas B. Fugate (Democratic) 58.4% ▌George C. Sutherland (Republican) 41.6% Washington See also: List of United States representatives from Washington District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Washington 1 Hugh Mitchell Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hugh Mitchell (Democratic) 51.4% ▌F. F. Powell (Republican) 47.9% Others ▌Paul M. Bowen (Independent) 0.5% ▌Daniel Roberts (Socialist Workers) 0.2% Washington 2 Henry M. Jackson Democratic 1940 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry M. Jackson (Democratic) 61.2% ▌Herb Wilson (Republican) 38.2% ▌Verle F. Hemeke (Progressive) 0.6% Washington 3 Russell V. Mack Republican 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Russell V. Mack (Republican) 52.9% ▌Gordon M. Quarnstrom (Democratic) 46.8% ▌L. C. Huntamer (Progressive) 0.3% Washington 4 Hal Holmes Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hal Holmes (Republican) 64.3% ▌Ted Little (Democratic) 35.7% Washington 5 Walt Horan Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Walt Horan (Republican) 54.8% ▌Robert Dellwo (Democratic) 45.2% Washington 6 Thor C. Tollefson Republican 1946 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thor C. Tollefson (Republican) 60.5% ▌John M. Coffee (Democratic) 38.9% ▌Baba Jean Decker (Progressive) 0.6% West Virginia See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates West Virginia 1 Robert L. Ramsay Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Robert L. Ramsay (Democratic) 51.7% ▌Francis J. Love (Republican) 48.3% West Virginia 2 Harley Orrin Staggers Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Harley Orrin Staggers (Democratic) 54.3% ▌Melvin C. Snyder (Republican) 45.7% West Virginia 3 Cleveland M. Bailey Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Cleveland M. Bailey (Democratic) 54.4% ▌Rush Holt Sr. (Republican) 45.6% West Virginia 4 Maurice G. Burnside Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Maurice G. Burnside (Democratic) 51.6% ▌Hubert S. Ellis (Republican) 48.4% West Virginia 5 John Kee Democratic 1932 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Kee (Democratic) 65.7% ▌Arnold G. Porterfield (Republican) 34.3% West Virginia 6 E. H. Hedrick Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y E. H. Hedrick (Democratic) 61.6% ▌Latelle M. LaFollette Jr. (Republican) 38.4% Wisconsin See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Wisconsin 1 Lawrence H. Smith Republican 1941 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lawrence H. Smith (Republican) 57.2% ▌Jack Harvey (Democratic) 42.8% Wisconsin 2 Glenn Robert Davis Republican 1947 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Glenn Robert Davis (Republican) 57.6% ▌Horace W. Wilkie (Democratic) 42.2% ▌Nathan Sadowsky (Socialist) 0.2% Wisconsin 3 Gardner R. Withrow Republican 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Gardner R. Withrow (Republican) 58.8% ▌Patrick Lucey (Democratic) 41.0% ▌Walter Alexander (Socialist) 0.2% Wisconsin 4 Clement J. Zablocki Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Clement J. Zablocki (Democratic) 60.9% ▌John C. Brophy (Republican) 39.1% Wisconsin 5 Andrew Biemiller Democratic 1948 Incumbent lost re-election.Republican gain. ▌Y Charles J. Kersten (Republican) 51.6% ▌Andrew Biemiller (Democratic) 48.4% Wisconsin 6 Frank Bateman Keefe Republican 1938 Incumbent retired.Republican hold. ▌Y William Van Pelt (Republican) 65.0% ▌Kenneth Kunde (Democratic) 35.0% Wisconsin 7 Reid F. Murray Republican 1938 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Reid F. Murray (Republican) 68.3% ▌Edward G. Gilbertson (Democratic) 31.7% Wisconsin 8 John W. Byrnes Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. Byrnes (Republican) 62.0% ▌John W. Reynolds Jr. (Democratic) 37.9% ▌Lee M. Schaal (Socialist) 0.1% Wisconsin 9 Merlin Hull Republican 1934 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Merlin Hull (Republican) 70.8% ▌Arthur L. Henning (Democratic) 29.2% Wisconsin 10 Alvin O'Konski Republican 1942 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Alvin O'Konski (Republican) 57.0% ▌Rodney J. Edwards (Democratic) 43.0% Wyoming See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming District Incumbent Party Firstelected Result Candidates Wyoming at-large Frank A. Barrett Republican 1942 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Wyoming.Republican hold. ▌Y William Henry Harrison III (Republican) 54.5% ▌John B. Clark (Democratic) 45.5% Non-voting delegates Alaska Territory See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska District Incumbent This race Representative Party First elected Results Candidates Alaska Territory at-large Bob Bartlett Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Bob Bartlett (Democratic) 72.56% ▌Almer J. Peterson (Republican) 27.44% See also 1950 United States elections 1950 United States Senate elections 81st United States Congress 82nd United States Congress Notes ^ September 11, 1950 in Maine References ^ "Our Campaigns - KS District 3 - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950". ^ "Our Campaigns - NC - District 11 - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950". ^ "Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page". ^ "Our Campaigns - NC - District 11 - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950". ^ "Our Campaigns - AK Delegate Race - Nov 07, 1950". vte(1949←)   1950 United States elections   (→1951)U.S.Senate Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Connecticut (special) Florida Georgia Idaho Idaho (special) Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kansas (special) Kentucky Kentucky (special) Louisiana Maryland Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New York North Carolina North Carolina (special) North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (special) South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin U.S.House Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Lt. Gov Colorado Connecticut Georgia Idaho Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Nebraska Lt. Gov Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Statelegislatures Iowa Senate Mayors New Orleans vteUnited States House of Representatives electionsElections spanningtwo years(through 1879) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 Elections heldin a single year(starting 1880)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Odd-yearspecials 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Seat ratings 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Speaker elections Full list 1855–56 1923 2011 January 2015 October 2015 2017 2019 2021 January 2023 October 2023 Summaries 1789–1822 1824–1854 1856–present Special elections Third party performances Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections vteJohn F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States (1961–1963) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960) U.S. Representative for MA–11 (1947–1953) Presidency(timeline) Transition Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Presidential pardons Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Foreign policy Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act Migration and Refugee Assistance Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis Moscow–Washington hotline Vienna summit New Frontier Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Executive Order 11110 Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty-mile hikes Food for Peace Pilot Food Stamp Program Presidential Medal of Freedom Space policy Status of Women (Presidential Commission) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project All-Channel Receiver Act Oil Pollution Act of 1961 Revenue Act of 1962 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961 Wetlands Loan Act Presidentialspeeches Inaugural address American University speech "We choose to go to the Moon" Report to the American People on Civil Rights "Ich bin ein Berliner" "A rising tide lifts all boats" Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts State of the Union Address 1961 1962 1963 Elections U.S. House of Representatives elections: 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1952 1958 1960 presidential primaries 1960 presidential campaign Democratic National Conventions: 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill Wexford Navy service: PT-109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT-59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" John F. Kennedy document hoax Books Why England Slept (1940) Profiles in Courage (1956) A Nation of Immigrants (1958) Death Assassination timeline media coverage reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy Bibliography John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Profile in Courage Award Twenty-fourth Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1964 Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials,namesakes Harvard Kennedy School Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston) John F. Kennedy International Airport Boston statue Brooklyn memorial Dallas memorial Hyannis memorial London memorial Portland memorial Runnymede memorial John F. Kennedy Arboretum John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School John F. Kennedy University (defunct) John F. Kennedy Stadium Kennedy Expressway Mount Kennedy MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) Yad Kennedy Family Jacqueline Bouvier (wife) Caroline Kennedy (daughter) John F. Kennedy Jr. (son) Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (son) Rose Schlossberg (granddaughter) Tatiana Schlossberg (granddaughter) Jack Schlossberg (grandson) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father) Rose Fitzgerald (mother) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother) Rosemary Kennedy (sister) Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (sister) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister) Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister) Robert F. Kennedy (brother) Jean Kennedy Smith (sister) Ted Kennedy (brother) P. J. Kennedy (grandfather) John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather) Pushinka (dog) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category vteGerald Ford 38th President of the United States (1974–1977) 40th Vice President of the United States (1973–1974) U.S. Representative for MI–5 (1949–1973) Presidency(timeline) Inauguration VP confirmation of Nelson Rockefeller Wilson desk Assassination attempts Sacramento San Francisco State of the Union Address 1975 1976 1977 Judicial appointments Supreme Court candidates controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Nixon pardon Halloween Massacre Carter transition Foreign policy International trips Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control Helsinki Accords National Security Study Memorandum 200 Executive Order 11905 Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States Domestic policy Cannabis policy Equal Credit Opportunity Act Education for All Handicapped Children Act Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 and 1976 Federal Election Commission Rockefeller Commission 1975 VRA Amendments Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act Economic policy Fair Credit Billing Act Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula National Mass Transportation Assistance Act CFTC Act of 1974 Commodity Futures Trading Commission Home Mortgage Disclosure Act ERISA Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Net capital rule NRSROs Trade Act of 1974 Fast track authority Securities Acts Amendments of 1975 Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board Tax Reduction Act of 1975 Tax Reform Act of 1976 Whip inflation now Energy policy Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 Energy Research and Development Administration Nuclear Regulatory Commission Energy Policy and Conservation Act CAFE standards Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products Strategic Petroleum Reserve Environmentalpolicy Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974 Forestry Incentive Program Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum contaminant level Magnuson–Stevens Act Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 Water Resources Development Act of 1976 Life Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home Gerald R. Ford Jr. House Warren Commission Confirmation as Vice President Post-presidency Continuity of Government Commission AEI World Forum Death and state funeral Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library ElectionsU.S. House 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 Presidential 1976 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Culturaldepictions The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) Superman vs. Muhammad Ali (1978) Dynasty (1981) The Betty Ford Story (1987) Assassins (1990) "Two Bad Neighbors" (1996) Saturday Night Live parodies The X-Presidents (1997) Presidential Reunion (2010) The Political Machine (2004) The Butler (2013) The First Lady (2022) Legacy Gerald R. Ford International Airport Gerald R. Ford Award Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy Ford House Office Building USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) Gerald R. Ford Freeway U.S. Postage stamps Statue Family Charles Henry King (grandfather) Leslie Lynch King Sr. (father) Dorothy Gardner Ford (mother) Gerald Rudolff Ford (stepfather) Thomas Gardner Ford (half-brother) Betty Ford (wife) Michael Gerald Ford (son) John Gardner Ford (son) Steven Meigs Ford (son) Susan Ford Bales (daughter) Liberty (family dog) ← Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter → ← Spiro Agnew Nelson Rockefeller → Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"82nd United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"}],"text":"The 1950 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 82nd United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 7, 1950, while Maine held theirs on September 11. These elections occurred in the middle of President Harry Truman's second term.As the Korean War began and Truman's personal popularity plummeted for a second time during his presidency, his Democratic Party lost a net 28 seats to the Republican Party. This was the first election since 1908 where no third parties acquired any seats in the House.","title":"1950 United States House of Representatives elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There were six special elections throughout the year, listed here by date and district.","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/"}],"text":"Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk","title":"Overall results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Arizona","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from California","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Florida","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Idaho"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Idaho","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana"}],"text":"See 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Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Montana","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nevada"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Mexico"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New Mexico","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New York","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North Dakota","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oklahoma","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oregon"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from South Dakota","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Texas","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Utah","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Wyoming","title":"Wyoming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alaska"}],"sub_title":"Alaska Territory","text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Alaska","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Maine"}],"text":"^ September 11, 1950 in Maine","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":" House seats by party holding plurality in state   80+ to 100% Democratic   80+ to 100% Republican   60+ to 80% Democratic   60+ to 80% Republican   Up to 60% Democratic   Up to 60% Republican ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/82_us_house_membership.png/350px-82_us_house_membership.png"},{"image_text":" Net change in representation by state   6+ Democratic gain   6+ Republican gain   3-5 Democratic gain   3-5 Republican gain   1-2 Democratic gain   1-2 Republican gain   no net change ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/82_us_house_changes.png/350px-82_us_house_changes.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_Study_of_Trauma_and_Dissociation
International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
["1 Profile","2 Controversies","2.1 Fringe beliefs and conference topics","2.2 Misconduct by founders and presidents","2.3 Organizational and structural issues","3 History","3.1 Presidents","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 External links"]
Nonprofit professional organization in the U.S. The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) is a nonprofit professional organization of health professionals and individuals who are interested in advancing the scientific and societal understandings of trauma-based disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, complex trauma, and the dissociative disorders. While serving as a platform for discussion and understanding of these topics, the ISSTD has also attracted attention and criticism regarding its promotion of controversial treatments and conspiracy theories, such as discredited theories of government mind control related to hypnosis and unsubstantiated claims of satanic ritual abuse. Profile In the 1980s, the ISSMP&D, the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, grouped clinicians and researchers primarily interested in Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD). In 1995 the ISSMP&D was renamed the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), and in 2006 the ISSD became the ISSTD, to better describe the society's focus. The ISSTD hosts annual conferences as well as regional conferences. It also offers different webinars, workshops, special interest groups (SIGs), training programs and online communities specific to subtopics related to the field of trauma and dissociation. Editors of the book Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond describe the ISSTD as "the principal professional organization devoted to dissociation". Over the years, the ISSTD has published guidelines for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder in both adults and children through its peer-reviewed Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (formerly Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders), published five times per year. These guidelines are often referenced in the field as a basic starting point for psychotherapy with highly dissociative clients, though they have also elicited concern as potentially harmful due to their noted ability to induce belief in alter personalities and create false memories. The ISSMP&D's official journal, Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders ceased operation after 39 issues (March 1988-December 1997), though its full-text contents have since been made available online. Controversies Starting in the 1980s, controversies involving the ISSTD and surrounding repressed memory and the possible connections between child abuse, traumatic events, memory and dissociation arose. Some mental health professionals who used hypnosis and other memory recovery techniques now known to contribute to the creation of false memories found their patients lodging bizarre accusations - including of satanic ritual abuse, sacrificial murder, and cannibalism - against their parents, family members and prominent community members. This era is now considered a moral panic, colloquially referred to as the "Satanic Panic." The ISSTD has been accused of significantly influencing the creation of the panic. Fringe beliefs and conference topics The ISSTD has promoted multiple different discredited conspiracy theories including satanic ritual abuse and government mind control programming. From 1984 to 1987, conferences included fringe topics such as cult-created alter personalities, an alleged case of stigmata in an MPD patient, and discussions of alleged occult practices. In 1988, one of the ISSMP&D founders Bennett Braun presented a workshop in Chicago at an ISSMP&D conference linking the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (now dissociative identity disorder) to abuse at the hands of devil-worshiping cults. Claims have been made that his presentation included notions of widespread Satanic cults, internally organized with a structure similar to communist cells, with local regional, distinct, national and international councils. These claims also included details that the cults were transgenerational family traditions that had been conducted in secret for at least 2000 years. Braun has challenged these claims, alleging that they rely on remarks which misrepresent his actual statements made at the conference. Another presentation at the 1988 conference aimed to verify alleged historical accounts of Satanic cults engaging in cannibalism and human sacrifice. In 1989, ISSMP&D's annual conference included presentations on Manchurian candidates, a discredited conspiracy concerning alleged trained assassins trained to perform via hypnotic cue, multiple personality in toddlers, and performing exorcisms. From 1993 onward, conferences featured topics concerned with increasing forensic and legal scrutiny into the field's practice concerning the creation of false memories and use of clinical hypnosis. Despite growing skepticism and a lengthy investigative report published by the FBI in 1992 refuting claims of widespread, organized Satanic cults, presentations on fringe topics such as satanic ritual abuse continued into the late 2000s including topics such as demonic alter personalities. Conference presentations included science denial in the form of a presentation addressing false memory as a "myth". In 2008, the ISSTD developed a special interest group, the Ritual Abuse and Mind Control Special Interest Group (RAMCOA SIG). The group would become the largest and most active special interest group of the ISSTD. In the same year, Michael Salter, who later became chair of the RAMCOA SIG in 2018, presented a conference paper in which he inaccurately asserted that there were tunnels discovered beneath McMartin Preschool, a claim that echoed debunked allegations from the 1980s. ISSTD cofounder, Richard Kluft, wrote in 2014, "Satanic elements remain problematic realities in many situations. I remain troubled about the matter of transgenerational satanic cults." Kluft's suggested therapeutic methods have also elicited criticism for their suggestive nature regarding the use of hypnosis for accessing hidden identities (regarding dissociative identity disorder) via recognition of covert signalling. Approaching the 2020s, presentations continued to include conspiratorial topics, such as "key dates" and "occult holidays" (including Halloween and Christmas) purported to inspire ritual abuse perpetrated by Satanic cults. In 2019, Michael Salter, who would become president of the ISSTD in 2023, delivered a presentation that included the promotion of the debunked conspiracy theory that there were tunnels found under McMartin Preschool, in reference to the McMartin preschool trial. Misconduct by founders and presidents In 1994, past ISSTD president George Greaves' license was revoked by the state of Georgia for engaging in sexual intercourse with patients, sexual contact with his patients while they were under hypnosis, and numerous other ethical violations. In 1995, ISSTD's founder and former president, Bennett Braun, was sued by a former patient who claimed that Braun had falsely convinced her that she'd engaged in Satanic rituals, cannibalism, and infanticide. The patient received a $10.6 million settlement. Braun's medical license was temporarily suspended by Illinois state officials in 1999 and he was expelled from the American Psychiatric Association in March 2000. In 2004, another former patient of Braun's, Elizabeth Gale, filed a lawsuit against Braun and Roberta Sachs, another ISSTD founder, alleging that they and their colleagues convinced Gale "that her family indoctrinated her as a child so she would make babies for sacrifice in a satanic cult." The settlement in the malpractice suit amounted to $7.5 million. Former ISSTD president Colin Ross has also been accused by former patients of implanting false memories, including of satanic ritual abuse. Roma Hart accused Ross of convincing her, among other things, that she was forcibly impregnated by aliens and later gave birth to a half-alien, half-human hybrid. Another former patient, Martha Ann Tyo, sued Ross and others in 1998, alleging that the defendants' methods led her to believe her family was part of an "extended, transgenerational satanic cult." In January 2021, former ISSTD president and cofounder Bennett Braun's license was revoked an additional time by the state of Montana in addition to the previous revocation from the state of Illinois. The decision of the state of Montana to license Braun elicited legal action and criticism. In April 2023, the ISSTD issued a statement addressing the removal of a member of the Board of Directors. The statement alleged a "serious and undeclared conflict of interest" which presented a "direct risk". The statement referenced social media posts authored by the removed Board member and addresses them as allegedly false. In response, claims made on social media by the member accuse the ISSTD -- particularly then-president Michael Salter -- of alleged bullying, ostracization within the organization, and making accusations of an alleged "psyop" run by the removed member of the Board. Organizational and structural issues In 1990, the ISSTD annual conference featured a panel on the topic of skepticism of satanic ritual abuse. Panelists who presented skeptical viewpoints claimed that they were accused of being secret Satanists by ISSTD members. One panelist, a founding ISSTD member alleged there was a "shouting match" and that he was physically intimidated. Around 1992, a task force was set up within the organization to "negotiate peace between cult-believers and cult-skeptics". However, despite the formation of this task force, scheduled meetings aimed at fostering peace talks failed to materialize. After years of controversy, between 1993 and 1998, the ISSTD entered what 1999 president Peter Barach called a "crisis". Between 1993 and 1998 approximately half of the membership population ceased affiliation with the organization. In 1998, the society's journal, Dissociation, ceased publication. By 1999 staff were laid off. In October 2020, the ISSTD Board of Directors issued a letter to membership informing them that the special interest group formerly known as RAMCOA SIG (Ritual Abuse, Mind Control and Organized Abuse Special Interest Group) had been renamed due to "stricter rules for the provision of Continuing Education (CE) and Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits", largely due to growing concerns about the organization's presentations which included sensationalized and controversial statements regarding "mind control." The new name for this group is "Organized and Extreme Abuse SIG". In December 2020, internal documents and forum posts from the ISSTD were posted online by The Satanic Temple (TST) which has publicly criticized the organization. TST spokesperson and cofounder Lucien Greaves commented on TST's motivations behind the release, stating the ISSTD represented a "clear and present threat to mental health consumers". History In 1982, the steering committee for the founding of the ISSTD, at time of founding called the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality (ISSMP), was organized by George Greaves. The organization gained traction from Myron Boor, Bennett Braun, David Caul, Jane Dubrow, George Greaves, Richard Kluft, Frank Putnam and Roberta Sachs, a group of physicians and psychologists present at the 1983 American Psychiatric Association conference. In 1984, the ISSMP's first annual conference was held. Conferences were originally co-sponsored by The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. Conferences were originally co-sponsored by The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. The US-based ISSTD was officially formed in 1984 under the name of the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation but changed to the International Society for the Study of Dissociation in 1994 and then to its current name in November 2006. Presidents George B. Greaves (1983–1984) Bennett Braun (1984–1985) Richard Kluft (1985–1986) George B. Greaves (1986–1987) David Caul (1987–1988) Philip Coons (1988–1989) Walter C. Young (1989–1990) Catherine Fine (1990–1991) Richard Loewenstein (1991–1992) Moshe S. Torem (1992–1993) Colin A. Ross (1993–1994) Nancy L. Hornstein (1994–1995) Elizabeth S. Bowman (1995–1996) James A. Chu (1996–1997) Marlene E. Hunter (1997–1998) Peter M. Barach (1998–1999) John Curtis (1999–2000) Joy Silberg (2000–2001) Steven Frankel (2001–2002) Richard A. Chefetz (2002–2003) Steven Gold (2003–2004) Frances S. Waters (2004–2005) Eli Somer (2005–2006) Catherine Classen (2006–2007) Vedat Şar (2007–2008) Kathy Steele (2008–2009) Paul F. Dell (2010–2011) Thomas G. Carlton (2011–2012) Joan Turkus (2012–2013) Philip J. Kinsler (2013–2014) Lynette S. Danylchuk (2015) Warwick Middleton (2016) Martin Dorahy (2017) Kevin Connors (2018) Christine Forner (2019) Christa Krüger (2020) Rosita Cortizo (2021) Lisa Danylchuk (2022) Michael Salter (2023) Peter Maves (2024) See also Psychology portalPsychiatry portal Moral panic Recovered memory therapy APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control Dissociative disorders References Citations ^ "About the ISSTD". International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. Retrieved January 4, 2018. ^ a b c Reyes, G; Elhai JD & Ford JD (2008). The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 364. ISBN 978-0-470-38615-6. ^ a b c Acocella, Joan Ross. (1999). Creating hysteria : women and multiple personality disorder (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 0-7879-4794-6. OCLC 41256113. ^ a b "Grey Faction's Letter to the American Psychological Association". Grey Faction. March 5, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019. ^ "False Memory Syndrome Foundation". www.fmsfonline.org. Retrieved August 21, 2019. ^ a b c d Gibbs, Andrew (October 28, 2017). "REMEMBRANCE OF TRAUMAS PAST". The Australian. Retrieved May 20, 2024. ^ a b Orne, Martin T. (February 1972). "Can a hypnotized subject be compelled to carry out otherwise unacceptable behavior? a discussion". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 20 (2): 101–117. doi:10.1080/00207147208409281. ISSN 0020-7144. PMID 5060970. ^ "Investigator's Guide to Allegations of "Ritual" Child Abuse | Office of Justice Programs". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2024. ^ Waterhouse, R. T. (January 2014). Satanic abuse, false memories, weird beliefs and moral panics (doctoral thesis). City University London. ^ Nathan, Debbie; Snedeker, Michael R. (1995). Satan's silence: ritual abuse and the making of a modern American witch hunt (2.  ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07180-7. ^ a b Dell PF; O'Neil JA, eds. (2009). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. Taylor & Francis. pp. xiii. ISBN 978-0-415-95785-4. ^ a b Chu 2011, p. 207-8. ^ "ISSTD Treatment Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder". Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012. ^ Wieland, Sandra (2010). Dissociation in Traumatized Children and Adolescents: Theory and Clinical Interventions. Taylor & Francis. pp. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-415-87749-7. ^ Kihlstrom, J. F. (2005). "Dissociative Disorders". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 1: 227–253. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925. PMID 17716088. ^ Hacking 1998, p. 52. ^ "Journal of Trauma & Dissociation". Retrieved January 20, 2012. ^ Ross, C. A. (2009). "Errors of Logic and Scholarship Concerning Dissociative Identity Disorder". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 18 (2): 221–231. doi:10.1080/10538710902743982. PMID 19306208. S2CID 41312090. ^ Petrucelli, J (2010). Knowing, not-knowing and sort-of-knowing: psychoanalysis and the experience of Uncertainty. Karnac Books Ltd. pp. 83. ISBN 978-1-85575-657-1. ^ Chu 2011, p. 16-7. ^ Luber, M (2009). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Scripted Protocols Special Populations. Springer Pub. Co. pp. 357. ISBN 978-0-8261-2245-2. ^ McWilliams, N (2011). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 351. ISBN 978-1-60918-494-0. ^ Piper, August; Merskey, Harold (September 2004). "The Persistence of Folly: A Critical Examination of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Part I. The Excesses of an Improbable Concept". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (9): 592–600. doi:10.1177/070674370404900904. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 15503730. ^ Piper, August; Merskey, Harold (October 2004). "The Persistence of Folly: Critical Examination of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Part II. The Defence and Decline of Multiple Personality or Dissociative Identity Disorder". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (10): 678–683. doi:10.1177/070674370404901005. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 15560314. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O. (March 2007). "Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x. ISSN 1745-6916. PMID 26151919. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott (2014). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. pp. 126–130. ISBN 9781462517893. ^ "Dissociation:Progress in the Dissociative disorders". ISSMP&D. Retrieved March 3, 2013. ^ McNally, Richard J. (2005). Remembering trauma. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674018028. OCLC 318399251. ^ Hanson, Cynthia. "Dangerous Therapy: The Story of Patricia Burgus and Multiple Personality Disorder". Chicago magazine. Retrieved August 21, 2019. ^ Victor, Jeffrey (1993). Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend. Chicago, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0812691924. ^ Thompson, Damian (March 22, 2002). "The people who believe that Satanists might eat your baby". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved August 21, 2019. ^ Braun, B. G. (Ed.) (1984). Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States. Department of Psychiatry, Rush University. Chicago, Illinois. ^ Braun, B. G. (Ed.) (1986). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States. Department of Psychiatry, Rush University. Chicago, Illinois. ^ Noll, Richard (December 6, 2013). "When Psychiatry Battled The Devil" (PDF). Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Braun, Bennet (2014). "Speak, Memory". Psychiatric Times. Retrieved October 3, 2022. ^ Hill, S., & Goodwin, J. (1989). Satanism: Similarities between patient accounts and pre-Inquisition historical sources. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 2(1), 39-44. ^ Braun, B. G. (Ed.) (1989). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States. Department of Psychiatry, Rush University. Chicago, Illinois. ^ International Society for the Study of Dissociation. (1994). 1994 Annual Conference Guide. ^ "ISSD's 16th International Fall Conference – Audiotape Ordering Form". International Society for the Study of Dissociation. Archived from the original on August 14, 2001.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Program Details - Monday". issd.org. Archived from the original on August 12, 2002.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. (n.d.). "ISSTD 27th Annual Conference – Final Program." isst-d.org. Original unavailable. Archived here. ^ "ISSTD 29th Annual International Conference". issd.org. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. (n.d.). "ISSTD Special Interest Groups–Ritual Abuse Mind Control Organized Abuse." isst-d.org. Original unavailable. Archived here. ^ International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. (n.d.). "RAMCOA SIG." isst-d.org. Original unavailable. Archived here. ^ "Ritual Abuse, Mind Control and Organised Abuse (RAMCOA) SIG – ISSTD News". Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ Salter, Michael (June 19, 2008). "Organised abuse and the politics of disbelief" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2nd Australian & New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference: 248. ^ a b "Speak, Memory". Psychiatric Times. March 19, 2014. ^ Sachs, A. & Salter, M. (2019, March 29). Organized Abuse: Criminology, Traumatic Impact, and Implications for Treatment . ISSTD Annual Conference. New York City, NY, United States. ^ "Verification". verify.sos.ga.gov. Retrieved October 14, 2021. ^ Laycock, Joseph. "Satanic Temple Protests Pseudoscientific Therapies for Satanic Abuse and Witchcraft". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved April 6, 2016. ^ "Lawsuit Raises Questions About APA Liability Insurance Program". Psychiatric Times. Psychiatric Times Vol 18 No 1. 18. January 1, 2001. ^ Dardick, Hal (February 13, 2004). "Psychiatric patient tells of ordeal in treatment". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved August 20, 2019. ^ Mesner, Douglas (February 8, 2010). "Dr. Colin A. Ross: Psychiatry, the Supernatural, and Malpractice Most Foul". Process. Retrieved August 20, 2019. ^ a b George Bergen. Evidence Against Dr. Colin A. Ross, vol. 1. ^ "Martha Ann Tyo vs Ross - memory.abuse". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2019. ^ State of Montana Board of Medical Examiners (January 22, 2021). Final Order in the Matter of Bennett Braun ^ Dunlap, Susan (May 29, 2019). "Butte woman allegedly harmed by Butte psychiatrist wins legal step against state". Montana Standard. Retrieved March 9, 2024. ^ Anez, Bob (October 15, 2003). "Psychiatrist gets Montana medical license". The Missoulian. Retrieved March 9, 2024. ^ "A Statement From the ISSTD Board Addressing a Recent Board Change and Claims on Social Media – ISSTD News". October 12, 2023. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024. ^ a b Faction, Grey (November 27, 2023). "The ISSTD's Death Spiral: Paranoia and Disarray Under 2023 President Michael Salter". Grey Faction. Retrieved March 1, 2024. ^ Middleton, Warwick. (23 May 2019). "An Interview with Frank Putnam, Part II." ISSTD News. Retrieved on 2023-01-22. ^ Hacking 1998, p. 117. ^ a b "Turmoil after mental health organization rebrands conspiracist group to preserve accreditation". December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021. ^ Kluft, Richard. (n.d.) "The Founding of the ISSD." Original unavailable. Archived. ^ Blaney, PH; Millon T (2008). Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology. Oxford University Press. pp. 456. ISBN 978-0-19-537421-6. ^ Chu 2011, p. 14. Sources Chu, James A. (2011). Rebuilding Shattered Lives. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-76874-7. Hacking, Ian (1998). Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05908-X. External links Official website Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders archive at Scholars' Bank, University of Oregon The Bennett Braun Story Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonprofit professional organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"trauma-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_trauma"},{"link_name":"posttraumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"complex posttraumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_posttraumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"complex trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_trauma"},{"link_name":"dissociative disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_disorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isstd.org-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reyes2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acocella,_Joan_Ross._1999-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"satanic ritual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_panic"}],"text":"The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) is a nonprofit professional organization of health professionals and individuals who are interested in advancing the scientific and societal understandings of trauma-based disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, complex trauma, and the dissociative disorders.[1][2]While serving as a platform for discussion and understanding of these topics, the ISSTD has also attracted attention and criticism[3][4][5] regarding its promotion of controversial treatments[6] and conspiracy theories, such as discredited[7] theories of government mind control related to hypnosis and unsubstantiated[8][9][10] claims of satanic ritual abuse.","title":"International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multiple Personality Disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acocella,_Joan_Ross._1999-3"},{"link_name":"special interest groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_interest_groups"},{"link_name":"online communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_group#Online_support_groups"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dell-11"},{"link_name":"guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidelines"},{"link_name":"dissociative identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChu2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhObESa9b1i4CpgPA207_207-8]-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isstdguidelines-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wieland2010-14"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacking1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidT8skNjRNFZMCpgPA52_52]-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylorfrancis-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChu2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhObESa9b1i4CpgPA207_207-8]-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petrucelli2010-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChu2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhObESa9b1i4CpgPA16_16-7]-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"false memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memory"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In the 1980s, the ISSMP&D, the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, grouped clinicians and researchers primarily interested in Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD).[3] In 1995 the ISSMP&D was renamed the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), and in 2006 the ISSD became the ISSTD, to better describe the society's focus.The ISSTD hosts annual conferences as well as regional conferences. It also offers different webinars, workshops, special interest groups (SIGs), training programs and online communities specific to subtopics related to the field of trauma and dissociation. Editors of the book Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond describe the ISSTD as \"the principal professional organization devoted to dissociation\".[11]Over the years, the ISSTD has published guidelines for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder in both adults and children[12][13][14] through its peer-reviewed Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (formerly Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders),[15][16] published five times per year.[17][18] These guidelines are often referenced in the field as a basic starting point for psychotherapy with highly dissociative clients,[12][19][20][21][22] though they have also elicited concern as potentially harmful due to their noted ability to induce belief in alter personalities and create false memories.[23][24][25][26]The ISSMP&D's official journal, Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders ceased operation after 39 issues (March 1988-December 1997), though its full-text contents have since been made available online.[27]","title":"Profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"repressed memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressed_memory"},{"link_name":"child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"traumatic events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_event_(psychological)"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"},{"link_name":"dissociation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reyes2008-2"},{"link_name":"hypnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"ritual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"moral panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"link_name":"Satanic Panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Panic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"}],"text":"Starting in the 1980s, controversies involving the ISSTD and surrounding repressed memory and the possible connections between child abuse, traumatic events, memory and dissociation arose.[2]Some mental health professionals who used hypnosis and other memory recovery techniques now known to contribute to the creation of false memories[28] found their patients lodging bizarre accusations - including of satanic ritual abuse,[29] sacrificial murder,[30] and cannibalism[31] - against their parents, family members and prominent community members. This era is now considered a moral panic, colloquially referred to as the \"Satanic Panic.\" The ISSTD has been accused of significantly influencing the creation of the panic.[6]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"},{"link_name":"fringe topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_science"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"stigmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bennett Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Braun"},{"link_name":"dissociative identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braun2014-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Manchurian candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"science denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_denial"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"McMartin Preschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMartin_preschool_trial"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-47"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"McMartin preschool trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMartin_preschool_trial"}],"sub_title":"Fringe beliefs and conference topics","text":"The ISSTD has promoted[6] multiple different discredited conspiracy theories including satanic ritual abuse and government mind control programming.From 1984 to 1987, conferences included fringe topics such as cult-created alter personalities,[32] an alleged case of stigmata in an MPD patient, and discussions of alleged occult practices.[33]In 1988, one of the ISSMP&D founders Bennett Braun presented a workshop in Chicago at an ISSMP&D conference linking the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (now dissociative identity disorder) to abuse at the hands of devil-worshiping cults. Claims have been made that his presentation included notions of widespread Satanic cults, internally organized with a structure similar to communist cells, with local regional, distinct, national and international councils. These claims also included details that the cults were transgenerational family traditions that had been conducted in secret for at least 2000 years.[34] Braun has challenged these claims, alleging that they rely on remarks which misrepresent his actual statements made at the conference.[35] Another presentation at the 1988 conference aimed to verify alleged historical accounts of Satanic cults engaging in cannibalism and human sacrifice.[36]In 1989, ISSMP&D's annual conference included presentations on Manchurian candidates, a discredited conspiracy[7] concerning alleged trained assassins trained to perform via hypnotic cue, multiple personality in toddlers, and performing exorcisms.[37]From 1993 onward,[38] conferences featured topics[39][40] concerned with increasing forensic and legal scrutiny into the field's practice concerning the creation of false memories and use of clinical hypnosis. Despite growing skepticism and a lengthy investigative report published by the FBI in 1992 refuting claims of widespread, organized Satanic cults, presentations on fringe topics such as satanic ritual abuse continued into the late 2000s including topics such as demonic alter personalities.[41] Conference presentations included science denial in the form of a presentation addressing false memory as a \"myth\".[42]In 2008, the ISSTD developed a special interest group, the Ritual Abuse and Mind Control Special Interest Group (RAMCOA SIG).[43] The group would become the largest and most active special interest group of the ISSTD.[44] In the same year, Michael Salter, who later became chair of the RAMCOA SIG in 2018,[45] presented a conference paper in which he inaccurately asserted that there were tunnels discovered beneath McMartin Preschool, a claim that echoed debunked allegations from the 1980s.[46] ISSTD cofounder, Richard Kluft, wrote in 2014, \"Satanic elements remain problematic realities in many situations. I remain troubled about the matter of transgenerational satanic cults.\"[47] Kluft's suggested therapeutic methods have also elicited criticism for their suggestive nature regarding the use of hypnosis for accessing hidden identities (regarding dissociative identity disorder) via recognition of covert signalling.[6]Approaching the 2020s, presentations continued to include conspiratorial topics, such as \"key dates\" and \"occult holidays\" (including Halloween and Christmas) purported to inspire ritual abuse perpetrated by Satanic cults. In 2019, Michael Salter, who would become president of the ISSTD in 2023, delivered a presentation[48] that included the promotion of the debunked conspiracy theory that there were tunnels found under McMartin Preschool, in reference to the McMartin preschool trial.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bennett Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Braun"},{"link_name":"infanticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph_Laycock-50"},{"link_name":"American Psychiatric Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Colin Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_A._Ross"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"psyop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"}],"sub_title":"Misconduct by founders and presidents","text":"In 1994, past ISSTD president George Greaves' license was revoked by the state of Georgia for engaging in sexual intercourse with patients, sexual contact with his patients while they were under hypnosis, and numerous other ethical violations.[49]In 1995, ISSTD's founder and former president, Bennett Braun, was sued by a former patient who claimed that Braun had falsely convinced her that she'd engaged in Satanic rituals, cannibalism, and infanticide. The patient received a $10.6 million settlement. Braun's medical license was temporarily suspended by Illinois state officials in 1999[50] and he was expelled from the American Psychiatric Association in March 2000.[51]In 2004, another former patient of Braun's, Elizabeth Gale, filed a lawsuit against Braun and Roberta Sachs, another ISSTD founder, alleging that they and their colleagues convinced Gale \"that her family indoctrinated her as a child so she would make babies for sacrifice in a satanic cult.\" The settlement in the malpractice suit amounted to $7.5 million.[52]Former ISSTD president Colin Ross has also been accused by former patients of implanting false memories, including of satanic ritual abuse. Roma Hart accused Ross of convincing her, among other things, that she was forcibly impregnated by aliens and later gave birth to a half-alien, half-human hybrid.[53][54] Another former patient, Martha Ann Tyo, sued Ross and others in 1998, alleging that the defendants' methods led her to believe her family was part of an \"extended, transgenerational satanic cult.\"[54][55]In January 2021, former ISSTD president and cofounder Bennett Braun's license was revoked[56] an additional time by the state of Montana in addition to the previous revocation from the state of Illinois. The decision of the state of Montana to license Braun elicited legal action[57] and criticism.[58]In April 2023, the ISSTD issued a statement addressing the removal of a member of the Board of Directors.[59] The statement alleged a \"serious and undeclared conflict of interest\" which presented a \"direct risk\". The statement referenced social media posts authored by the removed Board member and addresses them as allegedly false. In response, claims made on social media by the member accuse the ISSTD -- particularly then-president Michael Salter -- of alleged bullying, ostracization within the organization, and making accusations of an alleged \"psyop\" run by the removed member of the Board.[60]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-47"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacking1998117-62"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acocella,_Joan_Ross._1999-3"},{"link_name":"Ritual Abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse"},{"link_name":"Mind Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashing"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-63"},{"link_name":"The Satanic Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"},{"link_name":"Lucien Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Greaves"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-63"}],"sub_title":"Organizational and structural issues","text":"In 1990, the ISSTD annual conference featured a panel on the topic of skepticism of satanic ritual abuse. Panelists who presented skeptical viewpoints claimed that they were accused of being secret Satanists by ISSTD members.[47] One panelist, a founding ISSTD member alleged there was a \"shouting match\" and that he was physically intimidated.[61] Around 1992, a task force was set up within the organization to \"negotiate peace between cult-believers and cult-skeptics\". However, despite the formation of this task force, scheduled meetings aimed at fostering peace talks failed to materialize.[62]After years of controversy, between 1993 and 1998, the ISSTD entered what 1999 president Peter Barach called a \"crisis\". Between 1993 and 1998 approximately half of the membership population ceased affiliation with the organization. In 1998, the society's journal, Dissociation, ceased publication. By 1999 staff were laid off.[3]In October 2020, the ISSTD Board of Directors issued a letter to membership informing them that the special interest group formerly known as RAMCOA SIG (Ritual Abuse, Mind Control and Organized Abuse Special Interest Group) had been renamed due to \"stricter rules for the provision of Continuing Education (CE) and Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits\", largely due to growing concerns about the organization's presentations which included sensationalized and controversial statements regarding \"mind control.\" The new name for this group is \"Organized and Extreme Abuse SIG\".[63]In December 2020, internal documents and forum posts from the ISSTD were posted online by The Satanic Temple (TST) which has publicly criticized the organization.[4][60] TST spokesperson and cofounder Lucien Greaves commented on TST's motivations behind the release, stating the ISSTD represented a \"clear and present threat to mental health consumers\".[63]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Hypnosis"},{"link_name":"Multiple Personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reyes2008-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dell-11"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaney2008-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChu2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhObESa9b1i4CpgPA14_14]-66"}],"text":"In 1982, the steering committee for the founding of the ISSTD, at time of founding called the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality (ISSMP), was organized by George Greaves.[64] The organization gained traction from Myron Boor, Bennett Braun, David Caul, Jane Dubrow, George Greaves, Richard Kluft, Frank Putnam and Roberta Sachs, a group of physicians and psychologists present at the 1983 American Psychiatric Association conference.In 1984, the ISSMP's first annual conference was held. Conferences were originally co-sponsored by The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. Conferences were originally co-sponsored by The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. The US-based ISSTD was officially formed in 1984 under the name of the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation but changed to the International Society for the Study of Dissociation in 1994 and then to its current name in November 2006.[2][11][65][66]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bennett Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Braun"},{"link_name":"Colin A. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_A._Ross"},{"link_name":"Eli Somer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Somer"},{"link_name":"Vedat Şar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedat_%C5%9Ear"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"George B. Greaves (1983–1984)\nBennett Braun (1984–1985)\nRichard Kluft (1985–1986)\nGeorge B. Greaves (1986–1987)\nDavid Caul (1987–1988)\nPhilip Coons (1988–1989)\nWalter C. Young (1989–1990)\nCatherine Fine (1990–1991)\nRichard Loewenstein (1991–1992)\nMoshe S. Torem (1992–1993)\nColin A. Ross (1993–1994)\nNancy L. Hornstein (1994–1995)\nElizabeth S. Bowman (1995–1996)\nJames A. Chu (1996–1997)\nMarlene E. Hunter (1997–1998)\nPeter M. Barach (1998–1999)\nJohn Curtis (1999–2000)\nJoy Silberg (2000–2001)\nSteven Frankel (2001–2002)\nRichard A. Chefetz (2002–2003)\nSteven Gold (2003–2004)\nFrances S. Waters (2004–2005)\nEli Somer (2005–2006)\nCatherine Classen (2006–2007)\nVedat Şar (2007–2008)\nKathy Steele (2008–2009)\nPaul F. Dell (2010–2011)\nThomas G. Carlton (2011–2012)\nJoan Turkus (2012–2013)\nPhilip J. Kinsler (2013–2014) \nLynette S. Danylchuk (2015) \nWarwick Middleton (2016) \nMartin Dorahy (2017)\nKevin Connors (2018)\nChristine Forner (2019)\nChrista Krüger (2020)\nRosita Cortizo (2021)\nLisa Danylchuk (2022)\nMichael Salter (2023)\nPeter Maves (2024)","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Psychology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psi_and_Caduceus.svg"},{"title":"Psychiatry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry"},{"title":"Moral panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"title":"Recovered memory therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_memory_therapy"},{"title":"APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_Task_Force_on_Deceptive_and_Indirect_Methods_of_Persuasion_and_Control"},{"title":"Dissociative disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_disorders"}]
[{"reference":"\"About the ISSTD\". International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. Retrieved January 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isst-d.org/default.asp?contentID=9","url_text":"\"About the ISSTD\""}]},{"reference":"Reyes, G; Elhai JD & Ford JD (2008). The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 364. ISBN 978-0-470-38615-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uMjK8K8-iEEC&pg=PA364","url_text":"364"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38615-6","url_text":"978-0-470-38615-6"}]},{"reference":"Acocella, Joan Ross. (1999). Creating hysteria : women and multiple personality disorder (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 0-7879-4794-6. OCLC 41256113.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41256113","url_text":"Creating hysteria : women and multiple personality disorder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7879-4794-6","url_text":"0-7879-4794-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41256113","url_text":"41256113"}]},{"reference":"\"Grey Faction's Letter to the American Psychological Association\". Grey Faction. March 5, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://greyfaction.org/resources/grey-faction-correspondence/letter-to-apa/","url_text":"\"Grey Faction's Letter to the American Psychological Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"False Memory Syndrome Foundation\". www.fmsfonline.org. Retrieved August 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fmsfonline.org/?news2012update=2012NewsUpdates","url_text":"\"False Memory Syndrome Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Andrew (October 28, 2017). \"REMEMBRANCE OF TRAUMAS PAST\". The Australian. Retrieved May 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/remembrance-of-traumas-past/news-story/","url_text":"\"REMEMBRANCE OF TRAUMAS PAST\""}]},{"reference":"Orne, Martin T. (February 1972). \"Can a hypnotized subject be compelled to carry out otherwise unacceptable behavior? a discussion\". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 20 (2): 101–117. doi:10.1080/00207147208409281. ISSN 0020-7144. PMID 5060970.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207147208409281","url_text":"\"Can a hypnotized subject be compelled to carry out otherwise unacceptable behavior? a discussion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207147208409281","url_text":"10.1080/00207147208409281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7144","url_text":"0020-7144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5060970","url_text":"5060970"}]},{"reference":"\"Investigator's Guide to Allegations of \"Ritual\" Child Abuse | Office of Justice Programs\". www.ojp.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/investigators-guide-allegations-ritual-child-abuse","url_text":"\"Investigator's Guide to Allegations of \"Ritual\" Child Abuse | Office of Justice Programs\""}]},{"reference":"Waterhouse, R. T. (January 2014). Satanic abuse, false memories, weird beliefs and moral panics (doctoral thesis). City University London.","urls":[{"url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/11871/","url_text":"Satanic abuse, false memories, weird beliefs and moral panics"}]},{"reference":"Nathan, Debbie; Snedeker, Michael R. (1995). Satan's silence: ritual abuse and the making of a modern American witch hunt (2. [Dr.] ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07180-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07180-7","url_text":"978-0-465-07180-7"}]},{"reference":"Dell PF; O'Neil JA, eds. (2009). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. Taylor & Francis. pp. xiii. ISBN 978-0-415-95785-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-6WHeIf-dgC&pg=PR13","url_text":"xiii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95785-4","url_text":"978-0-415-95785-4"}]},{"reference":"\"ISSTD Treatment Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder\". Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120106133622/http://www.isst-d.org/education/treatmentguidelines-index.htm","url_text":"\"ISSTD Treatment Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder\""},{"url":"http://www.isst-d.org/education/treatmentguidelines-index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wieland, Sandra (2010). Dissociation in Traumatized Children and Adolescents: Theory and Clinical Interventions. Taylor & Francis. pp. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-415-87749-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qHqaqOO5unAC&pg=PR23","url_text":"xxiii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87749-7","url_text":"978-0-415-87749-7"}]},{"reference":"Kihlstrom, J. F. (2005). \"Dissociative Disorders\". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 1: 227–253. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925. PMID 17716088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17716088","url_text":"17716088"}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of Trauma & Dissociation\". Retrieved January 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/WJTD","url_text":"\"Journal of Trauma & Dissociation\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, C. A. (2009). \"Errors of Logic and Scholarship Concerning Dissociative Identity Disorder\". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 18 (2): 221–231. doi:10.1080/10538710902743982. PMID 19306208. S2CID 41312090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10538710902743982","url_text":"10.1080/10538710902743982"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19306208","url_text":"19306208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41312090","url_text":"41312090"}]},{"reference":"Petrucelli, J (2010). Knowing, not-knowing and sort-of-knowing: psychoanalysis and the experience of Uncertainty. Karnac Books Ltd. pp. 83. ISBN 978-1-85575-657-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRqjEBQJ6uYC&pg=PA83","url_text":"83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-657-1","url_text":"978-1-85575-657-1"}]},{"reference":"Luber, M (2009). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Scripted Protocols Special Populations. Springer Pub. Co. pp. 357. ISBN 978-0-8261-2245-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SUhD74Hvlc4C&pg=PA357","url_text":"357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-2245-2","url_text":"978-0-8261-2245-2"}]},{"reference":"McWilliams, N (2011). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 351. ISBN 978-1-60918-494-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Press","url_text":"Guilford Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BzPOAWB2DncC&pg=PA351","url_text":"351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60918-494-0","url_text":"978-1-60918-494-0"}]},{"reference":"Piper, August; Merskey, Harold (September 2004). \"The Persistence of Folly: A Critical Examination of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Part I. The Excesses of an Improbable Concept\". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (9): 592–600. doi:10.1177/070674370404900904. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 15503730.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/070674370404900904","url_text":"\"The Persistence of Folly: A Critical Examination of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Part I. The Excesses of an Improbable Concept\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370404900904","url_text":"10.1177/070674370404900904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0706-7437","url_text":"0706-7437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15503730","url_text":"15503730"}]},{"reference":"Piper, August; Merskey, Harold (October 2004). \"The Persistence of Folly: Critical Examination of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Part II. The Defence and Decline of Multiple Personality or Dissociative Identity Disorder\". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (10): 678–683. doi:10.1177/070674370404901005. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 15560314.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/070674370404901005","url_text":"\"The Persistence of Folly: Critical Examination of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Part II. The Defence and Decline of Multiple Personality or Dissociative Identity Disorder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370404901005","url_text":"10.1177/070674370404901005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0706-7437","url_text":"0706-7437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15560314","url_text":"15560314"}]},{"reference":"Lilienfeld, Scott O. (March 2007). \"Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm\". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x. ISSN 1745-6916. 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Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231012012002/https://news.isst-d.org/a-statement-from-the-isstd-board-addressing-a-recent-board-change-and-claims-on-social-media/","url_text":"\"A Statement From the ISSTD Board Addressing a Recent Board Change and Claims on Social Media – ISSTD News\""},{"url":"https://news.isst-d.org/a-statement-from-the-isstd-board-addressing-a-recent-board-change-and-claims-on-social-media/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Faction, Grey (November 27, 2023). \"The ISSTD's Death Spiral: Paranoia and Disarray Under 2023 President Michael Salter\". Grey Faction. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://greyfaction.org/isstd-death-spiral/","url_text":"\"The ISSTD's Death Spiral: Paranoia and Disarray Under 2023 President Michael Salter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turmoil after mental health organization rebrands conspiracist group to preserve accreditation\". December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mailchi.mp/5a93acdad192/turmoil-after-mental-health-organization-rebrands-conspiracist-group-to-preserve-accreditation","url_text":"\"Turmoil after mental health organization rebrands conspiracist group to preserve accreditation\""}]},{"reference":"Blaney, PH; Millon T (2008). Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology. Oxford University Press. pp. 456. ISBN 978-0-19-537421-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5bAPxqDyFxUC&pg=PA456","url_text":"456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537421-6","url_text":"978-0-19-537421-6"}]},{"reference":"Chu, James A. (2011). Rebuilding Shattered Lives. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-76874-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hObESa9b1i4C","url_text":"Rebuilding Shattered Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-76874-7","url_text":"978-0-470-76874-7"}]},{"reference":"Hacking, Ian (1998). Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05908-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hacking","url_text":"Hacking, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewriting_the_Soul:_Multiple_Personality_and_the_Sciences_of_Memory","url_text":"Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05908-X","url_text":"0-691-05908-X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_judges_in_Japan
Lay judges in Japan
["1 Current system","1.1 Process","1.2 First lay judge trial under new law","1.3 Controversy","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
A system for trial by jury was first introduced in 1923 under Prime Minister Katō Tomosaburō's administration. Although the system generated relatively high acquittal rates, it was rarely used, in part because it required defendants to give up their rights to appeal the factual determinations made. The system lapsed by the end of World War II. In 2009, as a part of a larger judicial reform project, laws came into force to introduce citizen participation in certain criminal trials by introducing lay judges. Lay judges comprise the majority of the judicial panel. They do not form a jury separate from the judges, as in a common law system, but participate in the trial as inquisitorial judges next to professional judges in accordance with the civil law legal tradition – similar to the French cour d'assises – who actively analyze and investigate evidence presented by the defense and prosecution. Current system On May 28, 2004, the National Diet passed a law requiring selected citizens to participate as judges (and not juries) in trials for certain severe crimes. Citizens chosen for such service, called "saiban-in" (裁判員, "lay judge"), are randomly selected out of the electoral register and, together with professional judges, conduct a public investigation of the evidence in order to determine guilt and sentences. In most cases, the judicial panel is composed of six saiban-in and three professional judges. In cases where there is no substantial dispute over guilt, the panel is composed of four saiban-in and one professional judge. Unlike under the older jury system, the defendants are not allowed to waive trial by saiban-in. The saiban-in system was implemented in May 2009. Process In many respects, the new system is very different from a common law jury system. It is not a (lay) jury of an adversarial system of common law but one that involves a (lay) "judge" found in inquisitorial systems of civil law countries, such as those in continental Europe and Latin America. In a common law adversarial system, the judge acts as a referee over the contest between the defence attorney and the prosecutor, in which the two sides present the facts of their case to the panel of jurors; the judge in this system is mainly the referee of court procedure and decides only the applicable law. In the civil law inquisitorial system, the entire panel of judges conduct a public investigation of the crime at the trial, and pass the verdict and sentence those found guilty. For this reason, each member of the panel can initiate the examination of evidence and witnesses, and by a majority (including at least one professional judge, as explained below) can pass a guilty verdict and impose a penalty. Lay judges’ roles are nevertheless constrained; notably, legal interpretations and determinations remain with the professional judges. Unlike the Anglo-American rule for criminal jury trials, both convictions and acquittals as well as sentence remain subject to appeal by the prosecution and the defence.: 3  The Japanese system is apparently unique: Part B  in that the panel consists of six lay judges, chosen randomly from the public, together with three professional judges, who come together for a single trial (like an Anglo-American jury) but serve as lay judges. As with any jury or lay judge system, it places a large amount of judicial power on randomly chosen members of the public with the aim of democratizing the judicial process. In this, Japan's law states its purpose explicitly as seeking “the promotion of the public’s understanding of the judicial system and … their confidence in it.” A guilty verdict requires a numerical majority of nine judges that includes at least one professional judge. Accordingly, the three professional judges as a collective have a de facto veto on any conviction that would be delivered by the lay judges. The Ministry of Justice specifically avoided using the term "jury" (Baishin-in) and use the term "lay judge" (Saiban-in) instead. Therefore, the current system is categorically not a jury system though this misunderstanding persists in common law countries due to lack of understanding of civil law criminal procedure. According to the selection process, the judges selected were to be a minimum age of 20 and listed on the election lists. Judges must also have completed a secondary level education. The vote of a majority of the lay judges for acquittal results in acquittal, but for conviction a majority of the lay judges must be accompanied by the vote of at least one professional judge. Lay judges are allowed to directly question the defendant during the course of the trial and decide on the sentence corresponding to the verdict. The previous system relied only on a panel of professional judges, and the majority of cases brought forward by prosecutors were those where conviction was high. Citizens chosen who do not serve in their role would be fined 100,000 yen. First lay judge trial under new law Katsuyoshi Fuji, 72, was found guilty in the stabbing death of a 66-year-old neighbor and sentenced to 15 years in jail at the first lay-judge trial held in the Tokyo District Court. On August 3, 2009, six citizens were chosen to serve as "saiban-in" and join three judges at the trial attended by 2,500 people queuing to get into the sixty-seat public gallery. Because Fujii had entered a guilty plea, the lay judges' role was primarily pertaining to the severity of the sentence to be handed down. The trial was open to the media. Controversy This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2014) As in most common law countries where people are reluctant to serve as jury members, many Japanese have expressed reluctance to serve as lay judges. Polls suggest that, similar to developed jury systems, 70% of the population of Japan would be reluctant to serve as judges. Some Japanese have been introduced to mock trials over recent years to overcome their reluctance to express opinions publicly, debate, and defy authority figures. Others have written with concern regarding the harsh secrecy provision in the statute which includes the risk of criminal penalties for those lay judges who would publicly share confidential deliberation room discussion even after trial proceedings are complete. Another issue is that some criminal trials used to take years if the charge was serious and the defence contested the charge. After the system moved to include lay judges, the trial period was fixed to a maximum of a few weeks. Some commentators feel justice is compromised for the convenience of lay judges and that cases are not examined in enough detail. References ^ Johnson, David T. (7 September 2009). "Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 7 (36). ^ Dobrovolskaia, Anna (2008). "The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of "The Jury Guidebook" (Baishin Tebiki)" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 9 (2): 238. ^ Haley, JO, The Spirit of Japanese Law, Univ. of Georgia Press, 1998, p. 52. ^ Green, Stephen (8 December 2009). "Ichihashi trial key test of legal reforms". The Japan Times. ^ a b Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials (Assessor Act), May 28, 2004, Art. 67. ^ Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials (Assessor Act), May 28, 2004, Art. 6. ^ a b c Levin, Mark A.; Tice, Virginia (9 May 2009). "Japan's New Citizen Judges: How Secrecy Imperils Judicial Reform". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 7 (19). ^ Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials (Assessor Act), May 28, 2004, Art. 1. ^ a b Tabuchi, Hiroko; McDonald, Mark (6 August 2009), "In First Return to Japan Court, Jurors Convict and Sentence", New York Times, retrieved 2009-08-06 ^ "Japan's landmark jury trial ends", BBC News, 6 August 2009, retrieved 2009-08-06 ^ Wallacy, Mark (6 August 2009), "Japan revives jury trials", ABC News, retrieved 2009-08-06 ^ McCurry, Justin (3 August 2009), "Trial by jury returns to Japan Thousands queue to witness historic change to country's criminal justice system", The Guardian, retrieved 2009-08-06 ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (16 July 2007). "Japan Learns Dreaded Task of Jury Duty". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-16. Bibliography Johnson, David T. (7 September 2009). "Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 7 (36). Anderson, Kent; Saint, Emma (Winter 2005). "Japan's Quasi-Jury (Saiban-in) Law: An Annotated Translation of the Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 6 (1). (note that the translation differs in some regards from the law as finally enacted). Re. history and development of the pre-war jury system: Dobrovolskaia, Anna (2008). "The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of "The Jury Guidebook" (Baishin Tebiki)" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 9 (2). Anderson, Kent; Ambler, Leah (1 April 2006). "The Slow Birth of Japan's Quasi-Jury System (Saiban-in Seido): Interim Report on the Road to Commencement" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Japanisches Recht. 11 (21): 55–80. Weber, Ingram (Spring 2009). "The New Japanese Jury System: Empowering the Public, Preserving Continental Justice" (PDF). East Asia Law Review. 4 (1). External links Saiban-in (Lay Judge) System, Ministry of Justice Government video explaining new jury system (Japanese) vteJury-related articlesPrimary articles Jury trial Citizens' assembly Coroner's jury Grand jury Indictment Petit jury Jury duty Jury fees Jury instructions Specific finding Deliberation Hung jury Jury nullification Jury tampering Embracery Jury research Jury sequestration Jury stress Juror misconduct Summary jury trial Jury selection Change of venue Death-qualified jury Jury questionnaire Peremptory challenge Racial discrimination in jury selection Strike for cause Scientific jury selection Struck jury Special jury Stealth juror Specific jurisdictions Canada England and Wales Hong Kong Japan Scotland Taiwan United States U.S. military Jury selection Nullification Women Groups Fully Informed Jury Association Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lay judges in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet"},{"link_name":"juries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On May 28, 2004, the National Diet passed a law requiring selected citizens to participate as judges (and not juries) in trials for certain severe crimes. Citizens chosen for such service, called \"saiban-in\" (裁判員, \"lay judge\"), are randomly selected out of the electoral register and, together with professional judges, conduct a public investigation of the evidence in order to determine guilt and sentences. In most cases, the judicial panel is composed of six saiban-in and three professional judges. In cases where there is no substantial dispute over guilt, the panel is composed of four saiban-in and one professional judge. Unlike under the older jury system, the defendants are not allowed to waive trial by saiban-in. The saiban-in system was implemented in May 2009.[4]","title":"Current system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adversarial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_system"},{"link_name":"inquisitorial systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Criminal_Trials_2004-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levin-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levin-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Criminal_Trials_2004-5"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen"}],"sub_title":"Process","text":"In many respects, the new system is very different from a common law jury system. It is not a (lay) jury of an adversarial system of common law but one that involves a (lay) \"judge\" found in inquisitorial systems of civil law countries, such as those in continental Europe and Latin America. In a common law adversarial system, the judge acts as a referee over the contest between the defence attorney and the prosecutor, in which the two sides present the facts of their case to the panel of jurors; the judge in this system is mainly the referee of court procedure and decides only the applicable law.In the civil law inquisitorial system, the entire panel of judges conduct a public investigation of the crime at the trial, and pass the verdict and sentence those found guilty. For this reason, each member of the panel can initiate the examination of evidence and witnesses, and by a majority (including at least one professional judge, as explained below) can pass a guilty verdict and impose a penalty.[5] Lay judges’ roles are nevertheless constrained; notably, legal interpretations and determinations remain with the professional judges.[6] Unlike the Anglo-American rule for criminal jury trials, both convictions and acquittals as well as sentence remain subject to appeal by the prosecution and the defence.[7]: 3The Japanese system is apparently unique[7]: Part B  in that the panel consists of six lay judges, chosen randomly from the public, together with three professional judges, who come together for a single trial (like an Anglo-American jury) but serve as lay judges. As with any jury or lay judge system, it places a large amount of judicial power on randomly chosen members of the public with the aim of democratizing the judicial process. In this, Japan's law states its purpose explicitly as seeking “the promotion of the public’s understanding of the judicial system and … their confidence in it.”[8]A guilty verdict requires a numerical majority of nine judges that includes at least one professional judge. Accordingly, the three professional judges as a collective have a de facto veto on any conviction that would be delivered by the lay judges.[5] The Ministry of Justice specifically avoided using the term \"jury\" (Baishin-in) and use the term \"lay judge\" (Saiban-in) instead. Therefore, the current system is categorically not a jury system though this misunderstanding persists in common law countries due to lack of understanding of civil law criminal procedure.According to the selection process, the judges selected were to be a minimum age of 20 and listed on the election lists. Judges must also have completed a secondary level education. The vote of a majority of the lay judges for acquittal results in acquittal, but for conviction a majority of the lay judges must be accompanied by the vote of at least one professional judge.\nLay judges are allowed to directly question the defendant during the course of the trial and decide on the sentence corresponding to the verdict. The previous system relied only on a panel of professional judges, and the majority of cases brought forward by prosecutors were those where conviction was high. Citizens chosen who do not serve in their role would be fined 100,000 yen.","title":"Current system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabuchi-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallacy-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurry-12"}],"sub_title":"First lay judge trial under new law","text":"Katsuyoshi Fuji, 72, was found guilty in the stabbing death of a 66-year-old neighbor and sentenced to 15 years in jail at the first lay-judge trial held in the Tokyo District Court. On August 3, 2009, six citizens were chosen to serve as \"saiban-in\" and join three judges at the trial attended by 2,500 people queuing to get into the sixty-seat public gallery. Because Fujii had entered a guilty plea, the lay judges' role was primarily pertaining to the severity of the sentence to be handed down. The trial was open to the media.[9][10][11][12]","title":"Current system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabuchi-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levin-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"As in most common law countries where people are reluctant to serve as jury members, many Japanese have expressed reluctance to serve as lay judges. Polls suggest that, similar to developed jury systems, 70% of the population of Japan would be reluctant to serve as judges.[13] Some Japanese have been introduced to mock trials over recent years to overcome their reluctance to express opinions publicly, debate, and defy authority figures.[9] Others have written with concern regarding the harsh secrecy provision in the statute which includes the risk of criminal penalties for those lay judges who would publicly share confidential deliberation room discussion even after trial proceedings are complete.[7]Another issue is that some criminal trials used to take years if the charge was serious and the defence contested the charge. After the system moved to include lay judges, the trial period was fixed to a maximum of a few weeks. Some commentators[citation needed] feel justice is compromised for the convenience of lay judges and that cases are not examined in enough detail.","title":"Current system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apjjf.org/-David-T.-Johnson/3212/article.html"},{"link_name":"\"Japan's Quasi-Jury (Saiban-in) Law: An Annotated Translation of the Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_06.1_anderson.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of \"The Jury Guidebook\" (Baishin Tebiki)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_09.2_dobrovolskaia.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Slow Birth of Japan's Quasi-Jury System (Saiban-in Seido): Interim Report on the Road to Commencement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zjapanr.de/index.php/zjapanr/article/view/265/277"},{"link_name":"\"The New Japanese Jury System: Empowering the Public, Preserving Continental Justice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=ealr"}],"text":"Johnson, David T. (7 September 2009). \"Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials\". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 7 (36).\nAnderson, Kent; Saint, Emma (Winter 2005). \"Japan's Quasi-Jury (Saiban-in) Law: An Annotated Translation of the Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials\" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 6 (1). (note that the translation differs in some regards from the law as finally enacted).\nRe. history and development of the pre-war jury system: Dobrovolskaia, Anna (2008). \"The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of \"The Jury Guidebook\" (Baishin Tebiki)\" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 9 (2).\nAnderson, Kent; Ambler, Leah (1 April 2006). \"The Slow Birth of Japan's Quasi-Jury System (Saiban-in Seido): Interim Report on the Road to Commencement\" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Japanisches Recht. 11 (21): 55–80.\nWeber, Ingram (Spring 2009). \"The New Japanese Jury System: Empowering the Public, Preserving Continental Justice\" (PDF). East Asia Law Review. 4 (1).","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Johnson, David T. (7 September 2009). \"Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials\". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 7 (36).","urls":[{"url":"https://apjjf.org/-David-T.-Johnson/3212/article.html","url_text":"\"Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials\""}]},{"reference":"Dobrovolskaia, Anna (2008). \"The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of \"The Jury Guidebook\" (Baishin Tebiki)\" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 9 (2): 238.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_09.2_dobrovolskaia.pdf","url_text":"\"The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of \"The Jury Guidebook\" (Baishin Tebiki)\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Stephen (8 December 2009). \"Ichihashi trial key test of legal reforms\". The Japan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2009/12/08/issues/ichihashi-trial-key-test-of-legal-reforms","url_text":"\"Ichihashi trial key test of legal reforms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Levin, Mark A.; Tice, Virginia (9 May 2009). \"Japan's New Citizen Judges: How Secrecy Imperils Judicial Reform\". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 7 (19).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japanfocus.org/-Mark-Levin/3141","url_text":"\"Japan's New Citizen Judges: How Secrecy Imperils Judicial Reform\""}]},{"reference":"Tabuchi, Hiroko; McDonald, Mark (6 August 2009), \"In First Return to Japan Court, Jurors Convict and Sentence\", New York Times, retrieved 2009-08-06","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi","url_text":"Tabuchi, Hiroko"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/world/asia/07japan.html?_r=1&partner=MOREOVERNEWS&ei=5040","url_text":"\"In First Return to Japan Court, Jurors Convict and Sentence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's landmark jury trial ends\", BBC News, 6 August 2009, retrieved 2009-08-06","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8188447.stm","url_text":"\"Japan's landmark jury trial ends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Wallacy, Mark (6 August 2009), \"Japan revives jury trials\", ABC News, retrieved 2009-08-06","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/08/05/2646469.htm","url_text":"\"Japan revives jury trials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"McCurry, Justin (3 August 2009), \"Trial by jury returns to Japan Thousands queue to witness historic change to country's criminal justice system\", The Guardian, retrieved 2009-08-06","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/03/japan-trial-by-jury-returns","url_text":"\"Trial by jury returns to Japan Thousands queue to witness historic change to country's criminal justice system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Onishi, Norimitsu (16 July 2007). \"Japan Learns Dreaded Task of Jury Duty\". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/world/asia/16jury.html?ex=1342238400&en=e03e6e32d7b87f74&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss","url_text":"\"Japan Learns Dreaded Task of Jury Duty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, David T. (7 September 2009). \"Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials\". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 7 (36).","urls":[{"url":"https://apjjf.org/-David-T.-Johnson/3212/article.html","url_text":"\"Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kent; Saint, Emma (Winter 2005). \"Japan's Quasi-Jury (Saiban-in) Law: An Annotated Translation of the Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials\" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 6 (1).","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_06.1_anderson.pdf","url_text":"\"Japan's Quasi-Jury (Saiban-in) Law: An Annotated Translation of the Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials\""}]},{"reference":"Dobrovolskaia, Anna (2008). \"The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of \"The Jury Guidebook\" (Baishin Tebiki)\" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 9 (2).","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_09.2_dobrovolskaia.pdf","url_text":"\"The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of \"The Jury Guidebook\" (Baishin Tebiki)\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kent; Ambler, Leah (1 April 2006). \"The Slow Birth of Japan's Quasi-Jury System (Saiban-in Seido): Interim Report on the Road to Commencement\" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Japanisches Recht. 11 (21): 55–80.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zjapanr.de/index.php/zjapanr/article/view/265/277","url_text":"\"The Slow Birth of Japan's Quasi-Jury System (Saiban-in Seido): Interim Report on the Road to Commencement\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, Ingram (Spring 2009). \"The New Japanese Jury System: Empowering the Public, Preserving Continental Justice\" (PDF). East Asia Law Review. 4 (1).","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=ealr","url_text":"\"The New Japanese Jury System: Empowering the Public, Preserving Continental Justice\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Sun_(singer)
A-Sun (singer)
["1 Discography","2 Awards and nominations","3 References"]
Taiwanese singer In this Chinese name, the family name is Huang. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A-SunBornHuang Yen-lin(1975-02-28)28 February 1975Yunlin County, TaiwanDied6 April 2009(2009-04-06) (aged 34)Xindian, Taipei County, TaiwanOccupationSinger-songwriterYears active2002–2008Chinese nameTraditional Chinese黃嬿璘Simplified Chinese黄嬿璘TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHuáng YànlínAlternative Chinese nameChinese阿桑Literal meaningJudy HuangTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinĀ Sāng Musical careerAlso known asA-Sang or Ah-SangAh-sunA-San or Ah-SanJudy HuangLabelsHIM International Music Musical artist Huang Yen-lin (28 February 1975 – 6 April 2009), better known by her stage name A-Sun (阿桑, a slang term for "old woman" in Taiwanese Hokkien), was a Taiwanese Mandopop singer-songwriter. She died in 2009 from breast cancer, aged 34. Discography Studio albums 2003 Love Hurts (受了點傷) 2005 For the Lonely... (寂寞在唱歌) Soundtracks and theme songs TV series featuring her songs include: The Rose (2005 Taiwanese series) Chinese Paladin (2005 Chinese series) The Hospital (2006 Taiwanese series) Justice Bao (2010-2012 Chinese series) - the ending theme song of Season 2 (2011) was written by her, and sung by her friend Shane Chang after her death. Awards and nominations 2004 15th Golden Melody Awards Nominated - Best New Artist, Love Hurts References "Taiwan Singer A-sun Dies". The Straits Times. 8 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2014. "Taiwan Singer A Sun Dies of Breast Cancer". China Radio International. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2014. vteHIM International MusicExecutives Lu Yan-qing (吕燕青) (CEO) PerformersSolo Yoga Lin Yo Lee Ian Chen Real Wang Yao-yang Geng Si-han Janice Yan Yisa Yu Olivia Ong Boon Hui Lu Karencici Lydia (F.I.R.) Luyi (盧一辰) Where Chou Salsa Chen Group Power Station F.I.R. antitalent Actors Jesseca Liu Joanne Tseng Kristy Chu Pipi Yao Edward Chen Former Z-Chen JS A-Sun Kaira Gong Aska Yang Shadya Lan Wu Chun Cathy Shyu Stanly Hsu Dennis Sun Charks An Rose Liu Jeno Liu Jiro Wang Anthony Neely Dylan Kuo Prince Chiu Selina Hebe Ella S.H.E Calvin Chen Aaron Yan Mike He Sa Sa Subsidiaries All Ears Music Inc. HM Music Blooming Music & Arts Website: HIM International Music Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz This article about a Taiwanese singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"slang term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang_term"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien"},{"link_name":"Mandopop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandopop"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Huang.Huang Yen-lin (28 February 1975 – 6 April 2009), better known by her stage name A-Sun (阿桑, a slang term for \"old woman\" in Taiwanese Hokkien), was a Taiwanese Mandopop singer-songwriter. She died in 2009 from breast cancer, aged 34.","title":"A-Sun (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rose_(Taiwanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chinese Paladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Paladin_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hospital_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Justice Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Bao_(2010_TV_series)"}],"text":"Studio albums2003 Love Hurts (受了點傷)\n2005 For the Lonely... (寂寞在唱歌)Soundtracks and theme songsTV series featuring her songs include:The Rose (2005 Taiwanese series)\nChinese Paladin (2005 Chinese series)\nThe Hospital (2006 Taiwanese series)\nJustice Bao (2010-2012 Chinese series) - the ending theme song of Season 2 (2011) was written by her, and sung by her friend Shane Chang after her death.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"15th Golden Melody Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Golden_Melody_Awards"}],"text":"2004 15th Golden Melody Awards\nNominated - Best New Artist, Love Hurts","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tideman_Johnson_Natural_Area
Tideman Johnson Natural Area
["1 Ecology","2 Maintenance","3 Notes and references","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°27′46″N 122°37′24″W / 45.46278°N 122.62333°W / 45.46278; -122.62333Public park in Portland, Oregon, U.S. Tideman Johnson Natural AreaCreek and woods in the park, 2010TypeUrban parkLocationSE 37th Ave. and Tenino St.Portland, OregonCoordinates45°27′46″N 122°37′24″W / 45.46278°N 122.62333°W / 45.46278; -122.62333Area7.59 acres (3.07 ha)Created1940Operated byPortland Parks & Recreation Tideman Johnson Natural Area is a city park of about 7.7 acres (3.1 ha) in southeast Portland, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located at Southeast 37th Avenue and Tenino Street along Johnson Creek, the site is named for a mid-19th century family named Johnson that encouraged public use of its land along the creek. The park has paved and unpaved paths for hiking. A loop trail and boardwalk off the Springwater Corridor runs through the park. Ecology A good area for bird-watching, the park attracts owls, pigeons, kingfishers, and herons. In late spring and early summer, Tideman Johnson's big-leaf maples, alders, and other trees are frequented by warblers, grosbeaks and mourning doves. Other birds commonly seen in the park include sapsuckers, woodpeckers, chickadees, and bushtits. During a restoration project completed in 2006, workers identified 22 fish species in the creek at Tideman Johnson and counted 23 Chinook salmon and 107 steelhead trout. Maintenance Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services (BES) undertook the 2006 project to repair a sewer line that runs through the park. In 1922, when it was constructed, the Lents Interceptor sewer was buried about 5 feet (1.5 m) beneath Johnson Creek. Over the years, the stream washed away the fill above the pipe, exposing it to possible damage. Workers surrounded the pipe with concrete during the project and covered it with rock. They also reshaped stream banks, planted 5,300 trees and shrubs, and added boulders and woody debris to the stream to prevent erosion and improve fish habitat. Notes and references Notes ^ Tideman Johnson settled in the area in 1878 but was unrelated to the Johnson for whom the creek is named. Tideman's great-grandson, Steve Johnson, still lives along the creek and is an adjunct professor of urban studies and planning at Portland State University and a founder of the Johnson Creek Watershed Council, which links interests along the stream. References ^ "Tideman Johnson City Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. May 1, 1994. Retrieved December 8, 2010. ^ a b c "Tideman Johnson Natural Area". City of Portland. 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010. ^ Heinz, Spencer (February 9, 2006). "Up Johnson Creek". The Oregonian. ^ a b c "Tideman Johnson Park Restoration Project" (PDF). Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2010. ^ a b Houck, Michael C.; Cody, M.J., eds. (2000). Wild in the City: A Guide to Portland's Natural Areas. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. pp. 269–70. ISBN 0-87595-273-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tideman Johnson Natural Area. Oregon portal Johnson Creek Watershed Council vteParks in Portland, OregonParks North Park Blocks Tom McCall Waterfront North Arbor Lodge Cathedral Chimney Columbia Dawson Delta DeNorval Unthank Farragut Gammans George Kelley Point Kenton McCoy McKenna Overlook Peninsula Pier Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area St. Johns Northeast Alberta Cully Gateway Discovery Gateway Green Glenfair Grant Holiday Irving John Luby Kʰunamokwst Knott Merrifield Normandale Oregon Rocky Butte Sacajawea Thompson Wellington Whitaker Ponds Nature Wilshire Woodlawn Northwest Couch The Fields Forest Jamison Square Lan Su Chinese Garden Tanner Springs Wallace South Butterfly Caruthers South Waterfront Greenway South Waterfront Willamette Southeast Beggars Tick Wildlife Refuge Berkeley Berrydale Bloomington Brentwood Brooklyn Cherry Clatsop Butte Clinton Colonel Summers Creston Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden Earl Boyles Ed Benedict Portland Memory Garden Errol Heights Essex Flavel Glenwood Harney Hazeltine Johnson Creek Kelly Butte Natural Area Kenilworth Kern Laurelhurst Laurelwood Leach Botanical Garden Lents Lincoln Mill Montavilla Mount Tabor Mt. Scott North Powellhurst Oaks Amusement Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge Parklane Piccolo Powell Butte Powell Raymond Sellwood Sellwood Riverfront Sewallcrest Springwater Corridor Tideman Johnson Natural Area Verdell Burdine Rutherford Westmoreland Woodstock Southwest Ankeny Square Council Crest Darcelle XV Plaza Director Duniway Fulton Gabriel George Himes Keller Fountain Lair Hill Lovejoy Fountain Marquam Nature Mill Ends The Oregonian Printing Press Pettygrove Pioneer Courthouse Square Plaza Blocks Portland Firefighters South Park Blocks Terry Schrunk Plaza Tryon Creek State Natural Area Washington Hoyt Arboretum International Rose Test Garden Oregon Zoo Related 40-Mile Loop Audubon Society of Portland Eastbank Esplanade Elk Rock Gardens of the Bishop's Close Green Loop Olmsted Portland park plan St. Johns Racquet Center Willamette Stone Category Portland Parks & Recreation Commons vteProtected areas of Oregon Heritage registers National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks World Network of Biosphere Reserves FederalNPSNational Parks Crater Lake National HistoricParks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Lewis and Clark NHP Nez Perce NHP National monuments John Day Fossil Beds Newberry National Volcanic Monument (USFS) Oregon Caves USFSNational Forests Deschutes Fremont–Winema Malheur Mount Hood Ochoco Rogue River–Siskiyou Siuslaw Umatilla Umpqua Wallowa–Whitman Willamette National Grasslands Crooked River National recreation areas Hells Canyon Mount Hood Oregon Dunes Scenic areas Cape Perpetua Columbia River Gorge National WildlifeRefuge System Ankeny Bandon Marsh Baskett Slough Bear Valley Cape Meares Cold Springs Deer Flat Hart Mountain Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer Klamath Marsh Lewis and Clark Lower Klamath Malheur McKay Creek Nestucca Bay Oregon Islands Siletz Bay Three Arch Rocks Tualatin River Umatilla Upper Klamath Wapato Lake William L. Finley Wilderness areas Badger Creek Black Canyon Boulder Creek Bridge Creek Bull of the Woods Clackamas Copper Salmon Cummins Creek Devil's Staircase Diamond Peak Drift Creek Eagle Cap Gearhart Mountain Grassy Knob Hells Canyon Kalmiopsis Lower White River Mark O. Hatfield Menagerie Middle Santiam Mill Creek Monument Rock Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Mount Thielsen Mount Washington Mountain Lakes North Fork John Day North Fork Umatilla Opal Creek Oregon Badlands Red Buttes Roaring River Rock Creek Rogue–Umpqua Divide Salmon–Huckleberry Sky Lakes Soda Mountain Spring Basin Steens Mountain Strawberry Mountain Table Rock Three Sisters Waldo Lake Wenaha–Tucannon Wild Rogue National Conservation Lands Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of Oregon's National Wild and Scenic Rivers Other protected areas Cascade Head Preserve Christmas Valley Sand Dunes Fossil Lake Area of Critical Environmental Concern Lost Forest Research Natural Area Sandy River Delta South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Upper and Lower Table Rock Wildwood Recreation Site StateParksNorthCoast Arcadia Beach Bob Straub Bradley Cape Kiwanda Cape Lookout Cape Meares Clay Myers at Whalen Island Del Rey Beach Ecola Elmer Feldenheimer Fishing Rock Fort Stevens Gearhart Ocean Haystack Hill Hug Point John Yeon Manhattan Beach Munson Creek Falls Neahkahnie–Manzanita Nehalem Bay Oceanside Beach Oswald West Rockaway Beach Sunset Beach Sunset Highway Forest Sitka Sedge Symons Tolovana Beach Twin Rocks Wilson River Highway Forest CentralCoast Agate Beach Alsea Bay Beachside Beaver Creek Beverly Beach Boiler Bay Carl G. Washburne Collins Creek D River Darlingtonia Devils Lake Devils Punch Bowl Driftwood Beach Ellmaker Fogarty Creek Gleneden Beach Governor Patterson H.B. Van Duzer Heceta Head Lighthouse Jessie M. Honeyman Joaquin Miller Forest L. Presley & Vera C. Gill Lost Creek Muriel O. Ponsler Neptune Neskowin Beach Ona Beach Otter Crest Pritchard Roads End Rocky Creek San Marine Seal Rock Smelt Sands South Beach Stonefield Beach Tokatee Klootchman W. B. Nelson Whale Watching Yachats Yachats Ocean Road Yaquina Bay SouthCoast Albert H. Powers Alfred A. Loeb Arizona Beach Bandon Bolon Island Tideways Bullards Beach Cape Arago Cape Blanco Cape Sebastian Conde B. McCullough Coquille Myrtle Grove Crissey Field Elk Creek Tunnel Forest Face Rock Floras Lake Geisel Monument Golden and Silver Falls Harris Beach Hoffman Humbug Mountain Hutchinson Lone Ranch Maria C. Jackson McVay Rock Ophir Otter Point Paradise Point Pistol River Port Orford Cedar Forest Port Orford Heads Samuel H. Boardman Seven Devils Shore Acres Sisters Rock Sunset Bay Sweet Myrtle Umpqua Umpqua Lighthouse Umpqua Myrtle William M. Tugman Winchuck Yoakam Point PortlandMetro Banks–Vernonia Bonnie Lure Government Island L. L. "Stub" Stewart Mary S. Young Milo McIver Tryon Creek Willamette Stone ColumbiaRiver Gorge/Mount Hood Ainsworth Benson Bonneville Bridal Veil Falls Crown Point Dabney Dalton Point George W. Joseph Guy W. Talbot Historic Columbia River Highway John B. Yeon Koberg Beach Lang Forest Lewis and Clark Lindsey Creek Mayer McLoughlin Memaloose Multnomah Falls Portland Women's Forum Rocky Butte Rooster Rock Seneca Fouts Shepperd's Dell Sheridan Starvation Creek Viento Vinzenz Lausmann Wyeth Wygant WillametteValley Alderwood Bald Peak Blachly Mountain Forest Bowers Rock Cascadia Champoeg Detroit Lake Dexter Elijah Bristow Erratic Rock Fall Creek Fort Yamhill Holman Jasper Lowell Luckiamute Maples Maud Williamson Molalla River North Santiam Sarah Helmick Silver Falls State Capitol Thompson's Mills Washburne Willamette Mission Willamette Greenway SouthernOregon Ben Hur Lampman Canyon Creek Forest Casey Collier Memorial Illinois River Forks Jackson F. Kimball Joseph H. Stewart Klamath Falls – Lakeview Forest OC&E Woods Line Prospect Rough and Ready Forest Stage Coach Forest TouVelle Tub Springs Valley of the Rogue Wolf Creek Inn CentralOregon Cline Falls Cottonwood Canyon Deschutes River Dyer Elliott Corbett La Pine Ochoco Peter Skene Ogden Pilot Butte Prineville Reservoir Redmond–Bend Juniper Sisters Smith Rock The Cove Palisades Tumalo White River Falls EasternOregon Bates Battle Mountain Forest Blue Mountain Forest Booth Catherine Creek Chandler Clyde Holliday Crooked Creek Deadman's Pass Emigrant Springs Farewell Bend Fort Rock Fort Rock Cave Frenchglen Hotel Goose Lake Hat Rock Hilgard Junction Kam Wah Chung Lake Owyhee Minam Ontario Pete French Round Barn Red Bridge Succor Creek Sumpter Valley Dredge Ukiah–Dale Forest Unity Forest Unity Lake Wallowa Lake Wallowa Lake Highway Forest Wallowa River Forests Clatsop Elliott Gilchrist Santiam Sun Pass Tillamook Wildlifeareas Bridge Creek Dean Creek Denman E. E. Wilson Elkhorn Fern Ridge Irrigon Jewell Meadows Klamath Ladd Marsh Lower Deschutes Phillip W. Schneider Prineville Riverside Sauvie Island Snake River Islands Summer Lake Wenaha White River Willow Creek LocalMetro Blue Lake Cooper Mountain Glendoveer Graham Oaks Howell Oregon Zoo Oxbow Smith and Bybee Mount Talbert Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District Tualatin Hills Nature Park Category Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Portland Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_&_Recreation-2"},{"link_name":"Johnson Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Creek_(Willamette_River)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_&_Recreation-2"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks_&_Recreation-2"},{"link_name":"Springwater Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springwater_Corridor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BES-5"}],"text":"Public park in Portland, Oregon, U.S.Tideman Johnson Natural Area is a city park of about 7.7 acres (3.1 ha) in southeast Portland, in the U.S. state of Oregon.[2] Located at Southeast 37th Avenue and Tenino Street along Johnson Creek, the site is named for a mid-19th century family named Johnson that encouraged public use of its land along the creek.[2][n 1] The park has paved and unpaved paths for hiking.[2] A loop trail and boardwalk off the Springwater Corridor runs through the park.[4]","title":"Tideman Johnson Natural Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owls"},{"link_name":"kingfishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher"},{"link_name":"herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houck-6"},{"link_name":"big-leaf maples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum"},{"link_name":"alders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder"},{"link_name":"warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbler"},{"link_name":"grosbeaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosbeak"},{"link_name":"mourning doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_dove"},{"link_name":"sapsuckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapsucker"},{"link_name":"woodpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodpecker"},{"link_name":"chickadees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit_(bird)"},{"link_name":"bushtits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bushtit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houck-6"},{"link_name":"Chinook salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon"},{"link_name":"steelhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BES-5"}],"text":"A good area for bird-watching, the park attracts owls, pigeons, kingfishers, and herons.[5] In late spring and early summer, Tideman Johnson's big-leaf maples, alders, and other trees are frequented by warblers, grosbeaks and mourning doves. Other birds commonly seen in the park include sapsuckers, woodpeckers, chickadees, and bushtits.[5] During a restoration project completed in 2006, workers identified 22 fish species in the creek at Tideman Johnson and counted 23 Chinook salmon and 107 steelhead trout.[4]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Portland,_Oregon#Utilities_and_energy_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Lents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lents,_Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BES-5"}],"text":"Portland's Bureau of Environmental Services (BES) undertook the 2006 project to repair a sewer line that runs through the park. In 1922, when it was constructed, the Lents Interceptor sewer was buried about 5 feet (1.5 m) beneath Johnson Creek. Over the years, the stream washed away the fill above the pipe, exposing it to possible damage. Workers surrounded the pipe with concrete during the project and covered it with rock. They also reshaped stream banks, planted 5,300 trees and shrubs, and added boulders and woody debris to the stream to prevent erosion and improve fish habitat.[4]","title":"Maintenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Portland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Tideman Johnson City Park\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1166844"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parks_&_Recreation_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parks_&_Recreation_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parks_&_Recreation_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Tideman Johnson Natural Area\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=815"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BES_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BES_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BES_5-2"},{"link_name":"\"Tideman Johnson Park Restoration Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=33213&a=257373"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Houck_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Houck_6-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87595-273-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87595-273-9"}],"text":"Notes^ Tideman Johnson settled in the area in 1878 but was unrelated to the Johnson for whom the creek is named. Tideman's great-grandson, Steve Johnson, still lives along the creek and is an adjunct professor of urban studies and planning at Portland State University and a founder of the Johnson Creek Watershed Council, which links interests along the stream.[3]References^ \"Tideman Johnson City Park\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. May 1, 1994. Retrieved December 8, 2010.\n\n^ a b c \"Tideman Johnson Natural Area\". City of Portland. 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.\n\n^ Heinz, Spencer (February 9, 2006). \"Up Johnson Creek\". The Oregonian.\n\n^ a b c \"Tideman Johnson Park Restoration Project\" (PDF). Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2010.\n\n^ a b Houck, Michael C.; Cody, M.J., eds. (2000). Wild in the City: A Guide to Portland's Natural Areas. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. pp. 269–70. ISBN 0-87595-273-9.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tideman Johnson City Park\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. May 1, 1994. Retrieved December 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1166844","url_text":"\"Tideman Johnson City Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tideman Johnson Natural Area\". City of Portland. 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=815","url_text":"\"Tideman Johnson Natural Area\""}]},{"reference":"Heinz, Spencer (February 9, 2006). \"Up Johnson Creek\". The Oregonian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tideman Johnson Park Restoration Project\" (PDF). Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=33213&a=257373","url_text":"\"Tideman Johnson Park Restoration Project\""}]},{"reference":"Houck, Michael C.; Cody, M.J., eds. (2000). Wild in the City: A Guide to Portland's Natural Areas. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. pp. 269–70. ISBN 0-87595-273-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87595-273-9","url_text":"0-87595-273-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anthony_Garbett
Paul Garbett
["1 Chess career","2 Notable games","3 References"]
Paul GarbettPaul Garbett, New Zealand chess International Master, July 2012Country New ZealandBorn (1952-12-18) 18 December 1952 (age 71)Auckland, New ZealandTitleInternational Master (2005)Peak rating2372 (January 1999) Paul Anthony Garbett (born 18 December 1952, Auckland, New Zealand) is a chess International Master (IM). Chess career Garbett has represented New Zealand in six Chess Olympiads between 1974 and 2012. His best result was in 1990 when he scored 5/11 on board 1. Garbett competed in the Asian Zonal Chess Championship in Melbourne 1975 and Kuala Lumpur 1990. He competed in the Oceania Chess Championship in 2000, 2005, 2009 and 2012. Garbett gained his International Master title when he scored 6.5/9, and finished =2nd with Darryl Johansen, George Xie and Jonathan Humphrey, in the 2005 Oceania Zonal Chess Championship in Auckland. Garbett won or jointly won the New Zealand Chess Championship seven times in 1973/74, 1974/75, 1982/83, 1983/84, 1988/89, 2015 and 2020. He holds the record for the longest timespan between first and latest title. He also jointly won the New Zealand Rapid Chess Championship in 2003/04 and in 2013. He has won the NZ Correspondence Chess Championship twice - in 1971 (the youngest ever by 9 days ahead of Michael Freeman) and 1982. Notable games Paul Anthony Garbett vs Vasilios Kotronias, Olympiad Novi Sad (1990), Sicilian Defense: Richter-Rauzer Variation, (B63), 1-0 References ^ Paul Anthony Garbett FIDE rating history, www.olimpbase.org ^ a b Paul Anthony Garbett FIDE player profile, www.fide.com ^ a b Paul Garbett player profile and games at Chessgames.com ^ a b Paul Anthony Garbett Chess Olympiad statistics, www.olimpbase.org ^ The Week in Chess 535, 7 Feb 2005 Mark Crowther ^ The New Zealand Championships: A Brief History by Peter Stuart ^ 2013 NZ Rapid Chess Championship - Final Standings Archived 2013-03-14 at the Wayback Machine Wellington Chess Club
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1084731","external_links_name":"Paul Anthony Garbett vs Vasilios Kotronias, Olympiad Novi Sad (1990), Sicilian Defense: Richter-Rauzer Variation, (B63), 1-0"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/player/Garbett,%20Paul%20Anthony.html","external_links_name":"Paul Anthony Garbett"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/","external_links_name":"www.olimpbase.org"},{"Link":"http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=4300122","external_links_name":"Paul Anthony Garbett"},{"Link":"http://www.fide.com/","external_links_name":"www.fide.com"},{"Link":"https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=42376","external_links_name":"Paul Garbett"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/players/g0auoqil.html","external_links_name":"Paul Anthony Garbett"},{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/","external_links_name":"www.olimpbase.org"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130420193313/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic535.html%235","external_links_name":"The Week in Chess 535, 7 Feb 2005"},{"Link":"http://www.poisonpawn.co.nz/chess/a-history-of-new-zealand-chess-championships/","external_links_name":"The New Zealand Championships: A Brief History"},{"Link":"http://chess.wellington.net.nz/congress_rapid.html","external_links_name":"2013 NZ Rapid Chess Championship - Final Standings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314174413/http://chess.wellington.net.nz/congress_rapid.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuya_Okazaki
Kazuya Okazaki
["1 Club statistics","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese footballer This article is about the football player. For the cyclist, see Kazuya Okazaki (cyclist). Kazuya Okazaki 岡﨑 和也Personal informationFull name Kazuya OkazakiDate of birth (1991-07-28) July 28, 1991 (age 32)Place of birth Hiroshima, JapanHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team SRC HiroshimaNumber 28Youth career2007–2009 Hiroshima Kannon High SchoolSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2010–2015 Fagiano Okayama 3 (0)2010–2013 → Fagiano OkayamaNext (loan) 46 (11)2014 → Albirex NiigataSingapore (loan) 24 (5)2015 → Verspah Oita (loan) 22 (1)2016– SRC Hiroshima *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 22 February 2016 Kazuya Okazaki (岡﨑 和也, Okazaki Kazuya, born July 28, 1991) is a former Japanese football player. Club statistics Updated to 22 February 2016. Club performance League Cup Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Japan League Emperor's Cup Total 2010 Fagiano Okayama J2 League 0 0 - 0 0 2011 0 0 - 0 0 2012 3 0 1 0 4 0 2013 0 0 - 0 0 2014 Albirex Niigata Singapore S.League 24 5 - 24 5 2015 Verspah Oita JFL 22 1 2 0 24 1 Country Japan 25 1 3 0 28 1 Singapore 24 5 - 24 5 Total 49 6 3 0 52 6 References ^ Nippon Sports Kikaku Publishing inc./日本スポーツ企画出版社, "J1&J2選手名鑑 2013 (NSK MOOK)", 14 February 2013, Japan, ISBN 978-4905411161 (p. 196 out of 266) External links Kazuya Okazaki at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) J. League (#28) Contract with Kazuya Okazaki. Player Profile on Albirex Niigata (S) Official Website. This biographical article related to a Japanese association football midfielder born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazuya Okazaki (cyclist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuya_Okazaki_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"This article is about the football player. For the cyclist, see Kazuya Okazaki (cyclist).Kazuya Okazaki (岡﨑 和也, Okazaki Kazuya, born July 28, 1991) is a former Japanese football player.","title":"Kazuya Okazaki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Updated to 22 February 2016.[1]","title":"Club statistics"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/J1-J2%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E5%90%8D%E9%91%91-2013-NSK-MOOK/dp/4905411106","external_links_name":"\"J1&J2選手名鑑 2013 (NSK MOOK)\""},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX04/?player_id=10820","external_links_name":"Kazuya Okazaki"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX04/?player_id=10820","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150131134128/http://www.j-league.or.jp/data/view.php?c=okayama&t=player&g=j2&y=2012&l=E","external_links_name":"J. League (#28)"},{"Link":"http://www.albirex.com.sg/index.php?option=com_albirex&view=news&task=detail&id=1518&lang=en","external_links_name":"Contract with Kazuya Okazaki."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219174524/http://www.albirex.com.sg/index2.php?option=com_albirex&view=player&task=enajax&lang=en&playerid=102","external_links_name":"Player Profile on Albirex Niigata (S) Official Website."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazuya_Okazaki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Miguel_Indur%C3%A1in
GP Miguel Induráin
["1 History","2 Past winners","2.1 Wins per country","3 References","4 External links"]
Spanish one-day road cycling race GP Miguel InduráinRace detailsDateEarly AprilRegionNavarre, SpainEnglish nameGrand Prix Miguel InduráinLocal name(s)Gran Premio Miguel Induráin (in Spanish)DisciplineRoadCompetitionUCI ProSeriesTypeSingle-dayOrganiserClub Ciclista Estella ()Web sitewww.clubciclistaestella.com HistoryFirst edition1951 (1951)Editions70 (as of 2024)First winner Hortensio Vidaurreta (ESP)Most wins Hortensio Vidaurreta (ESP) Miguel María Lasa (ESP) Juan Fernández (ESP) Ángel Vicioso (ESP) Alejandro Valverde (ESP)(3 wins each)Most recent Brandon McNulty (USA) The Grand Prix Miguel Induráin (Spanish: Gran Premio Miguel Induráin), formerly the "Grand Prix Navarre" is a Spanish one-day road bicycle race. History The race was inaugurated in 1951, but was limited to local competition. It was rebranded after Spanish cyclist Miguel Induráin in 1998. In 2005, the race was upgraded to a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour. For 2007 and 2008 the race was further upgraded to a 1.HC event. The race became part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020. These higher grades have attracted an increasingly competitive and international field of racers. The race often loops through the city of Estella-Lizarra, in the Spanish region of Navarre. The modern race always includes several challenging climbs and thus tends to favor a fast all-rounder, rather than a climber or a pure sprinter. Hortensio Vidaurreta, Miguel María Lasa, Juan Fernández, Ángel Vicioso, and Alejandro Valverde share the record for most wins with three each. Past winners Year Country Rider Team 1951  Spain Hortensio Vidaurreta individual 1952  Spain Hortensio Vidaurreta individual 1953  Spain Hortensio Vidaurreta individual 1954  Spain Miguel Vidaurreta individual 1955  Spain Jesús Galdeano Gamma 1956  Spain Antonio Ferraz Minaco 1957  Spain Miguel Chacón Faema–Guerra 1958 No race 1959  Spain Miguel Pacheco Faema–Guerra 1960 No race 1961  Spain José Pérez Francés Ferrys 1962  Spain Juan Belmonte Ferrys 1963  Spain José Pérez Francés Ferrys 1964  Spain Francisco Gabica KAS–Kaskol 1965  Spain Eusebio Vélez KAS–Kaskol 1966  Spain Carlos Echeverría KAS–Kaskol 1967  Spain Antonio Gómez del Moral KAS–Kaskol 1968  Spain José López Rodríguez Fagor–Fargas 1969  Spain Gregorio San Miguel KAS–Kaskol 1970  Spain Antonio Gómez del Moral KAS–Kaskol 1971  Spain Miguel María Lasa Orbéa–O.A.R. 1972  Spain Vicente López Carril KAS–Kaskol 1973  Spain Domingo Perurena KAS–Kaskol 1974  Spain Miguel María Lasa KAS–Kaskol 1975  Spain Agustín Tamames Super Ser 1976  Spain José Nazábal KAS–Campagnolo 1977  Spain Vicente López Carril KAS–Campagnolo 1978  Spain Miguel María Lasa Teka 1979  Spain Juan Fernández KAS–Campagnolo 1980  Spain Juan Fernández Fosforera–Vereco 1981  Spain Eulalio García Teka 1982  Spain Pedro Muñoz Zor–Helios 1983  Spain Juan Fernández Zor–Gemeaz 1984 No race 1985  Spain Celestino Prieto Reynolds 1986 No race 1987  Spain Miguel Induráin Reynolds-Seur 1988  Spain Pedro Delgado Reynolds 1989  Spain Mariano Sánchez Martinez Teka 1990  Spain Pedro Delgado Banesto 1991  France Roland Leclerc Amaya Seguros 1992  Spain Julián Gorospe Banesto 1993  Denmark Johnny Weltz ONCE 1994  Spain Marino Alonso Banesto 1995  Spain Félix García Casas Artiach 1996   Switzerland Alex Zülle ONCE 1997  Spain Mikel Zarrabeitia ONCE 1998  Spain Francisco Mancebo Banesto 1999  Italy Stefano Garzelli Mercatone Uno–Bianchi 2000  Spain Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero Vitalicio Seguros–Grupo Generali 2001  Spain Ángel Vicioso Kelme–Costa Blanca 2002  Spain Ángel Vicioso Kelme–Costa Blanca 2003  Germany Matthias Kessler Telekom 2004  Germany Matthias Kessler T-Mobile Team 2005  Spain Javier Pascual Rodríguez Comunidad Valenciana-Elche 2006  Germany Fabian Wegmann Gerolsteiner 2007  Italy Rinaldo Nocentini AG2R Prévoyance 2008  Germany Fabian Wegmann Gerolsteiner 2009  Spain David de la Fuente Fuji–Servetto 2010  Spain Joaquim Rodríguez Team Katusha 2011  Spain Samuel Sánchez Euskaltel–Euskadi 2012  Spain Daniel Moreno Team Katusha 2013  Slovenia Simon Špilak Team Katusha 2014  Spain Alejandro Valverde Movistar Team 2015  Spain Ángel Vicioso Team Katusha 2016  Spain Jon Izagirre Movistar Team 2017  Great Britain Simon Yates Orica–Scott 2018  Spain Alejandro Valverde Movistar Team 2019  France Jonathan Hivert Direct Énergie 2020 No race due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021  Spain Alejandro Valverde Movistar Team 2022  France Warren Barguil Arkéa–Samsic 2023  Spain Ion Izagirre Cofidis 2024  United States Brandon McNulty UAE Team Emirates Wins per country Wins Country 55  Spain 4  Germany 3  France 2  Italy 1  Denmark Great Britain Slovenia Switzerland United States References ^ "Gran Premio Miguel Indurain (1.Pro)". ProcyclingStats. 2023. ^ "G.P Miguel Indurain (Esp) - Cat.1.ProS". Memoire-du-cyclisme.eu (in French). Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ "GP Miguel Indurain". FirstCycling.com. 2023. ^ Weislo, Laura (13 March 2020). "Calendar of coronavirus race cancellations". CyclingNews. Retrieved 3 April 2021. External links 2003 results 2004 results 2005 results 2006 results 2007 results 2008 results 2009 results vteGP Miguel Induráin 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geovanis_Cassiani
Geovanis Cassiani
["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"]
Colombian footballer (born 1970) Not to be confused with Francisco Cassiani. Geovanis CassianiPersonal informationFull name Geovanis Cassiani GómezDate of birth (1970-01-10) 10 January 1970 (age 54)Place of birth Turbo, ColombiaHeight 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Centre-backSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1988–1992 Atlético Nacional 98 (2)1993–1995 América de Cali 61 (1)1997–1998 Deportes Tolima 72 (3)2000 Envigado 30 (1)2001 Atlético Nacional 29 (0)Total 290 (7)International career1990–1997 Colombia 7 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Geovanis Cassiani Gómez (born 10 January 1970, in Turbo, Antioquia), known as Geovanis Cassiani, is a Colombia former footballer who played as a centre-back. He played for the Colombia national team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, wearing the #13 jersey. Cassiani also was a member of the 1990 FIFA World Cup squad. In Argentina, he played 10 matches in Rosario Central, in the 1998–99 season. He is the younger brother of Francisco Cassiani. Notes ^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cassiani and the second or maternal family name is Gómez. References ^ "Geovanis Cassiani". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2009. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Geovanis Cassiani". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. External links Geovanis Cassiani at National-Football-Teams.com Geovanis Cassiani at FBref.com Geovanis Cassiani at Olympedia vteColombia squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup 1 Higuita 2 Escobar 3 Gildardo Gómez 4 Herrera 5 Villa 6 Pérez 7 Estrada 8 Gabriel Gómez 9 Guerrero 10 Valderrama (c) 11 Redín 12 Niño 13 Hoyos 14 Álvarez 15 Perea 16 Iguarán 17 Cassiani 18 Cabrera 19 Rincón 20 Fajardo 21 Mendoza 22 Hernández Coach: Maturana vteColombia squad – 1992 Summer Olympics 1 Calero 2 Bermúdez 3 Moreno 4 Santa 5 Marulanda 6 Gaviria 7 Asprilla 8 Lozano 9 Valenciano 10 Pacheco 11 Uribe 12 Mondragón 13 Cassiani 14 Pérez 15 Aristizábal 16 Restrepo 17 Mejia 18 Osorio 19 Calanche 20 Cañas Coach: Gómez This biographical article related to a football defender from Colombia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Cassiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Cassiani"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifa-2"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Antioquia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Department"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"Colombia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"1990 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rosario Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Central"},{"link_name":"Francisco Cassiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Cassiani"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Francisco Cassiani.Geovanis Cassiani Gómez[a] (born 10 January 1970,[1] in Turbo, Antioquia),[2] known as Geovanis Cassiani, is a Colombia former footballer who played as a centre-back. He played for the Colombia national team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, wearing the #13 jersey. Cassiani also was a member of the 1990 FIFA World Cup squad. In Argentina, he played 10 matches in Rosario Central, in the 1998–99 season.He is the younger brother of Francisco Cassiani.","title":"Geovanis Cassiani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"}],"text":"^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cassiani and the second or maternal family name is Gómez.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Chapel_(Chichester)
Chichester Cathedral
["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Treasures","4 Dean and chapter","5 Music","5.1 Organs and organists","5.2 Cathedral choir","6 Art and popular culture","7 Wildlife","8 See also","9 Explanatory notes","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: GB-WSX 50°50′11″N 0°46′51″W / 50.8363°N 0.7808°W / 50.8363; -0.7808Cathedral in West Sussex, England Church in West Sussex, United KingdomChichester CathedralCathedral Church of the Holy TrinityChichester Cathedral GB-WSX 50°50′11″N 0°46′51″W / 50.8363°N 0.7808°W / 50.8363; -0.7808LocationChichester, West SussexCountryUnited KingdomDenominationChurch of EnglandPrevious denominationRoman CatholicismWebsitechichestercathedral.org.ukHistoryConsecrated1108ArchitectureStyleNorman, GothicSpecificationsLength408 ft (124 m)Width157 ft (48 m)Height61 ft (19 m)Spire height277 ft (84 m)AdministrationProvinceCanterburyDioceseChichesterClergyArchbishopJustin WelbyBishop(s)Martin WarnerDeanvacantPrecentorJack Dunn ChancellorDaniel InmanTreasurerVanessa Baron LaityDirector of musicCharles HarrisonOrganist(s)Timothy Ravalde Chichester Cathedral, formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester. It is located in Chichester, in West Sussex, England. It was founded as a cathedral in 1075, when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey. Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles, and has been described by the architectural critic Ian Nairn as "the most typical English Cathedral". Despite this, Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England's medieval cathedrals—a free-standing medieval bell tower (or campanile) and double aisles. The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures, and many modern art works including tapestries, stained glass and sculpture, many of these commissioned by Walter Hussey (Dean, 1955–1977). The city of Chichester, though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans, has always been small enough for the city's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once, causing Daniel Defoe to comment: I cannot say much of Chichester, in which, if six or seven good families were removed, there would not be much conversation, except what is to be found among the canons, and the dignitaries of the cathedral. The spire of Chichester Cathedral, rising above its green copper roof, is the third tallest in England and acts as a landmark for travellers. It is the only spire from a medieval English cathedral that is visible from the sea. History Chichester Cathedral, circa 1650 Chichester Cathedral was built to replace the cathedral founded in 681 by St Wilfrid for the South Saxons at Selsey. The seat of the bishop was transferred in 1075. It was consecrated in 1108 under bishop Ralph de Luffa. An early addition was the Chapel of Saint Pantaleon off the south transept (now the Canons' Vestry), probably begun just before an 1187 fire which burnt out the cathedral and destroyed much of the town. That fire necessitated a substantial rebuilding, which included refacing the nave and replacing the destroyed wooden ceiling with the present stone vault, possibly by Walter of Coventry. The cathedral was reconsecrated in 1199. In the 13th century, the central tower was completed, the Norman apsidal eastern end rebuilt with a Lady chapel and a row of chapels added on each side of the nave, forming double aisles such as are found on many French cathedrals. The spire was completed about 1402 and a free-standing bell tower constructed to the north of the west end. In 1262, Richard de la Wyche, who was bishop from 1245 to 1253, was canonised as Saint Richard of Chichester. His shrine made the cathedral a place of pilgrimage. The shrine was ordered to be destroyed in 1538 during the first stages of the English Reformation. In 1642 the cathedral came under siege by Parliamentary troops. The collapse of the spire in 1861 The towers at Chichester have had a particularly unfortunate history because of subsidence, which explains the positioning of the 15th century bell tower at some distance from the cathedral. The south-west tower of the façade collapsed in 1210 and was rebuilt. The north-west tower collapsed in 1635 and was not rebuilt until 1901. The masonry spire was built in the 14th century and was repaired in the 17th century by Christopher Wren. The tower survived a lightning strike in 1721. During the 18th century various works are recorded including repairs to the upper part of the spire after the lightning strike. However the cathedral was in a poor state of repair. A restoration programme was begun starting in 1812 and in 1829 the cathedral was closed for several months while major repairs and improvements were carried out. George Chandler became dean in 1832 and continued with the restoration, the sub-deanery was removed to a brand new church, a project completed by Walter Hook who took over as dean in 1849. Then on 21 February 1861, the cathedral spire telescoped in on itself, without loss of life. Works in the cathedral had included the removal of a stone screen (known as the Arundel screen) that separated the choir from the nave. There was some discussion that its removal had caused the collapse of the spire. A more likely cause was thought to be that the spire's foundations had been subject to subsidence over the years and had become detached from the tower, leaving the tower freestanding; also that the rubble cores of the columns holding the spire had become dust. Thus a weakened tower collapsed in the face of high winds. The collapse had apparently inpired J. Meade Falkner to write his novel The Nebuly Coat. A fund was set up to raise the £48,000 needed for the rebuilding, and the contributors included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. A replica of the old tower and spire was rebuilt along the original lines by George Gilbert Scott from drawings which had been made by Joseph Butler, architect to the fabric (1847–1888). The construction was raised by about 6 feet (1.8 m), by Scott and was completed in five years. It now rises to a height of 82 metres (269 ft). The rubble from the original spire was used to construct the former West Ashling Congregational Chapel. In 2008, the cathedral community celebrated the 900th anniversary of the building's consecration. Rowan Williams, then Archbishop of Canterbury, was invited to preach at a festival eucharist and dedicate the new guest house, which was originally named after Bishop George Bell. Architecture Plan of Chichester Cathedral, produced in 1875 Exterior from southeast Exterior from northwest Typically for English cathedrals, Chichester has had a long and varied building history marked by a number of disasters. The architectural history of the building is revealed in its fabric because the builders of different periods constructed in different styles and with changing technology. Both inside and outside portions of the original Norman cathedral can be distinguished from the later Gothic work by the massive construction and round-topped windows. Different Gothic styles from the late 12th century through to the 15th can also be identified. The plan of Chichester is in the shape of a cross, with an aisled nave and choir, crossed by a transept. In typically English manner, the eastern end of the building is long by comparison with the nave, is square ended and has a projecting Lady chapel. Also typically English is the arrangement of paired towers on the western front, and a taller central tower over the crossing. Its plan is unusual for England in having double aisles. Chichester has a cloister on the south side of the building. Chichester is small for a Norman cathedral when compared to Winchester Cathedral, Ely and Peterborough. Much of the original Norman construction remains in the nave, transept, crossing and adjacent bays of the choir. The elevation rises in the usual three stages of arcade, gallery and clerestory. It is similar to remaining Norman work at Winchester, where the arcade is proportionally low, and rests on solid piers rather than columns. In the gallery above, each wide space is divided into two by a colonnettes in a manner typical of Romanesque architecture. After the fire of 1187, the clerestory was rebuilt and the entire building given a ribbed vault. The eastern end was extended from the round ambulatory to form a square retrochoir or presbytery with lancet windows in a style that is transitional between Norman and Gothic. The newer arcades and the clerestory maintain the round arches of the earlier Norman architecture. The vault is in the Early English Gothic style, supported externally by flying buttresses and large terminal pinnacles at the eastern end. At this time the entire interior was refurbished, much of it being refaced with ashlar masonry. Each pier was decorated with delicate shafts of dark Purbeck marble with foliate capitals, contrasting with the squat cushion capitals of the limestone shafts. The entire programme of work was probably directed by Walter of Coventry. The nave was later divided from the choir by an elegant Perpendicular screen or pulpitum with three arched openings, called the Arundel Screen, which was removed in the mid 19th century but reinstated in 1961. The design of the central tower, faithfully reproduced by George Gilbert Scott, was of the Early English style, having on each side two tall pairs of openings, surrounded by deep mouldings. The original spire, which also was of masonry rather than of sheathed wood, was built in the late 14th century, by John Mason (died ca 1403), who also built the Vicars' Hall. The style and construction of the spire are obviously based on that of Salisbury Cathedral but it is not as ambitiously tall, probably because of the problem of subsidence. At 277 ft (84 m) high, it is the fourth tallest cathedral spire in the UK after Salisbury, Norwich and Coventry. The Lady chapel, constructed to the east of the retro-choir, is a long narrow space, with large windows in the Decorated Gothic style of the late 13th century. The other buildings related to the cathedral are the free-standing bell-tower of the early 15th century, probably the work of William Wynford who also designed the cloisters, with openings in the Perpendicular style. St Mary's Almshouses in Chichester, which are linked to the cathedral, is a Christian charity dating from the 13th century. The medieval Hospital, associated with the Alms House, is one of only two such buildings in the world, the other being in Germany. Cathedral interior Arundel Screen High altar Choir North transept Treasures Stained-glass window by Marc Chagall The cathedral has many treasures and artworks, the most precious being two carved reliefs dating from the 12th century which are of exceptional rarity among English sculpture. Other ancient treasures include the remains of a Roman mosaic pavement, which can be viewed through a glass window, and a set of thirty-eight medieval misericords, dating from 1330, which remain beneath the seats of the choir, despite the fact that other parts of the choir stalls are largely a Victorian reconstruction. Among the famous graves are those of the composer Gustav Holst and the Gothic "Arundel tomb", showing the recumbent Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel (1313–1376), holding hands with his second wife, Eleanor of Lancaster (1318–1372). The tomb was celebrated in the poem "An Arundel Tomb" by Philip Larkin. Also resting there is Joan de Vere, grandmother of Richard FitzAlan, who died in 1293. She, as was her grandson, was first buried at Lewes Priory, but their tombs were relocated to Chichester at the time of the dissolution. The cathedral contains many modern works of art, including tapestries by John Piper and Ursula Benker-Schirmer, a window by Marc Chagall, a painting by Graham Sutherland (Noli me Tangere), a sculpture and a font by John Skelton and a reredos for the St John the Baptist's Chapel by Patrick Procktor. Outside the cathedral stands a bronze statue of St Richard of Chichester by Philip Jackson. The cathedral also contains a pennant presented by Francis Chichester, which hung on his ship when he circumnavigated the globe. Dean and chapter The 15th-century bell tower There is currently no Dean of Chichester, since 1 April 2023. Canon Simon Holland will be the Interim Dean from 30 April 2023. The Dr Jack Dunn and Vanessa Baron are Canon Precentor and Canon Treasurer respectively, both installed on 26 September 2021. The Canon Chancellor is Dr Daniel Inman, installed on 6 October 2019. Lay members of the chapter include Howard Castle-Smith, Anita Rolls and Duncan Irvine. Robert Sherburne, the Bishop of Chichester, founded four prebends known as the Wiccamical prebends in 1524. Music The music at Chichester Cathedral is largely led by the organ and the cathedral choir, as there are services daily and on special days in the calendar. Outside the regular services the cathedral also supports all kinds of music both religious and secular. Visiting choirs, who come from the diocese's parishes and elsewhere, sing in the cathedral from time to time. It is common for guest choirs to sing at Evensong during the week. The cathedral hosts a variety of concerts that, along with those in the evening, includes a popular series of free lunchtime concerts. It provides a venue for visiting artists from across the world as well as those who are locally based, such as the Chichester Singers, who although an independent organisation, have since their formation in 1954, performed all their major concerts in the cathedral. Organs and organists Main organ Main article: Organs and organists of Chichester Cathedral There has been organ music at Chichester Cathedral almost continuously since the medieval period, with a break during the Commonwealth. There are now five pipe organs of different sizes and styles at Chichester Cathedral, with pipes of the Main Organ dating to the Restoration, the Hurd Organ to the late 18th century and the three most recent organs, the Nave Organ, the Walker Organ, which is a small portable organ in the Baroque style, and the Allen Organ, an early example of a digital electronic organ, dating to the late 20th century. Several well-known composers, including Thomas Weelkes and John Reading, have served as cathedral organist. Anne Maddocks (assistant organist, 1942–1949) was the first woman in the country to hold such a post in a cathedral, and Sarah Baldock (organist and master of the choristers, 2008–2014) was the second woman to hold the most senior musical post in a Church of England cathedral. The current organist and master of the choristers is Charles Harrison. The assistant organist is Timothy Ravalde. Cathedral choir Main article: Choir of Chichester Cathedral Chichester Cathedral Choir consists of eighteen choristers and four probationers, all of whom are educated at the Prebendal School (which sits adjacent to the Cathedral precinct and is the Cathedral Choir School), and six lay vicars, who are professional musicians. During school term the cathedral choir sing at eight services each week. As well as singing, choristers learn the piano and an orchestral instrument, spending at least eighteen hours a week on musical performance. The choir regularly tours abroad and in recent years has visited France and Northern Bavaria (Bamberg, Bayreuth, Nuremberg and Würzburg) and makes frequent visits to Chartres. In 2005, the choir made a tour to South Africa. Art and popular culture Chichester Cathedral by Joseph Francis Gilbert in 1833 The cathedral has been the subject of a number of depictions in art, literature, and television media. Its spire and towers are visible in the 1828 painting, Chichester Canal, by J. M. W. Turner. It is also speculated, by Eric Shanes, that Chichester Cathedral is the subject of one of Turner's colour studies for Picturesque Views in England and Wales. In 1833, Joseph Francis Gilbert produced an oil painting of the cathedral, showing the surrounding cityscape. It was collected by Paul Mellon and gifted to the Yale Center for British Art, which he established, in 1966. John Constable completed his own watercolour of the cathedral in 1824, now located in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms was commissioned for the 1965 Southern Cathedrals Festival at Chichester Cathedral by the cathedral's Dean, Walter Hussey, although the premiere of the piece was in New York City. The building and grounds are occasionally used as a film location. Credits include Rumpole of the Bailey (s05e03) as "Lawnchester Cathedral", The Ruth Rendell Mysteries (s10e08) as "Marchester Cathedral", and Rosemary & Thyme (s03e02) as "Wellminster Cathedral". Chichester Cathedral is referenced in s01e10 of Monty Python's Flying Circus: one of Ron Obvious's tasks to gain public fame involves eating the cathedral. He is shown brushing his teeth, putting on a bib, and flexing his jaws, before biting into the corner of the cathedral and breaking his jaw. Wildlife Peregrine falcons in flight over the cathedral The cathedral is a nesting site for peregrine falcons, which use a crenellated turret at the base of the spire. Three female and one male chick were hatched in April 2009. During the nesting season live video of the chicks is shown inside the cathedral and on the website. See also Christianity portalSouth East England portal Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England List of current places of worship in Chichester (district) List of cathedrals in England and Wales List of deans of Chichester List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe Explanatory notes ^ Its near neighbour, Portsmouth Cathedral, a parish church founded in the 12th century and raised to cathedral status in the 20th century, does not have a spire but can be seen from the sea. ^ The practice of separating the campanile from the main building is common in Italy, where ground movement is a problem because of both subsidence and earthquake. ^ The old Congregational Chapel closed between 1934 and 1938 and became a clock museum run by the Clock trust. The museum closed when the Clock Trust was dissolved in 2018. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k John Harvey, English Cathedrals, Batsford (1961) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, The English Cathedral, New Holland (2002), ISBN 1-84330-120-2 ^ Nikolaus Pevsner and Ian Nairn, Buildings of England: Sussex, Penguin Books (1965) (now published by Yale University Press) ISBN 0-300-09677-1 ^ a b c d e f g Alec Clifton-Taylor, The Cathedrals of England, Thames & Hudson (1967) ^ Daniel Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724) ^ Pailthorpe, Richard; McGowan, Iain (2000). Chichester : a millennium view. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 0-471-61372-X. ^ Pepin, David (2016). Cathedrals of Britain. Oxford: Bloomsbury Shire Publications. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-1-7844-2049-9. ^ a b c "Chichester cathedral: Historical survey | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. ^ a b Allen, David J (1984). Sussex. Aylsbury: Shire Publications. p. 23. ISBN 0-85263-684-9. ^ Urban, Sylvanus (1861). "Fall of Chichester Spire". The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review. 210. London: John Henry and James Parker: 526–529. ^ Tatton-Brown, Tim (1994). "Destruction, Repair and Restoration". In Hobbs, Mary (ed.). Chichester Cathedral an Historical Survey. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 148–153. ISBN 0-85033-924-3. ^ Heyman, Jacques (2015). "Strainer arches". Construction History. 30 (2). The Construction History Society: 1–14. ISSN 0267-7768. JSTOR 44215905. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ Kelly, Tessa (2005). "The Collapse of the Crossing Tower and Spire - a critical review". In Foster, Paul (ed.). Chichester Cathedral Spire The Collapse (1861). Otter Memorial Paper. Vol. 13. University College Chichester. p. 44. ISBN 0-948765-18-6. ^ "The Clock Trust". Companies House. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ^ "Time Machine". Clock Trust. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Congregational Chapel". Funtington Archive. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Cathedral's 900 years celebrated". BBC News. 5 October 2008. ^ Sally Shalam (27 November 2010). "Hotel review | George Bell House, Chichester". The Guardian. ^ Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, Elsevier Science & Technology. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9 ^ a b c d Chichester Cathedral website accessed 2 October 2010 ^ @bishopsarum (1 April 2023). "A happy day in the Piddle Valley..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023 – via Twitter. ^ "The Reverend Canon Simon Holland Installed as Interim Dean of Chichester". Diocese of Chichester. 30 April 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023. ^ "Residentiary Canons Installed at Chichester Cathedral". Diocese of Chichester. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2023. ^ "Bishop installs new Canon Chancellor". Diocese of Chichester. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2023. ^ Hilly Sloan Chichester Cathedral at the time of the Reformation ^ "Visiting Choir Information". Chichester Cathedral. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011. ^ a b "Concerts". Chichester Cathedral. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011. ^ "Events at Chichester Cathedral". Chichester Cathedral. Retrieved 15 January 2011. ^ John Wheatley (15 March 2010). "REVIEW: Chichester Singers, Chichester Cathedral". Chichester Observer. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2010. ^ "Quiet revolution in the south". ^ Eric Shanes (1997). Turner's Watercolour Explorations, 1810-42. Tate Publishing. pp. 94, 96, 105. ^ "Paul Mellon Collection: Chichester Cathedral". Yale Center for British Art. Retrieved 2 April 2019. ^ "Chichester Cathedral". V&A website. ^ Roberts, Stephen (May 22, 2012). "John Birch obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved May 24, 2023 ^ "Filming Location "Chichester Cathedral"". IMDb (Internet Movie Database). ^ Chapman, Graham (1989). The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus: All the Words. New York City: Pantheon Books. p. 127. ISBN 9780679726470. ^ "Chichester Peregrines - Home". www.chichesterperegrines.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2022. ^ Mid Sussex Times article on the Sussex peregrines. Retrieved 7 July 2009. ^ RSPB news piece about Chichester peregrines in 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chichester Cathedral. Official website The Chichester Customary, 1948 vteCathedrals of the Church of EnglandProvince ofCanterbury Birmingham Bristol Canterbury Chelmsford Chichester Coventry Derby Ely Exeter Gibraltar Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leicester Lichfield Lincoln London Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury Salisbury Southwark Truro Wells Winchester Worcester Province ofYork Blackburn Bradford Carlisle Chester Durham Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Peel Ripon Sheffield Southwell Wakefield York vteDeans of ChichesterHigh Medieval Odo Richard Matthew Richard John de Greneford Jordan de Meleburn Seffride Matthew de Chichester Nicholas de Aquila Seffride Simon de Perigord Walter Thomas de Lichfield Geoffrey Walter de Glocestria Thomas de Berghstede Late Medieval William de Grenefeld John de St Leophardo Henry de Garland Walter de Segrave William Lenn Roger de Freton Richard le Scrope William de Lullyngton John de Maydenhith John Haselee Henry Lovel Richard Talbot William Milton John Patten/Waynflete John Crutchere John Waynfleet John Cloos Early modern John Prychard Geoffrey Symson John Young William Fleshmonger Richard Caurden Giles Eyre Bartholomew Traheron Thomas Sampson William Pye Hugh Turnbull Richard Curteys Anthony Rushe Martin Culpepper William Thorne Francis Dee Richard Steward George Aglionby Bruno Ryves Joseph Henshaw Joseph Gulston Nathaniel Crew Thomas Lambrook George Stradling Francis Hawkins William Hayley Thomas Sherlock John Newey Thomas Hayley James Hargraves William Ashburnham Thomas Ball Charles Harward Late modern Combe Miller Christopher Bethell Samuel Slade George Chandler Walter Hook John Burgon Francis Pigou Richard Randall John Hannah Arthur Duncan Jones Walter Hussey Robert Holtby John Treadgold Nicholas Frayling Stephen Waine vtePlaces of worship in Sussex (by district)East Sussex Brighton and Hove Eastbourne Hastings Lewes Rother Wealden Current Former West Sussex Adur Arun Chichester Current Former Crawley Horsham Mid Sussex Worthing Demolished Brighton and Hove East Sussex West Sussex Cathedrals Arundel Cathedral Chichester Cathedral Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States
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It is located in Chichester, in West Sussex, England. It was founded as a cathedral in 1075, when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey.[2]Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles, and has been described by the architectural critic Ian Nairn as \"the most typical English Cathedral\".[3] Despite this, Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England's medieval cathedrals—a free-standing medieval bell tower (or campanile) and double aisles.[4] The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures, and many modern art works including tapestries, stained glass and sculpture, many of these commissioned by Walter Hussey (Dean, 1955–1977).[2]The city of Chichester, though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans, has always been small enough for the city's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once, causing Daniel Defoe to comment:I cannot say much of Chichester, in which, if six or seven good families were removed, there would not be much conversation, except what is to be found among the canons, and the dignitaries of the cathedral.[5]The spire of Chichester Cathedral, rising above its green copper roof, is the third tallest in England and acts as a landmark for travellers. It is the only spire from a medieval English cathedral that is visible from the sea.[6][a]","title":"Chichester Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_about_1650_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13331.jpg"},{"link_name":"cathedral founded in 681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsey_Abbey"},{"link_name":"St Wilfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Wilfrid"},{"link_name":"South Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Selsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"Ralph de Luffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_de_Luffa"},{"link_name":"Saint Pantaleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pantaleon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salz105-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"Lady chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_chapel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Richard of Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"English Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_Spire_Collapse_1861.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"Christopher Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen23-11"},{"link_name":"George Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chandler_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Walter Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hook"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allen23-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hobbs148-13"},{"link_name":"J. Meade Falkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Meade_Falkner"},{"link_name":"The Nebuly Coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nebuly_Coat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-15"},{"link_name":"George Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"Joseph Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Butler_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salz105-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACT-4"},{"link_name":"Congregational Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funtington#The_Old_Congregational_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clock1-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funt1-19"},{"link_name":"Rowan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"George Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Chichester Cathedral, circa 1650Chichester Cathedral was built to replace the cathedral founded in 681 by St Wilfrid for the South Saxons at Selsey. The seat of the bishop was transferred in 1075.[2]It was consecrated in 1108 under bishop Ralph de Luffa. An early addition was the Chapel of Saint Pantaleon off the south transept (now the Canons' Vestry), probably begun just before an 1187 fire which burnt out the cathedral and destroyed much of the town.[8] That fire necessitated a substantial rebuilding, which included refacing the nave and replacing the destroyed wooden ceiling with the present stone vault, possibly by Walter of Coventry. The cathedral was reconsecrated in 1199.[1][2]In the 13th century, the central tower was completed, the Norman apsidal eastern end rebuilt with a Lady chapel and a row of chapels added on each side of the nave, forming double aisles such as are found on many French cathedrals. The spire was completed about 1402 and a free-standing bell tower constructed to the north of the west end.[1][2][b]In 1262, Richard de la Wyche, who was bishop from 1245 to 1253, was canonised as Saint Richard of Chichester. His shrine made the cathedral a place of pilgrimage. The shrine was ordered to be destroyed in 1538 during the first stages of the English Reformation. In 1642 the cathedral came under siege by Parliamentary troops.[2]The collapse of the spire in 1861The towers at Chichester have had a particularly unfortunate history because of subsidence, which explains the positioning of the 15th century bell tower at some distance from the cathedral. The south-west tower of the façade collapsed in 1210 and was rebuilt. The north-west tower collapsed in 1635 and was not rebuilt until 1901.[2] The masonry spire was built in the 14th century and was repaired in the 17th century by Christopher Wren.[9]The tower survived a lightning strike in 1721. During the 18th century various works are recorded including repairs to the upper part of the spire after the lightning strike. However the cathedral was in a poor state of repair. A restoration programme was begun starting in 1812 and in 1829 the cathedral was closed for several months while major repairs and improvements were carried out. George Chandler became dean in 1832 and continued with the restoration, the sub-deanery was removed to a brand new church, a project completed by Walter Hook who took over as dean in 1849. Then on 21 February 1861, the cathedral spire telescoped in on itself, without loss of life. Works in the cathedral had included the removal of a stone screen (known as the Arundel screen) that separated the choir from the nave. There was some discussion that its removal had caused the collapse of the spire. A more likely cause was thought to be that the spire's foundations had been subject to subsidence over the years and had become detached from the tower, leaving the tower freestanding; also that the rubble cores of the columns holding the spire had become dust. Thus a weakened tower collapsed in the face of high winds.[10][9][11] The collapse had apparently inpired J. Meade Falkner to write his novel The Nebuly Coat.[12]A fund was set up to raise the £48,000 needed for the rebuilding, and the contributors included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.[13] A replica of the old tower and spire was rebuilt along the original lines by George Gilbert Scott from drawings which had been made by Joseph Butler, architect to the fabric (1847–1888).[8] The construction was raised by about 6 feet (1.8 m), by Scott and was completed in five years. It now rises to a height of 82 metres (269 ft).[2][4] The rubble from the original spire was used to construct the former West Ashling Congregational Chapel.[c][15][16]In 2008, the cathedral community celebrated the 900th anniversary of the building's consecration. Rowan Williams, then Archbishop of Canterbury, was invited to preach at a festival eucharist and dedicate the new guest house, which was originally named after Bishop George Bell.[17][18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicathedralplan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_Exterior,_West_Sussex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral,_south-west_aspect.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lady chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_chapel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Romanesque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACT-4"},{"link_name":"Early English Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Purbeck marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_marble"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-1"},{"link_name":"Perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"pulpitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpitum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACT-4"},{"link_name":"Early English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salz105-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-1"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACT-4"},{"link_name":"Perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JH-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_Arundel_Screen_2,_West_Sussex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_High_Altar,_West_Sussex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_Choir,_West_Sussex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_North_Transept,_West_Sussex,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg"}],"text":"Plan of Chichester Cathedral, produced in 1875Exterior from southeastExterior from northwestTypically for English cathedrals, Chichester has had a long and varied building history marked by a number of disasters. The architectural history of the building is revealed in its fabric because the builders of different periods constructed in different styles and with changing technology. Both inside and outside portions of the original Norman cathedral can be distinguished from the later Gothic work by the massive construction and round-topped windows. Different Gothic styles from the late 12th century through to the 15th can also be identified.The plan of Chichester is in the shape of a cross, with an aisled nave and choir, crossed by a transept. In typically English manner, the eastern end of the building is long by comparison with the nave, is square ended and has a projecting Lady chapel. Also typically English is the arrangement of paired towers on the western front, and a taller central tower over the crossing.[19] Its plan is unusual for England in having double aisles. Chichester has a cloister on the south side of the building.Chichester is small for a Norman cathedral when compared to Winchester Cathedral, Ely and Peterborough. Much of the original Norman construction remains in the nave, transept, crossing and adjacent bays of the choir. The elevation rises in the usual three stages of arcade, gallery and clerestory. It is similar to remaining Norman work at Winchester, where the arcade is proportionally low, and rests on solid piers rather than columns. In the gallery above, each wide space is divided into two by a colonnettes in a manner typical of Romanesque architecture.[4]After the fire of 1187, the clerestory was rebuilt and the entire building given a ribbed vault. The eastern end was extended from the round ambulatory to form a square retrochoir or presbytery with lancet windows in a style that is transitional between Norman and Gothic. The newer arcades and the clerestory maintain the round arches of the earlier Norman architecture. The vault is in the Early English Gothic style, supported externally by flying buttresses and large terminal pinnacles at the eastern end. At this time the entire interior was refurbished, much of it being refaced with ashlar masonry. Each pier was decorated with delicate shafts of dark Purbeck marble with foliate capitals, contrasting with the squat cushion capitals of the limestone shafts. The entire programme of work was probably directed by Walter of Coventry.[1] The nave was later divided from the choir by an elegant Perpendicular screen or pulpitum with three arched openings, called the Arundel Screen, which was removed in the mid 19th century but reinstated in 1961.[1][2][4]The design of the central tower, faithfully reproduced by George Gilbert Scott, was of the Early English style, having on each side two tall pairs of openings, surrounded by deep mouldings.[8]The original spire, which also was of masonry rather than of sheathed wood, was built in the late 14th century, by John Mason (died ca 1403), who also built the Vicars' Hall.[1] The style and construction of the spire are obviously based on that of Salisbury Cathedral but it is not as ambitiously tall, probably because of the problem of subsidence. At 277 ft (84 m) high, it is the fourth tallest cathedral spire in the UK after Salisbury, Norwich and Coventry.\nThe Lady chapel, constructed to the east of the retro-choir, is a long narrow space, with large windows in the Decorated Gothic style of the late 13th century.[1][2][4]The other buildings related to the cathedral are the free-standing bell-tower of the early 15th century, probably the work of William Wynford who also designed the cloisters, with openings in the Perpendicular style.[1] St Mary's Almshouses in Chichester, which are linked to the cathedral, is a Christian charity dating from the 13th century. The medieval Hospital, associated with the Alms House, is one of only two such buildings in the world, the other being in Germany.[20]Cathedral interior\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArundel Screen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHigh altar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChoir\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth transept","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chagall_Window_(5696736662).jpg"},{"link_name":"Marc Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACT-4"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"misericords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misericords"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACT-4"},{"link_name":"Gustav Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Holst"},{"link_name":"Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_FitzAlan,_10th_Earl_of_Arundel"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"An Arundel Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Arundel_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Philip Larkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Larkin"},{"link_name":"tapestries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestry"},{"link_name":"John Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Marc Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"Graham Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"John Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skelton_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"reredos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredos"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Patrick Procktor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Procktor"},{"link_name":"Philip Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jackson_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-23"},{"link_name":"Francis Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Chichester"}],"text":"Stained-glass window by Marc ChagallThe cathedral has many treasures and artworks, the most precious being two carved reliefs dating from the 12th century which are of exceptional rarity among English sculpture.[2][4] Other ancient treasures include the remains of a Roman mosaic pavement, which can be viewed through a glass window, and a set of thirty-eight medieval misericords, dating from 1330, which remain beneath the seats of the choir, despite the fact that other parts of the choir stalls are largely a Victorian reconstruction.[4]Among the famous graves are those of the composer Gustav Holst and the Gothic \"Arundel tomb\", showing the recumbent Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel (1313–1376), holding hands with his second wife, Eleanor of Lancaster (1318–1372). The tomb was celebrated in the poem \"An Arundel Tomb\" by Philip Larkin. Also resting there is Joan de Vere, grandmother of Richard FitzAlan, who died in 1293. She, as was her grandson, was first buried at Lewes Priory, but their tombs were relocated to Chichester at the time of the dissolution.The cathedral contains many modern works of art, including tapestries by John Piper and Ursula Benker-Schirmer, a window by Marc Chagall, a painting by Graham Sutherland (Noli me Tangere), a sculpture and a font by John Skelton and a reredos for the St John the Baptist's Chapel by Patrick Procktor. Outside the cathedral stands a bronze statue of St Richard of Chichester by Philip Jackson.[20]The cathedral also contains a pennant presented by Francis Chichester, which hung on his ship when he circumnavigated the globe.","title":"Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_Tower_Chichester_(5696047433).jpg"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"Dean of Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Canon Precentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Canon Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"Robert Sherburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sherburne"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The 15th-century bell towerThere is currently no Dean of Chichester, since 1 April 2023.[21] Canon Simon Holland will be the Interim Dean from 30 April 2023.[22]The Dr Jack Dunn and Vanessa Baron are Canon Precentor and Canon Treasurer respectively, both installed on 26 September 2021.[23]The Canon Chancellor is Dr Daniel Inman, installed on 6 October 2019.[24]Lay members of the chapter include Howard Castle-Smith, Anita Rolls and Duncan Irvine.Robert Sherburne, the Bishop of Chichester, founded four prebends known as the Wiccamical prebends in 1524.[25]","title":"Dean and chapter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evensong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit1-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concerts-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concerts-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venue1-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The music at Chichester Cathedral is largely led by the organ and the cathedral choir, as there are services daily and on special days in the calendar. Outside the regular services the cathedral also supports all kinds of music both religious and secular. Visiting choirs, who come from the diocese's parishes and elsewhere, sing in the cathedral from time to time. It is common for guest choirs to sing at Evensong during the week.[26]The cathedral hosts a variety of concerts that, along with those in the evening, includes a popular series of free lunchtime concerts.[27] It provides a venue for visiting artists from across the world as well as those who are locally based, such as the Chichester Singers, who although an independent organisation, have since their formation in 1954, performed all their major concerts in the cathedral.[27][28][29]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Cathedral_Organ_2_(5696133663).jpg"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Thomas Weelkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Weelkes"},{"link_name":"John Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reading_(composer_and_organist)"},{"link_name":"Anne Maddocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Maddocks"},{"link_name":"Sarah Baldock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Baldock"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"organist and master of the choristers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organist_and_master_of_the_choristers"},{"link_name":"Charles Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Harrison_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Timothy Ravalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Ravalde"}],"sub_title":"Organs and organists","text":"Main organThere has been organ music at Chichester Cathedral almost continuously since the medieval period, with a break during the Commonwealth. There are now five pipe organs of different sizes and styles at Chichester Cathedral, with pipes of the Main Organ dating to the Restoration, the Hurd Organ to the late 18th century and the three most recent organs, the Nave Organ, the Walker Organ, which is a small portable organ in the Baroque style, and the Allen Organ, an early example of a digital electronic organ, dating to the late 20th century.Several well-known composers, including Thomas Weelkes and John Reading, have served as cathedral organist. Anne Maddocks (assistant organist, 1942–1949) was the first woman in the country to hold such a post in a cathedral, and Sarah Baldock (organist and master of the choristers, 2008–2014) was the second woman to hold the most senior musical post in a Church of England cathedral.[30]The current organist and master of the choristers is Charles Harrison. The assistant organist is Timothy Ravalde.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prebendal School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendal_School"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-23"}],"sub_title":"Cathedral choir","text":"Chichester Cathedral Choir consists of eighteen choristers and four probationers, all of whom are educated at the Prebendal School (which sits adjacent to the Cathedral precinct and is the Cathedral Choir School), and six lay vicars, who are professional musicians.During school term the cathedral choir sing at eight services each week. As well as singing, choristers learn the piano and an orchestral instrument, spending at least eighteen hours a week on musical performance.[20]The choir regularly tours abroad and in recent years has visited France and Northern Bavaria (Bamberg, Bayreuth, Nuremberg and Würzburg) and makes frequent visits to Chartres. In 2005, the choir made a tour to South Africa.[20]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Francis_Gilbert_-_Chichester_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Francis Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Chichester Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Canal_(painting)"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Eric Shanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Shanes"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Paul Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mellon"},{"link_name":"Yale Center for British Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"John Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Chichester Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Psalms"},{"link_name":"Southern Cathedrals Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cathedrals_Festival"},{"link_name":"Walter Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hussey"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rumpole of the Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpole_of_the_Bailey"},{"link_name":"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruth_Rendell_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"Rosemary & Thyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_%26_Thyme"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Monty Python's Flying Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus"},{"link_name":"Ron Obvious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Obvious_(Monty_Python)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Chichester Cathedral by Joseph Francis Gilbert in 1833The cathedral has been the subject of a number of depictions in art, literature, and television media. Its spire and towers are visible in the 1828 painting, Chichester Canal, by J. M. W. Turner. It is also speculated, by Eric Shanes, that Chichester Cathedral is the subject of one of Turner's colour studies for Picturesque Views in England and Wales.[31] In 1833, Joseph Francis Gilbert produced an oil painting of the cathedral, showing the surrounding cityscape. It was collected by Paul Mellon and gifted to the Yale Center for British Art, which he established, in 1966.[32] John Constable completed his own watercolour of the cathedral in 1824, now located in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[33]Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms was commissioned for the 1965 Southern Cathedrals Festival at Chichester Cathedral by the cathedral's Dean, Walter Hussey, although the premiere of the piece was in New York City.[34]The building and grounds are occasionally used as a film location. Credits include Rumpole of the Bailey (s05e03) as \"Lawnchester Cathedral\", The Ruth Rendell Mysteries (s10e08) as \"Marchester Cathedral\", and Rosemary & Thyme (s03e02) as \"Wellminster Cathedral\".[35]Chichester Cathedral is referenced in s01e10 of Monty Python's Flying Circus: one of Ron Obvious's tasks to gain public fame involves eating the cathedral. He is shown brushing his teeth, putting on a bib, and flexing his jaws, before biting into the corner of the cathedral and breaking his jaw.[36]","title":"Art and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Peregrines.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichester_Peregrines.JPG"},{"link_name":"peregrine falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcon"},{"link_name":"crenellated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenellated"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Peregrine falcons in flight over the cathedralThe cathedral is a nesting site for peregrine falcons, which use a crenellated turret at the base of the spire. Three female and one male chick were hatched in April 2009. During the nesting season live video of the chicks is shown inside the cathedral and on the website.[37][38][39]","title":"Wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"campanile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanile"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CT-16"}],"text":"^ Its near neighbour, Portsmouth Cathedral, a parish church founded in the 12th century and raised to cathedral status in the 20th century, does not have a spire but can be seen from the sea.[7]\n\n^ The practice of separating the campanile from the main building is common in Italy, where ground movement is a problem because of both subsidence and earthquake.\n\n^ The old Congregational Chapel closed between 1934 and 1938 and became a clock museum run by the Clock trust. The museum closed when the Clock Trust was dissolved in 2018.[14]","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Pailthorpe, Richard; McGowan, Iain (2000). Chichester : a millennium view. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 0-471-61372-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-61372-X","url_text":"0-471-61372-X"}]},{"reference":"Pepin, David (2016). Cathedrals of Britain. Oxford: Bloomsbury Shire Publications. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-1-7844-2049-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7844-2049-9","url_text":"978-1-7844-2049-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Chichester cathedral: Historical survey | British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol3/pp105-113","url_text":"\"Chichester cathedral: Historical survey | British History Online\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, David J (1984). Sussex. Aylsbury: Shire Publications. p. 23. ISBN 0-85263-684-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85263-684-9","url_text":"0-85263-684-9"}]},{"reference":"Urban, Sylvanus (1861). \"Fall of Chichester Spire\". The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review. 210. London: John Henry and James Parker: 526–529.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P9whAAAAMAAJ&q=Fall%20of%20Chichester%20526&pg=PA526","url_text":"\"Fall of Chichester Spire\""}]},{"reference":"Tatton-Brown, Tim (1994). \"Destruction, Repair and Restoration\". In Hobbs, Mary (ed.). Chichester Cathedral an Historical Survey. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 148–153. ISBN 0-85033-924-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-924-3","url_text":"0-85033-924-3"}]},{"reference":"Heyman, Jacques (2015). \"Strainer arches\". Construction History. 30 (2). The Construction History Society: 1–14. ISSN 0267-7768. JSTOR 44215905. Retrieved 25 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/44215905","url_text":"\"Strainer arches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0267-7768","url_text":"0267-7768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44215905","url_text":"44215905"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Tessa (2005). \"The Collapse of the Crossing Tower and Spire - a critical review\". In Foster, Paul (ed.). Chichester Cathedral Spire The Collapse (1861). Otter Memorial Paper. Vol. 13. University College Chichester. p. 44. ISBN 0-948765-18-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948765-18-6","url_text":"0-948765-18-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The Clock Trust\". Companies House. Retrieved 21 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07463073","url_text":"\"The Clock Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time Machine\". Clock Trust. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071022/http://www.clocktrust.com/museum.html","url_text":"\"Time Machine\""},{"url":"http://www.clocktrust.com/museum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Congregational Chapel\". Funtington Archive. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/funtingtonarchive/west-ashling/congregational-chapel","url_text":"\"Congregational Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cathedral's 900 years celebrated\". BBC News. 5 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/sussex/7653423.stm","url_text":"\"Cathedral's 900 years celebrated\""}]},{"reference":"Sally Shalam (27 November 2010). \"Hotel review | George Bell House, Chichester\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/nov/27/hotel-review-chicester-cathedral-george-bell-house","url_text":"\"Hotel review | George Bell House, Chichester\""}]},{"reference":"@bishopsarum (1 April 2023). \"A happy day in the Piddle Valley...\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230502170015/https://twitter.com/bishopsarum/status/1642209456627884033","url_text":"\"A happy day in the Piddle Valley...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://x.com/bishopsarum/status/1642209456627884033","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"The Reverend Canon Simon Holland Installed as Interim Dean of Chichester\". Diocese of Chichester. 30 April 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chichestercathedral.org.uk/news/reverend-canon-simon-holland-installed-interim-dean-chichester","url_text":"\"The Reverend Canon Simon Holland Installed as Interim Dean of Chichester\""}]},{"reference":"\"Residentiary Canons Installed at Chichester Cathedral\". Diocese of Chichester. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chichestercathedral.org.uk/news/residentiary-canons-installed-chichester-cathedral","url_text":"\"Residentiary Canons Installed at Chichester Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop installs new Canon Chancellor\". Diocese of Chichester. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chichester.anglican.org/glitter_news/2019/10/07/new-canon-chancellor/","url_text":"\"Bishop installs new Canon Chancellor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visiting Choir Information\". Chichester Cathedral. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606234820/http://www.chichestercathedral.org.uk/dyn/pages/worship/page_1.shtml","url_text":"\"Visiting Choir Information\""},{"url":"http://www.chichestercathedral.org.uk/dyn/pages/worship/page_1.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Concerts\". Chichester Cathedral. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100815035246/http://www.chichestercathedral.org.uk/dyn/pages/whats-on/concerts/","url_text":"\"Concerts\""},{"url":"http://www.chichestercathedral.org.uk/dyn/pages/whats-on/concerts/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Events at Chichester Cathedral\". Chichester Cathedral. Retrieved 15 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chichestertickets.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Events at Chichester Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"John Wheatley (15 March 2010). \"REVIEW: Chichester Singers, Chichester Cathedral\". Chichester Observer. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120724031326/http://www.chichester.co.uk/entertainments/REVIEW-Chichester-Singers-Chichester-Cathedral.6151451.jp","url_text":"\"REVIEW: Chichester Singers, Chichester Cathedral\""},{"url":"http://www.chichester.co.uk/entertainments/REVIEW-Chichester-Singers-Chichester-Cathedral.6151451.jp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quiet revolution in the south\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=51355","url_text":"\"Quiet revolution in the south\""}]},{"reference":"Eric Shanes (1997). Turner's Watercolour Explorations, 1810-42. Tate Publishing. pp. 94, 96, 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Shanes","url_text":"Eric Shanes"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Mellon Collection: Chichester Cathedral\". Yale Center for British Art. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/1667703","url_text":"\"Paul Mellon Collection: Chichester Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chichester Cathedral\". V&A website.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1041965/chichester-cathedral-watercolour-john-constable/","url_text":"\"Chichester Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filming Location \"Chichester Cathedral\"\". IMDb (Internet Movie Database).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/search/title?locations=Chichester%20Cathedral","url_text":"\"Filming Location \"Chichester Cathedral\"\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Graham (1989). The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus: All the Words. New York City: Pantheon Books. p. 127. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Mayor
List of mayors of Pittsburgh
["1 Chief burgesses (1794–1813)","2 Mayors (since 1816)","3 Longest tenures","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Mayor of PittsburghCity of Pittsburgh coat of armsFlag of the mayor of PittsburghIncumbentEd Gaineysince January 3, 2022Style"The Honorable"Term length4 yearsInaugural holderEbenezer DennyFormation1816Salary$113,942 (2020)WebsiteOffice of the Mayor The mayor of Pittsburgh is the chief executive of the government of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, as stipulated by the Charter of the City of Pittsburgh. Prior to the 1816 city charter, the Borough of Pittsburgh had its council elect a chief burgess among themselves. After the borough was rechartered as a city, its first seven mayors were selected in a similar fashion as the chief burgesses had been under borough council. It was not until Mayor Samuel Pettigrew in the 1830s that general elections of popular vote were conducted among all the city's voters to determine who would hold the mayor's office. Pettigrew was both the last mayor selected by council and the first generally elected mayor of Pittsburgh. From 1901 to 1903 the state legislature took control of the city on the grounds of corruption by former Mayor William J. Diehl with the passage of the so-called "ripper bill" and appointed the unelected "recorders" Joseph Brown and Adam Brown, who were answerable only to the state government. Since 1903, all mayors have been popularly elected. The mayor as of January 2022 is Democrat Ed Gainey. Chief burgesses (1794–1813) No. Chief Burgess Term Party Notes 1 George Robinson 1794–c. 1800 Arrested on orders from President George Washington for rebel activity during the Whiskey Rebellion. 2 John Park 1800–1801 3 Dr. George Stevenson 1801–1802 4 Isaac Craig 1802–1803 Federalist 5 James O'Hara 1803–1804 Federalist Formerly 6th Quartermaster General of the United States Army and Revolutionary War veteran. 6 General Pressley Neville 1804–1805 Revolutionary War veteran. 7 General John Wilkins c. 1805–c. 1812 Formerly 7th and last Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army 8 William Steele 1812–1813 Mayors (since 1816) No. Mayor Term Party Notes Opposition 1 Ebenezer Denny # 1816–1817 Federalist First "appointed" mayor after city charter, resigned from office with health concerns, Revolutionary War veteran. 2 John Darragh 1817–1825 Federalist Appointed by City Council, formerly president of the bank of Pittsburgh. 3 John M. Snowden 1825–1828 Democratic-Republican, Jacksonian Appointed by City Council, formerly president of the bank of Pittsburgh and county treasurer, edited the Pittsburgh Mercury. 4 Magnus Miller Murray 1828–1830 Jacksonian, Democrat Appointed by City Council 5 Matthew B. Lowrie 1830–1831 Anti-Masonic Appointed by City Council, brother was a U.S. Senator and son became Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. 6 Magnus Miller Murray 1831–1832 Democrat Appointed by City Council 7 Samuel Pettigrew 1832–1836 Democrat Appointed by City Council, later won the first mayoral election Jackson and Clay (1834–35) Democratic and Workingmen's (1835–36) 8 Dr. Jonas R. McClintock 1836–1839 Democrat (1836–37) Elected mayor at the age of 28, became the first man to assume the office from a general election. Later led a Union company in the American Civil War. City (1837–38) City Improvement (1838–39) 9 William Little 1839–1840 Independent 10 William W. Irwin 1840–1841 Whig (and Anti-Masonic) Elected to congress and appointed United States Ambassador to Denmark after leaving office. 11 James Thomson 1841–1842 Whig 12 Alexander Hay 1842–1845 Whig (1842–43) After office he was commander in the Mexican War, and captain in the Civil War. Volunteer (1843–44) Independent/Volunteer (1844–45) 13 William J. Howard 1845–1846 Whig Longtime president of the "Guardians of the Poor", forerunner of the Salvation Army 14 William Kerr 1846–1847 Democrat 15 Gabriel Adams 1847–1849 Whig After office was appointed state judge 16 John Herron 1849–1850 Whig Before office was a captain in the Mexican War, hero of the Siege of Veracruz. 17 Joseph Barker 1850–1851 People's and Anti-Catholic Elected while in jail for inciting anti-Catholic and anti-Masonic riots. The itinerant preacher was released to serve his one-year mayoral term. Barker repeatedly sought re-election, but failed. Later, he was decapitated when he got too close to a train. 18 John B. Guthrie 1851–1853 Democrat Father of future mayor George W. Guthrie, served in Mexican War, was the longtime Customs Collector for Pittsburgh 19 Robert M. Riddle 1853–1854 Whig Formerly Postmaster of Pittsburgh, edited the Commercial Journal 20 Ferdinand E. Volz 1854–1856 Whig (1854–55) Oversaw cholera epidemic response Whig-Democratic fusion (anti-Know Nothing) (1855–56) 21 William Bingham 1856–1857 American 22 Henry A. Weaver 1857–1860 Republican After office served as U.S. Collector of Revenue for Pittsburgh 23 George Wilson 1860–1862 Republican Formerly Pittsburgh Public Schools Director 24 Benair C. Sawyer 1862–1864 Republican After office moved to Colorado then to California making a fortune in mining 25 James Lowry, Jr. 1864–1866 Union City 26 William C. McCarthy 1866–1868 Republican Formerly a legend as a City fire fighter and commander, during administration ended the police practice of assuring "All is Well" on the hour, later served as city controller. 27 James Blackmore 1868–1869 Workingmen's Formerly Chief Clerk of City 28 Jared M. Brush 1869–1872 Republican Formerly city councilor, served as a minister during the Civil War. 29 James Blackmore 1872–1875 Democrat Formerly Chief Clerk of City 30 William C. McCarthy 1875–1878 Republican Formerly a legend as a Pittsburgh Fire Fighter and commander, during administration ended the police practice of assuring "All is Well" on the hour, later served as city controller. 31 Robert Liddell 1878–1881 Democrat Before and after office was a brewer and liquor dealer. Miles S. Humphreys 32 Robert W. Lyon 1881–1884 Democrat Earned two Purple Hearts in the Civil War, oil businessman before being elected, worked in a steel mill after leaving office. Miles S. Humphreys 33 Andrew Fulton 1884–1887 Republican Former city councilman; temporarily retired to breed horses in Colorado; later served as county director of the Division of Weights and Measures Robert Liddell 34 William McCallin 1887–1890 Republican Former County Coroner and County Sheriff Bernard J. McKenna 35 Henry I. Gourley 1890–1893 Republican Former city councilman; became city clerk after office John H. Bailey 36 Bernard J. McKenna 1893–1896 Democrat Former city councilman and firefighter John S. Lambie & F.C. Beinhauer 37 Henry P. Ford 1896–1899 Republican Industrialist, with interests in knife manufacturing. George W. Guthrie 38 William J. Diehl # 1899–1901 Republican Former Deputy Sheriff; impeached on corruption charges John C. O'Donnell 39 Adam M. Brown 1901 Republican Former Court of Common Pleas judge; California Gold Rush speculator; earned the nickname of "Major" due to his military service non-elected 40 Joseph O. Brown † 1901–1903 Republican Former Allegheny County Prothonotary and city Director of Public Safety; died in office of a heart attack non-elected 41 William B. Hays 1903–1906 Citizens / Democrat Industrialist, with interests in coal and lumber John C. Haymaker 42 George W. Guthrie 1906–1909 Democrat Attorney; son of former mayor John B. Guthrie; served as United States Ambassador to Japan after office. Alexander M. Jenkinson 43 William A. Magee 1909–1914 Republican Former Allegheny County Assistant District Attorney and city councilman 44 Joseph G. Armstrong 1914–1918 Republican Former city councilman and Allegheny County Coroner; nicknamed "Joe the Builder" for his extensive public works projects Stephen G. Porter 45 Edward V. Babcock 1918–1922 Republican Former city councilman; later served as Allegheny County Commissioner; personally purchased 4,000 acres (16 km2) for county parklands. Purchased thousands of acres of south Florida timberland, estate sold to the state for conservation in the 1990s. William A. Magee 46 William A. Magee 1922–1926 Republican Former City Council President William N. McNair 47 Charles H. Kline # 1926–1933 Republican Former State Representative and State Senator; convicted in 1932 by jury on 49 counts of corruption, but charges later overturned on appeal; resigned due to party pressure over corruption charges James F Malone, Tom Dunn 48 John S. Herron 1933–1934 Republican Former City Council President non-elected 49 William N. McNair # 1934–1936 Democrat Idealistic attorney; commended for his honesty, but criticized for his inability to get along with city council or the bureaucracy; arrested in 1935 for failing to authorize the return of a fine to an illegal gambler whose conviction had been overturned; resigned due to political infighting John Herron 50 Cornelius D. Scully 1936–1946 Democrat Former City Council President Bob Waddell Harmar Denny 51 David L. Lawrence # 1946–1959 Democrat Named one of the all-time 50 greatest American mayors; elected governor in 1958; former Pennsylvania Democratic Party Chairman, Secretary of the Commonwealth, and U.S. Collector of Revenue; considered a "king maker" by Democratic Party Conventions due to his crafting of compromise candidates of U.S. Presidents Truman and the Kennedy/Johnson tickets. Bob Waddell Tice Ryan Leo Kane John Drew 52 Thomas Gallagher 1959 Democrat Former State Representative and City Council President; became mayor at age 75 non-elected 53 Joseph M. Barr 1959–1970 Democrat Former State Senator Will Crehan Vince Rovitto 54 Peter F. Flaherty # 1970–1977 Democrat Former city councilman; resigned after he was appointed Deputy U.S. Attorney General by President Carter; Democratic nominee for governor in 1978, and for U.S. Senate in 1974 and 1980, losing all three races by close margins John Tabor "Fusion" Democrat Unopposed 55 Richard Caliguiri † 1977–1988 Independent Democrat Former City Council President; won 1978 election as an independent, after initially deciding not to run due to a lack of support from party leaders; died in office from amyloidosis Tom Foerster & Vince Cosetti Democrat Fred Goehringer Henry Sneath 56 Sophie Masloff 1988–1994 Democrat Former City Council President; began her career in Pittsburgh politics as a Court secretary in 1938 at age 18 Uncontested 57 Thomas J. Murphy, Jr. ♥ 1994–2006 Democrat Former State Representative; lectures internationally on cities as a senior fellow at Washington, DC-based Urban Land Institute Duane Darkins & Kathy Matta Harry Frost James Carmine 58 Bob O'Connor † 2006 Democrat Former City Council President; died in office from a brain tumor. Joe Weinroth & Titus North 59 Luke Ravenstahl ♥ 2006–2014 Democrat Former City Council President; became mayor at age 26, making him the youngest mayor of a top 100 city. Mark DeSantis Dok Harris & Kevin Acklin 60 Bill Peduto ♥ 2014–2022 Democrat Former city councilman Joshua Wander Unopposed 61 Ed Gainey ♥ 2022–present Democrat Former state representative Tony Moreno † Died in office; # Resigned from office ; ♥ Still living Longest tenures 13 years (1946–1959) – David L. Lawrence 12 years (1994–2006) – Thomas J. Murphy, Jr. 11 years and 1 month (1977–1988) – Richard Caliguiri 10 years and 1 month (1959–1970) – Joseph M. Barr 9 years and 3 months (1936–1946) – Cornelius D. Scully 8 years and 9 months (1909–1914, 1922–1926) – William A. Magee 8 years (2014–2022) – Bill Peduto 7 years and 11 months (1817–1825) – John Darragh 7 years and 4 months (2006–2014) – Luke Ravenstahl 7 years and >3 months (1970–1977) – Peter F. Flaherty 7 years and <3 months (1926–1933) – Charles H. Kline The listed terms are rounded to the nearest month. See also History of Pittsburgh List of mayors of Allegheny, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh City Council Pittsburgh Mayoral Chief of Staff Notes ^ Nominated by the firemen of Pittsburgh. ^ Mayors labeled as "Whig" on this list were also called "Whig and Anti-Masonic," to a lessening degree over the years. ^ a b c d Did not officially run as a Republican, as a non-partisan ballot law was in force. ^ Nominated by both major parties. References ^ "City of Pittsburgh 2013 Operating Budget" (PDF). City of Pittsburgh. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ "Code of Ordinances of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania". City of Pittsburgh. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ Pencak, William (2010). Pennsylvania's Revolution. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-271-03579-6. ... in 1802, as a member of the Federalist Party, was elected ... chief burgess of the borough of Pittsburgh. This was an important position, roughly equivalent to a present-day mayoralty. ^ Curry, Leonard P. (1997). The Corporate City: The American City as a Political Entity, 1800–1850. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 98. Sources Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A., eds. (1981). Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-21134-5. Office of Prothonotary; Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Historic Pittsburgh Collection Political Graveyard: Pittsburgh External links Mayors in crisis through history Pittsburgh mayoral election results Pittsburgh mayors vteCity of PittsburghGovernment Airport Convention Center City Hall Courthouse Mayor Council Events InterGov Police District Attorney Sheriff Fire Libraries Transit Education Parks Port Regional Economy Allegheny Conference Duquesne Club Chamber of Commerce Corporations Economic Club HYP Club Stock Exchange Other topics Colleges and universities Culture cookie table theatre Green Man Pittsburgh Parking Chair Picklesburgh Dialect Yinzer Flag Fictional settings Filming films television History name timeline Jewish history 2018 synagogue shooting Pittsburgh toilet Hospitals Media Museums Neighborhoods Nicknames Notable Pittsburghers Region combined statistical area Skyscrapers Sports Category vteMayors of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania since the 1816 City Charter Denny Darragh Snowden Murray M. Lowrie Murray Pettigrew McClintock Little Irwin Thomson Hay Howard Kerr Adams J. Herron Barker J. Guthrie Riddle Volz Bingham Weaver Wilson Sawyer J. Lowry McCarthy Blackmore Brush Blackmore McCarthy Liddell Lyon Fulton McCallin Gourley McKenna Ford Diehl A. Brown J. Brown Hays G. Guthrie Magee Armstrong Babcock Magee Kline J. S. Herron McNair Scully Lawrence Gallagher Barr Flaherty Caliguiri Masloff Murphy O'Connor Ravenstahl Peduto Gainey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorismate_synthase
Chorismate synthase
["1 Biological and practical function","2 Structural studies","3 Mechanism","4 References","5 External links"]
Ribbon diagram of the 1ZTB structure, Chorismate synthase isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. chorismate synthaseChorismate synthase homotetramer, Streptococcus pneumoniaeIdentifiersEC no.4.2.3.5CAS no.9077-07-0 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins The enzyme chorismate synthase (EC 4.2.3.5) catalyzes the chemical reaction 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } chorismate + phosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase (chorismate-forming). This enzyme is also called 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. Chorismate synthaseIdentifiersSymbolChorismate_syntPfamPF01264InterProIPR000453PROSITEPDOC00628SCOP21q1l / SCOPe / SUPFAMAvailable protein structures:Pfam  structures / ECOD  PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summaryPDB1umfA:8-351 1um0A:8-351 1sq1A:8-348 1r52A:8-366 1r53A:8-366 1qxoB:1-366 1q1lC:6-376 Chorismate synthase catalyzes the last of the seven steps in the shikimate pathway which is used in prokaryotes, fungi and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. It catalyzes the 1,4-trans elimination of the phosphate group from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) to form chorismate which can then be used in phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan biosynthesis. Chorismate synthase requires the presence of a reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2 or FADH2) for its activity. Chorismate synthase from various sources shows a high degree of sequence conservation. It is a protein of about 360 to 400 amino-acid residues. Biological and practical function The shikimate pathway synthesises precursors to aromatic amino acids, as well as other aromatic compounds that have various involvement with processes such as "UV protection, electron transport, signaling, communication, plant defense, and the wound response". Because humans lack the shikimate pathway, but it is required for the survival of many microorganisms, the pathway and chorismate synthase in particular are considered to be potential targets for new antimicrobial treatments. For example, chorismate synthase is known to be essential to the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, making the enzyme an attractive antibiotic target for control of this pathogen. Structural studies As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1Q1L, 1QXO, 1R52, 1R53, 1SQ1, 1UM0, 1UMF, 1ZTB, and 2G85. The crystal structure of chorismate synthase is a homotetramer with one FMN molecule non-covalently bound to each of the four monomers. Each monomer is made up of 9 alpha helices and 18 beta strands and the core is assembled in a unique beta-alpha-beta sandwich fold. The active sites for FMN-binding are made up of clusters of flexible loops and the area around these regions have highly positive electromagnetic potential. There are two histidine residues located at the active site which are thought to protonate the reduced flavin molecule and the leaving phosphate group of the substrate. shows one of the four monomers that make up the active chorismate synthase molecule interacting with the FMN molecule in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cartoon structure of one of the monomers present in the chorismate synthase moleucle with FMN molecule shown in green this shows the interaction between the four monomers creating the chorismate synthase tetramer complete chorismate synthase tetramer shown interacting with one FMN molecule Mechanism The formation of chorismate from EPSP involves two eliminations, of phosphate and a proton (H+), from the substrate. In the first step of catalysis, phosphate is eliminated, assisted by proton transfer from a conserved histidine residue. At the same time, an electron is transferred from the FMN to the substrate, forming an FMN radical and a substrate radical. Next, the FMN radical rearranges, and then a hydrogen atom is transferred to FMN from the substrate, eliminating both radicals and generating the product. The reduced FMN then re-tautomerizes to its active form by donating a proton to a second conserved histidine. Although the chorismate synthase reaction is FMN-dependent, there is no net redox change between substrate and product; the FMN merely acts as a catalyst. Two classes of chorismate synthase exist, differing in how the reduced state of the FMN cofactor is maintained. Bifunctional chorismate synthase is present in fungi and contains an NAD(P)H-dependent flavin reductase domain. Monofunctional chorismate synthase is found in plants and E.coli and lacks a flavin reductase domain. It depends on a separate reductase enzyme to reduce the FMN. References ^ 1ZTB Dias; et al. (2006). "Structure of chorismate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Journal of Structural Biology. 154 (2): 130–143. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2005.12.008. PMID 16459102.; rendered with PyMOL ^ Schaller A, Schmid J, Leibinger U, Amrhein N (1991). "Molecular cloning and analysis of a cDNA coding for chorismate synthase from the higher plant Corydalis sempervirens Pers". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (32): 21434–21438. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54657-3. PMID 1718979. ^ Braus GH, Reusser U, Jones DG (1991). "Molecular cloning, characterization and analysis of the regulation of the ARO2 gene, encoding chorismate synthase, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Mol. Microbiol. 5 (9): 2143–2152. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02144.x. PMID 1837329. S2CID 39999230. ^ Macheroux, P.; Schmid, J. R.; Amrhein, N.; Schaller, A. (1999). "A unique reaction in a common pathway: Mechanism and function of chorismate synthase in the shikimate pathway". Planta. 207 (3): 325–334. Bibcode:1999Plant.207..325M. doi:10.1007/s004250050489. PMID 9951731. S2CID 9668886. ^ a b c Ely, F.; Nunes, J. E.; Schroeder, E. K.; Frazzon, J.; Palma, M. S.; Santos, D. S.; Basso, L. A. (2008). "The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2540c DNA sequence encodes a bifunctional chorismate synthase". BMC Biochemistry. 9: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2091-9-13. PMC 2386126. PMID 18445278. ^ Ahn, H. J.; Yoon, H. J.; Lee, B. I.; Suh, S. W. (2004). "Crystal Structure of Chorismate Synthase: A Novel FMN-binding Protein Fold and Functional Insights". Journal of Molecular Biology. 336 (4): 903–915. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2003.12.072. PMID 15095868. ^ Kitzing, Karina; Auweter, Sigrid; Amrhein, Nikolaus; Macheroux, Peter (March 2004). "Mechanism of chorismate synthase: Role of the two invariant histidine residues in the active site". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (10): 9451–9461. doi:10.1074/jbc.M312471200. PMID 14668332. Retrieved 20 Jan 2024. Gaertner FH, Cole KW (1973). "Properties of chorismate synthase in Neurospora crassa". J. Biol. Chem. 248 (13): 4602–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43706-X. PMID 4146266. Morell H, Clark MJ, Knowles PF, Sprinson DB (1967). "The enzymic synthesis of chorismic and prephenic acids from 3-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 5-phosphate". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1): 82–90. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96321-0. PMID 4289188. Welch GR, Cole KW, Gaertner FH (1974). "Chorismate synthase of Neurospora crassa: a flavoprotein". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165 (2): 505–18. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(74)90276-8. PMID 4155270. Bornemann S, Lowe DJ, Thorneley RN (1996). "The transient kinetics of Escherichia coli chorismate synthase: substrate consumption, product formation, phosphate dissociation, and characterization of a flavin intermediate". Biochemistry. 35 (30): 9907–16. doi:10.1021/bi952958q. PMID 8703965. Bornemann S, Theoclitou ME, Brune M, Webb MR, Thorneley RN, Abell C (2000). "A Secondary beta Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Chorismate Synthase Reaction". Bioorganic Chemistry. 28 (4): 191–204. doi:10.1006/bioo.2000.1174. PMID 11034781. Osborne A, Thorneley RN, Abell C, Bornemann S (2000). "Studies with substrate and cofactor analogues provide evidence for a radical mechanism in the chorismate synthase reaction". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (46): 35825–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005796200. PMID 10956653. External links Media related to Chorismate synthase at Wikimedia Commons vteCarbon–oxygen lyases (EC 4.2) (primarily dehydratases)4.2.1: Hydro-Lyases Carbonic anhydrase Fumarase Aconitase Enolase Alpha Enolase 2 Enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase Tryptophan synthase Cystathionine beta synthase Porphobilinogen synthase 3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase Urocanase Uroporphyrinogen III synthase Nitrile hydratase 4.2.2: Acting on polysaccharides Hyaluronate lyase Pectin lyase 4.2.3: Acting on phosphates Threonine synthase 4.2.99: Other Carboxymethyloxysuccinate lyase Hydroperoxide lyase vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"lyases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyase"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"shikimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikimate"},{"link_name":"aromatic amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acids"},{"link_name":"phosphate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_group"},{"link_name":"5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate"},{"link_name":"flavin mononucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00002667-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUB00003811-3"}],"text":"The enzyme chorismate synthase (EC 4.2.3.5) catalyzes the chemical reaction5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n chorismate + phosphateThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase (chorismate-forming). This enzyme is also called 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis.Chorismate synthase catalyzes the last of the seven steps in the shikimate pathway which is used in prokaryotes, fungi and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. It catalyzes the 1,4-trans elimination of the phosphate group from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) to form chorismate which can then be used in phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan biosynthesis. Chorismate synthase requires the presence of a reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2 or FADH2) for its activity. Chorismate synthase from various sources shows[2][3] a high degree of sequence conservation. It is a protein of about 360 to 400 amino-acid residues.","title":"Chorismate synthase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mechanism_and_Function_of_Chorismate_Synthase-4"},{"link_name":"antimicrobial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial"},{"link_name":"antibiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mycobacterium_Tuberculosis-5"}],"text":"The shikimate pathway synthesises precursors to aromatic amino acids, as well as other aromatic compounds that have various involvement with processes such as \"UV protection, electron transport, signaling, communication, plant defense, and the wound response\".[4] Because humans lack the shikimate pathway, but it is required for the survival of many microorganisms, the pathway and chorismate synthase in particular are considered to be potential targets for new antimicrobial treatments. For example, chorismate synthase is known to be essential to the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, making the enzyme an attractive antibiotic target for control of this pathogen.[5]","title":"Biological and practical function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"1Q1L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1Q1L"},{"link_name":"1QXO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1QXO"},{"link_name":"1R52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1R52"},{"link_name":"1R53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1R53"},{"link_name":"1SQ1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1SQ1"},{"link_name":"1UM0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1UM0"},{"link_name":"1UMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1UMF"},{"link_name":"1ZTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1ZTB"},{"link_name":"2G85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=2G85"},{"link_name":"homotetramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotetramer"},{"link_name":"monomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomers"},{"link_name":"active sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site"},{"link_name":"histidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1Q1L, 1QXO, 1R52, 1R53, 1SQ1, 1UM0, 1UMF, 1ZTB, and 2G85.The crystal structure of chorismate synthase is a homotetramer with one\nFMN molecule non-covalently bound to each of the four monomers. \nEach monomer is made up of 9 alpha helices and 18 beta strands and the core \nis assembled in a unique beta-alpha-beta sandwich fold. The active sites for FMN-binding are made up of clusters of flexible loops and the area around these regions have highly positive electromagnetic potential. There are two histidine residues located at the active site which are thought to protonate the reduced flavin molecule and the leaving phosphate group of the substrate.[6]","title":"Structural studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eliminations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"histidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"Bifunctional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifunctional"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mycobacterium_Tuberculosis-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Mycobacterium_Tuberculosis-5"}],"text":"The formation of chorismate from EPSP involves two eliminations, of phosphate and a proton (H+), from the substrate. In the first step of catalysis, phosphate is eliminated, assisted by proton transfer from a conserved histidine residue. At the same time, an electron is transferred from the FMN to the substrate, forming an FMN radical and a substrate radical. Next, the FMN radical rearranges, and then a hydrogen atom is transferred to FMN from the substrate, eliminating both radicals and generating the product. The reduced FMN then re-tautomerizes to its active form by donating a proton to a second conserved histidine.[7] Although the chorismate synthase reaction is FMN-dependent, there is no net redox change between substrate and product; the FMN merely acts as a catalyst.Two classes of chorismate synthase exist, differing in how the reduced state of the FMN cofactor is maintained. Bifunctional chorismate synthase is present in fungi and contains an NAD(P)H-dependent flavin reductase domain.[5] Monofunctional chorismate synthase is found in plants and E.coli and lacks a flavin reductase domain. It depends on a separate reductase enzyme to reduce the FMN.[5]","title":"Mechanism"}]
[{"image_text":"Ribbon diagram of the 1ZTB structure, Chorismate synthase isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1ZTB.png/220px-1ZTB.png"},{"image_text":"shows one of the four monomers that make up the active chorismate synthase molecule interacting with the FMN molecule in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chorismate_synthase_with_FMN.png/150px-Chorismate_synthase_with_FMN.png"},{"image_text":"cartoon structure of one of the monomers present in the chorismate synthase moleucle with FMN molecule shown in green","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chorsimate_synthase_cartoon.png/150px-Chorsimate_synthase_cartoon.png"},{"image_text":"this shows the interaction between the four monomers creating the chorismate synthase tetramer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chorismate_synthase.png/150px-Chorismate_synthase.png"},{"image_text":"complete chorismate synthase tetramer shown interacting with one FMN molecule","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chorsimate_synthase_whole.png/150px-Chorsimate_synthase_whole.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dias; et al. (2006). \"Structure of chorismate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis\". Journal of Structural Biology. 154 (2): 130–143. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2005.12.008. PMID 16459102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsb.2005.12.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.jsb.2005.12.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16459102","url_text":"16459102"}]},{"reference":"Schaller A, Schmid J, Leibinger U, Amrhein N (1991). \"Molecular cloning and analysis of a cDNA coding for chorismate synthase from the higher plant Corydalis sempervirens Pers\". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (32): 21434–21438. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54657-3. PMID 1718979.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2954657-3","url_text":"\"Molecular cloning and analysis of a cDNA coding for chorismate synthase from the higher plant Corydalis sempervirens Pers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2954657-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54657-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1718979","url_text":"1718979"}]},{"reference":"Braus GH, Reusser U, Jones DG (1991). \"Molecular cloning, characterization and analysis of the regulation of the ARO2 gene, encoding chorismate synthase, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae\". Mol. Microbiol. 5 (9): 2143–2152. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02144.x. PMID 1837329. S2CID 39999230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1991.tb02144.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02144.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1837329","url_text":"1837329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39999230","url_text":"39999230"}]},{"reference":"Macheroux, P.; Schmid, J. R.; Amrhein, N.; Schaller, A. (1999). \"A unique reaction in a common pathway: Mechanism and function of chorismate synthase in the shikimate pathway\". Planta. 207 (3): 325–334. Bibcode:1999Plant.207..325M. doi:10.1007/s004250050489. PMID 9951731. S2CID 9668886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Plant.207..325M","url_text":"1999Plant.207..325M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004250050489","url_text":"10.1007/s004250050489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9951731","url_text":"9951731"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9668886","url_text":"9668886"}]},{"reference":"Ely, F.; Nunes, J. E.; Schroeder, E. K.; Frazzon, J.; Palma, M. S.; Santos, D. S.; Basso, L. A. (2008). \"The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2540c DNA sequence encodes a bifunctional chorismate synthase\". BMC Biochemistry. 9: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2091-9-13. PMC 2386126. PMID 18445278.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386126","url_text":"\"The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2540c DNA sequence encodes a bifunctional chorismate synthase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2091-9-13","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2091-9-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386126","url_text":"2386126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445278","url_text":"18445278"}]},{"reference":"Ahn, H. J.; Yoon, H. J.; Lee, B. I.; Suh, S. W. (2004). \"Crystal Structure of Chorismate Synthase: A Novel FMN-binding Protein Fold and Functional Insights\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 336 (4): 903–915. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2003.12.072. PMID 15095868.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/891107","url_text":"\"Crystal Structure of Chorismate Synthase: A Novel FMN-binding Protein Fold and Functional Insights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2003.12.072","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmb.2003.12.072"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15095868","url_text":"15095868"}]},{"reference":"Kitzing, Karina; Auweter, Sigrid; Amrhein, Nikolaus; Macheroux, Peter (March 2004). \"Mechanism of chorismate synthase: Role of the two invariant histidine residues in the active site\". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (10): 9451–9461. doi:10.1074/jbc.M312471200. PMID 14668332. Retrieved 20 Jan 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(17)47857-4/fulltext","url_text":"\"Mechanism of chorismate synthase: Role of the two invariant histidine residues in the active site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M312471200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M312471200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14668332","url_text":"14668332"}]},{"reference":"Gaertner FH, Cole KW (1973). \"Properties of chorismate synthase in Neurospora crassa\". J. Biol. Chem. 248 (13): 4602–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43706-X. PMID 4146266.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2943706-X","url_text":"\"Properties of chorismate synthase in Neurospora crassa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2943706-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43706-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4146266","url_text":"4146266"}]},{"reference":"Morell H, Clark MJ, Knowles PF, Sprinson DB (1967). \"The enzymic synthesis of chorismic and prephenic acids from 3-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 5-phosphate\". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1): 82–90. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96321-0. PMID 4289188.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2996321-0","url_text":"\"The enzymic synthesis of chorismic and prephenic acids from 3-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 5-phosphate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2996321-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96321-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4289188","url_text":"4289188"}]},{"reference":"Welch GR, Cole KW, Gaertner FH (1974). \"Chorismate synthase of Neurospora crassa: a flavoprotein\". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165 (2): 505–18. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(74)90276-8. PMID 4155270.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-9861%2874%2990276-8","url_text":"10.1016/0003-9861(74)90276-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4155270","url_text":"4155270"}]},{"reference":"Bornemann S, Lowe DJ, Thorneley RN (1996). \"The transient kinetics of Escherichia coli chorismate synthase: substrate consumption, product formation, phosphate dissociation, and characterization of a flavin intermediate\". Biochemistry. 35 (30): 9907–16. doi:10.1021/bi952958q. PMID 8703965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi952958q","url_text":"10.1021/bi952958q"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8703965","url_text":"8703965"}]},{"reference":"Bornemann S, Theoclitou ME, Brune M, Webb MR, Thorneley RN, Abell C (2000). \"A Secondary beta Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Chorismate Synthase Reaction\". Bioorganic Chemistry. 28 (4): 191–204. doi:10.1006/bioo.2000.1174. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rubin
Arthur Rubin
["1 Life and career","2 Awards and honors","3 Publications","4 References"]
American mathematician Arthur RubinRubin at the Aquarium of the Pacific in August 2006Born1956 (age 67–68)Alma materCaltechScientific careerFieldsMathematicsAerospace engineeringThesisFree Algebras in Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Set Theory and Positive Elementary Inductions in Reasonable Structures (1978)Doctoral advisorAlexander S. Kechris Arthur Leonard Rubin (born 1956) is an American mathematician and aerospace engineer. He was named a Putnam Fellow on four consecutive occasions from 1970 to 1973. Life and career Rubin's mother was Jean E. Rubin, a professor of mathematics at Purdue University, and his father was Herman Rubin, a professor of statistics at the same university. Arthur co-authored his first paper with his mother in 1969 at the age of 13. He earned his Ph.D. at the California Institute of Technology in 1978, under the direction of Alexander S. Kechris. Rubin unsuccessfully stood as a Libertarian to represent the 55th district in the 1984 California State Assembly elections. Awards and honors As an undergraduate, Rubin was named a Putnam Fellow on four occasions, the first time in 1970, aged 14, making him the youngest Fellow to date. In 1972, he tied for third place in the first USA Mathematical Olympiad. In 1974, Rubin was the subject of an article in the Madison Capital Times, in which his Caltech undergraduate advisor was quoted as saying that someone of Rubin's ability appeared in the United States "about once in every ten years". Publications Rubin's dissertation was entitled Free Algebras in Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Set Theory and Positive Elementary Inductions in Reasonable Structures. In 1979, Rubin co-authored a paper on list coloring of graphs with Paul Erdős, giving him an Erdős number of 1. Rubin, A. L. & Rubin, J. E. (1969). "Extended operations and relations on the class of ordinal numbers". Fundamenta Mathematicae. 65 (2): 227–242. doi:10.4064/fm-65-2-227-242. Howard, P. E.; Rubin, A. L. & Rubin, J. E. (1979). "Kinna–Wagner Selection Principles, Axioms of Choice and Multiple Choice". Monatshefte für Mathematik. 123 (4): 309–319. doi:10.1007/BF01326766. S2CID 18138945. Posner, E. C. & Rubin, A.L. (1984). "Capacity of digital links in tandem". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. IT-30 (3): 464–470. Bibcode:1984ITIT...30..464P. doi:10.1109/TIT.1984.1056917. Truong, T. K.; Reed, I. S.; Lipes, R. G.; Rubin, A. L. & Butman, S. A. (1984). "Digital SAR processing using a fast polynomial transform". IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ASSP-32 (2): 419–425. doi:10.1109/TASSP.1984.1164307. References ^ Bock, M. E. (2004), "Conversations with Herman Rubin", in DasGupta, Anirban (ed.), A Festschrift for Herman Rubin, Lecture notes – monograph series, vol. 45, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, pp. 408–417, ISBN 9780940600614, JSTOR 4356327. ^ McClure, Dinah L., ed. (2002). "Obituary: J.E.H. Rubin" (PDF). Sequel (38): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2006-04-25. ^ Rubin, A. L. & Rubin, J. E. (1969). "Extended operations and relations on the class of ordinal numbers". Fundamenta Mathematicae. 65 (2): 227–242. doi:10.4064/fm-65-2-227-242. (The default language of this webpage is Polish, but it can be changed to English via the language option on the upper right) ^ a b Arthur Rubin at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ Ward, Mike (June 3, 1984). "Most Senators, Assemblymen Unchallenged". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 676835132. ^ Alexanderson, Gerald L.; Klosinski, Leonard F.; Larson, Loren C., eds. (1985). The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition Problems and Solutions 1965–1984. Mathematical Association of America. pp. 141–142. ISBN 0-88385-463-5. OCLC 55235548. ^ "The Mathematical Association of America's William Lowell Putnam Competition". Mathematical Association of America. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-25. ^ Gallian, Joseph. "The Putnam Competition from 1938-2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2015-09-22. ^ Greitzer, S (March 1973). "The First U.S.A Mathematical Olympiad". American Mathematical Monthly. 80 (3). Mathematical Association of America: 276–281. doi:10.2307/2318449. JSTOR 2318449. ^ Stingley, Jim (May 13, 1974). "Caltech Math Whiz". Los Angeles Times. pp. D1–D2. ProQuest 157440937. Reprinted and slightly altered in Madison Capital Times on July 6, 1974 ^ Rubin, Arthur Leonard (1978). Free Algebras in Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Set Theory and Positive Elementary Inductions in Reasonable Structures (Ph.D.). California Institute of Technology. OCLC 436995833. ProQuest 302912786. (Note: access might be depended on type of library institutional subscription available) ^ Erdős, Paul; Rubin, Arthur L. & Taylor, Herbert (1980). "Choosability in graphs" (PDF). Proc. West Coast Conf. on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, Calif., 1979). Congressus Numerantium. Vol. XXVI. pp. 125–157. MR 0593902. Authority control databases: Academics DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH
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Kechris.[4]Rubin unsuccessfully stood as a Libertarian to represent the 55th district in the 1984 California State Assembly elections.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"USA Mathematical Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America_Mathematical_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Madison Capital Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Capital_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1974may13-10"}],"text":"As an undergraduate, Rubin was named a Putnam Fellow on four occasions, the first time in 1970, aged 14, making him the youngest Fellow to date.[6][7][8] In 1972, he tied for third place in the first USA Mathematical Olympiad.[9]In 1974, Rubin was the subject of an article in the Madison Capital Times, in which his Caltech undergraduate advisor was quoted as saying that someone of Rubin's ability appeared in the United States \"about once in every ten years\".[10]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_object"},{"link_name":"Algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Set Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Bernays%E2%80%93G%C3%B6del_Set_Theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rubin-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"list coloring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_coloring"},{"link_name":"graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"Paul Erdős","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s"},{"link_name":"Erdős number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_number"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"\"Extended operations and relations on the class of ordinal numbers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pldml.icm.edu.pl/pldml/element/bwmeta1.element.bwnjournal-article-fmv65i1p23bwm"},{"link_name":"Fundamenta Mathematicae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_Mathematicae"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4064/fm-65-2-227-242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-65-2-227-242"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF01326766","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01326766"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18138945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18138945"},{"link_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Information_Theory"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1984ITIT...30..464P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ITIT...30..464P"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/TIT.1984.1056917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FTIT.1984.1056917"},{"link_name":"Reed, I. 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Monatshefte für Mathematik. 123 (4): 309–319. doi:10.1007/BF01326766. S2CID 18138945.\nPosner, E. C. & Rubin, A.L. (1984). \"Capacity of digital links in tandem\". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. IT-30 (3): 464–470. Bibcode:1984ITIT...30..464P. doi:10.1109/TIT.1984.1056917.\nTruong, T. K.; Reed, I. S.; Lipes, R. G.; Rubin, A. L. & Butman, S. A. (1984). \"Digital SAR processing using a fast polynomial transform\". IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ASSP-32 (2): 419–425. doi:10.1109/TASSP.1984.1164307.","title":"Publications"}]
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null
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S2CID 18138945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01326766","url_text":"10.1007/BF01326766"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18138945","url_text":"18138945"}]},{"reference":"Posner, E. C. & Rubin, A.L. (1984). \"Capacity of digital links in tandem\". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. IT-30 (3): 464–470. Bibcode:1984ITIT...30..464P. doi:10.1109/TIT.1984.1056917.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Information_Theory","url_text":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ITIT...30..464P","url_text":"1984ITIT...30..464P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTIT.1984.1056917","url_text":"10.1109/TIT.1984.1056917"}]},{"reference":"Truong, T. K.; Reed, I. S.; Lipes, R. G.; Rubin, A. L. & Butman, S. A. (1984). \"Digital SAR processing using a fast polynomial transform\". IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ASSP-32 (2): 419–425. doi:10.1109/TASSP.1984.1164307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_S._Reed","url_text":"Reed, I. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_publications","url_text":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTASSP.1984.1164307","url_text":"10.1109/TASSP.1984.1164307"}]},{"reference":"Bock, M. E. (2004), \"Conversations with Herman Rubin\", in DasGupta, Anirban (ed.), A Festschrift for Herman Rubin, Lecture notes – monograph series, vol. 45, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, pp. 408–417, ISBN 9780940600614, JSTOR 4356327","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Bock","url_text":"Bock, M. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780940600614","url_text":"9780940600614"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4356327","url_text":"4356327"}]},{"reference":"McClure, Dinah L., ed. (2002). \"Obituary: J.E.H. Rubin\" (PDF). Sequel (38): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2006-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060902184206/http://www.science.purdue.edu/Sequel/sequel%2038.pdf","url_text":"\"Obituary: J.E.H. Rubin\""},{"url":"http://www.science.purdue.edu/Sequel/sequel%2038.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, A. L. & Rubin, J. E. (1969). \"Extended operations and relations on the class of ordinal numbers\". Fundamenta Mathematicae. 65 (2): 227–242. doi:10.4064/fm-65-2-227-242.","urls":[{"url":"http://pldml.icm.edu.pl/pldml/element/bwmeta1.element.bwnjournal-article-fmv65i1p23bwm","url_text":"\"Extended operations and relations on the class of ordinal numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_Mathematicae","url_text":"Fundamenta Mathematicae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4064%2Ffm-65-2-227-242","url_text":"10.4064/fm-65-2-227-242"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Mike (June 3, 1984). \"Most Senators, Assemblymen Unchallenged\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 676835132.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/676835132.html?dids=676835132:676835132&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+03,+1984&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Most+Senators,+Assemblymen+Unchallenged&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Most Senators, Assemblymen Unchallenged\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/676835132","url_text":"676835132"}]},{"reference":"Alexanderson, Gerald L.; Klosinski, Leonard F.; Larson, Loren C., eds. (1985). The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition Problems and Solutions 1965–1984. Mathematical Association of America. pp. 141–142. ISBN 0-88385-463-5. OCLC 55235548.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_L._Alexanderson","url_text":"Alexanderson, Gerald L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America","url_text":"Mathematical Association of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88385-463-5","url_text":"0-88385-463-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55235548","url_text":"55235548"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mathematical Association of America's William Lowell Putnam Competition\". Mathematical Association of America. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maa.org/awards/putnam.html","url_text":"\"The Mathematical Association of America's William Lowell Putnam Competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America","url_text":"Mathematical Association of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060421093143/http://www.maa.org/awards/putnam.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gallian, Joseph. \"The Putnam Competition from 1938-2009\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2015-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gallian","url_text":"Gallian, Joseph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091013085917/http://www.d.umn.edu/~jgallian/putnam06.pdf","url_text":"\"The Putnam Competition from 1938-2009\""},{"url":"http://www.d.umn.edu/~jgallian/putnam06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greitzer, S (March 1973). \"The First U.S.A Mathematical Olympiad\". American Mathematical Monthly. 80 (3). Mathematical Association of America: 276–281. doi:10.2307/2318449. JSTOR 2318449.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly","url_text":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America","url_text":"Mathematical Association of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2318449","url_text":"10.2307/2318449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2318449","url_text":"2318449"}]},{"reference":"Stingley, Jim (May 13, 1974). \"Caltech Math Whiz\". Los Angeles Times. pp. D1–D2. ProQuest 157440937.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157440937.html","url_text":"\"Caltech Math Whiz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/157440937","url_text":"157440937"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Arthur Leonard (1978). Free Algebras in Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Set Theory and Positive Elementary Inductions in Reasonable Structures (Ph.D.). California Institute of Technology. OCLC 436995833. ProQuest 302912786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436995833","url_text":"436995833"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/302912786","url_text":"302912786"}]},{"reference":"Erdős, Paul; Rubin, Arthur L. & Taylor, Herbert (1980). \"Choosability in graphs\" (PDF). Proc. West Coast Conf. on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, Calif., 1979). Congressus Numerantium. Vol. XXVI. pp. 125–157. MR 0593902.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s","url_text":"Erdős, Paul"},{"url":"http://www.renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1980-07.pdf","url_text":"\"Choosability in graphs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0593902","url_text":"0593902"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwazi_(disambiguation)
Marwazi
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Marwazi (Persian: مروزی) or al-Marwazi (Arabic: المروزي) is a nisba meaning "from Merv", a historical city in (early Khorasan and present day Central Asia), near today's Mary in Turkmenistan. It may refer to: ʿĪsā al-Marwazī (fl. 9th century), Syriac lexicographer Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi (died after 869), Persian astronomer, geographer, and mathematician who described trigonometric ratios Ibn Qutaybah or Abū Muhammad Abd-Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī (828–885), Islamic scholar Abu'l-Abbas Marwazi, 9th-century Persian poet 'Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Marwazi (died 875), senior Persian official of the Abbasid Caliphate in the mid-9th century Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Marwazi, 9th-century governor of Adharbayjan and Arminiyah for the Abbasid Caliphate Kisai Marvazi, 10th-century Persian poet Shams al-Dīn al-Marwazī, (Turkmen: Shemseddin Mervezi, 1077 – c. 1139), medieval astronomer Abu Tahir Marwazi, 12th-century prominent Persian philosopher from Khwarezmia Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, 11th–12th-century physician and author of Nature of Animals Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Marwazi.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence_factors
Virulence factor
["1 Attachment, immunoevasion, and immunosuppression","2 Destructive enzymes","3 GTPases","4 Toxins","4.1 Endotoxins","4.2 Exotoxins","5 Examples","6 Inhibition and control","7 See also","8 References"]
Type of molecules produced by a pathogen that might cause potential harmful effects "Immunoevasion" redirects here. For the antigenic escape mechanism, see Immune evasion. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Virulence factor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following: colonization of a niche in the host (this includes movement towards and attachment to host cells) immunoevasion, evasion of the host's immune response immunosuppression, inhibition of the host's immune response (this includes leukocidin-mediated cell death) entry into and exit out of cells (if the pathogen is an intracellular one) obtain nutrition from the host Specific pathogens possess a wide array of virulence factors. Some are chromosomally encoded and intrinsic to the bacteria (e.g. capsules and endotoxin), whereas others are obtained from mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages (e.g. some exotoxins). Virulence factors encoded on mobile genetic elements spread through horizontal gene transfer, and can convert harmless bacteria into dangerous pathogens. Bacteria like Escherichia coli O157:H7 gain the majority of their virulence from mobile genetic elements. Gram-negative bacteria secrete a variety of virulence factors at host–pathogen interface, via membrane vesicle trafficking as bacterial outer membrane vesicles for invasion, nutrition and other cell-cell communications. It has been found that many pathogens have converged on similar virulence factors to battle against eukaryotic host defenses. These obtained bacterial virulence factors have two different routes used to help them survive and grow: The factors are used to assist and promote colonization of the host. These factors include adhesins, invasins, and antiphagocytic factors. Bacterial flagella that give motility are included in these virulence factors. The factors, including toxins, hemolysins and proteases, bring damage to the host. Attachment, immunoevasion, and immunosuppression Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins to attach to host tissue. Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis. Capsules play important roles in immune evasion, as they inhibit phagocytosis, as well as protecting the bacteria while outside the host. Another group of virulence factors possessed by bacteria are immunoglobulin (Ig) proteases. Immunoglobulins are antibodies expressed and secreted by hosts in response to an infection. These immunoglobulins play a major role in destruction of the pathogen through mechanisms such as opsonization. Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, are able to break down the host's immunoglobulins using proteases. Viruses also have notable virulence factors. Experimental research, for example, often focuses on creating environments that isolate and identify the role of "niche-specific virulence genes". These are genes that perform specific tasks within specific tissues/places at specific times; the sum total of niche-specific genes is the virus' virulence. Genes characteristic of this concept are those that control latency in some viruses like herpes. Murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) and human herpesviruses depend on a subset of genes that allow them to maintain a chronic infection by reactivating when specific environmental conditions are met. Even though they are not essential for lytic phases of the virus, these latency genes are important for promoting chronic infection and continued replication within infected individuals. Destructive enzymes Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce a variety of enzymes which cause damage to host tissues. Enzymes include hyaluronidase, which breaks down the connective tissue component hyaluronic acid; a range of proteases and lipases; DNases, which break down DNA, and hemolysins which break down a variety of host cells, including red blood cells. GTPases A major group of virulence factors are proteins that can control the activation levels of GTPases. There are two ways in which they act. One is by acting as a GEF or GAP, and proceeding to look like a normally eukaryotic cellular protein. The other is covalently modifying the GTPase itself. The first way is reversible; many bacteria like Salmonella have two proteins to turn the GTPases on and off. The other process is irreversible, using toxins to completely change the target GTPase and shut down or override gene expression. One example of a bacterial virulence factor acting like a eukaryotic protein is Salmonella protein SopE it acts as a GEF, turning the GTPase on to create more GTP. It does not modify anything, but overdrives normal cellular internalization process, making it easier for the Bacteria to be colonized within a host cell. YopT (Yersinia outer protein T) from Yersinia is an example of modification of the host. It modifies the proteolytic cleavage of carboxyl terminus of RhoA, releasing RhoA from the membrane. The mislocalization of RhoA causes downstream effectors to not work. Toxins A major category of virulence factors are bacterial toxins. These are divided into two groups: endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxins Endotoxin is a component (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It is the lipid A part of this LPS which is toxic. Lipid A is an endotoxin. Endotoxins trigger intense inflammation. They bind to receptors on monocytes causing the release of inflammatory mediators which induce degranulation. As part of this immune response cytokines are released; these can cause the fever and other symptoms seen during disease. If a high amount of LPS is present then septic shock (or endotoxic shock) may result which, in severe cases, can lead to death. As glycolipids (as opposed to peptides), endotoxins are not bound by B or T-cell receptors and do not elicit an adaptive immune response. Exotoxins Exotoxins are actively secreted by some bacteria and have a wide range of effects including inhibition of certain biochemical pathways in the host. The two most potent known exotoxins are the tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) secreted by Clostridium tetani and the botulinum toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Exotoxins are also produced by a range of other bacteria including Escherichia coli; Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera); Clostridium perfringens (common causative agent of food poisoning as well as gas gangrene) and Clostridium difficile (causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis). A potent three-protein virulence factor produced by Bacillus anthracis, called anthrax toxin, plays a key role in anthrax pathogenesis. Exotoxins are extremely immunogenic meaning that they trigger the humoral response (antibodies target the toxin). Exotoxins are also produced by some fungi as a competitive resource. The toxins, named mycotoxins, deter other organisms from consuming the food colonised by the fungi. As with bacterial toxins, there is a wide array of fungal toxins. Arguably one of the more dangerous mycotoxins is aflatoxin produced by certain species of the genus Aspergillus (notably A. flavus). If ingested repeatedly, this toxin can cause serious liver damage. Examples Examples of virulence factors for Staphylococcus aureus are hyaluronidase, protease, coagulase, lipases, deoxyribonucleases and enterotoxins. Examples for Streptococcus pyogenes are M protein, lipoteichoic acid, hyaluronic acid capsule, destructive enzymes (including streptokinase, streptodornase, and hyaluronidase), and exotoxins (including streptolysin). Examples for Listeria monocytogenes include internalin A, internalin B, listeriolysin O, and actA, all of which are used to help colonize the host. Examples for Yersinia pestis are an altered form of lipopolysaccharide, type three secretion system, and YopE and YopJ pathogenicity. The cytolytic peptide Candidalysin is produced during hyphal formation by Candida albicans; it is an example of a virulence factor from a fungus. Other virulence factors include factors required for biofilm formation (e.g. sortases) and integrins (e.g. beta-1 and 3). Inhibition and control Strategies to target virulence factors and the genes encoding them have been proposed. Small molecules being investigated for their ability to inhibit virulence factors and virulence factor expression include alkaloids, flavonoids, and peptides. Experimental studies are done to characterize specific bacterial pathogens and to identify their specific virulence factors. Scientists are trying to better understand these virulence factors through identification and analysis to better understand the infectious process in hopes that new diagnostic techniques, specific antimicrobial compounds, and effective vaccines or toxoids may be eventually produced to treat and prevent infection. There are three general experimental ways for the virulence factors to be identified: biochemically, immunologically, and genetically. For the most part, the genetic approach is the most extensive way in identifying the bacterial virulence factors. Bacterial DNA can be altered from pathogenic to non-pathogenic, random mutations may be introduced to their genome, specific genes encoding for membrane or secretory products may be identified and mutated, and genes that regulate virulence genes maybe identified. Experiments involving Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have been used to change the virulence phenotype of non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic. Because of horizontal gene transfer, it is possible to transfer the a clone of the DNA from Yersinia to a non-pathogenic E. coli and have them express the pathogenic virulence factor. Transposon, a DNA element inserted at random, mutagenesis of bacteria DNA is also a highly used experimental technique done by scientists. These transposons carry a marker that can be identified within the DNA. When placed at random, the transposon may be placed next to a virulence factor or placed in the middle of a virulence factor gene, which stops the expression of the virulence factor. By doing so, scientists can make a library of the genes using these markers and easily find the genes that cause the virulence factor. See also Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Superfamily (RND) Filamentation References ^ a b c d e Casadevall A, Pirofski LA (2009). "Virulence factors and their mechanisms of action: the view from a damage –response framework". Journal of Water and Health. 7 (Supplement 1): S2–S18. doi:10.2166/wh.2009.036. PMID 19717929. ^ a b c Ryding S (2021). "What are Virulence Factors?". News-Medical.Net. Retrieved 3 June 2021. ^ Cross, Alan S (2008). "What is a virulence factor?". Critical Care. 12 (6): 197. doi:10.1186/cc7127. PMC 2646308. PMID 19090973. ^ a b c d Levinson, W. (2010). Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ^ Duan, Q; Zhou, M; Zhu, L; Zhu, G (January 2013). "Flagella and bacterial pathogenicity". Journal of Basic Microbiology. 53 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1002/jobm.201100335. PMID 22359233. S2CID 22002199. ^ Knipe, Howley, David, Peter (2013). Fields Virology, 6th Edition. Philadelphia, PA, USA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4511-0563-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Bien, Justyna; Sokolova, Olga; Bozko, Przemyslaw (21 May 2018). "Characterization of Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus: Novel Function of Known Virulence Factors That Are Implicated in Activation of Airway Epithelial Proinflammatory Response". Journal of Pathogens. 2011: 601905. doi:10.4061/2011/601905. PMC 3335658. PMID 22567334. ^ Keen, E. C. (December 2012). "Paradigms of pathogenesis: Targeting the mobile genetic elements of disease". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2: 161. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00161. PMC 3522046. PMID 23248780. ^ Deborah T. Hung; Elizabeth A. Shakhnovich; Emily Pierson; John J. Mekalanos (2005). "Small-molecule inhibitor of Vibrio cholerae virulence and intestinal colonization". Science. 310 (5748): 670–674. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..670H. doi:10.1126/science.1116739. PMID 16223984. S2CID 30557147. ^ T.P. Tim Cushnie; Andrew J. Lamb (2011). "Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 38 (2): 99–107. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014. PMID 21514796. ^ Oscar Cirioni; Roberto Ghiselli; Daniele Minardi; Fiorenza Orlando; Federico Mocchegiani; Carmela Silvestri; Giovanni Muzzonigro; Vittorio Saba; Giorgio Scalise; Naomi Balaban & Andrea Giacometti (2007). "RNAIII-inhibiting peptide affects biofilm formation in a rat model of staphylococcal ureteral stent infection". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51 (12): 4518–4520. doi:10.1128/AAC.00808-07. PMC 2167994. PMID 17875996. vte Toxins cardiotoxin cytotoxin enterotoxin hemotoxin hepatotoxin neurotoxin phototoxin Bacterial toxinsExotoxinGram positiveBacilliClostridium: tetani Tetanospasmin Tetanolysin perfringens Alpha toxin Enterotoxin difficile A B botulinum Botox other: Anthrax toxin Listeriolysin O Cocci Streptolysin Leukocidin Panton–Valentine leukocidin Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus alpha/beta/delta Exfoliatin Toxic shock syndrome toxin Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) Actinomycetota Cord factor Diphtheria toxin Gram negative Shiga toxin/Verotoxin E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin Pertussis toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming toxin type III AB toxin/AB5 Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide Lipid A Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin Cry1Ac Cry3Bb1 Other B. thuringiensis toxins Cry6Aa Cry34Ab1 Virulence factor Clumping factor A Fibronectin binding protein A Mycotoxins Aflatoxin Amatoxin (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, gamma-amanitin, epsilon-amanitin) beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscimol Orellanine Ochratoxin Patulin Phalloidin Sterigmatocystin Trichothecene Vomitoxin Zeranol Zearalenone Plant toxins Amygdalin Anisatin Antiarin Brucine Chaconine Cicutoxin Coniine Daphnin Delphinine Divicine Djenkolic acid Falcarinol Gossypol Helenalin Ledol Linamarin Lotaustralin Mimosine Oenanthotoxin Oleandrin Persin Protoanemonin Pseudaconitine Retronecine Resiniferatoxin Scopolamine Solamargine Solanidine Solanine Solasodamine Solasodine Solasonine Solauricidine Solauricine Strychnine Swainsonine Tagetitoxin Tinyatoxin Tomatine Toxalbumin Abrin Ricin Tutin Invertebrate toxinsScorpion: Androctonus australis hector insect toxin Charybdotoxin Maurotoxin Agitoxin Margatoxin Slotoxin Scyllatoxin Hefutoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Lq2 Birtoxin Bestoxin BmKAEP Phaiodotoxin Imperatoxin Pi3 spider: Latrotoxin Alpha-latrotoxin CSTX Cupiennins PhTx3 Stromatoxin Vanillotoxin Huwentoxin Mollusca: Conotoxin Eledoisin Onchidal Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Vertebrate toxinsFish: Ciguatoxin Tetrodotoxin Amphibian: (+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A Batrachotoxin Bufotoxins Arenobufagin Bufotalin Bufotenin Cinobufagin Marinobufagin Epibatidine Histrionicotoxin Pumiliotoxin 251D Samandarin Samandaridine Tarichatoxin Zetekitoxin AB Reptile/Snake venom: Bungarotoxin Alpha-Bungarotoxin Beta-Bungarotoxin Calciseptine Taicatoxin Calcicludine Cardiotoxin III note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species Category vteSelf-replicating organic structuresCellular life Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Incertae sedis Parakaryon Biological dark matter Virus dsDNA virus Giant virus ssDNA virus dsRNA virus (+)ssRNA virus (−)ssRNA virus ssRNA-RT virus dsDNA-RT virus SubviralagentsViroid Pospiviroidae Avsunviroidae Helper-virusdependentSatellite ssRNA satellite virus dsDNA satellite virus (Virophage) ssDNA satellite virus ssDNA satellite dsRNA satellite ssRNA satellite (Virusoid) Satellite-like nucleic acids RNA DNA Other Defective interfering particle RNA DNA Prion Mammalian prion Fungal prion Nucleic acidself-replicationMobile geneticelements Mobilome Horizontal gene transfer Genomic island Transposable element Class I or retrotransposon Class II or DNA transposon Plasmid Fertility Resistance Col Degradative Virulence/Ti Cryptic Cosmid Fosmid Phagemid Group I intron Group II intron Retrozyme Other aspects DNA replication RNA replication Chromosome Linear Circular Extrachromosomal DNA Secondary chromosome Genome Gene Gene duplication Non-coding DNA Origin of replication Replicon Endogenous viral element Provirus Prophage Endogenous retrovirus Transpoviron Repeated sequences in DNA Tandem repeat Interspersed repeat Endosymbiosis Mitochondrion Mitosome Hydrogenosome Plastid Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Apicoplast Kappa organism Organs Bacteriome Trophosome Nitroplast Abiogenesis Last universal common ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell division Artificial cell Non-cellular life Synthetic virus Viral vector Helper dependent virus ?Nanobacterium ?Nanobe Cancer cell HeLa Clonally transmissible cancer Virome
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Immune evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_evasion"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"protozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19717929-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryding2021-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19717929-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryding2021-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19717929-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryding2021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMC-3"},{"link_name":"immunosuppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression"},{"link_name":"leukocidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocidin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19717929-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson_W-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19717929-1"},{"link_name":"chromosomally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"endotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotoxin"},{"link_name":"mobile genetic elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements"},{"link_name":"plasmids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid"},{"link_name":"bacteriophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"},{"link_name":"horizontal gene transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli O157:H7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7"},{"link_name":"virulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence"},{"link_name":"Gram-negative bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria"},{"link_name":"host–pathogen interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%E2%80%93pathogen_interface"},{"link_name":"membrane vesicle trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_vesicle_trafficking"},{"link_name":"bacterial outer membrane vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_outer_membrane_vesicles"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"adhesins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_adhesin"},{"link_name":"invasins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasin"},{"link_name":"antiphagocytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphagocytic"},{"link_name":"Bacterial flagella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_flagella"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duan-5"},{"link_name":"toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"hemolysins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin"},{"link_name":"proteases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"}],"text":"\"Immunoevasion\" redirects here. For the antigenic escape mechanism, see Immune evasion.Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following:[1][2]colonization of a niche in the host (this includes movement towards and attachment to host cells)[1][2]\nimmunoevasion, evasion of the host's immune response[1][2][3]\nimmunosuppression, inhibition of the host's immune response (this includes leukocidin-mediated cell death)[1]\nentry into and exit out of cells (if the pathogen is an intracellular one)[4]\nobtain nutrition from the host[1]Specific pathogens possess a wide array of virulence factors. Some are chromosomally encoded and intrinsic to the bacteria (e.g. capsules and endotoxin), whereas others are obtained from mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages (e.g. some exotoxins). Virulence factors encoded on mobile genetic elements spread through horizontal gene transfer, and can convert harmless bacteria into dangerous pathogens. Bacteria like Escherichia coli O157:H7 gain the majority of their virulence from mobile genetic elements. Gram-negative bacteria secrete a variety of virulence factors at host–pathogen interface, via membrane vesicle trafficking as bacterial outer membrane vesicles for invasion, nutrition and other cell-cell communications. It has been found that many pathogens have converged on similar virulence factors to battle against eukaryotic host defenses. These obtained bacterial virulence factors have two different routes used to help them survive and grow:The factors are used to assist and promote colonization of the host. These factors include adhesins, invasins, and antiphagocytic factors. Bacterial flagella that give motility are included in these virulence factors.[5]\nThe factors, including toxins, hemolysins and proteases, bring damage to the host.","title":"Virulence factor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adhesins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_adhesin"},{"link_name":"lipoteichoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoteichoic_acid"},{"link_name":"trimeric autotransporter adhesins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_Autotransporter_Adhesins_(TAA)"},{"link_name":"Neisseria meningitidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis"},{"link_name":"phagocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis"},{"link_name":"immunoglobulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin"},{"link_name":"proteases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"opsonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsonization"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"genes\".","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"virulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence"},{"link_name":"latency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_latency"},{"link_name":"Murine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murinae"},{"link_name":"herpesviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae"},{"link_name":"lytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytic_cycle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins to attach to host tissue.Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis. Capsules play important roles in immune evasion, as they inhibit phagocytosis, as well as protecting the bacteria while outside the host.Another group of virulence factors possessed by bacteria are immunoglobulin (Ig) proteases. Immunoglobulins are antibodies expressed and secreted by hosts in response to an infection. These immunoglobulins play a major role in destruction of the pathogen through mechanisms such as opsonization. Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, are able to break down the host's immunoglobulins using proteases.Viruses also have notable virulence factors. Experimental research, for example, often focuses on creating environments that isolate and identify the role of \"niche-specific virulence genes\". These are genes that perform specific tasks within specific tissues/places at specific times; the sum total of niche-specific genes is the virus' virulence. Genes characteristic of this concept are those that control latency in some viruses like herpes. Murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) and human herpesviruses depend on a subset of genes that allow them to maintain a chronic infection by reactivating when specific environmental conditions are met. Even though they are not essential for lytic phases of the virus, these latency genes are important for promoting chronic infection and continued replication within infected individuals.[6]","title":"Attachment, immunoevasion, and immunosuppression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa"},{"link_name":"hyaluronidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase"},{"link_name":"hyaluronic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid"},{"link_name":"lipases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase"},{"link_name":"DNases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease"},{"link_name":"hemolysins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysins"}],"text":"Some bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce a variety of enzymes which cause damage to host tissues. Enzymes include hyaluronidase, which breaks down the connective tissue component hyaluronic acid; a range of proteases and lipases; DNases, which break down DNA, and hemolysins which break down a variety of host cells, including red blood cells.","title":"Destructive enzymes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GTPases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase"},{"link_name":"Yersinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia"}],"text":"A major group of virulence factors are proteins that can control the activation levels of GTPases. There are two ways in which they act. One is by acting as a GEF or GAP, and proceeding to look like a normally eukaryotic cellular protein. The other is covalently modifying the GTPase itself. The first way is reversible; many bacteria like Salmonella have two proteins to turn the GTPases on and off. The other process is irreversible, using toxins to completely change the target GTPase and shut down or override gene expression.One example of a bacterial virulence factor acting like a eukaryotic protein is Salmonella protein SopE it acts as a GEF, turning the GTPase on to create more GTP. It does not modify anything, but overdrives normal cellular internalization process, making it easier for the Bacteria to be colonized within a host cell.YopT (Yersinia outer protein T) from Yersinia is an example of modification of the host. It modifies the proteolytic cleavage of carboxyl terminus of RhoA, releasing RhoA from the membrane. The mislocalization of RhoA causes downstream effectors to not work.","title":"GTPases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotoxins"},{"link_name":"exotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson_W-4"}],"text":"A major category of virulence factors are bacterial toxins. These are divided into two groups: endotoxins and exotoxins.[4]","title":"Toxins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lipopolysaccharide (LPS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide"},{"link_name":"lipid A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_A"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson_W-4"},{"link_name":"monocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte"},{"link_name":"degranulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degranulation"}],"sub_title":"Endotoxins","text":"Endotoxin is a component (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It is the lipid A part of this LPS which is toxic.[4] Lipid A is an endotoxin. Endotoxins trigger intense inflammation. They bind to receptors on monocytes causing the release of inflammatory mediators which induce degranulation. As part of this immune response cytokines are released; these can cause the fever and other symptoms seen during disease. If a high amount of LPS is present then septic shock (or endotoxic shock) may result which, in severe cases, can lead to death. As glycolipids (as opposed to peptides), endotoxins are not bound by B or T-cell receptors and do not elicit an adaptive immune response.","title":"Toxins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson_W-4"},{"link_name":"tetanospasmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanospasmin"},{"link_name":"Clostridium tetani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_tetani"},{"link_name":"botulinum toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_toxin"},{"link_name":"Clostridium botulinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"Vibrio cholerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"Clostridium perfringens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens"},{"link_name":"food poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoning"},{"link_name":"gas gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene"},{"link_name":"Clostridium difficile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_(bacteria)"},{"link_name":"pseudomembranous colitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis"},{"link_name":"Bacillus anthracis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis"},{"link_name":"anthrax toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_toxin"},{"link_name":"anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"mycotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin"},{"link_name":"aflatoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin"},{"link_name":"Aspergillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus"},{"link_name":"A. flavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_flavus"}],"sub_title":"Exotoxins","text":"Exotoxins are actively secreted by some bacteria and have a wide range of effects including inhibition of certain biochemical pathways in the host. The two most potent known exotoxins[4] are the tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) secreted by Clostridium tetani and the botulinum toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Exotoxins are also produced by a range of other bacteria including Escherichia coli; Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera); Clostridium perfringens (common causative agent of food poisoning as well as gas gangrene) and Clostridium difficile (causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis). A potent three-protein virulence factor produced by Bacillus anthracis, called anthrax toxin, plays a key role in anthrax pathogenesis. Exotoxins are extremely immunogenic meaning that they trigger the humoral response (antibodies target the toxin).Exotoxins are also produced by some fungi as a competitive resource. The toxins, named mycotoxins, deter other organisms from consuming the food colonised by the fungi. As with bacterial toxins, there is a wide array of fungal toxins. Arguably one of the more dangerous mycotoxins is aflatoxin produced by certain species of the genus Aspergillus (notably A. flavus). If ingested repeatedly, this toxin can cause serious liver damage.","title":"Toxins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"hyaluronidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase"},{"link_name":"protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"coagulase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulase"},{"link_name":"lipases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase"},{"link_name":"deoxyribonucleases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease"},{"link_name":"enterotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxins"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"M protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_protein_(Streptococcus)"},{"link_name":"lipoteichoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoteichoic_acid"},{"link_name":"hyaluronic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid"},{"link_name":"streptokinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptokinase"},{"link_name":"streptodornase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptodornase"},{"link_name":"hyaluronidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase"},{"link_name":"exotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxins"},{"link_name":"streptolysin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptolysin"},{"link_name":"Listeria monocytogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes"},{"link_name":"listeriolysin O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriolysin_O"},{"link_name":"Yersinia pestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestis"},{"link_name":"Candidalysin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidalysin"},{"link_name":"hyphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"Candida albicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans"},{"link_name":"biofilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm"},{"link_name":"sortases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortase"},{"link_name":"integrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Examples of virulence factors for Staphylococcus aureus are hyaluronidase, protease, coagulase, lipases, deoxyribonucleases and enterotoxins. Examples for Streptococcus pyogenes are M protein, lipoteichoic acid, hyaluronic acid capsule, destructive enzymes (including streptokinase, streptodornase, and hyaluronidase), and exotoxins (including streptolysin). Examples for Listeria monocytogenes include internalin A, internalin B, listeriolysin O, and actA, all of which are used to help colonize the host. Examples for Yersinia pestis are an altered form of lipopolysaccharide, type three secretion system, and YopE and YopJ pathogenicity. The cytolytic peptide Candidalysin is produced during hyphal formation by Candida albicans; it is an example of a virulence factor from a fungus. Other virulence factors include factors required for biofilm formation (e.g. sortases) and integrins (e.g. beta-1 and 3).[7]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Small molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecule"},{"link_name":"expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid_16223984-9"},{"link_name":"flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21514796-10"},{"link_name":"peptides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17875996-11"},{"link_name":"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Transposon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon"}],"text":"Strategies to target virulence factors and the genes encoding them have been proposed.[8] Small molecules being investigated for their ability to inhibit virulence factors and virulence factor expression include alkaloids,[9] flavonoids,[10] and peptides.[11]\nExperimental studies are done to characterize specific bacterial pathogens and to identify their specific virulence factors. Scientists are trying to better understand these virulence factors through identification and analysis to better understand the infectious process in hopes that new diagnostic techniques, specific antimicrobial compounds, and effective vaccines or toxoids may be eventually produced to treat and prevent infection. \nThere are three general experimental ways for the virulence factors to be identified: biochemically, immunologically, and genetically. For the most part, the genetic approach is the most extensive way in identifying the bacterial virulence factors. Bacterial DNA can be altered from pathogenic to non-pathogenic, random mutations may be introduced to their genome, specific genes encoding for membrane or secretory products may be identified and mutated, and genes that regulate virulence genes maybe identified.Experiments involving Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have been used to change the virulence phenotype of non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic. Because of horizontal gene transfer, it is possible to transfer the a clone of the DNA from Yersinia to a non-pathogenic E. coli and have them express the pathogenic virulence factor. \nTransposon, a DNA element inserted at random, mutagenesis of bacteria DNA is also a highly used experimental technique done by scientists. These transposons carry a marker that can be identified within the DNA. When placed at random, the transposon may be placed next to a virulence factor or placed in the middle of a virulence factor gene, which stops the expression of the virulence factor. By doing so, scientists can make a library of the genes using these markers and easily find the genes that cause the virulence factor.","title":"Inhibition and control"}]
[]
[{"title":"Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Superfamily (RND)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance-Nodulation-Cell_Division_Superfamily_(RND)"},{"title":"Filamentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamentation"}]
[{"reference":"Casadevall A, Pirofski LA (2009). \"Virulence factors and their mechanisms of action: the view from a damage –response framework\". Journal of Water and Health. 7 (Supplement 1): S2–S18. doi:10.2166/wh.2009.036. PMID 19717929.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166%2Fwh.2009.036","url_text":"10.2166/wh.2009.036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19717929","url_text":"19717929"}]},{"reference":"Ryding S (2021). \"What are Virulence Factors?\". News-Medical.Net. Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Virulence-Factors.aspx","url_text":"\"What are Virulence Factors?\""}]},{"reference":"Cross, Alan S (2008). \"What is a virulence factor?\". Critical Care. 12 (6): 197. doi:10.1186/cc7127. PMC 2646308. 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ISBN 978-1-4511-0563-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-0563-6","url_text":"978-1-4511-0563-6"}]},{"reference":"Bien, Justyna; Sokolova, Olga; Bozko, Przemyslaw (21 May 2018). \"Characterization of Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus: Novel Function of Known Virulence Factors That Are Implicated in Activation of Airway Epithelial Proinflammatory Response\". Journal of Pathogens. 2011: 601905. doi:10.4061/2011/601905. PMC 3335658. 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S2CID 30557147.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116739","url_text":"\"Small-molecule inhibitor of Vibrio cholerae virulence and intestinal colonization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310..670H","url_text":"2005Sci...310..670H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116739","url_text":"10.1126/science.1116739"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16223984","url_text":"16223984"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30557147","url_text":"30557147"}]},{"reference":"T.P. Tim Cushnie; Andrew J. Lamb (2011). \"Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids\". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 38 (2): 99–107. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014. PMID 21514796.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1003263","url_text":"\"Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijantimicag.2011.02.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21514796","url_text":"21514796"}]},{"reference":"Oscar Cirioni; Roberto Ghiselli; Daniele Minardi; Fiorenza Orlando; Federico Mocchegiani; Carmela Silvestri; Giovanni Muzzonigro; Vittorio Saba; Giorgio Scalise; Naomi Balaban & Andrea Giacometti (2007). \"RNAIII-inhibiting peptide affects biofilm formation in a rat model of staphylococcal ureteral stent infection\". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51 (12): 4518–4520. doi:10.1128/AAC.00808-07. PMC 2167994. PMID 17875996.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167994","url_text":"\"RNAIII-inhibiting peptide affects biofilm formation in a rat model of staphylococcal ureteral stent infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.00808-07","url_text":"10.1128/AAC.00808-07"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167994","url_text":"2167994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17875996","url_text":"17875996"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truggy
Truggy
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Truggy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Terrible Herbst Truggy "El TIberon" A truggy is a type of high performance off-road racing vehicle that combines features from two older existing categories of off-road racing vehicles, trucks and buggies. The first truggies were built for racing in the SCORE and BITD off-road desert racing series, held in Mexico, California, Nevada and Arizona. History Desert off-road racing began in the 1960s in Baja California and expanded over the next 30 years to include dozens of races and several sanctioning organizations. These organizations created a class structure so that while many types of vehicles could race, direct competition could be segmented into groups of similar vehicles. These classes evolved over time, and included classes for near-stock vehicles, as well as "open" classes that permitted unique custom-built vehicles. One of the most popular and fastest classes in the 1990s was the 'Open Buggy' or 'Unlimited' class, which permitted maximum leeway in designing a vehicle. Most buggies of the era remained loosely based on the architecture of the original VW Beetle automobile, with a rear engine, an independent rear transaxle suspension, and relatively shorter wheelbase. The "open" or "unlimited" buggy classes became the home to extremely high performance vehicles. These "Class 1 unlimited" buggies soon did away with the entire production Volkswagen chassis and sheet metal, and instead used a full tube chassis. In almost all cases they continued to use the rear-engine / transaxle architecture of the VW, replacing the iconic Volkswagen's air cooled 4-cylinder boxer engine with larger and more powerful engines from a variety of manufacturers, especially the related Porsche motors. Transaxle strength was often a limiting factor of these designs, while their greatest attributes included their light weight, extreme wheel travel, strength and overall custom built suitability to the task of racing at high speeds on harsh desert roads. Another groups of classes that had increasing popularity throughout the 1990s were the various truck based classes, for both mini and full-sized trucks. These truck classes were popular as they reflected more closely the vehicles bought by average American and Mexican consumers for use off-road, as they were based on modified production trucks of the era. The fastest truck classes evolved over time from one with limited modifications to a more open class rules, that permitted massive changes to many aspects of the vehicle, but still generally required using the stock frame and some of the body from a production vehicle. These high-end trucks were both very fast and very reliable. Their greatest attributes included extremely large and powerful front-mounted V8 engines, larger wheels and tires to absorb rough terrain, extremely rugged rear truck axles, and increasingly long travel suspension. Truggy racing the Baja 1000 In 1994 SCORE decided to run the Parker 400 off-road race over two days. Day one would see the new class of Trophy Trucks run on the course, and day two would see all other classes race over the same course. Jim Smith, owner of Ultra Custom Wheels entered his Mike Smith built Trophy Truck and also entered a Class One car into the race. However the Class One car, was in fact his Trophy Truck without its body, but with its interior aluminium panels painted black. Jim and his crew called it a truggy and the name took hold. In 1995 the team Terrible Herbst Motorsports decided to build an unlimited Class 1 buggy that used the basic front engine, rear solid axle architecture of a truck. This vehicle, which was designed and fabricated by Mike Smith Fabrication. it was built like an unlimited buggy, with a full custom triangulated tubular chrome-moly chassis, but with the truck-like layout of big American V-8 motor in front of the driver, and a very strong truck-style rear axle and large 37" Trophy truck sized wheels and tires on all corners. The combination in many ways combined the best characteristics of each of the two donor types: the lower weight, higher strength chassis, and extremely large suspension travel of the buggies, with the massive horsepower and stronger rear end design of the top trucks. The Terrible Herbst Truggy was given the name "El Tiburon" and "The Landshark", in part due to the paint scheme originally applied to the all-fiberglass custom body of the vehicle. It dominated class one for many years after its introduction, winning back-to-back SCORE Class 1 titles in 1997 and 1998, as well as the overall (all classes) points championship in 1998. It continued to be the most dominant vehicle in the sport for nearly a decade, winning first and second place repeatedly in both class and overall categories in both the SCORE and the BITD series. As a result of this domination the truggy format became popular with other builders and the term became the generic term from a specially built off-road vehicle that uses truck architecture (front engine, solid rear axle) but unlimited buggy style construction (tube chassis, no production parts retained). The format also became popular with the newer disciplines of closed-course stadium off-road racing, and extreme rock-crawling, where 4-wheel drive versions were created. See also SCORE Class 1 Trophy truck References ^ Hamlin, Kilian. "Herbst Truggy – El Tiburón (The Land Shark)". Race-Dezert.com. Race-Dezert.com. Retrieved 10 October 2017. ^ Burns, Josh. "Iconic Off-Road Racecar: The Herbst Truggy "Land Shark"". off-road.com. Vertical Scope, Inc. Retrieved 10 October 2017. ^ the editors. "HERBST TRUGGY – EL TIBURÓN (THE LAND SHARK)". RockCrawler.com. Rock Crawler Mag. Retrieved 10 October 2017. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help) vteOff-roading topicsTypes of off-roading Off-road racing Green laning Baja Beach racing BMX Desert racing Dirt track racing Dune bashing Enduro Formula Off Road Mud bogging Motocross Side car cross Observed trials Rallycross Rally raid Rock crawling Short course off-road racing Off-road vehicles All-terrain vehicle Buggy Baja Bug Dune buggy Cross-country rallying Group T1 Group T2 Group T3 Group T4 Group T5 Quad RallyGP/2/3 Crosskart Dirtbike Dual-sport motorcycle Enduro motorcycle Trials motorcycle Four-wheel drive Monster truck Off-road go-kart Rally support truck Rock crawler Sandrail Side-by-side Trophy truck Truggy Off-road related PowerNation
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbst_truggy.jpg"},{"link_name":"off-road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road"},{"link_name":"trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucks"},{"link_name":"buggies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buggy_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"BITD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"desert racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_racing"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"}],"text":"Terrible Herbst Truggy \"El TIberon\"A truggy is a type of high performance off-road racing vehicle that combines features from two older existing categories of off-road racing vehicles, trucks and buggies. The first truggies were built for racing in the SCORE and BITD off-road desert racing series, held in Mexico, California, Nevada and Arizona.","title":"Truggy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"VW Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW_Beetle"},{"link_name":"boxer engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_engine"},{"link_name":"Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truggy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"fiberglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Desert off-road racing began in the 1960s in Baja California and expanded over the next 30 years to include dozens of races and several sanctioning organizations. These organizations created a class structure so that while many types of vehicles could race, direct competition could be segmented into groups of similar vehicles. These classes evolved over time, and included classes for near-stock vehicles, as well as \"open\" classes that permitted unique custom-built vehicles.One of the most popular and fastest classes in the 1990s was the 'Open Buggy' or 'Unlimited' class, which permitted maximum leeway in designing a vehicle. Most buggies of the era remained loosely based on the architecture of the original VW Beetle automobile, with a rear engine, an independent rear transaxle suspension, and relatively shorter wheelbase. The \"open\" or \"unlimited\" buggy classes became the home to extremely high performance vehicles. These \"Class 1 unlimited\" buggies soon did away with the entire production Volkswagen chassis and sheet metal, and instead used a full tube chassis. In almost all cases they continued to use the rear-engine / transaxle architecture of the VW, replacing the iconic Volkswagen's air cooled 4-cylinder boxer engine with larger and more powerful engines from a variety of manufacturers, especially the related Porsche motors. Transaxle strength was often a limiting factor of these designs, while their greatest attributes included their light weight, extreme wheel travel, strength and overall custom built suitability to the task of racing at high speeds on harsh desert roads.Another groups of classes that had increasing popularity throughout the 1990s were the various truck based classes, for both mini and full-sized trucks. These truck classes were popular as they reflected more closely the vehicles bought by average American and Mexican consumers for use off-road, as they were based on modified production trucks of the era. The fastest truck classes evolved over time from one with limited modifications to a more open class rules, that permitted massive changes to many aspects of the vehicle, but still generally required using the stock frame and some of the body from a production vehicle. These high-end trucks were both very fast and very reliable. Their greatest attributes included extremely large and powerful front-mounted V8 engines, larger wheels and tires to absorb rough terrain, extremely rugged rear truck axles, and increasingly long travel suspension.Truggy racing the Baja 1000In 1994 SCORE decided to run the Parker 400 off-road race over two days. Day one would see the new class of Trophy Trucks run on the course, and day two would see all other classes race over the same course. Jim Smith, owner of Ultra Custom Wheels entered his Mike Smith built Trophy Truck and also entered a Class One car into the race. However the Class One car, was in fact his Trophy Truck without its body, but with its interior aluminium panels painted black. Jim and his crew called it a truggy and the name took hold.In 1995 the team Terrible Herbst Motorsports decided to build an unlimited Class 1 buggy that used the basic front engine, rear solid axle architecture of a truck. This vehicle, which was designed and fabricated by Mike Smith Fabrication.[1][2] it was built like an unlimited buggy, with a full custom triangulated tubular chrome-moly chassis, but with the truck-like layout of big American V-8 motor in front of the driver, and a very strong truck-style rear axle and large 37\" Trophy truck sized wheels and tires on all corners.The combination in many ways combined the best characteristics of each of the two donor types: the lower weight, higher strength chassis, and extremely large suspension travel of the buggies, with the massive horsepower and stronger rear end design of the top trucks.The Terrible Herbst Truggy was given the name \"El Tiburon\" and \"The Landshark\", in part due to the paint scheme originally applied to the all-fiberglass custom body of the vehicle. It dominated class one for many years after its introduction, winning back-to-back SCORE Class 1 titles in 1997 and 1998, as well as the overall (all classes) points championship in 1998. It continued to be the most dominant vehicle in the sport for nearly a decade, winning first and second place repeatedly in both class and overall categories in both the SCORE and the BITD series.As a result of this domination the truggy format became popular with other builders and the term became the generic term from a specially built off-road vehicle that uses truck architecture (front engine, solid rear axle) but unlimited buggy style construction (tube chassis, no production parts retained). The format also became popular with the newer disciplines of closed-course stadium off-road racing, and extreme rock-crawling,[3] where 4-wheel drive versions were created.","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"SCORE Class 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCORE_Class_1"},{"title":"Trophy truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophy_truck"}]
[{"reference":"Hamlin, Kilian. \"Herbst Truggy – El Tiburón (The Land Shark)\". Race-Dezert.com. Race-Dezert.com. Retrieved 10 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.race-dezert.com/home/herbst-truggy-el-tiburon-the-land-shark-139283.html","url_text":"\"Herbst Truggy – El Tiburón (The Land Shark)\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Josh. \"Iconic Off-Road Racecar: The Herbst Truggy \"Land Shark\"\". off-road.com. Vertical Scope, Inc. Retrieved 10 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.off-road.com/blog/2016/07/20/iconic-off-road-racecar-the-herbst-truggy-land-shark/","url_text":"\"Iconic Off-Road Racecar: The Herbst Truggy \"Land Shark\"\""}]},{"reference":"the editors. \"HERBST TRUGGY – EL TIBURÓN (THE LAND SHARK)\". RockCrawler.com. Rock Crawler Mag. Retrieved 10 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockcrawler.com/2016/06/herbst-truggy-el-tiburon-land-shark/","url_text":"\"HERBST TRUGGY – EL TIBURÓN (THE LAND SHARK)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TBC
User talk:TBC
["1 Invitation to join WikiProject United States","2 Love history & culture? Get involved in WikiProject World Digital Library!","3 WikiProject Numismatics newsletter","4 2019 US Banknote Contest"]
Invitation to join WikiProject United States Hello, TBC! WikiProject United States, an outreach effort supporting development of United States related articles in Wikipedia, has recently been restarted after a long period of inactivity. As a user who has shown an interest in United States related topics we wanted to invite you to join us in developing content relating to the United States. If you are interested please add your Username and area of interest to the members page here. Thank you!!! --Kumioko (talk) 20:19, 4 January 2011 (UTC) Love history & culture? Get involved in WikiProject World Digital Library! World Digital Library Wikipedia Partnership - We need you! Hi TBC! I'm the Wikipedian In Residence at the World Digital Library, a project of the Library of Congress and UNESCO. I'm recruiting Wikipedians who are passionate about history & culture to participate in improving Wikipedia using the WDL's vast free online resources. Participants can earn our awesome WDL barnstar and help to disseminate free knowledge from over 100 libraries in 7 different languages. Multilingual editing encouraged!!! But being multilingual is not a necessity to make this project a success. Please sign up to participate here. Thanks for editing Wikipedia and I look forward to working with you! 14:18, 26 May 2013 (UTC) WikiProject Numismatics newsletter WikiProject Numismatics news and updates from the past month (March 2019) Featured articles Norfolk, Virginia, Bicentennial half dollar Collaboration of the Month The Numismatic Collaboration of the Month will be making a return in May. Feel free to make nominations. Project news As you can see, the project now has a newsletter. This first issue was sent to all members, but future issues will only be sent to users who subscribe. A new task force focusing on American currency has been started. A barnstar was created for the project last month, Enterlousy was the first to be awarded. Member news No new member news Miscellaneous On 22 Apr, 2019 the Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar will be featured on the main page. Discuss this newsletter Subscribe Archive --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:09, 10 April 2019 (UTC) 2019 US Banknote Contest US Banknote Contest November-December 2019 There are an estimated 30,000 different varieties of United States banknotes, yet only a fraction of these are represented on Wikimedia Commons in the form of 2D scans. Additionally, Colonial America, the Confederate States, the Republic of Texas, multiple states and territories, communities, and private companies have issued banknotes that are in the public domain today but are absent from Commons. In the months of November and December, WikiProject Numismatics will be running a cross-wiki upload-a-thon, the 2019 US Banknote Contest. The goal of the contest is to increase the number of US banknote images available to content creators on all Wikimedia projects. Participants will claim points for uploading and importing 2D scans of US banknotes, and at the end of the contest all will receive awards. Whether you want to claim the Gold Wiki or you just want to have fun, all are invited to participate. If you do not want to receive invitations to future US Banknote Contests, follow the instructions here Sent by ZLEA at 23:29, 19 October 2019 (UTC) via MediaWiki message delivery (talk)
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40S_ribosomal_protein_S15
40S ribosomal protein S15
["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens RPS15Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes4UG0, 4V6X, 5A2Q, 5AJ0, 5FLX, 3J7R, 4D61, 4UJC, 4D5L, 4UJE, 3J7P, 4V5Z, 4UJDIdentifiersAliasesRPS15, RIG, S15, ribosomal protein S15External IDsOMIM: 180535; MGI: 98117; HomoloGene: 110643; GeneCards: RPS15; OMA:RPS15 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 19 (human)Band19p13.3Start1,438,358 bpEnd1,440,495 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 10 (mouse)Band10|10 C1Start80,128,287 bpEnd80,129,948 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inpituitary glandanterior pituitaryright hemisphere of cerebellumskin of abdomenskin of legleft ovaryright ovaryprostateright uterine tubeamygdalaTop expressed inefferent ductuletransitional epithelium of urinary bladderinternal carotid arteryabdominal wallmedial ganglionic eminencemesenteric lymph nodesmaxillary prominencemigratory enteric neural crest celldermiscervixMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function DNA binding structural constituent of ribosome protein binding RNA binding Cellular component cytosol ribosome membrane focal adhesion cytosolic small ribosomal subunit small ribosomal subunit nucleus nucleoplasm Biological process ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus viral transcription SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane osteoblast differentiation translational initiation nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay ribosomal small subunit biogenesis ribosomal small subunit assembly protein biosynthesis rRNA processing Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez620920054EnsemblENSG00000115268ENSMUSG00000063457UniProtP62841P62843RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001018NM_001308226NM_009091NM_001310726RefSeq (protein)NP_001009NP_001295155NP_001297655NP_033117Location (UCSC)Chr 19: 1.44 – 1.44 MbChr 10: 80.13 – 80.13 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse 40S ribosomal protein S15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS15 gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S19P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. This gene has been found to be activated in various tumors, such as insulinomas, esophageal cancers, and colon cancers. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115268 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000063457 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Shiga K, Yamamoto H, Okamoto H (Jun 1990). "Isolation and characterization of the human homologue of rig and its pseudogenes: the functional gene has features characteristic of housekeeping genes". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87 (9): 3594–8. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.3594S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3594. PMC 53948. PMID 2159154. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: RPS15 ribosomal protein S15". Further reading Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). "Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins". Biochem. Cell Biol. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009. Kitagawa M, Takasawa S, Kikuchi N, et al. (1991). "rig encodes ribosomal protein S15. The primary structure of mammalian ribosomal protein S15". FEBS Lett. 283 (2): 210–4. Bibcode:1991FEBSL.283..210K. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80590-Y. PMID 2044758. S2CID 2687455. Inoue C, Shiga K, Takasawa S, et al. (1987). "Evolutionary conservation of the insulinoma gene rig and its possible function". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (19): 6659–62. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.6659I. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.19.6659. PMC 299142. PMID 2821540. Marion MJ, Marion C (1988). "Ribosomal proteins S2, S6, S10, S14, S15 and S25 are localized on the surface of mammalian 40 S subunits and stabilize their conformation. A study with immobilized trypsin". FEBS Lett. 232 (2): 281–5. Bibcode:1988FEBSL.232..281M. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80753-1. PMID 3378620. S2CID 44333810. Vladimirov SN, Ivanov AV, Karpova GG, et al. (1996). "Characterization of the human small-ribosomal-subunit proteins by N-terminal and internal sequencing, and mass spectrometry". Eur. J. Biochem. 239 (1): 144–9. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x. PMID 8706699. Kenmochi N, Kawaguchi T, Rozen S, et al. (1998). "A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes". Genome Res. 8 (5): 509–23. doi:10.1101/gr.8.5.509. PMID 9582194. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Lehner B, Sanderson CM (2004). "A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1315–23. doi:10.1101/gr.2122004. PMC 442147. PMID 15231747. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Yu Y, Ji H, Doudna JA, Leary JA (2005). "Mass spectrometric analysis of the human 40S ribosomal subunit: native and HCV IRES-bound complexes". Protein Sci. 14 (6): 1438–46. doi:10.1110/ps.041293005. PMC 2253395. PMID 15883184. External links PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human 40S ribosomal protein S15 vteProtein biosynthesis: translation (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)ProteinsInitiation factorBacterial IF1 IF2 IF3 Mitochondrial MTIF1 MTIF2 MTIF3 Archaeal aIF1 aIF2 aIF5 aIF6 EukaryoticeIF1 eIF1 B SUI1 family eIF1A Y eIF2 α kinase β γ eIF2A eIF2B 1 2 3 4 5 eIF2D eIF3 A B C D E F G H I J K L M eIF4 A 1 2 3 E1 2 3 G 1 2 3 B H eIF5 EIF5 EIF5A 2 5B eIF6 EIF6 Elongation factorBacterial/​Mitochondrial EF-Tu EF-Ts EF-G EF-4 EF-P TSFM GFM1 GFM2 Archaeal/​Eukaryotic a/eEF-1 A1 2 3 B P1 P2 P3 D E G a/eEF-2 Release factor Class 1 eRF1 Class 2/RF3 GSPT1 GSPT2 Ribosomal ProteinsCytoplasmic60S subunit RPL3 RPL4 RPL5 RPL6 RPL7 RPL7A RPL8 RPL9 RPL10 RPL10A RPL10-like RPL11 RPL12 RPL13 RPL13A RPL14 RPL15 RPL17 RPL18 RPL18A RPL19 RPL21 RPL22 RPL23 RPL23A RPL24 RPL26 RPL27 RPL27A RPL28 RPL29 RPL30 RPL31 RPL32 RPL34 RPL35 RPL35A RPL36 RPL36A RPL37 RPL37A RPL38 RPL39 RPL40 RPL41 RPLP0 RPLP1 RPLP2 RRP15-like RSL24D1 40S subunit RPSA RPS2 RPS3 RPS3A RPS4 (RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2) RPS5 RPS6 RPS7 RPS8 RPS9 RPS10 RPS11 RPS12 RPS13 RPS14 RPS15 RPS15A RPS16 RPS17 RPS18 RPS19 RPS20 RPS21 RPS23 RPS24 RPS25 RPS26 RPS27 RPS27A RPS28 RPS29 RPS30 RACK1 Mitochondrial39S subunit MRPL1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 28S subunit MRPS1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Other concepts Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Reading frame Start codon Stop codon Shine-Dalgarno sequence/Kozak consensus sequence vteRibosomal RNA / ribosome subunitsArchaea(70S)Large (50S): 5S23SSmall (30S): 16SBacteria(70S)Large (50S): 5S23SSmall (30S): 16SEukaryotesCytoplasmic (80S)Large (60S): 5S5.8S28SSmall (40S): 18SMitochondrial (55S)Large (28S): MT-RNR2, 16SMT-tRNAValSmall (39S): MT-RNR1, 12SChloroplast (70S)Large (50S): 5S4.5S23SSmall (30S): 16SRibosomal proteins(See article table) This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S19P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. This gene has been found to be activated in various tumors, such as insulinomas, esophageal cancers, and colon cancers. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome.[6]","title":"40S ribosomal protein S15"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1139/o95-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1139%2Fo95-101"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8722009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8722009"},{"link_name":"\"rig encodes ribosomal protein S15. The primary structure of mammalian ribosomal protein S15\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2891%2980590-Y"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1991FEBSL.283..210K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991FEBSL.283..210K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0014-5793(91)80590-Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2891%2980590-Y"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2044758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2044758"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2687455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2687455"},{"link_name":"\"Evolutionary conservation of the insulinoma gene rig and its possible function\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC299142"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1987PNAS...84.6659I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PNAS...84.6659I"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.84.19.6659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.84.19.6659"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"299142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC299142"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2821540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2821540"},{"link_name":"\"Ribosomal proteins S2, S6, S10, S14, S15 and S25 are localized on the surface of mammalian 40 S subunits and stabilize their conformation. A study with immobilized trypsin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980753-1"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1988FEBSL.232..281M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988FEBSL.232..281M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0014-5793(88)80753-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980753-1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3378620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3378620"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44333810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44333810"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of the human small-ribosomal-subunit proteins by N-terminal and internal sequencing, and mass spectrometry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8706699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8706699"},{"link_name":"\"A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.8.5.509"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.8.5.509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.8.5.509"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9582194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9582194"},{"link_name":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002PNAS...9916899M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.242603899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"139241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12477932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932"},{"link_name":"\"A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442147"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.2122004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2122004"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"442147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442147"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15231747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15231747"},{"link_name":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.2596504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"528928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15489334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334"},{"link_name":"\"Mass spectrometric analysis of the human 40S ribosomal subunit: native and HCV IRES-bound complexes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253395"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1110/ps.041293005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1110%2Fps.041293005"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2253395","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253395"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15883184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15883184"}],"text":"Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). \"Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins\". Biochem. Cell Biol. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009.\nKitagawa M, Takasawa S, Kikuchi N, et al. (1991). \"rig encodes ribosomal protein S15. The primary structure of mammalian ribosomal protein S15\". FEBS Lett. 283 (2): 210–4. Bibcode:1991FEBSL.283..210K. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80590-Y. PMID 2044758. S2CID 2687455.\nInoue C, Shiga K, Takasawa S, et al. (1987). \"Evolutionary conservation of the insulinoma gene rig and its possible function\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (19): 6659–62. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.6659I. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.19.6659. PMC 299142. PMID 2821540.\nMarion MJ, Marion C (1988). \"Ribosomal proteins S2, S6, S10, S14, S15 and S25 are localized on the surface of mammalian 40 S subunits and stabilize their conformation. A study with immobilized trypsin\". FEBS Lett. 232 (2): 281–5. Bibcode:1988FEBSL.232..281M. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80753-1. PMID 3378620. S2CID 44333810.\nVladimirov SN, Ivanov AV, Karpova GG, et al. (1996). \"Characterization of the human small-ribosomal-subunit proteins by N-terminal and internal sequencing, and mass spectrometry\". Eur. J. Biochem. 239 (1): 144–9. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x. PMID 8706699.\nKenmochi N, Kawaguchi T, Rozen S, et al. (1998). \"A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes\". Genome Res. 8 (5): 509–23. doi:10.1101/gr.8.5.509. PMID 9582194.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nLehner B, Sanderson CM (2004). \"A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation\". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1315–23. doi:10.1101/gr.2122004. PMC 442147. PMID 15231747.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nYu Y, Ji H, Doudna JA, Leary JA (2005). \"Mass spectrometric analysis of the human 40S ribosomal subunit: native and HCV IRES-bound complexes\". Protein Sci. 14 (6): 1438–46. doi:10.1110/ps.041293005. PMC 2253395. PMID 15883184.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6209","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=20054","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Shiga K, Yamamoto H, Okamoto H (Jun 1990). \"Isolation and characterization of the human homologue of rig and its pseudogenes: the functional gene has features characteristic of housekeeping genes\". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87 (9): 3594–8. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.3594S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3594. PMC 53948. PMID 2159154.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53948","url_text":"\"Isolation and characterization of the human homologue of rig and its pseudogenes: the functional gene has features characteristic of housekeeping genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.3594S","url_text":"1990PNAS...87.3594S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.9.3594","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.87.9.3594"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC53948","url_text":"53948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2159154","url_text":"2159154"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: RPS15 ribosomal protein S15\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6209","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: RPS15 ribosomal protein S15\""}]},{"reference":"Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). \"Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins\". Biochem. Cell Biol. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fo95-101","url_text":"10.1139/o95-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8722009","url_text":"8722009"}]},{"reference":"Kitagawa M, Takasawa S, Kikuchi N, et al. (1991). \"rig encodes ribosomal protein S15. The primary structure of mammalian ribosomal protein S15\". FEBS Lett. 283 (2): 210–4. Bibcode:1991FEBSL.283..210K. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80590-Y. PMID 2044758. S2CID 2687455.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2891%2980590-Y","url_text":"\"rig encodes ribosomal protein S15. The primary structure of mammalian ribosomal protein S15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991FEBSL.283..210K","url_text":"1991FEBSL.283..210K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2891%2980590-Y","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(91)80590-Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2044758","url_text":"2044758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2687455","url_text":"2687455"}]},{"reference":"Inoue C, Shiga K, Takasawa S, et al. (1987). \"Evolutionary conservation of the insulinoma gene rig and its possible function\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (19): 6659–62. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.6659I. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.19.6659. PMC 299142. PMID 2821540.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC299142","url_text":"\"Evolutionary conservation of the insulinoma gene rig and its possible function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PNAS...84.6659I","url_text":"1987PNAS...84.6659I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.84.19.6659","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.84.19.6659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC299142","url_text":"299142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2821540","url_text":"2821540"}]},{"reference":"Marion MJ, Marion C (1988). \"Ribosomal proteins S2, S6, S10, S14, S15 and S25 are localized on the surface of mammalian 40 S subunits and stabilize their conformation. A study with immobilized trypsin\". FEBS Lett. 232 (2): 281–5. Bibcode:1988FEBSL.232..281M. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80753-1. PMID 3378620. S2CID 44333810.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980753-1","url_text":"\"Ribosomal proteins S2, S6, S10, S14, S15 and S25 are localized on the surface of mammalian 40 S subunits and stabilize their conformation. A study with immobilized trypsin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988FEBSL.232..281M","url_text":"1988FEBSL.232..281M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980753-1","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(88)80753-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3378620","url_text":"3378620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44333810","url_text":"44333810"}]},{"reference":"Vladimirov SN, Ivanov AV, Karpova GG, et al. (1996). \"Characterization of the human small-ribosomal-subunit proteins by N-terminal and internal sequencing, and mass spectrometry\". Eur. J. Biochem. 239 (1): 144–9. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x. PMID 8706699.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x","url_text":"\"Characterization of the human small-ribosomal-subunit proteins by N-terminal and internal sequencing, and mass spectrometry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0144u.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8706699","url_text":"8706699"}]},{"reference":"Kenmochi N, Kawaguchi T, Rozen S, et al. (1998). \"A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes\". Genome Res. 8 (5): 509–23. doi:10.1101/gr.8.5.509. PMID 9582194.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.8.5.509","url_text":"\"A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.8.5.509","url_text":"10.1101/gr.8.5.509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9582194","url_text":"9582194"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Lehner B, Sanderson CM (2004). \"A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation\". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1315–23. doi:10.1101/gr.2122004. PMC 442147. PMID 15231747.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442147","url_text":"\"A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2122004","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2122004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442147","url_text":"442147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15231747","url_text":"15231747"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Yu Y, Ji H, Doudna JA, Leary JA (2005). \"Mass spectrometric analysis of the human 40S ribosomal subunit: native and HCV IRES-bound complexes\". Protein Sci. 14 (6): 1438–46. doi:10.1110/ps.041293005. PMC 2253395. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs_BK
Göteborgs BK
["1 References"]
Football clubGöteborgs BKFull nameGöteborgs BollklubbFounded1875Dissolvedafter 1887?GroundHeden(?),GothenburgCapacityUnknown Home colours Away colours Göteborgs BK ("Gothenburg Ball Club") was a Swedish football club which was located in Gothenburg. The club is the oldest football club in Sweden known by name, and the second oldest known club in Sweden, only preceded by an unnamed society from Gothenburg that was mentioned in an article in Göteborgs-Posten in May 1874. Göteborgs BK was founded a year later, in 1875, and most likely only played the code of football known as Swedish football which was similar to, but not identical to association football. The first chairman was G. Bohlander, a wholesaler. Göteborgs BK was probably one of the clubs that established a set of rules for Swedish football in 1885, along with Stockholms BK, founded in 1879 in Stockholm, and Visby BK from Visby. These three clubs were the leading in the at that time three leading towns in the development of football in Sweden and the rules established were to dominate the Swedish football scene in the following years. The club is also mentioned as having participated in a sport festival arranged by Göteborgs GS, a gymnastics club, on 4 September 1887, during which two of the club's teams played a match of Swedish football against each other on Heden. One of the players of the match was Carl Blidberg or his brother, or possibly both. Carl Blidberg was at the time chairman of the sport club IS Lyckans Soldater, which started playing Swedish football in 1888. Lyckans Soldater also played the first football match ever played on Swedish soil between two Swedish teams using the association football rules, in 1892 against Örgryte IS. It is unknown when Göteborgs BK ceased to exist. On source claims that the club was re-formed in 1882 as Göteborgs IK, which in turn ceased to exist already sometime around 1885. It is unknown if "re-formed" means that the club had ceased to exist before that or "re-formed" only means that the club was reorganised that year. The club was also active in other sports, including cricket, athletics and rowing. References Glanell, Tomas; Havik, Göran; Lindberg, Thomas; Persson, Gunnar; Ågren, Bengt, eds. (2004). 100 år: Svenska fotbollförbundets jubileumsbok 1904–2004, del 1. Vällingby: Stroemberg Media Group. ISBN 91-86184-59-8. Jönsson, Åke (2006). Fotboll: hur världens största sport växte fram. Lund: Historiska media. ISBN 91-85377-48-1. Persson, Lennart K. (2006). "Fotbollens uppkomst och tidiga utveckling i Sverige och Göteborg". Idrottsarvet: årets bok (2002): 31–69. ISSN 0283-1791.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_club_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Göteborgs-Posten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs-Posten"},{"link_name":"Swedish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"wholesaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale"},{"link_name":"Stockholms BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockholms_BK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Visby BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visby_BK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Visby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby"},{"link_name":"football in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Göteborgs GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6teborgs_GS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Heden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heden"},{"link_name":"IS Lyckans Soldater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS_Lyckans_Soldater"},{"link_name":"association football rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Örgryte IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rgryte_IS"},{"link_name":"Göteborgs IK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6teborgs_IK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"}],"text":"Göteborgs BK (\"Gothenburg Ball Club\") was a Swedish football club which was located in Gothenburg. The club is the oldest football club in Sweden known by name, and the second oldest known club in Sweden, only preceded by an unnamed society from Gothenburg that was mentioned in an article in Göteborgs-Posten in May 1874. Göteborgs BK was founded a year later, in 1875, and most likely only played the code of football known as Swedish football which was similar to, but not identical to association football. The first chairman was G. Bohlander, a wholesaler.Göteborgs BK was probably one of the clubs that established a set of rules for Swedish football in 1885, along with Stockholms BK, founded in 1879 in Stockholm, and Visby BK from Visby. These three clubs were the leading in the at that time three leading towns in the development of football in Sweden and the rules established were to dominate the Swedish football scene in the following years. The club is also mentioned as having participated in a sport festival arranged by Göteborgs GS, a gymnastics club, on 4 September 1887, during which two of the club's teams played a match of Swedish football against each other on Heden. One of the players of the match was Carl Blidberg or his brother, or possibly both. Carl Blidberg was at the time chairman of the sport club IS Lyckans Soldater, which started playing Swedish football in 1888. Lyckans Soldater also played the first football match ever played on Swedish soil between two Swedish teams using the association football rules, in 1892 against Örgryte IS.It is unknown when Göteborgs BK ceased to exist. On source claims that the club was re-formed in 1882 as Göteborgs IK, which in turn ceased to exist already sometime around 1885. It is unknown if \"re-formed\" means that the club had ceased to exist before that or \"re-formed\" only means that the club was reorganised that year.The club was also active in other sports, including cricket, athletics and rowing.","title":"Göteborgs BK"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Glanell, Tomas; Havik, Göran; Lindberg, Thomas; Persson, Gunnar; Ågren, Bengt, eds. (2004). 100 år: Svenska fotbollförbundets jubileumsbok 1904–2004, del 1. Vällingby: Stroemberg Media Group. ISBN 91-86184-59-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86184-59-8","url_text":"91-86184-59-8"}]},{"reference":"Jönsson, Åke (2006). Fotboll: hur världens största sport växte fram. Lund: Historiska media. ISBN 91-85377-48-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85377-48-1","url_text":"91-85377-48-1"}]},{"reference":"Persson, Lennart K. (2006). \"Fotbollens uppkomst och tidiga utveckling i Sverige och Göteborg\". Idrottsarvet: årets bok (2002): 31–69. ISSN 0283-1791.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0283-1791","url_text":"0283-1791"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Soloman%27s_Mines
King Solomon's Mines
["1 Background","2 Plot summary","3 Literary significance and criticism","4 Adaptations in other media","4.1 Films","4.2 Comics","4.3 Television programs","4.4 Radio","5 References","6 Further reading","7 Notes","8 External links"]
1885 novel by H. Rider Haggard For other uses, see King Solomon's Mines (disambiguation). King Solomon's Mines First editionAuthorH. Rider HaggardLanguageEnglishSeriesAllan Quatermain SeriesGenreLost WorldPublisherCassell and CompanyPublication date1885Publication placeUnited KingdomPages320Preceded byThe Witch's Head Followed byShe: A History of Adventure TextKing Solomon's Mines at Wikisource King Solomon's Mines (1885) is a popular novel by the English Victorian adventure writer and fabulist Sir H. Rider Haggard. It tells of an expedition through an unexplored region of Africa by a group of adventurers led by Allan Quatermain, searching for the missing brother of one of the party. It is one of the first English adventure novels set in Africa and is considered to be the genesis of the lost world literary genre. It is the first of fourteen novels and four short stories by Haggard about Allan Quatermain. Haggard dedicated this book to his childhood idol Sir Humphry Davy. Background The book was first published in September 1885 amid considerable fanfare, with billboards and posters around London announcing "The Most Amazing Book Ever Written". It became an immediate best seller. By the late 19th century, explorers were uncovering ancient civilisations and their remains around the world, such as Egypt's Valley of the Kings and the empire of Assyria. Inner Africa remained largely unexplored and King Solomon's Mines, one of the first novels of African adventure published in English, captured the public's imagination. The "King Solomon" of the book's title is the legendary Biblical king renowned both for his wisdom and for his wealth. A number of sites have been suggested as the location of his mines, including the workings at the Timna valley near Eilat. Research published in September 2013 has shown that this site was in use during the 10th century BC as a copper mine possibly by the Edomites, who, the Bible reports, were rivals of and frequently at war with King Solomon. The Bible does refer to King Solomon having sent out, in partnership with his Phoenician allies, trading expeditions along the Red Sea, which brought exotic wares and animals from Africa to Jerusalem. Muslim traders in Sofala told Portuguese travellers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the region's gold mines belonged to King Solomon and that he built the now-ruined Great Zimbabwe. Haggard knew Africa well, having travelled deep within the continent during the Anglo-Zulu War and the First Boer War, where he had been impressed by South Africa's vast mineral wealth and by the ruins of ancient lost cities, such as Great Zimbabwe, being uncovered. His original Allan Quatermain character was based in large part on Frederick Selous, the British white hunter and explorer of Africa. Selous's real-life experiences provided Haggard with the background and inspiration for this and many later stories. Haggard also owed a considerable debt to Joseph Thomson, the Scottish explorer whose book Through Masai Land was published in 1885. Thomson claimed he had terrified warriors in Kenya by taking out his false teeth and claiming to be a magician, just as Captain Good does in King Solomon's Mines. Contemporary James Runciman wrote an article entitled King Plagiarism and His Court, interpreted as accusing Haggard of plagiarism for this. Thomson was so outraged at Haggard's alleged plagiarism that he published a novel of his own, Ulu: an African Romance, which, however, failed to sell. Plot summary The way to Kukuanaland "To those who enter the hall of the dead, evil comes"; Walter Paget Allan Quatermain, an adventurer and white hunter based in the African city of Durban, is approached by aristocrat Sir Henry Curtis and his friend Captain Good, seeking his help finding Sir Henry's brother, who was last seen travelling north into the unexplored interior on a quest for the fabled King Solomon's Mines. Quatermain has a map purporting to lead to the mines, but had never taken it seriously. He agrees to lead an expedition in return for a share of the treasure, or a stipend for his son if he is killed along the way. He has little hope they will return alive, but reasons that he has already outlived most people in his profession, so dying in this manner at least ensures his son will be provided for. They also take along a native, Umbopa, who seems more regal and well-spoken than most porters of his class, but who is anxious to join the party. Travelling by oxcart, they reach the edge of a desert, but not before a hunt in which a wounded elephant claims the life of a servant. They continue on foot across the desert, almost dying of thirst before finding the oasis shown halfway across on the map. Reaching a mountain range called Suliman Berg, they climb a peak (one of "Sheba's Breasts"), enter a cave and find the frozen corpse of José Silvestre, the 16th-century Portuguese explorer who drew the map in his own blood. That night, another servant dies from the cold, and they leave his body next to Silvestra's. They cross the mountains into Kukuanaland, a raised valley, lush and green. The inhabitants have a well-organised army and society and speak an ancient dialect of IsiZulu. Kukuanaland's capital is Loo, the destination of a road from ancient times. The city is dominated by a central royal kraal. A party of Kukuana warriors are about to kill them when Captain Good nervously fidgets with his false teeth, making the Kukuanas recoil in fear. Thereafter, to protect themselves, they style themselves "white men from the stars"—sorcerer-gods—and are required to give regular proof of their divinity, considerably straining both their nerves and their ingenuity. They are brought before King Twala, a ruthless and violent leader. He came to power years before by murdering his brother, the previous king, and driving his brother's wife and infant son, Ignosi, out into the desert to die. Twala's rule is unchallenged. Gagool, an impossibly ancient hag, is his chief advisor. She roots out any potential opposition by ordering regular witch hunts and murdering without trial all those identified as traitors. When she singles out Umbopa for this fate, it takes all of Quatermain's skill to save his life. Gagool, it appears, has already sensed what Umbopa later reveals: he is Ignosi, the rightful king of the Kukuanas. A rebellion breaks out, the Englishmen gaining support for Ignosi by taking advantage of their foreknowledge of a lunar eclipse to claim that they will black out the moon as proof of Ignosi's claim. The Englishmen join Ignosi's army in a furious battle. Although outnumbered, the rebels overthrow Twala, and Sir Henry lops off his head in a duel. The Englishmen also capture Gagool, who reluctantly leads them to King Solomon's Mines. She shows them a treasure room inside a mountain, carved deep within the living rock and full of gold, diamonds, and ivory. She then sneaks out while they are admiring the hoard and triggers a secret mechanism that closes the mine's stone door. However, a scuffle with Foulata— a Kukuana woman who became attached to Good after nursing him through his injuries sustained in the battle—causes Gagool to be crushed under the door, though not before fatally stabbing Foulata. Their scant store of food and water dwindling, the trapped men prepare to die also. After some despairing days sealed in the dark chamber, they find an escape route, bringing with them a few pocketfuls of diamonds from the trove, enough to make them rich. The Englishmen bid farewell to a sorrowful Ignosi and return to the desert, assuring him that they value his friendship but must return to be with their own people, Ignosi in return promising them that they will be venerated and honoured among his people forever. Taking a different route, they find Sir Henry's brother stranded in an oasis by a broken leg, unable to go forward or back. They all return to Durban and, eventually, back to England, wealthy enough to live out their lives in comfort. Literary significance and criticism Haggard wrote the novel as a result of a five-shilling wager with his brother, who said that he could not write a novel half as good as Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island (1883). He wrote it in a short time, somewhere between six and sixteen weeks between January and 21 April 1885. However, the book was a complete novelty and was rejected by one publisher after another. After six months, King Solomon's Mines was published, and the book became the year's best seller, with printers struggling to print copies fast enough. Andrew Lang, reviewing King Solomon's Mines for the Saturday Review, praised the book. Lang described the book as a "peculiarly thrilling and vigorous tale of adventure" and added "we have only praise for the very remarkable and uncommon powers of invention and gift of "vision" which Mr. Haggard displays". In the process, King Solomon's Mines created a new genre known as the "Lost World", which would inspire Edgar Rice Burroughs' The Land That Time Forgot, Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World, Rudyard Kipling's The Man Who Would Be King and H. P. Lovecraft's At the Mountains of Madness. In The Return of Tarzan (1913), Edgar Rice Burroughs introduced his own lost city of Opar, in which the influence of King Solomon's Mines is evident. (Burroughs' Opar is supposedly the same as the Biblical Ophir with which King Solomon traded.) Opar reappeared in further Tarzan novels and was later taken up in the Khokarsa novels of Philip José Farmer and various derivative works in other media. Burroughs also introduced other lost cities in various hidden corners of Africa for Tarzan to visit, such as a valley inhabited by stray Crusaders still maintaining a Medieval way of life. Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian also visited several lost cities, and Lee Falk's The Phantom was initially written in this genre. A much later Lost World novel is Michael Crichton's Congo, which is set in the 1970s and features characters seeking a trove of diamonds in the lost city of Zinj for use in electronic components rather than jewellery. As in Treasure Island, the narrator of King Solomon's Mines tells his tale in the first person, in an easy conversational style. Almost entirely missing (except in the speech of the Kukuanas) is the ornate language usually associated with novels of this era. Haggard's use of the first-person subjective perspective also contrasts with the omniscient third-person viewpoint then in vogue among influential writers such as Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, and George Eliot. The book has scholarly value for the colonialist attitudes that Haggard expresses, and for the way that he portrays the relationships between the white and African characters. Haggard portrays some African characters, such as Twala and Gagool, as barbarians but their barbarity has more to do with their roles as antagonists in the story than with their African heritage. He also presents the other side of the coin, showing some black Africans (such as Ignosi) as heroes and heroines, and shows respect for their culture. The book expresses much less prejudice than some of the later books in this genre. Indeed, Quatermain stated that he refused to use the word "nigger" and that many Africans are more worthy of the title of "gentleman" than the Europeans who settle or adventure in the country. Haggard even included an interracial romance between a Kukuana woman, Foulata, and the white Englishman Captain Good. The narrator tries to discourage the relationship, dreading the uproar that such a marriage would cause back home; however, he has no objection to the lady, whom he considers very beautiful and noble. Haggard eventually kills off Foulata, who dies in Good's arms. Kukuanaland is said in the book to be forty leagues north of the Lukanga river, in modern-day Zambia, which would place it in the extreme southeast of the present Democratic Republic of Congo. The culture of the Kukuanas shares many attributes with the Zulus, such as the Zulu language being spoken and the kraal system being used. Adaptations in other media Films The novel has been adapted to film at least seven times. The first cinema adaptation (a silent film version) was directed by Horace Lisle Lucoque in 1919 (now lost), followed by the first sound version in 1937, King Solomon's Mines, which was directed by Robert Stevenson. The best known version premiered in 1950, King Solomon's Mines, directed by Compton Bennett and Andrew Marton, which was followed by a sequel, Watusi (1959). In 1979, a low-budget version was directed by Alvin Rakoff, King Solomon's Treasure, combining both King Solomon's Mines as well as Allan Quatermain in one story. The 1985 film, King Solomon's Mines, was a more tongue-in-cheek parody of the story, followed by a sequel in the same vein: Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold (1987). Around the same period, an Australian animated TV film came out, King Solomon's Mines. In December 2006, the movie, The Librarian: Return to King Solomon’s Mines was released as the second in a trilogy that follows one man’s fantastical adventures. In 2008, a direct-to-video adaptation, Allan Quatermain and the Temple of Skulls was released by Mark Atkins, which bore more resemblance to Indiana Jones than the novel. Comics Cover art from King Solomon's Mines, Avon Periodicals, 1951, art by Lee J. Ames. In 1951, Avon Periodicals published a comic book adaptation. In 1952, a comic adaptation was published in Classics Illustrated #97, scripted by Kenneth W. Fitch and with drawings by H. C. Kiefer. In 1954, British comics artist Dudley D. Watkins adapted the story into a text comics series. In 2015, artist Pablo Marcos and writer Mark Ellis reimagined King Solomon's Mines as a graphic novel published by Ying Ko Graphics. Television programs In 1958, an episode of the BBC's Buried Treasure named King Solomon's Mines aired. Hosted by Sir Mortimer Wheeler. In 2002, a documentary was made by National Geographic Television in collaboration with Channel 4 in the UK: The Search for King Solomon's Mines. In 2004, King Solomon's Mines, a two-part TV mini-series starring Patrick Swayze as Allan Quatermain, aired on the Hallmark Channel. Radio Kenneth Colley starred as Allan Quatermain in a 1990 BBC Radio 4 adaptation. A two-part BBC Radio 4 adaptation was broadcast in April 2017 starring Tim McInnerny as Allan Quatermain. "King Solomon's Mines" was the sixth episode of The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater, broadcast on 20 February 1977. References ^ "Review: King Solomon's Mines by H. Rider Haggard". The Athenaeum (3027): 568. 31 October 1885. ^ "Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel". Phys.org. Retrieved 15 May 2014. ^ "Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel". The Jewish Press. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ Edom#Hebrew Bible ^ "Edom". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 15 May 2014. ^ Boyle, Alan (5 September 2013). "Reality check on King Solomon's mines: Right era, wrong kingdom". NBC News. Retrieved 16 February 2014. ^ Carroll, Scott T. (1988). "Solomonic Legend: The Muslims and the Great Zimbabwe". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 21 (2): 233–247. doi:10.2307/219935. JSTOR 219935. ^ Mandiringana, E.; T. J. Stapleton (1998). "The Literary Legacy of Frederick Courteney Selous". History in Africa. 25: 199–218. doi:10.2307/3172188. JSTOR 3172188. S2CID 161701151. ^ Pearson, Edmund Lester. "Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter". Humanities Web. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2006. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Through Masai Land by Thomson, Joseph". ^ James Runciman (April 1890). King Plagiarism and His Court. The Literary News. ^ The Speaker. Vol. 1. Mather & Crowther. 1890. ^ "London in And Out of Season". Otago Witness. 7 March 1890. ^ a b Dennis Butts, 'Introduction' in King Solomon's Mines ed. by Dennis Butts (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. vii–xviii ^ a b Liukkonen, Petri. "Henry Rider Haggard". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006. ^ a b Gerald Monsman (ed.), King Solomon's Mines, Broadview Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55111-439-9. Page 11. ^ Gerald Monsman (ed.), King Solomon's Mines, Broadview Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55111-439-9. Page 245. ^ Robert E. Morsberger, "Afterword" in King Solomon's Mines Reader's Digest edition 1994. ISBN 0-89577-553-0 ^ Etherington, Norman (1984). Rider Haggard. Boston: Twayne Publishers. pp. 91–106. ISBN 9780805768695. ^ "The Project Gutenberg E-text of King Solomon's Mines, by H. Rider Haggard". Retrieved 3 April 2017 – via Project Gutenberg. ^ "King Solomon's Mines". IMDb. ^ King Solomon's Mines #1 ^ Classics Illustrated #97 – King Solomon's Mines ^ "Dudley D. Watkins". Lambiek. ^ Buried Treasure - King Solomon's Mines, retrieved 28 January 2023 ^ "BBC Programme Index". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. 29 October 1958. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ "radio plays, drama, BBC, Saturday Playhouse, 1990–1998, DIVERSITY website". Suttonelms.org.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ "BBC Radio 4 – Drama, King Solomon's Mines". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ "The General Mills Radio Adventure Theatre," Radio Gold Index. Further reading Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 137. Notes ^ Located in what is now South Africa. ^ Also spelt Silvestra. ^ In early editions, this was a solar eclipse; Haggard changed it after realising that his description of a solar eclipse was not realistic. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: King Solomon's Mines King Solomon's Mines at Standard Ebooks King Solomon's Mines (1901 edition) at the Internet Archive King Solomon's Mines at Project Gutenberg King Solomon's Mines public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteWorks by H. Rider HaggardFiction Dawn (1884) The Witch's Head (1885) King Solomon's Mines (1885) She (1886) Jess (1886) Allan Quatermain (1887) Mr Meeson's Will (1888) Maiwa's Revenge (1888) Colonel Quaritch, VC (1888) Cleopatra (1889) Allan's Wife (1889) Beatrice (1889) The World's Desire (1890) Eric Brighteyes (1891) Nada the Lily (1892) Montezuma's Daughter (1893) The People of the Mist (1894) Joan Haste (1895) Heart of the World (1895) The Wizard (1896) Doctor Therne (1898) Swallow (1898) Elissa (1900) Lysbeth (1901) Pearl Maiden (1903) Stella Fregelius (1904) The Brethren (1904) Ayesha: The Return of She (1905) The Way of the Spirit (1906) Benita (1906) Fair Margaret (1907) The Ghost Kings (1908) The Yellow God (1908) The Lady of Blossholme (1909) Queen Sheba's Ring (1910) Morning Star (1910) Red Eve (1911) The Mahatma and the Hare (1911) Marie (1912) Child of Storm (1913) The Wanderer's Necklace (1913) Allan and the Holy Flower (1915) The Ivory Child (1916) Finished (1917) Love Eternal (1918) Moon of Israel (1918) When the World Shook (1919) The Ancient Allan (1920) Smith and the Pharaohs (1920) She and Allan (1921) The Virgin of the Sun (1922) Wisdom's Daughter (1923) Heu-Heu (1924) Queen of the Dawn (1925) The Treasure of the Lake (1926) Allan and the Ice-gods (1927) Mary of Marion Isle (1929) Belshazzar (1930) Non-fiction Cetywayo and His White Neighbours (1882) A Farmer's Year (1899) The Last Boer War (1899) A Winter Pilgrimage (1901) Rural England (1902) The Poor and the Land (1905) A Gardener's Year (1905) Regeneration (1910) Rural Denmark (1911) The Days of My Life (autobiography, 1926) vteH. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's MinesCharacters Allan Quatermain Sir Henry Curtis Sequelsand prequels Allan Quatermain (1887) Maiwa's Revenge (1888) Allan's Wife (1889) Marie (1912) Child of Storm (1913) The Holy Flower (1915) The Ivory Child (1916) Finished (1917) The Ancient Allan (1920) She and Allan (1921) Allan and the Ice-Gods (1927) Films King Solomon's Mines (1937) King Solomon's Mines (1950) Watusi (1959) King Solomon's Treasure (1979) King Solomon's Mines (1985) Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold (1986) King Solomon's Mines (2004) Allan Quatermain and the Temple of Skulls (2008) Video Games Deadfall Adventures Related The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Solomon's Mines (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"popular novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_fiction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_literature"},{"link_name":"fabulist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable"},{"link_name":"Sir H. Rider Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_H._Rider_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Allan Quatermain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Quatermain"},{"link_name":"adventure novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_novel"},{"link_name":"lost world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_world"},{"link_name":"literary genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre"},{"link_name":"Sir Humphry Davy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Humphry_Davy"}],"text":"For other uses, see King Solomon's Mines (disambiguation).King Solomon's Mines (1885) is a popular novel[1] by the English Victorian adventure writer and fabulist Sir H. Rider Haggard. It tells of an expedition through an unexplored region of Africa by a group of adventurers led by Allan Quatermain, searching for the missing brother of one of the party. It is one of the first English adventure novels set in Africa and is considered to be the genesis of the lost world literary genre. It is the first of fourteen novels and four short stories by Haggard about Allan Quatermain. Haggard dedicated this book to his childhood idol Sir Humphry Davy.","title":"King Solomon's Mines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ancient civilisations and their remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_civilisations"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"largely unexplored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"King Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Timna valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timna_valley"},{"link_name":"Eilat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat"},{"link_name":"Edomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edomites"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sofala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala"},{"link_name":"Great Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Zulu War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War"},{"link_name":"First Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Frederick Selous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Courtney_Selous"},{"link_name":"white hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hunter"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mandiringana-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearson-9"},{"link_name":"Joseph Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"James Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Runciman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The book was first published in September 1885 amid considerable fanfare, with billboards and posters around London announcing \"The Most Amazing Book Ever Written\". It became an immediate best seller.[citation needed] By the late 19th century, explorers were uncovering ancient civilisations and their remains around the world, such as Egypt's Valley of the Kings and the empire of Assyria. Inner Africa remained largely unexplored and King Solomon's Mines, one of the first novels of African adventure published in English, captured the public's imagination.[citation needed]The \"King Solomon\" of the book's title is the legendary Biblical king renowned both for his wisdom and for his wealth. A number of sites have been suggested as the location of his mines, including the workings at the Timna valley near Eilat. Research published in September 2013 has shown that this site was in use during the 10th century BC as a copper mine possibly by the Edomites,[2][3] who, the Bible reports, were rivals of and frequently at war with King Solomon.[4][5][6] The Bible does refer to King Solomon having sent out, in partnership with his Phoenician allies, trading expeditions along the Red Sea, which brought exotic wares and animals from Africa to Jerusalem. Muslim traders in Sofala told Portuguese travellers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the region's gold mines belonged to King Solomon and that he built the now-ruined Great Zimbabwe.[7]Haggard knew Africa well, having travelled deep within the continent during the Anglo-Zulu War and the First Boer War, where he had been impressed by South Africa's vast mineral wealth and by the ruins of ancient lost cities, such as Great Zimbabwe, being uncovered. His original Allan Quatermain character was based in large part on Frederick Selous, the British white hunter and explorer of Africa.[8][9] Selous's real-life experiences provided Haggard with the background and inspiration for this and many later stories.Haggard also owed a considerable debt to Joseph Thomson, the Scottish explorer whose book Through Masai Land was published in 1885.[10] Thomson claimed he had terrified warriors in Kenya by taking out his false teeth and claiming to be a magician, just as Captain Good does in King Solomon's Mines. Contemporary James Runciman wrote an article entitled King Plagiarism and His Court,[11] interpreted as accusing Haggard of plagiarism for this.[12][13] Thomson was so outraged at Haggard's alleged plagiarism that he published a novel of his own, Ulu: an African Romance, which, however, failed to sell.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kukuanaland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Paget_-_H._Rider_Haggard_-_King_Solomon%27s_Mines_-_To_those_who_enter_the_hall_of_dead.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Paget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Paget_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Allan Quatermain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Quatermain"},{"link_name":"white hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hunter"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"[N 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Sheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba"},{"link_name":"[N 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"IsiZulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiZulu"},{"link_name":"kraal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraal"},{"link_name":"witch hunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_hunt"},{"link_name":"lunar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"[N 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"living rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture"}],"text":"The way to Kukuanaland\"To those who enter the hall of the dead, evil comes\"; Walter PagetAllan Quatermain, an adventurer and white hunter based in the African city of Durban,[N 1] is approached by aristocrat Sir Henry Curtis and his friend Captain Good, seeking his help finding Sir Henry's brother, who was last seen travelling north into the unexplored interior on a quest for the fabled King Solomon's Mines. Quatermain has a map purporting to lead to the mines, but had never taken it seriously. He agrees to lead an expedition in return for a share of the treasure, or a stipend for his son if he is killed along the way. He has little hope they will return alive, but reasons that he has already outlived most people in his profession, so dying in this manner at least ensures his son will be provided for. They also take along a native, Umbopa, who seems more regal and well-spoken than most porters of his class, but who is anxious to join the party.Travelling by oxcart, they reach the edge of a desert, but not before a hunt in which a wounded elephant claims the life of a servant. They continue on foot across the desert, almost dying of thirst before finding the oasis shown halfway across on the map. Reaching a mountain range called Suliman Berg, they climb a peak (one of \"Sheba's Breasts\"), enter a cave and find the frozen corpse of José Silvestre,[N 2] the 16th-century Portuguese explorer who drew the map in his own blood. That night, another servant dies from the cold, and they leave his body next to Silvestra's.\nThey cross the mountains into Kukuanaland, a raised valley, lush and green. The inhabitants have a well-organised army and society and speak an ancient dialect of IsiZulu. Kukuanaland's capital is Loo, the destination of a road from ancient times. The city is dominated by a central royal kraal.A party of Kukuana warriors are about to kill them when Captain Good nervously fidgets with his false teeth, making the Kukuanas recoil in fear. Thereafter, to protect themselves, they style themselves \"white men from the stars\"—sorcerer-gods—and are required to give regular proof of their divinity, considerably straining both their nerves and their ingenuity.They are brought before King Twala, a ruthless and violent leader. He came to power years before by murdering his brother, the previous king, and driving his brother's wife and infant son, Ignosi, out into the desert to die. Twala's rule is unchallenged. Gagool, an impossibly ancient hag, is his chief advisor. She roots out any potential opposition by ordering regular witch hunts and murdering without trial all those identified as traitors. When she singles out Umbopa for this fate, it takes all of Quatermain's skill to save his life.Gagool, it appears, has already sensed what Umbopa later reveals: he is Ignosi, the rightful king of the Kukuanas. A rebellion breaks out, the Englishmen gaining support for Ignosi by taking advantage of their foreknowledge of a lunar eclipse to claim that they will black out the moon as proof of Ignosi's claim.[N 3] The Englishmen join Ignosi's army in a furious battle. Although outnumbered, the rebels overthrow Twala, and Sir Henry lops off his head in a duel.The Englishmen also capture Gagool, who reluctantly leads them to King Solomon's Mines. She shows them a treasure room inside a mountain, carved deep within the living rock and full of gold, diamonds, and ivory. She then sneaks out while they are admiring the hoard and triggers a secret mechanism that closes the mine's stone door. However, a scuffle with Foulata— a Kukuana woman who became attached to Good after nursing him through his injuries sustained in the battle—causes Gagool to be crushed under the door, though not before fatally stabbing Foulata. Their scant store of food and water dwindling, the trapped men prepare to die also. After some despairing days sealed in the dark chamber, they find an escape route, bringing with them a few pocketfuls of diamonds from the trove, enough to make them rich.The Englishmen bid farewell to a sorrowful Ignosi and return to the desert, assuring him that they value his friendship but must return to be with their own people, Ignosi in return promising them that they will be venerated and honoured among his people forever. Taking a different route, they find Sir Henry's brother stranded in an oasis by a broken leg, unable to go forward or back. They all return to Durban and, eventually, back to England, wealthy enough to live out their lives in comfort.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandw-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monsman-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandw-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owc-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monsman-19"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lang"},{"link_name":"Saturday Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_World_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Rice Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs"},{"link_name":"The Land That Time Forgot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_That_Time_Forgot_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"The Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Doyle_novel)"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Would Be King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"At the Mountains of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"The Return of Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Tarzan"},{"link_name":"Edgar Rice Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs"},{"link_name":"lost city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Opar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opar_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"Ophir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir"},{"link_name":"Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan"},{"link_name":"Khokarsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokarsa"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"a valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan,_Lord_of_the_Jungle_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard"},{"link_name":"Conan the Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"Lee Falk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Falk"},{"link_name":"The Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Zinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj"},{"link_name":"Anthony Trollope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Trollope"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"George Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eliot"},{"link_name":"colonialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Lukanga river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue_River"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"Zulu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language"},{"link_name":"kraal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraal"}],"text":"Haggard wrote the novel as a result of a five-shilling wager with his brother, who said that he could not write a novel half as good as Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island (1883).[15][16] He wrote it in a short time, somewhere between six[15] and sixteen[14] weeks between January and 21 April 1885. However, the book was a complete novelty and was rejected by one publisher after another. After six months, King Solomon's Mines was published, and the book became the year's best seller, with printers struggling to print copies fast enough.[16]Andrew Lang, reviewing King Solomon's Mines for the Saturday Review, praised the book. Lang described the book as a \"peculiarly thrilling and vigorous tale of adventure\" and added \"we have only praise for the very remarkable and uncommon powers of invention and gift of \"vision\" which Mr. Haggard displays\".[17]In the process, King Solomon's Mines created a new genre known as the \"Lost World\", which would inspire Edgar Rice Burroughs' The Land That Time Forgot, Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World, Rudyard Kipling's The Man Who Would Be King[18] and H. P. Lovecraft's At the Mountains of Madness. In The Return of Tarzan (1913), Edgar Rice Burroughs introduced his own lost city of Opar, in which the influence of King Solomon's Mines is evident. (Burroughs' Opar is supposedly the same as the Biblical Ophir with which King Solomon traded.) Opar reappeared in further Tarzan novels and was later taken up in the Khokarsa novels of Philip José Farmer and various derivative works in other media. Burroughs also introduced other lost cities in various hidden corners of Africa for Tarzan to visit, such as a valley inhabited by stray Crusaders still maintaining a Medieval way of life. Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian also visited several lost cities, and Lee Falk's The Phantom was initially written in this genre. A much later Lost World novel is Michael Crichton's Congo, which is set in the 1970s and features characters seeking a trove of diamonds in the lost city of Zinj for use in electronic components rather than jewellery.As in Treasure Island, the narrator of King Solomon's Mines tells his tale in the first person, in an easy conversational style. Almost entirely missing (except in the speech of the Kukuanas) is the ornate language usually associated with novels of this era. Haggard's use of the first-person subjective perspective also contrasts with the omniscient third-person viewpoint then in vogue among influential writers such as Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, and George Eliot.The book has scholarly value for the colonialist attitudes that Haggard expresses,[19] and for the way that he portrays the relationships between the white and African characters. Haggard portrays some African characters, such as Twala and Gagool, as barbarians but their barbarity has more to do with their roles as antagonists in the story than with their African heritage. He also presents the other side of the coin, showing some black Africans (such as Ignosi) as heroes and heroines, and shows respect for their culture. The book expresses much less prejudice than some of the later books in this genre. Indeed, Quatermain stated that he refused to use the word \"nigger\" and that many Africans are more worthy of the title of \"gentleman\" than the Europeans who settle or adventure in the country.[20] Haggard even included an interracial romance between a Kukuana woman, Foulata, and the white Englishman Captain Good. The narrator tries to discourage the relationship, dreading the uproar that such a marriage would cause back home; however, he has no objection to the lady, whom he considers very beautiful and noble. Haggard eventually kills off Foulata, who dies in Good's arms.Kukuanaland is said in the book to be forty leagues north of the Lukanga river, in modern-day Zambia, which would place it in the extreme southeast of the present Democratic Republic of Congo. The culture of the Kukuanas shares many attributes with the Zulus, such as the Zulu language being spoken and the kraal system being used.","title":"Literary significance and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"at least seven times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(film)"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"King Solomon's Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(director)"},{"link_name":"King Solomon's Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Compton Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Andrew Marton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Marton"},{"link_name":"Watusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watusi_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alvin Rakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Rakoff"},{"link_name":"King Solomon's Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Allan Quatermain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Quatermain_(novel)"},{"link_name":"King Solomon's Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Quatermain_and_the_Lost_City_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"King Solomon's Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(1986_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Librarian: Return to King Solomon’s Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Librarian:_Return_to_King_Solomon%E2%80%99s_Mines"},{"link_name":"Allan Quatermain and the Temple of Skulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Quatermain_and_the_Temple_of_Skulls"},{"link_name":"Mark Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Atkins_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"The novel has been adapted to film at least seven times. The first cinema adaptation (a silent film version) was directed by Horace Lisle Lucoque in 1919 (now lost),[21] followed by the first sound version in 1937, King Solomon's Mines, which was directed by Robert Stevenson. The best known version premiered in 1950, King Solomon's Mines, directed by Compton Bennett and Andrew Marton, which was followed by a sequel, Watusi (1959). In 1979, a low-budget version was directed by Alvin Rakoff, King Solomon's Treasure, combining both King Solomon's Mines as well as Allan Quatermain in one story. The 1985 film, King Solomon's Mines, was a more tongue-in-cheek parody of the story, followed by a sequel in the same vein: Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold (1987). Around the same period, an Australian animated TV film came out, King Solomon's Mines. In December 2006, the movie, The Librarian: Return to King Solomon’s Mines was released as the second in a trilogy that follows one man’s fantastical adventures. In 2008, a direct-to-video adaptation, Allan Quatermain and the Temple of Skulls was released by Mark Atkins, which bore more resemblance to Indiana Jones than the novel.","title":"Adaptations in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Solomon%27s_Mines_comic_cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lee J. Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_J._Ames"},{"link_name":"Avon Periodicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Periodicals"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Classics Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Kenneth W. Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_W._Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H. C. Kiefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Kiefer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dudley D. Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_D._Watkins"},{"link_name":"text comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_comics"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Pablo Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Mark Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ellis_(American_author)"}],"sub_title":"Comics","text":"Cover art from King Solomon's Mines, Avon Periodicals, 1951, art by Lee J. Ames.In 1951, Avon Periodicals published a comic book adaptation.[22]\nIn 1952, a comic adaptation was published in Classics Illustrated #97, scripted by Kenneth W. Fitch and with drawings by H. C. Kiefer.[23]\nIn 1954, British comics artist Dudley D. Watkins adapted the story into a text comics series.[24]\nIn 2015, artist Pablo Marcos and writer Mark Ellis reimagined King Solomon's Mines as a graphic novel published by Ying Ko Graphics.","title":"Adaptations in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sir Mortimer Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Search for King Solomon's Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Search_for_King_Solomon%27s_Mines"},{"link_name":"King Solomon's Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Swayze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Swayze"},{"link_name":"Allan Quatermain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Quatermain"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Channel"}],"sub_title":"Television programs","text":"In 1958, an episode of the BBC's Buried Treasure named King Solomon's Mines aired. Hosted by Sir Mortimer Wheeler.[25][26]In 2002, a documentary was made by National Geographic Television in collaboration with Channel 4 in the UK: The Search for King Solomon's Mines.In 2004, King Solomon's Mines, a two-part TV mini-series starring Patrick Swayze as Allan Quatermain, aired on the Hallmark Channel.","title":"Adaptations in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Colley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Colley"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Tim McInnerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McInnerny"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_General_Mills_Radio_Adventure_Theater"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Kenneth Colley starred as Allan Quatermain in a 1990 BBC Radio 4 adaptation.[27]A two-part BBC Radio 4 adaptation was broadcast in April 2017 starring Tim McInnerny as Allan Quatermain.[28]\"King Solomon's Mines\" was the sixth episode of The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater, broadcast on 20 February 1977.[29]","title":"Adaptations in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bleiler, Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_F._Bleiler"},{"link_name":"The Checklist of Fantastic Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei"},{"link_name":"137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei/page/n149"}],"text":"Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 137.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owc-16"}],"text":"^ Located in what is now South Africa.\n\n^ Also spelt Silvestra.\n\n^ In early editions, this was a solar eclipse; Haggard changed it after realising that his description of a solar eclipse was not realistic.[14]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The way to Kukuanaland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kukuanaland.jpg/220px-Kukuanaland.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"To those who enter the hall of the dead, evil comes\"; Walter Paget","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Walter_Paget_-_H._Rider_Haggard_-_King_Solomon%27s_Mines_-_To_those_who_enter_the_hall_of_dead.jpg/220px-Walter_Paget_-_H._Rider_Haggard_-_King_Solomon%27s_Mines_-_To_those_who_enter_the_hall_of_dead.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover art from King Solomon's Mines, Avon Periodicals, 1951, art by Lee J. Ames.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_comic_cover.jpg/170px-King_Solomon%27s_Mines_comic_cover.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Review: King Solomon's Mines by H. Rider Haggard\". The Athenaeum (3027): 568. 31 October 1885.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101077276432;view=1up;seq=362","url_text":"\"Review: King Solomon's Mines by H. Rider Haggard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel\". Phys.org. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://phys.org/news/2013-09-proof-solomon-israel.html","url_text":"\"Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel\". The Jewish Press. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishpress.com/news/proof-of-solomons-copper-mines-found-in-israel/2013/09/08/","url_text":"\"Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edom\". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0006_0_05562.html","url_text":"\"Edom\""}]},{"reference":"Boyle, Alan (5 September 2013). \"Reality check on King Solomon's mines: Right era, wrong kingdom\". NBC News. Retrieved 16 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/reality-check-king-solomons-mines-right-era-wrong-kingdom-f8C11073742","url_text":"\"Reality check on King Solomon's mines: Right era, wrong kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Scott T. (1988). \"Solomonic Legend: The Muslims and the Great Zimbabwe\". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 21 (2): 233–247. doi:10.2307/219935. JSTOR 219935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219935","url_text":"10.2307/219935"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/219935","url_text":"219935"}]},{"reference":"Mandiringana, E.; T. J. Stapleton (1998). \"The Literary Legacy of Frederick Courteney Selous\". History in Africa. 25: 199–218. doi:10.2307/3172188. JSTOR 3172188. S2CID 161701151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3172188","url_text":"10.2307/3172188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172188","url_text":"3172188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161701151","url_text":"161701151"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Edmund Lester. \"Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter\". Humanities Web. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324123500/http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?a=c&id=1144&o=&p=l&s=s","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter\""},{"url":"http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=s&p=l&a=c&ID=1144&o=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324123500/http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?a=c&id=1144&o=&p=l&s=s","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Through Masai Land by Thomson, Joseph\".","urls":[{"url":"https://biblio.co.uk/through-masai-land-by-thomson-joseph/work/231057","url_text":"\"Through Masai Land by Thomson, Joseph\""}]},{"reference":"James Runciman (April 1890). King Plagiarism and His Court. The Literary News.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JVQmAQAAIAAJ&q=%22king+plagiarism+and+his+court%22&pg=PA118","url_text":"King Plagiarism and His Court"}]},{"reference":"The Speaker. Vol. 1. Mather & Crowther. 1890.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=545NAAAAYAAJ&q=%22joseph+thomson%22+plagiarism+haggard&pg=PA269","url_text":"The Speaker"}]},{"reference":"\"London in And Out of Season\". Otago Witness. 7 March 1890.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18900501.2.64&l=mi&e=-------10--1----2-all","url_text":"\"London in And Out of Season\""}]},{"reference":"Liukkonen, Petri. \"Henry Rider Haggard\". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205022814/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/haggard.htm","url_text":"\"Henry Rider Haggard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusankoski","url_text":"Kuusankoski"},{"url":"http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haggard.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Etherington, Norman (1984). Rider Haggard. Boston: Twayne Publishers. pp. 91–106. ISBN 9780805768695.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805768695","url_text":"9780805768695"}]},{"reference":"\"The Project Gutenberg E-text of King Solomon's Mines, by H. Rider Haggard\". Retrieved 3 April 2017 – via Project Gutenberg.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2166/2166-h/2166-h.htm#chap01","url_text":"\"The Project Gutenberg E-text of King Solomon's Mines, by H. Rider Haggard\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Solomon's Mines\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2261737/","url_text":"\"King Solomon's Mines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Dudley D. Watkins\". Lambiek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/watkins_dudley.htm","url_text":"\"Dudley D. Watkins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambiek","url_text":"Lambiek"}]},{"reference":"Buried Treasure - King Solomon's Mines, retrieved 28 January 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p017tlpm/buried-treasure-king-solomons-mines","url_text":"Buried Treasure - King Solomon's Mines"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Programme Index\". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. 29 October 1958. Retrieved 28 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/8e131eeedf704b53ab7f708dff2e9905","url_text":"\"BBC Programme Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"radio plays, drama, BBC, Saturday Playhouse, 1990–1998, DIVERSITY website\". Suttonelms.org.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/saturday-playhouse.html","url_text":"\"radio plays, drama, BBC, Saturday Playhouse, 1990–1998, DIVERSITY website\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, King Solomon's Mines\". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08lljv3","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, King Solomon's Mines\""}]},{"reference":"Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_F._Bleiler","url_text":"Bleiler, Everett"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei","url_text":"The Checklist of Fantastic Literature"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei/page/n149","url_text":"137"}]}]
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Rider Haggard\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2261737/","external_links_name":"\"King Solomon's Mines\""},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/issue/263241/","external_links_name":"King Solomon's Mines #1"},{"Link":"https://www.comics.org/issue/515211/","external_links_name":"Classics Illustrated #97 [O] – King Solomon's Mines"},{"Link":"https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/watkins_dudley.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dudley D. Watkins\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p017tlpm/buried-treasure-king-solomons-mines","external_links_name":"Buried Treasure - King Solomon's Mines"},{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/8e131eeedf704b53ab7f708dff2e9905","external_links_name":"\"BBC Programme Index\""},{"Link":"http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/saturday-playhouse.html","external_links_name":"\"radio plays, drama, BBC, Saturday Playhouse, 1990–1998, DIVERSITY website\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08lljv3","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 – Drama, King Solomon's Mines\""},{"Link":"http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=The+General+Mills+Radio+Adventure+Theatre","external_links_name":"\"The General Mills Radio Adventure Theatre,\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei","external_links_name":"The Checklist of Fantastic Literature"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei/page/n149","external_links_name":"137"},{"Link":"https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/h-rider-haggard/king-solomons-mines","external_links_name":"King Solomon's Mines"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kingsolomonsmin00hagggoog","external_links_name":"King Solomon's Mines (1901 edition)"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/2166","external_links_name":"King Solomon's Mines"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=King+Solomon%27s+Mines&author=Haggard&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"King Solomon's Mines"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/178591108","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4429614-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Document
Sound Document
["1 See also","2 References"]
Sound DocumentFounded2004 (2004)FounderDoug PhillipsDani VachonGenreIndieCountry of origin CanadaLocationVancouver, British ColumbiaOfficial websitesounddocument.com Sound Document is an independent record label based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The music label signs only Canadian bands with the label's current genre focus of dance-punk/indie rock. It was founded in 2004 by Dani Vachon and Doug Phillips. In 2006 the label became a sole proprietorship of Dani Vachon. Artists include You Say Party! We Say Die!, Bakelite, Cadeaux and Hot Loins. See also Music portalCanada portal List of record labels References ^ a b Adams, Gregory (April 7, 2005). "Cadeaux gets the dance party started", The Georgia Straight. Retrieved on January 20, 2009. ^ Lucas, John (December 8, 2005). "Local labels unite", The Georgia Straight. Retrieved on January 20, 2009. ^ Mason, Stuart. You Say Party! We Say Die! biography on Allmusic. Retrieved on January 20, 2009. This article about a Canadian record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_tower
Drill tower
["1 See also","2 References"]
A drill tower in Cricklade, England A drill tower is a tower and training facility for firefighters. It is usually built within a fire station facility for routine exercises and training. The drill tower is typically a multi-level structure simulating high-rise buildings. Heights vary by location. Towers can help firefighters deal with real-life situations, including running upstairs with heavy equipment, using rope and safety nets, and operating a fire engine in a confined space. See also Buford Tower Fire lookout tower Hose tower References ^ Pickard, Quentin (2005). The architects' handbook. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 9. ISBN 1-4051-3505-0. This article relating to firefighting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"A drill tower in Cricklade, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cricklade_Fire_Station_drill_tower%2C_Bath_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2214848.jpg/170px-Cricklade_Fire_Station_drill_tower%2C_Bath_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2214848.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Juif_polonais
Le Juif polonais
["1 Plot","2 Performances","3 References","4 External links"]
1900 opera in three acts by Camille Erlanger Poster from the première Le Juif polonais (The Polish Jew) is a 1900 opera in three acts by Camille Erlanger composed to a libretto by Henri Caïn. It was adapted from the 1867 stage play Le Juif polonais by Erckmann-Chatrian. The play was translated into English in 1871 as The Bells by Leopold Lewis. The same material was used by Karel Weis for his 1901 opera, Der polnische Jude. Plot A melodramatic climax occurs in act 2 when the sound of sleigh bells at his daughter's wedding reminds the innkeeper Mathias of the Jew he had murdered 15 years previously. Dreaming, in act 3, that he is being tried for the murder, he confesses the details of the attack and his disposal of the body, and dies of a heart attack. Performances The opera was first performed in Paris at the Opéra-Comique on 11 April 1900, when the cast included Gustave Huberdeau, the contralto Jeanne Gerville-Réache as Catherine, the bass André Gresse as the President, the tenor Edmond Clément as Christian and Victor Maurel as Mathias. The role of Mathias's daughter Suzelle was created by Julia Guiraudon . Unlike Erlanger's first opera, Karmaria, it was a great success and was performed in France until the 1930s. Gustav Mahler presented the work in Vienna in 1906, where it proved a dismal failure. The plot was found to be thin, and the music insufficient to support interest. According to Alma Mahler, her husband had been reminded, when he heard the work in Paris, of his own Fourth Symphony by the sleighbells. Viennese critics rated the work as inferior to another on the same theme by Karel Weis, produced in Vienna in 1902. Nevertheless the opera remained in the repertory in France until the 1930s. References ^ George Rowell (1953) Nineteenth Century Plays ^ a b Forbes 2001. ^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Le Juif polonais, 11 April 1900". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian). ^ Steane 2002. ^ Forbes 2009. ^ "Le Juif polonais – A New Opera, on the Subject of Irving's Play", April 29, 1900, The New York Times, p. 20, review of the premiere ^ a b Tchamkerten 2001. ^ La Grange 1999, pp. 485–487. Sources La Grange, Henry-Louis, de (1999). Gustav Mahler: Vienna, Triumph and Disillusion. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Forbes, Elizabeth (2001). "Juif polonais, Le (The Polish Jew)". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006014. (subscription required) Forbes, Elizabeth (2009). "Gresse, André". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006839. (subscription required) Steane, J. B. (2002). "Gerville-Réache, Jeanne". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O011454. (subscription required) Tchamkerten, Jacques (2001). "Erlanger, Camille". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50985. (subscription required) External links Le Juif polonais (Erlanger): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Portal: Opera Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany
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null
[{"reference":"La Grange, Henry-Louis, de (1999). Gustav Mahler: Vienna, Triumph and Disillusion. Oxford.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange","url_text":"La Grange, Henry-Louis, de"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Elizabeth (2001). \"Juif polonais, Le (The Polish Jew)\". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Forbes_(musicologist)","url_text":"Forbes, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Music_Online","url_text":"Grove Music Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O006014","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006014"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Elizabeth (2009). \"Gresse, André\". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O006839","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006839"}]},{"reference":"Steane, J. B. (2002). \"Gerville-Réache, Jeanne\". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O011454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Steane","url_text":"Steane, J. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O011454","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O011454"}]},{"reference":"Tchamkerten, Jacques (2001). \"Erlanger, Camille\". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50985.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.50985","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50985"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padenstedt
Padenstedt
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 54°3′2″N 9°55′09″E / 54.05056°N 9.91917°E / 54.05056; 9.91917Municipality in Schleswig-Holstein, GermanyPadenstedt Municipality Coat of armsLocation of Padenstedt within Rendsburg-Eckernförde district Padenstedt Show map of GermanyPadenstedt Show map of Schleswig-HolsteinCoordinates: 54°3′2″N 9°55′09″E / 54.05056°N 9.91917°E / 54.05056; 9.91917CountryGermanyStateSchleswig-HolsteinDistrictRendsburg-Eckernförde Municipal assoc.Mittelholstein Government • MayorWalter BeckmannArea • Total14.6 km2 (5.6 sq mi)Elevation14 m (46 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total1,799 • Density120/km2 (320/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes24634Dialling codes04321Vehicle registrationRDWebsitewww.amt-aukrug.de Padenstedt is a municipality in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. References ^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2022" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein. vteTowns and municipalities in Rendsburg-Eckernförde Achterwehr Ahlefeld-Bistensee Alt Duvenstedt Altenhof Altenholz Arpsdorf Ascheffel Aukrug Bargstall Bargstedt Barkelsby Beldorf Bendorf Beringstedt Bissee Blumenthal Böhnhusen Bokel Bordesholm Borgdorf-Seedorf Borgstedt Bornholt Bovenau Brammer Bredenbek Breiholz Brekendorf Brinjahe Brodersby Brügge Büdelsdorf Bünsdorf Christiansholm Damendorf Damp Dänischenhagen Dätgen Dörphof Eckernförde Ehndorf Eisendorf Ellerdorf Elsdorf-Westermühlen Embühren Emkendorf Felde Felm Fleckeby Flintbek Fockbek Friedrichsgraben Friedrichsholm Gammelby Gettorf Gnutz Gokels Goosefeld Grauel Grevenkrug Groß Buchwald Groß Vollstedt Groß Wittensee Güby Haale Haby Hamdorf Hamweddel Hanerau-Hademarschen Haßmoor Heinkenborstel Hoffeld Hohenwestedt Hohn Holtsee Holzbunge Holzdorf Hörsten Hummelfeld Hütten Jahrsdorf Jevenstedt Karby Klein Wittensee Königshügel Kosel Krogaspe Kronshagen Krummwisch Langwedel Lindau Lohe-Föhrden Loop Loose Luhnstedt Lütjenwestedt Meezen Melsdorf Mielkendorf Molfsee Mörel Mühbrook Negenharrie Neudorf-Bornstein Neu Duvenstedt Neuwittenbek Nienborstel Nindorf Noer Nortorf Nübbel Oldenbüttel Oldenhütten Osdorf Ostenfeld Osterby Osterrönfeld Osterstedt Ottendorf Owschlag Padenstedt Prinzenmoor Quarnbek Rade bei Hohenwestedt Rade bei Rendsburg Reesdorf Remmels Rendsburg Rickert Rieseby Rodenbek Rumohr Schacht-Audorf Schierensee Schinkel Schmalstede Schönbek Schönhorst Schülldorf Schülp bei Nortorf Schülp bei Rendsburg Schwedeneck Seefeld Sehestedt Sophienhamm Sören Stafstedt Steenfeld Strande Tackesdorf Tappendorf Techelsdorf Thaden Thumby Timmaspe Todenbüttel Tüttendorf Waabs Wapelfeld Warder Wasbek Wattenbek Westensee Westerrönfeld Windeby Winnemark Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area This Rendsburg-Eckernförde location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hyun
Lee Hyun
["1 Career","1.1 2007–2014: 8Eight","1.2 2009–present: Solo activities","1.3 2010–2018: Homme","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Extended plays","3.3 Singles","4 Filmography","4.1 Television shows","4.2 Web shows","5 Theater","6 Awards","7 Notes","8 References"]
South Korean singer In this Korean name, the family name is Lee. Lee HyunLee Hyun in 2012Background informationBorn (1983-11-08) November 8, 1983 (age 40)South KoreaGenres R&B ballad Occupation(s)SingerYears active2007–presentLabelsBig HitFormerly of 8Eight Homme Lee HyunYouTube informationChannel 혀니콤보 TV Subscribers362,000Total views18.12 million Creator Awards100,000 subscribers2021 Last updated: May 26, 2023 Lee HyunHangul이현Revised RomanizationI HyeonMcCune–ReischauerI Hyŏn Lee Hyun (Korean: 이현; born November 8, 1983) is a South Korean singer. He debuted in 2007 as a member of the co-ed vocal group 8Eight, which disbanded in 2014. He was also a member of the disbanded vocal duo Homme from 2010 to 2018. Lee is currently signed to Big Hit Music as a solo artist. He introduced his alter ego Midnatt in March 2023, through the release of the single "Masquerade". Career 2007–2014: 8Eight Lee joined Big Hit Entertainment as a trainee in 2005 and signed with the company in 2007. That same year, he debuted as part of the co-ed group 8Eight, alongside Baek Chan and Joo Hee. The group released three studio albums between 2007 and 2009, and two extended plays in 2010 and 2011. On December 21, 2014, Big Hit announced that Baek and Joo's contracts had expired and further promotional activities for the group had been suspended. The label stated that the members remained friends and did not rule out the possibility of them reuniting in the future. During its seven years in the industry, 8Eight had become one of the top vocal groups in Korea and dominated the coffee house scene. On January 31, 2021, Big Hit announced that 8Eight would make a comeback in February with a new commemorative single composed by "Hitman" Bang and Wonderkid for the 10th anniversary of "Without A Heart". On February 6, Lee uploaded a new photo of 8Eight to his Twitter account, teasing the impending release. The song was released on February 7 and marked the group's first time singing together in six years since unofficially disbanding. 2009–present: Solo activities Lee released his debut single as a solo artist, "30분전" ("30 Minutes Ago"), on September 8, 2009, in both digital and physical format. A duet featuring singer Lim Jeong-hee, it was written by Bang Si-hyuk as the final part of his Goodbye trilogy of songs that included Baek Ji-young's "총 맞은 것처럼" ("Like Being Hit By a Bullet") and 8Eight's "심장이 없어" ("Without a Heart"). An accompanying music video, starring actress Sunwoo Sun, was released alongside the single without any copyright restrictions to encourage viewers to share it freely. Lee gave the premiere performance of "30 Minutes Ago" on Music Bank on September 11. He also participated in the original soundtrack for the KBS2 television series Invincible Lee Pyung Kang, contributing the single "숨이 막혀" ("I Can't Breathe"), which was released on November 2. In 2010, Lee recorded the song "왜 나를 울려요" ("You Make Me Cry") for the soundtrack of the SBS television series Big Thing; it was released as a single on October 27. His debut solo album The Healing Echo followed two years later. In 2019, Lee contributed the single "You Are Here" to the BTS World: Original Soundtrack; the soundtrack was released globally on June 28. Lee renewed his contract with Big Hit in March 2021 and opened a YouTube channel in celebration of his 14th anniversary with the company that same month. He participated in the soundtrack for season two of Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce), contributing the ballad "Deep Sadness", which was released as the soundtrack's fifth single on June 26. The following month, Lee released his first single since the renewal of his contract, "Moon in the Ocean". Lee introduced his alter ego Midnatt in May 2023 with the release of the digital single "Masquerade" through Big Hit and Hybe Corporation's interactive media technology subsidiary Hybe IM. As Midnatt, Lee is the first artist to debut as part of Hybe Corp's "Project L", a music project utilizing AI voice synthesis—the company acquired voice design technology created by sound AI startup Supertone in 2021—and extended reality technologies for music and visual content production. A synthwave song comparing Lee's conflicting emotions to a lovers relationship, his Korean vocals were translated into English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese via AI, allowing for the simultaneous release of multi-lingual versions of the song alongside the original; the female voice featured in the song was also derived from Lee's vocals. 2010–2018: Homme In 2010, Lee became part of the collaboration duo Homme with Changmin of 2AM. They released the single "I Was Able To Eat Well" featuring Lee Chae-young. Changmin later signed an exclusive contract with Big Hit in 2015. Following its expiration at the end of January 2018, Big Hit announced on February 1 that Changmin had chosen to leave the company and open his own agency; Lee remained with the label as a soloist. Personal life Lee enlisted in the South Korean military on October 8, 2012, in order to carry out his mandatory military service. He received five weeks of basic training before serving as an active-duty soldier for 21 months. While enlisted, Lee co-starred in the military musical The Promise, co-produced by the Ministry of National Defense and the Korea Musical Theatre Association in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the Korean War armistice. The musical ran from January 9 to 20, 2013, at the National Theater of Korea and co-starred actors Ji Hyun-woo, Kim Mu-yeol, and Jung Tae-woo, and singers Leeteuk of Super Junior and Yoon Hak of Supernova. Discography See also: 8Eight § Discography, and Homme (band) § Discography Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales KOR The Healing Echo Released: January 2, 2012 Label: Big Hit Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download Track listing Because You Are You (너니까) Because of a Woman Like You (너란 여자 때문에) It's Impossible (불가능해) You Are the Right Girl (넌 나에게 꼭 맞춤) I Can't Forget You (못 잊어) Although You Said So (다며) 30 Minutes Ago (30분전) You Are the Best of My Life (내꺼중에 최고) We Can't Love Each Other (우린 사랑해선 안됩니다) (feat. Joo Hee of 8eight) 24 KOR: 1,267 Extended plays Title EP details Peak chart positions Sales KOR 내꺼중에 최고 (You Are the Best of My Life) Released: February 15, 2011 Label: Big Hit Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download Track listing You Are the Best of My Life (내꺼중에 최고) Slander (악담) Heartbeat (feat. Song Hee-ran) Bad Girl (feat. Glam & BTS) You Make Me Cry (왜 나를 울려요) — — "—" denotes release did not chart. Singles Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album KOR As lead artist "30 Minutes Ago" (30분전)feat. Lim Jeong-hee 2009 No data* No data* 30 Minutes Ago single album "Slander" (악담) 2011 27 내꺼중에 최고 (You Are the Best of My Life) "내꺼중에 최고 (You Are the Best of My Life)" 3 KOR: 932,800 "Although You Said So" (다며)feat. Mighty Mouth 11 KOR: 822,589 Non-album single "Because You Are You" (너니까) 2012 5 KOR: 832,401 The Healing Echo "Senseless Me" (촌스러워서) 20 KOR: 243,455 Non-album singles "Your Lips" (입술자국) 2017 — — "Will There Be a Next?" (다음이 있을까) 2018 — — "Moon in the Ocean" (바닷속의 달) 2021 — — Collaborations "Burn" (타버려)with Jeong U 2010 80 No data* Non-album singles "Heal"with Han Go-eun — "After Losing You" (널 잃고 보니)with Kan Mi-youn 2012 62 "At the End of the Winter" (겨울 끝에서)with Jang Hee-young 2015 72 "It's Raining" (비가 내려와)with Zia 42 "Pretty Bae" (예쁜사람)with Park Bo-ram 53 Soundtrack appearances "I Can't Breathe" (숨이 막혀) 2009 No data* No data* Invincible Lee Pyung Kang OST "You Make Me Cry" (왜 나를 울려요) 2010 66 Big Thing OST "Best Love" (최고의 사랑) 2012 50 Fashion King OST "My Heartache" (가슴이 시린 게) 4 A Gentleman's Dignity OST "Engraved in My Heart" (가슴에 새겨져) 48 The King of Dramas OST "Though It Hurts, It's Okay" (아파도 괜찮아) 2014 91 Birth of a Beauty OST "Close My Eyes" (눈을 감아도) 2016 — Come Back Mister OST "You Are Love" (그대 사랑) — Blow Breeze OST "Because It's You" (그대라서) — Dr. Romantic OST "You Are Here" 2019 No data* No data* BTS World: Original Soundtrack OST "Somebody" 2019 No data* No data* Joseon Survival Period OST "Deep Sadness" (깊은 슬픔) 2021 — Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce) 2 OST "—" denotes release did not chart.* The Gaon Digital Chart was launched in 2010. Sales data is not available prior to March 2011. Filmography Television shows Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2010–2011 Let's Go! Dream Team Season 2 Contestant 20152018–2019 The King of Mask Singer Episodes 31–32 and 179–180, 188 as "Eagle" 2023 R U Next? Coach Web shows Year Title Role Ref. 2021 Muziekwang Company Host Theater Year Title Role Venue Ref. English Korean 2023 Dream High 드림하이 Kang Oh-hyeok BBCH Hall of Gwanglim Art Center Awards Year Award-Giving Body Category Work Result 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards Best Vocal Solo Performance "You are the Best of My Life" Nominated Notes ^ translates to "middle of the night" in Swedish or "bare face" in Korean References ^ a b "About 혀니콤보 TV". YouTube. ^ Noh, Gyu-min (July 28, 2021). '실버버튼' 이현 "방탄소년단 의전팀 체험 조회수 제일 높아". Ten Asia (in Korean). Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Naver. ^ 이현 소개 . Mnet.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Hong, Se-young (March 29, 2021). 이현 재계약, '빅히트 1호 가수' 존재감 계속 ]. Sports DongA (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Kim, Ji Yeon (October 7, 2012). "Lee Hyun to Enter Army on October 8". CJ E&M enewsWorld. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Yahoo News Singapore. ^ Yoon, Seong-yeol (December 21, 2014). 에이트, 7년만에 잠정적 해체.."각자 음악 활동" 8Eight, temporary disbandment after seven years.."Individual music activities"]. Star News (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Hwang, Hye-jin (January 31, 2021). 빅히트 측 “에이트 2월 7일 신곡 발표, 방시혁 참여”(공식). Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Jeon, Ah-ram (February 6, 2021). 에이트, 6년만 컴백 앞두고 새 사진 공개…신곡 기대감 ↑ . Xports News (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Naver. ^ a b Lee, Jung-ah (September 9, 2009). 임정희, 이현 솔로곡 통해 2년만에 '국내 가요계 복귀' . Osen (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Nam, An-woo; Moon, Tae-gyeong (August 26, 2009). '에이트' 이현, 방시혁의 '30분 전' 노래 낙점 . My Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Lee, Jung-ah (September 10, 2009). 이현, 뮤비 속 'CL'의 의미는 . Osen (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Choi, Jeong-ju (September 11, 2009). '솔로' 전성기…前 vs 現 '그룹 출신' 대격돌. Seoul Newspaper (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Lee, Hye-rin (November 2, 2009). 에이트 이현, KBS '이평강' 러브테마곡 낙점 . Asia Economic (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Herman, Tamar (June 28, 2019). "BTS Release 'BTS World' Soundtrack Album Including New Track 'Heartbeat': Listen". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2021. ^ Park, Seo-yeon (March 30, 2021). '빅히트 1호' 이현, 재계약 체결 후 유튜브 개설..방탄소년단 "어마어마할 것 같아" . Herald POP (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021. ^ Park, Soo-in (June 1, 2021). 성훈 '결혼작사 이혼작곡2' OST 참여, 시즌1 이어 두번째 . Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Hwang, Hye-jin (June 24, 2021). 이현 '결사곡2' OST 부른다, 26일 '깊은 슬픔' 발매 . Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Kim, Su-jin (June 29, 2021). 이현, '결사곡2' OST '깊은 슬픔' 비하인드 영상 공개 . Star News (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Kang, Jin-ah (July 17, 2021). 이현 "'바닷속의 달' 컴백 설레…방탄소년단 응원 고마워" (in Korean). Newsis. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021. ^ a b c Salazar, David (May 15, 2023). "This K-pop artist sings fluently in 6 languages. His secret? Voice AI". Fast Company. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023. ^ a b c Choi, Ji-won (May 15, 2023). "Hybe opens up an era of 'tech-tainment' with new artist Midnatt". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023. ^ Park, Su-yun (February 1, 2018). 이창민, 빅히트와 전속계약 만료 "1인 기획사 설립" . X Sports News (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Park, Soo-yoon (February 1, 2018). 옴므 이창민, 1인 기획사 설립…빅히트와 계약종료 . Yonhap News (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2021. ^ Sunwoo, Carla (September 26, 2012). "8eight's Lee Hyun to enter the Army on Oct. 8". Korea Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Star-Studded Army Musical to Open in January". The Chosun Ilbo. December 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2013. ^ Hong, Grace Danbi (December 12, 2012). "Super Junior's Leeteuk and Ji Hyun Woo Participate in Army Musical". enewsWorld. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013. ^ a b "Gaon Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. "The Healing Echo charting". ^ (See #76) 2012년 01월 Album Chart (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved June 18, 2018. ^ "Gaon Digital Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart.As lead artist: ""Slander" charting". ""You Are The Best of My Life" charting". ""Although You Said So" charting". ""Because You Are You" charting". ""Senseless Me" charting". Collaborations: ""Burn" charting". ""After Losing You" charting". ""At The End of the Winter" charting". ""It's Raining" charting". ""Pretty Bae" charting". Soundtrack appearances: ""You Make Me Cry" charting". ""Best Love" charting". ""My Heartache" charting". ""Engraved in my Heart" charting". ""Even Though It Hurts, It's Okay" charting". ^ Cumulative sales of "You Are The Best Of My Life": "March 2011 Download Chart". "April 2011 Download Chart". ^ Cumulative sales of "Although You Said So": "April 2011 Download Chart". "May 2011 Download Chart". ^ Sales of "Because You Are You": "January 2012 Download Chart". ^ Sales of "Senseless Me": "October 2012 Download Chart". ^ Kim, Myung-mi (January 27, 2019). '복면가왕' 불난 위도우 새 가왕 등극, 4연승 독수리 건=이현(종합) . Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2021. ^ Lee, Seung-hoon (June 22, 2023). "박규리·이현·조권·김재환·아이키, '알유넥스트' 코치 합류 " ] (in Korean). MT Star News. Retrieved June 27, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Ahn Byung-gil (October 1, 2021). "이현, 페이크 리얼리티 '뮤지광 컴퍼니' 깜짝 등장" . Sports Kyunghyang (in Korean). Retrieved October 1, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Son, Jin-ah (March 14, 2023). "오종혁·이현·정동화, 쇼뮤지컬 '드림하이' 기린예고 괴짜선생 된다" (in Korean). MK Sports. Retrieved March 14, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "2011Mnet Asian Music Awards part 1" Archived December 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. MAMA. Retrieved 20 January 2015. vteHybe Corporation Big Hit Entertainment Co., Ltd. → Hybe Corporation Executives Bang Si-hyuk Recording artistsBig Hit Music BTS TXT Lee Hyun RM Suga J-Hope Jin Jimin Jungkook V Source Music Le Sserafim Pledis Entertainment Seventeen Fromis 9 TWS Bumzu Nana Baekho Minhyun Belift Lab Enhypen Illit KOZ Entertainment Zico BoyNextDoor ADOR NewJeans Hybe Labels Japan &Team Naeco Yurina Hirate Hybe x Geffen Katseye Former artistsBig Hit Music K.Will 2AM 8Eight Glam Lim Jeong-hee Homme Source Music Kan Mi-youn 8Eight Glam GFriend Pledis Entertainment After School Hello Venus Son Dam-bi Pristin (Pristin V) NU'EST (NU'EST W) Han Dong-geun Kyulkyung Jang Gyu-ri KOZ Entertainment Dvwn Related Weverse K-pop Korean record labels
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"co-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ed_group"},{"link_name":"8Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Eight"},{"link_name":"Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_(band)"},{"link_name":"Big Hit Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hit_Music"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Lee.Lee Hyun (Korean: 이현; born November 8, 1983)[3] is a South Korean singer. He debuted in 2007 as a member of the co-ed vocal group 8Eight, which disbanded in 2014. He was also a member of the disbanded vocal duo Homme from 2010 to 2018. Lee is currently signed to Big Hit Music as a solo artist. He introduced his alter ego Midnatt in March 2023, through the release of the single \"Masquerade\".","title":"Lee Hyun"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Hit Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hit_Music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"co-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"8Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Eight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"extended plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_plays"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"\"Hitman\" Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Si-hyuk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2007–2014: 8Eight","text":"Lee joined Big Hit Entertainment as a trainee in 2005 and signed with the company in 2007.[4] That same year, he debuted as part of the co-ed group 8Eight, alongside Baek Chan and Joo Hee.[5] The group released three studio albums between 2007 and 2009, and two extended plays in 2010 and 2011. On December 21, 2014, Big Hit announced that Baek and Joo's contracts had expired and further promotional activities for the group had been suspended. The label stated that the members remained friends and did not rule out the possibility of them reuniting in the future.[6] During its seven years in the industry, 8Eight had become one of the top vocal groups in Korea and dominated the coffee house scene.[citation needed]On January 31, 2021, Big Hit announced that 8Eight would make a comeback in February with a new commemorative single composed by \"Hitman\" Bang and Wonderkid for the 10th anniversary of \"Without A Heart\".[7] On February 6, Lee uploaded a new photo of 8Eight to his Twitter account, teasing the impending release. The song was released on February 7 and marked the group's first time singing together in six years since unofficially disbanding.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30_mins_ago-9"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_album"},{"link_name":"Lim Jeong-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_Jeong-hee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30_mins_ago-9"},{"link_name":"Bang Si-hyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Si-hyuk"},{"link_name":"Baek Ji-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baek_Ji-young"},{"link_name":"8Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Eight"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sunwoo Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwoo_Sun"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"KBS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS2"},{"link_name":"Invincible Lee Pyung Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_Lee_Pyung_Kang"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"SBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Big Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Thing_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BTS World: Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS_World:_Original_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_(ft._Marriage_and_Divorce)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"alter ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hybe Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midnatt-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midnatt_TKH-22"},{"link_name":"AI voice synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"extended reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midnatt_TKH-22"},{"link_name":"synthwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthwave"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midnatt-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midnatt_TKH-22"}],"sub_title":"2009–present: Solo activities","text":"Lee released his debut single as a solo artist, \"30분전\" (\"30 Minutes Ago\"), on September 8, 2009,[9] in both digital and physical format. A duet featuring singer Lim Jeong-hee,[9] it was written by Bang Si-hyuk as the final part of his Goodbye trilogy of songs that included Baek Ji-young's \"총 맞은 것처럼\" (\"Like Being Hit By a Bullet\") and 8Eight's \"심장이 없어\" (\"Without a Heart\").[10] An accompanying music video, starring actress Sunwoo Sun, was released alongside the single without any copyright restrictions to encourage viewers to share it freely.[11] Lee gave the premiere performance of \"30 Minutes Ago\" on Music Bank on September 11.[12] He also participated in the original soundtrack for the KBS2 television series Invincible Lee Pyung Kang, contributing the single \"숨이 막혀\" (\"I Can't Breathe\"), which was released on November 2.[13] In 2010, Lee recorded the song \"왜 나를 울려요\" (\"You Make Me Cry\") for the soundtrack of the SBS television series Big Thing; it was released as a single on October 27. His debut solo album The Healing Echo followed two years later.In 2019, Lee contributed the single \"You Are Here\" to the BTS World: Original Soundtrack; the soundtrack was released globally on June 28.[14] Lee renewed his contract with Big Hit in March 2021 and opened a YouTube channel in celebration of his 14th anniversary with the company that same month.[15] He participated in the soundtrack for season two of Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce),[16] contributing the ballad \"Deep Sadness\", which was released as the soundtrack's fifth single on June 26.[17][18] The following month, Lee released his first single since the renewal of his contract, \"Moon in the Ocean\".[19]Lee introduced his alter ego Midnatt[a] in May 2023 with the release of the digital single \"Masquerade\" through Big Hit and Hybe Corporation's interactive media technology subsidiary Hybe IM.[20][21] As Midnatt, Lee is the first artist to debut as part of Hybe Corp's \"Project L\", a music project utilizing AI voice synthesis—the company acquired voice design technology created by sound AI startup Supertone in 2021—and extended reality technologies for music and visual content production.[21] A synthwave song comparing Lee's conflicting emotions to a lovers relationship, his Korean vocals were translated into English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese via AI, allowing for the simultaneous release of multi-lingual versions of the song alongside the original; the female voice featured in the song was also derived from Lee's vocals.[20][21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_(band)"},{"link_name":"Changmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Chang-min_(singer)"},{"link_name":"2AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2AM_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lee Chae-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Chae-young"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"2010–2018: Homme","text":"In 2010, Lee became part of the collaboration duo Homme with Changmin of 2AM. They released the single \"I Was Able To Eat Well\" featuring Lee Chae-young. Changmin later signed an exclusive contract with Big Hit in 2015.[22] Following its expiration at the end of January 2018, Big Hit announced on February 1 that Changmin had chosen to leave the company and open his own agency; Lee remained with the label as a soloist.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mandatory military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Korean War armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement"},{"link_name":"National Theater of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theater_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ji Hyun-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Hyun-woo"},{"link_name":"Kim Mu-yeol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Mu-yeol"},{"link_name":"Jung Tae-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Tae-woo"},{"link_name":"Leeteuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeteuk"},{"link_name":"Super Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior"},{"link_name":"Supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Lee enlisted in the South Korean military on October 8, 2012, in order to carry out his mandatory military service. He received five weeks of basic training before serving as an active-duty soldier for 21 months.[24] While enlisted, Lee co-starred in the military musical The Promise, co-produced by the Ministry of National Defense and the Korea Musical Theatre Association in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the Korean War armistice. The musical ran from January 9 to 20, 2013, at the National Theater of Korea and co-starred actors Ji Hyun-woo, Kim Mu-yeol, and Jung Tae-woo, and singers Leeteuk of Super Junior and Yoon Hak of Supernova.[25][26]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"8Eight § Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8Eight#Discography"},{"link_name":"Homme (band) § Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_(band)#Discography"}],"text":"See also: 8Eight § Discography, and Homme (band) § Discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television shows","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web shows","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theater"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midnatt-20"}],"text":"^ translates to \"middle of the night\" in Swedish or \"bare face\" in Korean[20]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"About 혀니콤보 TV\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com//channel/UCppou5iYD1t_sMx2t_DHikw/about","url_text":"\"About 혀니콤보 TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Noh, Gyu-min (July 28, 2021). '실버버튼' 이현 \"방탄소년단 의전팀 체험 조회수 제일 높아\". Ten Asia (in Korean). Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/312/0000491937","url_text":"'실버버튼' 이현 \"방탄소년단 의전팀 체험 조회수 제일 높아\""}]},{"reference":"이현 소개 [Lee Hyun Profile]. Mnet.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101308/http://www.mnet.com/artist/146944/profile","url_text":"이현 소개"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)","url_text":"Mnet.com"},{"url":"http://www.mnet.com/artist/146944/profile","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hong, Se-young (March 29, 2021). 이현 재계약, '빅히트 1호 가수' 존재감 계속 [공식] [Lee Hyun, renewed contract as 'Big Hit's first singer' [Official]]. Sports DongA (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000899710","url_text":"이현 재계약, '빅히트 1호 가수' 존재감 계속 [공식]"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210330080311/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=382&aid=0000899710","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Ji Yeon (October 7, 2012). \"Lee Hyun to Enter Army on October 8\". CJ E&M enewsWorld. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Yahoo News Singapore.","urls":[{"url":"https://sg.news.yahoo.com/lee-hyun-to-enter-army-on-october-8-021007130.html","url_text":"\"Lee Hyun to Enter Army on October 8\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101301if_/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/lee-hyun-to-enter-army-on-october-8-021007130.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Seong-yeol (December 21, 2014). [단독]에이트, 7년만에 잠정적 해체..\"각자 음악 활동\" [[Exclusive] 8Eight, temporary disbandment after seven years..\"Individual music activities\"]. Star News (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0002369958","url_text":"[단독]에이트, 7년만에 잠정적 해체..\"각자 음악 활동\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200622202440/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0002369958","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hwang, Hye-jin (January 31, 2021). 빅히트 측 “에이트 2월 7일 신곡 발표, 방시혁 참여”(공식). Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000241302","url_text":"빅히트 측 “에이트 2월 7일 신곡 발표, 방시혁 참여”(공식)"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210330064738/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000241302","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeon, Ah-ram (February 6, 2021). 에이트, 6년만 컴백 앞두고 새 사진 공개…신곡 기대감 ↑ [Eight release a new photo before comeback after 6 years...Anticipate a new song ↑]. Xports News (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001108822","url_text":"에이트, 6년만 컴백 앞두고 새 사진 공개…신곡 기대감 ↑"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210330054832/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001108822","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jung-ah (September 9, 2009). 임정희, 이현 솔로곡 통해 2년만에 '국내 가요계 복귀' [Lim Jung-hee and Lee Hyun's solo song 'return to the Korean music industry' after 2 years]. Osen (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0002049694","url_text":"임정희, 이현 솔로곡 통해 2년만에 '국내 가요계 복귀'"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230517015929/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0002049694","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nam, An-woo; Moon, Tae-gyeong (August 26, 2009). '에이트' 이현, 방시혁의 '30분 전' 노래 낙점 [\"Eight\"'s Lee Hyun was chosen for Bang Si-hyuk's \"30 Minutes Before\"]. My Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0002034754","url_text":"'에이트' 이현, 방시혁의 '30분 전' 노래 낙점"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230517200335/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0002034754","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jung-ah (September 10, 2009). 이현, 뮤비 속 'CL'의 의미는 [Lee Hyun, the meaning of \"CL\" in the music video]. Osen (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0002049963","url_text":"이현, 뮤비 속 'CL'의 의미는"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230517032625/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0002049963","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Choi, Jeong-ju (September 11, 2009). '솔로' 전성기…前 vs 現 '그룹 출신' 대격돌. Seoul Newspaper (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. 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Retrieved June 27, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0003161578","url_text":"\"박규리·이현·조권·김재환·아이키, '알유넥스트' 코치 합류 [공식]\""}]},{"reference":"Ahn Byung-gil (October 1, 2021). \"이현, 페이크 리얼리티 '뮤지광 컴퍼니' 깜짝 등장\" [Lee Hyun, a surprise appearance in the fake reality ‘Mujikwang Company]. Sports Kyunghyang (in Korean). Retrieved October 1, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000764826","url_text":"\"이현, 페이크 리얼리티 '뮤지광 컴퍼니' 깜짝 등장\""}]},{"reference":"Son, Jin-ah (March 14, 2023). \"오종혁·이현·정동화, 쇼뮤지컬 '드림하이' 기린예고 괴짜선생 된다\" [Oh Jong-hyuk, Lee Hyun, and Jeong Dong-hwa become geek teachers at Kirin Arts High School for the show musical ‘Dream High’] (in Korean). MK Sports. Retrieved March 14, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000926606","url_text":"\"오종혁·이현·정동화, 쇼뮤지컬 '드림하이' 기린예고 괴짜선생 된다\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Environmental_Quality_Board
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board
["1 History","2 References"]
Part of the executive branch of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Environmental Quality BoardDepartment overviewFormed1970JurisdictionPuerto RicoHeadquartersSan Juan, PRKey documentPublic Notice from EQBWebsitewww.jca.gobierno.pr Part of a series on theExecutive branch of thegovernment of Puerto Rico Office of the Governor Chief of Staff Executive offices Governor's Advisory Board Office of Management and Budget Planning Board Secretariat of Governance Chief of Staff AFICA Commission on Cooperative Development Commission on Safety and Public Protection Economic Development Bank Environmental Quality Board Federal Affairs Administration Financing of Housing Authority Financing of Puerto Rico Infrastructure Authority Government-owned corporations Government Development Bank Municipal Financing Agency Office of the Inspector General Public Financing Corporation Public-Private Partnerships Authority Secretariat of Governance Cabinet Agriculture Cabinet-level officers Chief of Staff Consumer Affairs Corrections and Rehabilitation Economic Development and Commerce Education Family Health Housing Justice Labor and Human Resources Natural and Environmental Resources Public Safety Sports and Recreation State Transportation and Public Works Treasury Departments Agriculture Consumer Affairs Corrections and Rehabilitation Economic Development and Commerce Education Family Health Housing Justice Labor and Human Resources Natural and Environmental Resources Public Safety Sports and Recreation State Transportation and Public Works Treasury Finances Bonds Budget Budget balance COFINA Consolidated Fund General Fund Government Development Bank Internal Revenue Code Public debt Public Improvements Fund Special State Funds Taxation Sales and Use Tax Processes & protocols Line of succession Transition process 2004 2008 2012 Other branches Judicial branch Legislative branch vte The Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board —Spanish: Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico (JCA)— is the principal environmental protection regulator in Puerto Rico. The Board is attached to the Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico. Its 3 members and one alternate member are appointed by the Governor of Puerto Rico with the advice and consent of the Senate. The governor appoints one of its members as chairman of the board. History The Board was established by Governor Luis A. Ferré in 1970, a year before the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency. Its first chairman was Cruz A. Matos, under Governor Ferré. It has also been chaired by other prominent Puerto Ricans, including Pedro Gelabert, under Gov. Carlos Romero Barceló. Both Matos and Gelabert went on to serve as Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, under Governors Rafael Hernández Colón and Pedro Rosselló, respectively. Laura Vélez Vélez headed the agency from 2013—2015 during Alejandro García Padilla's time as governor. References ^ Alfonso, Omar (2016-03-16). "Puerto Rico government and EPA agree to amend AES contract behind closed doors". Centro de Periodismo Investigativo. Retrieved 2021-06-03. ^ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (August 19, 2014). "response to the recommendation from Chairwoman Laura M. Velez-Velez" (PDF). Letter to Alejandro J. Garcia-Padilla. ^ "García Padilla anuncia nuevos nombramientos". Primera Hora (in Spanish). 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2021-06-03. ^ Hernández, José Rafael (2015-01-09). "Dos bajas en el gabinete de Alejandro García Padilla". Periódico Presencia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-06-03. vteOffice of the Governor of Puerto RicoDirect Office of Management and Budget Planning Board Secretariat of Governance Delegated Environmental Quality Board Office of the Inspector General
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Governor_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Governor of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"advice and consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_and_consent"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board —Spanish: Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico (JCA)— is the principal environmental protection regulator in Puerto Rico. The Board is attached to the Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico. Its 3 members and one alternate member are appointed by the Governor of Puerto Rico with the advice and consent of the Senate. The governor appoints one of its members as chairman of the board.[1][2]","title":"Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"Luis A. Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_A._Ferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Carlos Romero Barceló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Romero_Barcel%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Department_of_Natural_and_Environmental_Resources"},{"link_name":"Rafael Hernández Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Pedro Rosselló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Rossell%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Alejandro García Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Garc%C3%ADa_Padilla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Board was established by Governor Luis A. Ferré in 1970, a year before the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency.Its first chairman was Cruz A. Matos, under Governor Ferré. It has also been chaired by other prominent Puerto Ricans, including Pedro Gelabert, under Gov. Carlos Romero Barceló. Both Matos and Gelabert went on to serve as Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, under Governors Rafael Hernández Colón and Pedro Rosselló, respectively. Laura Vélez Vélez headed the agency from 2013—2015 during Alejandro García Padilla's time as governor.[3][4]","title":"History"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Alfonso, Omar (2016-03-16). \"Puerto Rico government and EPA agree to amend AES contract behind closed doors\". Centro de Periodismo Investigativo. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2016/03/puerto-rico-government-and-epa-agree-to-amend-aes-contract-behind-closed-doors/","url_text":"\"Puerto Rico government and EPA agree to amend AES contract behind closed doors\""}]},{"reference":"UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (August 19, 2014). \"response to the recommendation from Chairwoman Laura M. Velez-Velez\" (PDF). Letter to Alejandro J. Garcia-Padilla.","urls":[{"url":"https://www3.epa.gov/pmdesignations/2012standards/eparesp/02_PR_120resp.pdf","url_text":"\"response to the recommendation from Chairwoman Laura M. Velez-Velez\""}]},{"reference":"\"García Padilla anuncia nuevos nombramientos\". Primera Hora (in Spanish). 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/garcia-padilla-anuncia-nuevos-nombramientos/","url_text":"\"García Padilla anuncia nuevos nombramientos\""}]},{"reference":"Hernández, José Rafael (2015-01-09). \"Dos bajas en el gabinete de Alejandro García Padilla\". Periódico Presencia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presenciapr.com/dos-bajas-en-el-gabinete-de-alejandro-garcia-padilla/","url_text":"\"Dos bajas en el gabinete de Alejandro García Padilla\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Public-Notice-Modify-Air-Monitorig-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"Public Notice from EQB"},{"Link":"http://www.jca.gobierno.pr/","external_links_name":"www.jca.gobierno.pr"},{"Link":"https://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2016/03/puerto-rico-government-and-epa-agree-to-amend-aes-contract-behind-closed-doors/","external_links_name":"\"Puerto Rico government and EPA agree to amend AES contract behind closed doors\""},{"Link":"https://www3.epa.gov/pmdesignations/2012standards/eparesp/02_PR_120resp.pdf","external_links_name":"\"response to the recommendation from Chairwoman Laura M. Velez-Velez\""},{"Link":"https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/garcia-padilla-anuncia-nuevos-nombramientos/","external_links_name":"\"García Padilla anuncia nuevos nombramientos\""},{"Link":"http://www.presenciapr.com/dos-bajas-en-el-gabinete-de-alejandro-garcia-padilla/","external_links_name":"\"Dos bajas en el gabinete de Alejandro García Padilla\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatondrazaka_Suburbaine
Ambatondrazaka Suburbaine
["1 References and notes"]
Coordinates: 17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483Place in Alaotra-Mangoro, MadagascarAmbatondrazaka SuburbaineAmbatondrazaka SuburbaineLocation in MadagascarCoordinates: 17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483Country MadagascarRegionAlaotra-MangoroDistrictAmbatondrazakaElevation939 m (3,081 ft)Population (2001) • Total20,000Time zoneUTC3 (EAT) Ambatondrazaka Suburbaine is a town and rural commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It located close to the town Ambatondrazaka and belongs to the district of Ambatondrazaka, which is a part of Alaotra-Mangoro Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 20,000 in 2001 commune census. Only primary schooling is available. It is also a site of industrial-scale mining. The majority 82% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 6% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are beans, maize and cassava. Industry and services provide employment for 0.5% and 3% of the population, respectively. Additionally fishing employs 8.5% of the population. References and notes ^ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ^ a b c "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-03-06. vte Communes in the Alaotra-Mangoro Region of the Republic of MadagascarCapital: AmbatondrazakaAmbatondrazaka (21) Ambandrika Ambatondrazaka Suburbaine Ambatondrazaka Ambatosoratra Ambohitsilaozana Amparihitsokatra Ampitatsimo Andilanatoby Andromba Antanandava Antsangasanga Bejofo Didy Feramanga Nord Ilafy Imerimandroso Manakambahiny Est Manakambahiny Ouest Soalazaina Tanambao Besakay Vohidiala Amparafaravola (21) Ambatomainty Amboavory Ambodimanga Ambohijanahary Ambohimandroso Ambohitrarivo Ampasikely Amparafaravola Andilana Nord Andrebakely Nord Andrebakely Sud Andromba Anororo Beanana Bedidy Morarano Chrome Ranomainty Sahamamy Tanambe Vohimena Vohitsara Andilamena (8) Andilamena Antanimenabaka Bemaitso Maintsokely Maroadabo Marovato Miarinarivo Tanananifololahy Anosibe An'ala (11) Ambalaomby Ambatoharanana Ambodimerana Ampandoantraka Ampasimaneva Anosibe An'ala Antandrokomby Longozabe Niarovana Marosampanana Tratramarina Tsaravinany Moramanga (22) Ambatovola Amboasary Gara Ambohibary Ambohidronono Ampasipotsy Gare Ampasipotsy Mandialaza Andaingo Andasibe Anosibe Ifody Antanandava Antaniditra Beforona Belavabary Beparasy Fierenana Lakato Mandialaza Moramanga Moramanga Suburbaine Morarano Gare Sabotsy Anjiro Vodiriana 5 districts; 82 communes 17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483 This Alaotra-Mangoro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Ambatondrazaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatondrazaka"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Ambatondrazaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatondrazaka_District"},{"link_name":"Alaotra-Mangoro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaotra-Mangoro_Region"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-2"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-2"}],"text":"Place in Alaotra-Mangoro, MadagascarAmbatondrazaka Suburbaine is a town and rural commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It located close to the town Ambatondrazaka and belongs to the district of Ambatondrazaka, which is a part of Alaotra-Mangoro Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 20,000 in 2001 commune census.[2]Only primary schooling is available. It is also a site of industrial-scale mining. The majority 82% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 6% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are beans, maize and cassava. Industry and services provide employment for 0.5% and 3% of the population, respectively. Additionally fishing employs 8.5% of the population.[2]","title":"Ambatondrazaka Suburbaine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"DEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model"},{"link_name":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pop_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pop_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pop_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"ILO census data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/data.html"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alaotra-Mangoro_Region"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alaotra-Mangoro_Region"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alaotra-Mangoro_Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Alaotra-Mangoro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaotra-Mangoro"},{"link_name":"Republic of Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Ambatondrazaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatondrazaka"},{"link_name":"Ambatondrazaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatondrazaka_District"},{"link_name":"Ambandrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambandrika"},{"link_name":"Ambatondrazaka Suburbaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ambatondrazaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatondrazaka"},{"link_name":"Ambatosoratra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatosoratra"},{"link_name":"Ambohitsilaozana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohitsilaozana"},{"link_name":"Amparihitsokatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparihitsokatra"},{"link_name":"Ampitatsimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampitatsimo"},{"link_name":"Andilanatoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andilanatoby"},{"link_name":"Andromba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromba"},{"link_name":"Antanandava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanandava,_Ambatondrazaka"},{"link_name":"Antsangasanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsangasanga"},{"link_name":"Bejofo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejofo"},{"link_name":"Didy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didy"},{"link_name":"Feramanga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feramanga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Ilafy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilafy"},{"link_name":"Imerimandroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imerimandroso"},{"link_name":"Manakambahiny Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakambahiny_Est"},{"link_name":"Manakambahiny Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakambahiny_Ouest"},{"link_name":"Soalazaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soalazaina"},{"link_name":"Tanambao Besakay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanambao_Besakay"},{"link_name":"Vohidiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vohidiala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madagascar-Alaotra-Mangoro_Region.png"},{"link_name":"Amparafaravola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparafaravola_District"},{"link_name":"Ambatomainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatomainty,_Amparafaravola"},{"link_name":"Amboavory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboavory"},{"link_name":"Ambodimanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambodimanga,_Amparafaravola"},{"link_name":"Ambohijanahary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohijanahary"},{"link_name":"Ambohimandroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambohimandroso,_Amparafaravola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ambohitrarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohitrarivo"},{"link_name":"Ampasikely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampasikely"},{"link_name":"Amparafaravola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparafaravola"},{"link_name":"Andilana Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andilana_Nord"},{"link_name":"Andrebakely Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrebakely_Nord"},{"link_name":"Andrebakely Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrebakely_Sud"},{"link_name":"Andromba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromba"},{"link_name":"Anororo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anororo"},{"link_name":"Beanana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanana"},{"link_name":"Bedidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedidy"},{"link_name":"Morarano Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarano_Chrome"},{"link_name":"Ranomainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomainty"},{"link_name":"Sahamamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahamamy"},{"link_name":"Tanambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanambe"},{"link_name":"Vohimena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vohimena"},{"link_name":"Vohitsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vohitsara"},{"link_name":"Andilamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andilamena_District"},{"link_name":"Andilamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andilamena"},{"link_name":"Antanimenabaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanimenabaka"},{"link_name":"Bemaitso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemaitso"},{"link_name":"Maintsokely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintsokely"},{"link_name":"Maroadabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroadabo"},{"link_name":"Marovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marovato,_Andilamena"},{"link_name":"Miarinarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miarinarivo,_Andilamena"},{"link_name":"Tanananifololahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanananifololahy"},{"link_name":"Anosibe An'ala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosibe_An%27ala_District"},{"link_name":"Ambalaomby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambalaomby"},{"link_name":"Ambatoharanana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatoharanana,_Anosibe_An%27ala"},{"link_name":"Ambodimerana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambodimerana"},{"link_name":"Ampandoantraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampandoantraka"},{"link_name":"Ampasimaneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampasimaneva"},{"link_name":"Anosibe An'ala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosibe_An%27ala"},{"link_name":"Antandrokomby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antandrokomby"},{"link_name":"Longozabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longozabe"},{"link_name":"Niarovana Marosampanana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niarovana_Marosampanana"},{"link_name":"Tratramarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratramarina"},{"link_name":"Tsaravinany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaravinany"},{"link_name":"Moramanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moramanga_District"},{"link_name":"Ambatovola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambatovola"},{"link_name":"Amboasary Gara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboasary_Gara"},{"link_name":"Ambohibary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohibary"},{"link_name":"Ambohidronono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohidronono"},{"link_name":"Ampasipotsy Gare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampasipotsy_Gare"},{"link_name":"Ampasipotsy Mandialaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampasipotsy_Mandialaza"},{"link_name":"Andaingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaingo"},{"link_name":"Andasibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andasibe,_Moramanga"},{"link_name":"Anosibe Ifody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosibe_Ifody"},{"link_name":"Antanandava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanandava,_Moramanga"},{"link_name":"Antaniditra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antaniditra"},{"link_name":"Beforona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beforona"},{"link_name":"Belavabary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belavabary"},{"link_name":"Beparasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beparasy"},{"link_name":"Fierenana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierenana,_Moramanga"},{"link_name":"Lakato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakato"},{"link_name":"Mandialaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandialaza"},{"link_name":"Moramanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moramanga"},{"link_name":"Moramanga Suburbaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moramanga_Suburbaine"},{"link_name":"Morarano Gare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morarano_Gare"},{"link_name":"Sabotsy Anjiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotsy_Anjiro"},{"link_name":"Vodiriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodiriana"},{"link_name":"17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ambatondrazaka_Suburbaine&params=17_54_S_48_29_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Madagascar.svg"},{"link_name":"Alaotra-Mangoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaotra-Mangoro"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambatondrazaka_Suburbaine&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AlaotraMangoro-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AlaotraMangoro-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AlaotraMangoro-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission\n\n^ a b c \"ILO census data\". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-03-06.vte Communes in the Alaotra-Mangoro Region of the Republic of MadagascarCapital: AmbatondrazakaAmbatondrazaka (21)\nAmbandrika\nAmbatondrazaka Suburbaine\nAmbatondrazaka\nAmbatosoratra\nAmbohitsilaozana\nAmparihitsokatra\nAmpitatsimo\nAndilanatoby\nAndromba\nAntanandava\nAntsangasanga\nBejofo\nDidy\nFeramanga Nord\nIlafy\nImerimandroso\nManakambahiny Est\nManakambahiny Ouest\nSoalazaina\nTanambao Besakay\nVohidiala\nAmparafaravola (21)\nAmbatomainty\nAmboavory\nAmbodimanga\nAmbohijanahary\nAmbohimandroso\nAmbohitrarivo\nAmpasikely\nAmparafaravola\nAndilana Nord\nAndrebakely Nord\nAndrebakely Sud\nAndromba\nAnororo\nBeanana\nBedidy\nMorarano Chrome\nRanomainty\nSahamamy\nTanambe\nVohimena\nVohitsara\nAndilamena (8)\nAndilamena\nAntanimenabaka\nBemaitso\nMaintsokely\nMaroadabo\nMarovato\nMiarinarivo\nTanananifololahy\nAnosibe An'ala (11)\nAmbalaomby\nAmbatoharanana\nAmbodimerana\nAmpandoantraka\nAmpasimaneva\nAnosibe An'ala\nAntandrokomby\nLongozabe\nNiarovana Marosampanana\nTratramarina\nTsaravinany\nMoramanga (22)\nAmbatovola\nAmboasary Gara\nAmbohibary\nAmbohidronono\nAmpasipotsy Gare\nAmpasipotsy Mandialaza\nAndaingo\nAndasibe\nAnosibe Ifody\nAntanandava\nAntaniditra\nBeforona\nBelavabary\nBeparasy\nFierenana\nLakato\nMandialaza\nMoramanga\nMoramanga Suburbaine\nMorarano Gare\nSabotsy Anjiro\nVodiriana\n5 districts; 82 communes17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483This Alaotra-Mangoro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"References and notes"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"ILO census data\". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/data.html","url_text":"\"ILO census data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University","url_text":"Cornell University"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ambatondrazaka_Suburbaine&params=17_54_S_48_29_E_","external_links_name":"17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ambatondrazaka_Suburbaine&params=17_54_S_48_29_E_region:MG_type:city(20000)","external_links_name":"17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483"},{"Link":"http://www.ilo.cornell.edu/ilo/data.html","external_links_name":"\"ILO census data\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ambatondrazaka_Suburbaine&params=17_54_S_48_29_E_","external_links_name":"17°54′S 48°29′E / 17.900°S 48.483°E / -17.900; 48.483"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambatondrazaka_Suburbaine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Zha
Nezha (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Look up 哪吒 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Nezha is a protection deity in Chinese folk religion. Nezha or Ne Zha may also refer to: Nezha (given name), a feminine given name of Arabic origin, meaning virtuousness or a promenade Nezha (2014 film), a Chinese period drama film Ne Zha (2019 film), a Chinese animated fantasy film Laura Nezha (born 1990), Albanian singer, actress, and director Neta (car marque), also called Nezha, an automotive brand of Hozon Auto See also All pages with titles containing Nezha Nataku (disambiguation), Nezha in Japanese Nalakuvara, a yaksha in Indian mythology, the etymon and basis for Nezha Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nezha.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"哪吒","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%93%AA%E5%90%92"},{"link_name":"Nezha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezha"},{"link_name":"Nezha (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezha_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Nezha (2014 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezha_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Ne Zha (2019 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Zha_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Laura Nezha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Nezha"},{"link_name":"Neta (car marque)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neta_(car_marque)"}],"text":"Look up 哪吒 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Nezha is a protection deity in Chinese folk religion.Nezha or Ne Zha may also refer to:Nezha (given name), a feminine given name of Arabic origin, meaning virtuousness or a promenade\nNezha (2014 film), a Chinese period drama film\nNe Zha (2019 film), a Chinese animated fantasy film\nLaura Nezha (born 1990), Albanian singer, actress, and director\nNeta (car marque), also called Nezha, an automotive brand of Hozon Auto","title":"Nezha (disambiguation)"}]
[]
[{"title":"All pages with titles containing Nezha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Nezha%22"},{"title":"Nataku (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataku_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Nalakuvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalakuvara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Nezha_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Nezha_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Blake
Ron Blake
["1 As leader","2 As co-leader","3 As sideman or featured artist","4 References"]
American saxophonist, band leader, composer, and educator This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ron Blake" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Ron Blake" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ron BlakeBirth nameRon BlakeBorn (1965-09-07) September 7, 1965 (age 58)US Virgin IslandsGenresMainstream jazzPost bopHard bopRockSoulBluesOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Saxophones, FluteLabelsMack Avenue, Tahmun RecordsWebsiteronblakemusic.comMusical artist Ron Blake (born September 7, 1965) is an American saxophonist, band leader, composer, and music educator. Born in the Virgin Islands, he attended Northwestern University, and now lives in New York City. Blake began studying guitar at age 8 and turned to the saxophone at age 10. He taught at the University of South Florida before moving to New York, where he spent five years in trumpeter Roy Hargrove's quintet, and seven years in flugelhornist Art Farmer's group. He attended the Interlochen Arts Academy. He completed a master's degree at NYU in 2010. Blake co-founded the 21st Century Band and the Tahmun record label with Dion Parson in 1998. He is a member of NBC's Saturday Night Live Band, and the Grammy award-winning Christian McBride Big Band. He is a professor of Jazz Studies at The Juilliard School. He has more than sixty credits on his discography as a sideman and continues to work as a performer. As leader Up Front and Personal (Tahmun, 2000) Lest We Forget (Mack Avenue, 2003) Sonic Tonic (Mack Avenue, 2005) Shayari (Mack Avenue, 2008) Mistaken Identity (7ten33 Productions, 2023) As co-leader 4-Sight (Encoded Music, 1998) 21st Century (Tahmun, 2000) As sideman or featured artist With Bobby Broom Waitin' and Waitin' (Criss Cross, 1996) With David Byrne and St. Vincent Love This Giant (4AD, 2012) With Marc Cary Cary On (Enja, 1995) Listen (Arabesque, 1997) The Antidote (Arabesque, 1998) With Joey DeFrancesco Organic Vibes (Concord, 2006) With Cucu Diamantes Cuculand (Fun Machine, 2009) With Denise Donatelli When Lights Are Low (Savant, 2010) With Kat Edmonson Way Down Low (Spinnerette, 2012) With Art Farmer The Company I Keep (Arabesque, 1994) with Tom Harrell The Meaning of Art (Arabesque, 1995) Silk Road (Arabesque, 1997) With Tia Fuller Healing Space (Mack Avenue, 2007) With Tobias Gebb & Unit 7 Free At Last (Yummyhouse, 2009) With Benny Golson Remembering Clifford (Milestone, 1998) Brown Immortal (Keystone, 2005) With Benito Gonzalez Circles (Furthermore, 2010) With Roy Hargrove Of Kindred Souls (Novus, 1993) With the Tenors of Our Time (Verve, 1994) Approaching Standards (Novus, 1994) Family (Verve, 1995) With Morgan James Hunter (Epic, 2014) With Sean Jones Gemini (Mack Avenue, 2005) With Cornelius Claudio Kreusch & Black Mud Sound Scoop (Act Music + Vision, 1998) With Steve Kroon Señor Kroon (Pony Canyon, 2002) With Oliver Lake Big Band Cloth (Passin' Thru, 2001) With Axel Tosca Laugart Axel Tosca Laugart (Alfi, 2016) With Ric Mandell A Road Less Traveled (HandGame, 2002) With Armin Marmalejo Boarding Pass (Igmod, 1997) With Christian McBride Sci-Fi (Verve, 2002) Vertical Vision (Warner Bros., 2003) Live at Tonic (Ropeadope, 2006) Conversations with Christian (Mack Avenue, 2011) The Good Feeling (Mack Avenue, 2012) Bringin' It (Mack Avenue, 2017) With Jorge Moreno Moreno (WEA International, 2001) With Meshell Ndegeocello The Spirit Music Jamia: Dance of the Infidel (Shenachie, 2005) With Nicole Viaje Infinito (Maverick, 2001) With Organissimo Waiting for the Boogaloo Sisters (Big O, 2003) With Dion Parson and 21st Century Band People Music (Tahmun, 2006) Live at Dizzy's Club Coca-Cola, Vol. 1 (Dion Parsons Records, 2010) Live at Dizzy's Club Coca Cola, Vol. 2 (Jazzheads, 2013) St. Thomas (Dion Parsons Records, 2015) With Clarence Penn Penn's Landing (Criss Cross, 1996) Play-Penn (Criss Cross, 2001) With Katy Perry Prism (Capitol, 2013) With Tony Reedus Minor Thang (Criss Cross, 1995) With Diane Reeves Quiet After the Storm (Blue Note, 1995) With Justin Robinson The Challenge (Arabesque, 1998) With Reuben Rogers The Things I Am (Renwick, 2006) With Matthew Rybecki Driven (Accession, 2011) With Stephen Scott The Beautiful Thing (Verve, 1996) With Terell Stafford Centripetal Force (Candid, 1997) With Mary Stallings Live at the Village Vanguard (MAXJAZZ, 2001) With Sunny Sumter Rite of Passage (Jordan, 2001) With Jimmy Smith Damn! (Verve, 1996) With Teraesa Vinson Opportunity Please Knock (Amplified Music, 2004) With Rodney Whitaker Ballads And Blues - The Brooklyn Session (Criss Cross, 1998) Hidden Kingdom (DIW, 1998) Winter Moon (Sirocco Jazz, 2004) With Pharez Whitted Mysterious Cargo (Motown, 1996) With Vanessa Williams Sweetest Days (PolyGram, 1994) With Gerald Wilson In My Time (Mack Avenue, 2005) Monterey Moods (Mack Avenue, 2007) Detroit (Mack Avenue, 2009) Legacy (Mack Avenue, 2011) With Anthony Wonsey Open The Gates (Criss Cross, 1998) With Yerba Buena! President Alien (Razor & Tie, 2003) Island Life (Razor & Tie, 2005) With Dave Matthews Band Late in the Evening (Simon, 1980), Guest appearance, Huntington Bank Pavilion at Northerly Island, Chicago, IL, July 7, 2023 References Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz
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Born in the Virgin Islands, he attended Northwestern University, and now lives in New York City. Blake began studying guitar at age 8 and turned to the saxophone at age 10. He taught at the University of South Florida before moving to New York, where he spent five years in trumpeter Roy Hargrove's quintet, and seven years in flugelhornist Art Farmer's group. He attended the Interlochen Arts Academy. He completed a master's degree at NYU in 2010. Blake co-founded the 21st Century Band and the Tahmun record label with Dion Parson in 1998. He is a member of NBC's Saturday Night Live Band, and the Grammy award-winning Christian McBride Big Band. He is a professor of Jazz Studies at The Juilliard School. He has more than sixty credits on his discography as a sideman and continues to work as a performer.","title":"Ron Blake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mack Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Avenue_Records"}],"text":"Up Front and Personal (Tahmun, 2000)\nLest We Forget (Mack Avenue, 2003)\nSonic Tonic (Mack Avenue, 2005)\nShayari (Mack Avenue, 2008)\nMistaken Identity (7ten33 Productions, 2023)","title":"As leader"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"4-Sight (Encoded Music, 1998)\n21st Century (Tahmun, 2000)","title":"As co-leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Broom"},{"link_name":"David Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Byrne"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Marc Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Cary"},{"link_name":"Joey DeFrancesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_DeFrancesco"},{"link_name":"Art 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McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_McBride"},{"link_name":"Sci-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Fi_(album)"},{"link_name":"Vertical Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_Vision"},{"link_name":"Live at Tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Tonic_(Christian_McBride_album)"},{"link_name":"Ropeadope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropeadope_Records"},{"link_name":"Conversations with Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversations_with_Christian"},{"link_name":"The Good Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Feeling"},{"link_name":"Bringin' It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringin%27_It_(Christian_McBride_album)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Williams"},{"link_name":"Gerald Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Wilson"},{"link_name":"In 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FullerHealing Space (Mack Avenue, 2007)With Tobias Gebb & Unit 7Free At Last (Yummyhouse, 2009)With Benny GolsonRemembering Clifford (Milestone, 1998)\nBrown Immortal (Keystone, 2005)With Benito GonzalezCircles (Furthermore, 2010)With Roy HargroveOf Kindred Souls (Novus, 1993)\nWith the Tenors of Our Time (Verve, 1994)\nApproaching Standards (Novus, 1994)\nFamily (Verve, 1995)With Morgan JamesHunter (Epic, 2014)With Sean JonesGemini (Mack Avenue, 2005)With Cornelius Claudio Kreusch & Black Mud SoundScoop (Act Music + Vision, 1998)With Steve KroonSeñor Kroon (Pony Canyon, 2002)With Oliver Lake Big BandCloth (Passin' Thru, 2001)With Axel Tosca LaugartAxel Tosca Laugart (Alfi, 2016)With Ric MandellA Road Less Traveled (HandGame, 2002)With Armin MarmalejoBoarding Pass (Igmod, 1997)With Christian McBrideSci-Fi (Verve, 2002)\nVertical Vision (Warner Bros., 2003)\nLive at Tonic (Ropeadope, 2006)\nConversations with Christian (Mack Avenue, 2011)\nThe Good Feeling (Mack Avenue, 2012)\nBringin' It (Mack Avenue, 2017)With Jorge MorenoMoreno (WEA International, 2001)With Meshell NdegeocelloThe Spirit Music Jamia: Dance of the Infidel (Shenachie, 2005)With NicoleViaje Infinito (Maverick, 2001)With OrganissimoWaiting for the Boogaloo Sisters (Big O, 2003)With Dion Parson and 21st Century BandPeople Music (Tahmun, 2006)\nLive at Dizzy's Club Coca-Cola, Vol. 1 (Dion Parsons Records, 2010)\nLive at Dizzy's Club Coca Cola, Vol. 2 (Jazzheads, 2013)\nSt. Thomas (Dion Parsons Records, 2015)With Clarence PennPenn's Landing (Criss Cross, 1996)\nPlay-Penn (Criss Cross, 2001)With Katy PerryPrism (Capitol, 2013)With Tony ReedusMinor Thang (Criss Cross, 1995)With Diane ReevesQuiet After the Storm (Blue Note, 1995)With Justin RobinsonThe Challenge (Arabesque, 1998)With Reuben RogersThe Things I Am (Renwick, 2006)With Matthew RybeckiDriven (Accession, 2011)With Stephen ScottThe Beautiful Thing (Verve, 1996)With Terell StaffordCentripetal Force (Candid, 1997)With Mary StallingsLive at the Village Vanguard (MAXJAZZ, 2001)With Sunny SumterRite of Passage (Jordan, 2001)With Jimmy SmithDamn! (Verve, 1996)With Teraesa VinsonOpportunity Please Knock (Amplified Music, 2004)With Rodney WhitakerBallads And Blues - The Brooklyn Session (Criss Cross, 1998)\nHidden Kingdom (DIW, 1998)\nWinter Moon (Sirocco Jazz, 2004)With Pharez WhittedMysterious Cargo (Motown, 1996)With Vanessa WilliamsSweetest Days (PolyGram, 1994)With Gerald WilsonIn My Time (Mack Avenue, 2005)\nMonterey Moods (Mack Avenue, 2007)\nDetroit (Mack Avenue, 2009)\nLegacy (Mack Avenue, 2011)With Anthony WonseyOpen The Gates (Criss Cross, 1998)With Yerba Buena!President Alien (Razor & Tie, 2003)\nIsland Life (Razor & Tie, 2005)With Dave Matthews BandLate in the Evening (Simon, 1980), Guest appearance, Huntington Bank Pavilion at Northerly Island, Chicago, IL, July 7, 2023","title":"As sideman or featured artist"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF6
IRF6
["1 Function","2 Pathology","3 Epigenetics","4 Cancer","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens Not to be confused with IrF6, the chemical formula for Iridium hexafluoride. IRF6IdentifiersAliasesIRF6, LPS, OFC6, PIT, PPS, PPS1, VWS, VWS1, interferon regulatory factor 6External IDsOMIM: 607199; MGI: 1859211; HomoloGene: 4479; GeneCards: IRF6; OMA:IRF6 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 1 (human)Band1q32.2Start209,785,617 bpEnd209,806,175 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 1 (mouse)Band1 H6|1 97.6 cMStart192,835,419 bpEnd192,854,331 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed insecondary oocyteskin of thighgingival epitheliumskin of abdomenskin of hippancreatic ductal cellhair follicleskin of armolfactory zone of nasal mucosamucosa of ileumTop expressed incorneal stromaconjunctival fornixPaneth cellepidermisurotheliumhair follicletransitional epithelium of urinary bladderepithelium of stomachskin of backileumMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function DNA binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity protein binding DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific sequence-specific DNA binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Cellular component cytoplasm extracellular exosome nucleus cytosol cell junction Biological process cell differentiation regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cell development interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway transcription, DNA-templated mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation keratinocyte differentiation positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated keratinocyte proliferation type I interferon signaling pathway skin development negative regulation of cell population proliferation transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II immune system process roof of mouth development Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez366454139EnsemblENSG00000117595ENSMUSG00000026638UniProtO14896P97431RefSeq (mRNA)NM_006147NM_001206696NM_016851NM_178083RefSeq (protein)NP_001193625NP_006138NP_058547Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 209.79 – 209.81 MbChr 1: 192.84 – 192.85 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Interferon regulatory factor 6 also known as IRF6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF6 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. Family members share a highly conserved N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved C-terminal protein-binding domain. The function of IRF6 is related to the formation of connective tissue, for example that of the palate. This gene encodes a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. In addition, it has been observed that IRF6 gene is under epigenetic regulation by promoter methylation. Pathology A mutation of the IRF6 gene can lead to the autosomal dominant van der Woude syndrome (VWS) or the related popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS). Van der Woude syndrome can include cleft lip and palate features along with dental anomalies and lip fistulas. In addition, common alleles in IRF6 have also been associated with non-syndromic cases of cleft lip and/or palate through genome-wide association studies and in many candidate gene studies. These disorders are caused by mutations in the IRF6 gene and some of the phenotypic heterogeneity is due to different types of IRF6 mutations. One explanation for this phenotypic variation between syndromes is based on a differential impact on the structure of the dimerized mutant proteins. VWS mutations appear to result in haploinsufficiency while PPS mutations may be dominant negative in nature. The spectrum of mutations in VWS and PPS has been recently summarized. IRF6 has been shown to play a critical role in keratinocyte development. A role for IRF6 in the common forms of cleft lip and palate has also been demonstrated and may explain ~20% of cases of cleft lip only. Variants in IRF6 have yielded consistent evidence of association with syndromic cleft and/or palate across multiple studies. A study by Birnbaum and colleagues in 2009 confirmed the impact of this gene on the etiology of cleft lip and/or palate, and the GENEVA Cleft Consortium study, which studied families from multiple populations, reconfirmed the findings that IRF6 mutations are strongly associated with cleft and/or palate. A role of IRF6 in causing cleft lip and/or palate is further supported by analysis of IRF6 mutant mice which exhibit a hyper-proliferative epidermis that fails to undergo terminal differentiation, leading to multiple epithelial adhesions that can occlude the oral cavity and result in cleft palate. Research on animal models indicate IRF6 determines keratinocyte proliferation and also has a key role in the formation of oral periderm. Recently, through utilization of mouse genetics, gene expression analyses, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies and luciferase reporter assays, it has been shown that IRF6 is a direct target of p63, which underlies several malformation syndromes that include cleft features, and p63 activates IRF6 transcription through the IRF6 enhancer element. Variation in the enhancer element increases susceptibility to cleft lip only. Both cleft lip with or without a cleft palate and cleft palate only features have been seen in families with an IRF6 mutation. In addition, different types of clefts can segregate within the same family. Epigenetics The IRF6 aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation has been observed associated with cancer onset/progression. Indeed, this improper epigenetic phenomenon has been observed in women affected by Vulvar Squamous cell carcinoma arose from vulver lichen sclerosus. Methylation of the IRF6 promoter may be a marker of cancer risk in patients affected by this disease. Cancer IRF6 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression. Similarly, IRF6 has been found to be genetically and epigenetically disregulated in Vulvar cancer. See also Interferon regulatory factors References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000117595 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026638 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b Kondo S, Schutte BC, Richardson RJ, Bjork BC, Knight AS, Watanabe Y, Howard E, de Lima RL, Daack-Hirsch S, Sander A, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Lammer EJ, Aylsworth AS, Ardinger HH, Lidral AC, Pober BR, Moreno L, Arcos-Burgos M, Valencia C, Houdayer C, Bahuau M, Moretti-Ferreira D, Richieri-Costa A, Dixon MJ, Murray JC (October 2002). "Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes". Nat. Genet. 32 (2): 285–9. doi:10.1038/ng985. PMC 3169431. PMID 12219090. ^ "Entrez Gene: IRF6". ^ Blanton SH, Cortez A, Stal S, Mulliken JB, Finnell RH, Hecht JT (September 2005). "Variation in IRF6 contributes to nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 137A (3): 259–62. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30887. PMID 16096995. S2CID 25084563. ^ a b c Rotondo JC, Borghi A, Selvatici R, Magri E, Bianchini E, Montinari E, Corazza M, Virgili A, Tognon M, Martini F (2016). "Hypermethylation-Induced Inactivation of the IRF6 Gene as a Possible Early Event in Progression of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated With Lichen Sclerosus". JAMA Dermatology. 152 (8): 928–33. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336. PMID 27223861. ^ Van der Woude, A (June 1954). "Fistula labii inferioris congenita and its association with cleft lip and palate". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 6 (2): 244–56. PMC 1716548. PMID 13158329. ^ Gorlin RJ, Sedano HO, Cervenka J (February 1968). "Popliteal pterygium syndrome . A syndrome comprising cleft lip-palate, popliteal and intercrural pterygia, digital and genital anomalies". Pediatrics. 41 (2): 503–9. doi:10.1542/peds.41.2.503. PMID 4384166. S2CID 245138568. ^ a b Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011). "Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences". Nat. Rev. Genet. 12 (3): 167–78. doi:10.1038/nrg2933. PMC 3086810. PMID 21331089. ^ Little HJ, Rorick NK, Su LI, Baldock C, Malhotra S, Jowitt T, Gakhar L, Subramanian R, Schutte BC, Dixon MJ, Shore P (November 2008). "Missense mutations that cause Van der Woude syndrome and popliteal pterygium syndrome affect the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions of IRF6". Hum. Mol. Genet. 18 (3): 535–45. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn381. PMC 2638798. PMID 19036739. ^ de Lima RL, Hoper SA, Ghassibe M, et al. (April 2009). "Prevalence and non-random distribution of exonic mutations in Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) in 307 families with Van der Woude syndrome and 37 families with popliteal pterygium syndrome". Genet. Med. 11 (4): 241–7. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e318197a49a. PMC 2789395. PMID 19282774. ^ Richardson RJ, Dixon J, Malhotra S, Hardman MJ, Knowles L, Boot-Handford RP, Shore P, Whitmarsh A, Dixon MJ (November 2006). "Irf6 is a key determinant of the keratinocyte proliferation-differentiation switch". Nat. Genet. 38 (11): 1329–34. doi:10.1038/ng1894. PMID 17041603. S2CID 13102953. ^ Ingraham CR, Kinoshita A, Kondo S, Yang B, Sajan S, Trout KJ, Malik MI, Dunnwald M, Goudy SL, Lovett M, Murray JC, Schutte BC (November 2006). "Abnormal skin, limb and craniofacial morphogenesis in mice deficient for interferon regulatory factor 6 (Irf6)". Nat. Genet. 38 (11): 1335–40. doi:10.1038/ng1903. PMC 2082114. PMID 17041601. ^ Zucchero TM, Cooper ME, Maher BS, Daack-Hirsch S, Nepomuceno B, Ribeiro L, Caprau D, Christensen K, Suzuki Y, Machida J, Natsume N, Yoshiura K, Vieira AR, Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Moreno L, Arcos-Burgos M, Lidral AC, Field LL, Liu YE, Ray A, Goldstein TH, Schultz RE, Shi M, Johnson MK, Kondo S, Schutte BC, Marazita ML, Murray JC (August 2004). "Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene variants and the risk of isolated cleft lip or palate" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (8): 769–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032909. PMID 15317890. ^ Rahimov F, Marazita ML, Visel A, Cooper ME, Hitchler MJ, Rubini M, Domann FE, Govil M, Christensen K, Bille C, Melbye M, Jugessur A, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Fitzpatrick DR, Green ED, Mossey PA, Little J, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Pennacchio LA, Schutte BC, Murray JC (November 2008). "Disruption of an AP-2α binding site in an IRF6 enhancer is strongly associated with cleft lip". Nat. Genet. 40 (11): 1341–7. doi:10.1038/ng.242. PMC 2691688. PMID 18836445. ^ Rotondo JC, Borghi A, Selvatici R, Magri E, Bianchini E, Montinari E, Corazza M, Virgili A, Tognon M, Martini F (2016). "Hypermethylation-Induced Inactivation of the IRF6 Gene as a Possible Early Event in Progression of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated With Lichen Sclerosus". JAMA Dermatology. 152 (8): 928–33. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336. PMID 27223861. ^ a b Rotondo JC, Bosi S, Bassi C, Ferracin M, Lanza G, Gafà R, Magri E, Selvatici R, Torresani S, Marci R, Garutti P, Negrini M, Tognon M, Martini F (April 2015). "Gene expression changes in progression of cervical neoplasia revealed by microarray analysis of cervical neoplastic keratinocytes". J Cell Physiol. 230 (4): 802–812. doi:10.1002/jcp.24808. hdl:11392/2066612. PMID 25205602. S2CID 24986454. External links GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on IRF6-Related Disorders IRF6+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) IRF6 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser. IRF6 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser. vteJAK-STAT signaling pathwayLigand Cytokine Cytokine receptor Type I cytokine receptor Type II cytokine receptor Janus kinase JAK1 JAK2 JAK3 TYK2 Adaptor proteinsSTAT STAT1 STAT2 STAT3 STAT4 STAT5 STAT6 PIAS PIAS1 PIAS2 PIAS3 PIAS4 SOCS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CISH IRF IRF1 IRF2 IRF3 IRF4 IRF5 IRF6 IRF7 IRF8 vteTranscription factors and intracellular receptors(1) Basic domains(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF B F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1 (1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)Group A AS-C ASCL1 ASCL2 ATOH1 HAND 1 2 MESP2 Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 NeuroD 1 2 Neurogenins 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Paraxis TCF15 Scleraxis SLC LYL1 TAL 1 2 Twist Group B FIGLA Myc c-Myc l-Myc n-Myc MXD4 TCF4 Group CbHLH-PAS AhR AHRR ARNT ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK HIF 1A EPAS1 3A NPAS 1 2 3 PER 1 2 3 Period SIM 1 2 Group D BHLH 2 3 9 Pho4 ID 1 2 3 4 Group E HES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HEY 1 2 L Group FbHLH-COE EBF1 (1.3) bHLH-ZIP AP-4 MAX MXD1 MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MLXIPL MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2 USF1 (1.4) NF-1 NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4) (1.5) RF-X RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2 α β γ δ ε (2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH-1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP (2.2) Other Cys4 GATA 1 2 3 4 5 6 MTA 1 2 3 TRPS1 (2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE 1 2 TFIIF 1 2 TFIIH 1 2 4 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR 1 2 3 4 ERV3 GFI1 GLI family 1 2 3 REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC 1 2 HIVEP 1 2 3 IKZF 1 2 3 ILF 2 3 Sp/KLF family KLF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 SP 1 2 4 7 8 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL 1 2 3 4 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 21 32 33 40 zinc finger 3 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 804A (2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1 (2.5) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING 1 2 4 JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 JMJD1B (2.6) WRKY WRKY (3) Helix-turn-helix domains(3.1) HomeodomainAntennapediaANTP classprotoHOXHox-like ParaHox Gsx 1 2 Xlox PDX1 Cdx 1 2 4 extended Hox: Evx1 Evx2 MEOX1 MEOX2 Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 GBX1 GBX2 MNX1 metaHOXNK-like BARHL1 BARHL2 BARX1 BARX2 BSX DBX 1 2 DLX 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 HHEX HLX LBX1 LBX2 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 HMX1 HMX2 HMX3 6-1 6-2 NATO TLX1 TLX2 TLX3 VAX1 VAX2 other ARX CRX CUTL1 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HOPX LMX 1A 1B NOBOX TALE IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX MEIS 1 2 PBX 1 2 3 PKNOX 1 2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 SATB2 ZEB 1 2 (3.2) Paired box PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 PROP1 PHOX 2A 2B RAX SHOX SHOX2 VSX1 VSX2 Bicoid GSC BICD2 OTX 1 2 PITX 1 2 3 (3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D4L1 D4L3 D4L4 D4L5 D4L6 E1 E3 F1 F2 G1 H1 I1 I2 I3 J1 J2 J3 K1 K2 L1 L2 M1 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O3 O4 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 Q1 R1 R2 S1 (3.4) Heat shock factors HSF 1 2 4 (3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF 2 4 5 EGF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 (3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4 (4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts(4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 (4.2) STAT STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 (4.3) p53-like p53 p63 p73 family p53 TP63 p73 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF (4.4) MADS box Mef2 A B C D SRF (4.6) TATA-binding proteins TBP TBPL1 (4.7) High-mobility group BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF/LEF TCF 1 3 4 LEF1 TOX 1 2 3 4 (4.9) Grainyhead TFCP2 (4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA YBX1 (4.11) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 (0) Other transcription factors(0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA 1 2 HBP1 (0.3) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 (0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 (0.6) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iridium hexafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_hexafluoride"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12219090-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with IrF6, the chemical formula for Iridium hexafluoride.Interferon regulatory factor 6 also known as IRF6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF6 gene.[5]","title":"IRF6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interferon regulatory transcription factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_regulatory_factors"},{"link_name":"N-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminus"},{"link_name":"helix-turn-helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix-turn-helix"},{"link_name":"C-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"},{"link_name":"connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue"},{"link_name":"palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16096995-7"},{"link_name":"interferon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon"},{"link_name":"methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27223861-8"}],"text":"This gene encodes a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. Family members share a highly conserved N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved C-terminal protein-binding domain.[6] The function of IRF6 is related to the formation of connective tissue, for example that of the palate.[7] This gene encodes a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. In addition, it has been observed that IRF6 gene is under epigenetic regulation by promoter methylation.[8]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"van der Woude syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Woude_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid13158329-9"},{"link_name":"popliteal pterygium syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteal_pterygium_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4384166-10"},{"link_name":"cleft lip and palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21331089-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12219090-5"},{"link_name":"haploinsufficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency"},{"link_name":"dominant negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_negative"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19036739-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19282774-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17041603-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17041601-15"},{"link_name":"cleft lip and palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15317890-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18836445-17"},{"link_name":"cleft lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip"},{"link_name":"cleft palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_palate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21331089-11"}],"text":"A mutation of the IRF6 gene can lead to the autosomal dominant van der Woude syndrome (VWS) [9] or the related popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS).[10] Van der Woude syndrome can include cleft lip and palate features along with dental anomalies and lip fistulas. In addition, common alleles in IRF6 have also been associated with non-syndromic cases of cleft lip and/or palate through genome-wide association studies and in many candidate gene studies.[11] These disorders are caused by mutations in the IRF6 gene and some of the phenotypic heterogeneity is due to different types of IRF6 mutations.[5]\nOne explanation for this phenotypic variation between syndromes is based on a differential impact on the structure of the dimerized mutant proteins. VWS mutations appear to result in haploinsufficiency while PPS mutations may be dominant negative in nature.[12] The spectrum of mutations in VWS and PPS has been recently summarized.[13] IRF6 has been shown to play a critical role in keratinocyte development.[14][15] A role for IRF6 in the common forms of cleft lip and palate has also been demonstrated[16] and may explain ~20% of cases of cleft lip only.[17] Variants in IRF6 have yielded consistent evidence of association with syndromic cleft and/or palate across multiple studies. A study by Birnbaum and colleagues in 2009 confirmed the impact of this gene on the etiology of cleft lip and/or palate, and the GENEVA Cleft Consortium study, which studied families from multiple populations, reconfirmed the findings that IRF6 mutations are strongly associated with cleft and/or palate. A role of IRF6 in causing cleft lip and/or palate is further supported by analysis of IRF6 mutant mice which exhibit a hyper-proliferative epidermis that fails to undergo terminal differentiation, leading to multiple epithelial adhesions that can occlude the oral cavity and result in cleft palate. Research on animal models indicate IRF6 determines keratinocyte proliferation and also has a key role in the formation of oral periderm. Recently, through utilization of mouse genetics, gene expression analyses, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies and luciferase reporter assays, it has been shown that IRF6 is a direct target of p63, which underlies several malformation syndromes that include cleft features, and p63 activates IRF6 transcription through the IRF6 enhancer element. Variation in the enhancer element increases susceptibility to cleft lip only. Both cleft lip with or without a cleft palate and cleft palate only features have been seen in families with an IRF6 mutation. In addition, different types of clefts can segregate within the same family.[11]","title":"Pathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA hypermethylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation"},{"link_name":"epigenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"Vulvar Squamous cell carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulvar_cancer"},{"link_name":"vulver lichen sclerosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotondo_201-18"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27223861-8"}],"text":"The IRF6 aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation has been observed associated with cancer onset/progression. Indeed, this improper epigenetic phenomenon has been observed in women affected by Vulvar Squamous cell carcinoma arose from vulver lichen sclerosus.[18] Methylation of the IRF6 promoter may be a marker of cancer risk in patients affected by this disease.[8]","title":"Epigenetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human papillomavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus"},{"link_name":"neoplastic keratinocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm"},{"link_name":"preneoplastic lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotondo_2015-19"},{"link_name":"preneoplastic lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotondo_2015-19"},{"link_name":"Vulvar cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulvar_cancer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27223861-8"}],"text":"IRF6 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy.[19] For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.[19] Similarly, IRF6 has been found to be genetically and epigenetically disregulated in Vulvar cancer.[8]","title":"Cancer"}]
[]
[{"title":"Interferon regulatory factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_regulatory_factors"}]
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=3664","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=54139","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Kondo S, Schutte BC, Richardson RJ, Bjork BC, Knight AS, Watanabe Y, Howard E, de Lima RL, Daack-Hirsch S, Sander A, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Lammer EJ, Aylsworth AS, Ardinger HH, Lidral AC, Pober BR, Moreno L, Arcos-Burgos M, Valencia C, Houdayer C, Bahuau M, Moretti-Ferreira D, Richieri-Costa A, Dixon MJ, Murray JC (October 2002). \"Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes\". Nat. Genet. 32 (2): 285–9. doi:10.1038/ng985. PMC 3169431. PMID 12219090.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169431","url_text":"\"Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng985","url_text":"10.1038/ng985"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169431","url_text":"3169431"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12219090","url_text":"12219090"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: IRF6\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3664","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: IRF6\""}]},{"reference":"Blanton SH, Cortez A, Stal S, Mulliken JB, Finnell RH, Hecht JT (September 2005). \"Variation in IRF6 contributes to nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 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JAMA Dermatology. 152 (8): 928–33. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336. PMID 27223861.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2016.1336","url_text":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27223861","url_text":"27223861"}]},{"reference":"Van der Woude, A (June 1954). \"Fistula labii inferioris congenita and its association with cleft lip and palate\". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 6 (2): 244–56. PMC 1716548. 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S2CID 245138568.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.41.2.503","url_text":"10.1542/peds.41.2.503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4384166","url_text":"4384166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245138568","url_text":"245138568"}]},{"reference":"Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011). \"Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences\". Nat. Rev. Genet. 12 (3): 167–78. doi:10.1038/nrg2933. PMC 3086810. 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Genet. 18 (3): 535–45. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn381. PMC 2638798. PMID 19036739.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638798","url_text":"\"Missense mutations that cause Van der Woude syndrome and popliteal pterygium syndrome affect the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions of IRF6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddn381","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/ddn381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638798","url_text":"2638798"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19036739","url_text":"19036739"}]},{"reference":"de Lima RL, Hoper SA, Ghassibe M, et al. 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PMID 19282774.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789395","url_text":"\"Prevalence and non-random distribution of exonic mutations in Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) in 307 families with Van der Woude syndrome and 37 families with popliteal pterygium syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGIM.0b013e318197a49a","url_text":"10.1097/GIM.0b013e318197a49a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789395","url_text":"2789395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19282774","url_text":"19282774"}]},{"reference":"Richardson RJ, Dixon J, Malhotra S, Hardman MJ, Knowles L, Boot-Handford RP, Shore P, Whitmarsh A, Dixon MJ (November 2006). \"Irf6 is a key determinant of the keratinocyte proliferation-differentiation switch\". Nat. Genet. 38 (11): 1329–34. doi:10.1038/ng1894. PMID 17041603. S2CID 13102953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1894","url_text":"10.1038/ng1894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17041603","url_text":"17041603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13102953","url_text":"13102953"}]},{"reference":"Ingraham CR, Kinoshita A, Kondo S, Yang B, Sajan S, Trout KJ, Malik MI, Dunnwald M, Goudy SL, Lovett M, Murray JC, Schutte BC (November 2006). \"Abnormal skin, limb and craniofacial morphogenesis in mice deficient for interferon regulatory factor 6 (Irf6)\". Nat. Genet. 38 (11): 1335–40. doi:10.1038/ng1903. PMC 2082114. PMID 17041601.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082114","url_text":"\"Abnormal skin, limb and craniofacial morphogenesis in mice deficient for interferon regulatory factor 6 (Irf6)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1903","url_text":"10.1038/ng1903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082114","url_text":"2082114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17041601","url_text":"17041601"}]},{"reference":"Zucchero TM, Cooper ME, Maher BS, Daack-Hirsch S, Nepomuceno B, Ribeiro L, Caprau D, Christensen K, Suzuki Y, Machida J, Natsume N, Yoshiura K, Vieira AR, Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Moreno L, Arcos-Burgos M, Lidral AC, Field LL, Liu YE, Ray A, Goldstein TH, Schultz RE, Shi M, Johnson MK, Kondo S, Schutte BC, Marazita ML, Murray JC (August 2004). \"Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene variants and the risk of isolated cleft lip or palate\" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (8): 769–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032909. PMID 15317890.","urls":[{"url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/14219/3/nejmoa032909.pdf","url_text":"\"Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene variants and the risk of isolated cleft lip or palate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa032909","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMoa032909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15317890","url_text":"15317890"}]},{"reference":"Rahimov F, Marazita ML, Visel A, Cooper ME, Hitchler MJ, Rubini M, Domann FE, Govil M, Christensen K, Bille C, Melbye M, Jugessur A, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Fitzpatrick DR, Green ED, Mossey PA, Little J, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Pennacchio LA, Schutte BC, Murray JC (November 2008). \"Disruption of an AP-2α binding site in an IRF6 enhancer is strongly associated with cleft lip\". Nat. Genet. 40 (11): 1341–7. doi:10.1038/ng.242. PMC 2691688. PMID 18836445.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_A._Pennacchio","url_text":"Pennacchio LA"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691688","url_text":"\"Disruption of an AP-2α binding site in an IRF6 enhancer is strongly associated with cleft lip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.242","url_text":"10.1038/ng.242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691688","url_text":"2691688"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18836445","url_text":"18836445"}]},{"reference":"Rotondo JC, Borghi A, Selvatici R, Magri E, Bianchini E, Montinari E, Corazza M, Virgili A, Tognon M, Martini F (2016). \"Hypermethylation-Induced Inactivation of the IRF6 Gene as a Possible Early Event in Progression of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated With Lichen Sclerosus\". JAMA Dermatology. 152 (8): 928–33. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336. PMID 27223861.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2016.1336","url_text":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27223861","url_text":"27223861"}]},{"reference":"Rotondo JC, Bosi S, Bassi C, Ferracin M, Lanza G, Gafà R, Magri E, Selvatici R, Torresani S, Marci R, Garutti P, Negrini M, Tognon M, Martini F (April 2015). \"Gene expression changes in progression of cervical neoplasia revealed by microarray analysis of cervical neoplastic keratinocytes\". J Cell Physiol. 230 (4): 802–812. doi:10.1002/jcp.24808. hdl:11392/2066612. PMID 25205602. S2CID 24986454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.24808","url_text":"10.1002/jcp.24808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11392%2F2066612","url_text":"11392/2066612"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25205602","url_text":"25205602"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24986454","url_text":"24986454"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantanglestes
Yantanglestes
["1 References","2 External links"]
Extinct genus of carnivorous mammals YantanglestesTemporal range: Early Paleocene–Late Paleocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Yantanglestes conexus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: †Mesonychia Family: †Mesonychidae Genus: †YantanglestesIdeker and Yan, 1980 Type species †Lestes conexus Species Y. conexus (Yan & Tang 1976) Y. datangensis (Yan & Tang 1976) Y. feiganensis (Chow et al 1973) Y. rotundus (Wang 1975) Synonyms Dissacus feiganensis Chow et al 1973 Dissacus rotundus Wang 1975 Lestes Yan & Tang 1976 Notodissacus conexus Yan & Tang 1978 Yantanglestes is a genus of small, Chinese mesonychid with slender jaws that first appeared during the Early Paleocene in the Thanetian stage. It was found throughout Asia. It is the oldest known mesonychid. Yantanglestes became extinct during the Nongshanian division of the Late Paleocene, and lived sympatrically with its descendant genera, including Dissacus, Sinonyx and Jiangxia. References ^ Joe Ideker and Yan De-fa. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 18, 1980 "Lestes (Mammalia) a Junior homonym of Lestes (Zygoptera). Pages 138-141" paper ^ a b Missiaen, Pieter. "亚洲早古近纪哺乳动物生物年代学与生物地理学的新认识."古脊椎动物学报 49.1 (2011). paper External links Science vteMesonychians Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Clade: Euungulata Order: Mesonychia Triisodontidae Eoconodon Goniacodon Stelocyon Triisodon Mesonychidae Ankalagon Dissacus Guilestes Harpagolestes Hessolestes Hukoutherium Jiangxia Mesonyx Mongolestes Mongolonyx Pachyaena Sinonyx Synoplotherium Yantanglestes Hapalodectidae Hapalodectes Hapalorestes Honanodon Lohoodon Metahapalodectes Taxon identifiersYantanglestes Wikidata: Q3494426 GBIF: 4832484 IRMNG: 1179947 Open Tree of Life: 4942397 Paleobiology Database: 42932 This prehistoric mammal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"Link":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200904/W020090813375629921656.pdf","external_links_name":"paper"},{"Link":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201102/P020110216369453809720.pdf","external_links_name":"paper"},{"Link":"http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/08/mesonychians_part_iv.php","external_links_name":"Science"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4832484","external_links_name":"4832484"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1179947","external_links_name":"1179947"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4942397","external_links_name":"4942397"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42932","external_links_name":"42932"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yantanglestes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donja_Trnica
Donja Trnica
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 42°23′07″N 22°03′31″E / 42.38528°N 22.05861°E / 42.38528; 22.05861Village in Pčinja District, SerbiaDonja TrnicaVillageView of Donja Trnica LandscapeCountry SerbiaDistrictPčinja DistrictMunicipalityTrgovištePopulation (2002) • Total213Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Donja Trnica is a village in the municipality of Trgovište, in southeastern Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 213 people. References ^ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i Stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima. Republika Srbija, Republički zavod za statistiku Beograd 2003. ISBN 86-84433-00-9 vte Municipality of TrgovišteCapital: TrgovišteVillages Babina Poljana Barbace Vladovce Goločevac Gornovac Gornja Trnica Gornji Kozji Dol Gornji Stajevac Dejance Donja Trnica Donji Kozji Dol Donji Stajevac Dumbija Đerekarce Zladovce Kalovo Lesnica Mala Reka Margance Mezdraja Novi Glog Novo Selo Petrovac Prolesje Radovnica Rajčevce Surlica Trgovište Crveni Grad Crna Reka Crnovce Šajince Šaprance Široka Planina Šumata Trnica Landmarks Vražji kamen Church of the Holy Virgin Culture National library Antonije Popović Dani preobraženja vteCities, towns and villages in the Pčinja DistrictVranje1 Aleksandrovac Barbarušince Barelić Beli Breg Bojin Del Bresnica Buljesovce Buštranje Čestelin Crni Lug Ćukovac Ćurkovica Davidovac Dobrejance Donja Otulja Donje Punoševce Donje Trebešinje Donje Žapsko Donji Neradovac Dragobužde Drenovac Dubnica Dulan Dupeljevo Golemo Selo Gornja Otulja Gornje Punoševce Gornje Trebešinje Gornje Žapsko Gornji Neradovac Gradnja Gumerište Katun Klašnjice Koćura Kopanjane Kruševa Glava Krševica Kupinince Lalince Lepčince Lukovo Margance Mečkovac Mijakovce Mijovce Milanovo Milivojce Moštanica Nastavce Nova Brezovica Oblička Sena Ostra Glava Pavlovac Pljačkovica Preobraženje Ranutovac Rataje Ribnice Ristovac Roždace Rusce Sikirje Smiljević Soderce Srednji Del Stance Stara Brezovica Strešak Stropsko Struganica Studena Surdul Suvi Dol Tesovište Tibužde Trstena Tumba Urmanica Uševce Viševce Vlase Vrtogoš Zlatokop Vranjska Banja1 Babina Poljana Bujkovac Crni Vrh Duga Luka Izumno Klisurica Korbevac Korbul Kriva Feja Kumarevo (Vranje) Leva Reka Lipovac Nesvrta Panevlje Prevalac Prvonek Sebevranje Slivnica Stari Glog Toplac Vladičin Han Bačvište Balinovce Belanovce Beliševo Bogoševo Brestovo Dekutince Donje Jabukovo Dupljane Džep Garinje Gornje Jabukovo Gramađe Jagnjilo Jastrebac Jovac Kacapun Kalimance Kopitarce Kostomlatica Koznica Kržince Kukavica Kunovo Lebet Lepenica Letovište Ljutež Manajle Manjak Mazarać Mrtvica Ostrovica Polom Prekodolce Priboj Ravna Reka Rdovo Repince Repište Ružić Solačka Sena Srneći Dol Stubal Suva Morava Tegovište Urvič Vrbovo Zebince Žitorađe Surdulica Alakince Bacijevce Belo Polje Binovce Bitvrđa Božica Ćurkovica Danjino Selo Dikava Donje Romanovce Drajinci Dugi Del Dugojnica Gornja Koznica Gornje Romanovce Groznatovci Jelašnica Kalabovce Kijevac Klisura Kolunica Kostroševci Leskova Bara Mačkatica Masurica Novo Selo Palja Rđavica Stajkovce Strezimirovci Suhi Dol Suvojnica Topli Do Topli Dol Troskač Vlasina Okruglica Vlasina Rid Vlasina Stojkovićeva Vučadelce Zagužanje Bosilegrad Barje Belut Bistar Brankovci Bresnica Buceljevo Crnoštica Doganica Donja Lisina Donja Ljubata Donja Ržana Donje Tlamino Dukat Gložje Goleš Gornja Lisina Gornja Ljubata Gornja Ržana Gornje Tlamino Grujinci Izvor Jarešnik Karamanica Milevci Mlekominci Musulj Nazarica Paralovo Ploča Radičevci Rajčilovci Resen Ribarci Rikačevo Žeravino Zli Dol Trgovište Babina Poljana Barbace Crna Reka Crnovce Crveni Grad Dejance Đerekarce Donja Trnica Donji Kozji Dol Donji Stajevac Dumbija Goločevac Gornovac Gornja Trnica Gornji Kozji Dol Gornji Stajevac Kalovo Lesnica Mala Reka Margance Mezdraja Novi Glog Novo Selo Petrovac Prolesje Radovnica Rajčevce Šajince Šaprance Široka Planina Šumata Trnica Surlica Vladovce Zladovce Bujanovac Baraljevac Biljača Bogdanovac Borovac Božinjevac Bratoselce Breznica Brnjare Buštranje Čar Dobrosin Donje Novo Selo Đorđevac Drežnica Gornje Novo Selo Gramada Jablanica Jastrebac Karadnik Klenike Klinovac Končulj Košarno Krševica Kuštica Letovica Levosoje Ljiljance Lopardince Lučane Lukarce Mali Trnovac Muhovac Negovac Nesalce Oslare Pretina Pribovce Rakovac Ravno Bučje Rusce Samoljica Sebrat Sejace Spančevac Srpska Kuća Starac Suharno Sveta Petka Trejak Turija Uzovo Veliki Trnovac Vogance Vrban Zarbince Žbevac Žuželjica Preševo Aliđerce Berčevac Bujić Bukarevac Bukovac Buštranje Cakanovac Cerevajka Crnotince Čukarka Depce Donja Šušaja Gare Golemi Dol Gornja Šušaja Gospođince Ilince Kurbalija Ljanik Mađare Miratovac Norča Oraovica Pečeno Rajince Ranatovce Reljan Sefer Slavujevac Stanevce Strezovce Svinjište Trnava Žujince Municipalities or cities of Serbia, 1 - Vranje`s urban municipalities 42°23′07″N 22°03′31″E / 42.38528°N 22.05861°E / 42.38528; 22.05861 This Pčinja District, Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_MacKenzie-Richards
Campbell MacKenzie-Richards
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Air racing","4 Marriage","5 Death and inquest","6 Legacy","7 References and notes","8 External links"]
English aviator, Royal Air Force test pilot, and air race contestant Campbell MacKenzie-Richards, (1900–1927) Campbell Mackenzie-Richards (6 January 1900 – 9 November 1927) was a pioneer English aviator, Royal Air Force test pilot, and air race contestant, who was killed testing experimental equipment in November 1927. Early life Campbell MacKenzie-Richards was born on 6 January 1900 in Streatham, London, the grandson of Peter Felix Richards (born 1808 in Edinburgh, Scotland; died 14 November 1868 in Shanghai, China), the founder of the Astor House, Shanghai; and the son of Peter Felix Mackenzie-Richards (born about 1863 in Shanghai; died 18 December 1920 in Colchester, Essex), a civil engineer, and Mary Edith "Mollie" MacRae (born 1 July 1869 in Brighton, Sussex; died 7 December 1954 at Heigham Hall, a private mental hospital in Norwich, Norfolk), who had married on 4 September 1893 at St. Leonard's Church, Upper Deal, Kent. MacKenzie-Richards was baptised on 1 March 1900 at the Holy Trinity Church at Upper Tooting. MacKenzie-Richards was the brother of Kenneth (born 1894 in Kensington; died 26 December 1980); Ursula (born 13 November 1902; died 11 December 1995); and Mary (born 1907 in Woodbridge, Suffolk; died 1983). Campbell MacKenzie-Richards was educated at the Woodbridge School in Suffolk. Career During World War I MacKenzie-Richards served in the British Merchant Navy and was decorated twice. Sopwith Camel under the 23r airship, 1918 Around 1923 MacKenzie-Richards joined the Royal Air Force. On 24 January 1924 he was confirmed as Pilot Officer and later was promoted to the rank of Flying Officer, and was attached to the Bombing Squadron based at Martlesham Heath. After earning the reputation of being a highly skilled pilot, MacKenzie-Richards was attached to the experimental staff of the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. As part of the Airship Development Programme, from 9 October 1925 a hook-equipped de Havilland Humming Bird (Registration G-EBQP) was used in a short series of experiments with "an obsolete underpowered type of airship", HMA R33 (known colloquially as the "Pulham Pig") in an attempt to develop an airborne aircraft carrier. On 15 October 1925 the Humming Bird flown by Squadron Leader Rollo Haig, was released from the R33, and became the first to reattach an aircraft to a rigid airship, although the propeller was damaged as he reattached and he detached again to glide to a separate landing at the aerodrome. On 4 December 1925 Flight Lieutenant Janor, flying a Humming Bird was the first to successfully hook an aeroplane onto a rigid airship and remain attached until the airship landed. Previously the Royal Air Force had modified two F.1 Sopwith Camels (serials N6622 and N6814) for trials by No. 212 Squadron RAF with airship HMA 23r, which culminated in Lt. R.E. Keys piloting one on 6 November 1918, and the first launch and recovery of an aircraft in mid-air had been performed by the US Army TC-3 blimp on 15 December 1924, with a Sperry Messenger biplane performing a sortie from and back to a "skyhook" attached to the blimp. The pair of Gloster Grebes under the R33 airship, 1926 On Thursday 21 October 1926, MacKenzie-Richards and Flying Officer (later Air Vice-Marshal) R.L. Ragg participated in the experimental trials of launching twin parasite aircraft from retractable trapezes attached under the keel of the R33 using two Gloster Grebe fighters (J.7400 and J.7385) from Pulham aerodrome. The first Grebe, flown by MacKenzie-Richards, which was positioned aft, was released at 10.17am over Pulham at an altitude of 2,500 feet (762 metres), and, after diving for about 100 ft (30 metres), it levelled out. The Times reported the next day: "The aeroplane, with her engine running, dropped like a stone and then regaining control, MacKenzie-Richards performed a series of stunts, looping-the-loop, rolling and flying upside down", while Flight indicated that the plane "gambolled gaily in the air as if glad to be free, at last, from the maternal apron strings," before landing safely back at Pulham. After some difficulty in starting the engine, the second Grebe piloted by Ragg, which had been positioned abaft of the first Grebe, was successfully released at 11.30am from a slightly higher altitude over Cardington, Bedfordshire, and made a safe landing at Cardington. In another experiment, the Grebes piloted by MacKenzie-Richards and Ragg were released from 2,000 feet and were able to fly and then reattach their planes to a skyhook on the airship. Despite the successful trials, the technique was never adopted. Air racing de Havilland D.53 Humming Bird at the Shuttleworth Collection, BedfordshireMacKenzie-Richards was a member of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (R.A.E.) Aero Club, and competed in air races. In June 1927 MacKenzie-Richards took part in the Whitsun weekend air races (4 and 6 June 1927) at the Ensbury Park racecourse (near Bournemouth), winning from scratch convincingly the delayed first race of the meet on Saturday, 4 June 1927, the Low Power Handicap for aeroplanes with engines less than 1500cc, against three other competitors (two others had withdrawn) in de Havilland Humming Bird G-EBQP, a single-seat ultralight monoplane that had been used in the R33 trials, with a Bristol Cherub III engine. at 73.5 miles per hour. The crash of a de Havilland DH.37A earlier on 4 June 1927, and the collision of a Westland Widgeon and a Blackburn Bluebird on Whit Monday, 6 June 1927, which resulted in the death of two pilots and a passenger in front of thousands of spectators forced the cessation of further air races at Ensbury Park racecourse, and its eventual sale to a housing developer. During the Nottingham Flying Meeting held at the Hucknall Torkard aerodrome at Hucknall, Nottinghamshire on the Summer Bank Holiday weekend, which included the 6th King's Cup Race, after starting from the scratch position, Mackenzie-Richards came third flying the same Humming Bird in "ideal flying conditions" over the 8.5-mile single-lap course in the Papplewick Stakes Low-power Handicap, the first event held at 11.30am on Monday, 1 August 1927, and received £10. Marriage On Wednesday 17 August 1927, MacKenzie-Richards married Mirabel Cobbold (born 2 May 1904), who had earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Oxford in 1926, the only child of Lt. Col. Ernest Cazenove Cobbold CB (born 15 January 1866 at Ufford, Suffolk; died 1932), of the York and Lancaster Regiment, and Edith Mary White (died 1949), at the St Peter and St Paul's Parish Church at Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Death and inquest MacKenzie-Richards was killed in a night flying accident at East Grinstead, Surrey on 9 November 1927. MacKenzie-Richards was engaged in testing night navigating devices at Croydon aerodrome, including two new illuminated wind vanes erected there experimentally. Bristol F.2 Fighter On Wednesday, 9 November 1927, flying Bristol fighter C810, MacKenzie-Richards had finished his work at 5.30pm and left Croydon with Professor Harry Norman Green. Green (born 21 September 1902 in Sheffield, England; died 16 May 1967) was educated at the Central Secondary School in Sheffield, and received his undergraduate and medical degrees from Sheffield University, specialising in pathology. He taught at the Sheffield University (1926–1933, 1935–1953), Cambridge University (1933–1935), and the University of Leeds (1953–1967). Green's research interests focused on the immune system in cancer induction and growth. In 1947 Green was appointed Director of Cancer. a pathologist and member of the faculty of medicine (and later the Department of Pharmacology) at the University of Sheffield, as his observer. They attempted to make their way back to Farnborough, but the compass was 30 degrees out when they left. Failing to find Farnborough they attempted to return to Croydon. They flew back without seeing anything they recognised until they estimated they were over Croydon. They could not pick up any indication of Croydon nor could they see any lights. They spoke on the 'telephone' and MacKenzie-Richards suggested that they had better make a forced landing before they ran out of petrol – they only had about 20 minutes fuel remaining. He came down low and asked Green to look for a field. Presently he said that he could not see a field that he could land in and he lit a flare. There was a certain amount of mist, but nothing exceptional. They just missed some trees and climbed back up to 2,000 feet. As Green had never used a parachute before, MacKenzie-Richards briefed him particularly about not pulling the ripcord until he was clear of the aircraft. Green questioned whether the aircraft could be rolled onto its back so that they could both get out, but MacKenzie-Richards refused, saying that Green should go. At the inquest Green explained how he had one foot on the seat and one on the side waiting for the signal to jump. MacKenzie-Richards throttled the engine down and turned around, put his hand out and pushed Green. Green landed in a field and was perfectly alright. MacKenzie-Richards was found in another field, but there was no sign of life; his parachute was open. The Coroner's conclusion was that by the time MacKenzie-Richards left the aircraft he was too close to the ground and that his parachute failed to fully deploy. At the inquest a Major Cooper informed the Court that the compasses were checked periodically on the ground, and that he was satisfied that this compass had been tested at certain periods. He pointed out that this had been an experimental aircraft, which had certain experimental lights, and the evidence suggested that one of the pieces of wiring had an effect on the compass after the machine had left the ground. It was quite possible that the error in the compass only occurred when the current was generated. The wreckage of the aircraft was found in a wood about two hundred yards from where his body was found. He is buried at the parish church of St. Andrew, Great Yeldham. Legacy MacKenzie-Richards was promoted posthumously to Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force. After his death, his only child, Gillian Campbell MacKenzie-Richards, was born in Aldeburgh, in 1928. For three years, Mirabel and Gillian lived in Aldeburgh. On 1 July 1931, Mirabel married Canadian farmer, Charles Robert Orr-Simpson, of British Columbia. On 14 July 1931 Mirabel and Gillian migrated to Canada on the Empress of Britain. On 26 February 1934, the Simpson family arrived in Southampton on Warwick Castle from Cape Town via Madeira, intending to live in Bath, Somerset. By June 1935, Mirabel was living in Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. References and notes ^ 1901 England Census. Class: RG13; Piece: 475; Folio: 29; Page: 50. Civil parish: Streatham Ecclesiastical parish: Ascension Balham Hill County/Island: London Country: England; Registration district: Wandsworth; Sub-registration district: Streatham; ED, institution, or vessel: 37; Household schedule number: 325; Shearburn Family Tree, http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/780374/person/-778444995. ^ 1871 Scotland Census. Parish: Brechin Burgh; ED: 2; Page: 35; Line: 18; Roll CSSCT1871_48; Year: 1871. ^ By 1836 it had been opened as a Private Lunatic Asylum. It was probably the last privately owned lunatic asylum in the country. The building was demolished about 1960. See Walter Rye, "HEIGHAM HALL ASYLUM", in History of the Parish of Heigham in the City of Norwich (Norwich: Roberts & Co, 1917), http://www.welbank.net/norwich/hist.html#hhall; "Heigham Hall Private Mental Hospital, Norwich", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=O45571; Jonathan Tooke, "Hidden Histories: Discovering Disability in Norwich's Museum Collections: A Research Project for Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service", http://www.renaissance-east.org.uk/UserData/root/Files/Hidden%20Histories%20Report.pdf ^ England & Wales, Death Index: 1916–2005: Death Registration Month/Year: 1920. Age at death (estimated):58; Registration district: Colchester Inferred County: Essex Volume: 4a Page: 731. ^ London Metropolitan Archives, Holy Trinity, Upper Tooting, Register of Baptisms, Including Baptisms at Saint Augustine, Tooting, P95/TRI2, Item 004. 1900. Page 6. ^ Shearburn Family Tree, http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/780374/person/-778444995 ^ The London Gazette, 32907 (12 February 1924):10. ^ United States Naval Institute, Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 52 (1926):2548. ^ Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 48 (United States Naval Institute, 1922):2136. ^ "R33: G-FAAG: 1921–1928: "The Breakaway", http://www.aht.ndirect.co.uk/airships/r33/R33-breakway.html. ^ "R.33 as Aircraft Carrier", Flight (22 October 1925):698 ^ "R.33 as Aircraft Carrier", Flight (28 October 1926):703 ^ Peter W. Brooks, Zeppelin: Rigid Airships 1893–1940 (Putnam, 1991):189; Richard K. Smith, The Airships Akron & Macon: Flying Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy (U.S. Naval Institute, 1965):21; Anthony J. Lambert, Travel in the Twenties and Thirties (I. Allan, 1983):35; Ursula Bourne, East Anglian Village and Town Signs, 2nd ed. (Osprey Publishing, 2003):20. ^ "'...on the Flying Trapeze': The Experiments with Parasite Airplanes and Airships", http://oldbeacon.com/beacon/airships/parasite.htm; "HMA 23, 24, 25 and 26", http://www.aht.ndirect.co.uk/airships/hma23/index.html; "Flying Forever: R.33 Parasite Fighter Experiments", http://www.unrealaircraft.com/forever/r33_parasite.php ^ "Flying Forever – Skyhook", http://www.unrealaircraft.com/forever/skyhook.php; Greg Goebel, "The Parasite Fighters" (1 December 2009), http://www.vectorsite.net/avparsit.html ^ The Times (22 October 1926); "R.33 as Aircraft Carrier", Flight (28 October 1926):703–704., http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200795.html and http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200796.html; "The Last of HMA R-33", The Aeroplane (24 November 1926):660; Aero Digest 10:1 (Aeronautical Digest Pub. Corp., 1927):59; Aeronautics 7–8 (1942):56; "NICO BRAAS COLLECTION: No. 9322. Gloster Grebe Mk.II (J7400) Royal Air Force" (31 October 2009), http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Braas/9322.htm; Brett Holman, "The Flying Aircraft Carrier: Why?", (4 July 2008), http://airminded.org/2008/07/04/the-flying-aircraft-carrier-why/ ^ The Times (22 October 1926). ^ "R.33 as Aircraft Carrier", Flight (28 October 1926):706, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200798.html ^ "R.33 as Aircraft Carrier", Flight (28 October 1926):705, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200797.html; Robin D. S. Higham, The British Rigid Airship, 1908–1931: A Study in Weapons Policy (G.T. Foulis, 1961):266; United Service and Royal Aero Club (Great Britain), Flight International, Vol. 81 (IPC Transport Press Ltd., 1962):778; Bernard Fitzsimons, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Vol. 11 (Columbia House, 1969):1164; Richard K. Smith, The Airships Akron & Macon: Flying Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy (U.S. Naval Institute, 1965):21; Anthony Robinson, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aviation, Vol. 10 (Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1979):85; "NICO BRAAS COLLECTION: No. 9322. Gloster Grebe Mk.II (J7400) Royal Air Force" (31 October 2009), http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Braas/9322.htm. ^ R.33 as Aircraft Carrier", Flight (28 October 1926):706, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200798.html; "NICO BRAAS COLLECTION: No. 9322. Gloster Grebe Mk.II (J7400) Royal Air Force" (31 October 2009), http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Braas/9322.htm; ^ Aeronautics 7–8 (1942):56; Peter W. Brooks, Zeppelin: Rigid Airships 1893–1940 (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992):189; United States Naval Institute, Proceedings, Vol. 61, Part 1 (1935):238; Terence Boughton, The Story of the British Light Aeroplane (J. Murray, 1963):282. ^ "Pulham Air Station – RNAS Pulham", Pennoyers Village Centre, http://pennoyers.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=1&limit=1&limitstart=1 Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Civil Aircraft Register: Great Britain", "Civil Aircraft Register - Great Britain". Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011. ^ Its Construction Number was 114. See "De Havilland Aircraft Production", http://www.dehavilland.ukf.net/p001.htm Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. It was delivered to the R.A.E. on 25 March 1925. It was the second machine used in the R33 experiments. It was re-engineered with a Cherub III engine. See Aubrey Joseph Jackson, De Havilland Aircraft Since 1915 (Putnam, 1962):184, 2nd. ed. (1978):219. From 4 April 1927 until 1928 the plane was owned by the RAE Aero Club. It was subsequently owned by Flying Officer AF Scroggs at Henlow. It subsequently crashed at Hamble on 21 July 1934 and was restored by 23 August 1977. Using the original wings and empennage, the fuselage was built by DH Technical Schools. It is now privately owned by Terry Pankhurst and is located at the de Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre at London Colney, Hertfordshire, England. See "Civil Aircraft Register: Great Britain", "Civil Aircraft Register - Great Britain". Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011.; Ken Ellis, Wrecks and Relics, 19th ed. (Hinckley, Leicestershire: Midland Publishing, 2004):79–80; Jenna, "Luton Minor Piccies", (17 December 2008), http://forum.keypublishing.com/showthread.php?p=1500945; G-Ordy argues: "Mike Russell chose the identity "G-EBQP" because he believed its C. of A. had expired in 1929 and it would be a likely candidate for parts to go into the Clarke Cheetah. A.J.J. pointed out that G-EBQP was complete at Heston on 29 March 1934 and it was destroyed in a fatal accident at Hamble on 21 July 1934 so there is no way that the aircraft currently registered as G-EBQP has any connection with the genuine article ... although that is not to detract from the fact that it does have the rudder from one of the airship Humming Birds – we just don't know which one!" (26 December 2008), http://forum.keypublishing.com/showthread.php?p=1339370 ^ There is a report that it was re-engined it with a 26kW ABC Scorpion engine. See "The Bournemouth Whitsun Meeting Organised by the Royal Aero Club", Flight (9 June 1927):368, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200406.html; Aubrey Joseph Jackson, De Havilland Aircraft Since 1909, 2nd ed. (Putnam, 1978):512. ^ "BOURNEMOUTH Early Airfields – Ensbury Park", http://daveg4otu.tripod.com/airfields/ben.html Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Air Racing", Flight (9 June 1927):366, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200404.html ^ "The Bournemouth Whitsun Meeting Organised by the Royal Aero Club", Flight (9 June 1927):368, 374, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200406.html; "DORSET CRASH LIST" With additional information from Howard J Curtis and from "Wings over Weymouth" by Colin Pomeroy, updated 1 March 2009, http://daveg4otu.tripod.com/dorset/dorcrash.html Archived 28 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine; "Wings over Winton", http://www.wintonforum.co.uk/aviation.html# Archived 1 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ For an account and a photo of MacKenzie-Richards and his plane, see "The Nottingham Flying Meeting: Good Races at Hucknall on Monday", Flight (4 August 1927):543, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200591.html; "The King's Cup Air Race and August Bank Holiday Meeting", Flight (28 July 1927):510–511; Aubrey Joseph Jackson, British Civil Aircraft, 1919–1972, Vol. 2 (Putnam's British Aircraft Series), 2nd ed. (Putnam, 1998):75; Don Berliner, "A Concise History of Air Racing", Society of Air Race Historians, http://www.airrace.com/ConciseHist.htm ^ Mirabel was baptised at St. George's at Hanover Square, London. See Frederick Arthur Crisp, Visitation of England and Wales Vol. 20 (Grove Park Press, 1919):28. ^ Charles Harry Clinton Pirie-Gordon, ed., Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry: Founded by the Late Sir Bernard Burke, Vol. 1, 15th ed. (Shaw, 1937):440. One source suggests Mirabel was married previously to Dudley Ropes. See "Family Tree", http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Cobbold was educated at Charterhouse from 1879, enlisted in the York and Lancaster Regiment ion 29 August 1885, served in the Second Boer War and was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with three clasps, and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 18 February 1915. See Visitation of England and Wales (1919):28; Charterhouse School, Charterhouse Register 1872–1900:143; "Ernest Cazenove Cobbold Grave Monument Details", Grave Monument 353, http://www.gravestonephotos.com/public/gravedetails.php?available=yes&fullname=Ernest%20Cazenove%20Cobbold&grave=353 at St Peter and St Paul’s Parish Church at Aldeburgh, Suffolk. ^ She was the daughter of Col. Arthur Wellesley White, and married Cobbold on Thursday, 9 July 1896 at St. George's, Hanover Square, London. See Visitation (1919):28. ^ Flight (28 July 1927):530, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200578.html; and (1 September 1927):626, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200680.html; England & Wales, Marriage Index. Date of Registration: Jul–Aug–Sep 1927 Registration district: Plomesgate Registration county (inferred): Suffolk Volume Number: 4a Page Number: 2837; Charles Harry Clinton Pirie-Gordon, ed., Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry: Founded by the Late Sir Bernard Burke, Vol. 1, 15th ed. (Shaw, 1937):440. ^ "A Sacrifice", Flight (17 November 1927):802, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200886.html; Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Vol. 210 (H.M. Stationery Off., 1928); United Service and Royal Aero Club (Great Britain), Flight International 81 (IPC Transport Press Ltd., 1962):778; Ces Mowthorpe, Sky Sailors: The Story of the World's Airshipmen (Sutton, 1999):69; Francis K. Mason, The Gloster Gladiator (Issue 98 of Profile Publications) (Macdonald, 1964):13; United States Naval Institute, Naval Institute Proceedings 52 (1926):2548; England & Wales, Death Index (October–December 1927), Registration district: East Grinstead Inferred County: Sussex Volume: 2b Page: 179. ^ Bonser, Georgiana M.; Stoner, H. B. (1968). "Harry Norman Green. 21 September 1902—16 May 1967". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 96 (1): 243–252. doi:10.1002/path.1700960131. PMID 4875601. ^ James Stuart Olson, ed., The History of Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography (ABC-CLIO, 1989):4 ^ "Medical News". BMJ. 2 (4534): 893–894. 1947. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4534.893. S2CID 220148962. ^ Harry Norman Green, Papular urticaria (University of Sheffield, Faculty of Medicine, 1927). ^ The Times (14 November 1927). ^ "Monumental Inscriptions", Seax – Essex Archives Online, http://seax.essexcc.gov.uk/result_details.asp?DocID=513067 Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Vol. 210 (H.M. Stationery Off., 1928) ^ England & Wales, Birth Index Date of Registration: Jul Aug Sep 1928 Registration District: Plomesgate Registration county: Essex, Suffolk Volume Number: 4a Page Number: 1677; Canadian Passenger Lists, 1865–1935 Date of Arrival: 14 July 1931 Vessel: Empress of Britain Port of Arrival: Quebec Port of Departure: Southampton, England Roll: T-14773; "FO Campbell MACKENZIE-RICHARDS RAF (1900–1927)", http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/people/view/497 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; "Family Tree", http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Burkes, 440. http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Canadian Passenger Lists, 1865–1935 Date of Arrival: 14 July 1931 Vessel: Empress of Britain Port of Arrival: Quebec Port of Departure: Southampton, England Roll: T-14773. ^ Completed in January 1931 as motor passenger ship for Union-Castle Mail SS Co Ltd, London. See "Warwick Castle", http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2427.html. See postcards: http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/UnionCastle4.html#anchor870622 ^ UK Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878–1960. Ship Name: Warwick Castle. Arrival Date: 26 February 1934 Port of Arrival: Southampton, England. Class: BT26; Piece: 1051; Item: 132. Image 18. ^ UK Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878–1960. Ship Name: Llandovery Castle. Arrival Date: 24 June 1935 Port of Arrival: Southampton, England. Official Number: 148678. Class: BT26; Piece: 1080; Item: 17. External links Photo of Campbell MacKenzie-Richards in Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) Video of HMA R33 launching a Grebe fighter Photo of HMA R33 launching a Grebe fighter Photo of HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached while moored HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached while moored Close-up Photo of HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached in flight Photo of HMA R33 with two Grebe fighters attached in flight British Pathe: 1927 Air races at Ensbury Park racecourse, Bournemouth 2009 photo of De Havilland DH.53 Humming Bird, G-EBQP/J7326 flown by MacKenzie-Richards in air races in 1927 Photo of Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) at the De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre Photo of Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) at the De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre Photo of Humming Bird J7326 (G-EBQP) at the De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre Article: "The Flying Aircraft Carrier: Why?" with photos of R33 and Gloster Grebes Short article and photo about the air-launching experiments carried out with the Gloster Grebes
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mackenzie_Richards_Photograph.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"test pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_pilots"},{"link_name":"air race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_race"}],"text":"Campbell MacKenzie-Richards, (1900–1927)Campbell Mackenzie-Richards (6 January 1900 – 9 November 1927) was a pioneer English aviator, Royal Air Force test pilot, and air race contestant, who was killed testing experimental equipment in November 1927.","title":"Campbell MacKenzie-Richards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Streatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Felix Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Felix_Richards"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Astor House, Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_House,_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"Heigham Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heigham_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mental hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_hospital"},{"link_name":"Norwich, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Deal, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge_School"}],"text":"Campbell MacKenzie-Richards was born on 6 January 1900 in Streatham, London,[1] the grandson of Peter Felix Richards (born 1808 in Edinburgh, Scotland; died 14 November 1868 in Shanghai, China), the founder of the Astor House, Shanghai; and the son of Peter Felix Mackenzie-Richards (born about 1863 in Shanghai; died 18 December 1920 in Colchester, Essex), a civil engineer,[2] and Mary Edith \"Mollie\" MacRae (born 1 July 1869 in Brighton, Sussex; died 7 December 1954 at Heigham Hall, a private mental hospital in Norwich, Norfolk),[3] who had married on 4 September 1893 at St. Leonard's Church, Upper Deal, Kent.[4] MacKenzie-Richards was baptised on 1 March 1900 at the Holy Trinity Church at Upper Tooting.[5] MacKenzie-Richards was the brother of Kenneth (born 1894 in Kensington; died 26 December 1980); Ursula (born 13 November 1902; died 11 December 1995);[6] and Mary (born 1907 in Woodbridge, Suffolk; died 1983). Campbell MacKenzie-Richards was educated at the Woodbridge School in Suffolk.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"British Merchant Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Merchant_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMA_R_23_Airship_With_Camel_N6814.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Camel"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Pilot Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Officer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Flying Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Officer"},{"link_name":"Martlesham Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Martlesham_Heath"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Humming Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Humming_Bird"},{"link_name":"airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"R33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R33_class_airship"},{"link_name":"airborne aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Camel"},{"link_name":"No. 212 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._212_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"HMA 23r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_class_airship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"TC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC-3"},{"link_name":"blimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blimp"},{"link_name":"Sperry Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Messenger"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"sortie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortie"},{"link_name":"skyhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(cable)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12878,_Englisches_Marineluftschiff_R33.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gloster Grebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Grebe"},{"link_name":"Air Vice-Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal"},{"link_name":"parasite aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_aircraft"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"Gloster Grebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Grebe"},{"link_name":"Pulham aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Pulham"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aft"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"abaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaft"},{"link_name":"Cardington, Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardington,_Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"skyhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(cable)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"During World War I MacKenzie-Richards served in the British Merchant Navy and was decorated twice.Sopwith Camel under the 23r airship, 1918Around 1923 MacKenzie-Richards joined the Royal Air Force. On 24 January 1924 he was confirmed as Pilot Officer[7] and later was promoted to the rank of Flying Officer, and was attached to the Bombing Squadron based at Martlesham Heath. After earning the reputation of being a highly skilled pilot, MacKenzie-Richards was attached to the experimental staff of the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough.[8]As part of the Airship Development Programme, from 9 October 1925 a hook-equipped de Havilland Humming Bird (Registration G-EBQP) was used in a short series of experiments with \"an obsolete underpowered type of airship\",[9] HMA R33 (known colloquially as the \"Pulham Pig\") in an attempt to develop an airborne aircraft carrier.[10] On 15 October 1925 the Humming Bird flown by Squadron Leader Rollo Haig, was released from the R33, and became the first to reattach an aircraft to a rigid airship,[11][12] although the propeller was damaged as he reattached and he detached again to glide to a separate landing at the aerodrome. On 4 December 1925 Flight Lieutenant Janor, flying a Humming Bird was the first to successfully hook an aeroplane onto a rigid airship and remain attached until the airship landed.[13] Previously the Royal Air Force had modified two F.1 Sopwith Camels (serials N6622 and N6814) for trials by No. 212 Squadron RAF with airship HMA 23r, which culminated in Lt. R.E. Keys piloting one on 6 November 1918,[14] and the first launch and recovery of an aircraft in mid-air had been performed by the US Army TC-3 blimp on 15 December 1924, with a Sperry Messenger biplane performing a sortie from and back to a \"skyhook\" attached to the blimp.[15]The pair of Gloster Grebes under the R33 airship, 1926On Thursday 21 October 1926, MacKenzie-Richards and Flying Officer (later Air Vice-Marshal) R.L. Ragg participated in the experimental trials of launching twin parasite aircraft from retractable trapezes attached under the keel of the R33 using two Gloster Grebe fighters (J.7400 and J.7385) from Pulham aerodrome.[16] The first Grebe, flown by MacKenzie-Richards, which was positioned aft, was released at 10.17am over Pulham at an altitude of 2,500 feet (762 metres), and, after diving for about 100 ft (30 metres), it levelled out. The Times reported the next day: \"The aeroplane, with her engine running, dropped like a stone and then regaining control, MacKenzie-Richards performed a series of stunts, looping-the-loop, rolling and flying upside down\",[17] while Flight indicated that the plane \"gambolled gaily in the air as if glad to be free, at last, from the maternal apron strings,\"[18] before landing safely back at Pulham.[19] After some difficulty in starting the engine, the second Grebe piloted by Ragg, which had been positioned abaft of the first Grebe, was successfully released at 11.30am from a slightly higher altitude over Cardington, Bedfordshire, and made a safe landing at Cardington.[20]In another experiment, the Grebes piloted by MacKenzie-Richards and Ragg were released from 2,000 feet and were able to fly and then reattach their planes to a skyhook on the airship.[21] Despite the successful trials, the technique was never adopted.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DH53.JPG"},{"link_name":"Shuttleworth Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttleworth_Collection"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Aero Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aero_Club"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"air races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_racing"},{"link_name":"Whitsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitsun"},{"link_name":"Ensbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensbury_Park"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_race"},{"link_name":"Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicapping"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"Bristol Cherub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Cherub"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"de Havilland DH.37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.37"},{"link_name":"Westland Widgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Widgeon_(fixed_wing)"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Bluebird"},{"link_name":"Whit Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Monday"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hucknall Torkard aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucknall_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Hucknall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucknall"},{"link_name":"Summer Bank Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_holiday"},{"link_name":"King's Cup Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Cup_Race"},{"link_name":"Papplewick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papplewick"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"de Havilland D.53 Humming Bird at the Shuttleworth Collection, BedfordshireMacKenzie-Richards was a member of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (R.A.E.) Aero Club,[23] and competed in air races. In June 1927 MacKenzie-Richards took part in the Whitsun weekend air races (4 and 6 June 1927) at the Ensbury Park racecourse (near Bournemouth), winning from scratch convincingly the delayed first race of the meet on Saturday, 4 June 1927, the Low Power Handicap for aeroplanes with engines less than 1500cc, against three other competitors (two others had withdrawn) in de Havilland Humming Bird G-EBQP,[24] a single-seat ultralight monoplane that had been used in the R33 trials, with a Bristol Cherub III engine.[25] at 73.5 miles per hour.[26] The crash of a de Havilland DH.37A earlier on 4 June 1927, and the collision of a Westland Widgeon and a Blackburn Bluebird on Whit Monday, 6 June 1927,[27] which resulted in the death of two pilots and a passenger in front of thousands of spectators forced the cessation of further air races at Ensbury Park racecourse, and its eventual sale to a housing developer.[28]During the Nottingham Flying Meeting held at the Hucknall Torkard aerodrome at Hucknall, Nottinghamshire on the Summer Bank Holiday weekend, which included the 6th King's Cup Race, after starting from the scratch position, Mackenzie-Richards came third flying the same Humming Bird in \"ideal flying conditions\" over the 8.5-mile single-lap course in the Papplewick Stakes Low-power Handicap, the first event held at 11.30am on Monday, 1 August 1927, and received £10.[29]","title":"Air racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lt. Col.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Col."},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Ufford, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufford,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"York and Lancaster Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_and_Lancaster_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"St Peter and St Paul's Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church,_Aldeburgh"},{"link_name":"Aldeburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"On Wednesday 17 August 1927, MacKenzie-Richards married Mirabel Cobbold (born 2 May 1904),[30] who had earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Oxford in 1926,[31] the only child of Lt. Col. Ernest Cazenove Cobbold CB (born 15 January 1866 at Ufford, Suffolk; died 1932), of the York and Lancaster Regiment,[32] and Edith Mary White (died 1949),[33] at the St Peter and St Paul's Parish Church at Aldeburgh, Suffolk.[34]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Grinstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Grinstead"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Croydon aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bristol_F2B_D8096_flying_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bristol F.2 Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Bristol fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologist"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_observer"},{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield"},{"link_name":"forced landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_landing"},{"link_name":"ripcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripcord_(skydiving)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Great Yeldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yeldham"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"MacKenzie-Richards was killed in a night flying accident at East Grinstead, Surrey on 9 November 1927.[35] MacKenzie-Richards was engaged in testing night navigating devices at Croydon aerodrome, including two new illuminated wind vanes erected there experimentally.Bristol F.2 FighterOn Wednesday, 9 November 1927, flying Bristol fighter C810, MacKenzie-Richards had finished his work at 5.30pm and left Croydon with Professor Harry Norman Green. Green (born 21 September 1902 in Sheffield, England; died 16 May 1967) was educated at the Central Secondary School in Sheffield, and received his undergraduate and medical degrees from Sheffield University, specialising in pathology. He taught at the Sheffield University (1926–1933, 1935–1953), Cambridge University (1933–1935), and the University of Leeds (1953–1967). Green's research interests focused on the immune system in cancer induction and growth. In 1947 Green was appointed Director of Cancer.[36][37][38] a pathologist and member of the faculty of medicine (and later the Department of Pharmacology) at the University of Sheffield,[39] as his observer. They attempted to make their way back to Farnborough, but the compass was 30 degrees out when they left. Failing to find Farnborough they attempted to return to Croydon. They flew back without seeing anything they recognised until they estimated they were over Croydon. They could not pick up any indication of Croydon nor could they see any lights. They spoke on the 'telephone' and MacKenzie-Richards suggested that they had better make a forced landing before they ran out of petrol – they only had about 20 minutes fuel remaining. He came down low and asked Green to look for a field. Presently he said that he could not see a field that he could land in and he lit a flare. There was a certain amount of mist, but nothing exceptional. They just missed some trees and climbed back up to 2,000 feet. As Green had never used a parachute before, MacKenzie-Richards briefed him particularly about not pulling the ripcord until he was clear of the aircraft. Green questioned whether the aircraft could be rolled onto its back so that they could both get out, but MacKenzie-Richards refused, saying that Green should go. At the inquest Green explained how he had one foot on the seat and one on the side waiting for the signal to jump. MacKenzie-Richards throttled the engine down and turned around, put his hand out and pushed Green. Green landed in a field and was perfectly alright. MacKenzie-Richards was found in another field, but there was no sign of life; his parachute was open. The Coroner's conclusion was that by the time MacKenzie-Richards left the aircraft he was too close to the ground and that his parachute failed to fully deploy.[40]At the inquest a Major Cooper informed the Court that the compasses were checked periodically on the ground, and that he was satisfied that this compass had been tested at certain periods. He pointed out that this had been an experimental aircraft, which had certain experimental lights, and the evidence suggested that one of the pieces of wiring had an effect on the compass after the machine had left the ground. It was quite possible that the error in the compass only occurred when the current was generated.[citation needed]The wreckage of the aircraft was found in a wood about two hundred yards from where his body was found.[citation needed]He is buried at the parish church of St. Andrew, Great Yeldham.[41]","title":"Death and inquest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flight Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Aldeburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Empress of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_(1931)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Bath, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Clacton-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"MacKenzie-Richards was promoted posthumously to Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force.[42] After his death, his only child, Gillian Campbell MacKenzie-Richards, was born in Aldeburgh, in 1928.[43] For three years, Mirabel and Gillian lived in Aldeburgh. On 1 July 1931, Mirabel married Canadian farmer, Charles Robert Orr-Simpson, of British Columbia.[44] On 14 July 1931 Mirabel and Gillian migrated to Canada on the Empress of Britain.[45] On 26 February 1934, the Simpson family arrived in Southampton on Warwick Castle[46] from Cape Town via Madeira, intending to live in Bath, Somerset.[47] By June 1935, Mirabel was living in Clacton-on-Sea, Essex.[48]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/780374/person/-778444995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trees.ancestry.com/tree/780374/person/-778444995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Walter 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Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/people/view/497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/people/view/497"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708171957/http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/people/view/497"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708171818/http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708171818/http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2427.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2427.html"},{"link_name":"http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/UnionCastle4.html#anchor870622","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.simplonpc.co.uk/UnionCastle4.html#anchor870622"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"}],"text":"^ 1901 England Census. Class: RG13; Piece: 475; Folio: 29; Page: 50. Civil parish: Streatham Ecclesiastical parish: Ascension Balham Hill County/Island: London Country: England; Registration district: Wandsworth; Sub-registration district: Streatham; ED, institution, or vessel: 37; Household schedule number: 325; Shearburn Family Tree, http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/780374/person/-778444995.\n\n^ 1871 Scotland Census. Parish: Brechin Burgh; ED: 2; Page: 35; Line: 18; Roll CSSCT1871_48; Year: 1871.\n\n^ By 1836 it had been opened as a Private Lunatic Asylum. It was probably the last privately owned lunatic asylum in the country. The building was demolished about 1960. See Walter Rye, \"HEIGHAM HALL ASYLUM\", in History of the Parish of Heigham in the City of Norwich (Norwich: Roberts & Co, 1917), http://www.welbank.net/norwich/hist.html#hhall; \"Heigham Hall Private Mental Hospital, Norwich\", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=O45571; Jonathan Tooke, \"Hidden Histories: Discovering Disability in Norwich's Museum Collections: A Research Project for Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service\", http://www.renaissance-east.org.uk/UserData/root/Files/Hidden%20Histories%20Report.pdf[permanent dead link]\n\n^ England & Wales, Death Index: 1916–2005: Death Registration Month/Year: 1920. Age at death (estimated):58; Registration district: Colchester Inferred County: Essex Volume: 4a Page: 731.\n\n^ London Metropolitan Archives, Holy Trinity, Upper Tooting, Register of Baptisms, Including Baptisms at Saint Augustine, Tooting, P95/TRI2, Item 004. 1900. Page 6.\n\n^ Shearburn Family Tree, http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/780374/person/-778444995\n\n^ The London Gazette, 32907 (12 February 1924):10.\n\n^ United States Naval Institute, Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 52 (1926):2548.\n\n^ Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 48 (United States Naval Institute, 1922):2136.\n\n^ \"R33: G-FAAG: 1921–1928: \"The Breakaway\", http://www.aht.ndirect.co.uk/airships/r33/R33-breakway.html.\n\n^ \"R.33 as Aircraft Carrier\", Flight (22 October 1925):698\n\n^ \"R.33 as Aircraft Carrier\", Flight (28 October 1926):703\n\n^ Peter W. Brooks, Zeppelin: Rigid Airships 1893–1940 (Putnam, 1991):189; Richard K. Smith, The Airships Akron & Macon: Flying Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy (U.S. Naval Institute, 1965):21; Anthony J. Lambert, Travel in the Twenties and Thirties (I. Allan, 1983):35; Ursula Bourne, East Anglian Village and Town Signs, 2nd ed. (Osprey Publishing, 2003):20.\n\n^ \"'...on the Flying Trapeze': The Experiments with Parasite Airplanes and Airships\", http://oldbeacon.com/beacon/airships/parasite.htm; \"HMA 23, 24, 25 and 26\", http://www.aht.ndirect.co.uk/airships/hma23/index.html; \"Flying Forever: R.33 Parasite Fighter Experiments\", http://www.unrealaircraft.com/forever/r33_parasite.php\n\n^ \"Flying Forever – Skyhook\", http://www.unrealaircraft.com/forever/skyhook.php; Greg Goebel, \"The Parasite Fighters\" (1 December 2009), http://www.vectorsite.net/avparsit.html\n\n^ The Times (22 October 1926); \"R.33 as Aircraft Carrier\", Flight (28 October 1926):703–704., http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200795.html and http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200796.html; \"The Last of HMA R-33\", The Aeroplane (24 November 1926):660; Aero Digest 10:1 (Aeronautical Digest Pub. Corp., 1927):59; Aeronautics 7–8 (1942):56; \"NICO BRAAS COLLECTION: No. 9322. Gloster Grebe Mk.II (J7400) Royal Air Force\" (31 October 2009), http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Braas/9322.htm; Brett Holman, \"The Flying Aircraft Carrier: Why?\", (4 July 2008), http://airminded.org/2008/07/04/the-flying-aircraft-carrier-why/\n\n^ The Times (22 October 1926).\n\n^ \"R.33 as Aircraft Carrier\", Flight (28 October 1926):706, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200798.html\n\n^ \"R.33 as Aircraft Carrier\", Flight (28 October 1926):705, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200797.html; Robin D. S. Higham, The British Rigid Airship, 1908–1931: A Study in Weapons Policy (G.T. Foulis, 1961):266; United Service and Royal Aero Club (Great Britain), Flight International, Vol. 81 (IPC Transport Press Ltd., 1962):778; Bernard Fitzsimons, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Vol. 11 (Columbia House, 1969):1164; Richard K. Smith, The Airships Akron & Macon: Flying Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy (U.S. Naval Institute, 1965):21; Anthony Robinson, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aviation, Vol. 10 (Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1979):85; \"NICO BRAAS COLLECTION: No. 9322. Gloster Grebe Mk.II (J7400) Royal Air Force\" (31 October 2009), http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Braas/9322.htm.\n\n^ R.33 as Aircraft Carrier\", Flight (28 October 1926):706, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200798.html; \"NICO BRAAS COLLECTION: No. 9322. Gloster Grebe Mk.II (J7400) Royal Air Force\" (31 October 2009), http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Braas/9322.htm;\n\n^ Aeronautics 7–8 (1942):56; Peter W. Brooks, Zeppelin: Rigid Airships 1893–1940 (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992):189; United States Naval Institute, Proceedings, Vol. 61, Part 1 (1935):238; Terence Boughton, The Story of the British Light Aeroplane (J. Murray, 1963):282.\n\n^ \"Pulham Air Station – RNAS Pulham\", Pennoyers Village Centre, http://pennoyers.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=1&limit=1&limitstart=1 Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Civil Aircraft Register: Great Britain\", \"Civil Aircraft Register - Great Britain\". Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011.\n\n^ Its Construction Number was 114. See \"De Havilland Aircraft Production\", http://www.dehavilland.ukf.net/p001.htm Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. It was delivered to the R.A.E. on 25 March 1925. It was the second machine used in the R33 experiments. It was re-engineered with a Cherub III engine. See Aubrey Joseph Jackson, De Havilland Aircraft Since 1915 (Putnam, 1962):184, 2nd. ed. (1978):219. From 4 April 1927 until 1928 the plane was owned by the RAE Aero Club. It was subsequently owned by Flying Officer AF Scroggs at Henlow. It subsequently crashed at Hamble on 21 July 1934 and was restored by 23 August 1977. Using the original wings and empennage, the fuselage was built by DH Technical Schools. It is now privately owned by Terry Pankhurst and is located at the de Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre at London Colney, Hertfordshire, England. See \"Civil Aircraft Register: Great Britain\", \"Civil Aircraft Register - Great Britain\". Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011.; Ken Ellis, Wrecks and Relics, 19th ed. (Hinckley, Leicestershire: Midland Publishing, 2004):79–80; Jenna, \"Luton Minor Piccies\", (17 December 2008), http://forum.keypublishing.com/showthread.php?p=1500945; G-Ordy argues: \"Mike Russell chose the identity \"G-EBQP\" because he believed its C. of A. had expired in 1929 and it would be a likely candidate for parts to go into the Clarke Cheetah. A.J.J. pointed out that G-EBQP was complete at Heston on 29 March 1934 and it was destroyed in a fatal accident at Hamble on 21 July 1934 so there is no way that the aircraft currently registered as G-EBQP has any connection with the genuine article ... although that is not to detract from the fact that it does have the rudder from one of the airship Humming Birds – we just don't know which one!\" (26 December 2008), http://forum.keypublishing.com/showthread.php?p=1339370\n\n^ There is a report that it was re-engined it with a 26kW ABC Scorpion engine. See \"The Bournemouth Whitsun Meeting Organised by the Royal Aero Club\", Flight (9 June 1927):368, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200406.html; Aubrey Joseph Jackson, De Havilland Aircraft Since 1909, 2nd ed. (Putnam, 1978):512.\n\n^ \"BOURNEMOUTH Early Airfields – Ensbury Park\", http://daveg4otu.tripod.com/airfields/ben.html Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Air Racing\", Flight (9 June 1927):366, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200404.html\n\n^ \"The Bournemouth Whitsun Meeting Organised by the Royal Aero Club\", Flight (9 June 1927):368, 374, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200406.html; \"DORSET CRASH LIST\" With additional information from Howard J Curtis and from \"Wings over Weymouth\" by Colin Pomeroy, updated 1 March 2009, http://daveg4otu.tripod.com/dorset/dorcrash.html Archived 28 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine; \"Wings over Winton\", http://www.wintonforum.co.uk/aviation.html# Archived 1 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ For an account and a photo of MacKenzie-Richards and his plane, see \"The Nottingham Flying Meeting: Good Races at Hucknall on Monday\", Flight (4 August 1927):543, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200591.html; \"The King's Cup Air Race and August Bank Holiday Meeting\", Flight (28 July 1927):510–511; Aubrey Joseph Jackson, British Civil Aircraft, 1919–1972, Vol. 2 (Putnam's British Aircraft Series), 2nd ed. (Putnam, 1998):75; Don Berliner, \"A Concise History of Air Racing\", Society of Air Race Historians, http://www.airrace.com/ConciseHist.htm\n\n^ Mirabel was baptised at St. George's at Hanover Square, London. See Frederick Arthur Crisp, Visitation of England and Wales Vol. 20 (Grove Park Press, 1919):28.\n\n^ Charles Harry Clinton Pirie-Gordon, ed., Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry: Founded by the Late Sir Bernard Burke, Vol. 1, 15th ed. (Shaw, 1937):440. One source suggests Mirabel was married previously to Dudley Ropes. See \"Family Tree\", http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Cobbold was educated at Charterhouse from 1879, enlisted in the York and Lancaster Regiment ion 29 August 1885, served in the Second Boer War and was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with three clasps, and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 18 February 1915. See Visitation of England and Wales (1919):28; Charterhouse School, Charterhouse Register 1872–1900:143; \"Ernest Cazenove Cobbold Grave Monument Details\", Grave Monument 353, http://www.gravestonephotos.com/public/gravedetails.php?available=yes&fullname=Ernest%20Cazenove%20Cobbold&grave=353 at St Peter and St Paul’s Parish Church at Aldeburgh, Suffolk.\n\n^ She was the daughter of Col. Arthur Wellesley White, and married Cobbold on Thursday, 9 July 1896 at St. George's, Hanover Square, London. See Visitation (1919):28.\n\n^ Flight (28 July 1927):530, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200578.html; and (1 September 1927):626, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200680.html; England & Wales, Marriage Index. Date of Registration: Jul–Aug–Sep 1927 Registration district: Plomesgate Registration county (inferred): Suffolk Volume Number: 4a Page Number: 2837; Charles Harry Clinton Pirie-Gordon, ed., Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry: Founded by the Late Sir Bernard Burke, Vol. 1, 15th ed. (Shaw, 1937):440.\n\n^ \"A Sacrifice\", Flight (17 November 1927):802, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200886.html; Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Vol. 210 (H.M. Stationery Off., 1928); United Service and Royal Aero Club (Great Britain), Flight International 81 (IPC Transport Press Ltd., 1962):778; Ces Mowthorpe, Sky Sailors: The Story of the World's Airshipmen (Sutton, 1999):69; Francis K. Mason, The Gloster Gladiator (Issue 98 of Profile Publications) (Macdonald, 1964):13; United States Naval Institute, Naval Institute Proceedings 52 (1926):2548; England & Wales, Death Index (October–December 1927), Registration district: East Grinstead Inferred County: Sussex Volume: 2b Page: 179.\n\n^ Bonser, Georgiana M.; Stoner, H. B. (1968). \"Harry Norman Green. 21 September 1902—16 May 1967\". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 96 (1): 243–252. doi:10.1002/path.1700960131. PMID 4875601.\n\n^ James Stuart Olson, ed., The History of Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography (ABC-CLIO, 1989):4\n\n^ \"Medical News\". BMJ. 2 (4534): 893–894. 1947. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4534.893. S2CID 220148962.\n\n^ Harry Norman Green, Papular urticaria (University of Sheffield, Faculty of Medicine, 1927).\n\n^ The Times (14 November 1927).\n\n^ \"Monumental Inscriptions\", Seax – Essex Archives Online, http://seax.essexcc.gov.uk/result_details.asp?DocID=513067 Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Vol. 210 (H.M. Stationery Off., 1928)\n\n^ England & Wales, Birth Index Date of Registration: Jul Aug Sep 1928 Registration District: Plomesgate Registration county: Essex, Suffolk Volume Number: 4a Page Number: 1677; Canadian Passenger Lists, 1865–1935 Date of Arrival: 14 July 1931 Vessel: Empress of Britain Port of Arrival: Quebec Port of Departure: Southampton, England Roll: T-14773; \"FO Campbell MACKENZIE-RICHARDS RAF (1900–1927)\", http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/people/view/497 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; \"Family Tree\", http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Burkes, 440. http://cobboldfht.com/family-tree.php/tree/view/person:496/marriage:314 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Canadian Passenger Lists, 1865–1935 Date of Arrival: 14 July 1931 Vessel: Empress of Britain Port of Arrival: Quebec Port of Departure: Southampton, England Roll: T-14773.\n\n^ Completed in January 1931 as motor passenger ship for Union-Castle Mail SS Co Ltd, London. See \"Warwick Castle\", http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2427.html. See postcards: http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/UnionCastle4.html#anchor870622\n\n^ UK Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878–1960. Ship Name: Warwick Castle. Arrival Date: 26 February 1934 Port of Arrival: Southampton, England. Class: BT26; Piece: 1051; Item: 132. Image 18.\n\n^ UK Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878–1960. Ship Name: Llandovery Castle. Arrival Date: 24 June 1935 Port of Arrival: Southampton, England. Official Number: 148678. Class: BT26; Piece: 1080; Item: 17.","title":"References and notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Campbell MacKenzie-Richards, (1900–1927)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mackenzie_Richards_Photograph.jpg/200px-Mackenzie_Richards_Photograph.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sopwith Camel under the 23r airship, 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/HMA_R_23_Airship_With_Camel_N6814.jpg/220px-HMA_R_23_Airship_With_Camel_N6814.jpg"},{"image_text":"The pair of Gloster Grebes under the R33 airship, 1926","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12878%2C_Englisches_Marineluftschiff_R33.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12878%2C_Englisches_Marineluftschiff_R33.jpg"},{"image_text":"de Havilland D.53 Humming Bird at the Shuttleworth Collection, Bedfordshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/DH53.JPG/220px-DH53.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bristol F.2 Fighter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bristol_F2B_D8096_flying_1.jpg/300px-Bristol_F2B_D8096_flying_1.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_central_business_district
Perth
["1 Toponymy","2 History","2.1 Prehistory","2.2 European contact","2.3 Swan River Colony","2.4 Convict era and gold rushes","2.5 Federation and beyond","3 Geography","3.1 Central business district","3.2 Metropolitan area","3.3 Geology and landforms","3.4 Climate","3.5 Isolation","4 Demographics","4.1 Ancestry and immigration","4.2 Language","4.3 Religion","5 Governance","5.1 Local","5.2 State","5.3 Federal","6 Economy","7 Education","7.1 Primary and secondary","7.2 Tertiary","8 Media","8.1 Newspapers","8.2 Radio","8.3 Television","8.4 Online-only","9 Culture","9.1 Arts and entertainment","9.2 Tourism and recreation","10 Sport","11 Infrastructure","11.1 Health","11.2 Transport","11.3 Utilities","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 Sources","16 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°57′21″S 115°51′35″E / 31.9558°S 115.8597°E / -31.9558; 115.8597 (Perth)Capital city of Western Australia This article is about the capital of Western Australia. For the city in Scotland, see Perth, Scotland. For other uses, see Perth (disambiguation). This article may contain citations that do not verify the text. Please check for citation inaccuracies. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PerthBoorloo (Nyungar)Western AustraliaPerth CBD skylinePerth Town HallYagan SquareSwan BellsElizabeth Quay bridgeWA Museum Boola BardipPerth StadiumHistoric district of FremantlePerthCoordinates31°57′21″S 115°51′35″E / 31.9558°S 115.8597°E / -31.9558; 115.8597 (Perth)Population2,309,338 (2023) (4th) • Density359.8277/km2 (931.949/sq mi)Established4 June 1829Area6,417.9 km2 (2,478.0 sq mi)(GCCSA)Time zoneAWST (UTC+08:00)Location 2,130 km (1,324 mi) from Adelaide 2,652 km (1,648 mi) from Darwin 2,721 km (1,691 mi) from Melbourne 3,088 km (1,919 mi) from Canberra 3,298 km (2,049 mi) from Sydney State electorate(s)Perth (and 41 others)Federal division(s)Perth (and 11 others) Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 24.8 °C 77 °F 12.8 °C 55 °F 731.1 mm 28.8 in Perth (Nyungar: Boorloo, ) is the capital city of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth as of 2023. It is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, with most of Perth's metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp. The city has expanded outward from the original British settlements on the Swan River, upon which its central business district and port of Fremantle are situated. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony. The city is situated on the traditional lands of the Whadjuk Noongar people, where Aboriginal Australians have lived for at least 45,000 years. Perth was named after the city of Perth in Scotland. Perth was proclaimed as a city by Queen Victoria in 1856, although the City of Perth currently governs only a small area around the central business district. Substantial population growth occurred during the late 19th-century Western Australian gold rushes, and the city has continued to expand, particularly after World War II due to a high net migration rate. Post-war immigrants were predominantly from the British Isles and Southern Europe, while more recent arrivals see a growing population of Asian descent. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a series of mining booms in various regions of Western Australia propelled Perth into the role of the regional headquarters for significant mining operations. Ranked as one of the world's most liveable cities, Perth was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a Beta global city in 2020. As of 2021, Perth is divided into 30 local government areas, comprising over 350 suburbs. The metropolitan contours span 115 kilometres (71 mi) from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south, and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from the west coast to Sawyers Valley in the east. Beyond the central business district, predominant urban centres within the metropolitan area include Armadale, Fremantle, Joondalup, Midland, and Rockingham. Most of those were originally established as separate settlements and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area. Mandurah, Western Australia's second-largest city, forms a conurbation with Perth along the coastline. Despite this, it is generally regarded as an independent city. Perth features several important public buildings, as well as cultural and heritage sites. The city has various notable government buildings, including the Parliament House, Government House, the Supreme Court Buildings and the Perth Mint. The city is served by Fremantle Harbour and Perth Airport. It was a naval base for the Allies during World War II and today, the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Base West is located on Garden Island. All five of Western Australia's universities are based in Perth. Toponymy The name of the city is taken from Perth, Scotland in honour of the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons, Sir George Murray. Murray's association with the city was included in Stirling's proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, which concluded with the statement, "Given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor". The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Charles Fremantle's diary entry for 12 August 1829, which records that they "named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray". Since 2019, the Noongar name Boorloo has been recognised as denoting the central business district, the local government area, or the capital city in general. The name Boorloo was initially recorded by Robert Menli Lyon as Boorlo in 1833, which was interpreted as "Perth, properly Point Fraser" (a location in East Perth). He also gave the name Byerbrup for "the highland stretching along from Mount Eliza through the centre of the town of Perth". In 1947, Ludwig Glauert posited that Lyon may have misunderstood his sources and that "boorloo" or "belo" (now transcribed as "bilya") is simply the Noongar word for "river". Another source has interpreted Boorloo to mean "big swamp", describing the chain of lakes where the central business district and Northbridge are situated. History Main article: History of Perth, Western Australia Prehistory Perth is located on the traditional land of the Whadjuk people, one of several groups in south-western Western Australia that make up the Noongar people. Archaeological evidence attests to human habitation in the Perth area for at least 48,000 years;: 9  according to Noongar tradition, they have occupied the area since "time immemorial". Noongar country encompasses the southwest corner of Western Australia, with particular significance attached to the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, both spiritually (featuring in local mythology) and as a source of food. The current central business district location in within the traditional territory of the Mooro, a Noongar clan, led by Yellagonga at the time of the British settlement. The Mooro was one of several Noongar clans based around the Swan River, known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk themselves were one of a larger group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning "the people" in their language), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun. On 19 September 2006, the Federal Court of Australia ruled in the case of Bennell v State of Western Australia FCA 1243 that Noongar native title persisted over Perth metropolitan area. An appeal was subsequently filed, and in 2008, the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments. Following this appeal, the Western Australian Government and the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council negotiated the South West Native Title Settlement. This settlement, including the Whadjuk Indigenous Land Use Agreement over the Perth region, was finalised by the Federal Court on 1 December 2021. As part of this agreement, the Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act was passed in 2016, officially recognising the Noongar people as the traditional owners of the south-west region of Western Australia. European contact On 10 January 1697, Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh conducted the first documented exploration by a European of the present-day Perth region. His crew initially explored the area on foot, leading them to what is now central Perth. Continuing, they travelled up the Swan River in search of native inhabitants. They named the river Swarte Swaene-Revier, a reference to the black swans prevalent in the region. After Vlamingh's observations, other Europeans conducted further voyages of exploration in the period between 1697 and 1829. However, as with Vlamingh's assessments, they judged the area inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture necessary to sustain a European-style settlement. Swan River Colony Main article: Swan River Colony The Foundation of Perth 1829 by George Pitt Morison is a historical reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was founded, although not everyone depicted may have actually been present. Despite the Colony of New South Wales establishing a convict-supported settlement at King George's Sound (later Albany) on the south coast of Western Australia in 1826, responding to rumours of potential French annexation, Perth marked the first comprehensive European settlement in the western third of the continent of Australia in 1829. Officially designated as "Western Australia" in 1832, the colony retained the informal moniker "Swan River Colony" for many years, after the area's major watercourse. On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland. Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, noted that the site was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed". On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, Sulphur, felled a tree to commemorate the town's founding. From 1831 onward, confrontations between British settlers and the Noongar people escalated due to conflicting land-value systems and increased land use as the colony expanded. These confrontations resulted in multiple events, including the murder of settlers (such as Thomas Peel's servant Hugh Nesbitt), the execution without trial of Whadjuk elder Midgegooroo, the killing of his son Yagan in 1833, and the Pinjarra massacre in 1834.: 114  The strained relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans arose due to these events. Agricultural development on the land restricted the traditional hunter-gatherer practices of the native Whadjuk Noongar, compelling them to camp in designated areas, including swamps and lakes north of the European settlement. Third Swamp, known to them as Boodjamooling, remained a primary campsite for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region, also accommodating travellers, itinerants, and homeless individuals. During the gold rush in the 1890s, miners on their way to the goldfields joined this community. Convict era and gold rushes Built by convicts in the early 1850s, Fremantle Prison is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1850, at a time when penal transportation to Australia's eastern colonies had ceased, Western Australia was opened to convicts at the request of farming and business people due to a shortage of labour. Over the next eighteen years, 9,721 convicts arrived in Western Australia aboard 43 ships. The designation of Perth as a city was formally announced by Queen Victoria in 1856. However, despite this recognition, Perth remained a tranquil town. A description from 1870 by a Melbourne journalist depicted it as: a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand — the all pervading element of Western Australia — productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season. With the discovery of gold at Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie in the late 19th century, Western Australia experienced a mining boom, and Perth's population grew from approximately 8,500 in 1881 to 61,000 in 1901. Federation and beyond St George's Terrace and Barrack Street, c. 1928. Much of Perth has undergone redevelopment resulting in the loss of historic buildings, such as Moir Chambers (left). Looking across Perth railway station c. 1955 After a referendum in 1900, Western Australia joined the Federation of Australia in 1901, and "became a founding state of Australia". It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and it did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line from Port Augusta in South Australia to Kalgoorlie to link Perth with the eastern states. In 1927, Indigenous people were prohibited from entering large swathes of Perth under penalty of imprisonment, a ban that lasted until 1954. In 1933, two-thirds of Western Australians voted in a referendum to secede from the Australian Federation. However, the state general election held at the same time as the referendum had voted out the incumbent "pro-independence" government, replacing it with a government that did not support the independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Imperial Parliament at Westminster. The House of Commons established a select committee to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, finally refused to consider the matter, declaring that it could not legally grant secession. Perth entered the post-war period with a population of approximately 280,000 and an economy that had not experienced sustained growth since the 1920s. Successive state governments, beginning with the Willcock Labor Government (1936–1945), determined to change this. Planning for post-war economic development was initially driven by Russell Dumas, who as Director of Public Works (1941–1953) drew up plans for Western Australia's major post-war public-works projects, including the raising of the Mundaring and Wellington Dams, the development of the new Perth Airport, and the development of a new industrial zone centred on Kwinana. The advent of the McLarty Liberal Government (1947–1953) saw the emergence of something of a consensus on the need for continuing economic development. Economic growth was fuelled by large-scale public works, the post-war immigration program, and the success that various state governments had in attracting substantial foreign investment into the state, beginning with the construction of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Refinery at Kwinana in 1951–52. Construction of the Narrows Bridge nearing completion in 1959 The result of this economic activity was the rapid growth of the population of Perth and a marked change in its urban design. Commencing in the 1950s, Perth began to expand along an extensive highway network laid out in the Stephenson-Hepburn Report, which noted that Perth was beginning to resemble a pattern of development less in line with the British experience and more in line with North America. This was encouraged by the opening of the Narrows Bridge and the gradual closure of the Perth-Fremantle Tramways. The mining-pastoral boom of the 1960s only accelerated the pace of urban growth in Perth. In 1962, Perth received global media attention when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut John Glenn passed overhead while orbiting the Earth on Friendship 7. This led to its being nicknamed the "City of Light". The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the Space Shuttle in 1998. Perth's development and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s, has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas. Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth. Geography Central business district See also: Perth (suburb) St Georges Terrace The central business district of Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and east, with Kings Park on the western end and the railway reserve as the northern border. A state and federally funded project named Perth City Link sank a section of the railway line to allow easy pedestrian access between Northbridge and the CBD. The Perth Arena is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city link area that has received several architectural awards from institutions such as the Design Institute of Australia, the Australian Institute of Architects, and Colorbond. St Georges Terrace is the area's prominent street, with a large amount of office space in the CBD. Hay Street and Murray Street have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The city's tallest building is Central Park, the twelfth tallest building in Australia. The CBD until 2012 was the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects being built, including Brookfield Place, a 244-metre (801 ft) office building for Anglo-Australian mining company BHP. Metropolitan area Main article: Perth metropolitan region Area of the Perth Metropolitan Region Scheme Perth's metropolitan area extends along the coast to Two Rocks in the north and Singleton to the south, a distance of approximately 125 kilometres (80 mi). From the coast in the west to Mundaring in the east is a distance of approximately 50 kilometres (30 mi). The Perth metropolitan area covers 6,418 square kilometres (2,478 sq mi). The built-up urban area of Perth is 1,722 square kilometres (665 sq mi), the same as Wuhan or Salt Lake City and slightly smaller than London, making Perth the 67th largest urban area in the world. Perth is also the 50th least densely populated out of the 990 urban areas in the world with a population above 500,000. The metropolitan region is defined by the Planning and Development Act 2005 to include 30 local government areas, with the outer extent being the City of Wanneroo and the City of Swan to the north, the Shire of Mundaring, City of Kalamunda and the City of Armadale to the east, the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale to the southeast and the City of Rockingham to the southwest, and including Rottnest Island and Garden Island off the west coast. This extent correlates with the Metropolitan Region Scheme, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Perth (Major Statistical Division). The metropolitan extent of Perth can be defined in other ways – the Australian Bureau of Statistics Greater Capital City Statistical Area, or Greater Perth in short, consists of that area, plus the City of Mandurah and the Pinjarra Level 2 Statistical Area of the Shire of Murray, while the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 includes the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale in the Peel region. Geology and landforms See also: List of islands of Perth, Western Australia Perth is on the Swan River, named for the native black swans by Willem de Vlamingh, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's Rottnest Island, who discovered the birds while exploring the area in 1697. This water body was known by Aboriginal inhabitants as Derbarl Yerrigan. The city centre and most of the suburbs are on the sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain, which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean. The soils of this area are quite infertile. Much of Perth was built on the Perth Wetlands, a series of freshwater wetlands running from Herdsman Lake in the west through to Claisebrook Cove in the east. To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land, largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep bedrock. The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems, one made up of the Swan and Canning Rivers, and one of the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which discharge into the Peel Inlet at Mandurah. The Perth-Gingin Shrublands and Woodlands and Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain straddle the metropolitan area. Climate Main article: Climate of Perth Sunset over the Indian Ocean at City Beach Perth receives moderate, though highly seasonal, winter-based rainfall. Summers are generally hot, sunny and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month. Winters are relatively mild and wet, giving Perth a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). Perth has an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3,200 hours of sunshine and 138.7 clear days annually, making it Australia's sunniest capital city. Kangaroo paw in Kings Park Summers are typically hot and dry but not completely devoid of rain, with sporadic rainfall in the form of short-lived thunderstorms, weak cold fronts and on occasions decaying tropical cyclones from Western Australia's northwest, which can bring heavy rain. Temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) occur, on average, 26 days per year and rise above 40 °C (104 °F) on 5 days per year. The highest temperature recorded in Perth was 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) on 23 February 1991, although Perth Airport recorded 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on the same day. On most summer afternoons a sea breeze, known locally as the "Fremantle Doctor", blows from the southwest, providing relief from the hot northeasterly winds. Temperatures often fall below 30 °C (86 °F) a few hours after the arrival of the wind change. In the summer, the 3 p.m. dewpoint averages at around 12 °C (54 °F). Winters are mild and wet, with most of Perth's annual rainfall between May and September. Winters see significant rainfall as frontal systems move across the region, interspersed with clear and sunny days where minimum temperatures tend to drop below 5 °C (41 °F). The lowest temperature recorded in Perth was −0.7 °C (30.7 °F) on 17 June 2006. The lowest temperature within the Perth metropolitan area was −3.4 °C (25.9 °F) on the same day at Jandakot Airport, although temperatures at or below zero are rare occurrences. The lowest maximum temperature recorded in Perth is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) on 26 June 1956. It occasionally gets cold enough for frost to form. While snow has never been recorded in the Perth CBD, light snowfalls have been reported in outer suburbs of Perth in the Perth Hills around Kalamunda, Roleystone and Mundaring. The most recent snowfall was in 1968. The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and southwest Western Australia since the mid-1970s. A significant reduction in winter rainfall has been observed with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer, such as the slow-moving storms on 8 February 1992 that brought 120.6 millimetres (4.75 in) of rain, heavy rainfall associated with a tropical low on 10 February 2017, which brought 114.4 millimetres (4.50 in) of rain, and the remnants of ex-Tropical Cyclone Joyce on 15 January 2018 with 96.2 millimetres (3.79 in). Perth was also hit by a severe thunderstorm on 22 March 2010, which brought 40.2 mm (1.58 in) of rain and large hail and caused significant damage in the metropolitan area. The average sea temperature ranges from 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) in October to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in March. Climate data for Perth Metro Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 44.4(111.9) 46.2(115.2) 42.4(108.3) 39.5(103.1) 34.3(93.7) 26.2(79.2) 25.8(78.4) 30.0(86.0) 34.3(93.7) 37.2(99.0) 40.4(104.7) 44.2(111.6) 46.2(115.2) Mean maximum °C (°F) 40.4(104.7) 40.1(104.2) 38.6(101.5) 33.9(93.0) 28.7(83.7) 24.2(75.6) 22.7(72.9) 24.5(76.1) 27.3(81.1) 33.0(91.4) 36.9(98.4) 39.5(103.1) 41.8(107.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.4(88.5) 31.6(88.9) 29.6(85.3) 25.9(78.6) 22.3(72.1) 19.4(66.9) 18.5(65.3) 19.1(66.4) 20.5(68.9) 23.3(73.9) 26.6(79.9) 29.5(85.1) 24.8(76.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.1(64.6) 18.4(65.1) 16.9(62.4) 13.8(56.8) 10.5(50.9) 8.6(47.5) 8.0(46.4) 8.4(47.1) 9.6(49.3) 11.6(52.9) 14.3(57.7) 16.5(61.7) 12.9(55.2) Mean minimum °C (°F) 12.6(54.7) 13.1(55.6) 10.0(50.0) 7.6(45.7) 4.3(39.7) 2.3(36.1) 1.8(35.2) 2.6(36.7) 3.6(38.5) 5.4(41.7) 8.8(47.8) 11.1(52.0) 1.1(34.0) Record low °C (°F) 8.9(48.0) 9.9(49.8) 6.3(43.3) 4.7(40.5) 1.3(34.3) −0.7(30.7) 0.0(32.0) 1.3(34.3) 1.0(33.8) 2.2(36.0) 5.0(41.0) 6.6(43.9) −0.7(30.7) Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.2(0.68) 13.4(0.53) 20.6(0.81) 37.0(1.46) 86.5(3.41) 127.3(5.01) 147.1(5.79) 123.8(4.87) 81.8(3.22) 40.4(1.59) 25.3(1.00) 9.9(0.39) 731.1(28.78) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 1.6 1.2 2.6 4.8 8.6 11.8 14.7 13.1 10.9 5.9 3.8 1.9 80.9 Average afternoon relative humidity (%) (at 15:00) 39 38 40 46 50 56 57 54 53 47 44 41 47 Mean monthly sunshine hours 356.5 319.0 297.6 249.0 207.0 177.0 189.1 223.2 231.0 297.6 318.0 356.5 3,221.5 Percent possible sunshine 83 83 74 70 63 57 57 63 64 72 77 79 70 Average ultraviolet index 12 11 9 6 4 3 3 4 6 8 10 12 7 Source: Bureau of MeteorologyTemperatures: 1993–2023; Rainfall: 1993–2023; Relative humidity: 1994–2011 Isolation With more than two million residents, Perth is one of the most isolated major cities in the world. The nearest city with a population of more than 100,000 is Adelaide, over 2,100 km (1,305 mi) away. Perth is geographically closer to both East Timor (2,800 km or 1,700 mi), and Jakarta, Indonesia (3,000 km or 1,900 mi), than to Sydney (3,300 km or 2,100 mi). Demographics Perth population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census Historical populations Perth Statistical DivisionYearPop.±% p.a.1854 4,001—    1859 6,293+9.48%1870 8,220+2.46%1881 9,955+1.76%1891 16,694+5.31%1901 67,431+14.98%1911 116,181+5.59%1921 170,213+3.89%1933 230,340+2.55%1947 302,968+1.98%1954 395,049+3.86%1961 475,398+2.68%1966 559,298+3.30%1971 703,199+4.69%Source: ABS Greater Perth Statistical AreaYearPop.±% p.a.1971 744,600—    1976 845,700+2.58%1981 941,479+2.17%1986 1,075,959+2.71%1991 1,226,115+2.65%1996 1,344,378+1.86%2001 1,452,058+1.55%2006 1,590,007+1.83%2008 1,687,815+3.03%2010 1,785,076+2.84%2016 1,943,853+1.43%2021 2,143,776+1.98%Source: ABSNote: Greater Perth includes the City of Mandurah and part of the Shire of Murray, south of Perth. Perth is Australia's fourth-most-populous city, having overtaken Adelaide in 1984. In June 2023 there was an estimated resident population of 2,309,338 in the Greater Perth area, representing an increase of approximately 3.6% from the 2022 estimate of 2,228,020, the highest growth rate of Australia's capital cities. Ancestry and immigration Country of birth (2021) Birthplace Population Australia 1,258,506 England 169,938 New Zealand 59,459 India 58,229 South Africa 38,793 Malaysia 31,268 Philippines 30,806 Mainland China 27,237 Scotland 23,280 Vietnam 17,174 Italy 16,536 Ireland 16,412 Singapore 15,387 Indonesia 13,031 Zimbabwe 10,743 At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: English (36.8%) Australian (27.8%) Irish (8.8%) Scottish (8.7%) Italian (5.5%) Chinese (5.5%) Indian (3.6%) German (2.8%) Dutch (2%) Filipino (1.9%) Aboriginal (1.8%) South African (1.4%) Maori (1.1%) Vietnamese (1.1%) New Zealander (1.1%) Croatian (1%) Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British- and Irish-born residents. At the 2021 Census, 169,938 England-born Perth residents were counted, ahead of even Sydney (151,614), despite the latter having well over twice the population. Russell Square, Northbridge – historically the favoured meeting place of the Italian community of "Little Italy" The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the 20th century when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely Anglo-Celtic in ethnic origin. As Fremantle was the first landfall in Australia for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, Perth started to experience a diverse influx of people, including Italians, Greeks, Dutch, Germans, Turks, Croats, and Macedonians. The Italian influence in the Perth and Fremantle area has been substantial, evident in places like the "Cappuccino strip" in Fremantle featuring many Italian eateries and shops. In Fremantle, the traditional Italian blessing of the fleet festival is held every year at the start of the fishing season. In Northbridge every December is the San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) Festival, which involves a pageant followed by a concert, predominantly in Italian. Suburbs surrounding the Fremantle area, such as Spearwood and Hamilton Hill, also contain high concentrations of Italians, Croatians, and Portuguese. Perth has also been home to a small Jewish community since 1829  – numbering 5,082 in 2006 – who have emigrated primarily from Eastern Europe and more recently from South Africa. Chinatown entry on Roe Street A more recent wave of arrivals includes White South Africans. South Africans overtook those born in Italy as the fourth-largest foreign group in 2001. By 2016, there were 35,262 South Africans residing in Perth. Many Afrikaners and Anglo-Africans emigrated to Perth during the 1980s and 1990s, with the phrase "packing for Perth" becoming associated with South Africans who choose to emigrate abroad, sometimes regardless of the destination. As a result, the city has been described as "the Australian capital of South Africans in exile". The reason for Perth's popularity among white South Africans has often been attributed to the location, the vast amount of land, and the slightly warmer climate compared to other large Australian cities – Perth has a Mediterranean climate reminiscent of Cape Town. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Asia has become an increasingly significant source of migrants, with communities from Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Mainland China, and India all now well-established. There were 112,293 persons of Chinese descent in Perth in 2016 – 5.3% of the city's population. These are supported by the Australian Eurasian Association of Western Australia, which also serves a community of Portuguese-Malacca Eurasian or Kristang immigrants. Middle Eastern immigrants have a presence in Perth. They come from a variety of countries, including Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, The United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, and Afghanistan. The Indian community includes a substantial number of Parsees who emigrated from Bombay – Perth being the closest Australian city to India – in 2021 those with Indian ancestry accounted for 3.5% of Perth's population Perth is also home to the largest population of Anglo-Burmese in the world; many settled here following the independence of Burma in 1948 with immigration taking off after 1962. The city is now the cultural hub for Anglo-Burmese worldwide. There is also a substantial Anglo-Indian population in Perth, who also settled in the city following the independence of India. At the 2021 census, 2% of Perth's population identified as being Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. Language At the 2021 census, 74% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (2.3%), Italian (1.1%), Vietnamese (1.0%), Punjabi (0.9%) and Cantonese (0.9%). Religion St Mary's Cathedral 41.8% of the 2021 census respondents in Perth had no religion, as against 38.4% of national population. In 1911, the national figure was 0.4%. Catholics are the largest single Christian denomination in the Greater Perth area at 19.5%. Perth is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth. The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross claims over 2,000 members. Anglicans are 9.9% of the population. Perth is the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Perth. Buddhism and Islam each have more than 50,000 adherents. The suburb of Gidgengannup in the Perth Hills is home to the Dhammasara Nuns Monastery of the Buddhist Thai Forest Tradition. Over 31,000 members of the Uniting Church in Australia live in Perth. Perth has the third largest Jewish population in Australia, numbering approximately 5,424, with both Orthodox and Progressive synagogues and a Jewish Day School. The Baháʼí community in Perth numbers around 2,178. Hinduism has over 49,000 adherents in Perth; the Diwali (festival of lights) celebration in 2009 attracted over 20,000 visitors. There are Hindu temples in Canning Vale, Anketell and a Swaminarayan temple in Bennett Springs. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in Australia. Perth is also home to 4,719 Mormons and the Perth Australia Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Governance Perth, like the rest of Australia, is governed by three levels of government: local, state, and federal. Local Further information: Local government areas of Western Australia Parliament House The Perth metropolitan area is divided into thirty local government bodies, including the City of Perth which administers Perth's central business district. The outer extent of the administrative region of Perth comprises the City of Wanneroo and the City of Swan to the north, the Shire of Mundaring, City of Kalamunda and the City of Armadale to the east, the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale to the southeast and the City of Rockingham to the southwest, and including the islands of Rottnest Island and Garden Island off the west coast. State Further information: Government of Western Australia Supreme Court of Western Australia Perth houses the Parliament of Western Australia and the Governor of Western Australia. As of the 2008 state election, 42 of the Legislative Assembly's 59 seats and 18 of the Legislative Council's 36 seats are based in Perth's metropolitan area. The state's highest court, the Supreme Court, is located in Perth, along with the District and Family Courts. The Magistrates' Court has six metropolitan locations. Federal Further information: Government of Australia Government House Perth is represented by 10 full seats and significant parts of three others in the Federal House of Representatives, with the seats of Canning, Pearce, and Brand including some areas outside the metropolitan area. The Federal Court of Australia and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia (previously the Federal Magistrates Court) occupy the Commonwealth Law Courts building on Victoria Avenue, which is also the location for annual Perth sittings of Australia's High Court. Economy See also: Economy of Western Australia Perth central business district By virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the Western Australian economy, despite the major mining, petroleum, and agricultural export industries being located elsewhere in the state. Perth's function as the state's capital city, its economic base and population size have also created development opportunities for many other businesses oriented to local or more diversified markets. Perth's economy has been changing in favour of the service industries since the 1950s. Although one of the major sets of services it provides is related to the resources industry and, to a lesser extent, agriculture, most people in Perth are not connected to either; they have jobs that provide services to other people in Perth. As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining, agriculture and some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche shipbuilding and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the eastern states or overseas. Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations with plentiful parking, easy access and minimal traffic congestion. "The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened." Alumina refinery in Kwinana Industrial estates such as Kwinana, Welshpool and Kewdale were post-war additions contributing to the growth of manufacturing south of the river. The establishment of the Kwinana industrial area was supported by standardisation of the east–west rail gauge linking Perth with eastern Australia. Since the 1950s the area has been dominated by heavy industry, including an oil refinery, steel-rolling mill with a blast furnace, alumina refinery, power station, and a nickel refinery. Another development, also linked with rail standardisation, was in 1968 when the Kewdale Freight Terminal was developed adjacent to the Welshpool industrial area, replacing the former Perth railway yards. With significant population growth post-WWII, employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services, and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs. Perth has also become a hub of technology-focused startups since the early 2000s that provide a pool of highly skilled jobs to the Perth community. Companies such as Appbot, Agworld, Touchgram, and Healthengine all hail from Perth and have made headlines internationally. Programs like StartupWA and incubators such as Spacecubed and Vocus Upstart are all focused on creating a thriving startup culture in Perth and growing the next generation of Perth-based employers. Education See also: Education in Western Australia Education is compulsory in Western Australia between the ages of six and seventeen, corresponding to primary and secondary school. Tertiary education is available through several universities and technical and further education (TAFE) colleges. Primary and secondary Perth Modern School, Perth's first public high school Students may attend either public schools, run by the state government's Department of Education, or private schools, usually associated with a religion, or engage in home schooling. The Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE) is the credential given to students who have completed Years 11 and 12 of their secondary schooling. In 2012 the minimum requirements for students to receive their WACE changed. Tertiary The University of Western Australia, located in Crawley Perth is home to four public universities: the University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Murdoch University, and Edith Cowan University. There is also one private university, the University of Notre Dame Australia, and a local campus of the Melbourne-based University of Divinity. The University of Western Australia, which was founded in 1911, is renowned as one of Australia's leading research institutions. The university's monumental neo-classical architecture, most of which is carved from white limestone, is a notable tourist destination in the city. It is the only university in the state to be a member of the Group of Eight, as well as the Sandstone universities. It is also the state's only university to have produced a Nobel Laureate: Barry Marshall, who graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1975 and was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2005 with Robin Warren. Curtin University, previously known as Western Australian Institute of Technology (1966–1986) and Curtin University of Technology (1986–2010), is Western Australia's largest university by student population. Murdoch University was founded in 1973 and incorporates Western Australia's only veterinary school and, until its controversial closure in 2020, Australia's only theology programme to be completely integrated into a secular university. Edith Cowan University was established in 1991 from the existing Western Australian College of Advanced Education which itself was formed on 11 December 1981 from the existing Teachers Colleges at Claremont, Nedlands, Churchlands, and Mount Lawley after Graylands had merged into Claremont, Churchlands and Mount Lawley in 1979. It incorporates the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. The University of Notre Dame Australia was established in 1990. Notre Dame was established as a Catholic university with its lead campus in Fremantle and a large campus in Sydney, and a campus in Broome. Its lead campus is in the west end of Fremantle, using historic port buildings built in the 1890s, giving Notre Dame a distinct European university atmosphere. The Melbourne-based University of Divinity established a campus in Perth in 2022 through its admission of Wollaston College, the theological college of the Anglican Diocese of Perth, as a collegiate college of the University. Colleges of TAFE provide trade and vocational training, including certificate- and diploma-level courses. TAFE began as a system of technical colleges and schools under the Education Department, from which they were separated in the 1980s and ultimately formed into regional colleges. Two are in the Perth metropolitan area: North Metropolitan TAFE (formerly Central Institute of Technology and West Coast Institute of Training); and South Metropolitan TAFE (formerly Polytechnic West and Challenger Institute of Technology). Media Newspapers The main newspapers for Perth are The West Australian and The Sunday Times. Localised free community papers cater to each local government area. The local business paper is Western Australian Business News. Radio Radio stations are on AM, FM and DAB+ frequencies. ABC stations include ABC News (585AM), 720 ABC Perth, Radio National (810AM), Classic FM (97.7FM) and Triple J (99.3FM). The six local commercial stations are 882 6PR and 1080 6IX on AM; Triple M Perth (92.9FM), Nova 93.7, Mix94.5, and 96FM on FM. DAB+ has mostly the same as both AM and FM plus national stations from the ABC/SBS, Radar Radio and Novanation, along with local stations My Perth Digital, Hot Country Perth, and 98five Christian radio. Major community radio stations include RTRFM (92.1FM), Sonshine FM (98.5FM), SportFM (91.3FM) and Curtin FM (100.1FM). Television Perth is served by thirty digital free-to-air television channels: ABC Perth studios in East Perth, home of 720 ABC Perth radio and ABC television in Western Australia ABC TV ABC TV HD (ABC TV broadcast in HD) ABC TV Plus ABC Me ABC News SBS SBS HD (SBS broadcast in HD) SBS Viceland SBS World Movies SBS Food NITV SBS WorldWatch Seven 7HD (Seven broadcast in HD) 7two 7mate 7mate HD (7mate broadcast in HD) 7flix Racing.com Nine 9HD (Nine broadcast in HD) 9Gem 9Gem HD (9Gem broadcast in HD) 9Go! 9Life 9Rush 10 10 HD (10 broadcast in HD) 10 Bold (only in HD) 10 Peach 10 Shake TVSN Gecko TV (formerly Spree TV) ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine and 10 were also broadcast in an analogue format until 16 April 2013, when the analogue transmission was switched off. Community station Access 31 closed in August 2008. In April 2010 a new community station, West TV, began transmission (in digital format only). West TV ceased broadcasting in February 2020.Channel 9's Perth Studio Foxtel provides a subscription-based satellite and cable television service. Perth has its own local newsreaders on ABC (Pamela Medlen), Seven (Rick Ardon, Susannah Carr), Nine (Michael Thomson, Monika Kos) and Ten (Natalie Forrest). An annual telethon has been broadcast since 1968 to raise funds for charities including Princess Margaret Hospital for Children. The 24-hour Perth Telethon claims to be "the most successful fundraising event per capita in the world." Online-only Online news media outlets covering the Perth area include TheWest.com.au backed by The West Australian, Perth Now from the newsroom of The Sunday Times, and WAToday from Nine Entertainment. Culture Arts and entertainment See also: Music of Perth; List of musical acts from Western Australia; and People from Perth, Western Australia Scene from the inauguration of the 2015 Perth Festival, Australia's oldest continuously-running cultural festival A number of cultural events are held in Perth. Held annually since 1953, Perth Festival is Australia's longest running annual cultural festival and includes the Perth Writers Festival and the Winter Arts Festival. The Fringe World Festival has been held annually across January and February in Perth since 2012. Perth also hosts annual music festivals including Listen Out, Origin and St Jerome's Laneway Festival. The Perth International Comedy Festival features a variety of local and international comedic talent, with performances held at the Astor Theatre and nearby venues in Mount Lawley. Regular night food market events are held during the summer months throughout the Perth CBD and surrounding suburbs. Sculpture by the Sea showcases a range of local and international sculptors' creations along Cottesloe Beach. There is also a wide variety of public art and sculptures on permanent display across the city. The Perth Cultural Centre is home to many of the city's major arts, cultural and educational institutions, including the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, State Library of Western Australia, State Records Office, and Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts (PICA). The State Theatre Centre of Western Australia is also located there, and is the home of the Black Swan State Theatre Company and the Perth Theatre Company. Other performing arts companies based in Perth include the West Australian Ballet, the West Australian Opera and the West Australian Symphony Orchestra, all of which present regular programmes. The Western Australian Youth Orchestras provide young musicians with performance opportunities in orchestral and other musical ensembles. His Majesty's Theatre Perth is also home to the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts at Edith Cowan University, from which many actors and broadcasters have launched their careers. The city's main performance venues include the Riverside Theatre within the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre, the Perth Concert Hall, the historic His Majesty's Theatre, the Regal Theatre in Subiaco and the Astor Theatre in Mount Lawley. Perth Arena can be configured as an entertainment or sporting arena, and concerts are also hosted at other sporting venues, including Optus Stadium, HBF Stadium, and nib Stadium. Outdoor concert venues include Quarry Amphitheatre, Supreme Court Gardens, Kings Park and Russell Square. The Heath Ledger Theatre; named in honour of Perth-born actor Heath Ledger The largest performance area within the State Theatre Centre, the Heath Ledger Theatre, is named in honour of Perth-born film actor Heath Ledger. Other performers born and raised in Perth include Judy Davis and Melissa George. Performers raised in Perth include Tim Minchin, Lisa McCune, Troye Sivan, Sam Worthington and Isla Fisher. Performers that studied in Perth at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts include Hugh Jackman and Lisa McCune. Due to Perth's relative isolation from other Australian cities, overseas performing artists sometimes exclude it from their Australian tour schedules. This isolation, however, has helped foster a strong local music scene, with many local music groups. Famous musical performers from Perth include the late AC/DC frontman Bon Scott, whose heritage-listed grave at Fremantle Cemetery is reportedly the most visited grave in Australia. Perth-born performer and artist Rolf Harris became known by the nickname "The Boy From Bassendean". Further notable music acts from Perth include The Triffids, The Scientists, The Drones, Tame Impala, and Karnivool. Perth has inspired various artistic and cultural works. John Boyle O'Reilly, a Fenian convict transported to Western Australia, published Moondyne in 1879, the most famous early novel about the Swan River Colony. Perth is also the setting for various works by novelist Tim Winton, most notably Cloudstreet (1991). Songs that refer to the city include "I Love Perth" (1996) by Pavement, "Perth" (2011) by Bon Iver, and "Perth" (2015) by Beirut. Films shot or set in Perth include Japanese Story (2003), These Final Hours (2013), Kill Me Three Times (2014) and Paper Planes (2015). Tourism and recreation Main article: Tourism in Perth The Fremantle West End Heritage area is home to hundreds of Victorian and Edwardian era buildings. Tourism is an important part of Perth's economy, with approximately 2.8 million domestic visitors and 0.7 million international visitors in the year ending March 2012. Tourist attractions are generally focused around the city centre, Fremantle, the coast, and the Swan River. In addition to the Perth Cultural Centre, there are dozens of museums across the city. The Scitech Discovery Centre in West Perth is an interactive science museum, with regularly changing exhibitions on a large range of science and technology-based subjects. Scitech also conducts live science demonstration shows and operates the adjacent Horizon planetarium. The Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle displays maritime objects from all eras. It houses Australia II, the yacht that won the 1983 America's Cup, as well as a former Royal Australian Navy submarine. Also in Fremantle is the Army Museum of Western Australia, situated within a historic artillery barracks. The museum consists of several galleries that reflect the Army's involvement in Western Australia and the military service of Western Australians. The museum holds numerous items of significance, including three Victoria Crosses. Aviation history is represented by the Aviation Heritage Museum in Bull Creek, with its significant collection of aircraft, including a Lancaster bomber and a Catalina of the type operated from the Swan River during WWII.The "Wirin" sculpture at Yagan SquareThere are many heritage sites in Perth's CBD, Fremantle, and other parts of the metropolitan areas. Some of the oldest remaining buildings, dating back to the 1830s, include the Round House in Fremantle, the Old Mill in South Perth, and the Old Court House in the city centre. Registers of important buildings are maintained by the Heritage Council of Western Australia and local governments. A late heritage building is the Perth Mint. Yagan Square connects Northbridge and the Perth CBD, with a 45-metre-high digital tower and the 9-metre statue "Wirin" designed by Noongar artist Tjyllyungoo. Elizabeth Quay is also a notable attraction in Perth, featuring Swan Bells, a panoramic view of Swan River, and the sculpture Spanda by artist Christian de Vietri. Forrest Place, a major pedestrian thoroughfare Retail shopping in the Perth CBD is focused around Murray Street and Hay Street. Both these streets are pedestrian malls between William Street and Barrack Street. Forrest Place is another pedestrian mall, connecting the Murray Street mall to Wellington Street and the Perth railway station. A number of arcades run between Hay Street and Murray Street, including the Piccadilly Arcade, which housed the Piccadilly Cinema until it closed in late 2013. Other shopping precincts include Watertown in West Perth, featuring factory outlets for major brands, the historically significant Fremantle Markets, which date to 1897, and the Midland townsite on Great Eastern Highway, combining historic development around the Town Hall and Post Office buildings with the modern Midland Gate shopping centre further east. Joondalup's central business district is largely a shopping and retail area lined with townhouses and apartments, and also features Lakeside Joondalup Shopping City. Joondalup was granted the status of "tourism precinct" by the State Government in 2009, allowing for extended retail trading hours. The Swan Bell Tower, housing 18 bells, was built to mark the new millennium Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs of Northbridge (just north of the Perth CBD), the west end of the CBD itself, Elizabeth Quay, Leederville, Scarborough and Fremantle. The Crown casino and resort is located at Burswood. The Swan Valley, with fertile soil, uncommon in the Perth region, features numerous wineries, such as the large complex at Houghtons, the state's biggest producer, Sandalfords and many smaller operators, including microbreweries and rum distilleries. The Swan Valley also contains specialised food producers, many restaurants and cafes, and roadside local produce stalls that sell seasonal fruit throughout the year. Tourist Drive 203 is a circular route in the Swan Valley, passing by many attractions on West Swan Road and Great Northern Highway. Kings Park, in central Perth between the CBD and the University of Western Australia, is one of the world's largest inner-city parks, at 400.6 hectares (990 acres). It has many landmarks and attractions, including the State War Memorial Precinct on Mount Eliza, Western Australian Botanic Garden, and children's playgrounds. Other features include DNA Tower, a 15 m (49 ft) high double helix staircase that resembles the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, and Jacob's Ladder, comprising 242 steps that lead down to Mounts Bay Road. Hyde Park is another inner-city park 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the CBD. It was gazetted as a public park in 1897, created from 15 ha (37 acres) of a chain of wetlands known as Third Swamp. Avon Valley, John Forrest and Yanchep national parks are areas of protected bushland at the northern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area. Within the city's northern suburbs is Whiteman Park, a 4,000-hectare (9,900-acre) bushland area, with bushwalking trails, bike paths, sports facilities, playgrounds, a vintage tramway, a light railway on a 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) track, motor and tractor museums, and Caversham Wildlife Park. Hyde Park Perth Zoo, in South Perth, houses a variety of Australian and exotic animals from around the globe. The zoo is home to highly successful breeding programs for orangutans and giraffes, and participates in captive breeding and reintroduction efforts for a number of Western Australian species, including the numbat, the dibbler, the chuditch, and the western swamp tortoise. More wildlife can be observed at the Aquarium of Western Australia in Hillarys, Australia's largest aquarium, specialising in marine animals that inhabit the 12,000-kilometre-long (7,500 mi) western coast of Australia. The northern Perth section of the coastline is known as Sunset Coast; it includes numerous beaches and the Marmion Marine Park, a protected area inhabited by tropical fish, Australian sea lions and bottlenose dolphins, and traversed by humpback whales. Tourist Drive 204, also known as Sunset Coast Tourist Drive, is a designated route from North Fremantle to Iluka along coastal roads. Sport Main article: Sport in Western Australia Optus Stadium hosts cricket and Australian rules football, Perth's most popular spectator sports The exterior of Perth Arena HBF Park hosts rugby league, rugby union and soccer The climate of Perth allows for extensive outdoor sporting activity, and this is reflected in the wide variety of sports available to residents of the city. Perth was host to the 1962 Commonwealth Games and the 1987 America's Cup defence (based at Fremantle). Australian rules football is the most popular spectator sport in Perth – nearly 23% of Western Australians attended a match at least once in 2009–2010. The two Australian Football League teams located in Perth, the West Coast Eagles and the Fremantle Football Club, have two of the largest fan bases in the country. The Eagles, the older club, is one of the most successful teams in the league, and one of the largest sporting clubs in Australia. The next level of football is the Western Australian Football League, comprising nine clubs each having a League, Reserves, and Colts team. Each of these clubs has a junior football system for ages 7 to 17. The next level of Australian rules football is the Perth Football League, comprising 68 clubs servicing senior footballers within the metropolitan area. Other popular sports include cricket, basketball, soccer, and rugby union. Active sports teams in Perth Club League Sport Venue Established Fremantle Dockers AFL/AFL Women's Australian rules football Optus Stadium 1994 West Coast Eagles AFL/AFL Women's/WAFL Australian rules football Optus Stadium 1986 Perth Wildcats National Basketball League Basketball RAC Arena 1982 Perth Lynx Women's NBL Basketball Bendat Basketball Centre 1988 Perth Glory A-League Men Soccer HBF Park 1995 Perth Glory Women A-League Women Soccer Macedonia ParkHBF Park 2008 Western Force Super Rugby Rugby union HBF Park 2005 Western Force Super W Super W Rugby union Harvey FieldKingsway Reserve 2018 Perth Heat Australian Baseball League Baseball Harley-Davidson Ballpark 1989 West Coast Fever Suncorp Super Netball Netball RAC Arena 1997 West Coast Pirates S.G. Ball Cup Rugby league HBF Park 2012 Western Australia Men Sheffield Shield Cricket WACA Ground 1893 Perth Scorchers Big Bash/Women's Big Bash Cricket Optus Stadium 2011 Western Australia Women Women's National Cricket League Cricket WACA Ground 1934 Perth Inferno Australian Women's Ice Hockey League Ice hockey Cockburn Ice Arena 2016 Perth Thunder Australian Ice Hockey League Ice hockey Perth Ice Arena 2010 Perth Thundersticks Hockey One Field Hockey Perth Hockey Stadium 2019 Perth Steel AVSL Volleyball Multiple 2012 Perth has hosted numerous state and international sporting events. Ongoing international events include the ATP Cup (replacing the Hopman Cup in 2020) during the first week of January at the Perth Arena, and the Perth International golf tournament at Lake Karrinyup Country Club. In addition to these Perth has hosted the Rally Australia of the World Rally Championships from 1989 to 2006, international Rugby Union games, including qualifying and pool stage matches for the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the Bledisloe Cup in 2019. The 1991 and 1998 FINA World Championships were held in Perth. Four races (2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010) in the Red Bull Air Race World Championship have been held on a stretch of the Swan River called Perth Water, using Langley Park as a temporary airfield. Several motorsport facilities exist in Perth including Perth Motorplex, catering to drag racing and speedway, and Wanneroo Raceway for circuit racing and drifting, which hosts a V8 Supercars round. Perth also has two thoroughbred racing facilities: Ascot, home of the Railway Stakes and Perth Cup; and Belmont Park. Daniel Ricciardo is a Perth-born Formula 1 driver who most recently raced for the McLaren Formula 1 team during the 2022 season, was the test and reserve driver for Red Bull Racing for the first half of the 2023 season, then moving to a full-time driving roll with the Scuderia AlphaTauri F1 team for the remainder of the season. The WACA Ground opened in the 1890s and has hosted Test cricket since 1970. The Western Australian Athletics Stadium opened in 2009. Infrastructure Health See also: List of hospitals in Western Australia Perth Children's Hospital Perth has ten large hospitals with emergency departments. As of 2013, Royal Perth Hospital in the city centre is the largest, with others spread around the metropolitan area: Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital, Joondalup Health Campus, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women in Subiaco, Rockingham General Hospital, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Nedlands, St John of God Murdoch and Subiaco Hospitals, Midland Health Campus in Midland, and Fiona Stanley Hospital in Murdoch. Perth Children's Hospital is the state's only specialist children's hospital, and Graylands Hospital is the only public stand-alone psychiatric teaching hospital. Most of these are public hospitals, with some operating under public-private partnerships. St John of God Murdoch and Subiaco Hospitals, and Hollywood Hospital are large privately owned and operated hospitals. A number of other public and private hospitals operate in Perth. Transport Main article: Transport in Perth, Western Australia Transperth B-Series train at Perth railway station Perth is served by Perth Airport in the city's east for regional, domestic and international flights and Jandakot Airport in the city's southern suburbs for general aviation and charter flights. Perth has a road network with three freeways—Mitchell, Kwinana and Graham Farmer—and nine metropolitan highways. The Northbridge Tunnel, part of the Graham Farmer Freeway, is the only significant road tunnel in Perth. Perth metropolitan public transport is known as Transperth, and includes trains, buses and ferries, which are provided by the Public Transport Authority. Links to rural areas provided by Transwa. There are 74 railway stations and 14 bus-only stations on the Transperth network. Perth provides zero-fare bus and train trips around the city centre (the "Free Transit Zone"), including four high-frequency CAT bus routes. The Indian Pacific passenger rail service connects Perth with Adelaide and Sydney once per week in each direction. The Prospector passenger rail service connects Perth with Kalgoorlie via several Wheatbelt towns, while the Australind connects to Bunbury, the MerredinLink connects to Merredin and the AvonLink connects to Northam. Rail freight terminates at the Kewdale Rail Terminal, 15 km (9 mi) south-east of the city centre. Perth's main container and passenger port is at Fremantle, 19 km (12 mi) south west at the mouth of the Swan River. The Fremantle Outer Harbour at Cockburn Sound is one of Australia's major bulk cargo ports. Utilities Mundaring Weir Perth's electricity is predominantly generated, supplied, and retailed by three Western Australian Government corporations. Verve Energy operates coal and gas power generation stations, as well as wind farms and other power sources. The physical network is maintained by Western Power, while Synergy, the state's largest energy retailer, sells electricity to residential and business customers. Alinta Energy, which was previously a government owned company, had a monopoly in the domestic gas market since the 1990s. However, in 2013 Kleenheat Gas began operating in the market, allowing consumers to choose their gas retailer. The Water Corporation is the dominant supplier of water, as well as wastewater and drainage services, in Perth and throughout Western Australia. It is also owned by the state government. Perth's water supply has traditionally relied on both groundwater and rain-fed dams. Reduced rainfall in the region over recent decades had greatly lowered inflow to reservoirs and affected groundwater levels. Coupled with the city's relatively high growth rate, this led to concerns that Perth could run out of water in the near future. The Western Australian Government responded by building desalination plants, and introducing mandatory household sprinkler restrictions. The Kwinana Desalination Plant was opened in 2006, and Southern Seawater Desalination Plant at Binningup (on the coast between Mandurah and Bunbury) began operating in 2011. A trial winter (1 June – 31 August) sprinkler ban was introduced in 2009 by the State Government, a move which the Government later announced would be made permanent. See also 1955 Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle List of islands of Perth, Western Australia List of Perth suburbs Notes ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate Australian as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group. ^ Those who nominated their ancestry as Aboriginal. 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Retrieved 19 September 2012. ^ "History". City of Vincent. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Native Species Breeding Program, Perth Zoo". perthzoo.wa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012. ^ "Spectator Attendance at Sporting Events" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Commonwealth of Australia. 21 December 2010. p. 11. Retrieved 5 November 2014. ^ "Main Features — Most popular sports attended". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2016. ^ Marsh, David (28 May 1997). "'New Era' For Swimming". The West Australian. West Australian Newspapers Ltd. p. 139. ^ "Perth won't' bid for Red Bull Air Race over costs". news.com.au. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "Daniel Ricciardo returns to Red Bull as third driver for 2023 Formula 1 season". Sky Sports. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ National Health Performance Authority. "Hospitals in Perth". My Hospitals. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Transperth Zone Map" (PDF). Transperth. Retrieved 11 January 2023. ^ "Port Information". Fremantle Ports. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007. ^ "Fremantle Ports Profile" (PDF). Fremantle Ports Western Australia. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016. ^ "About Us". Verve Energy. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "About us". Western Power. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Who we are". Synergy. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Kleenheat Gas gives West Australians a choice of gas supplier". Perth Now. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "The way we work". Water Corporation. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ Dortch, Eloise (7 May 2005). "Plan for a second desalination plant". The West Australian. West Australian Newspapers Ltd. p. 1. A document dated 12 January obtained by The West Australian under Freedom of Information laws shows that the Water Corporation fears Perth will begin running out of water by late 2008 without one of the two developments. ^ "Premier opens Australia's first major desalination plant". Water Corporation. 19 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2007. When fully operational it will produce on average 130 million litres per day and supply 17 per cent of Perth's needs. ^ "Kwinana desalination plant open in months". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 September 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2007. ^ "Winter sprinkler ban made permanent". ABC News. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009. Sources Appleyard, Reginald T.; Manford, Toby (1979), The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River, Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press, ISBN 0-85564-146-0, OCLC 6423026 Crowley, F.K. (1960). Australia's Western Third. London: Macmillan & Co. Edwards, B.M. (2010). Australia's Most Notorious Convicts. Read How You Want Limited. ISBN 978-1-925-33332-9. Fforde, Cressida (2002). "Chapter 18: Yagan". In Fforde, Cressida; Hubert, Jane; Turnbull, Paul (eds.). The Dead and Their Possessions: Repatriation in Principle, Policy, and Practice. Routledge. pp. 229–241. ISBN 0-415-23385-2. Fremantle, John (1928). Diary & Letters of Admiral Sir C. H. Fremantle, G.C.B. Relating the Founding of the Colony of Western Australia 1829. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney. ISBN 978-0-909-14419-7. Goldsmith, F.H. (1951). "The Battle of Pinjara. An Early Incident in Western Australia". Journal and Proceedings. 37. Royal Australian Historical Society. Retrieved 15 May 2023. Government House (2020). "Establishment of The Carrolup Centre for Truth-telling" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024. Heritage Council of Western Australia (June 1998). "Heritage Trail" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2024. Kimberly, W. B. (1897). History of West Australia . Melbourne: F. W. Niven & Co. Statham, Pamela (1981). "Swan River Colony". In Stannage, C.T. (ed.). A New History of Western Australia. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0-85564-181-9. Uren, Malcolm J. L. (1948). Land Looking West. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 5591431. Wood, Malcom (2016). Australia's Secular Foundations. Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN 978-1-925-33332-9. External links Perth at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsNews from WikinewsTravel information from Wikivoyage City of Perth Watch historical footage of Perth and Western Australia from the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's collection. Historical photos of Perth from the State Library of Western Australia Tourism Australia Page Metropolitan Region Scheme Archived 24 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine – The Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage Metropolitan Perth LGA boundaries Archived 29 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine – The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development vteCapital cities of Australia National and ACTCanberra NSWSydney NTDarwin QLDBrisbane SAAdelaide TASHobart VICMelbourne WAPerth List of cities in Australia vteCities of Western AustraliaCapital city Perth Metropolitan cities Armadale Bayswater Belmont Canning Cockburn Fremantle Gosnells Joondalup Kwinana Melville Nedlands Perth City Rockingham South Perth Stirling Subiaco Swan Vincent Wanneroo Regional cities Albany Bunbury Busselton Geraldton Kalgoorlie-Boulder Mandurah Large towns Broome Esperance Karratha Port Hedland vteCommonwealth Games host cities 1930: Hamilton 1934: London 1938: Sydney 1950: Auckland 1954: Vancouver 1958: Cardiff 1962: Perth 1966: Kingston 1970: Edinburgh 1974: Christchurch 1978: Edmonton 1982: Brisbane 1986: Edinburgh 1990: Auckland 1994: Victoria 1998: Kuala Lumpur 2002: Manchester 2006: Melbourne 2010: Delhi 2014: Glasgow 2018: Gold Coast 2022: Birmingham 2026: TBA 2030: TBA vteLandmarks of PerthBuildings and structures Perth Town Hall Parliament House Barracks Arch Supreme Court of Western Australia Round House Precincts Perth Cultural Centre Cathedral Square Chinatown Leederville Fremantle Maylands Mount Lawley Northbridge Parks and open spaces Kings Park Elizabeth Quay Yagan Square Supreme Court Gardens Stirling Gardens Queens Gardens Russell Square Hyde Park Gija Jumulu Cultural institutions Art Gallery of Western Australia Western Australian Museum State Theatre Centre of Western Australia State Library of Western Australia His Majesty's Theatre Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts City of Perth Library Scitech Sport Arena Joondalup Ascot Racecourse Belmont Park Racecourse Cannington Greyhounds Cockburn Ice Arena Gloucester Park Lake Karrinyup Country Club Perth Hockey Stadium Perth Ice Arena Perth Motorplex Perth Rectangular Stadium (HBF Park) Perth SpeedDome Perth Stadium (Optus Stadium) Perth Superdrome (HBF Stadium) Subiaco Oval WACA Ground Wanneroo Raceway Western Australian Athletics Stadium Western Australian Basketball Centre Royal Perth Yacht Club Transport East Perth Terminal Elizabeth Quay bus station Elizabeth Quay railway station Perth Busport Perth railway station Entertainment Crown Perth Perth Arena Perth Concert Hall Beaches and islands Cottesloe Beach Rottnest Island vteWestern AustraliaGeneral Economy Flag Geography Geology Government History Local government (LGAs) Parliament People Police Politics Rail transport Regions Sport Symbols Regions Gascoyne Goldfields–Esperance Great Southern Kimberley Mid West Peel Pilbara South West Wheatbelt Cities and towns Perth Albany Broome Bunbury Busselton Esperance Geraldton Kalgoorlie–Boulder Karratha Mandurah Northam Port Hedland Western Australia portal vteRegions of Western Australia Gascoyne Goldfields–Esperance Great Southern Kimberley Mid West Peel Pilbara South West Wheatbelt See also: Greater Perth · Perth metropolitan region Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Croatia Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Perth (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Nyungar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyungar_language"},{"link_name":"[buɭu]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"fourth most populous city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Greater Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Perth"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit"},{"link_name":"South West Land Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Land_Division"},{"link_name":"Perth's metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region"},{"link_name":"Swan Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Coastal_Plain"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Darling Scarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Scarp"},{"link_name":"Swan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Captain James Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stirling_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Swan River Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_Colony"},{"link_name":"Whadjuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whadjuk"},{"link_name":"Noongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"City of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"Western Australian gold rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"net migration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_migration_rate"},{"link_name":"Post-war immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia"},{"link_name":"mining operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"most liveable cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_liveable_cities"},{"link_name":"Globalization and World Cities Research Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network"},{"link_name":"global city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit"},{"link_name":"30 local government areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region#Subregions_and_local_government_areas"},{"link_name":"350 suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Perth_suburbs"},{"link_name":"Two Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"contradictory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Sawyers Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawyers_Valley,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Armadale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadale,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Joondalup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup"},{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rockingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mandurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah"},{"link_name":"conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation"},{"link_name":"heritage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_buildings_in_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Mint"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Perth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Airport"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Fleet Base West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Base_West"},{"link_name":"Garden Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Island_(Western_Australia)"}],"text":"Capital city of Western AustraliaThis article is about the capital of Western Australia. For the city in Scotland, see Perth, Scotland. For other uses, see Perth (disambiguation).Perth (Nyungar: Boorloo, [buɭu][citation needed]) is the capital city of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth as of 2023[update]. It is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, with most of Perth's metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp. The city has expanded outward from the original British settlements on the Swan River, upon which its central business district and port of Fremantle are situated.Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony. The city is situated on the traditional lands of the Whadjuk Noongar people, where Aboriginal Australians have lived for at least 45,000 years. Perth was named after the city of Perth in Scotland. Perth was proclaimed as a city by Queen Victoria in 1856, although the City of Perth currently governs only a small area around the central business district. Substantial population growth occurred during the late 19th-century Western Australian gold rushes, and the city has continued to expand, particularly after World War II due to a high net migration rate. Post-war immigrants were predominantly from the British Isles and Southern Europe, while more recent arrivals see a growing population of Asian descent. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a series of mining booms in various regions of Western Australia propelled Perth into the role of the regional headquarters for significant mining operations.Ranked as one of the world's most liveable cities, Perth was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a Beta global city in 2020. As of 2021,[update] Perth is divided into 30 local government areas, comprising over 350 suburbs. The metropolitan contours span 115 kilometres (71 mi) from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south,[contradictory] and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from the west coast to Sawyers Valley in the east. Beyond the central business district, predominant urban centres within the metropolitan area include Armadale, Fremantle, Joondalup, Midland, and Rockingham. Most of those were originally established as separate settlements and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area. Mandurah, Western Australia's second-largest city, forms a conurbation with Perth along the coastline. Despite this, it is generally regarded as an independent city.Perth features several important public buildings, as well as cultural and heritage sites. The city has various notable government buildings, including the Parliament House, Government House, the Supreme Court Buildings and the Perth Mint. The city is served by Fremantle Harbour and Perth Airport. It was a naval base for the Allies during World War II and today, the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Base West is located on Garden Island. All five of Western Australia's universities are based in Perth.","title":"Perth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"British House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Sir George Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murray_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimberly189744-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley19607-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stirling_1829-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUren194888-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatham1981297%E2%80%93325-10"},{"link_name":"Noongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar_language"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Robert Menli Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Menli_Lyon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"East Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Glauert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Glauert"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The name of the city is taken from Perth, Scotland in honour of the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons, Sir George Murray.[6][7] Murray's association with the city was included in Stirling's proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, which concluded with the statement, \"Given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor\".[8] The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Charles Fremantle's diary entry for 12 August 1829, which records that they \"named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray\".[9][10]Since 2019, the Noongar name Boorloo has been recognised as denoting the central business district,[11][12] the local government area,[13] or the capital city in general.[14][15][16] The name Boorloo was initially recorded by Robert Menli Lyon as Boorlo in 1833,[17] which was interpreted as \"Perth, properly Point Fraser\" (a location in East Perth). He also gave the name Byerbrup for \"the highland stretching along from Mount Eliza through the centre of the town of Perth\".[18] In 1947, Ludwig Glauert posited that Lyon may have misunderstood his sources and that \"boorloo\" or \"belo\" (now transcribed as \"bilya\") is simply the Noongar word for \"river\".[19] Another source has interpreted Boorloo to mean \"big swamp\",[20] describing the chain of lakes where the central business district and Northbridge are situated.[21]","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noongar_regions_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Whadjuk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whadjuk"},{"link_name":"Noongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-men22-22"},{"link_name":"Noongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-23"},{"link_name":"wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Wetlands"},{"link_name":"local mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mooro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooro"},{"link_name":"Yellagonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellagonga"},{"link_name":"Whadjuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whadjuk"},{"link_name":"their language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar_language"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Council_of_Western_Australia19983-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_House20202-27"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Noongar native title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia#2005_%E2%80%93_Noongar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennell-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Aboriginal_Land_and_Sea_Council"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owners"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"Perth is located on the traditional land of the Whadjuk people, one of several groups in south-western Western Australia that make up the Noongar people.Archaeological evidence attests to human habitation in the Perth area for at least 48,000 years;[22]: 9  according to Noongar tradition, they have occupied the area since \"time immemorial\".[23] Noongar country encompasses the southwest corner of Western Australia, with particular significance attached to the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, both spiritually (featuring in local mythology) and as a source of food.[24]The current central business district location in within the traditional territory of the Mooro, a Noongar clan, led by Yellagonga at the time of the British settlement. The Mooro was one of several Noongar clans based around the Swan River, known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk themselves were one of a larger group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning \"the people\" in their language), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun.[25][26][27]On 19 September 2006, the Federal Court of Australia ruled in the case of Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243 that Noongar native title persisted over Perth metropolitan area.[28] An appeal was subsequently filed, and in 2008, the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments.[29] Following this appeal, the Western Australian Government and the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council negotiated the South West Native Title Settlement. This settlement, including the Whadjuk Indigenous Land Use Agreement over the Perth region, was finalised by the Federal Court on 1 December 2021.[30] As part of this agreement, the Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act was passed in 2016, officially recognising the Noongar people as the traditional owners of the south-west region of Western Australia.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willem de Vlamingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Vlamingh"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeritageInName-33"},{"link_name":"Swarte Swaene-Revier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"black swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeritageInName-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyardManford197910%E2%80%9319-34"}],"sub_title":"European contact","text":"On 10 January 1697, Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh conducted the first documented exploration by a European of the present-day Perth region. His crew initially explored the area on foot, leading them to what is now central Perth.[32] Continuing, they travelled up the Swan River in search of native inhabitants.[33] They named the river Swarte Swaene-Revier, a reference to the black swans prevalent in the region.[33] After Vlamingh's observations, other Europeans conducted further voyages of exploration in the period between 1697 and 1829. However, as with Vlamingh's assessments, they judged the area inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture necessary to sustain a European-style settlement.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Foundation of Perth 1829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundation_of_Perth_1829"},{"link_name":"George Pitt Morison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pitt_Morison"},{"link_name":"Colony of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"King George's Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George%27s_Sound"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1814-1830)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srnsw-35"},{"link_name":"contradictory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_Day#Background"},{"link_name":"Parmelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmelia_(barque)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Thomas Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Peel"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1951346-38"},{"link_name":"Midgegooroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgegooroo"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFforde2002230-39"},{"link_name":"Yagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFforde2002231-40"},{"link_name":"Pinjarra massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-men22-22"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inherit3957-41"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"Third Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Swan River Colony","text":"The Foundation of Perth 1829 by George Pitt Morison is a historical reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was founded, although not everyone depicted may have actually been present.Despite the Colony of New South Wales establishing a convict-supported settlement at King George's Sound (later Albany) on the south coast of Western Australia in 1826, responding to rumours of potential French annexation, Perth marked the first comprehensive European settlement in the western third of the continent of Australia in 1829. Officially designated as \"Western Australia\" in 1832, the colony retained the informal moniker \"Swan River Colony\" for many years, after the area's major watercourse.[35]On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland.[contradictory] Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, noted that the site was \"as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed\".[36] On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, Sulphur, felled a tree to commemorate the town's founding.[37] From 1831 onward, confrontations between British settlers and the Noongar people escalated due to conflicting land-value systems and increased land use as the colony expanded. These confrontations resulted in multiple events, including the murder of settlers (such as Thomas Peel's servant Hugh Nesbitt[38]), the execution without trial of Whadjuk elder Midgegooroo,[39] the killing of his son Yagan in 1833,[40] and the Pinjarra massacre in 1834.[22]: 114 [41]The strained relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans arose due to these events. Agricultural development on the land restricted the traditional hunter-gatherer practices of the native Whadjuk Noongar, compelling them to camp in designated areas, including swamps and lakes north of the European settlement. Third Swamp, known to them as Boodjamooling, remained a primary campsite for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region, also accommodating travellers, itinerants, and homeless individuals. During the gold rush in the 1890s, miners on their way to the goldfields joined this community.[42]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FremantlePrisonYard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Prison"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"penal transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportation"},{"link_name":"opened to convicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"43 ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_convict_ship_voyages_to_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20169-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201079-45"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyofCOP-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"discovery of gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"Coolgardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Convict era and gold rushes","text":"Built by convicts in the early 1850s, Fremantle Prison is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.In 1850, at a time when penal transportation to Australia's eastern colonies had ceased, Western Australia was opened to convicts at the request of farming and business people due to a shortage of labour.[43] Over the next eighteen years, 9,721 convicts arrived in Western Australia aboard 43 ships.[44][45]The designation of Perth as a city was formally announced by Queen Victoria in 1856. However, despite this recognition, Perth remained a tranquil town. A description from 1870 by a Melbourne journalist depicted it as:[46][47]a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand — the all pervading element of Western Australia — productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season.With the discovery of gold at Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie in the late 19th century, Western Australia experienced a mining boom,[48] and Perth's population grew from approximately 8,500 in 1881 to 61,000 in 1901.[49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers,_1928_(cropped).png"},{"link_name":"St George's Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Terrace,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Barrack Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrack_Street,_Perth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naaCiP-50"},{"link_name":"Federation of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyofCOP-46"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-men22-22"},{"link_name":"Port Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Augusta,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"voted in a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Western_Australian_secession_referendum"},{"link_name":"secede from","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessionism_in_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Federation"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"select committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_select_committees_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naaCiP-50"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Willcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willcock"},{"link_name":"Russell Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dumas"},{"link_name":"Mundaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaring_Weir"},{"link_name":"McLarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLarty%E2%80%93Watts_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Iranian Oil Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Oil_Refinery"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg"},{"link_name":"Narrows Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrows_Bridge_(Perth)"},{"link_name":"Stephenson-Hepburn Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_for_the_Metropolitan_Region,_Perth_and_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Narrows Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrows_Bridge_(Perth)"},{"link_name":"Perth-Fremantle Tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"John Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Friendship 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_7"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Federation and beyond","text":"St George's Terrace and Barrack Street, c. 1928. Much of Perth has undergone redevelopment resulting in the loss of historic buildings, such as Moir Chambers (left).Looking across Perth railway station c. 1955After a referendum in 1900,[50] Western Australia joined the Federation of Australia in 1901,[46] and \"became a founding state of Australia\".[22] It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and it did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line from Port Augusta in South Australia to Kalgoorlie to link Perth with the eastern states.[51]In 1927, Indigenous people were prohibited from entering large swathes of Perth under penalty of imprisonment, a ban that lasted until 1954.[52]In 1933, two-thirds of Western Australians voted in a referendum to secede from the Australian Federation. However, the state general election held at the same time as the referendum had voted out the incumbent \"pro-independence\" government, replacing it with a government that did not support the independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Imperial Parliament at Westminster. The House of Commons established a select committee to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, finally refused to consider the matter, declaring that it could not legally grant secession.[50][53]Perth entered the post-war period with a population of approximately 280,000 and an economy that had not experienced sustained growth since the 1920s. Successive state governments, beginning with the Willcock Labor Government (1936–1945), determined to change this. Planning for post-war economic development was initially driven by Russell Dumas, who as Director of Public Works (1941–1953) drew up plans for Western Australia's major post-war public-works projects, including the raising of the Mundaring and Wellington Dams, the development of the new Perth Airport, and the development of a new industrial zone centred on Kwinana. The advent of the McLarty Liberal Government (1947–1953) saw the emergence of something of a consensus on the need for continuing economic development. Economic growth was fuelled by large-scale public works, the post-war immigration program, and the success that various state governments had in attracting substantial foreign investment into the state, beginning with the construction of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Refinery at Kwinana in 1951–52.[54]Construction of the Narrows Bridge nearing completion in 1959The result of this economic activity was the rapid growth of the population of Perth and a marked change in its urban design. Commencing in the 1950s, Perth began to expand along an extensive highway network laid out in the Stephenson-Hepburn Report, which noted that Perth was beginning to resemble a pattern of development less in line with the British experience and more in line with North America.[55] This was encouraged by the opening of the Narrows Bridge and the gradual closure of the Perth-Fremantle Tramways. The mining-pastoral boom of the 1960s only accelerated the pace of urban growth in Perth.In 1962, Perth received global media attention when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut John Glenn passed overhead while orbiting the Earth on Friendship 7. This led to its being nicknamed the \"City of Light\".[56][57][58] The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the Space Shuttle in 1998.[59][60]Perth's development and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s,[61] has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas.[62] Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth.[63]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth (suburb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(suburb)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Georges_W_from_Central_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Georges Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Georges_Terrace"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Swan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Kings Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Perth City Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_City_Link"},{"link_name":"Northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Arena"},{"link_name":"Design Institute of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Institute_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"Colorbond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueScope"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"St Georges Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Georges_Terrace"},{"link_name":"Hay Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_Street,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Murray Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Street,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_(skyscraper)"},{"link_name":"twelfth tallest building in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Brookfield Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(Perth)"},{"link_name":"BHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Central business district","text":"See also: Perth (suburb)St Georges TerraceThe central business district of Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and east, with Kings Park on the western end and the railway reserve as the northern border.[citation needed] A state and federally funded project named Perth City Link sank a section of the railway line to allow easy pedestrian access between Northbridge and the CBD. The Perth Arena is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city link area that has received several architectural awards from institutions such as the Design Institute of Australia, the Australian Institute of Architects, and Colorbond.[64] St Georges Terrace is the area's prominent street, with a large amount of office space in the CBD. Hay Street and Murray Street have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The city's tallest building is Central Park, the twelfth tallest building in Australia.[65] The CBD until 2012 was the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects being built, including Brookfield Place, a 244-metre (801 ft) office building for Anglo-Australian mining company BHP.[66]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MASB.gif"},{"link_name":"Two Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Rocks,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landgate_map-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Mundaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaring,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABSGCCSAXLS-2"},{"link_name":"Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"local government areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"City of Wanneroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Wanneroo"},{"link_name":"City of Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Swan"},{"link_name":"Shire of Mundaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Mundaring"},{"link_name":"City of Kalamunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Kalamunda"},{"link_name":"City of Armadale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Armadale"},{"link_name":"Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Serpentine-Jarrahdale"},{"link_name":"City of Rockingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Rockingham"},{"link_name":"Rottnest Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottnest_Island"},{"link_name":"Garden Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Island_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLGRP2011-70"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Region Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Region_Scheme"},{"link_name":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLGRP2011-70"},{"link_name":"Greater Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Perth"},{"link_name":"City of Mandurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Mandurah"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Shire of Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Murray"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Serpentine-Jarrahdale"},{"link_name":"Peel region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Metropolitan area","text":"Area of the Perth Metropolitan Region SchemePerth's metropolitan area extends along the coast to Two Rocks in the north and Singleton to the south,[67] a distance of approximately 125 kilometres (80 mi).[68] From the coast in the west to Mundaring in the east is a distance of approximately 50 kilometres (30 mi). The Perth metropolitan area covers 6,418 square kilometres (2,478 sq mi).[2] The built-up urban area of Perth is 1,722 square kilometres (665 sq mi), the same as Wuhan or Salt Lake City and slightly smaller than London, making Perth the 67th largest urban area in the world. Perth is also the 50th least densely populated out of the 990 urban areas in the world with a population above 500,000.[69]The metropolitan region is defined by the Planning and Development Act 2005 to include 30 local government areas, with the outer extent being the City of Wanneroo and the City of Swan to the north, the Shire of Mundaring, City of Kalamunda and the City of Armadale to the east, the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale to the southeast and the City of Rockingham to the southwest, and including Rottnest Island and Garden Island off the west coast.[70] This extent correlates with the Metropolitan Region Scheme, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Perth (Major Statistical Division).[70]The metropolitan extent of Perth can be defined in other ways – the Australian Bureau of Statistics Greater Capital City Statistical Area, or Greater Perth in short, consists of that area, plus the City of Mandurah and the Pinjarra Level 2 Statistical Area[71] of the Shire of Murray,[72][73] while the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 includes the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale in the Peel region.[74]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of islands of Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"black swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan"},{"link_name":"Willem de Vlamingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Vlamingh"},{"link_name":"Rottnest Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottnest_Island"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-det-derbarlyerrigan-76"},{"link_name":"Swan Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Coastal_Plain"},{"link_name":"Darling Scarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Scarp"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Perth Wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Wetlands"},{"link_name":"Herdsman Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdsman_Lake"},{"link_name":"Claisebrook Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisebrook_Cove"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Serpentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Peel Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Mandurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah"},{"link_name":"Perth-Gingin Shrublands and Woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth-Gingin_Shrublands_and_Woodlands"},{"link_name":"Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_Woodlands_of_the_Swan_Coastal_Plain"}],"sub_title":"Geology and landforms","text":"See also: List of islands of Perth, Western AustraliaPerth is on the Swan River, named for the native black swans by Willem de Vlamingh, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's Rottnest Island, who discovered the birds while exploring the area in 1697.[75] This water body was known by Aboriginal inhabitants as Derbarl Yerrigan.[76] The city centre and most of the suburbs are on the sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain, which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean. The soils of this area are quite infertile.Much of Perth was built on the Perth Wetlands, a series of freshwater wetlands running from Herdsman Lake in the west through to Claisebrook Cove in the east.[77]To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land, largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep bedrock. The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems, one made up of the Swan and Canning Rivers, and one of the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which discharge into the Peel Inlet at Mandurah. The Perth-Gingin Shrublands and Woodlands and Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain straddle the metropolitan area.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"City Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beach,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"hot-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerthAP-80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo paw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_paw"},{"link_name":"Kings Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"cold fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_front"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Perth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Airport"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerthAP-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perthmedia2008-81"},{"link_name":"sea breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_breeze"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hazards-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerthAP-80"},{"link_name":"frontal systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_front"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perthmedia2008-81"},{"link_name":"Perth metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Jandakot Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandakot_Airport"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JandakotAP-83"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Hills"},{"link_name":"Kalamunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamunda"},{"link_name":"Roleystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roleystone"},{"link_name":"Mundaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaring"},{"link_name":"southwest Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_corner_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perthmedia2008-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hazards-82"},{"link_name":"tropical low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016-17_Australian_region_cyclone_season#Tropical_Low_15U"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"ex-Tropical Cyclone Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_region_cyclone_season#Tropical_Cyclone_Joyce"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"severe thunderstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Western_Australian_storms"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perth_Metro_Climate-89"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Sunset over the Indian Ocean at City BeachPerth receives moderate, though highly seasonal, winter-based rainfall. Summers are generally hot, sunny and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month. Winters are relatively mild and wet, giving Perth a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).[78][79] Perth has an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3,200 hours of sunshine and 138.7 clear days annually, making it Australia's sunniest capital city.[80]Kangaroo paw in Kings ParkSummers are typically hot and dry but not completely devoid of rain, with sporadic rainfall in the form of short-lived thunderstorms, weak cold fronts and on occasions decaying tropical cyclones from Western Australia's northwest, which can bring heavy rain. Temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) occur, on average, 26 days per year and rise above 40 °C (104 °F) on 5 days per year. The highest temperature recorded in Perth was 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) on 23 February 1991, although Perth Airport recorded 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on the same day.[80][81] On most summer afternoons a sea breeze, known locally as the \"Fremantle Doctor\", blows from the southwest, providing relief from the hot northeasterly winds. Temperatures often fall below 30 °C (86 °F) a few hours after the arrival of the wind change.[82] In the summer, the 3 p.m. dewpoint averages at around 12 °C (54 °F).[80]Winters are mild and wet, with most of Perth's annual rainfall between May and September. Winters see significant rainfall as frontal systems move across the region, interspersed with clear and sunny days where minimum temperatures tend to drop below 5 °C (41 °F). The lowest temperature recorded in Perth was −0.7 °C (30.7 °F) on 17 June 2006.[81] The lowest temperature within the Perth metropolitan area was −3.4 °C (25.9 °F) on the same day at Jandakot Airport, although temperatures at or below zero are rare occurrences. The lowest maximum temperature recorded in Perth is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) on 26 June 1956. It occasionally gets cold enough for frost to form.[83] While snow has never been recorded in the Perth CBD, light snowfalls have been reported in outer suburbs of Perth in the Perth Hills around Kalamunda, Roleystone and Mundaring. The most recent snowfall was in 1968.The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and southwest Western Australia since the mid-1970s. A significant reduction in winter rainfall has been observed with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer,[84] such as the slow-moving storms on 8 February 1992 that brought 120.6 millimetres (4.75 in) of rain,[81][82] heavy rainfall associated with a tropical low on 10 February 2017, which brought 114.4 millimetres (4.50 in) of rain,[85] and the remnants of ex-Tropical Cyclone Joyce on 15 January 2018 with 96.2 millimetres (3.79 in).[86] Perth was also hit by a severe thunderstorm on 22 March 2010, which brought 40.2 mm (1.58 in) of rain and large hail and caused significant damage in the metropolitan area.[87]The average sea temperature ranges from 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) in October to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in March.[88]Climate data for Perth Metro\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n44.4(111.9)\n\n46.2(115.2)\n\n42.4(108.3)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n40.4(104.7)\n\n44.2(111.6)\n\n46.2(115.2)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n40.4(104.7)\n\n40.1(104.2)\n\n38.6(101.5)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n36.9(98.4)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n41.8(107.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n1.3(34.3)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n1.3(34.3)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n17.2(0.68)\n\n13.4(0.53)\n\n20.6(0.81)\n\n37.0(1.46)\n\n86.5(3.41)\n\n127.3(5.01)\n\n147.1(5.79)\n\n123.8(4.87)\n\n81.8(3.22)\n\n40.4(1.59)\n\n25.3(1.00)\n\n9.9(0.39)\n\n731.1(28.78)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n1.6\n\n1.2\n\n2.6\n\n4.8\n\n8.6\n\n11.8\n\n14.7\n\n13.1\n\n10.9\n\n5.9\n\n3.8\n\n1.9\n\n80.9\n\n\nAverage afternoon relative humidity (%) (at 15:00)\n\n39\n\n38\n\n40\n\n46\n\n50\n\n56\n\n57\n\n54\n\n53\n\n47\n\n44\n\n41\n\n47\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n356.5\n\n319.0\n\n297.6\n\n249.0\n\n207.0\n\n177.0\n\n189.1\n\n223.2\n\n231.0\n\n297.6\n\n318.0\n\n356.5\n\n3,221.5\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n83\n\n83\n\n74\n\n70\n\n63\n\n57\n\n57\n\n63\n\n64\n\n72\n\n77\n\n79\n\n70\n\n\nAverage ultraviolet index\n\n12\n\n11\n\n9\n\n6\n\n4\n\n3\n\n3\n\n4\n\n6\n\n8\n\n10\n\n12\n\n7\n\n\nSource: Bureau of Meteorology[89]Temperatures: 1993–2023; Rainfall: 1993–2023; Relative humidity: 1994–2011","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"most isolated major cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth#Other_places_considered_the_most_remote"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-90"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-90"}],"sub_title":"Isolation","text":"With more than two million residents, Perth is one of the most isolated major cities in the world. The nearest city with a population of more than 100,000 is Adelaide, over 2,100 km (1,305 mi) away.[90] Perth is geographically closer to both East Timor (2,800 km or 1,700 mi), and Jakarta, Indonesia (3,000 km or 1,900 mi), than to Sydney (3,300 km or 2,100 mi).[90]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_density.jpg"},{"link_name":"ABS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abs.gov.au/"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"City of Mandurah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Mandurah"},{"link_name":"Shire of Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Murray"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landgate_map-67"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABSERP18-1"}],"text":"Perth population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 censusHistorical populations\n\n\nPerth Statistical DivisionYearPop.±% p.a.1854 4,001—    1859 6,293+9.48%1870 8,220+2.46%1881 9,955+1.76%1891 16,694+5.31%1901 67,431+14.98%1911 116,181+5.59%1921 170,213+3.89%1933 230,340+2.55%1947 302,968+1.98%1954 395,049+3.86%1961 475,398+2.68%1966 559,298+3.30%1971 703,199+4.69%Source: ABS\nGreater Perth Statistical AreaYearPop.±% p.a.1971 744,600—    1976 845,700+2.58%1981 941,479+2.17%1986 1,075,959+2.71%1991 1,226,115+2.65%1996 1,344,378+1.86%2001 1,452,058+1.55%2006 1,590,007+1.83%2008 1,687,815+3.03%2010 1,785,076+2.84%2016 1,943,853+1.43%2021 2,143,776+1.98%Source: ABS[91][92]Note: Greater Perth includes the City of Mandurah and part of the Shire of Murray, south of Perth.[67][93]Perth is Australia's fourth-most-populous city, having overtaken Adelaide in 1984.[94] In June 2023 there was an estimated resident population of 2,309,338 in the Greater Perth area, representing an increase of approximately 3.6% from the 2022 estimate of 2,228,020, the highest growth rate of Australia's capital cities.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-95"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Australians"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Australians"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Australians"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Australians"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Australians"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Australians"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Australians"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Australians"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Australians"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Australians"},{"link_name":"Maori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians"},{"link_name":"New Zealander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Australians"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-95"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russell Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Square,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Little Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Australians"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_people"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_people"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"blessing of the fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing_of_the_fleet"},{"link_name":"Spearwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearwood,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Hill,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinatown_Perth_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Perth"},{"link_name":"White South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-103"},{"link_name":"Afrikaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaners"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"white South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_African"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"White Australia policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policy"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Australian"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-95"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Kristang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristang_people"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"The United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Parsees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi_people"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-95"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Burmese"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickstats_2021-111"}],"sub_title":"Ancestry and immigration","text":"At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[95]English (36.8%)\nAustralian (27.8%)[note 2]\nIrish (8.8%)\nScottish (8.7%)\nItalian (5.5%)\nChinese (5.5%)\nIndian (3.6%)\nGerman (2.8%)\nDutch (2%)\nFilipino (1.9%)\nAboriginal (1.8%)[note 3]\nSouth African (1.4%)\nMaori (1.1%)\nVietnamese (1.1%)\nNew Zealander (1.1%)\nCroatian (1%)Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British- and Irish-born residents. At the 2021 Census, 169,938 England-born Perth residents were counted,[95] ahead of even Sydney (151,614),[97] despite the latter having well over twice the population.Russell Square, Northbridge – historically the favoured meeting place of the Italian community of \"Little Italy\"[98]The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the 20th century when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely Anglo-Celtic in ethnic origin. As Fremantle was the first landfall in Australia for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, Perth started to experience a diverse influx of people, including Italians, Greeks, Dutch, Germans, Turks, Croats, and Macedonians. The Italian influence in the Perth and Fremantle area has been substantial, evident in places like the \"Cappuccino strip\" in Fremantle featuring many Italian eateries and shops. In Fremantle, the traditional Italian blessing of the fleet festival is held every year at the start of the fishing season. In Northbridge every December is the San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) Festival, which involves a pageant followed by a concert, predominantly in Italian. Suburbs surrounding the Fremantle area, such as Spearwood and Hamilton Hill, also contain high concentrations of Italians, Croatians, and Portuguese. Perth has also been home to a small Jewish community since 1829[99]  – numbering 5,082 in 2006 – who have emigrated primarily from Eastern Europe and more recently from South Africa.Chinatown entry on Roe StreetA more recent wave of arrivals includes White South Africans. South Africans overtook those born in Italy as the fourth-largest foreign group in 2001. By 2016, there were 35,262 South Africans residing in Perth.[100] Many Afrikaners and Anglo-Africans emigrated to Perth during the 1980s and 1990s, with the phrase \"packing for Perth\" becoming associated with South Africans who choose to emigrate abroad, sometimes regardless of the destination.[101][102] As a result, the city has been described as \"the Australian capital of South Africans in exile\".[103] The reason for Perth's popularity among white South Africans has often been attributed to the location, the vast amount of land, and the slightly warmer climate compared to other large Australian cities – Perth has a Mediterranean climate reminiscent of Cape Town.Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Asia has become an increasingly significant source of migrants, with communities from Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Mainland China, and India all now well-established. There were 112,293 persons of Chinese descent in Perth in 2016 – 5.3% of the city's population.[95] These are supported by the Australian Eurasian Association of Western Australia,[104] which also serves a community of Portuguese-Malacca Eurasian or Kristang immigrants.[105]Middle Eastern immigrants have a presence in Perth. They come from a variety of countries, including Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, The United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, and Afghanistan.The Indian community includes a substantial number of Parsees who emigrated from Bombay – Perth being the closest Australian city to India – in 2021 those with Indian ancestry accounted for 3.5% of Perth's population[95] Perth is also home to the largest population of Anglo-Burmese in the world; many settled here following the independence of Burma in 1948 with immigration taking off after 1962. The city is now the cultural hub for Anglo-Burmese worldwide.[106] There is also a substantial Anglo-Indian population in Perth, who also settled in the city following the independence of India.At the 2021 census, 2% of Perth's population identified as being Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander.[note 4][107]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickstats_2021-111"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"At the 2021 census, 74% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (2.3%), Italian (1.1%), Vietnamese (1.0%), Punjabi (0.9%) and Cantonese (0.9%).[107]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Perth"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickstats_2021-111"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickstats_2021-111"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Losing-112"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholics"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickstats_2021-111"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Southern_Cross"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Anglicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickstats_2021-111"},{"link_name":"Anglican Diocese of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-116"},{"link_name":"Gidgengannup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidgegannup,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Hills"},{"link_name":"Thai Forest Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Uniting Church in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-116"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-116"},{"link_name":"Jewish Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel_School_(Perth)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-116"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-116"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Canning Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Vale"},{"link_name":"Anketell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anketell"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan_(spiritual_tradition)"},{"link_name":"Bennett Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Springs,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Mormons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormons"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-116"},{"link_name":"Perth Australia Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Australia_Temple"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"St Mary's Cathedral41.8% of the 2021 census respondents in Perth had no religion,[107] as against 38.4% of national population.[107] In 1911, the national figure was 0.4%.[108]Catholics are the largest single Christian denomination in the Greater Perth area at 19.5%.[107] Perth is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth.[109] The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross claims over 2,000 members.[110] Anglicans are 9.9% of the population.[107] Perth is the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Perth.[111]Buddhism and Islam each have more than 50,000 adherents.[112] The suburb of Gidgengannup in the Perth Hills is home to the Dhammasara Nuns Monastery of the Buddhist Thai Forest Tradition.[113][114] Over 31,000 members of the Uniting Church in Australia live in Perth.[112] Perth has the third largest Jewish population in Australia,[115] numbering approximately 5,424,[112] with both Orthodox and Progressive synagogues and a Jewish Day School.[116] The Baháʼí community in Perth numbers around 2,178.[112] Hinduism has over 49,000 adherents in Perth;[112] the Diwali (festival of lights) celebration in 2009 attracted over 20,000 visitors. There are Hindu temples in Canning Vale, Anketell and a Swaminarayan temple in Bennett Springs.[117] Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in Australia.[118] Perth is also home to 4,719 Mormons[112] and the Perth Australia Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"text":"Perth, like the rest of Australia, is governed by three levels of government: local, state, and federal.[119]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Local government areas of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_Perth,_February_2022_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Perth"},{"link_name":"local government bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"City of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"administrative region of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region"},{"link_name":"City of Wanneroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Wanneroo"},{"link_name":"City of Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Swan"},{"link_name":"Shire of Mundaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Mundaring"},{"link_name":"City of Kalamunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Kalamunda"},{"link_name":"City of Armadale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Armadale"},{"link_name":"Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Serpentine-Jarrahdale"},{"link_name":"City of Rockingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Rockingham"},{"link_name":"Rottnest Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottnest_Island"},{"link_name":"Garden Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Island,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLGRP-124"}],"sub_title":"Local","text":"Further information: Local government areas of Western AustraliaParliament HouseThe Perth metropolitan area is divided into thirty local government bodies, including the City of Perth which administers Perth's central business district. The outer extent of the administrative region of Perth comprises the City of Wanneroo and the City of Swan to the north, the Shire of Mundaring, City of Kalamunda and the City of Armadale to the east, the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale to the southeast and the City of Rockingham to the southwest, and including the islands of Rottnest Island and Garden Island off the west coast.[120]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Governor of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Court_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Magistrates' Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"State","text":"Further information: Government of Western AustraliaSupreme Court of Western AustraliaPerth houses the Parliament of Western Australia and the Governor of Western Australia. As of the 2008 state election[update], 42 of the Legislative Assembly's 59 seats and 18 of the Legislative Council's 36 seats are based in Perth's metropolitan area.The state's highest court, the Supreme Court, is located in Perth,[121] along with the District[122] and Family[123] Courts. The Magistrates' Court has six metropolitan locations.[124]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Federal Circuit Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Circuit_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"sub_title":"Federal","text":"Further information: Government of AustraliaGovernment HousePerth is represented by 10 full seats and significant parts of three others in the Federal House of Representatives, with the seats of Canning, Pearce, and Brand including some areas outside the metropolitan area.The Federal Court of Australia and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia (previously the Federal Magistrates Court)[125][126] occupy the Commonwealth Law Courts building on Victoria Avenue,[127] which is also the location for annual Perth sittings of Australia's High Court.[128]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economy of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_(AU),_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Western Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreaterPerth-133"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Structure2005-134"},{"link_name":"eastern states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreaterPerth-133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery,_June_2022_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alumina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumina"},{"link_name":"Kwinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Beach,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kwinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Beach"},{"link_name":"Welshpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kewdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewdale"},{"link_name":"Kewdale Freight Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewdale_Freight_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreaterPerth-133"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreaterPerth-133"},{"link_name":"incubators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_incubator"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"text":"See also: Economy of Western AustraliaPerth central business districtBy virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the Western Australian economy, despite the major mining, petroleum, and agricultural export industries being located elsewhere in the state.[129] Perth's function as the state's capital city, its economic base and population size have also created development opportunities for many other businesses oriented to local or more diversified markets.\nPerth's economy has been changing in favour of the service industries since the 1950s. Although one of the major sets of services it provides is related to the resources industry and, to a lesser extent, agriculture, most people in Perth are not connected to either; they have jobs that provide services to other people in Perth.[130]As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining, agriculture and some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche shipbuilding and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the eastern states or overseas.Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations with plentiful parking, easy access and minimal traffic congestion. \"The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened.\"[129]Alumina refinery in KwinanaIndustrial estates such as Kwinana, Welshpool and Kewdale were post-war additions contributing to the growth of manufacturing south of the river. The establishment of the Kwinana industrial area was supported by standardisation of the east–west rail gauge linking Perth with eastern Australia. Since the 1950s the area has been dominated by heavy industry, including an oil refinery, steel-rolling mill with a blast furnace, alumina refinery, power station, and a nickel refinery. Another development, also linked with rail standardisation, was in 1968 when the Kewdale Freight Terminal was developed adjacent to the Welshpool industrial area, replacing the former Perth railway yards.[129]With significant population growth post-WWII,[131] employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services, and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs.[129]Perth has also become a hub of technology-focused startups since the early 2000s that provide a pool of highly skilled jobs to the Perth community. Companies such as Appbot, Agworld, Touchgram, and Healthengine all hail from Perth and have made headlines internationally. Programs like StartupWA and incubators such as Spacecubed and Vocus Upstart are all focused on creating a thriving startup culture in Perth and growing the next generation of Perth-based employers.[132]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"technical and further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_and_further_education"}],"text":"See also: Education in Western AustraliaEducation is compulsory in Western Australia between the ages of six and seventeen, corresponding to primary and secondary school.[133] Tertiary education is available through several universities and technical and further education (TAFE) colleges.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_Modern_School,_2015_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth Modern School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Modern_School"},{"link_name":"public high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Certificate of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Certificate_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"sub_title":"Primary and secondary","text":"Perth Modern School, Perth's first public high schoolStudents may attend either public schools, run by the state government's Department of Education, or private schools, usually associated with a religion, or engage in home schooling.The Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE) is the credential given to students who have completed Years 11 and 12 of their secondary schooling.[134]In 2012 the minimum requirements for students to receive their WACE changed[how?].[135]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"Murdoch University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_University"},{"link_name":"Edith Cowan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"The University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Group of Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(Australian_universities)"},{"link_name":"Sandstone universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone_universities"},{"link_name":"Nobel Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Barry Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Robin Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Warren"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Murdoch University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_University"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Edith Cowan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University"},{"link_name":"Western Australian College of Advanced Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Advanced_Education"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Academy_of_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia"},{"link_name":"Catholic university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_university"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"University of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Wollaston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollaston_College"},{"link_name":"Anglican Diocese of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"North Metropolitan TAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Metropolitan_TAFE"},{"link_name":"Central Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"West Coast Institute of Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Institute_of_Training"},{"link_name":"South Metropolitan TAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Metropolitan_TAFE"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_West"},{"link_name":"Challenger Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_Institute_of_Technology"}],"sub_title":"Tertiary","text":"The University of Western Australia, located in CrawleyPerth is home to four public universities: the University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Murdoch University, and Edith Cowan University. There is also one private university, the University of Notre Dame Australia, and a local campus of the Melbourne-based University of Divinity.The University of Western Australia, which was founded in 1911,[136] is renowned as one of Australia's leading research institutions.[137] The university's monumental neo-classical architecture, most of which is carved from white limestone, is a notable tourist destination in the city. It is the only university in the state to be a member of the Group of Eight, as well as the Sandstone universities. It is also the state's only university to have produced a Nobel Laureate:[138] Barry Marshall, who graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1975 and was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2005 with Robin Warren.Curtin University, previously known as Western Australian Institute of Technology (1966–1986) and Curtin University of Technology (1986–2010), is Western Australia's largest university by student population.[139]Murdoch University was founded in 1973 and incorporates Western Australia's only veterinary school and, until its controversial closure in 2020, Australia's only theology programme to be completely integrated into a secular university.Edith Cowan University was established in 1991 from the existing Western Australian College of Advanced Education which itself was formed on 11 December 1981 from the existing Teachers Colleges at Claremont, Nedlands, Churchlands, and Mount Lawley after Graylands had merged into Claremont, Churchlands and Mount Lawley in 1979. It incorporates the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts.The University of Notre Dame Australia was established in 1990. Notre Dame was established as a Catholic university with its lead campus in Fremantle and a large campus in Sydney, and a campus in Broome. Its lead campus is in the west end of Fremantle, using historic port buildings built in the 1890s, giving Notre Dame a distinct European university atmosphere.The Melbourne-based University of Divinity established a campus in Perth in 2022 through its admission of Wollaston College, the theological college of the Anglican Diocese of Perth, as a collegiate college of the University.Colleges of TAFE provide trade and vocational training, including certificate- and diploma-level courses. TAFE began as a system of technical colleges and schools under the Education Department, from which they were separated in the 1980s and ultimately formed into regional colleges. Two are in the Perth metropolitan area: North Metropolitan TAFE (formerly Central Institute of Technology and West Coast Institute of Training); and South Metropolitan TAFE (formerly Polytechnic West and Challenger Institute of Technology).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The West Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Business News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Business_News"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"The main newspapers for Perth are The West Australian and The Sunday Times. Localised free community papers cater to each local government area. The local business paper is Western Australian Business News.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio"},{"link_name":"720 ABC Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/720_ABC_Perth"},{"link_name":"Radio National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_National"},{"link_name":"Classic FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Classic_FM"},{"link_name":"Triple J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J"},{"link_name":"882 6PR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6PR"},{"link_name":"1080 6IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6IX"},{"link_name":"Triple M Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_M_Perth"},{"link_name":"Nova 93.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_93.7"},{"link_name":"Mix94.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_94.5"},{"link_name":"96FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96FM_(Perth_radio_station)"},{"link_name":"98five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98five_Sonshine_FM"},{"link_name":"RTRFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTRFM"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Radio stations are on AM, FM and DAB+ frequencies. ABC stations include ABC News (585AM), 720 ABC Perth, Radio National (810AM), Classic FM (97.7FM) and Triple J (99.3FM). The six local commercial stations are 882 6PR and 1080 6IX on AM; Triple M Perth (92.9FM), Nova 93.7, Mix94.5, and 96FM on FM. DAB+ has mostly the same as both AM and FM plus national stations from the ABC/SBS, Radar Radio and Novanation, along with local stations My Perth Digital, Hot Country Perth, and 98five Christian radio. Major community radio stations include RTRFM (92.1FM), Sonshine FM (98.5FM),[140] SportFM (91.3FM)[141] and Curtin FM (100.1FM).[142]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free-to-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_Perth,_2016_(02).JPG"},{"link_name":"East Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"720 ABC Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/720_ABC_Perth"},{"link_name":"ABC television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)"},{"link_name":"ABC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)"},{"link_name":"ABC TV HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_HD_(Australian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"ABC TV Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_TV_Plus"},{"link_name":"ABC Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Me"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"SBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"SBS HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_HD"},{"link_name":"SBS Viceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Viceland"},{"link_name":"SBS World Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_World_Movies"},{"link_name":"SBS Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Food"},{"link_name":"NITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Indigenous_Television"},{"link_name":"SBS WorldWatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_WorldWatch"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVW"},{"link_name":"7HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7HD"},{"link_name":"7two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7two"},{"link_name":"7mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7mate"},{"link_name":"7flix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7flix"},{"link_name":"Racing.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing.com"},{"link_name":"Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STW"},{"link_name":"9HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9HD"},{"link_name":"9Gem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9Gem"},{"link_name":"9Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9Go!"},{"link_name":"9Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9Life"},{"link_name":"9Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9Rush"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)"},{"link_name":"10 HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_HD"},{"link_name":"10 Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Bold"},{"link_name":"10 Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Peach"},{"link_name":"10 Shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Shake"},{"link_name":"TVSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVSN"},{"link_name":"Spree TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spree_TV"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Access 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_31"},{"link_name":"West TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_TV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nine_Plaza,_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Channel 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_9_Australia"},{"link_name":"Foxtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtel"},{"link_name":"Pamela Medlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Medlen"},{"link_name":"Rick Ardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ardon"},{"link_name":"Susannah Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Carr"},{"link_name":"Michael Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thomson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Monika Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Kos"},{"link_name":"Natalie Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Forrest"},{"link_name":"telethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telethon"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_for_Children"},{"link_name":"Perth Telethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Telethon"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Perth is served by thirty digital free-to-air television channels:ABC Perth studios in East Perth, home of 720 ABC Perth radio and ABC television in Western AustraliaABC TV\nABC TV HD (ABC TV broadcast in HD)\nABC TV Plus\nABC Me\nABC News\nSBS\nSBS HD (SBS broadcast in HD)\nSBS Viceland\nSBS World Movies\nSBS Food\nNITV\nSBS WorldWatch\nSeven\n7HD (Seven broadcast in HD)\n7two\n7mate\n7mate HD (7mate broadcast in HD)\n7flix\nRacing.com\nNine\n9HD (Nine broadcast in HD)\n9Gem\n9Gem HD (9Gem broadcast in HD)\n9Go!\n9Life\n9Rush\n10\n10 HD (10 broadcast in HD)\n10 Bold (only in HD)\n10 Peach\n10 Shake\nTVSN\nGecko TV (formerly Spree TV)ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine and 10 were also broadcast in an analogue format until 16 April 2013, when the analogue transmission was switched off.[143] Community station Access 31 closed in August 2008. In April 2010 a new community station, West TV, began transmission (in digital format only). West TV ceased broadcasting in February 2020.Channel 9's Perth StudioFoxtel provides a subscription-based satellite and cable television service. Perth has its own local newsreaders on ABC (Pamela Medlen), Seven (Rick Ardon, Susannah Carr), Nine (Michael Thomson, Monika Kos) and Ten (Natalie Forrest).An annual telethon has been broadcast since 1968 to raise funds for charities including Princess Margaret Hospital for Children. The 24-hour Perth Telethon claims to be \"the most successful fundraising event per capita in the world.\"[144]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The West Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Nine Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Entertainment"}],"sub_title":"Online-only","text":"Online news media outlets covering the Perth area include TheWest.com.au backed by The West Australian, Perth Now from the newsroom of The Sunday Times, and WAToday from Nine Entertainment.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"List of musical acts from Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musical_acts_from_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"People from Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Diver.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Perth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Perth Writers Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Writers_Festival"},{"link_name":"Fringe World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_World"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"St Jerome's Laneway Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Jerome%27s_Laneway_Festival"},{"link_name":"Perth International Comedy Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_International_Comedy_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sculpture by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_by_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Cottesloe Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottesloe,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"public art and sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Cultural Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Cultural_Centre"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Museum"},{"link_name":"State Library of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"State Records Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Records_Office_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcc-150"},{"link_name":"State Theatre Centre of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Theatre_Centre_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcc-150"},{"link_name":"Black Swan State Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Swan_State_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Perth Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"West Australian Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_Ballet"},{"link_name":"West Australian Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_Opera"},{"link_name":"West Australian Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Western Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"His Majesty's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Academy_of_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Edith Cowan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Perth Convention Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Convention_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Perth Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Concert_Hall_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"His Majesty's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMT_DCA-161"},{"link_name":"Regal Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Theatre,_Perth"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Astor Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_Theatre,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Mount Lawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lawley,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Perth Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Arena"},{"link_name":"Optus Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optus_Stadium"},{"link_name":"HBF Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBF_Stadium"},{"link_name":"nib Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Oval"},{"link_name":"Quarry Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Kings Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Russell Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Square,_Perth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heath Ledger Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Theatre_Centre_of_Western_Australia#Facilities"},{"link_name":"Heath Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Ledger"},{"link_name":"Heath Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Ledger"},{"link_name":"Judy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Davis"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mra15-164"},{"link_name":"Melissa George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_George"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alb18-165"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bar17-166"},{"link_name":"Tim Minchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Minchin"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmc-167"},{"link_name":"Lisa McCune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_McCune"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tho13-168"},{"link_name":"Troye Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Sam Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Worthington"},{"link_name":"Isla Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mit18-169"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Academy_of_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waa17-170"},{"link_name":"many local music groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_from_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Bon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Scott"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Rolf Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Harris"},{"link_name":"Bassendean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassendean,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slwa-rh-172"},{"link_name":"The Triffids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triffids"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"The Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scientists"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"The Drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drones_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Tame Impala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame_Impala"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mos17-176"},{"link_name":"Karnivool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnivool"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mgr18-177"},{"link_name":"John Boyle O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Fenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian"},{"link_name":"Moondyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondyne"},{"link_name":"Tim Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Winton"},{"link_name":"Cloudstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudstreet"},{"link_name":"Pavement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bon Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Iver"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_(band)"},{"link_name":"Japanese Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Story"},{"link_name":"These Final Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Final_Hours"},{"link_name":"Kill Me Three Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Me_Three_Times"},{"link_name":"Paper Planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Planes_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Arts and entertainment","text":"See also: Music of Perth; List of musical acts from Western Australia; and People from Perth, Western AustraliaScene from the inauguration of the 2015 Perth Festival, Australia's oldest continuously-running cultural festivalA number of cultural events are held in Perth. Held annually since 1953, Perth Festival is Australia's longest running annual cultural festival and includes the Perth Writers Festival and the Winter Arts Festival. The Fringe World Festival has been held annually across January and February in Perth since 2012.[145] Perth also hosts annual music festivals including Listen Out, Origin and St Jerome's Laneway Festival. The Perth International Comedy Festival features a variety of local and international comedic talent, with performances held at the Astor Theatre and nearby venues in Mount Lawley. Regular night food market events are held during the summer months throughout the Perth CBD and surrounding suburbs. Sculpture by the Sea showcases a range of local and international sculptors' creations along Cottesloe Beach. There is also a wide variety of public art and sculptures on permanent display across the city.The Perth Cultural Centre is home to many of the city's major arts, cultural and educational institutions, including the Art Gallery of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, State Library of Western Australia, State Records Office, and Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts (PICA).[146] The State Theatre Centre of Western Australia is also located there,[146] and is the home of the Black Swan State Theatre Company[147] and the Perth Theatre Company.[148] Other performing arts companies based in Perth include the West Australian Ballet, the West Australian Opera and the West Australian Symphony Orchestra, all of which present regular programmes.[149][150][151] The Western Australian Youth Orchestras provide young musicians with performance opportunities in orchestral and other musical ensembles.[152]His Majesty's TheatrePerth is also home to the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts at Edith Cowan University, from which many actors and broadcasters have launched their careers.[153][154] The city's main performance venues include the Riverside Theatre within the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre,[155] the Perth Concert Hall,[156] the historic His Majesty's Theatre,[157] the Regal Theatre in Subiaco[158] and the Astor Theatre in Mount Lawley.[159] Perth Arena can be configured as an entertainment or sporting arena, and concerts are also hosted at other sporting venues, including Optus Stadium, HBF Stadium, and nib Stadium. Outdoor concert venues include Quarry Amphitheatre, Supreme Court Gardens, Kings Park and Russell Square.The Heath Ledger Theatre; named in honour of Perth-born actor Heath LedgerThe largest performance area within the State Theatre Centre, the Heath Ledger Theatre, is named in honour of Perth-born film actor Heath Ledger. Other performers born and raised in Perth include\nJudy Davis[160] and Melissa George.[161][162] Performers raised in Perth include Tim Minchin,[163] Lisa McCune,[164] Troye Sivan, Sam Worthington and Isla Fisher.[165] Performers that studied in Perth at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts include Hugh Jackman and Lisa McCune.[166]Due to Perth's relative isolation from other Australian cities, overseas performing artists sometimes exclude it from their Australian tour schedules. This isolation, however, has helped foster a strong local music scene, with many local music groups. Famous musical performers from Perth include the late AC/DC frontman Bon Scott, whose heritage-listed grave at Fremantle Cemetery is reportedly the most visited grave in Australia.[167] Perth-born performer and artist Rolf Harris became known by the nickname \"The Boy From Bassendean\".[168] Further notable music acts from Perth include The Triffids,[169] The Scientists,[170] The Drones,[171] Tame Impala,[172] and Karnivool.[173]Perth has inspired various artistic and cultural works. John Boyle O'Reilly, a Fenian convict transported to Western Australia, published Moondyne in 1879, the most famous early novel about the Swan River Colony. Perth is also the setting for various works by novelist Tim Winton, most notably Cloudstreet (1991). Songs that refer to the city include \"I Love Perth\" (1996) by Pavement, \"Perth\" (2011) by Bon Iver, and \"Perth\" (2015) by Beirut. Films shot or set in Perth include Japanese Story (2003), These Final Hours (2013), Kill Me Three Times (2014) and Paper Planes (2015).","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above,_Fremantle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fremantle West End Heritage area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_West_End_Heritage_area"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QVS-march12-178"},{"link_name":"dozens of museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Scitech Discovery Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scitech"},{"link_name":"West Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"Australia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_II"},{"link_name":"1983 America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Army Museum of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Museum_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Aviation Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Heritage_Museum_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Bull Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Creek,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Catalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yagan_Square_-_Wirin,_March_2018_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yagan Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagan_Square"},{"link_name":"Round House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_House_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Old Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mill,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Old Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Court_House,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Heritage Council of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Mint"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Yagan Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagan_Square"},{"link_name":"Northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth CBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(suburb)"},{"link_name":"Noongar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar"},{"link_name":"Tjyllyungoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjyllyungoo"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay"},{"link_name":"Swan Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Bells"},{"link_name":"Spanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanda"},{"link_name":"Christian de Vietri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_de_Vietri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forrest Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Place"},{"link_name":"Perth railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Theatre_and_Arcade"},{"link_name":"Watertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_Town"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Markets"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Highway"},{"link_name":"Midland Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Gate"},{"link_name":"Joondalup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup"},{"link_name":"Lakeside Joondalup Shopping City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside_Joondalup_Shopping_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OIC_esplanade_bell_tower_from_below.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swan Bell Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Bells"},{"link_name":"Northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Crown casino and resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Perth"},{"link_name":"Burswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burswood,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Swan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Valley_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Houghtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Winery"},{"link_name":"Tourist Drive 203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Drive_203_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"West Swan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Swan_Road"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Highway"},{"link_name":"Kings Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"DNA Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia#DNA_Tower"},{"link_name":"double helix staircase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_helix_staircase"},{"link_name":"deoxyribonucleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Mounts Bay Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounts_Bay_Road"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Perth"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Avon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Valley_National_Park"},{"link_name":"John Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forrest_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Yanchep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanchep_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Caversham Wildlife Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caversham_Wildlife_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Perth Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Zoo"},{"link_name":"orangutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutans"},{"link_name":"giraffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffes"},{"link_name":"numbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbat"},{"link_name":"dibbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibbler"},{"link_name":"chuditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Quoll"},{"link_name":"western swamp tortoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_swamp_tortoise"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Aquarium of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hillarys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillarys,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sunset Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Coast"},{"link_name":"Marmion Marine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmion_Marine_Park"},{"link_name":"Australian sea lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_sea_lion"},{"link_name":"bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"humpback whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whales"},{"link_name":"Tourist Drive 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Drive_204_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"North Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Iluka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluka,_Western_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Tourism and recreation","text":"The Fremantle West End Heritage area is home to hundreds of Victorian and Edwardian era buildings.Tourism is an important part of Perth's economy, with approximately 2.8 million domestic visitors and 0.7 million international visitors in the year ending March 2012.[174] Tourist attractions are generally focused around the city centre, Fremantle, the coast, and the Swan River.In addition to the Perth Cultural Centre, there are dozens of museums across the city. The Scitech Discovery Centre in West Perth is an interactive science museum, with regularly changing exhibitions on a large range of science and technology-based subjects. Scitech also conducts live science demonstration shows and operates the adjacent Horizon planetarium. The Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle displays maritime objects from all eras. It houses Australia II, the yacht that won the 1983 America's Cup, as well as a former Royal Australian Navy submarine. Also in Fremantle is the Army Museum of Western Australia, situated within a historic artillery barracks. The museum consists of several galleries that reflect the Army's involvement in Western Australia and the military service of Western Australians.[175] The museum holds numerous items of significance, including three Victoria Crosses.[176] Aviation history is represented by the Aviation Heritage Museum in Bull Creek, with its significant collection of aircraft, including a Lancaster bomber and a Catalina of the type operated from the Swan River during WWII.[177]The \"Wirin\" sculpture at Yagan SquareThere are many heritage sites in Perth's CBD, Fremantle, and other parts of the metropolitan areas. Some of the oldest remaining buildings, dating back to the 1830s, include the Round House in Fremantle, the Old Mill in South Perth, and the Old Court House in the city centre. Registers of important buildings are maintained by the Heritage Council of Western Australia and local governments. A late heritage building is the Perth Mint.[178] Yagan Square connects Northbridge and the Perth CBD, with a 45-metre-high digital tower and the 9-metre statue \"Wirin\" designed by Noongar artist Tjyllyungoo. Elizabeth Quay is also a notable attraction in Perth, featuring Swan Bells, a panoramic view of Swan River, and the sculpture Spanda by artist Christian de Vietri.Forrest Place, a major pedestrian thoroughfareRetail shopping in the Perth CBD is focused around Murray Street and Hay Street. Both these streets are pedestrian malls between William Street and Barrack Street. Forrest Place is another pedestrian mall, connecting the Murray Street mall to Wellington Street and the Perth railway station. A number of arcades run between Hay Street and Murray Street, including the Piccadilly Arcade, which housed the Piccadilly Cinema until it closed in late 2013. Other shopping precincts include Watertown in West Perth, featuring factory outlets for major brands, the historically significant Fremantle Markets, which date to 1897, and the Midland townsite on Great Eastern Highway, combining historic development around the Town Hall and Post Office buildings with the modern Midland Gate shopping centre further east. Joondalup's central business district is largely a shopping and retail area lined with townhouses and apartments, and also features Lakeside Joondalup Shopping City. Joondalup was granted the status of \"tourism precinct\" by the State Government in 2009, allowing for extended retail trading hours.The Swan Bell Tower, housing 18 bells, was built to mark the new millenniumRestaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs of Northbridge (just north of the Perth CBD), the west end of the CBD itself, Elizabeth Quay, Leederville, Scarborough and Fremantle. The Crown casino and resort is located at Burswood.The Swan Valley, with fertile soil, uncommon in the Perth region, features numerous wineries, such as the large complex at Houghtons, the state's biggest producer, Sandalfords and many smaller operators, including microbreweries and rum distilleries. The Swan Valley also contains specialised food producers, many restaurants and cafes, and roadside local produce stalls that sell seasonal fruit throughout the year. Tourist Drive 203 is a circular route in the Swan Valley, passing by many attractions on West Swan Road and Great Northern Highway.Kings Park, in central Perth between the CBD and the University of Western Australia, is one of the world's largest inner-city parks,[179] at 400.6 hectares (990 acres).[180] It has many landmarks and attractions, including the State War Memorial Precinct on Mount Eliza, Western Australian Botanic Garden, and children's playgrounds. Other features include DNA Tower, a 15 m (49 ft) high double helix staircase that resembles the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule,[181] and Jacob's Ladder, comprising 242 steps that lead down to Mounts Bay Road.Hyde Park is another inner-city park 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the CBD. It was gazetted as a public park in 1897, created from 15 ha (37 acres) of a chain of wetlands known as Third Swamp.[182] Avon Valley, John Forrest and Yanchep national parks are areas of protected bushland at the northern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area. Within the city's northern suburbs is Whiteman Park, a 4,000-hectare (9,900-acre) bushland area, with bushwalking trails, bike paths, sports facilities, playgrounds, a vintage tramway, a light railway on a 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) track, motor and tractor museums, and Caversham Wildlife Park.Hyde ParkPerth Zoo, in South Perth, houses a variety of Australian and exotic animals from around the globe. The zoo is home to highly successful breeding programs for orangutans and giraffes, and participates in captive breeding and reintroduction efforts for a number of Western Australian species, including the numbat, the dibbler, the chuditch, and the western swamp tortoise.[183]More wildlife can be observed at the Aquarium of Western Australia in Hillarys, Australia's largest aquarium, specialising in marine animals that inhabit the 12,000-kilometre-long (7,500 mi) western coast of Australia. The northern Perth section of the coastline is known as Sunset Coast; it includes numerous beaches and the Marmion Marine Park, a protected area inhabited by tropical fish, Australian sea lions and bottlenose dolphins, and traversed by humpback whales. Tourist Drive 204, also known as Sunset Coast Tourist Drive, is a designated route from North Fremantle to Iluka along coastal roads.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Optus Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAC_Arena,_October_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Arena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nib_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"HBF Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Oval"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"1962 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"1987 America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"West Coast Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Perth Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Football_League"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"ATP Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hopman Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopman_Cup"},{"link_name":"Perth Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Arena"},{"link_name":"Perth International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_International"},{"link_name":"Lake Karrinyup Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Karrinyup_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"Rally Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Australia"},{"link_name":"World Rally Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"2003 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bledisloe Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledisloe_Cup"},{"link_name":"FINA World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA_World_Championships_-_Long_Course"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FINAWorldChampionships-190"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Air Race World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Perth Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Water"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbullairrace-191"},{"link_name":"motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Perth Motorplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Motorplex"},{"link_name":"Wanneroo Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanneroo_Raceway"},{"link_name":"V8 Supercars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_Supercars"},{"link_name":"thoroughbred racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Railway Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Stakes_(Perth_racing)"},{"link_name":"Perth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Cup"},{"link_name":"Belmont Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ricciardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo"},{"link_name":"Formula 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Scuderia AlphaTauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_AlphaTauri"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"WACA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACA_Ground"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Athletics Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Athletics_Stadium"}],"text":"Optus Stadium hosts cricket and Australian rules football, Perth's most popular spectator sportsThe exterior of Perth ArenaHBF Park hosts rugby league, rugby union and soccerThe climate of Perth allows for extensive outdoor sporting activity, and this is reflected in the wide variety of sports available to residents of the city. Perth was host to the 1962 Commonwealth Games and the 1987 America's Cup defence (based at Fremantle). Australian rules football is the most popular spectator sport in Perth – nearly 23% of Western Australians attended a match at least once in 2009–2010.[184] The two Australian Football League teams located in Perth, the West Coast Eagles and the Fremantle Football Club, have two of the largest fan bases in the country. The Eagles, the older club, is one of the most successful teams in the league, and one of the largest sporting clubs in Australia. The next level of football is the Western Australian Football League, comprising nine clubs each having a League, Reserves, and Colts team. Each of these clubs has a junior football system for ages 7 to 17. The next level of Australian rules football is the Perth Football League, comprising 68 clubs servicing senior footballers within the metropolitan area. Other popular sports include cricket, basketball, soccer, and rugby union.[185]Perth has hosted numerous state and international sporting events. Ongoing international events include the ATP Cup (replacing the Hopman Cup in 2020) during the first week of January at the Perth Arena, and the Perth International golf tournament at Lake Karrinyup Country Club. In addition to these Perth has hosted the Rally Australia of the World Rally Championships from 1989 to 2006, international Rugby Union games, including qualifying and pool stage matches for the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the Bledisloe Cup in 2019. The 1991 and 1998 FINA World Championships were held in Perth.[186]\nFour races (2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010) in the Red Bull Air Race World Championship have been held on a stretch of the Swan River called Perth Water, using Langley Park as a temporary airfield.[187] Several motorsport facilities exist in Perth including Perth Motorplex, catering to drag racing and speedway, and Wanneroo Raceway for circuit racing and drifting, which hosts a V8 Supercars round. Perth also has two thoroughbred racing facilities: Ascot, home of the Railway Stakes and Perth Cup; and Belmont Park. Daniel Ricciardo is a Perth-born Formula 1 driver who most recently raced for the McLaren Formula 1 team during the 2022 season, was the test and reserve driver for Red Bull Racing for the first half of the 2023 season, then moving to a full-time driving roll with the Scuderia AlphaTauri F1 team for the remainder of the season.[188]The WACA Ground opened in the 1890s and has hosted Test cricket since 1970. The Western Australian Athletics Stadium opened in 2009.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of hospitals in Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Western_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perth_Children%27s_Hospital,_March_2018_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Royal Perth Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Perth_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadale_Kelmscott_District_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Joondalup Health Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Health_Campus"},{"link_name":"King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Memorial_Hospital_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Subiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiaco,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rockingham General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Gairdner_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Nedlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedlands,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"St John of God Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_of_God_Murdoch_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Subiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_of_God_Subiaco_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Midland Health Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Health_Campus"},{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Fiona Stanley Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Stanley_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Graylands Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graylands_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"See also: List of hospitals in Western AustraliaPerth Children's HospitalPerth has ten large hospitals with emergency departments. As of 2013[update], Royal Perth Hospital in the city centre is the largest, with others spread around the metropolitan area: Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital, Joondalup Health Campus, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women in Subiaco, Rockingham General Hospital, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Nedlands, St John of God Murdoch and Subiaco Hospitals, Midland Health Campus in Midland, and Fiona Stanley Hospital in Murdoch. Perth Children's Hospital is the state's only specialist children's hospital, and Graylands Hospital is the only public stand-alone psychiatric teaching hospital. Most of these are public hospitals, with some operating under public-private partnerships. St John of God Murdoch and Subiaco Hospitals, and Hollywood Hospital are large privately owned and operated hospitals.A number of other public and private hospitals operate in Perth.[189]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Transperth B-Series train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth_B-series_train"},{"link_name":"Perth railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Perth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jandakot Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandakot_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Kwinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Graham Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Farmer_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Northbridge Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buses_in_Perth"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Transwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa"},{"link_name":"74 railway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transperth_railway_stations"},{"link_name":"14 bus-only stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transperth_bus_stations"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"zero-fare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-fare"},{"link_name":"CAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Central_Area_Transit"},{"link_name":"Indian Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Parklands_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Prospector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa_Prospector"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wheatbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa_Australind"},{"link_name":"Bunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunbury_railway_station"},{"link_name":"MerredinLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MerredinLink"},{"link_name":"Merredin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merredin,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"AvonLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa_AvonLink"},{"link_name":"Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northam_railway_station,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kewdale Rail Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewdale_Rail_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Outer Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Cockburn Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Sound"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"Transperth B-Series train at Perth railway stationPerth is served by Perth Airport in the city's east for regional, domestic and international flights and Jandakot Airport in the city's southern suburbs for general aviation and charter flights.Perth has a road network with three freeways—Mitchell, Kwinana and Graham Farmer—and nine metropolitan highways. The Northbridge Tunnel, part of the Graham Farmer Freeway, is the only significant road tunnel in Perth.Perth metropolitan public transport is known as Transperth, and includes trains, buses and ferries, which are provided by the Public Transport Authority. Links to rural areas provided by Transwa. There are 74 railway stations and 14 bus-only stations on the Transperth network.[190]Perth provides zero-fare bus and train trips around the city centre (the \"Free Transit Zone\"), including four high-frequency CAT bus routes.The Indian Pacific passenger rail service connects Perth with Adelaide and Sydney once per week in each direction. The Prospector passenger rail service connects Perth with Kalgoorlie via several Wheatbelt towns, while the Australind connects to Bunbury, the MerredinLink connects to Merredin and the AvonLink connects to Northam.Rail freight terminates at the Kewdale Rail Terminal, 15 km (9 mi) south-east of the city centre.Perth's main container and passenger port is at Fremantle, 19 km (12 mi) south west at the mouth of the Swan River.[191] The Fremantle Outer Harbour at Cockburn Sound is one of Australia's major bulk cargo ports.[192]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mundaring Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundaring_Weir"},{"link_name":"Western Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian"},{"link_name":"Verve Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Energy"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Western Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Power_(networks_corporation)"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Synergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy_(electricity_corporation)"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Alinta Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alinta_Energy"},{"link_name":"Kleenheat Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesfarmers#Wesfarmers_Chemicals,_Energy_&_Fertilisers"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Water Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RunOutOfWater-202"},{"link_name":"Western Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian"},{"link_name":"restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_restrictions_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kwinana Desalination Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Southern Seawater Desalination Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Seawater_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"Binningup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binningup,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"}],"sub_title":"Utilities","text":"Mundaring WeirPerth's electricity is predominantly generated, supplied, and retailed by three Western Australian Government corporations. Verve Energy operates coal and gas power generation stations, as well as wind farms and other power sources.[193] The physical network is maintained by Western Power,[194] while Synergy, the state's largest energy retailer, sells electricity to residential and business customers.[195]Alinta Energy, which was previously a government owned company, had a monopoly in the domestic gas market since the 1990s. However, in 2013 Kleenheat Gas began operating in the market, allowing consumers to choose their gas retailer.[196]The Water Corporation is the dominant supplier of water, as well as wastewater and drainage services, in Perth and throughout Western Australia. It is also owned by the state government.[197]Perth's water supply has traditionally relied on both groundwater and rain-fed dams. Reduced rainfall in the region over recent decades had greatly lowered inflow to reservoirs and affected groundwater levels. Coupled with the city's relatively high growth rate, this led to concerns that Perth could run out of water in the near future.[198] The Western Australian Government responded by building desalination plants, and introducing mandatory household sprinkler restrictions. The Kwinana Desalination Plant was opened in 2006,[199][200] and Southern Seawater Desalination Plant at Binningup (on the coast between Mandurah and Bunbury) began operating in 2011. A trial winter (1 June – 31 August) sprinkler ban was introduced in 2009 by the State Government, a move which the Government later announced would be made permanent.[201]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"}],"text":"^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.\n\n^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate Australian as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[96]\n\n^ Those who nominated their ancestry as Aboriginal. Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.\n\n^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/beginningeuropea0000appl"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85564-146-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85564-146-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6423026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6423026"},{"link_name":"Australia's Western Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/australiaswester0000crow"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Macmillan & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-925-33332-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-33332-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-23385-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23385-2"},{"link_name":"Fremantle, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fremantle,_4th_Baron_Cottesloe"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Hazell, Watson and Viney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazell,_Watson_and_Viney"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-909-14419-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909-14419-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Battle of Pinjara. An Early Incident in Western Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.obj-603706599/view?sectionId=nla.obj-609479253&partId=nla.obj-603737641#page/n35"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Perth"},{"link_name":"\"Establishment of The Carrolup Centre for Truth-telling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221029043902/https://govhouse.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201110-CCFTT.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//govhouse.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201110-CCFTT.pdf"},{"link_name":"Heritage Council of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"\"Heritage Trail\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060820011810/http://trails.heritage.wa.gov.au/ht_pdf/YaberooBudjara.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//trails.heritage.wa.gov.au/ht_pdf/YaberooBudjara.pdf"},{"link_name":"History of West Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_West_Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Stannage, C.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Stannage"},{"link_name":"Nedlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedlands"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85564-181-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85564-181-9"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5591431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5591431"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-925-33332-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-33332-9"}],"text":"Appleyard, Reginald T.; Manford, Toby (1979), The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River, Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press, ISBN 0-85564-146-0, OCLC 6423026\nCrowley, F.K. (1960). Australia's Western Third. London: Macmillan & Co.\nEdwards, B.M. (2010). Australia's Most Notorious Convicts. Read How You Want Limited. ISBN 978-1-925-33332-9.\nFforde, Cressida (2002). \"Chapter 18: Yagan\". In Fforde, Cressida; Hubert, Jane; Turnbull, Paul (eds.). The Dead and Their Possessions: Repatriation in Principle, Policy, and Practice. Routledge. pp. 229–241. ISBN 0-415-23385-2.\nFremantle, John (1928). Diary & Letters of Admiral Sir C. H. Fremantle, G.C.B. Relating the Founding of the Colony of Western Australia 1829. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney. ISBN 978-0-909-14419-7.\nGoldsmith, F.H. (1951). \"The Battle of Pinjara. An Early Incident in Western Australia\". Journal and Proceedings. 37. Royal Australian Historical Society. Retrieved 15 May 2023.\nGovernment House (2020). \"Establishment of The Carrolup Centre for Truth-telling\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024.\nHeritage Council of Western Australia (June 1998). \"Heritage Trail\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2024.\nKimberly, W. B. (1897). History of West Australia . Melbourne: F. W. Niven & Co.\nStatham, Pamela (1981). \"Swan River Colony\". In Stannage, C.T. (ed.). A New History of Western Australia. Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0-85564-181-9.\nUren, Malcolm J. L. (1948). Land Looking West. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 5591431.\nWood, Malcom (2016). Australia's Secular Foundations. Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN 978-1-925-33332-9.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Perth is located on the traditional land of the Whadjuk people, one of several groups in south-western Western Australia that make up the Noongar people.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Noongar_regions_map.svg/220px-Noongar_regions_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Foundation of Perth 1829 by George Pitt Morison is a historical reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was founded, although not everyone depicted may have actually been present.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg/220px-The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Built by convicts in the early 1850s, Fremantle Prison is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FremantlePrisonYard.jpg/220px-FremantlePrisonYard.jpg"},{"image_text":"St George's Terrace and Barrack Street, c. 1928. Much of Perth has undergone redevelopment resulting in the loss of historic buildings, such as Moir Chambers (left).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png"},{"image_text":"Looking across Perth railway station c. 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg/220px-Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"Construction of the Narrows Bridge nearing completion in 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg/220px-Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Georges Terrace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/St_Georges_W_from_Central_Park.jpg/220px-St_Georges_W_from_Central_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Area of the Perth Metropolitan Region Scheme","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MASB.gif/180px-MASB.gif"},{"image_text":"Sunset over the Indian Ocean at City Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg/220px-Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kangaroo paw in Kings Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg/170px-Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg"},{"image_text":"Perth population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Perth_density.jpg/220px-Perth_density.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russell Square, Northbridge – historically the favoured meeting place of the Italian community of \"Little Italy\"[98]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg/220px-Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chinatown entry on Roe Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinatown_Perth_2023.jpg/220px-Chinatown_Perth_2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Mary's Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parliament House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg/220px-Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Supreme Court of Western Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg/220px-Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Government House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG/220px-WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG"},{"image_text":"Perth central business district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg/220px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alumina refinery in Kwinana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg/220px-Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Perth Modern School, Perth's first public high school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg/220px-Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The University of Western Australia, located in Crawley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg/220px-UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg"},{"image_text":"ABC Perth studios in East Perth, home of 720 ABC Perth radio and ABC television in Western Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG/250px-ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Channel 9's Perth Studio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg/240px-Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scene from the inauguration of the 2015 Perth Festival, Australia's oldest continuously-running cultural festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Giant_Diver.jpg/220px-Giant_Diver.jpg"},{"image_text":"His Majesty's Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg/220px-His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Heath Ledger Theatre; named in honour of Perth-born actor Heath Ledger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg/220px-State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fremantle West End Heritage area is home to hundreds of Victorian and Edwardian era buildings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg/170px-WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Wirin\" sculpture at Yagan Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Yagan_Square_-_Wirin%2C_March_2018_02.jpg/250px-Yagan_Square_-_Wirin%2C_March_2018_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forrest Place, a major pedestrian thoroughfare","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg/220px-Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Swan Bell Tower, housing 18 bells, was built to mark the new millennium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/OIC_esplanade_bell_tower_from_below.jpg/163px-OIC_esplanade_bell_tower_from_below.jpg"},{"image_text":"Optus Stadium hosts cricket and Australian rules football, Perth's most popular spectator sports","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg/220px-Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg"},{"image_text":"The exterior of Perth Arena","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg/220px-RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"HBF Park hosts rugby league, rugby union and soccer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nib_Stadium.jpg/220px-Nib_Stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Perth Children's Hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg/220px-Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transperth B-Series train at Perth railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg/220px-High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mundaring Weir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg/220px-Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg"}]
[{"title":"1955 Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_for_the_Metropolitan_Region,_Perth_and_Fremantle"},{"title":"List of islands of Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"title":"List of Perth suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Perth_suburbs"}]
[{"reference":"\"Regional population - 2022-23 financial year\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23","url_text":"\"Regional population - 2022-23 financial year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Greater Perth: Basic Community Profile\". 2011 Census Community Profiles. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original (XLS) on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105423/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~5GPER/$File/BCP_5GPER.zip?OpenElement","url_text":"\"Greater Perth: Basic Community Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~5GPER/$File/BCP_5GPER.zip?OpenElement","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"As the Cocky Flies\". Australian Government. Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance","url_text":"\"As the Cocky Flies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Australia","url_text":"Geoscience Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Electoral Boundaries\". State of Western Australia – Office of the Electoral Distribution Commissioners. 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227041615/http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/2011/Final/QuickLinks/","url_text":"\"2011 Electoral Boundaries\""},{"url":"http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/2011/Final/QuickLinks/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater Perth-Final\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715094511/https://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/2021/wa/final-report/files/maps-divisions/2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater%20Perth-Final.pdf","url_text":"\"2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater Perth-Final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission","url_text":"Australian Electoral Commission"},{"url":"https://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/2021/wa/final-report/files/maps-divisions/2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater%20Perth-Final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stirling, James (18 June 1829). Lieutenant-Governor Stirling's Proclamation of the Colony 18 June 1829  – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_Stirling%27s_Proclamation_of_the_Colony_18_June_1829","url_text":"Lieutenant-Governor Stirling's Proclamation of the Colony 18 June 1829"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Gnarla Boodja Mili Mili (Our Country on Paper)\". Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries. 15 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. the Perth CBD area, also known as Boorlo or Burrell in the Noongar language","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419132144/https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/department/publications/publication/gnarla-boodja-mili-mili-(our-country-on-paper)","url_text":"\"Gnarla Boodja Mili Mili (Our Country on Paper)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Local_Government,_Sport_and_Cultural_Industries","url_text":"Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries"},{"url":"https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/department/publications/publication/gnarla-boodja-mili-mili-(our-country-on-paper)","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coates, Erin; James, Stuart; Devenish, Louise (2020). \"Alluvium\". Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erincoates.net/alluvium","url_text":"\"Alluvium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strong field of finalists vie for prestigious Heritage Awards\". Government of Western Australia. 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Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.synergy.net.au/who_we_are.xhtml","url_text":"\"Who we are\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510025842/https://www.synergy.net.au/who_we_are.xhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kleenheat Gas gives West Australians a choice of gas supplier\". Perth Now. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130528053138/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/kleenheat-gas-gives-west-australians-a-choice-of-gas-supplier/story-e6frg13u-1226604439348","url_text":"\"Kleenheat Gas gives West Australians a choice of gas supplier\""},{"url":"http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/kleenheat-gas-gives-west-australians-a-choice-of-gas-supplier/story-e6frg13u-1226604439348","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The way we work\". Water Corporation. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.watercorporation.com.au/about-us/the-way-we-work","url_text":"\"The way we work\""}]},{"reference":"Dortch, Eloise (7 May 2005). \"Plan for a second desalination plant\". The West Australian. West Australian Newspapers Ltd. p. 1. A document dated 12 January obtained by The West Australian under Freedom of Information laws shows that the Water Corporation fears Perth will begin running out of water by late 2008 without one of the two developments.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian","url_text":"The West Australian"}]},{"reference":"\"Premier opens Australia's first major desalination plant\". Water Corporation. 19 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2007. When fully operational it will produce on average 130 million litres per day and supply 17 per cent of Perth's needs.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080726224555/http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3301","url_text":"\"Premier opens Australia's first major desalination plant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Corporation","url_text":"Water Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3301","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kwinana desalination plant open in months\". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 September 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-09-26/kwinana-desalination-plant-open-in-months/1271552","url_text":"\"Kwinana desalination plant open in months\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winter sprinkler ban made permanent\". ABC News. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/09/2681052.htm","url_text":"\"Winter sprinkler ban made permanent\""}]},{"reference":"Appleyard, Reginald T.; Manford, Toby (1979), The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River, Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press, ISBN 0-85564-146-0, OCLC 6423026","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beginningeuropea0000appl","url_text":"The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River, Western Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia","url_text":"University of Western Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85564-146-0","url_text":"0-85564-146-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6423026","url_text":"6423026"}]},{"reference":"Crowley, F.K. (1960). Australia's Western Third. London: Macmillan & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/australiaswester0000crow","url_text":"Australia's Western Third"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co","url_text":"Macmillan & Co"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, B.M. (2010). Australia's Most Notorious Convicts. Read How You Want Limited. ISBN 978-1-925-33332-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-33332-9","url_text":"978-1-925-33332-9"}]},{"reference":"Fforde, Cressida (2002). \"Chapter 18: Yagan\". In Fforde, Cressida; Hubert, Jane; Turnbull, Paul (eds.). The Dead and Their Possessions: Repatriation in Principle, Policy, and Practice. Routledge. pp. 229–241. ISBN 0-415-23385-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23385-2","url_text":"0-415-23385-2"}]},{"reference":"Fremantle, John (1928). Diary & Letters of Admiral Sir C. H. Fremantle, G.C.B. Relating the Founding of the Colony of Western Australia 1829. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney. ISBN 978-0-909-14419-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fremantle,_4th_Baron_Cottesloe","url_text":"Fremantle, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazell,_Watson_and_Viney","url_text":"Hazell, Watson and Viney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909-14419-7","url_text":"978-0-909-14419-7"}]},{"reference":"Goldsmith, F.H. (1951). \"The Battle of Pinjara. An Early Incident in Western Australia\". Journal and Proceedings. 37. Royal Australian Historical Society. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-603706599/view?sectionId=nla.obj-609479253&partId=nla.obj-603737641#page/n35","url_text":"\"The Battle of Pinjara. An Early Incident in Western Australia\""}]},{"reference":"Government House (2020). \"Establishment of The Carrolup Centre for Truth-telling\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Perth","url_text":"Government House"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221029043902/https://govhouse.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201110-CCFTT.pdf","url_text":"\"Establishment of The Carrolup Centre for Truth-telling\""},{"url":"https://govhouse.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201110-CCFTT.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heritage Council of Western Australia (June 1998). \"Heritage Trail\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh-e_Nil
Bagh-e Nil
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 27°07′43″N 59°27′11″E / 27.12861°N 59.45306°E / 27.12861; 59.45306Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranBagh-e Nil باغ نيلvillageBagh-e NilCoordinates: 27°07′43″N 59°27′11″E / 27.12861°N 59.45306°E / 27.12861; 59.45306Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyDalganBakhshJolgeh-ye Chah HashemRural DistrictJolgeh-ye Chah HashemPopulation (2006) • Total305Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Bagh-e Nil (Persian: باغ نيل, also Romanized as Bāgh-e Nīl; also known as Baganīl) is a village in Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem Rural District, Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem District, Dalgan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 305, in 54 families. References ^ Bagh-e Nil can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3054624" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Dalgan CountyCapital Galmurti DistrictsCentralCities Galmurti Rural Districts and villagesDalgan Aliabad-e Goldasht Aliabad-e Ladi Chah Mirak Chah-e Ahmad Chah-e Ali Pangi Chah-e Alvand Chah-e Dazu Chah-e Ebrahim Chah-e Hoseyni Chah-e Isa Chah-e Jalal Chah-e Kamal Chah-e Khoda Bakhsh Chah-e Kichi Chah-e Mohammad Chah-e Shurak-e Do Chah-e Shurak-e Yek Chah-e Yar Mohammad Chil Konar Gaz Gar Gaz Shahan Goldasht Gonbad-e Alavi Hamidabad Hitak Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Ladi Hoseynabad-e Gaz Shahan Jabrabad Kahanok Kahanok Kahnok Ladi Kalakontak Kalanzohur Malekabad Mowtowr-e 15 Khordad Mowtowr-e Abdollahi Rad Mowtowr-e Ahmad Pirasteh Mowtowr-e Chaker Mowtowr-e Delmorad Mowtowr-e Emam Bakhsh Abdollahi Mowtowr-e Gol Mohammad Spahi Mowtowr-e Hasan Matlaq Mowtowr-e Mirak Mowtowr-e Morad Abdollahi Mowtowr-e Nur Mohammad Busheh Mowtowr-e Shanbeh Nukabad-e Gonbad Qasemabad-e Gonbad Sardasht Sardasht-e Nematabad Seh Payeh-e Ziarat-e Gonbad Shahrak Ashayiri-ye Khosrin Tohman-e Ladi Hudian Ab Shirin Abzan Bon Kel Bonguh Chahak Deh-e Dasht Deh-e Parkak Deh-e Zir Dukan Kopt Gowhar Gunefshgan Guvas Hidan Hir Hudian Huraki Kahnok Kaljegan Kollan Konar Shib Mahmudabad-e Garvas Bakam Pasgah Hudian Poshteh-ye Pirdad Rastehi Surak Vasirin Ziarat Jolgeh-yeChah HashemCities none Rural Districts and villagesJolgeh-yeChah Hashem Ahmadabad-e Gurak Aliabad Aliabad Azarabad Bagh-e Nil Baleshti Bechahanak Beheshtabad Chah-e Ali Chah-e Baluch Chah-e Danak Chah-e Navvab Chah-e Qajar Chah-e Sangak Chah-e Taqi Chegerdak Damitun-e Bala Damitun-e Pain Damui Dar Ab Deh Now Deh-e Mir Derap Dulabkan Esfand Gazan Gerdu Nan Hasanabad Hoseynabad-e Bagh-e Nil Jalalabad Juydad Mohammad Kalutan Kambar-e Baqer Kheyrabad Mand-e Bala Mand-e Sofla Mazraeh-ye Baqerabad Mianbazar Mowtowr-e Abdal Mowtowr-e Abdal Naruyi Mowtowr-e Abdal Rahman Naruyi Mowtowr-e Alam Beyk Mowtowr-e Ali Qasem Mowtowr-e Allah Bakhsh Hatam Mowtowr-e Amir Naruyi Mowtowr-e Bagh-e Baghun Mowtowr-e Behruz Mowtowr-e Bonadi Mowtowr-e Chamal Naruyi Mowtowr-e Dushanbeh Rushni Mowtowr-e Gholam Hoseyn Naruyi Mowtowr-e Hajj Ahmad Ali Moradi Mowtowr-e Hajji Vali Mohammad Naruyi Mowtowr-e Hasan Bamri Mowtowr-e Heydar Mowtowr-e Idu Mowtowr-e Jafar Bamri Mowtowr-e Jameh Naderi Mowtowr-e Jelal va Kimas Mowtowr-e Kalsum Naruyi Mowtowr-e Kandal Mowtowr-e Karam Beyk Naruyi Mowtowr-e Karam Shah Mowtowr-e Kheyr Mohammad Huti Mowtowr-e Mahdi Mowtowr-e Mahdi Salari Mowtowr-e Mahim Naruyi Mowtowr-e Mahmud Shirani Mowtowr-e Mahtaj Naruyi Nuraldini Mowtowr-e Mir Huti Naruyi Mowtowr-e Mohammad Hasan Naruyi Mowtowr-e Morad Naruyi Mowtowr-e Musa Bamri Mowtowr-e Owrang Huti Mowtowr-e Pir Bakhsh Kamkar Mowtowr-e Rasul Bakhsh Fatiyeh Mohammad Mowtowr-e Riazi Mowtowr-e Ruhollah Bamri Mowtowr-e Shahdust Naruyi Mowtowr-e Shahid Jameh Mowtowr-e Zabudi Naluki Nukabad Qazizadeh Ragiti Sarban-e Damuyi Seh Boni Sey Vik Shahid Beheshti Agro-Industrial Complex Shahrak-e Chah-e Eshaq Shahrak-e Hoseynabad Shahrak-e Taqiabad Shamsabad Takhman Miri Ziyarat-e Miromar Iran portal This Dalgan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_du_Pont
Pete du Pont
["1 Early life and family","2 Professional and political career","2.1 U.S. House of Representatives","2.2 Governor of Delaware","2.3 Presidential aspirations","2.4 Later career","3 Death","4 Electoral history","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
American politician (1935–2021) For the chemical company, see DuPont. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pete du Pont" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pete du PontDu Pont in 197368th Governor of DelawareIn officeJanuary 18, 1977 – January 15, 1985LieutenantJames D. McGinnisMike CastlePreceded bySherman W. TribbittSucceeded byMike CastleMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Delaware's at-large districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1971 – January 3, 1977Preceded byWilliam RothSucceeded byThomas B. Evans Jr.Member of the Delaware House of Representativesfrom the 12th districtIn officeJanuary 7, 1969 – January 3, 1971Preceded byDavid BensonSucceeded byWilliam Poulterer Personal detailsBornPierre Samuel du Pont IV(1935-01-22)January 22, 1935Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.DiedMay 8, 2021(2021-05-08) (aged 86)Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseElise Ravenel WoodChildren4, including BenRelativesSee du Pont familyEducationPrinceton University (BS)Harvard University (LLB) Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV (January 22, 1935 – May 8, 2021) was an American attorney, businessman, and politician who served as the 68th governor of Delaware from 1977 to 1985. A member of the Republican Party, he was the United States representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district from 1971 to 1977. Early life and family See also: Du Pont family Pierre Samuel du Pont IV was born on January 22, 1935, in Wilmington, Delaware. A member of the Du Pont family, he was the son of Pierre Samuel du Pont III and Jane Holcomb du Pont, grandson of Lammot du Pont II, and great nephew of Pierre S. du Pont, the developer of Longwood Gardens. After education at Phillips Exeter Academy, Princeton University, and Harvard Law School, he served in the U.S. Naval Reserve (Seabees) from 1957 until 1960. He was married to Elise Ravenel Wood and has four children, Elise, Pierre V, Ben, and Eleuthère. Professional and political career From 1963 until 1970 du Pont was employed by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. In 1968, he was elected unopposed to the 12th district seat in the Delaware House of Representatives, which he held until 1971. He seriously considered a bid for a United States Senate seat in 1972 (eventually won by Democrat Joe Biden), and initially faced a likely primary election against former U.S. Representative Harry G. Haskell Jr. He then bowed out in accordance with the wish of Republican leaders, including President Richard Nixon, to have a reluctant incumbent U.S. Senator J. Caleb Boggs seek a third term. U.S. House of Representatives Du Pont as a U.S. Representative In 1970 du Pont was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, defeating Democrat John D. Daniello, a New Castle County Councilman and labor leader. He won election to the U.S. House of Representatives two more times, defeating Democrats Norma Handloff in 1972 and University of Delaware professor James R. Soles in 1974. In Congress, du Pont supported an attempt to limit presidential authority through the War Powers Act of 1973, but was one of the last to remain loyal to U.S. President Richard M. Nixon during the impeachment process. Governor of Delaware Du Pont did not seek another term in the U.S. House of Representatives and instead ran for Governor of Delaware in 1976, defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt. He was elected to a second term as governor in 1980, defeating Democratic State House leader William J. Gordy, and served two terms from January 18, 1977, until January 15, 1985. Governor du Pont with Adjutant General of Delaware National Guard Du Pont greeting President Gerald Ford in 1975 Du Pont with President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush in 1983 As Governor, du Pont signed into law two income tax reduction measures and a constitutional amendment that restrained future tax increases and limited government spending. The Wilmington News Journal praised these policies, saying that du Pont "revived business climate and set the stage for prosperity". In 1979, he founded the nonprofit "Jobs for Delaware Graduates", an employment counseling and job placement program for high school seniors not bound for college. This program was the model for other programs currently functioning in many states and foreign countries. In 1981, Du Pont helped establish the credit card industry in Delaware, in a race against South Dakota, which the year before had abolished its usury law limiting the interest rates that banks can charge consumers for credit. At the time, du Pont's cousin Nathan Hayward III advocated that tiny Delaware aspire to become the "financial Luxembourg of America" – a tax haven for corporations, yacht owners, and credit card companies permitted to charge unlimited interest. Former Du Pont Chairman Irving S. Shapiro, then a lobbyist for Citicorp, helped Gov. du Pont pass the Financial Center Development Act in 1981 with the cooperation of the leadership of both parties and others in state and local government. Intended to attract two New York state banks that would hire at least 1,000 employees, the law eventually drew more than thirty banks to Delaware, creating 43,000 new finance-related jobs and leading the state away from its previous dependence on the chemical industry in general and the Du Pont Company in particular. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor) Year Assembly Senate Majority Presidentpro tempore House Majority Speaker 1977–1978 129th Democratic Richard S. Cordrey Democratic Kenneth W. BouldenJohn P. Ferguson 1979–1980 130th Democratic Richard S. Cordrey Republican Robert W. Riddagh 1981–1982 131st Democratic Richard S. Cordrey Republican Charles L. Hebner 1983–1984 132nd Democratic Richard S. Cordrey Democratic Orlando J. George Jr. Presidential aspirations With his second and final term as governor expiring in 1985, du Pont, as the dominant Delaware politician, was widely expected to challenge the popular incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator and future President, Joe Biden, but du Pont had little interest in legislative politics and declined to run, preparing instead for a long shot bid for the Republican U.S. presidential nomination in the 1988 election. (His wife, Elise, ran for the U.S. Congressional seat that he had previously held in 1984, but lost to incumbent Democrat Tom Carper.) He declared his intent on September 16, 1986, before anyone else. Biden also sought his party's nomination but dropped out of the race after a plagiarism scandal. Running in the 1988 Republican presidential primaries, du Pont presented an unconventional program. As described by Celia Cohen in her book, Only in Delaware, du Pont "wanted to reform Social Security by offering recipients private savings options in exchange for a corresponding reduction in government benefits. He proposed phasing out government subsidies for farmers. He said he would wean welfare clients off their benefits and get them into the workforce, even if government had to provide entry-level jobs to get them started. He suggested students be subjected to mandatory, random drug tests with those who flunked losing their drivers licenses." After finishing next to last in the New Hampshire primary, du Pont exited the race. Later career Du Pont in 2011 In 1984, du Pont served as chairman of the Education Commission of the States, a national organization of educators dedicated to improving all facets of American education. He also served as chairman of the Hudson Institute from 1985 until 1987 and the National Review Institute from 1994 until 1997. Du Pont was the chairman of the board for the National Center for Policy Analysis, a think tank based in Dallas, Texas; he was a retired director with the Wilmington, Delaware law firm of Richards, Layton, and Finger, and until May 2014, he wrote the monthly Outside the Box column for the Wall Street Journal. Death Du Pont died at his home in Wilmington, on May 8, 2021, following a long illness. Electoral history Public Offices Office Type Location Began office Ended office notes State Representative Legislature Dover January 14, 1969 January 3, 1971 U.S. Representative Legislature Washington January 3, 1971 January 3, 1973 U.S. Representative Legislature Washington January 3, 1973 January 3, 1975 U.S. Representative Legislature Washington January 3, 1975 January 3, 1977 Governor Executive Dover January 18, 1977 January 20, 1981 Governor Executive Dover January 20, 1981 January 15, 1985 Delaware General Assembly service Dates Assembly Chamber Majority Governor Committees District 1969–1970 125th State House Republican Russell W. Peterson New Castle 12th United States Congressional service Dates Congress Chamber Majority President Committees Class/District 1971–1973 92nd U.S. House Democratic Richard M. Nixon at-large 1973–1975 93rd U.S. House Democratic Richard M. NixonGerald R. Ford at-large 1975–1977 94th U.S. House Democratic Gerald R. Ford at-large Election results Year Office Election Subject Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes % 1970 U.S. Representative General Pierre S. du Pont IV Republican 86,125 54% John D. Daniello Democratic 71,429 46% 1972 U.S. Representative General Pierre S. du Pont IV Republican 141,237 63% Norma Handloft Democratic 83,230 37% 1974 U.S. Representative General Pierre S. du Pont IV Republican 93,826 58% James R. Soles Democratic 63,490 40% 1976 Governor General Pierre S. du Pont IV Republican 130,531 57% Sherman W. Tribbitt Democratic 97,480 42% 1980 Governor General Pierre S. du Pont IV Republican 159,004 71% William J. Gordy Democratic 64,217 29% References ^ a b c McFadden, Robert D. (May 9, 2021). "Pete du Pont, Ex-Delaware Governor Who Ran for President, Dies at 86". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ a b c "DU PONT, Pierre Samuel, IV". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ a b "Pierre 'Pete' du Pont IV dies; ran for president in 1988". Politico. Associated Press. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ Shaxson, Nicholas (February 18, 2011). Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who Stole the World. Random House. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-4464-5014-7. ^ Banking Haven, by Neil Gilbride, The Washington Post, June 26, 1983. ^ Archived February 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ^ Koplinski 2000, p. 238. ^ Cohen, Celia. Only in Delaware, Politics and Politicians in the First State. ^ "Du Pont drops presidential bid". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, TX. AP. February 19, 1988. Retrieved October 22, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Bittle, Matt (May 9, 2021). "Former Gov. Pete du Pont, praised for tenure. dies at 86". Bay to Bay News. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ "Pierre 'Pete' du Pont IV dies; ran for president in 1988 – POLITICO". Politico. May 9, 2021. Sources Koplinski, Brad (2000). Hats in the ring : conversations with presidential candidates. Presidential Publishing. ISBN 0-9678702-3-2. OCLC 44945022. Further reading Boyer, William W. (2000). Governing Delaware. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 1-892142-23-6. Hoffecker, Carol E. (2004). Democracy in Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Cedar Tree Books. ISBN 1-892142-23-6. Martin, Roger A. (1984). History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press. Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin. External links Appearances on C-SPAN Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Delaware House of Representatives Preceded byDavid Benson Member of the Delaware House of Representativesfrom the 12th district 1969–1971 Succeeded byWilliam Poulterer U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byWilliam Roth Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Delaware's at-large congressional district 1971–1977 Succeeded byThomas B. Evans Jr. Party political offices Preceded byRussell W. Peterson Republican nominee for Governor of Delaware 1976, 1980 Succeeded byMike Castle Political offices Preceded bySherman W. Tribbitt Governor of Delaware 1977–1985 Succeeded byMike Castle vteMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware Vining Patten Latimer Bayard C. A. Rodney Broom Van Dyke Ridgely Cooper Clayton McLane Hall D. Rodney Johns Milligan Robinson G. B. Rodney J. W. Houston Riddle Cullen Whiteley Fisher Temple Smithers Nicholson Biggs Lofland J. Williams Martin Lore Penington Causey Willis Handy J. H. Hoffecker W. O. Hoffecker Ball H. A. Houston Burton Heald Brockson Miller Polk Layton Boyce R. G. Houston Adams Stewart Allen G. S. Williams Traynor Willey Boggs Warburton McDowell Haskell Roth du Pont Evans Carper Castle Carney Blunt Rochester vteGovernors and lieutenant governors of DelawareGovernors McKinly McKean Read Caesar Rodney Dickinson Cook Van Dyke T. Collins Davis Clayton Bedford Rogers Bassett Sykes D. Hall Mitchell Truitt Haslet D. Rodney Clark Molleston Stout J. Collins Caleb Rodney Haslet Thomas Paynter Polk Hazzard Bennett Polk Comegys Cooper Stockton Maull Temple Tharp Ross Causey Burton Cannon Saulsbury Ponder Cochran J. Hall Stockley Biggs Reynolds Marvil Watson Tunnell Hunn Lea Pennewill Miller Townsend Denney Robinson Buck McMullen Bacon Carvel Boggs Buckson Carvel Terry Peterson Tribbitt du Pont Castle Wolf Carper Minner Markell Carney Lieutenantgovernors Cannon Parker Mendinhall Ferguson Eliason Bush Anderson Hazel Corley Cooch MacCollum Carvel Bayard Rollins Buckson Lammot Tribbitt Bookhammer McGinnis Castle Woo Wolf Minner Carney Denn Hall-Long vte(← 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 →)Republican Party Convention Primaries results Candidates Nominee: George H. W. Bush campaign VP nominee: Dan Quayle Other candidates: Bob Dole Pete du Pont Ben Fernandez Alexander Haig Jack Kemp Paul Laxalt Isabell Masters Pat Robertson Donald Rumsfeld Harold Stassen Democratic Party Convention Primaries results Candidates Nominee: Michael Dukakis campaign VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen Other candidates: Douglas Applegate Bruce Babbitt Joe Biden campaign positions David Duke Dick Gephardt Al Gore campaign Gary Hart Jesse Jackson campaign Lyndon LaRouche campaign positions Andy Martin Patricia Schroeder Paul Simon James Traficant Third-party and independent candidatesLibertarian Party Convention Nominee: Ron Paul campaign positions VP nominee: Andre Marrou Other candidates: Jim Lewis Russell Means New Alliance Party Nominee: Lenora Fulani Populist Party Nominee: David Duke Prohibition Party Nominee: Earl Dodge VP nominee: George Ormsby Socialist Equality Party Nominee: Edward Winn Socialist Party Nominee: Willa Kenoyer VP nominee: Ron Ehrenreich Socialist Workers Party Nominee: James Warren VP nominee: Kathleen Mickells Workers World Party Nominee: Larry Holmes VP nominee: Gloria La Riva Independents and others Jack Herer Lyndon LaRouche Herbert G. Lewin William A. Marra Eugene McCarthy Other 1988 elections: House Senate Gubernatorial Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States People US Congress
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A member of the Republican Party, he was the United States representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district from 1971 to 1977.","title":"Pete du Pont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Du Pont family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Pont_family"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"Du Pont family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Pont_family"},{"link_name":"Lammot du Pont II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammot_du_Pont_II"},{"link_name":"Pierre S. du Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_S._du_Pont"},{"link_name":"Longwood Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Phillips Exeter Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Seabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdusc-2"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_du_Pont"}],"text":"See also: Du Pont familyPierre Samuel du Pont IV was born on January 22, 1935, in Wilmington, Delaware.[1] A member of the Du Pont family, he was the son of Pierre Samuel du Pont III and Jane Holcomb du Pont, grandson of Lammot du Pont II, and great nephew of Pierre S. du Pont, the developer of Longwood Gardens. After education at Phillips Exeter Academy, Princeton University, and Harvard Law School, he served in the U.S. Naval Reserve (Seabees) from 1957 until 1960.[2] He was married to Elise Ravenel Wood and has four children, Elise, Pierre V, Ben, and Eleuthère.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"Delaware House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politicoobit-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdusc-2"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Harry G. Haskell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_G._Haskell_Jr."},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"J. Caleb Boggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Caleb_Boggs"}],"text":"From 1963 until 1970 du Pont was employed by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. In 1968, he was elected unopposed to the 12th district seat in the Delaware House of Representatives,[3] which he held until 1971.[2] He seriously considered a bid for a United States Senate seat in 1972 (eventually won by Democrat Joe Biden), and initially faced a likely primary election against former U.S. Representative Harry G. Haskell Jr. He then bowed out in accordance with the wish of Republican leaders, including President Richard Nixon, to have a reluctant incumbent U.S. Senator J. Caleb Boggs seek a third term.","title":"Professional and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_S._du_Pont_IV.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"War Powers Act of 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"impeachment process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon"}],"sub_title":"U.S. House of Representatives","text":"Du Pont as a U.S. RepresentativeIn 1970 du Pont was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, defeating Democrat John D. Daniello, a New Castle County Councilman and labor leader. He won election to the U.S. House of Representatives two more times, defeating Democrats Norma Handloff in 1972 and University of Delaware professor James R. Soles in 1974. In Congress, du Pont supported an attempt to limit presidential authority through the War Powers Act of 1973, but was one of the last to remain loyal to U.S. President Richard M. Nixon during the impeachment process.","title":"Professional and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Governor of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Sherman W. Tribbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_W._Tribbitt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdusc-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DupontPETE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_A4593_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_(1975-05-15)(Gerald_Ford_Library)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C16019_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"Wilmington News Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_News_Journal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"usury law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury_law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Irving S. Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_S._Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Citicorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup"},{"link_name":"Du Pont Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"}],"sub_title":"Governor of Delaware","text":"Du Pont did not seek another term in the U.S. House of Representatives and instead ran for Governor of Delaware in 1976, defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt. He was elected to a second term as governor in 1980, defeating Democratic State House leader William J. Gordy, and served two terms from January 18, 1977, until January 15, 1985.[2]Governor du Pont with Adjutant General of Delaware National GuardDu Pont greeting President Gerald Ford in 1975Du Pont with President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush in 1983As Governor, du Pont signed into law two income tax reduction measures and a constitutional amendment that restrained future tax increases and limited government spending.[1] The Wilmington News Journal praised these policies, saying that du Pont \"revived [the] business climate and set the stage for [Delaware's] prosperity\".[citation needed] In 1979, he founded the nonprofit \"Jobs for Delaware Graduates\", an employment counseling and job placement program for high school seniors not bound for college. This program was the model for other programs currently functioning in many states and foreign countries.In 1981, Du Pont helped establish the credit card industry in Delaware, in a race against South Dakota, which the year before had abolished its usury law limiting the interest rates that banks can charge consumers for credit.[4] At the time, du Pont's cousin Nathan Hayward III advocated that tiny Delaware aspire to become the \"financial Luxembourg of America\" – a tax haven for corporations, yacht owners, and credit card companies permitted to charge unlimited interest.[5] Former Du Pont Chairman Irving S. Shapiro, then a lobbyist for Citicorp, helped Gov. du Pont pass the Financial Center Development Act in 1981 with the cooperation of the leadership of both parties and others in state and local government. Intended to attract two New York state banks that would hire at least 1,000 employees, the law eventually drew more than thirty banks to Delaware, creating 43,000 new finance-related jobs and leading the state away from its previous dependence on the chemical industry in general and the Du Pont Company in particular.","title":"Professional and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politicoobit-3"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"1988 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Tom Carper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoplinski2000238-7"},{"link_name":"1988 Republican presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1988"},{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP1988-9"}],"sub_title":"Presidential aspirations","text":"With his second and final term as governor expiring in 1985,[3] du Pont, as the dominant Delaware politician, was widely expected to challenge the popular incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator and future President, Joe Biden, but du Pont had little interest in legislative politics and declined to run, preparing instead for a long shot bid for the Republican U.S. presidential nomination in the 1988 election. (His wife, Elise, ran for the U.S. Congressional seat that he had previously held in 1984, but lost to incumbent Democrat Tom Carper.)[6] He declared his intent on September 16, 1986,[7] before anyone else. Biden also sought his party's nomination but dropped out of the race after a plagiarism scandal.Running in the 1988 Republican presidential primaries, du Pont presented an unconventional program. As described by Celia Cohen in her book, Only in Delaware, du Pont \"wanted to reform Social Security by offering recipients private savings options in exchange for a corresponding reduction in government benefits. He proposed phasing out government subsidies for farmers. He said he would wean welfare clients off their benefits and get them into the workforce, even if government had to provide entry-level jobs to get them started. He suggested students be subjected to mandatory, random drug tests with those who flunked losing their drivers [sic] licenses.\"[8] After finishing next to last in the New Hampshire primary, du Pont exited the race.[9]","title":"Professional and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petedupont.jpg"},{"link_name":"Education Commission of the States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Commission_of_the_States"},{"link_name":"Hudson Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute"},{"link_name":"National Review Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review_Institute"},{"link_name":"National Center for Policy Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Policy_Analysis"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Du Pont in 2011In 1984, du Pont served as chairman of the Education Commission of the States, a national organization of educators dedicated to improving all facets of American education. He also served as chairman of the Hudson Institute from 1985 until 1987 and the National Review Institute from 1994 until 1997.Du Pont was the chairman of the board for the National Center for Policy Analysis, a think tank based in Dallas, Texas; he was a retired director with the Wilmington, Delaware law firm of Richards, Layton, and Finger, and until May 2014, he wrote the monthly Outside the Box column for the Wall Street Journal.","title":"Professional and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Du Pont died at his home in Wilmington, on May 8, 2021, following a long illness.[1][10][11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hats in the ring : conversations with presidential candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hatsinringconver00kopl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9678702-3-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9678702-3-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44945022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44945022"}],"text":"Koplinski, Brad (2000). Hats in the ring : conversations with presidential candidates. Presidential Publishing. ISBN 0-9678702-3-2. OCLC 44945022.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-892142-23-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892142-23-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-892142-23-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892142-23-6"}],"text":"Boyer, William W. (2000). Governing Delaware. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 1-892142-23-6.\nHoffecker, Carol E. (2004). Democracy in Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Cedar Tree Books. ISBN 1-892142-23-6.\nMartin, Roger A. (1984). History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press.\nMartin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Du Pont as a U.S. Representative","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pierre_S._du_Pont_IV.jpg/125px-Pierre_S._du_Pont_IV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Governor du Pont with Adjutant General of Delaware National Guard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/DupontPETE.jpg/300px-DupontPETE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Du Pont greeting President Gerald Ford in 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ford_A4593_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281975-05-15%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ford_A4593_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281975-05-15%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Du Pont with President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush in 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C16019_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C16019_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Du Pont in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Petedupont.jpg/200px-Petedupont.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (May 9, 2021). \"Pete du Pont, Ex-Delaware Governor Who Ran for President, Dies at 86\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/obituaries/pete-du-pont-dead.html","url_text":"\"Pete du Pont, Ex-Delaware Governor Who Ran for President, Dies at 86\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"DU PONT, Pierre Samuel, IV\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000558","url_text":"\"DU PONT, Pierre Samuel, IV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Pierre 'Pete' du Pont IV dies; ran for president in 1988\". Politico. Associated Press. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/09/pierre-pete-du-pont-iv-dies-ran-for-president-in-1988-486256","url_text":"\"Pierre 'Pete' du Pont IV dies; ran for president in 1988\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Shaxson, Nicholas (February 18, 2011). Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who Stole the World. Random House. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-4464-5014-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C1NhQyTqnbUC&pg=PA166","url_text":"166–167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-5014-7","url_text":"978-1-4464-5014-7"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Celia. Only in Delaware, Politics and Politicians in the First State.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Du Pont drops presidential bid\". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, TX. AP. February 19, 1988. Retrieved October 22, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7112863//","url_text":"\"Du Pont drops presidential bid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Bittle, Matt (May 9, 2021). \"Former Gov. Pete du Pont, praised for tenure. dies at 86\". Bay to Bay News. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://baytobaynews.com/stories/former-gov-pete-du-pont-dies-at-86,47523","url_text":"\"Former Gov. Pete du Pont, praised for tenure. dies at 86\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pierre 'Pete' du Pont IV dies; ran for president in 1988 – POLITICO\". Politico. May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/09/pierre-pete-du-pont-iv-dies-ran-for-president-in-1988-486256","url_text":"\"Pierre 'Pete' du Pont IV dies; ran for president in 1988 – POLITICO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"Koplinski, Brad (2000). Hats in the ring : conversations with presidential candidates. Presidential Publishing. ISBN 0-9678702-3-2. OCLC 44945022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hatsinringconver00kopl","url_text":"Hats in the ring : conversations with presidential candidates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9678702-3-2","url_text":"0-9678702-3-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44945022","url_text":"44945022"}]},{"reference":"Boyer, William W. (2000). Governing Delaware. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 1-892142-23-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892142-23-6","url_text":"1-892142-23-6"}]},{"reference":"Hoffecker, Carol E. (2004). Democracy in Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Cedar Tree Books. ISBN 1-892142-23-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892142-23-6","url_text":"1-892142-23-6"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Roger A. (1984). History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Kaye
Stewart Kaye
["1 Life","2 Main works","3 References"]
Scottish architect Learmonth Court, Edinburgh Stewart Kaye FRIBA FRICS (1885–1952) was a Scottish architect in the 20th century. Working in a stripped down Scottish version of the Art Deco style he was consultant architect to the Presbytery of East Lothian and the Halifax Building Society. Mainly based in Edinburgh he is responsible for a large proportion of the city's housing estates from the 1930s. Life Lothian House, Lothian Road, Edinburgh 5 Wester Coates Terrace, Edinburgh He was born in or near Broughty Ferry near Dundee in 1885 the son of James Kaye a cashier with the North British Railway Company. He was educated at Grove Academy in Dundee. He then studied engineering and architecture at the Technical College in Dundee and Dundee University and was articled to James McLaren of Dundee before traveling more widely: he spent some time with George Rivell in Alnwick; then George W. B. Rees in Cardiff; J. E. Rickards in London. In 1905 he did a study tour in the Netherlands and Belgium and in 1906 went to Italy. He set up practice in 1913 in Dunfermline but moved to Gillespie Crescent in Edinburgh in 1914. His career was interrupted by the First World War, during which he first served with the Royal Scots then was commissioned into the Royal Engineers, reaching the rank of Captain. He was demobbed in 1919 and resumed his career. He was proposed as a member of the RIBA in 1920 by Alexander Lorne Campbell and Harold Tarbolton. He was also a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Surveyors. In 1925 he was involved in making a photographic record of Amisfield House in East Lothian prior to its demolition. Between the wars he oversaw and designed some truly huge housing schemes in Edinburgh, in liaison with City Architect Ebenezer James MacRae who also worked with Kaye on Gogarburn Hospital. In the Second World War he was Director of Emergency Works in Scotland (a highly important role) and was involved in the location and specification of the structure of air raid shelters across the country. When he returned to work after the war, despite his son joining the firm, his style was well out of date. He retired due to ill health soon after taking on Colin McWilliam as an assistant at his offices at 13 Thistle Street. In later life he lived at 5 Wester Coates Terrace; a large semi-detached villa in West Edinburgh. He died on 17 February 1952 and is buried in the 20th century detached north extension to Dean Cemetery in west Edinburgh. The grave faces north onto the third east–west path from the entrance. Main works The grave of Stewart Kaye, Dean Cemetery Arcade and shops, Cowdenbeath (1912) YMCA building, Ayr (1913) Naval Institute, Invergordon (1914) Sailors Institute, Greenock (1914/5) YMCA building, Rosyth (1914/5) Brucefield housing estate, Dunfermline (1919) Upgrade of Hawthornden Castle (1926) Gogarburn Mental Hospital (1927) 2-8 Cockburn Street Edinburgh (1928) Offices for Edinburgh Evening News, Market Street, Edinburgh (1928) Restoration and remodelling of Yester Parish Church (c.1931) Huge housing estate at East Pilton, in north Edinburgh for Edinburgh Corporation (1932–36) Parsons Green housing estate, Jock's Lodge, east Edinburgh (1934) Silverknowes housing estate, north Edinburgh (1934) Carrick Knowe housing estate, west Edinburgh (1934) Crewe Road housing scheme, west Edinburgh (1936) Lothian House, Lothian Road, Edinburgh (including cinema) (1936–39) West Pilton housing scheme (1936) Housing estate (bungalows) Craigcrook and Hillpark in west Edinburgh (1937) Colinton Mains housing estate, south-west Edinburgh (1937) Hotel and shops Shandwick Place (south) central Edinburgh (1937) Broomhouse housing estate, western Edinburgh (1938) Learmonth Court flats at Learmonth Avenue in Edinburgh (1938, completed 1946) Cardboard Box factory, Bonnington Road, Leith (1939) now converted to flats Conversion of Bonaly Tower to flats (1939) Offices for Grant & Co, Garscube Road Glasgow (1948) Carrick Knowe Church (1951) References ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)". ^ "Catalogue description Captain Stewart KAYE. Royal Engineers". ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)". ^ Scotland's Lost Houses by Ian Gow ^ "Glasgow Road Gogarburn Hospital Gogarburn House (Lb27121)". ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)". ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)". ^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1935 ^ "Gravestone Photographs Resource breadcrumb list for grave 69969".
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Mainly based in Edinburgh he is responsible for a large proportion of the city's housing estates from the 1930s.","title":"Stewart Kaye"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lothian_House,_Lothian_Road,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Wester_Coates_Terrace,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broughty Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughty_Ferry"},{"link_name":"North British Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Dundee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_University"},{"link_name":"George Rivell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Rivell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alnwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick"},{"link_name":"George W. B. Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._B._Rees&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"J. E. Rickards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._E._Rickards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scots"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lorne Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lorne_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Harold Tarbolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Tarbolton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amisfield House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisfield_House"},{"link_name":"East Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer James MacRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_James_MacRae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Colin McWilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McWilliam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dean Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Lothian House, Lothian Road, Edinburgh5 Wester Coates Terrace, EdinburghHe was born in or near Broughty Ferry near Dundee in 1885 the son of James Kaye a cashier with the North British Railway Company. He was educated at Grove Academy in Dundee. He then studied engineering and architecture at the Technical College in Dundee and Dundee University and was articled to James McLaren of Dundee before traveling more widely: he spent some time with George Rivell in Alnwick; then George W. B. Rees in Cardiff; J. E. Rickards in London. In 1905 he did a study tour in the Netherlands and Belgium and in 1906 went to Italy.[1]He set up practice in 1913 in Dunfermline but moved to Gillespie Crescent in Edinburgh in 1914. His career was interrupted by the First World War, during which he first served with the Royal Scots then was commissioned into the Royal Engineers, reaching the rank of Captain. He was demobbed in 1919 and resumed his career.[2] He was proposed as a member of the RIBA in 1920 by Alexander Lorne Campbell and Harold Tarbolton. He was also a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Surveyors.[3]In 1925 he was involved in making a photographic record of Amisfield House in East Lothian prior to its demolition.[4]Between the wars he oversaw and designed some truly huge housing schemes in Edinburgh, in liaison with City Architect Ebenezer James MacRae who also worked with Kaye on Gogarburn Hospital.[5]In the Second World War he was Director of Emergency Works in Scotland (a highly important role) and was involved in the location and specification of the structure of air raid shelters across the country.[6]When he returned to work after the war, despite his son joining the firm, his style was well out of date. He retired due to ill health soon after taking on Colin McWilliam as an assistant at his offices at 13 Thistle Street.[7]In later life he lived at 5 Wester Coates Terrace; a large semi-detached villa in West Edinburgh.[8]He died on 17 February 1952 and is buried in the 20th century detached north extension to Dean Cemetery in west Edinburgh. The grave faces north onto the third east–west path from the entrance.[9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Stewart_Kaye,_Dean_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cowdenbeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowdenbeath"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"Ayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr"},{"link_name":"Invergordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invergordon"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"Rosyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyth"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Hawthornden Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthornden_Castle"},{"link_name":"Gogarburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogarburn"},{"link_name":"Cockburn Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Street"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Evening News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News"},{"link_name":"Yester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yester"},{"link_name":"Pilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilton,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Jock's Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock%27s_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Silverknowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverknowes"},{"link_name":"Carrick Knowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick_Knowe"},{"link_name":"Pilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilton,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Colinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton"},{"link_name":"Broomhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomhouse,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Learmonth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learmonth,_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"Bonaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaly"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Carrick Knowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick_Knowe"}],"text":"The grave of Stewart Kaye, Dean CemeteryArcade and shops, Cowdenbeath (1912)\nYMCA building, Ayr (1913)\nNaval Institute, Invergordon (1914)\nSailors Institute, Greenock (1914/5)\nYMCA building, Rosyth (1914/5)\nBrucefield housing estate, Dunfermline (1919)\nUpgrade of Hawthornden Castle (1926)\nGogarburn Mental Hospital (1927)\n2-8 Cockburn Street Edinburgh (1928)\nOffices for Edinburgh Evening News, Market Street, Edinburgh (1928)\nRestoration and remodelling of Yester Parish Church (c.1931)\nHuge housing estate at East Pilton, in north Edinburgh for Edinburgh Corporation (1932–36)\nParsons Green housing estate, Jock's Lodge, east Edinburgh (1934)\nSilverknowes housing estate, north Edinburgh (1934)\nCarrick Knowe housing estate, west Edinburgh (1934)\nCrewe Road housing scheme, west Edinburgh (1936)\nLothian House, Lothian Road, Edinburgh (including cinema) (1936–39)\nWest Pilton housing scheme (1936)\nHousing estate (bungalows) Craigcrook and Hillpark in west Edinburgh (1937)\nColinton Mains housing estate, south-west Edinburgh (1937)\nHotel and shops Shandwick Place (south) central Edinburgh (1937)\nBroomhouse housing estate, western Edinburgh (1938)\nLearmonth Court flats at Learmonth Avenue in Edinburgh (1938, completed 1946)\nCardboard Box factory, Bonnington Road, Leith (1939) now converted to flats\nConversion of Bonaly Tower to flats (1939)\nOffices for Grant & Co, Garscube Road Glasgow (1948)\nCarrick Knowe Church (1951)","title":"Main works"}]
[{"image_text":"Learmonth Court, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Learmonth_Court%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/300px-Learmonth_Court%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lothian House, Lothian Road, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lothian_House%2C_Lothian_Road%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/300px-Lothian_House%2C_Lothian_Road%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"5 Wester Coates Terrace, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/5_Wester_Coates_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/300px-5_Wester_Coates_Terrace%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"The grave of Stewart Kaye, Dean Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_grave_of_Stewart_Kaye%2C_Dean_Cemetery.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_Stewart_Kaye%2C_Dean_Cemetery.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catalogue description Captain Stewart KAYE. Royal Engineers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1072216","url_text":"\"Catalogue description Captain Stewart KAYE. Royal Engineers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow Road Gogarburn Hospital Gogarburn House (Lb27121)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB27121","url_text":"\"Glasgow Road Gogarburn Hospital Gogarburn House (Lb27121)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gravestone Photographs Resource breadcrumb list for grave 69969\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gravestonephotos.com/public/breadcrumbtrail.php?grave=69969&thumbnails=30","url_text":"\"Gravestone Photographs Resource breadcrumb list for grave 69969\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1072216","external_links_name":"\"Catalogue description Captain Stewart KAYE. Royal Engineers\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""},{"Link":"http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB27121","external_links_name":"\"Glasgow Road Gogarburn Hospital Gogarburn House (Lb27121)\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201720","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (September 16, 2021, 5:31 am)\""},{"Link":"https://www.gravestonephotos.com/public/breadcrumbtrail.php?grave=69969&thumbnails=30","external_links_name":"\"Gravestone Photographs Resource breadcrumb list for grave 69969\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-surface
Surface-to-surface missile
["1 Examples","2 Types","3 References"]
Missile type A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) or ground-to-ground missile (GGM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. They are often powered by a rocket engine or sometimes fired by an explosive charge, since the launching platform is typically stationary or moving slowly. They usually have fins and/or wings for lift and stability, although hyper-velocity or short-ranged missiles may use body lift or fly a ballistic trajectory. The V-1 flying bomb was the first operational surface-to-surface missile. Contemporary surface-to-surface missiles are usually guided. An unguided surface-to-surface missile is usually referred to as a rocket (for example, an RPG-7 or M72 LAW is an anti-tank rocket), whereas a BGM-71 TOW or AT-2 Swatter is an anti-tank guided missile. Examples of surface-to-surface missile include the MGM-140 ATACMS and the Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB). Examples ALAS BGM-109 Tomahawk Bina Hermes Hyunmoo-3 KARA Atmaca Kh-35 Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) Luz Martlet MGM-166 LOSAT MGM-140 ATACMS Nimrod Otomat PARS 3 LR Polyphem P-800 Oniks RBS-15 Ure 3M-54 Kalibr Types Surface-to-surface missiles are usually divided into a number of categories: Ballistic missiles travel in a high trajectory, motor burns out partway through flight Tactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km Battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM): Range less than 200 km Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): range between 300 km and 3500 km Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range 1000 km or less Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range between 1000 km and 3500 km Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or Long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between 3500 km and 5500 km Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5500 km Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM): Launched from ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), all current designs have intercontinental range. Cruise missiles travel low to the ground, motor burns during entire flight, typical range 2,500 km (1,500 mi) Anti-tank guided missiles travel low to the ground, may or may not burn motor throughout flight, typical range 5 km (3 mi) Anti-ship missiles travel low over the ground and sea, and often pop up or jink before striking the target ship; typical range 130 km (80 mi) Different parties break down missile type by the range differently. For example, the United States Department of Defense has no definition for LRBM, and thus defines an ICBM as those missiles with ranges greater than 5,500 km (3500 mi). The International Institute for Strategic Studies also does not define a range for LRBMs, and defines SRBMs as having somewhat shorter ranges than the definition used by the Department of Defense. References ^ "The world's top air-to-surface missiles". November 2019. ^ Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 254. ISBN 9780850451634. ^ Mehta, Aaron (10 March 2015). "Boeing, Saab Unveil Ground Launched SDB". Defensenews.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017. ^ "Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)". Archived from the original on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2017-03-26. ^ "Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)". Army-technology.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017. ^ Osborn, Kris (6 September 2016). "US Army's New Ground-Launched Missile: Raining Down Death from 500 Kilometers Away". Nationalinterest.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017. ^ "The Army Plans to Fire Its Version of the Navy's SM-6 Missile from This Launcher". 13 October 2021. ^ "Roketsan - KARA ATMACA Surface-To-Surface Cruise Missile". vteTypes of missileBy platform Air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) Air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) Air-to-air missile (AAM) Air-to-surface missile (ASM) Ballistic missile Cruise missile Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) Shoulder-fired missile Standoff missile Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Surface-to-surface missile (SSM) By target type Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) Anti-radiation missile (ARM) Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) Anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) Anti-ship missile (AShM) Anti-submarine missile (ASuM) Anti-tank missile (ATGM) Land-attack missile (LAM) Man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS) By guidance Unguided Radar guidance Radar altimeter Active radar homing (ARH) Semi-active radar homing (SARH) Passive radar Passive homing Track-via-missile (TVM) Anti-radiation Command guidance Command to line-of-sight (CLOS) Command off line of sight (COLOS) Manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) Semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) Automatic command to line of sight (ACLOS) Pursuit guidance Beam riding (LOSBR) Infrared guidance Laser guidance Wire guidance Satellite guidance Global Positioning System (GPS) GLONASS Inertial guidance Astro-inertial guidance Terrestrial guidance TERCOM DSMAC Automatic target recognition (ATR) Radio guidance TV guidance Contrast seeker Compass Predicted line of sight (PLOS) Lists List of military rockets List of missiles List of missiles by country List of anti-ship missiles List of anti-tank missiles List of ICBMs List of surface-to-air missiles See also: Sounding rocket vteNATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missilesAir-to-air(full list) AA-1 Alkali AA-2 Atoll AA-3 Anab AA-4 Awl AA-5 Ash AA-6 Acrid AA-7 Apex AA-8 Aphid AA-9 Amos AA-10 Alamo AA-11 Archer AA-12 Adder AA-13 Arrow K-74M2 (R-73M) K-77M (R-77M) KS-172 Air-to-surface(full list) 10Kh 14Kh 18Kh RV-1 AS-1 Kennel AS-2 Kipper AS-3 Kangaroo AS-4 Kitchen AS-5 Kelt AS-6 Kingfish AS-7 Kerry AS-8 Kokon AT-6 AS-9 Kyle AS-10 Karen AS-11 Kilter AS-12 Kegler AS-13 Kingbolt AS-14 Kedge AS-15 Kent AS-16 Kickback AS-17 Krypton AS-18 Kazoo AS-X-19 Koala AS-20 Kayak AS-X-21 AS-22 Kh-59MK2S/69 AS-4M Kh-32 AS-23 Kh-38/36 AS-24 Kh-36 Kh-45 AS-25 Kh-50 AS-26 Kh-BD Kh-90 AS-27 Sunburn A Kh-41 AS-28 Strobile A Kh-61 AS-29 Sizzler Club A Hermes A ATS Kh-50 LMUR Izd. 305 Iz 85 Kh-MD-E Kh-74M2 "GZUR" AS-X-36 Stone AH (Kh-76) AS-37 BrahMos AL Zirkon (Kh-72) ASM BrahMos-II Anti-tankguided(full list) AT-1 Snapper AT-2 Swatter AT-3 Sagger AT-4 Spigot AT-5 Spandrel AT-6 Spiral AT-7 Saxhorn AT-8 Songster AT-9 Spiral-2 AT-10 Stabber AT-11 Sniper AT-12 Swinger AT-13 Saxhorn-2 АТ-14 Spriggan АТ-15 Springer AT-16 Scallion 'Avtonomya' IR FF Hermes A/M/K ATS LMUR Izd. 305 Kh-50 Iz 85 Kh-MD-E Surface-to-air(full list)Ground-based SA-1 Guild SA-2 Guideline SA-3 Goa SA-4 Ganef SA-5 Gammon SA-6 Gainful SA-7 Grail SA-8 Gecko SA-9 Gaskin SA-10 Grumble SA-11 Gadfly SA-12 Gladiator/Giant SA-13 Gopher SA-14 Gremlin SA-15 Gauntlet SA-16 Gimlet SA-17 Grizzly SA-18 Grouse SA-19 Grison SA-20 Gargoyle SA-21 Growler SA-22 Greyhound SA-23 Gladiator/Giant SA-24 Grinch SA-29 Gizmo Morfey S-350 Sosna-R/RA Naval-based SA-N-1 Goa SA-N-2 Guideline SA-NX-2C M-3 SA-N-3 Goblet SA-N-4 Gecko SA-N-5 Grail SA-N-6 Grumble SA-N-7 Gadfly SA-N-8 Gremlin SA-N-9 Gauntlet SA-N-10 Grouse SA-N-11 Grison SA-N-12 Grizzly SA-N-14 Grouse SA-N-20 Gargoyle SA-N-21 Greyhound 9K96 Redut Palash/Palma Anti-ballistic ABM-1 Galosh ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle S-500 A-235 Surface-to-surface(full list)Ground-based SS-1 Scunner/SS-1 Scud (Scud-A/-B/-C/-D) SS-2 Sibling SS-3 Shyster SS-4 Sandal SS-5 Skean SS-6 Sapwood SS-7 Saddler SS-8 Sasin SS-8B Sasin 2 SS-9 Scarp SS-10 Scrag SS-11 Sego SS-12 Scaleboard SS-X-13 Savage SS-13 Savage SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat SS-15 Scrooge SS-16 Sinner SS-17 Spanker SS-18 Satan SS-19 Stiletto SS-20 Saber SS-21 Scarab SS-22 Scaleboard SS-23 Spider SS-24 Scalpel SS-25 Sickle SS-26 Stone SS-27 Sickle B SS-28 Saber 2 SS-29 Sickle C SS-X-30 Satan 2 SS-X-31 Sickle D SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B Avangard / HGV Yu-7# SS-X-33 Stone AN Naval-based 14KhK1 15Kh 17Kh KS-1 Komet P-20 Sokol P-40 P-47 SS-N-1 Scrubber SS-N-2 Styx SS-N-3c Shaddock SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal SS-N-4 Sark SS-N-5 Sark/Serb D-6 D-6M D-7 R-15M SS-N-6 Serb SS-N-7 Starbright SS-N-8 Sawfly SS-N-9 Siren SS-N-12 Sandbox SS-NX-13 Serb SS-N-14 Silex SS-N-15 Starfish SS-N-16 Stallion SS-N-17 Snipe SS-N-18 Stingray SS-N-19 Shipwreck SS-N-20 Sturgeon SS-N-21 Sampson SS-N-22 Sunburn SS-N-23 Skif R29RM SS-N-23A Skif SS-N-23B Skif SS-NX-24 Scorpion SS-N-25 Switchblade SS-N-26 Strobile SS-N-27 Sizzler SS-N-30A 3M-14 SS-NX-28 SS-N-29 SS-N-32 SS-NX-33 SS-NX-34 Skif SS-N-35 SS-N-36 SS-NX-37 SS-NX-38 Canyon Ship-to-ship 10KhN SSC-1B Sepal Redut SSC-2 Salish/Samlet AS/KS-1 P-20 Sokol SSC-K P-1 Schuka KSShch SSC-3 Styx Rubezh SSC-4 Slingshot SSC-X-5 Scorpion SSC-6 Sennight SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728 SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729 SSC-14 Klub N/M 3M14/54 SSC-13 BrahMos SSC-10/SSC-5 Stooge Bastion P/S SSC-7/12 3M-80MV SSC-X-11 "GZUR" SSC-X-15 Skif SSC-X-9 Stone AN Hermes M ATS Hermes K ATS Authority control databases National France 2 BnF data 2 Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlThe_worlds_top_air-to-surface_missiles-1"},{"link_name":"missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"rocket engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_engine"},{"link_name":"lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"V-1 flying bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"guided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_missile"},{"link_name":"rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"RPG-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-7"},{"link_name":"M72 LAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M72_LAW"},{"link_name":"anti-tank rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_rocket"},{"link_name":"BGM-71 TOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"AT-2 Swatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT-2_Swatter"},{"link_name":"anti-tank guided missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile"},{"link_name":"MGM-140 ATACMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-140_ATACMS"},{"link_name":"Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Launched_Small_Diameter_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) or ground-to-ground missile (GGM)[1] is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. They are often powered by a rocket engine or sometimes fired by an explosive charge, since the launching platform is typically stationary or moving slowly. They usually have fins and/or wings for lift and stability, although hyper-velocity or short-ranged missiles may use body lift or fly a ballistic trajectory.[2] The V-1 flying bomb was the first operational surface-to-surface missile.Contemporary surface-to-surface missiles are usually guided. An unguided surface-to-surface missile is usually referred to as a rocket (for example, an RPG-7 or M72 LAW is an anti-tank rocket), whereas a BGM-71 TOW or AT-2 Swatter is an anti-tank guided missile.Examples of surface-to-surface missile include the MGM-140 ATACMS and the Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB).[3][4][5][6]","title":"Surface-to-surface missile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALAS_(missile)"},{"link_name":"BGM-109 Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-109_Tomahawk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bina_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Hyunmoo-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyunmoo-3"},{"link_name":"KARA Atmaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmaca"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kh-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-35"},{"link_name":"Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-Range_Hypersonic_Weapon"},{"link_name":"Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Martlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martlet_(missile)"},{"link_name":"MGM-166 LOSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-166_LOSAT"},{"link_name":"MGM-140 ATACMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-140_ATACMS"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Otomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomat"},{"link_name":"PARS 3 LR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARS_3_LR"},{"link_name":"Polyphem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphem"},{"link_name":"P-800 Oniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-800_Oniks"},{"link_name":"RBS-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS-15"},{"link_name":"Ure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure_(missile)"},{"link_name":"3M-54 Kalibr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M-54_Kalibr"}],"text":"ALAS\nBGM-109 Tomahawk[7]\nBina\nHermes\nHyunmoo-3\nKARA Atmaca[8]\nKh-35\nLong-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW)\nLuz\nMartlet\nMGM-166 LOSAT\nMGM-140 ATACMS\nNimrod\nOtomat\nPARS 3 LR\nPolyphem\nP-800 Oniks\nRBS-15\nUre\n3M-54 Kalibr","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Tactical ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Battlefield range ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_range_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Theatre ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Short-range ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Medium-range ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Intermediate-range ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Long-range ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Submarine-launched ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"ballistic missile submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine"},{"link_name":"Cruise missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"Anti-tank guided missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile"},{"link_name":"Anti-ship missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_missile"},{"link_name":"jink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jink"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"International Institute for Strategic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies"}],"text":"Surface-to-surface missiles are usually divided into a number of categories:Ballistic missiles travel in a high trajectory, motor burns out partway through flight\nTactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km\nBattlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM): Range less than 200 km\nTheatre ballistic missile (TBM): range between 300 km and 3500 km\nShort-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range 1000 km or less\nMedium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range between 1000 km and 3500 km\nIntermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or Long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between 3500 km and 5500 km\nIntercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5500 km\nSubmarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM): Launched from ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), all current designs have intercontinental range.\nCruise missiles travel low to the ground, motor burns during entire flight, typical range 2,500 km (1,500 mi)\nAnti-tank guided missiles travel low to the ground, may or may not burn motor throughout flight, typical range 5 km (3 mi)\nAnti-ship missiles travel low over the ground and sea, and often pop up or jink before striking the target ship; typical range 130 km (80 mi)Different parties break down missile type by the range differently. For example, the United States Department of Defense has no definition for LRBM, and thus defines an ICBM as those missiles with ranges greater than 5,500 km (3500 mi). The International Institute for Strategic Studies also does not define a range for LRBMs, and defines SRBMs as having somewhat shorter ranges than the definition used by the Department of Defense.","title":"Types"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The world's top air-to-surface missiles\". November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airforce-technology.com/features/the-worlds-top-air-to-surface-missiles/","url_text":"\"The world's top air-to-surface missiles\""}]},{"reference":"Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 254. ISBN 9780850451634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634","url_text":"9780850451634"}]},{"reference":"Mehta, Aaron (10 March 2015). \"Boeing, Saab Unveil Ground Launched SDB\". Defensenews.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/weapons/2015/03/10/boeing-saab-small-diameter-bomber-ground-launch/24705183/","url_text":"\"Boeing, Saab Unveil Ground Launched SDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)\". Archived from the original on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2017-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327084705/http://saab.com/it/land/weapon-systems/surface-tosurface-missile-systems/ground-launched-small-diameter-bomb/","url_text":"\"Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)\""},{"url":"http://saab.com/it/land/weapon-systems/surface-tosurface-missile-systems/ground-launched-small-diameter-bomb/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)\". Army-technology.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army-technology.com/projects/small-diameter-bomb-glsdb/","url_text":"\"Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)\""}]},{"reference":"Osborn, Kris (6 September 2016). \"US Army's New Ground-Launched Missile: Raining Down Death from 500 Kilometers Away\". Nationalinterest.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/us-armys-new-ground-launched-missile-raining-down-death-500-17606","url_text":"\"US Army's New Ground-Launched Missile: Raining Down Death from 500 Kilometers Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Army Plans to Fire Its Version of the Navy's SM-6 Missile from This Launcher\". 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/42712/the-army-plans-to-fire-its-version-of-the-navys-sm-6-missile-from-this-launcher#:~:text=As%20for%20what%20the%20Typhon,weapons%20for%20its%20MRC%20battery.&text=The%20Tomahawk%20is%20primarily%20a,also%20have%20an%20antiship%20capability.","url_text":"\"The Army Plans to Fire Its Version of the Navy's SM-6 Missile from This Launcher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roketsan - KARA ATMACA Surface-To-Surface Cruise Missile\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roketsan.com.tr/en/products/kara-atmaca-surface-surface-cruise-missile","url_text":"\"Roketsan - KARA ATMACA Surface-To-Surface Cruise Missile\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Loaf_Express
Sugar Loaf Express
["1 Track listing","2 Musicians","2.1 Production"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sugar Loaf Express" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1977 studio album by Lee RitenourSugar Loaf ExpressStudio album by Lee RitenourReleased1977StudioKendun Recorders (Burbank, California)GenreJazzLabelJVCProducerToshi EndoLee Ritenour chronology Captain Fingers(1977) Sugar Loaf Express(1977) Friendship(1978) Sugar Loaf Express is a direct to disc studio album by jazz guitarist Lee Ritenour that was released in 1977. Track listing "Sugar Loaf Express" (Lee Ritenour) - 6:14 "Morning Glory" (Ritenour) - 6:25 "That's the Way of the World" (Charles Stepney, Maurice White, Verdine White) - 5:31 "Slippin' in the Back Door" (Dave Grusin, Harvey Mason, Louis Johnson) - 5:19 "Tomorrow" (George Johnson, L. Johnson) - 7:05 "Lady Soul" (David Matthews) - 5:08 Musicians Lee Ritenour – guitars Eric Gale – guitars Patrice Rushen – acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes Abraham Laboriel – bass guitar Harvey Mason – drums Steve Forman – percussion Production Toshi Endo – producer Lee Ritenour – associate producer Phil Schier – engineer Terry Moore – assistant engineer Gil Weber – assistant engineer John Golden – mastering Jo Hansch – mastering Tom Nishida – sound director Kintaro Arai – album artist vteLee RitenourStudio albums First Course Gentle Thoughts Captain Fingers Sugar Loaf Express Friendship The Captain's Journey Rio Feel the Night Earth Run Portrait Festival This Is Love Two Worlds Rit's House Stolen Moments Collection Wes Bound with Brass Fever Brass Fever Time Is Running Out with Dizzy Gillespie Free Ride with Alphonse Mouzon Mind Transplant The Man Incognito with Lalo Schifrin Rollercoaster with Fourplay Fourplay Between the Sheets Elixir The Best of Fourplay Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct to disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_to_disc_recording"},{"link_name":"Lee Ritenour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ritenour"}],"text":"1977 studio album by Lee RitenourSugar Loaf Express is a direct to disc studio album by jazz guitarist Lee Ritenour that was released in 1977.","title":"Sugar Loaf Express"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Stepney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stepney"},{"link_name":"Maurice White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_White"},{"link_name":"Verdine White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdine_White"},{"link_name":"Louis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Johnson_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"George Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Johnson"},{"link_name":"David Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Matthews_(keyboardist)"}],"text":"\"Sugar Loaf Express\" (Lee Ritenour) - 6:14\n\"Morning Glory\" (Ritenour) - 6:25\n\"That's the Way of the World\" (Charles Stepney, Maurice White, Verdine White) - 5:31\n\"Slippin' in the Back Door\" (Dave Grusin, Harvey Mason, Louis Johnson) - 5:19\n\"Tomorrow\" (George Johnson, L. Johnson) - 7:05\n\"Lady Soul\" (David Matthews) - 5:08","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gale"},{"link_name":"Patrice Rushen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Rushen"},{"link_name":"Fender Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Abraham Laboriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Laboriel"},{"link_name":"Harvey Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mason"}],"text":"Lee Ritenour – guitars\nEric Gale – guitars\nPatrice Rushen – acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes\nAbraham Laboriel – bass guitar\nHarvey Mason – drums\nSteve Forman – percussion","title":"Musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lee_Ritenour"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lee_Ritenour"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lee_Ritenour"},{"link_name":"Lee Ritenour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ritenour"},{"link_name":"First Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Course"},{"link_name":"Gentle Thoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle_Thoughts"},{"link_name":"Captain Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Fingers"},{"link_name":"Sugar Loaf Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_(Lee_Ritenour_album)"},{"link_name":"The Captain's Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captain%27s_Journey"},{"link_name":"Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_(Lee_Ritenour_album)"},{"link_name":"Feel the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Earth Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Run"},{"link_name":"Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_(Lee_Ritenour_album)"},{"link_name":"Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_(Lee_Ritenour_album)"},{"link_name":"This Is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Love_(Lee_Ritenour_album)"},{"link_name":"Two Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Worlds_(Lee_Ritenour_and_Dave_Grusin_album)"},{"link_name":"Rit's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rit%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Stolen Moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Moments_(Lee_Ritenour_album)"},{"link_name":"Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_(Lee_Ritenour_album)"},{"link_name":"Wes Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Bound"},{"link_name":"Brass Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Fever"},{"link_name":"Brass Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Fever_(album)"},{"link_name":"Time Is Running Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Is_Running_Out_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Free Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Ride_(album)"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Mouzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Mouzon"},{"link_name":"Mind Transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Transplant"},{"link_name":"The Man Incognito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Incognito"},{"link_name":"Lalo Schifrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin"},{"link_name":"Rollercoaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollercoaster_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Fourplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourplay"},{"link_name":"Fourplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourplay_(Fourplay_album)"},{"link_name":"Between the Sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Sheets_(Fourplay_album)"},{"link_name":"Elixir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_(Fourplay_album)"},{"link_name":"The Best of Fourplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Fourplay"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7634864#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/a50fa5c6-b1ed-3def-94e9-efcfb0b36fb5"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Toshi Endo – producer\nLee Ritenour – associate producer\nPhil Schier – engineer\nTerry Moore – assistant engineer\nGil Weber – assistant engineer\nJohn Golden – mastering\nJo Hansch – mastering\nTom Nishida – sound director\nKintaro Arai – album artistvteLee RitenourStudio albums\nFirst Course\nGentle Thoughts\nCaptain Fingers\nSugar Loaf Express\nFriendship\nThe Captain's Journey\nRio\nFeel the Night\nEarth Run\nPortrait\nFestival\nThis Is Love\nTwo Worlds\nRit's House\nStolen Moments\nCollection\nWes Bound\nwith Brass Fever\nBrass Fever\nTime Is Running Out\nwith Dizzy Gillespie\nFree Ride\nwith Alphonse Mouzon\nMind Transplant\nThe Man Incognito\nwith Lalo Schifrin\nRollercoaster\nwith Fourplay\nFourplay\nBetween the Sheets\nElixir\nThe Best of FourplayAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Musicians"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centesimus_Annus
Centesimus annus
["1 Overview","2 Principles","2.1 General","2.2 Solidarity","2.3 Subsidiarity","3 Synopsis","3.1 Introduction","3.2 Characteristics of Rerum novarum","3.3 Toward the \"New Things\" of Today","3.4 End of the Cold War","3.5 Private property and the universal destination of material goods","3.6 State and culture","3.7 Humans as the way of the Church","4 Impact","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1991 encyclical by Pope John Paul II, concerning social teaching Centesimus annusLatin for 'The Hundredth Year' Encyclical of Pope John Paul IISignature date 1 May 1991SubjectThe centenary of the encyclical Rerum novarumNumber9 of 14 of the pontificateTextIn LatinIn English← Redemptoris missio Veritatis splendor → Part of a series onCatholic social teachingEmblem of the Holy See Overview Social teachings of the papacy Distributism Solidarity Subsidiarity Tranquillitas ordinis Pope Leo XIII Rerum novarum Pope Pius XI Divini redemptoris Mit brennender Sorge Non abbiamo bisogno Quadragesimo anno Pope Pius XII Social teachings Pope John XXIII Mater et magistra Pacem in terris Second Vatican Council Dignitatis humanae Gaudium et spes Pope Paul VI Octogesima adveniens Populorum progressio Pope John Paul II Laborem exercens Sollicitudo rei socialis Centesimus annus Evangelium vitae Pope Benedict XVI Caritas in veritate Pope Francis Evangelii gaudium Laudato si' Fratelli tutti Other figures Gaspard Mermillod René de La Tour du Pin Heinrich Pesch Dorothy Day Óscar Romero Joseph Bernardin Hilaire Belloc G. K. Chesterton Catholicism portalvte Centesimus annus (Latin for "the hundredth year") is an encyclical which was written by Pope John Paul II in 1991 on the hundredth anniversary of Rerum novarum, an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. It is part of a larger body of writings, known as Catholic social teaching, which trace their origin to Rerum novarum and aim to relate the teachings of Jesus to the industrial age. It was one of fourteen encyclicals issued by John Paul II. The theologian Cardinal Georges Cottier was influential in drafting the encyclical. Overview Written in 1991, during the last days of the Cold War, Centesimus annus specifically examines contemporaneous political and economic issues. The encyclical is partially a refutation of Marxist/communist ideology and a condemnation of the dictatorial regimes that practiced it, condemning the horrors of the communist regimes throughout the world in the recent past. The encyclical expounds issues of social and economic justice, including a defense of private property rights and the right to form private associations, including labor unions. It compares socialism to consumerism, identifying atheism as the source of their common denial of the dignity of the human individual. The recurring themes of social and economic justice in Centesimus annus articulate foundational beliefs in the social teaching of the Catholic Church. Throughout, the Pope calls on the State to ensure justice for the poor and to protect the human rights of all its citizens. This repeats a theme from Pope Leo XIII's Rerum novarum: When there is question of defending the rights of individuals, the defenceless and the poor have a claim to special consideration. The richer class has many ways of shielding itself, and stands less in need of help from the State; whereas the mass of the poor have no resources of their own to fall back on, and must chiefly depend on the assistance of the State. It is for this reason that wage-earners, since they mostly belong to the latter class, should be specially cared for and protected by the Government But Pope John Paul II also defends private property, markets, and honorable business as necessary elements of a system of political economy that respects the dignity of the individual and allows him to express his full humanity. Man fulfills himself by using his intelligence and freedom. In so doing he utilizes the things of this world as objects and instruments and makes them his own. The foundation of the right to private initiative and ownership is to be found in this activity. By means of his work man commits himself, not only for his own sake but also for others and with others. Each person collaborates in the work of others and for their good. Man works in order to provide for the needs of his family, his community, his nation, and ultimately all humanity. Principles General The dignity and rights of the worker (#3). The right to establish professional associations of employers and workers (#3). The right to private property (#6). The right to a just wage (#8). The right to discharge freely one's religious duties/freedom of religion (#9). The kingdom of God cannot be confused with any temporal kingdom (#25). To defend and promote the dignity and rights of human persons regardless of personal convictions (#22). Solidarity Empathizing with those around you so as to make their good your good, leading to a common pursuit of the common good (#10). Man cannot be understood on the basis of economics alone nor defined by class membership, but within culture (#24). Total recognition must be given to the rights of the human conscience (#29). The law is sovereign and not the arbitrary will of individuals (#44). Subsidiarity A community of a higher order should not interfere in the internal life of a community of a lower order, depriving the latter of its functions, except when needed to coordinate its activity with the rest of society, always with a view to the common good (#48). Synopsis Introduction Rerum novarum is of "great importance" for the Church; the "vital energies" it unleashed continue to increase (#1). Rerum novarum can be used to help look back at fundamental principles, "look around" at new events, and look to the future (#3). An analysis of history and current events is essential to the Church's mission of evangelization (#3). Characteristics of Rerum novarum Rerum novarum attempted to respond to the conflict between capital and labor (#5). Leo XIII gave the Church a paradigm and a corpus to analyze, judge, and indicate directions for social realities (#5). To teach and spread her social doctrine is an essential part of the Church's evangelizing mission (#5). There can be no genuine solution to the "social question" apart from the Gospel (#5). Rerum novarum strongly affirms the dignity of work and the rights to private property, private associations, a just wage, and to discharge freely religious duties (#6-9). Rerum novarum's criticism of socialism and liberalism is still relevant today (#10). Rerum novarum's emphasis on the rights of the poor and the defenseless gives testimony to the continuity of the option for the poor (#11). The guiding light of Rerum novarum is its view of human dignity (#11). Toward the "New Things" of Today The fundamental error of socialism is its misunderstanding of the human person as simply an element (#13). This error springs from atheism and results in a distortion of law and human freedom (#13). Atheism and contempt for the human person cause class struggle and militarism (#14). The State, respectful of the principle of subsidiarity, has a positive role to play in determining the juridical framework of economic affairs (#15). The role of the workers' movement in economic reform has been an important one (#16). Rerum novarum opposed ideologies of hatred and showed how violence could be overcome by justice (#17). Since 1945, in Europe, there has been a situation of non-war but not genuine peace: many people lost the ability to control their own destiny; an "insane" arms race swallowed up vital resources; violent extremist groups found ready support; the atomic threat oppressed the world (#18). After World War II, decolonization occurred. Genuine independence of developing nations is impeded by foreign economic and political control and the lack of a competent professional class (#20). Since 1945, the awareness of human rights—with the United Nations as a focal point—has grown (#21). The UN has not yet succeeded in establishing a continuously favorable development aid policy or an effective system of conflict resolution as an alternative to war (#21) End of the Cold War In 1989: in Eastern Europe, oppressive regimes fell; some Third World countries began a transition to more just and participatory structures (#22). The Church's commitment to defend and promote human rights was an important contribution to the events of 1989 (#22). Factors that contributed to the fall of oppressive regimes: violation of workers' rights (#23); inefficiency of the economic system (#24); spiritual void brought about by atheism (#24). Non-violent, peaceful protest accomplished almost all of the changes in Eastern Europe (#23). The events of 1989 would be unthinkable without prayer and trust in God (#25). The events of 1989 illustrate opportunities for human freedom to cooperate with the plan of God who acts in history (#26). In some countries, the events of 1989 resulted from an encounter between the Church and the workers' movement (#26). The events of 1989 illustrated that the Church's social doctrine of (as well as concrete commitment to) integral human liberation does not necessitate an "impossible" compromise between Christianity and Marxism (#26). International structures that can help rebuild, economically and morally, the countries that have abandoned communism are needed (#27). Marxism's fall has highlighted human interdependence (#27). Peace and prosperity are goods that belong to the whole human race (#27). Aid for Eastern Europe, without a slackening of aid for the Third World, is needed (#28). There must be a change in priorities and values on which economic and political choices are made (#28). The advancement of the poor is an opportunity for the moral, cultural, and economic growth of all humanity (#28). Development must be seen in fully human, and not merely economic, terms (#29). Private property and the universal destination of material goods Catholic social teaching affirms a right to private property that is limited by the common purpose of goods (#30). Work, which is in our day work with and for others, is the human response to God's gifts (#31). The possession of know-how, technology, and skill is surpassing land as the decisive factor of production (#32). The majority of people today do not have the means or the possibility of acquiring the basic knowledge to enter the world of technology and intercommunication. They are thus exploited or marginalized (#33). The human inadequacies of capitalism are far from disappearing (#33). Many human needs are not satisfied in a free market economy (#34). It is a "strict duty of justice and truth" and a requirement of dignity to help needy people acquire expertise and develop the skill to enter the modern economy (#34). The free market is the most efficient instrument for utilizing resources and effectively responding to solvent and marketable resources (#34). There are human needs which "find no place on the market"; justice requires these fundamental needs not "remain unsatisfied" (#34). The State needs to control the market to guarantee that the basic needs of society are satisfied, but the Church "acknowledges the legitimate role of profit" (#35). A business firm is a community of persons, endeavoring to meet their basic needs, who form a group at the service of society (#35). Human and moral factors are just as important as profit to the life of a business (#35). The defeat of "Real Socialism" does not leave capitalism as the only model of economic organization (#35). Stronger nations must offer weaker nations the opportunity to take their place in the international order (#35). The foreign debt of poorer countries needs to be handled in a way that respects the rights of peoples to subsistence and progress (#35). Consumerism has created attitudes and lifestyles which damage the physical and spiritual health of human beings (#36). It is necessary to create lifestyles in which the quest for truth, beauty, goodness, and the common good determine choices (#36). The mass media has a special role to play in fostering a sense of general responsibility (#36). The ecological question emphasizes human responsibility to future generations (#37). Social structures can create environments conducive to sin which impede full human realization (#38). The family, founded on marriage between a man and a woman, is the sanctuary of life (#39). True human alienation happens when a person refuses to transcend the self and live a self-giving life in an authentic human community that is oriented toward God (#41). With the collapse of Communism, capitalism, with business, markets, private property, and free human creativity in the economic sector, should be the goal of developing countries. The Marxist solution has failed, but marginalization, exploitation, and alienation still exist in the Third World (#42). The Church's social teaching should serve as an orientation, rather than as a model, toward solving problems (#43). The principal task of the State is to guarantee the security of individual freedom and private property, as well as to prevent monopolies (#48). We must have trust in the human potential of the poor, and in their ability to improve their own conditions through work and economic prosperity (#52). State and culture The root of modem totalitarianism is found in its denial of the transcendent dignity of the human person. (#44) In defending her own freedom, the Church defends the dignity of the human person (#45). The Church values any democratic system that ensures its citizens' ability to participate in it (#46). Democratic systems need to solidify their foundations by explicitly recognizing certain rights, especially the rights to life, to work, and to establish a family (#47). Some democracies have lost the ability to make decisions for the common good (#48). States, respecting subsidiarity, need to guarantee freedom, security, and human rights (#48). The "Social Assistance" State leads to a loss of human energies; an inordinate increase in bureaucratic public agencies is not the best way to solve these problems (#48). The Church—through charity, solidarity, and volunteer work—has always been among the needy (#49). A culture achieves its character through the search for truth (#50). The Church's contribution to culture is to form human hearts for peace and justice (#51). A culture of peace needs to promote development and provide the poor with realistic opportunities (#52). This task may necessitate changes in lifestyle that reduce the waste of resources (#52). Humans as the way of the Church The Church's purpose is the care and responsibility not only for humankind, but also for each individual (#53). The Church's social teaching is an instrument of evangelization for salvation (#54). The Church receives the "meaning of humankind" from Divine Revelation (#55). The Western countries run the risk of seeing the collapse of "Real Socialism" as a victory for their own systems and may fail to make necessary changes in those systems (#56). The social basis of the Gospel must function as a basis and motivation for action because witnessing for justice and peace is more credible than logical arguments (#57). The option for the poor is not limited to material poverty but encompasses cultural and spiritual poverty as well (#57). Love is made concrete in the promotion of justice which requires changes in lifestyles, models of production and consumption, and structures of power (#58). Grace is needed for the demands of justice to be met (#59). The Church's social teaching enters into dialogue with the other disciplines concerned with humankind (#59). People who profess no religious beliefs can contribute to providing the social question an ethical foundation (#60). The Church feels obliged to denounce poverty and injustice although her call will not find favor with all (#61). Impact Unlike Pope Leo XIII who addressed his encyclical to the Bishops of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, Pope John Paul II directs his encyclical to both the Bishops of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches and all members of the Church. The Document begins by pointing out various events that happened in the year of 1989 but more importantly how it embraced a longer period of the 1800s with dictatorial and oppressive regimes. This chapter expresses the importance of using moral, peaceful and visibility of the truth to diminish dictatorship or whatever they may have had which was negative to society as a whole. This approach was opposite of what the Marxists thought ought to be followed. Marxist believed that only by social conflict would such matters be able to be resolved. The inefficiency of the economic system in different dimensions was greatly looked down upon as well. It was made clear that "no political society should ever be confused with the kingdom of God" because many firms because of the industrial developments had a sense of possibly obtaining a "kingdom" due to the wealth and the financial level that they were placed made them feel at a certain stage of perfection. Overall this chapter is an overview of how the events of 1989 had a worldwide importance because of the negative and positive outcomes that it brought upon the whole human society. See also Centesimus Annus Pro Pontifice (CAPP) References ^ Consistory of October 21, 2003, Office of Liturgical Celebrations, Accessed 17 February 2013 ^ "Cottier, Card. George Marie Martin O.P.", Holy See Press Office, Accessed 17 February 2013 ^ Valente, Gianni. In an interview in "30Days", 3-2004 Cottier remarked: "Going back to the early years, the first 'big' text I worked on was the social encyclical Centesimus annus. And then the Ut unum sint on ecumenicalism, the moral encyclical Veritatis splendor, and the Fides et ratio… also the Catechism of the Catholic Church." Accessed 17 February 2013 ^ 37. Cf. Encyclical Letter Rerum novarum: loc. cit., 101f.; 104f.; 130f.; 136. ^ 33. Cf. Encyclical Letter Rerum novarum: loc. cit., 125. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2011-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Centesimus annus. Link to the text of Centesimus Annus Avery Dulles: "Centesimus Annus and the Renewal of Culture" Acton Institute: "Celebrating the 15th Year of Centesimus Annus" Centesimus Annus Pro Pontifice Foundation Centesimus Annus Pro Pontifice Foundation (US affiliate) Exposition / guided reading of Centesimus Annus VPlater Project, Newman University, UK (online modules on Catholic Social Teaching), Module A, Unit 8, sec. 2 vtePope John Paul II Born Karol Józef Wojtyła, 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005 Pope (1978–2005)Archbishop of Kraków (1963–1978) Timeline Emilia Wojtyła (mother) Karol Wojtyła (father) Early life Papal conclave Assassination attempt Death and funeral dignitaries Beatification and canonization Coat of arms Pope John Paul IIActs as pope Apologies Cardinals created People venerated People beatified Saints canonized Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict Pastoral visits Ireland Nicaragua United Kingdom World Day of the Sick World Youth Day Relations Eastern Orthodox Church Judaism Other topics Abbà Pater Criticism Family home (historic house) Health John Paul II Foundation Monuments Totus tuus BibliographyTeachingsApostolic constitutions Sacrae disciplinae leges Pastor bonus Ex corde Ecclesiae Fidei depositum Universi Dominici gregis Apostolic exhortations Catechesi tradendae Familiaris consortio Redemptionis Donum Reconciliatio et paenitentia Christifideles laici Redemptoris custos Pastores dabo vobis Ecclesia in Africa Vita consecrata Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban Ecclesia in America Ecclesia in Asia Ecclesia in Oceania Ecclesia in Europa Pastores gregis Ecclesiastical letters Dominicae cenae Salvifici doloris Mulieris dignitatem Ordinatio sacerdotalis Tertio millennio adveniente Letter to Women Ad tuendam fidem Novo millennio ineunte Misericordia Dei Rosarium Virginis Mariae The Rapid Development Encyclicals Redemptor hominis Dives in misericordia Laborem exercens Slavorum Apostoli Dominum et vivificantem Redemptoris Mater Sollicitudo rei socialis Redemptoris missio Centesimus annus Veritatis splendor Evangelium vitae Ut unum sint Fides et ratio Ecclesia de Eucharistia Books Love and Responsibility Crossing the Threshold of Hope Memory and Identity Other writings The Jeweler's Shop Theology of the Body "Roman Triptych" Testament Documents endorsed Catechism of the Catholic Church Quattuor abhinc annos We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah Dominus Iesus Related Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah Political views Scriptural Way of the Cross Eponymous placesIn popular cultureSecondary schoolsUnited States Huntsville, AL Boca Raton, FL Tallahassee, FL Slidell, LA Hyannis, MA Greenville, NC Royersford, PA Hendersonville, TN Corpus Christi, TX Plano, TX Schertz, TX Dumfries, VA Lacey, WA Other countries Australia: Sydney Canada: London Canada: Toronto New Zealand: Greymouth New Zealand: Rotorua Poland: Tarnów CollegesUniversities John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin John Paul II Institute John Paul II Minor Seminary John Paul the Great Catholic University Pontifical University of John Paul II Pope John Paul II College of Education Airports Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport João Paulo II Airport John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice Bridges El Puente del Papa John Paul II Bridge, Puławy Juan Pablo II Bridge Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge Other places Saint John Paul II National Shrine Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula John Paul II Center for the New Evangelization John Paul II Foundation for Research and Treatment Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński Museum of John Paul II Collection Pope John Paul II Park Reservation Films Pope John Paul II The Papal Chase Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II The Pope's Toilet Nine Days that Changed the World TV miniseries Pope John Paul II Karol: A Man Who Became Pope Karol: The Pope, The Man In Search of the Pope's Children Other media The Planet Is Alive...Let It Live! Red Rabbit The Pope's Children Credo: John Paul II Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"encyclical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclical"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Rerum novarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerum_novarum"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Catholic social teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching"},{"link_name":"Rerum novarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerum_novarum"},{"link_name":"teachings of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"industrial age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Age"},{"link_name":"Georges Cottier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cottier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Centesimus annus (Latin for \"the hundredth year\") is an encyclical which was written by Pope John Paul II in 1991 on the hundredth anniversary of Rerum novarum, an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. It is part of a larger body of writings, known as Catholic social teaching, which trace their origin to Rerum novarum and aim to relate the teachings of Jesus to the industrial age.It was one of fourteen encyclicals issued by John Paul II. The theologian Cardinal Georges Cottier[1][2] was influential in drafting the encyclical.[3]","title":"Centesimus annus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Written in 1991, during the last days of the Cold War, Centesimus annus specifically examines contemporaneous political and economic issues. The encyclical is partially a refutation of Marxist/communist ideology and a condemnation of the dictatorial regimes that practiced it, condemning the horrors of the communist regimes throughout the world in the recent past.The encyclical expounds issues of social and economic justice, including a defense of private property rights and the right to form private associations, including labor unions. It compares socialism to consumerism, identifying atheism as the source of their common denial of the dignity of the human individual.The recurring themes of social and economic justice in Centesimus annus articulate foundational beliefs in the social teaching of the Catholic Church. Throughout, the Pope calls on the State to ensure justice for the poor and to protect the human rights of all its citizens. This repeats a theme from Pope Leo XIII's Rerum novarum:[4]When there is question of defending the rights of individuals, the defenceless and the poor have a claim to special consideration. The richer class has many ways of shielding itself, and stands less in need of help from the State; whereas the mass of the poor have no resources of their own to fall back on, and must chiefly depend on the assistance of the State. It is for this reason that wage-earners, since they mostly belong to the latter class, should be specially cared for and protected by the Government[5]But Pope John Paul II also defends private property, markets, and honorable business as necessary elements of a system of political economy that respects the dignity of the individual and allows him to express his full humanity.Man fulfills himself by using his intelligence and freedom. In so doing he utilizes the things of this world as objects and instruments and makes them his own. The foundation of the right to private initiative and ownership is to be found in this activity. By means of his work man commits himself, not only for his own sake but also for others and with others. Each person collaborates in the work of others and for their good. Man works in order to provide for the needs of his family, his community, his nation, and ultimately all humanity.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General","text":"The dignity and rights of the worker (#3).\nThe right to establish professional associations of employers and workers (#3).\nThe right to private property (#6).\nThe right to a just wage (#8).\nThe right to discharge freely one's religious duties/freedom of religion (#9).\nThe kingdom of God cannot be confused with any temporal kingdom (#25).\nTo defend and promote the dignity and rights of human persons regardless of personal convictions (#22).","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solidarity","text":"Empathizing with those around you so as to make their good your good, leading to a common pursuit of the common good (#10).\nMan cannot be understood on the basis of economics alone nor defined by class membership, but within culture (#24).\nTotal recognition must be given to the rights of the human conscience (#29).\nThe law is sovereign and not the arbitrary will of individuals (#44).","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subsidiarity","text":"A community of a higher order should not interfere in the internal life of a community of a lower order, depriving the latter of its functions, except when needed to coordinate its activity with the rest of society, always with a view to the common good (#48).","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Introduction","text":"Rerum novarum is of \"great importance\" for the Church; the \"vital energies\" it unleashed continue to increase (#1).\nRerum novarum can be used to help look back at fundamental principles, \"look around\" at new events, and look to the future (#3).\nAn analysis of history and current events is essential to the Church's mission of evangelization (#3).","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Characteristics of Rerum novarum","text":"Rerum novarum attempted to respond to the conflict between capital and labor (#5).\nLeo XIII gave the Church a paradigm and a corpus to analyze, judge, and indicate directions for social realities (#5).\nTo teach and spread her social doctrine is an essential part of the Church's evangelizing mission (#5).\nThere can be no genuine solution to the \"social question\" apart from the Gospel (#5).\nRerum novarum strongly affirms the dignity of work and the rights to private property, private associations, a just wage, and to discharge freely religious duties (#6-9).\nRerum novarum's criticism of socialism and liberalism is still relevant today (#10).\nRerum novarum's emphasis on the rights of the poor and the defenseless gives testimony to the continuity of the option for the poor (#11).\nThe guiding light of Rerum novarum is its view of human dignity (#11).","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Toward the \"New Things\" of Today","text":"The fundamental error of socialism is its misunderstanding of the human person as simply an element (#13).\nThis error springs from atheism and results in a distortion of law and human freedom (#13).\nAtheism and contempt for the human person cause class struggle and militarism (#14).\nThe State, respectful of the principle of subsidiarity, has a positive role to play in determining the juridical framework of economic affairs (#15).\nThe role of the workers' movement in economic reform has been an important one (#16).\nRerum novarum opposed ideologies of hatred and showed how violence could be overcome by justice (#17).\nSince 1945, in Europe, there has been a situation of non-war but not genuine peace: many people lost the ability to control their own destiny; an \"insane\" arms race swallowed up vital resources; violent extremist groups found ready support; the atomic threat oppressed the world (#18).\nAfter World War II, decolonization occurred. Genuine independence of developing nations is impeded by foreign economic and political control and the lack of a competent professional class (#20).\nSince 1945, the awareness of human rights—with the United Nations as a focal point—has grown (#21).\nThe UN has not yet succeeded in establishing a continuously favorable development aid policy or an effective system of conflict resolution as an alternative to war (#21)","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"End of the Cold War","text":"In 1989: in Eastern Europe, oppressive regimes fell; some Third World countries began a transition to more just and participatory structures (#22).\nThe Church's commitment to defend and promote human rights was an important contribution to the events of 1989 (#22).\nFactors that contributed to the fall of oppressive regimes: violation of workers' rights (#23); inefficiency of the economic system (#24); spiritual void brought about by atheism (#24).\nNon-violent, peaceful protest accomplished almost all of the changes in Eastern Europe (#23).\nThe events of 1989 would be unthinkable without prayer and trust in God (#25).\nThe events of 1989 illustrate opportunities for human freedom to cooperate with the plan of God who acts in history (#26).\nIn some countries, the events of 1989 resulted from an encounter between the Church and the workers' movement (#26).\nThe events of 1989 illustrated that the Church's social doctrine of (as well as concrete commitment to) integral human liberation does not necessitate an \"impossible\" compromise between Christianity and Marxism (#26).\nInternational structures that can help rebuild, economically and morally, the countries that have abandoned communism are needed (#27).\nMarxism's fall has highlighted human interdependence (#27).\nPeace and prosperity are goods that belong to the whole human race (#27).\nAid for Eastern Europe, without a slackening of aid for the Third World, is needed (#28).\nThere must be a change in priorities and values on which economic and political choices are made (#28).\nThe advancement of the poor is an opportunity for the moral, cultural, and economic growth of all humanity (#28).\nDevelopment must be seen in fully human, and not merely economic, terms (#29).","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Private property and the universal destination of material goods","text":"Catholic social teaching affirms a right to private property that is limited by the common purpose of goods (#30).\nWork, which is in our day work with and for others, is the human response to God's gifts (#31).\nThe possession of know-how, technology, and skill is surpassing land as the decisive factor of production (#32).\nThe majority of people today do not have the means or the possibility of acquiring the basic knowledge to enter the world of technology and intercommunication. They are thus exploited or marginalized (#33).\nThe human inadequacies of capitalism are far from disappearing (#33).\nMany human needs are not satisfied in a free market economy (#34).\nIt is a \"strict duty of justice and truth\" and a requirement of dignity to help needy people acquire expertise and develop the skill to enter the modern economy (#34).\nThe free market is the most efficient instrument for utilizing resources and effectively responding to solvent and marketable resources (#34).\nThere are human needs which \"find no place on the market\"; justice requires these fundamental needs not \"remain unsatisfied\" (#34).\nThe State needs to control the market to guarantee that the basic needs of society are satisfied, but the Church \"acknowledges the legitimate role of profit\" (#35).\nA business firm is a community of persons, endeavoring to meet their basic needs, who form a group at the service of society (#35).\nHuman and moral factors are just as important as profit to the life of a business (#35).\nThe defeat of \"Real Socialism\" does not leave capitalism as the only model of economic organization (#35).\nStronger nations must offer weaker nations the opportunity to take their place in the international order (#35).\nThe foreign debt of poorer countries needs to be handled in a way that respects the rights of peoples to subsistence and progress (#35).\nConsumerism has created attitudes and lifestyles which damage the physical and spiritual health of human beings (#36).\nIt is necessary to create lifestyles in which the quest for truth, beauty, goodness, and the common good determine choices (#36).\nThe mass media has a special role to play in fostering a sense of general responsibility (#36).\nThe ecological question emphasizes human responsibility to future generations (#37).\nSocial structures can create environments conducive to sin which impede full human realization (#38).\nThe family, founded on marriage between a man and a woman, is the sanctuary of life (#39).\nTrue human alienation happens when a person refuses to transcend the self and live a self-giving life in an authentic human community that is oriented toward God (#41).\nWith the collapse of Communism, capitalism, with business, markets, private property, and free human creativity in the economic sector, should be the goal of developing countries. The Marxist solution has failed, but marginalization, exploitation, and alienation still exist in the Third World (#42).\nThe Church's social teaching should serve as an orientation, rather than as a model, toward solving problems (#43).\nThe principal task of the State is to guarantee the security of individual freedom and private property, as well as to prevent monopolies (#48).\nWe must have trust in the human potential of the poor, and in their ability to improve their own conditions through work and economic prosperity (#52).","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rights to life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_life"}],"sub_title":"State and culture","text":"The root of modem totalitarianism is found in its denial of the transcendent dignity of the human person. (#44)\nIn defending her own freedom, the Church defends the dignity of the human person (#45).\nThe Church values any democratic system that ensures its citizens' ability to participate in it (#46).\nDemocratic systems need to solidify their foundations by explicitly recognizing certain rights, especially the rights to life, to work, and to establish a family (#47).\nSome democracies have lost the ability to make decisions for the common good (#48).\nStates, respecting subsidiarity, need to guarantee freedom, security, and human rights (#48).\nThe \"Social Assistance\" State leads to a loss of human energies; an inordinate increase in bureaucratic public agencies is not the best way to solve these problems (#48).\nThe Church—through charity, solidarity, and volunteer work—has always been among the needy (#49).\nA culture achieves its character through the search for truth (#50).\nThe Church's contribution to culture is to form human hearts for peace and justice (#51).\nA culture of peace needs to promote development and provide the poor with realistic opportunities (#52).\nThis task may necessitate changes in lifestyle that reduce the waste of resources (#52).","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Humans as the way of the Church","text":"The Church's purpose is the care and responsibility not only for humankind, but also for each individual (#53).\nThe Church's social teaching is an instrument of evangelization for salvation (#54).\nThe Church receives the \"meaning of humankind\" from Divine Revelation (#55).\nThe Western countries run the risk of seeing the collapse of \"Real Socialism\" as a victory for their own systems and may fail to make necessary changes in those systems (#56).\nThe social basis of the Gospel must function as a basis and motivation for action because witnessing for justice and peace is more credible than logical arguments (#57).\nThe option for the poor is not limited to material poverty but encompasses cultural and spiritual poverty as well (#57).\nLove is made concrete in the promotion of justice which requires changes in lifestyles, models of production and consumption, and structures of power (#58).\nGrace is needed for the demands of justice to be met (#59).\nThe Church's social teaching enters into dialogue with the other disciplines concerned with humankind (#59).\nPeople who profess no religious beliefs can contribute to providing the social question an ethical foundation (#60).\nThe Church feels obliged to denounce poverty and injustice although her call will not find favor with all (#61).[6]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Unlike Pope Leo XIII who addressed his encyclical to the Bishops of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, Pope John Paul II directs his encyclical to both the Bishops of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches and all members of the Church.The Document begins by pointing out various events that happened in the year of 1989 but more importantly how it embraced a longer period of the 1800s with dictatorial and oppressive regimes. This chapter expresses the importance of using moral, peaceful and visibility of the truth to diminish dictatorship or whatever they may have had which was negative to society as a whole. This approach was opposite of what the Marxists thought ought to be followed. Marxist believed that only by social conflict would such matters be able to be resolved. The inefficiency of the economic system in different dimensions was greatly looked down upon as well. It was made clear that \"no political society should ever be confused with the kingdom of God\" because many firms because of the industrial developments had a sense of possibly obtaining a \"kingdom\" due to the wealth and the financial level that they were placed made them feel at a certain stage of perfection. Overall this chapter is an overview of how the events of 1989 had a worldwide importance because of the negative and positive outcomes that it brought upon the whole human society.","title":"Impact"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubravko_Lovrenovi%C4%87
Dubravko Lovrenović
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Research interests","4 Special projects, service and activities","5 Personal life","6 Works","6.1 Published books","6.2 Articles, essays, polemics, reviews","6.3 Literature","7 References"]
Coordinates: 43°52′35″N 18°23′53″E / 43.8765°N 18.3980°E / 43.8765; 18.3980ProfessorDubravko LovrenovićBorn(1956-08-30)August 30, 1956Jajce, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, FPR YugoslaviaDiedJanuary 17, 2017(2017-01-17) (aged 60) Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaResting placeGradsko groblje Bare (transl. City Cemetery Bare), Sarajevo43°52′35″N 18°23′53″E / 43.8765°N 18.3980°E / 43.8765; 18.3980NationalityBosnia and HerzegovinaAlma materUniversity of SarajevoSpouseAlisa MahmutovićScientific careerFieldsMedievalisticInstitutionsDepartment of History at the Faculty of Philosophy in SarajevoThesis Na klizištu povijesti: Sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska 1387-1463 Dubravko Lovrenović (30 August 1956 – 17 January 2017) was Bosnian and Herzegovinian medievalist, author and essayist, who worked at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo, Department of History, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Education Lovrenović graduated at the University of Sarajevo, the Department of History from the Faculty of Philosophy in 1979. He entered his postgraduate studies at the University of Belgrade and completed it in 1985 with the master thesis "Balkanske zemlje prema mletačko-ugarskim ratovima početkom XV stoljeća" (English: Balkan countries in context of the Venetian-Hungarian wars of the early 15th century). At the same school Lovrenović successfully defended his doctoral dissertation "Ugarska i Bosna 1387-1463" (English: Hungary and Bosnia 1387-1463) on December 18, 1999. Career At the Department of History of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo, he passed through all the university's posts, including tenure as a full-time professor of medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina history. He spent the Winter Semester 2001/2002 as a visiting professor at the Yale in the United States. In 2005, he was a stipendiary at the Central European University in Budapest. He was President of the Department of History and Vice Dean for the teaching of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo. He has published a number of books and works on the subject of his academic interest (stećci, Bosnian Middle Ages, contemporary interpretation, usage and revision, mythomania and influence of ethno-nationalism in re-interpretation of history) in domestic and foreign professional journals, as well as dozens of essays, publicist texts. As a member of several editorial offices, Lovrenović is editor of numerous book releases, reviewed numerous editions, promoted many publications. He was organizer of scientific conferences, leader and participant in number of scientific projects and researches. He was inaugurated at Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he also served as a Secretary of the Committee of historical sciences. Research interests His main research interests were Medieval Bosnian and European History, with special regard to the region of Central-Eastern Europe; region's cultural history and material culture, stećci in particular; Hungarian-Bosnian relations in the Middle Ages; reception and interpretation of Bosnian medieval times and its modern age usage, revision and re-interpretation in form of historical myths by domestic and especially neighboring ethno-nationalist portion of the political and academic elite. Nada Miletić and Alojz Benac dated the phenomenon of the stećak to the thirteenth century, but this dating has been debated, in particular by Šefik Bešlagić and Lovrenović, who date the tombstones to the mid-twelfth century. Special projects, service and activities As a member of the Commission to preserve national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, institution which in many cases act in close cooperation with UNESCO, Lovrenović lead a project to include stećak tombstones onto World List. Since 2012 he was a member of the Society for study of medieval Bosnian history, among number of other associations and societies. Lovrenović served as Deputy Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport in a Government of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2001 to 2003. He was active in helping and organizing support for vulnerable population and people in need around post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. Personal life Lovrenović was married to Alisa Mahmutović, a linguist from Tuzla. The suicide of his 14-year-old stepson, Mahir Rakovac, in December 2015 led Lovrenović and Mahmutović to devote themselves to the issue of school bullying. Lovrenović and his wife both died of cancer shortly thereafter, on 17 January and 26 June 2017 respectively. Works Published books List per ANU BiH: Na klizištu povijesti (sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska) 1387-1463, Synopsis, Zagreb-Sarajevo, 2006. Povijest est magistra vitae, Rabic, Sarajevo 2008, 385. Sirat ćuprija fra Ante Kneževića, Dobra knjiga,Sarajevo 2008. Stećci : bosansko i humsko mramorje srednjeg vijeka, Rabic, 1.izdanje, Sarajevo 2009, 332. Stećci : bosansko i humsko mramorje srednjeg vijeka, Rabic, 2. izdanje, Sarajevo 2010, 426. Medieval tombstones : and graveyards of Bosnia and Hum, Rabic, 3.izdanje (na engleskom jeziku), Sarajevo 2010,426. Bosanska kvadratura kruga, Dobra knjiga - Synopsis, Sarajevo - Zagreb, 2012, 495. Stećci : bosansko i humsko mramorje srednjeg vijeka, Ljevak, 4. izdanje, Zagreb 2013, 452. - Google Scholar: Dubravko Lovrenović Articles, essays, polemics, reviews List per ANU BiH: Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka (O jednom modelu promjene historijskog pamcenja) (transl. Croatization of the Bosnian Middle Ages in Light of the Religious Character of Stecak Tombstones (About a model of the changing the historical memory)) - 2013 admittance lecture at Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, published 2014 in academy's GODIŠNJAK/JAHRBUCH - Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja. Profani teror - Sveta retorika (Kako je bosanski vojvoda Radosav Pavlović postao opaki pataren, bič katoličke vjere), Spomenica akademika Marka Šunjića (1927-1998), Filozofski fakultet, Sarajevo 2010, 103-160. Translatio sedis i uspostava novog konfesionalnog identiteta u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni - I, Franjevački samostan u Gučoj Gori, Zbornik radova sa znantvenog skupa u povodu 150. obljetnice samostana u Gučoj Gori održanog 25. i 26. rujna 2009. u Gučoj Gori, Guča Gora - Sarajevo 2010, 113-125. Bosanski Jeremija u novom izdanju: uz reprint izdanje Kratke povijesti kralja bosanskih (Dubrovnik, 1884, 1886, 1887) fra Antuna Kneževića, Bosna franciscana XVII/30, Sarajevo 2009, 241-251. Profani teror – sveta retorika. (Kako je bosanski vojvoda Radosav Pavlović postao opaki pataren, bič katoličke vjere), Bosna franciscana XVII/31, Sarajevo 2009, 129-187. Јелена Мргић, Северна Бoсна 13 – 16. век, Посебна издања, књига 55, Историјски институт, Београд, 2008., Bosna franciscana XVII/31, Sarajevo 2009, 356-361. Ugarsko-bosanski odnsoi i konfesionalna povijest srednjovjekovne Bosne u djelu Lajosa Thallóczya, Bosna franciscana XVI/29, Sarajevo 2008, 77-89. Krist i donator: Kotromanići između vjere rimske i vjere bosanske – II. – (Konfesionalne posljedice jednog lokalnog crkvenog raskola), “Tristota obljetnica stradanja samostana i crkve u Olovu (1704-2004)”, Zbornik radova sa Znanstvenog skupa, Znanstveni skup u povodu 300. obljetnice stradanja samostana i crkve u Olovu (1704-2004), Sarajevo, 15. i 16. listopada 2004. (Predgovor: Marko Karamatić), Franjevačka teologija Sarajevo, Sarajevo 2008, 17-54. Duž balkanskih historiografskih transverzala, Zeničke sveske – Časopis za društvenu fenomenologiju i kulturnu dijalogiku, br. 03/06, Zenica, 2006, 11-20. O historiografiji iz Prokrustove postelje (Kako se i zašto kali(o) bogumilski mit), Status 10, Mostar, 2006, 256-286. Bošnjačka recepcija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja, Zeničke sveske – Časopis za društvenu fenomenologiju i kulturnu dijalogiku, br. 02/05, Zenica, decembar 2005, 241-290. Modeli ideološkog isključivanja: Ugarska i Bosna kao ideološki protivnici na osnovu različitih konfesija kršćanstva, Prilozi Instituta za istoriju 33, Sarajevo, 2004, 9-57. Fojnički grbovnik, ilirska heraldika i bosansko srednjovjekovlje, Bosna Franciscana XII/21, Sarajevo, 2004, 172-202. Središte bez središta (povratak iz unutrašnjeg izgnanstva), Status 3, Mostar, 2004, 95-97. Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić i srednjodalmatinske komune (1398.-1413.), Zbornik radova Jajce 1396-1996, Jajce, 2002, 31-51. Tri etnonacionalna pogleda u bosansko srednjovjekovlje, Forum Bosnae, 18, Sarajevo, 2002. Vitez, herceg i pataren (Ideološki stereotipi i životna stvarnost), Forum Bosnae 7-8, Sarajevo, 2000, 257-294; “Zbornik radova sa Znanstvenog skupa u povodu 500. obljetnice smrti Fra Anđela Zvizdovića”, FTS-Franjevački samostan Fojnica, Sarajevo-Fojnica, 2000, 21-59. Proglašenje Bosne kraljevstvom (Pokušaj revalorizacije), Forum Bosnae 3-4, Sarajevo, 1999, 227-287. Srednjovjekovna Bosna i srednjoeuropska kultura (Prožimanja i akulturacija), Forum Bosnae 5, Sarajevo, 1999, 177-206 Na ishodištu srednjovjekovne bosanske etno-politogeneze, Bosna Franciscana VI/9, Sarajevo, 1998, 85-125. Bosansko srednjovjekovlje u svjetlu kristijanizacije vladarske ideologije (Na trećem putu tzv. "monarhijske pobožnosti"), Bosna Franciscana V/8, Sarajevo, 1998, 156-193.. Bosansko-humski mramorovi – stećci, Bosna Franciscana V/7, Sarajevo, 1997, 94-139. Bosanski mitovi, Erasmvs 18, Zagreb, 1996, 26-37. Uticaj Ugarske na odnos Crkve i države u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, "Sedam stoljeća bosanskih franjevaca 1291.-1991.", (zbornik radova), FTS, Samobor, 1994, 37-93. Srednjovjekovna Evropa. Definiranje pojmova, utvrđivanje sadržaja, omeđivanje prostora, Radovi 27, Zagreb, 1994, 289-302. Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić i splitska komuna, Prilozi Instituta za istoriju XXII/23, Sarajevo, 1987, 37-45. Jelena Nelipčić, splitska vojvotkinja i bosanska kraljica, Radovi 20, Zagreb, 1987, 183-193. Istočni Jadran u odnosima između Hrvoja Vukčića i Sandalja Hranića na prelazu iz XIV. u XV. stoljeće, Glasnik arhiva i Društva arhivskih radnika BiH 27, Sarajevo, 1987, 55-66. Cetinski knez Ivaniš Nelipčić u političkim previranjima u Dalmaciji krajem 14. i tokom prvih decenija 15. stoljeća, Prilozi Instituta za istoriju XXI/22, Sarajevo, 1986, 199-220. Ostrovica i Skradin u mletačko-ugarskim ratovima za Dalmaciju (1409.-1420.), Historijski zbornik 39, Zagreb, 1986, 163-172. Kako je bosanski vojvoda Sandalj Hranić došao u posjed Ostrovice i Skradina, Radovi 19, Zagreb, 1986, 231-236. Da li je Jelena Nelipčić bila majka Balše Hercegovića, Istorijski zbornik 7, Banja Luka, 1986, 193-198. - Google Scholar: Dubravko Lovrenović Literature List per ANU BiH: Adnan Buturović, Tragedija Bosne jeste što se historijska svijest izražava kao mitska svijest!, (Intervju: Dr. Dubravko Lovrenović), Slobodna Bosna IV/105, Sarajevo 1998, 38-39, 46. Nerzuk Ćurak, Intervju Dana: Dubravko Lovrenović, Dani 74, Sarajevo 27. 04. 1998, 8-12. Marko Hrskanović, Prof. Dubravko Lovrenović, “Marko Hrskanović, Odgojitelji, profesori i studenti Vrhbosanske bogoslovije Travnik-Sarajevo 1890.-1990., ‘Vrhbosanska katolička bogoslovija 1890.-1990. Zbornik radova znanstvenog simpozija održanog u Sarajevu 3. i 4. srpnja 1991. godine prigodom obilježavanja stote obljetnice postojanja Bogoslovije”, SV 5, Sarajevo-Bol 1993, 456. Ivan Lučić, U traženju izgubljene domovine (Interview), Matica 50/8, Zagreb 2000., 28-30. Lejla Sarajlić, Interview: Dubravko Lovrenović, povjesničar, Krijesnica VI/16-17, Zenica 1999, 4-9. Angelina Šimić, Refleksije istorije (Bosna u europskom srednjem vijeku na “Napretkovoj” tribini, Dubravko Lovrenović), Oslobođenje 51/16530, Sarajevo 12.6. 1994, 10. ... Dubravko Lovrenović, “Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Spomenica (1950-1980)”, FF, Sarajevo 1980, 42. ... Vlada Federacije nikada ništa nije uradila da se stećci u Radimlji zaštite! (Dubravko Lovrenović), Slobodna Bosna VI/191, Sarajevo 2000, 66. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dubravko Lovrenović: ANU BiH - bibliografije članova" (PDF). anubih.ba (in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian). ANU BiH. Retrieved 27 March 2019. ^ Đelmo, Minela. "Obavijest o smrti dopisnog člana Dubravka Lovrenovića". www.anubih.ba. BiH. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ a b c d "Dubravko Lovrenović - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ a b c d e Dženan, Dautović (19 December 2017). "In memoriam, Obituary - Dubravko Lovrenović, (1956 – 2017)". Historical contributions = Historische Beiträge (in Croatian). 53 (53): 213. ISSN 0351-9767. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ "Preminuli članovi". www.anubih.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ "Presidency". www.anubih.ba. ANU BiH. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ a b Lovrenović, Dubravko (2013). Govedarica, Blagoje (ed.). "Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka (O jednom modelu promjene historijskog pamcenja)" . Godišnjak/Jahrbuch (in Serbo-Croatian). 42. Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine : 103–130. doi:10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40. ISSN 2232-7770. ^ Begović, Azra (2020-09-06). "Echoes of the Culture of Remembrance in the Posthumous Memorialisation of the Bosnian Nobility". Südost-Forschungen (in German). 79 (1): 151–169. doi:10.1515/sofo-2020-790110. ISSN 2364-9321. ^ Krajišnik, Đorđe. "U povodu godišnjice smrti: Naučni skup "Dubravko Lovrenović život i djelo"" (online). Oslobođenje d.o.o. (in Bosnian). Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ Zorlak, Aldijana (27 June 2017). "Preminula Alisa Mahmutović" (online). Oslobođenje d.o.o. (in Bosnian). Retrieved 16 January 2019. ^ Lovrenović, Dubravko (2006). Na klizištu povijesti : sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska 1387-1463. Sarajevo: Synopsis. ISBN 953-7035-09-3. Retrieved 10 June 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef
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At the same school Lovrenović successfully defended his doctoral dissertation \"Ugarska i Bosna 1387-1463\" (English: Hungary and Bosnia 1387-1463) on December 18, 1999.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale"},{"link_name":"Central European University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-lovrenovi%C4%87-hrcak.srce.hr-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubravko-Lovrenovic-anubih.ba-bibliografije-1"},{"link_name":"stećci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste%C4%87ci"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubravko-Lovrenovic-anubih.ba-bibliografije-1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lovrenovic-member-anubih.ba-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secretary-lovrenovic-anubih.ba-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovrenovic-103-anubih.ba-godisnjak-god42-7"}],"text":"At the Department of History of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo, he passed through all the university's posts, including tenure as a full-time professor of medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina history. He spent the Winter Semester 2001/2002 as a visiting professor at the Yale in the United States. In 2005, he was a stipendiary at the Central European University in Budapest. He was President of the Department of History and Vice Dean for the teaching of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo.[4][1]He has published a number of books and works on the subject of his academic interest (stećci, Bosnian Middle Ages, contemporary interpretation, usage and revision, mythomania and influence of ethno-nationalism in re-interpretation of history) in domestic and foreign professional journals, as well as dozens of essays, publicist texts. As a member of several editorial offices, Lovrenović is editor of numerous book releases, reviewed numerous editions, promoted many publications. He was organizer of scientific conferences, leader and participant in number of scientific projects and researches.[1]He was inaugurated at Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina,[5] where he also served as a Secretary of the Committee of historical sciences.[6][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medieval Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"stećci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste%C4%87ci"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-lovrenovi%C4%87-hrcak.srce.hr-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubravko-Lovrenovic-anubih.ba-bibliografije-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lovrenovic-scholar.google.com-3"},{"link_name":"Nada Miletić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_Mileti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Alojz Benac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alojz_Benac"},{"link_name":"stećak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste%C4%87ak"},{"link_name":"Šefik Bešlagić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0efik_Be%C5%A1lagi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"His main research interests were Medieval Bosnian and European History, with special regard to the region of Central-Eastern Europe; region's cultural history and material culture, stećci in particular; Hungarian-Bosnian relations in the Middle Ages; reception and interpretation of Bosnian medieval times and its modern age usage, revision and re-interpretation in form of historical myths by domestic and especially neighboring ethno-nationalist portion of the political and academic elite.[4][1][3]Nada Miletić and Alojz Benac dated the phenomenon of the stećak to the thirteenth century, but this dating has been debated, in particular by Šefik Bešlagić and Lovrenović, who date the tombstones to the mid-twelfth century.[8]","title":"Research interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commission to preserve national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_to_preserve_national_monuments_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"stećak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste%C4%87ak"},{"link_name":"World List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Society for study of medieval Bosnian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_for_study_of_medieval_Bosnian_history&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubravko-Lovrenovic-anubih.ba-bibliografije-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-lovrenovi%C4%87-hrcak.srce.hr-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oslobodjenje.ba-lovrenovic-9"},{"link_name":"Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-lovrenovi%C4%87-hrcak.srce.hr-4"}],"text":"As a member of the Commission to preserve national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, institution which in many cases act in close cooperation with UNESCO, Lovrenović lead a project to include stećak tombstones onto World List. Since 2012 he was a member of the Society for study of medieval Bosnian history, among number of other associations and societies.[1][4][9]Lovrenović served as Deputy Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport in a Government of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2001 to 2003.[4]\nHe was active in helping and organizing support for vulnerable population and people in need around post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina.","title":"Special projects, service and activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla"},{"link_name":"school bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bullying"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zorlak-10"}],"text":"Lovrenović was married to Alisa Mahmutović, a linguist from Tuzla. The suicide of his 14-year-old stepson, Mahir Rakovac, in December 2015 led Lovrenović and Mahmutović to devote themselves to the issue of school bullying. Lovrenović and his wife both died of cancer shortly thereafter, on 17 January and 26 June 2017 respectively.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubravko-Lovrenovic-anubih.ba-bibliografije-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lovrenovic-naklada-ljevak.hr-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lovrenovic-scholar.google.com-3"}],"sub_title":"Published books","text":"List per ANU BiH:[1]Na klizištu povijesti (sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska) 1387-1463, Synopsis, Zagreb-Sarajevo, 2006.[11]\nPovijest est magistra vitae, Rabic, Sarajevo 2008, 385.\nSirat ćuprija fra Ante Kneževića, Dobra knjiga,Sarajevo 2008.\nStećci : bosansko i humsko mramorje srednjeg vijeka, Rabic, 1.izdanje, Sarajevo 2009, 332.\nStećci : bosansko i humsko mramorje srednjeg vijeka, Rabic, 2. izdanje, Sarajevo 2010, 426.\nMedieval tombstones : and graveyards of Bosnia and Hum, Rabic, 3.izdanje (na engleskom jeziku), Sarajevo 2010,426.\nBosanska kvadratura kruga, Dobra knjiga - Synopsis, Sarajevo - Zagreb, 2012, 495.\nStećci : bosansko i humsko mramorje srednjeg vijeka, Ljevak, 4. izdanje, Zagreb 2013, 452.- Google Scholar: Dubravko Lovrenović [3]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubravko-Lovrenovic-anubih.ba-bibliografije-1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovrenovic-103-anubih.ba-godisnjak-god42-7"},{"link_name":"Jelena Nelipčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Nelip%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lovrenovic-scholar.google.com-3"}],"sub_title":"Articles, essays, polemics, reviews","text":"List per ANU BiH:[1]Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka (O jednom modelu promjene historijskog pamcenja) (transl. Croatization of the Bosnian Middle Ages in Light of the Religious Character of Stecak Tombstones (About a model of the changing the historical memory)) - 2013 admittance lecture at Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, published 2014 in academy's GODIŠNJAK/JAHRBUCH - Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja.[7]\nProfani teror - Sveta retorika (Kako je bosanski vojvoda Radosav Pavlović postao opaki pataren, bič katoličke vjere), Spomenica akademika Marka Šunjića (1927-1998), Filozofski fakultet, Sarajevo 2010, 103-160.\nTranslatio sedis i uspostava novog konfesionalnog identiteta u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni - I, Franjevački samostan u Gučoj Gori, Zbornik radova sa znantvenog skupa u povodu 150. obljetnice samostana u Gučoj Gori održanog 25. i 26. rujna 2009. u Gučoj Gori, Guča Gora - Sarajevo 2010, 113-125.\nBosanski Jeremija u novom izdanju: uz reprint izdanje Kratke povijesti kralja bosanskih (Dubrovnik, 1884, 1886, 1887) fra Antuna Kneževića, Bosna franciscana XVII/30, Sarajevo 2009, 241-251.\nProfani teror – sveta retorika. (Kako je bosanski vojvoda Radosav Pavlović postao opaki pataren, bič katoličke vjere), Bosna franciscana XVII/31, Sarajevo 2009, 129-187.\nЈелена Мргић, Северна Бoсна 13 – 16. век, Посебна издања, књига 55, Историјски институт, Београд, 2008., Bosna franciscana XVII/31, Sarajevo 2009, 356-361.\nUgarsko-bosanski odnsoi i konfesionalna povijest srednjovjekovne Bosne u djelu Lajosa Thallóczya, Bosna franciscana XVI/29, Sarajevo 2008, 77-89.\nKrist i donator: Kotromanići između vjere rimske i vjere bosanske – II. – (Konfesionalne posljedice jednog lokalnog crkvenog raskola), “Tristota obljetnica stradanja samostana i crkve u Olovu (1704-2004)”, Zbornik radova sa Znanstvenog skupa, Znanstveni skup u povodu 300. obljetnice stradanja samostana i crkve u Olovu (1704-2004), Sarajevo, 15. i 16. listopada 2004. (Predgovor: Marko Karamatić), Franjevačka teologija Sarajevo, Sarajevo 2008, 17-54.\nDuž balkanskih historiografskih transverzala, Zeničke sveske – Časopis za društvenu fenomenologiju i kulturnu dijalogiku, br. 03/06, Zenica, 2006, 11-20.\nO historiografiji iz Prokrustove postelje (Kako se i zašto kali(o) bogumilski mit), Status 10, Mostar, 2006, 256-286.\nBošnjačka recepcija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja, Zeničke sveske – Časopis za društvenu fenomenologiju i kulturnu dijalogiku, br. 02/05, Zenica, decembar 2005, 241-290.\nModeli ideološkog isključivanja: Ugarska i Bosna kao ideološki protivnici na osnovu različitih konfesija kršćanstva, Prilozi Instituta za istoriju 33, Sarajevo, 2004, 9-57.\nFojnički grbovnik, ilirska heraldika i bosansko srednjovjekovlje, Bosna Franciscana XII/21, Sarajevo, 2004, 172-202.\nSredište bez središta (povratak iz unutrašnjeg izgnanstva), Status 3, Mostar, 2004, 95-97.\nHrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić i srednjodalmatinske komune (1398.-1413.), Zbornik radova Jajce 1396-1996, Jajce, 2002, 31-51.\nTri etnonacionalna pogleda u bosansko srednjovjekovlje, Forum Bosnae, 18, Sarajevo, 2002.\nVitez, herceg i pataren (Ideološki stereotipi i životna stvarnost), Forum Bosnae 7-8, Sarajevo, 2000, 257-294; “Zbornik radova sa Znanstvenog skupa u povodu 500. obljetnice smrti Fra Anđela Zvizdovića”, FTS-Franjevački samostan Fojnica, Sarajevo-Fojnica, 2000, 21-59.\nProglašenje Bosne kraljevstvom (Pokušaj revalorizacije), Forum Bosnae 3-4, Sarajevo, 1999, 227-287.\nSrednjovjekovna Bosna i srednjoeuropska kultura (Prožimanja i akulturacija), Forum Bosnae 5, Sarajevo, 1999, 177-206\nNa ishodištu srednjovjekovne bosanske etno-politogeneze, Bosna Franciscana VI/9, Sarajevo, 1998, 85-125.\nBosansko srednjovjekovlje u svjetlu kristijanizacije vladarske ideologije (Na trećem putu tzv. \"monarhijske pobožnosti\"), Bosna Franciscana V/8, Sarajevo, 1998, 156-193..\nBosansko-humski mramorovi – stećci, Bosna Franciscana V/7, Sarajevo, 1997, 94-139.\nBosanski mitovi, Erasmvs 18, Zagreb, 1996, 26-37.\nUticaj Ugarske na odnos Crkve i države u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, \"Sedam stoljeća bosanskih franjevaca 1291.-1991.\", (zbornik radova), FTS, Samobor, 1994, 37-93.\nSrednjovjekovna Evropa. Definiranje pojmova, utvrđivanje sadržaja, omeđivanje prostora, Radovi 27, Zagreb, 1994, 289-302.\nHrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić i splitska komuna, Prilozi Instituta za istoriju XXII/23, Sarajevo, 1987, 37-45.\nJelena Nelipčić, splitska vojvotkinja i bosanska kraljica, Radovi 20, Zagreb, 1987, 183-193.\nIstočni Jadran u odnosima između Hrvoja Vukčića i Sandalja Hranića na prelazu iz XIV. u XV. stoljeće, Glasnik arhiva i Društva arhivskih radnika BiH 27, Sarajevo, 1987, 55-66.\nCetinski knez Ivaniš Nelipčić u političkim previranjima u Dalmaciji krajem 14. i tokom prvih decenija 15. stoljeća, Prilozi Instituta za istoriju XXI/22, Sarajevo, 1986, 199-220.\nOstrovica i Skradin u mletačko-ugarskim ratovima za Dalmaciju (1409.-1420.), Historijski zbornik 39, Zagreb, 1986, 163-172.\nKako je bosanski vojvoda Sandalj Hranić došao u posjed Ostrovice i Skradina, Radovi 19, Zagreb, 1986, 231-236.\nDa li je Jelena Nelipčić bila majka Balše Hercegovića, Istorijski zbornik 7, Banja Luka, 1986, 193-198.- Google Scholar: Dubravko Lovrenović [3]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubravko-Lovrenovic-anubih.ba-bibliografije-1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Lučić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Lucius"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"List per ANU BiH:[1]Adnan Buturović, Tragedija Bosne jeste što se historijska svijest izražava kao mitska svijest!, (Intervju: Dr. Dubravko Lovrenović), Slobodna Bosna IV/105, Sarajevo 1998, 38-39, 46.\nNerzuk Ćurak, Intervju Dana: Dubravko Lovrenović, Dani 74, Sarajevo 27. 04. 1998, 8-12.\nMarko Hrskanović, Prof. Dubravko Lovrenović, “Marko Hrskanović, Odgojitelji, profesori i studenti Vrhbosanske bogoslovije Travnik-Sarajevo 1890.-1990., ‘Vrhbosanska katolička bogoslovija 1890.-1990. Zbornik radova znanstvenog simpozija održanog u Sarajevu 3. i 4. srpnja 1991. godine prigodom obilježavanja stote obljetnice postojanja Bogoslovije”, SV 5, Sarajevo-Bol 1993, 456.\nIvan Lučić, U traženju izgubljene domovine (Interview), Matica 50/8, Zagreb 2000., 28-30.\nLejla Sarajlić, Interview: Dubravko Lovrenović, povjesničar, Krijesnica VI/16-17, Zenica 1999, 4-9.\nAngelina Šimić, Refleksije istorije (Bosna u europskom srednjem vijeku na “Napretkovoj” tribini, Dubravko Lovrenović), Oslobođenje 51/16530, Sarajevo 12.6. 1994, 10.\n... Dubravko Lovrenović, “Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Spomenica (1950-1980)”, FF, Sarajevo 1980, 42.\n... Vlada Federacije nikada ništa nije uradila da se stećci u Radimlji zaštite! (Dubravko Lovrenović), Slobodna Bosna VI/191, Sarajevo 2000, 66.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dubravko Lovrenović: ANU BiH - bibliografije članova\" (PDF). anubih.ba (in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian). ANU BiH. Retrieved 27 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anubih.ba/images/publikacije/posebna_izdanja/OHN/45_bibliografije_clanova_OHM/dubravko_lovrenovic.pdf","url_text":"\"Dubravko Lovrenović: ANU BiH - bibliografije članova\""}]},{"reference":"Đelmo, Minela. \"Obavijest o smrti dopisnog člana Dubravka Lovrenovića\". www.anubih.ba. BiH. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anubih.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=355:obavijestosmrtidl&catid=8&Itemid=589&highlight=WyJkdWJyYXZrbyIsImxvdnJlbm92aVx1MDEwNyIsImR1YnJhdmtvIGxvdnJlbm92aVx1MDEwNyJd&lang=en","url_text":"\"Obavijest o smrti dopisnog člana Dubravka Lovrenovića\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dubravko Lovrenović - Google Scholar Citations\". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=31jnYEsAAAAJ&hl=en","url_text":"\"Dubravko Lovrenović - Google Scholar Citations\""}]},{"reference":"Dženan, Dautović (19 December 2017). \"In memoriam, Obituary - Dubravko Lovrenović, (1956 – 2017)\". Historical contributions = Historische Beiträge (in Croatian). 53 (53): 213. ISSN 0351-9767. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/192680?lang=en","url_text":"\"In memoriam, Obituary - Dubravko Lovrenović, (1956 – 2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0351-9767","url_text":"0351-9767"}]},{"reference":"\"Preminuli članovi\". www.anubih.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anubih.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=232&Itemid=600&lang=en","url_text":"\"Preminuli članovi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidency\". www.anubih.ba. ANU BiH. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anubih.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71:predsjednistvo-anubih-2&catid=24:akademija-2&lang=en&Itemid=591&highlight=WyJkdWJyYXZrbyIsImxvdnJlbm92aVx1MDEwNyIsImR1YnJhdmtvIGxvdnJlbm92aVx1MDEwNyJd","url_text":"\"Presidency\""}]},{"reference":"Lovrenović, Dubravko (2013). Govedarica, Blagoje (ed.). \"Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka (O jednom modelu promjene historijskog pamcenja)\" [Croatization of the Bosnian Middle Ages in Light of the Religious Character of Stecak Tombstones (About a model of the changing the historical memory)]. Godišnjak/Jahrbuch (in Serbo-Croatian). 42. Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine [ Centre for Balkan Studies of the Academy sciences and arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina ]: 103–130. doi:10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40. ISSN 2232-7770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina","url_text":"Centre for Balkan Studies of the Academy sciences and arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5644%2FGodisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40","url_text":"10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2232-7770","url_text":"2232-7770"}]},{"reference":"Begović, Azra (2020-09-06). \"Echoes of the Culture of Remembrance in the Posthumous Memorialisation of the Bosnian Nobility\". Südost-Forschungen (in German). 79 (1): 151–169. doi:10.1515/sofo-2020-790110. ISSN 2364-9321.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/sofo-2020-790110/html","url_text":"\"Echoes of the Culture of Remembrance in the Posthumous Memorialisation of the Bosnian Nobility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsofo-2020-790110","url_text":"10.1515/sofo-2020-790110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2364-9321","url_text":"2364-9321"}]},{"reference":"Krajišnik, Đorđe. \"U povodu godišnjice smrti: Naučni skup \"Dubravko Lovrenović život i djelo\"\" (online). Oslobođenje d.o.o. (in Bosnian). Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/o2/kultura/u-povodu-godisnjice-smrti-naucni-skup-dubravko-lovrenovic-zivot-i-djelo","url_text":"\"U povodu godišnjice smrti: Naučni skup \"Dubravko Lovrenović život i djelo\"\""}]},{"reference":"Zorlak, Aldijana (27 June 2017). \"Preminula Alisa Mahmutović\" (online). Oslobođenje d.o.o. (in Bosnian). Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/vijesti/bih/preminula-alisa-mahmutovic","url_text":"\"Preminula Alisa Mahmutović\""}]},{"reference":"Lovrenović, Dubravko (2006). Na klizištu povijesti : sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska 1387-1463. Sarajevo: Synopsis. ISBN 953-7035-09-3. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naklada-ljevak.hr/knjiga.asp?isbn=953-7035-09-3","url_text":"Na klizištu povijesti : sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska 1387-1463"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7035-09-3","url_text":"953-7035-09-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Lee
Robin Lee
["1 Competitive highlights","2 References"]
American figure skater For the country music singer-songwriter, see Robin Lee Bruce. Robin LeeLee, circa 1942Full nameRobin Huntington LeeBorn(1919-12-02)December 2, 1919Saint Paul, MinnesotaDiedOctober 8, 1997(1997-10-08) (aged 77)Minneapolis, MinnesotaFigure skating careerCountryUnited StatesSkating clubSt. Paul FSC Chicago FSC SC of New York FSC of Minneapolis Medal record Representing United States Men's Figure skating North American Championships 1939 Toronto Men's singles 1935 Montreal Men's singles 1933 New York Men's singles Robin Huntington Lee (December 2, 1919 in Saint Paul, Minnesota – October 8, 1997 in Minneapolis) was an American figure skater. He was the 1935-1939 U.S. national champion. At age 12, he became the youngest skater to win the junior national title. At the 1935 United States Figure Skating Championships, at the age of 15, he became the first and, as of 2008, the only skater to defeat a seven time national champion in the United States. Lee represented the United States at the 1936 Winter Olympics, where he placed 12th. He was selected to compete at the 1940 Winter Olympics, which were canceled due to World War II. During the War, Lee served in the U.S. Navy. After the War, Lee skated professionally in ice shows and worked as a coach. Lee was inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1995. He attended Erasmus Hall High School. The Robin Lee Midwest Open is a USFS sanctioned competition held each year in the summer by Lee's home club, the Figure Skating Club of Minneapolis, named in his honor. Competitive highlights Event 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Winter Olympic Games 12th World Championships 9th 8th North American Championships 3rd 2nd 2nd U.S. Championships 1st J 3rd 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st Levels: J = Junior References ^ a b c "Robin Lee, 77, Figure Skating Champion". New York Times. October 14, 1997. Retrieved October 29, 2009. ^ "Sport: Figures in Chicago". TIME. February 22, 1937. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2009. ^ a b "Sport: Snow & Ice". TIME. February 18, 1935. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2009. ^ "Skating Expert With Ice Cycles Is Ex-Champion". Spokane Daily Chronicle. April 22, 1946. Retrieved October 29, 2009. ^ "Robin Lee Competition". Figure Skating Club of Minneapolis. Retrieved 10 January 2017. "Past U.S. Champions - Senior" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09. (123 KiB) Hall of Fame Inductees "Historical Placements: US Olympic Figure Skating Team" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-28. (260 KiB) Sports-reference profile vteU.S. figure skating champions (men's singles) 1914: Norman M. Scott 1918: Nathaniel Niles 1920–23: Sherwin Badger 1925: Nathaniel Niles 1926: Chris Christenson 1927: Nathaniel Niles 1928–34: Roger Turner 1935–39: Robin Lee 1940–41: Eugene Turner 1942: Bobby Specht 1943: Arthur Vaughn Jr. 1946–52: Dick Button 1953–56: Hayes Alan Jenkins 1957–60: David Jenkins 1961: Bradley Lord 1962: Monty Hoyt 1963: Thomas Litz 1964: Scott Allen 1965: Gary Visconti 1966: Scott Allen 1967: Gary Visconti 1968–70: Tim Wood 1971: John Misha Petkevich 1972: Kenneth Shelley 1973–75: Gordon McKellen 1976: Terry Kubicka 1977–80: Charlie Tickner 1981–84: Scott Hamilton 1985–88: Brian Boitano 1989: Christopher Bowman 1990–91: Todd Eldredge 1992: Christopher Bowman 1993–94: Scott Davis 1995: Todd Eldredge 1996: Rudy Galindo 1997–98: Todd Eldredge 1999–2000: Michael Weiss 2001: Timothy Goebel 2002: Todd Eldredge 2003: Michael Weiss 2004–06: Johnny Weir 2007–08: Evan Lysacek 2009–10: Jeremy Abbott 2011: Ryan Bradley 2012: Jeremy Abbott 2013: Max Aaron 2014: Jeremy Abbott 2015: Jason Brown 2016: Adam Rippon 2017–22: Nathan Chen 2023–24: Ilia Malinin This article about a United States figure skater is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robin Lee Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Lee_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater"},{"link_name":"U.S. national champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"1935 United States Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-figuresinchicago-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snowandice-3"},{"link_name":"United States at the 1936 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1940 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Figure_Skating_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Hall High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Hall_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snowandice-3"},{"link_name":"Figure Skating Club of Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_Skating_Club_of_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the country music singer-songwriter, see Robin Lee Bruce.Robin Huntington Lee (December 2, 1919 in Saint Paul, Minnesota – October 8, 1997 in Minneapolis) was an American figure skater. He was the 1935-1939 U.S. national champion. At age 12, he became the youngest skater to win the junior national title.[1] At the 1935 United States Figure Skating Championships, at the age of 15,[2][3] he became the first and, as of 2008, the only skater to defeat a seven time national champion in the United States.Lee represented the United States at the 1936 Winter Olympics, where he placed 12th. He was selected to compete at the 1940 Winter Olympics, which were canceled due to World War II.[1] During the War, Lee served in the U.S. Navy.[4] After the War, Lee skated professionally in ice shows and worked as a coach.[1]Lee was inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1995. He attended Erasmus Hall High School.[3]The Robin Lee Midwest Open is a USFS sanctioned competition held each year in the summer by Lee's home club, the Figure Skating Club of Minneapolis, named in his honor.[5]","title":"Robin Lee"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive highlights"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Robin Lee, 77, Figure Skating Champion\". New York Times. October 14, 1997. Retrieved October 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/14/sports/robin-lee-77-figure-skating-champion.html","url_text":"\"Robin Lee, 77, Figure Skating Champion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sport: Figures in Chicago\". TIME. February 22, 1937. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231075618/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770632,00.html","url_text":"\"Sport: Figures in Chicago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME","url_text":"TIME"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770632,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sport: Snow & Ice\". TIME. February 18, 1935. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091009214225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,748489-2,00.html","url_text":"\"Sport: Snow & Ice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME","url_text":"TIME"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,748489-2,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Skating Expert With Ice Cycles Is Ex-Champion\". Spokane Daily Chronicle. April 22, 1946. Retrieved October 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19460422&id=WiQVAAAAIBAJ&pg=7124,4709154","url_text":"\"Skating Expert With Ice Cycles Is Ex-Champion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Daily_Chronicle","url_text":"Spokane Daily Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Lee Competition\". Figure Skating Club of Minneapolis. Retrieved 10 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fscmpls.org/robin-lee-competition","url_text":"\"Robin Lee Competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past U.S. Champions - Senior\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209010047/http://www.xcelenergycenter.com/uploads/assets/saintpaul2008/news/Past%20U.S.%20Champions.pdf","url_text":"\"Past U.S. Champions - Senior\""},{"url":"http://www.xcelenergycenter.com/uploads/assets/saintpaul2008/news/Past%20U.S.%20Champions.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Placements: US Olympic Figure Skating Team\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528204658/http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/events/200506/olympics/olympic-medalists.pdf","url_text":"\"Historical Placements: US Olympic Figure Skating Team\""},{"url":"http://www.usfigureskating.org/content/events/200506/olympics/olympic-medalists.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Kostajnica
Kostajnica Fortress
["1 Sources","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°13′16″N 16°32′50″E / 45.22111°N 16.54722°E / 45.22111; 16.54722Castle in Croatia Kostajnica FortressTvrđava ZrinskiHrvatska Kostajnica in CroatiaCoordinates45°13′16″N 16°32′50″E / 45.22111°N 16.54722°E / 45.22111; 16.54722TypeFortificationSite historyMaterialsStone Kostajnica Fortress is a castle in Hrvatska Kostajnica, a town in central Croatia, near the border to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The fortress was built most probably in the 14th century and owned by the members of the noble families Frankopan, Lipovečki, Tot, Benvenjud and finally (in the 16th century) Zrinski, so it is today also known as "Zrinski fortress" or "Zrinski castle" (Croatian: Stari grad Zrinski). It was conquered by the Ottomans on 17 July 1556, remaining under Ottoman rule until 1688. Situated on the banks of the river Una, the fortress has very strong walls and three towers. Having been in a state of disrepair before, it has been renewed in recent years by the Croatian Ministry of Culture. Sources Kruhek, Milan (2001). "Kostajnica u protuturskoj obrani Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva" (PDF). Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). 20 (21). Croatian Institute of History: 71–97. Retrieved 27 July 2020. Miletić, Drago; Valjato Fabris, Marija (2011). "Stari grad u Hrvatskoj Kostajnici. Konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi do završne prezentacije" (PDF). Portal (in Croatian) (2). Croatian Conservation Institute: 35–53. Retrieved 20 October 2020. Nadilo, Branko (2003). "Stari grad na unskom otoku u Kostajnici" (PDF). Građevinar (in Croatian). 55 (6). Croatian Association of Civil Engineers: 363–369. Retrieved 20 October 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kostajnica Fortress. The town of Croatian Kostajnica Official tourist information page An outline of the archaeological topography of the Kostajnica and Dvor region vte Croatia – Castles, fortresses, and palaces in CroatiaCroatia Bajnski Dvori Castle Banfi Manor Blagaj Castle Brod Fortress Califfi Castle Cambi Castle Cetin Castle Cippico Castle Čačvina Castle Čakovec Castle Dobra Kuća Drivenik Castle Dubovac Castle Dvigrad Đurđevac Castle Eltz Manor Erdut Castle Feštetić Castle Fortica Fortress (Otočac) Frankopan Castle Glavaš-Dinarić Fortress Grižane Castle Gvozdansko Castle Hreljin Castle Ilok Castle Kamerlengo Castle Kamičak (Krka) Kaštilac Kerestinec Castle Klenovnik Castle Fortress of Klis Knin Fortress Kostajnica Fortress Lovrijenac Lužnica Manor Maruševec Castle Medvedgrad Milengrad Mirabella Fortress (Peovica) Monkodonja Nečven Nehaj Fortress Nesactium Novigrad Castle Novigrad na Dobri Novi Dvori of Zaprešić Novi Zrin Opeka Manor Oršić Castle in Gornja Stubica Ostrovica Fortress Ozalj Castle Paz Castle Pazin Castle Pejačević Castle in Virovitica Pietrapelosa Posert Castle Potravlje Fortress Prandau-Normann Castle Prozor Fortress Samobor Castle Sisak Fortress Skrad Castle Sokolac Castle Starigrad Fortress St. Nicholas Fortress St. Michael Fort Susedgrad Syrmia County Palace Tkalec Manor Trakošćan Castle Trsat Castle Tržan Castle in Modruš Tvrdalj Castle Udbina Castle Veliki Bukovec Castle Veliki Tabor Castle Venetian Castle Vitturi Castle Vrana Castle Zrin Castle Zvečaj Castle Zrinski-Frankopan Castle in Severin na Kupi See also: Castles in Croatia This article about a castle in Croatia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hrvatska Kostajnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatska_Kostajnica"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Frankopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankopan"},{"link_name":"Zrinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrinski"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"river Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_(Sava)"},{"link_name":"Croatian Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Croatia)"}],"text":"Castle in CroatiaKostajnica Fortress is a castle in Hrvatska Kostajnica, a town in central Croatia, near the border to Bosnia and Herzegovina.The fortress was built most probably in the 14th century and owned by the members of the noble families Frankopan, Lipovečki, Tot, Benvenjud and finally (in the 16th century) Zrinski, so it is today also known as \"Zrinski fortress\" or \"Zrinski castle\" (Croatian: Stari grad Zrinski). It was conquered by the Ottomans on 17 July 1556, remaining under Ottoman rule until 1688.Situated on the banks of the river Una, the fortress has very strong walls and three towers. Having been in a state of disrepair before, it has been renewed in recent years by the Croatian Ministry of Culture.","title":"Kostajnica Fortress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Kostajnica u protuturskoj obrani Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hrcak.srce.hr/28734"},{"link_name":"\"Stari grad u Hrvatskoj Kostajnici. Konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi do završne prezentacije\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hrcak.srce.hr/106265"},{"link_name":"\"Stari grad na unskom otoku u Kostajnici\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//casopis-gradjevinar.hr/assets/Uploads/JCE-55-2003-06-06.pdf"}],"text":"Kruhek, Milan (2001). \"Kostajnica u protuturskoj obrani Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva\" [Kostajnica in the Anti-Turkish defense of the Croatian Kingdom] (PDF). Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). 20 (21). Croatian Institute of History: 71–97. Retrieved 27 July 2020.\nMiletić, Drago; Valjato Fabris, Marija (2011). \"Stari grad u Hrvatskoj Kostajnici. Konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi do završne prezentacije\" [Old Town in Kostajnica: conservation and restoration works – from the onset to the final presentation] (PDF). Portal (in Croatian) (2). Croatian Conservation Institute: 35–53. Retrieved 20 October 2020.\nNadilo, Branko (2003). \"Stari grad na unskom otoku u Kostajnici\" [Old town on the Una island in Kostajnica] (PDF). Građevinar (in Croatian). 55 (6). Croatian Association of Civil Engineers: 363–369. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Kruhek, Milan (2001). \"Kostajnica u protuturskoj obrani Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva\" [Kostajnica in the Anti-Turkish defense of the Croatian Kingdom] (PDF). Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). 20 (21). Croatian Institute of History: 71–97. Retrieved 27 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/28734","url_text":"\"Kostajnica u protuturskoj obrani Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva\""}]},{"reference":"Miletić, Drago; Valjato Fabris, Marija (2011). \"Stari grad u Hrvatskoj Kostajnici. Konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi do završne prezentacije\" [Old Town in Kostajnica: conservation and restoration works – from the onset to the final presentation] (PDF). Portal (in Croatian) (2). Croatian Conservation Institute: 35–53. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/106265","url_text":"\"Stari grad u Hrvatskoj Kostajnici. Konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi do završne prezentacije\""}]},{"reference":"Nadilo, Branko (2003). \"Stari grad na unskom otoku u Kostajnici\" [Old town on the Una island in Kostajnica] (PDF). Građevinar (in Croatian). 55 (6). Croatian Association of Civil Engineers: 363–369. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://casopis-gradjevinar.hr/assets/Uploads/JCE-55-2003-06-06.pdf","url_text":"\"Stari grad na unskom otoku u Kostajnici\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhdurechenskoe
Mezhdurechenskoe
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 43°27′10″N 76°43′22″E / 43.45278°N 76.72278°E / 43.45278; 76.72278Village in Almaty Region, KazakhstanMezhdurechenskoe МеждуреченскоеVillageMezhdurechenskoeMezhdurechenskoeLocation in KazakhstanCoordinates: 43°27′10″N 76°43′22″E / 43.45278°N 76.72278°E / 43.45278; 76.72278CountryKazakhstanRegionAlmaty RegionDistrictIle DistrictTime zoneUTC+6 (Omsk Time) Mezhdurechenskoe or Mezhdurechenskoye (Kazakh: Междуреченское, Mejdurechenskoe) is a village in Ile District of Almaty Region in south-eastern Kazakhstan. References ^ Исполком Алма-Атинского областного Совета народых депутатов. "Алма-Атинская область. Административно-территориальное деление." Алта-Ата, 1987. Page 22 ^ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. GeoNames database entry. (search) Accessed 13 May 2011. vteAlmaty RegionCapital: QonayevDistricts Balkhash Enbekshikazakh Ile Karasay Raiymbek Talgar Uygur Zhambyl Major cities and towns Bakanas Boralday Esik Kaskelen Kegen Qonayev Talgar Uzynagash Settlements Abay Akbulak Akdala Akkaynar Akozek Aksengir Akshiy Aktas Alatau Alga Algabas Ali Amangel'dy Aqdala Aqkol Aqshi Aqtam Arkabay Avat Azat Baganashyl Bakanas Balatopar Baltabay Baqanas Baqbaqty Baybulak Bayserka Bayserke Bayterek Bazarkel'dy Bel'bulak Besqaynar Bezvodnyy Birlik Bozinggen Burunday Chundzha Chundzha Degeres Dyusen' Dzhanek Ekinshi beszhyldyq Elaman Esik Gagarino Gvardeyskiy Imeni Panfilova Imeni Sverdlova Intymak Irgeli Isayevo Kamenka Kamennoye Plato Karagayly Karakastek Karakemer Karaoy Karasaz Karatobe Karaturyk Kargaly Kaskelen Kasymbek Kauchuk Kaynar Kaynazar Kayrat Kazarma Kazatkom Kegen Kerbulak Ketpen Kishi Qaraoy Klyuchi Kokkaynar Kokozek Kokpek Koksay Koktal Koktobe Madeniyet Malovodnoye Malybay Masaq Mezhdurechenskoe Muhametzhan Tuimebayev Mynbayevo Narynkol Nikolaevka Nura Nura Otegen Batyr Pervomayskiy Podgornoye Pokrovka Politotdel Qalzhat Qanshenggel Qarabastau Qarasu Qazaqstan Qonayev Quyghan Qyzylqayrat Qyzyltu Raimbek Rakhat Razdolnoye Ryskulov Samsy Sarybulak Saryzhaz Saty Saymasay Sharyn Shelek Shengel'dy Shilikemer Shugyla Spetsgorodok Sumbe Talap Taldybulak Talgar Taran Tashkensaz Tastybulak Tauturgen Tekes Terekty Teskensu Tolkyn Tuganbay Turar Turgen Tuyyq Tuzusay Umbetaly Karibayev Ushkonyr Uzynbulaq Yanaturmysh Yenbek Yenbekshi Yermensay Yesentay Yesik Yevgenyevka Yubileynoye Zhalpaksay Zhapek Batyr This Almaty Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling_records_of_Europe
Angling records of Europe
["1 Current records","2 Previous records","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Sports Drina River in Foča-Ustikolina municipality, East Bosnia. Venue for the capture of the 58 kg European record Huchen (Hucho hucho) in 1938 This list is of the heaviest European freshwater fish caught using the traditional angling method of rod and line. The criteria for inclusion on this list is that the species, weight, date and venue have been published by a recognized publisher with a genuine photograph and a link to that publication is referenced here. The list is intended to include all categories of coarse and game fish caught by sport anglers. Current records Image Species Weight kg Weight lb oz Captor Date Water Country References / Notes Allis Shad - Grand alose / Maifisch (Alosa alosa) 3 kg 7 lb Mr. Michou 2008 Blavet River  France Asp - Aspe / Aspio / (Leuciscus aspius) 10.3 kg 22 lb 11 oz Miroslav Šajdák 2008 Vah River, Nosicky Canal  Slovakia European Eel - Aal - Anguille - Anguilla (Anguilla anguilla) Note 1 6.04 kg 13 lb 5 oz G. Cadora 1991 Niepkuhle  Germany Silver Bream - Güster / Björkna / Brème bordelière - Blicca (Blicca bjoerkna) 1.48 kg 3 lb 4 oz Ulf Ahlinder 2010 Dal River  Sweden 1.474 kg Gareth Evans 21 May 2012 Mill Farm Fishery, Bury, West Sussex  England Bream / Brachse / Braxen / Brème / Abramide (Abramis brama) 10.3 kg 22 lb 11 oz Scot Crook 17 April 2012 Ferry Lagoon, Fen Drayton Lakes, Cambridgeshire,  England Common Barbel - Barbe (Barbus barbus) 9.59 kg 21 lb 2 oz Colin Smithson 7 November 2019 Sussex River, Sussex  England Common Iberian Barbel - Barbo Común ibérico (Luciobarbus bocagei) 11.5 kg 26 lb 6 oz Mr. Felix 2007 Lagunas de Ruidera, Guadiana river  Spain Comizo Barbel - Comizo (Luciobarbus comizo) 16.8 kg 37 lb David Aldana 1 March 2017 Lago Penarolla  Spain Andalusian Barbel - Barbo andaluz andalusische Barbe - barbeau andalouse (Luciobarbus sclateri) 4.1 kg 9 lb 1 oz Peter Staggs  Netherlands 2000 Las Tortugas Lake, Nueva Andalucía  Spain Burbot - Quappe - Lake - Barbotte - Bottatrice (Lota lota) 8.5 kg 18 lb 12 oz Margit Agren 22 Oct 1996 Angenmanelren  Sweden Chub - Döbel / Färna / Chevaine / Cavedano (Squalius cephalus) 5.72 kg 12 lb 10 oz Franz Wutte 1991 Gurk River  Austria Crucian carp - Karausche / Carrassin / Carassio (Carassius carassius) 3.64 kg 8 lb B. Spörlein 2005 Lake at Strössendorf  Germany Goldfish - Goudvis / Poisson rouge / Carassio (Carassius auratus) 3.2 kg 7 lb 1 oz Brian Jensen 2006 Lake in Denmark TBC  Denmark Bighead Carp - Cardona / Tolstolobec pestrý / Grootkopkarper / carpa testa grossa (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) 77.5 kg 170 lb 14 oz Diem János 14 July 2009 Lake Tisza (hu:Tisza-tó), (Kisköre Reservoir)  Hungary Carp - karpfen / Karpe / Carpe / Carpa - Common, Mirror, Leather (Cyprinus carpio) 51.2 kg 112 lb 14 oz Michel Schoenmakers  Netherlands 23 Nov 2018 Euro Aqua Fishery, Nemesvita  Hungary Silver Carp - Carpe d'argent / srebrny karp / zilveren/ Silberkarpfen (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) 41.5 kg 91 lb 8 oz Werner Schwingenschlögl 2018 Baggersee Schweitzer Grube  Austria Dace - Hasel / Stäm / Leuscico comune (Leuciscus leuciscus) 0.76 kg 1 lb 11 oz Mario Grill 2007 Attersee  Austria Ide or Orfe Aland / L'ide. (Leuciscus idus) 5.5 kg 12 lb 2 oz V. Korotkovs 1989 Lubāns  Latvia Grass Carp - Graskarpfen / Amur bílý / Graskarper (Ctenopharyngodon idella) 40.5 kg 89 lb 5 oz Diem Szeles Sándor 21 Aug 1993 River Danube  Hungary Grayling - Äsche - Ombre - Temolo (Thymallus thymallus) 3.175 kg 7 lb H. Baumann 1 May 1975 Danube  Germany Huchen (Danube salmon) - Hödekin -salmón del Danubio (Hucho hucho) Note 2 58 kg 127 lb 14 oz Halil Sofradžija 1938 Drina river, Dragojevic buk, Foča-Ustikolina  Bosnia photo does not confirm the weight Mullet - Thin-Lipped Grey / Meeräsche / mulle / triglia (Liza ramada) 3.45 kg 7 lb 9oz Shaun Sillett 20 August 2012 Oulton Broad, Lowestoft, Suffolk  England Common Nase - Nose / nasus (Chondrostoma nasus) 3.4 kg 7 lb 8oz Dieter Lindemann 10 Feb 2006 Rhine  Germany Perch - (Fluß) Barsch / Abborre / Perche / Persico (Perca fluviatilis) 3.75 kg 8 lb 4 oz Stephan Gockel 2010 Meuse River  Netherlands Pike - Hecht / Gädda / Brochet / Luccio (Esox lucius) 26.7 kg 58 lb 14 oz Lukas Matejka October 2019 Lake in Bohemia  Czech Republic Prussian carp - Silver or Gibel karpfen / Karpe / Carpe / Carpa (Carassius gibelio) 4.84 kg 10 lb 11 oz Jan Zablocki 2009 Kocher River, Germany  Germany Roach - Rotauge / Mört / Gardon / rutilo (Rutilus rutilus) 2.625 kg 5 lb 12 oz M. Müller 1981 Weser  Germany Black Sea roach - Perlfisch / Pärlfisk (Rutilus meidingerii) 6.57 kg 14 lb 8 oz Cosimo Radler 2015 Wolfgangsee  Austria Cactus roach - Neitsisärg (Rutilus virgo) 3.34 kg 7 lb 6 oz Peter Sagl 2021 Danube River  Austria Danube Roach - Frauennerfling / Gardon galant / pigo (Rutilus pigus) 2.56 kg 5 lb 10 oz Jurgen Perl 3 July 2016 Danube River, Bavaria  Germany Rudd - Rotfeder / Sarv / Gardon Rouge / Scardola (pinne rosse) (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) 2.7 kg 5 lb 15 oz S.Nagel 1976 Weser  Germany Tench - Barn / Sutare / Tanche / Tinca (Tinca tinca) 6.899 kg 15 lb 3 oz 6 dr Darren Ward June 2001 Sheepwalk big pit, Shepperton, Middlesex  England Atlantic Salmon - Atlantischer Lachs / Lax / Saumon / Salmone (Salmo salar) 35.89 kg 79 lb 2 oz Henrik Henriksen 1 Jan 1928 Tana River  Norway Wels Catfish Europäischer Wels / Mal / Silure glane / Siluro (Silurus glanis) 134.97 kg 297 lb 9 oz Attila Zsedely  Hungary 11 March 2010 River Po  Italy Siberian sturgeon - Sibirischer Stör / Esturión siberiano / Esturgeon sibérien / Storione siberiano (Acipenser baerii) Note 2 32 kg 70 lb 8 oz catcher ? 2012 Fishing paradise, Pielachtal  Austria Adriatic sturgeon - Adriastör / Adriatisk stör / Esturgeon de l'Adriatique / Storione (Acipenser naccarii) Note 1 19 kg 41 lb 14 oz Josef Hotzl 2012 Fishing paradise, Pielachtal  Austria Sterlet - Kleiner Stör / Sterlett / Esturgeon du Danube / Storione sterleto (Acipenser ruthenus) 7.85 kg 17 lb 5 oz Gábor Burián-Kozma 2002 River Danube  Hungary European sturgeon - Europäische Stör / Esturgeon d'Europe / Sturys (Acipenser sturio) Note 1 176 kg 388 lb Alec Allen 1932 River Towy, Nantgaredig, Carmarthenshire  Wales Trout, Brown - Seeforelle / Truite De Lac / Trota Di Lago / Insjööring (Salmo trutta) 17 kg 37 lb 8 oz Kurt Stenlund 16 Oct 1991 Storsjön, Gällivare kom Lappland  Sweden Vendace - Kleine Maräne / Corégone blanc / Muikku (Coregonus albula) 0.55 kg 1 lb 3 oz unknown 1 Oct 2004 Inarijärvi  Finland Vimba - Zährte / Vimma / Vimbe (Vimba vimba) 2.325 kg 5 lb 2 oz J. Müller 21 May 1975 Weser  Germany Whitefish - Renke / Sik / Siika (Coregonus lavaretus) 7.08 kg 15 lb 10 oz Markku Taponen 15 July 2000 Sodankylä  Finland Zander - European Pikeperch / Gös / Sander / Luccioperca (Sander lucioperca) 18.7 kg 41 lb 4 oz Friedrich Kraus 1990 Danube  Austria Ziege - Rasoir / Garda / Ožka (žuvis) (Pelecus cultratus) 0.91 kg 2 lb Markku Pesonen 2008 Saimaar Lake  Finland Zingel - Tsingeli / Magyar bucó / Czop czarny (Zingel zingel) 1.23 kg 2 lb 11 oz Gregor Käfer 2011 River Danube  Austria Blue Bream - Zope (Ballerus ballerus) 2.2 kg 4 lb 14 oz Alexander Schulz 2022 Elbe  Germany Previous records Image Species Weight kg Weight lb oz Captor Date Water Country References / Notes Barbel (Barbus barbus) 9.58 kg 21 lb 1 oz Grahame King 22 April 2006 Great Ouse, Adam's Mill, Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire  England Carp - karpfen / Karpe / Carpe / Carpa - Common, Mirror, Leather (Cyprinus carpio) 49 kg 108 lb Marco Eichner  Austria 21 Oct 2017 Euro Aqua Fishery, Nemesvita  Hungary 48 kg 105 lb 13 oz Thomas Krist  Czech Republic May 2015 Euro Aqua Fishery, Nemesvita  Hungary 45.93 kg 101 lb 4 oz Roman Hanke  Austria 2 June 2012 Euro Aqua Fishery, Nemesvita  Hungary 45.49 kg 100 lb 8 oz Colin Smith  England April 2013 Etang La Saussaie, Champagne (province)  France 44.91 kg 99 lb Ambrose Smith  England 5 June 2010 Les Graviers, Dijon  France 42.64 kg 94 lb Martin Locke  England 6 January 2010 Rainbow lake, Bordeaux  France 41.28 kg 91 lb Nick Greenall  England April 2009 Les Graviers, Dijon  France 41.28 kg 91 lb Andre Komornicki  England April 2009 Les Graviers, Dijon  France 40.09 kg 88 lb 6 oz Graham Slaughter  England 22 May 2007 Rainbow lake, Bordeaux  France Pike - Hecht / Gädda / Brochet / Luccio (Esox lucius) 25.3 kg 55 lb 12 oz Petar Filipov January 2019 5 hectare Lake Bulgaria  Bulgaria 25 kg 55 lb 1 oz Lothar Louis 16 October 1986 Lake of Grefeern, Buhl  Germany Wels Catfish - Europäischer Wels / Mal / Silure glane / Siluro (Silurus glanis) 113.5 kg 250 lb 3 oz Roberto Godi 5 Feb 2010 River Po, Mantua, Lombardy  Italy 112 kg 246 lb 14 oz Christophe Dubreuil  France September 2009 River Ebro, Mequinenza, Province of Zaragoza  Spain 110 kg 242 lb 5 oz Jakub Vagner  Germany 5 February 2009 River Po  Italy See also Angling records in the UK Notes Note 1 - European eel (Anguilla anguilla), Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) are listed as Critically Endangered species (IUCN) status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Any of these fish caught, must be photographed, then returned to the water immediately. Note 2 - Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) and Huchen (Danube salmon) (Hucho hucho)are listed as Endangered species (IUCN) status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Any of these fish caught, must be photographed, then returned to the water immediately. References ^ "largest Allis Shad captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013. ^ "Naj úlovky rybár MO SRZ Púchovský. (Top angler catches MO SRZ Púchovský, Slovakia)". puchovskyrybar.wbl.sk. 11 December 2013. ^ a b c d e f g "Deutsche rekord liste". Fischundfang.de. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. ^ "Deutsche Rekordliste – Aal" (in German). Fischundfang.de. 7 March 2016. ^ "largest White Bream captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. 26 March 2023. ^ a b c d "British Record Coarse Fish List July 2021" (PDF). anglingtrust.net. 19 July 2021. ^ "New Records ratified at Latest meeting of the BRFC 20.12.12". Angling Trust. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b "Dutch barbel site - World Barbus XXL". barbeel.com. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. ^ "Giant Comizo Barbel From Spain". total-fishing.com. 1 March 2017. ^ a b "Sportfiskerekord i Sötvatten. Swedish fish records". Sportfiskarna.se. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013. ^ a b "all Tackle records freshwater fish". infoplease.com. 2005. ^ Heinz Machacek (ed.). "Squalius cephalus European Chub". Fishing World Records.com. ^ "largest Goldfish captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013. ^ a b "Magyar rekordok. Hungarian Records". Fish-world.eu. 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. ^ "Biggest carp in the world tops 112lb at Euro Aqua". carpfeed.com. 23 November 2018. ^ a b "Rekord Fische Österreich - Sibirische Stör" (in German). RekordFISCHE.at. 9 November 2013. ^ "largest Dace captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013. ^ "Latvijas rekordzivis. Latvia record fish". Fishing.lv. 1 July 2013. ^ "Deutsche Rekordliste – Äsche" (in German). Fischundfang.de. 7 March 2016. ^ "Hucho hucho-only for skilled fishermen". ribiskekarte.se. 15 November 2013. ^ "Shaun captures world record mullet at Oulton Broad". eveningnews24.co.uk. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. ^ "largest Perch captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013. ^ "World record pike claimed by Czech Lukas Matejka at 58lb 14oz". anglersmail.co.uk. 1 November 2019. ^ "Prussian Carp". fishing-worldrecords.com. 2016. ^ "largest Perlfisch captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. ^ "largest Danubian roach captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. ^ "Roach, Danube (Rutilus pigus)". International Game Fish Association. ^ "Top Tench Captures (As at January 2012)". tenchfishers.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013. ^ "Salmo salar Atlantic salmon". animaldiversity.org. University of Michigan. 2020. ^ "Giant wels catfish from Italy Attila Zsedely". syracuse.com. 20 October 2010. ^ "A 297-pound catfish Attila Zsedely". Heartlandoutdoors.com. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. ^ "Rekord Fische Österreich - Adriastör" (in German). RekordFISCHE.at. 27 March 2023. ^ "largest Sterlet captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. ^ "MONSTER - Big Fish". riverannan. 6 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. ^ "Did Sturgeon ever breed in British waters?". glaucus.org.uk Alan Knight. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ^ a b "ennätyskalalutakunnan. Finnish Fish Records" (PDF). Vapaa-ajankalastaja.fi. 6 December 2013. ^ "Zander(Sander lucioperca) 1990". nachytano.cz. 12 January 2011. ^ "largest Ziege captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013. ^ "Zingel zingel Zingel". Fishing World Records. Retrieved 26 April 2023. ^ "Ballerus ballerus Zope, Blue Bream". Fishing World Records. Retrieved 26 April 2023. ^ "Top 50 Biggest Fish Hall of Fame April 2015". Angler's Mail. 21 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. ^ "Biggest carp ever caught weighs in at 108lb-plus Marco Eichner". carpfeed.com. 2017. ^ "World carp record rises to over 105 lb! Thomas Krist". Anglers Mail. 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. ^ "New world record carp at 101 lb 4oz Roman Hanke". Worldrecordcarp.com. 9 June 2012. ^ "World-record carp caught twice in a week by different anglers". mensjournal.com. 2020. ^ "Colin Smith 100 lb 8oz World carp Record + country records". worldrecordcarp.com. 17 May 2017. ^ "The Scar new world record carp at 99lb Ambrose Smith". Worldrecordcarp.com. 7 June 2010. ^ "New world record carp Rainbow Lake France 94 lb Martin Locke". Worldrecordcarp.com. 11 January 2010. ^ "The Scar World record carp 91lb Les Graviers France Nick Greenall". Worldrecordcarp.com. 14 December 2009. ^ "New 91lb Mirror Carp World Record Set Andre Komornicki". total-fishing.com. 23 October 2008. ^ "World records freshwater fishing 2007 Graham Slaughter" (PDF). petri-heil.net. 2007. ^ "World Record Pike 25.3 kg and 140 cm – interview with Petar Filipov". outdoorsfirst.com. 1 February 2019. ^ "Lothar Louis Lake of Grefeern Germany 16th October 1986". Flickr.com. 2010. ^ a b "New World Record Wels Catfish at 250.3 Pounds - Roberto Godi". sailangle.com. 25 May 2010. ^ "World Record Wels catfish caught from Spain's River Ebro - Christophe Dubreuil". anglingtimes.co.uk. 15 September 2009. vteAngling topicsAngling and game fishingAngling Boat fishing Trolling Casting Spey casting Reach cast Surf fishing Rock fishing Bank fishing Jet ski fishing Kayak fishing Centerpin fishing Coarse fish Rough fish Bottom fishing Tackle Techniques Tournaments Traditional fishing boats Angling personalities Television series Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive Game fishing Big-game fishing Land-based game fishing Salmon run International Game Fish Association Sport fish Bass Carp Fly target species Mahi-mahi Marlin Porgie (bream) Shad Smelt whiting Striped bass Swordfish Walleye The catch Bag limits Catch and release Ikejime Minimum landing size Panfish Priest (tool) Tag and release Catch records Europe UK Fly fishingFly fishing Fly fishing tackle Bamboo fly rod Fly rod building Fly casting Fly Casting Analyzer Furled leader Spey casting Reach cast Tenkara fishing Float tube Trout bum Fly waters Bibliography of fly fishing Artificial flies Fly lure Fly tying Adams Amadou Alexandra Clouser Deep Minnow Crazy Charlie Cul De Canard Dave's Hopper Diawl bach Egg sucking leech Elk Hair Caddis Flesh Fly Grey Ghost Streamer Hare's Ear Klinkhammer Lefty's Deceiver Muddler Minnow Parks' Salmonfly Partridge and Orange Pheasant Tail Nymph Red Tag Royal Coachman Royal Wulff Sakasa Kebari Trolling tandem streamer fly Tube fly Woolly Worm Woolly Bugger Organizations American Museum of Fly Fishing Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum Fly Fishers International Trout Unlimited Literature Blacker's Art of Fly Making A Book on Angling A Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice Favorite Flies and Their Histories Floating Flies and How to Dress Them The Fly-fisher's Entomology Fly Fishing A History of Fly Fishing for Trout Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream Pseudonyms of notable angling authors The American Angler's Book The Salmon Fly The Way of a Trout with the Fly
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drina_River_Ustikolina.JPG"},{"link_name":"angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"coarse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarse_fishing"},{"link_name":"game fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_fish"}],"text":"Drina River in Foča-Ustikolina municipality, East Bosnia. Venue for the capture of the 58 kg European record Huchen (Hucho hucho) in 1938This list is of the heaviest European freshwater fish caught using the traditional angling method of rod and line.The criteria for inclusion on this list is that the species, weight, date and venue have been published by a recognized publisher with a genuine photograph and a link to that publication is referenced here. The list is intended to include all categories of coarse and game fish caught by sport anglers.","title":"Angling records of Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Previous records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_eel"},{"link_name":"Anguilla anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_anguilla"},{"link_name":"Adriatic sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_sturgeon"},{"link_name":"Acipenser naccarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipenser_naccarii"},{"link_name":"European sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_sturgeon"},{"link_name":"Acipenser sturio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipenser_sturio"},{"link_name":"Critically Endangered species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_Endangered_species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Status_iucn_CR_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"Siberian Sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_sturgeon"},{"link_name":"Acipenser baerii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipenser_baerii"},{"link_name":"Huchen (Danube salmon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huchen"},{"link_name":"Hucho hucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucho_hucho"},{"link_name":"Endangered species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Status_iucn_EN_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"}],"text":"Note 1 - European eel (Anguilla anguilla), Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) are listed as Critically Endangered species (IUCN) status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Any of these fish caught, must be photographed, then returned to the water immediately.Note 2 - Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) and Huchen (Danube salmon) (Hucho hucho)are listed as Endangered species (IUCN) status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Any of these fish caught, must be photographed, then returned to the water immediately.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Drina River in Foča-Ustikolina municipality, East Bosnia. Venue for the capture of the 58 kg European record Huchen (Hucho hucho) in 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Drina_River_Ustikolina.JPG/300px-Drina_River_Ustikolina.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Angling records in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling_records_in_the_UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"\"largest Allis Shad captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Alosa%20alosa/show","url_text":"\"largest Allis Shad captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naj úlovky rybár MO SRZ Púchovský. (Top angler catches MO SRZ Púchovský, Slovakia)\". puchovskyrybar.wbl.sk. 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.puchovskyrybar.wbl.sk/fotogaleria-1.html","url_text":"\"Naj úlovky rybár MO SRZ Púchovský. (Top angler catches MO SRZ Púchovský, Slovakia)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche rekord liste\". Fischundfang.de. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170203110026/http://www.fischundfang.de/Grosse-Faenge/Deutsche-Rekordliste","url_text":"\"Deutsche rekord liste\""},{"url":"http://www.fischundfang.de/Grosse-Faenge/Deutsche-Rekordliste","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Rekordliste – Aal\" (in German). Fischundfang.de. 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://fischundfang.de/deutsche-rekordliste-aal/","url_text":"\"Deutsche Rekordliste – Aal\""}]},{"reference":"\"largest White Bream captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com. 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Blicca%20bjoerkna/show","url_text":"\"largest White Bream captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Record Coarse Fish List July 2021\" (PDF). anglingtrust.net. 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://anglingtrust.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/BRFC_COARSE_FISH_LISTINGS_July-2021.pdf","url_text":"\"British Record Coarse Fish List July 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Records ratified at Latest meeting of the BRFC 20.12.12\". Angling Trust. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190614121011/https://www.anglingtrust.net/news.asp?section=29&itemid=1447","url_text":"\"New Records ratified at Latest meeting of the BRFC 20.12.12\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch barbel site - World Barbus XXL\". barbeel.com. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111225041836/http://www.barbeel.com/Barbus_xxl.html","url_text":"\"Dutch barbel site - World Barbus XXL\""},{"url":"http://www.barbeel.com/Barbus_xxl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Giant Comizo Barbel From Spain\". total-fishing.com. 1 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.total-fishing.com/giant-comizo-barbel/","url_text":"\"Giant Comizo Barbel From Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sportfiskerekord i Sötvatten. Swedish fish records\". Sportfiskarna.se. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723051712/http://www.sportfiskarna.se/storfisk_registret/Sportfiskerekords%C3%B6tvatten/tabid/381/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Sportfiskerekord i Sötvatten. Swedish fish records\""},{"url":"http://www.sportfiskarna.se/storfisk_registret/Sportfiskerekords%C3%B6tvatten/tabid/381/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"all Tackle records freshwater fish\". infoplease.com. 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoplease.com/ipsa/A0115316.html","url_text":"\"all Tackle records freshwater fish\""}]},{"reference":"Heinz Machacek (ed.). \"Squalius cephalus European Chub\". Fishing World Records.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Squalius%20cephalus/show","url_text":"\"Squalius cephalus European Chub\""}]},{"reference":"\"largest Goldfish captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Carassius%20auratus/show","url_text":"\"largest Goldfish captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magyar rekordok. Hungarian Records\". Fish-world.eu. 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205102550/http://www.fish-world.eu/countryrecordindex.jsp?c=HU&l=HU","url_text":"\"Magyar rekordok. Hungarian Records\""},{"url":"http://www.fish-world.eu/countryrecordindex.jsp?c=HU&l=HU","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biggest carp in the world tops 112lb at Euro Aqua\". carpfeed.com. 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carpfeed.com/fishing-news/article/biggest-carp-in-the-world-tops-112lb-at-euro-aqua-video","url_text":"\"Biggest carp in the world tops 112lb at Euro Aqua\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rekord Fische Österreich - Sibirische Stör\" (in German). RekordFISCHE.at. 9 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rekordfische.at/groesste_Fische/sibirischer-stor-acipenser-baerii-2012/","url_text":"\"Rekord Fische Österreich - Sibirische Stör\""}]},{"reference":"\"largest Dace captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Leuciscus%20leuciscus/show","url_text":"\"largest Dace captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latvijas rekordzivis. Latvia record fish\". Fishing.lv. 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing.lv/speclapas/rekzivis.htm","url_text":"\"Latvijas rekordzivis. Latvia record fish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Rekordliste – Äsche\" (in German). Fischundfang.de. 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://fischundfang.de/deutsche-rekordliste-aesche/","url_text":"\"Deutsche Rekordliste – Äsche\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hucho hucho-only for skilled fishermen\". ribiskekarte.se. 15 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ribiskekarte.si/blog/hucho-hucho-only-for-skilled-fishemen/","url_text":"\"Hucho hucho-only for skilled fishermen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shaun captures world record mullet at Oulton Broad\". eveningnews24.co.uk. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120825002448/https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/sport/shaun_captures_world_record_mullet_at_oulton_broad_1_1488885/","url_text":"\"Shaun captures world record mullet at Oulton Broad\""},{"url":"http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/sport/shaun_captures_world_record_mullet_at_oulton_broad_1_1488885","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"largest Perch captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Perca%20fluviatilis/show","url_text":"\"largest Perch captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"World record pike claimed by Czech Lukas Matejka at 58lb 14oz\". anglersmail.co.uk. 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advnture.com/news/world-record-pike-claimed","url_text":"\"World record pike claimed by Czech Lukas Matejka at 58lb 14oz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prussian Carp\". fishing-worldrecords.com. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Carassius%20gibelio/show","url_text":"\"Prussian Carp\""}]},{"reference":"\"largest Perlfisch captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Rutilus%20meidingeri/show","url_text":"\"largest Perlfisch captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"largest Danubian roach captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Rutilus%20virgo/show","url_text":"\"largest Danubian roach captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roach, Danube (Rutilus pigus)\". International Game Fish Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://igfa.org/igfa-world-records-search/?search_type=CommonName&search_term_1=Roach,%20Danube","url_text":"\"Roach, Danube (Rutilus pigus)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Tench Captures (As at January 2012)\". tenchfishers.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020185157/http://www.tenchfishers.com/toptench.asp?Top50=True","url_text":"\"Top Tench Captures (As at January 2012)\""},{"url":"http://www.tenchfishers.com/toptench.asp?Top50=True","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Salmo salar Atlantic salmon\". animaldiversity.org. University of Michigan. 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Salmo_salar/","url_text":"\"Salmo salar Atlantic salmon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giant wels catfish from Italy Attila Zsedely\". syracuse.com. 20 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/outdoors/2010/10/giant_wels_catfish_and_lunker.html","url_text":"\"Giant wels catfish from Italy Attila Zsedely\""}]},{"reference":"\"A 297-pound catfish Attila Zsedely\". Heartlandoutdoors.com. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140308003514/http://www.heartlandoutdoors.com/scattershooting/story/some_monster_fish/","url_text":"\"A 297-pound catfish Attila Zsedely\""},{"url":"http://www.heartlandoutdoors.com/scattershooting/story/some_monster_fish/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rekord Fische Österreich - Adriastör\" (in German). RekordFISCHE.at. 27 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rekordfische.at/groesste_Fische/adriastor-acipenser-naccarii-2012/","url_text":"\"Rekord Fische Österreich - Adriastör\""}]},{"reference":"\"largest Sterlet captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Acipenser%20ruthenus/show","url_text":"\"largest Sterlet captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"MONSTER - Big Fish\". riverannan. 6 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212031607/http://www.riverannan.co.uk/monster.htm","url_text":"\"MONSTER - Big Fish\""},{"url":"http://www.riverannan.co.uk/monster.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Did Sturgeon ever breed in British waters?\". glaucus.org.uk Alan Knight. Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glaucus.org.uk/Sturgen2.htm","url_text":"\"Did Sturgeon ever breed in British waters?\""}]},{"reference":"\"ennätyskalalutakunnan. Finnish Fish Records\" (PDF). Vapaa-ajankalastaja.fi. 6 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vapaa-ajankalastaja.fi/files/Tiedostot/ENNATYSKALAT_LAJEITTAIN.pdf","url_text":"\"ennätyskalalutakunnan. Finnish Fish Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zander(Sander lucioperca) 1990\". nachytano.cz. 12 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nachytano.cz/clanky/rybarske-rekordy/candat/47/a/627/","url_text":"\"Zander(Sander lucioperca) 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"largest Ziege captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\". Fishing World Records.com. 18 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Pelecus%20cultratus/show","url_text":"\"largest Ziege captured by Rod and Reel with a picture and published\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zingel zingel Zingel\". Fishing World Records. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Zingel%20zingel/show","url_text":"\"Zingel zingel Zingel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballerus ballerus Zope, Blue Bream\". Fishing World Records. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Ballerus%20ballerus/show","url_text":"\"Ballerus ballerus Zope, Blue Bream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Biggest Fish Hall of Fame April 2015\". Angler's Mail. 21 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150428004044/http://www.anglersmail.co.uk/blog/big-fish-thursdays/awesome-catches-join-greatest-fish-hall-of-fame-56331","url_text":"\"Top 50 Biggest Fish Hall of Fame April 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angler%27s_Mail","url_text":"Angler's Mail"},{"url":"http://www.anglersmail.co.uk/blog/big-fish-thursdays/awesome-catches-join-greatest-fish-hall-of-fame-56331","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biggest carp ever caught weighs in at 108lb-plus [VIDEO] Marco Eichner\". carpfeed.com. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carpfeed.com/fishing-news/article/biggest-carp-ever-caught-weighs-in-at-108lb-plus-video","url_text":"\"Biggest carp ever caught weighs in at 108lb-plus [VIDEO] Marco Eichner\""}]},{"reference":"\"World carp record rises to over 105 lb! Thomas Krist\". Anglers Mail. 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916015446/http://www.anglersmail.co.uk/news/world-carp-record-rises-to-105-lb-56992","url_text":"\"World carp record rises to over 105 lb! Thomas Krist\""},{"url":"http://www.anglersmail.co.uk/news/world-carp-record-rises-to-105-lb-56992","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New world record carp at 101 lb 4oz Roman Hanke\". Worldrecordcarp.com. 9 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldrecordcarp.com/2012/06/new-world-record-carp-at-101-lb-4oz.html","url_text":"\"New world record carp at 101 lb 4oz Roman Hanke\""}]},{"reference":"\"World-record carp caught twice in a week by different anglers\". mensjournal.com. 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mensjournal.com/adventure/world-record-carp/","url_text":"\"World-record carp caught twice in a week by different anglers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colin Smith 100 lb 8oz World carp Record + country records\". worldrecordcarp.com. 17 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldrecordcarp.com/p/carp-fishing-country-records.html","url_text":"\"Colin Smith 100 lb 8oz World carp Record + country records\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Scar new world record carp at 99lb Ambrose Smith\". Worldrecordcarp.com. 7 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldrecordcarp.com/2010/06/scar-caught-at-world-record-weight-of.html","url_text":"\"The Scar new world record carp at 99lb Ambrose Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"New world record carp Rainbow Lake France 94 lb Martin Locke\". Worldrecordcarp.com. 11 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldrecordcarp.com/2010/01/new-world-record-carp-rainbow-lake.html","url_text":"\"New world record carp Rainbow Lake France 94 lb Martin Locke\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Scar World record carp 91lb Les Graviers France Nick Greenall\". Worldrecordcarp.com. 14 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldrecordcarp.com/2009/12/current-world-record-carp-91lb-in.html","url_text":"\"The Scar World record carp 91lb Les Graviers France Nick Greenall\""}]},{"reference":"\"New 91lb Mirror Carp World Record Set Andre Komornicki\". total-fishing.com. 23 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.total-fishing.com/new-91lb-mirror-carp-world-record-set/","url_text":"\"New 91lb Mirror Carp World Record Set Andre Komornicki\""}]},{"reference":"\"World records freshwater fishing 2007 Graham Slaughter\" (PDF). petri-heil.net. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.petri-heil.net/joomla/files/wrff_news_2007.pdf","url_text":"\"World records freshwater fishing 2007 Graham Slaughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Record Pike 25.3 kg and 140 cm – interview with Petar Filipov\". outdoorsfirst.com. 1 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outdoorsfirst.com/world-record-pike-25-3-kg-and-140-cm-interview-with-petar-filipov/","url_text":"\"World Record Pike 25.3 kg and 140 cm – interview with Petar Filipov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lothar Louis Lake of Grefeern Germany 16th October 1986\". Flickr.com. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mikefishing/4853196524/","url_text":"\"Lothar Louis Lake of Grefeern Germany 16th October 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"New World Record Wels Catfish at 250.3 Pounds - Roberto Godi\". sailangle.com. 25 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sailangle.com/news/details/id/3436","url_text":"\"New World Record Wels Catfish at 250.3 Pounds - Roberto Godi\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Record Wels catfish caught from Spain's River Ebro - Christophe Dubreuil\". anglingtimes.co.uk. 15 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anglingtimes.co.uk/fishing-news/2009/world-record-wels-catfish-caught-from-spains-river-ebro","url_text":"\"World Record Wels catfish caught from Spain's River Ebro - Christophe Dubreuil\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry_discography
Chuck Berry discography
["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Live albums","1.3 Compilation albums","1.4 Soundtrack albums","2 EPs","3 Singles","3.1 Billboard Year-End performances","4 Notes","5 References"]
Chuck Berry discographyBerry in 1958Studio albums20Live albums12Compilation albums31EPs8Singles50Soundtrack albums2 This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011) American rock and roll musician Chuck Berry's discography includes 20 studio albums, 12 live albums, 31 compilation albums, 50 singles, 8 EPs, and 2 soundtrack albums. Berry's recording career began in 1955, with the release of his single "Maybellene", and spanned a total of 62 years, although the latter 4 decades featured few or no releases. His most prolific and successful period spanned the 1950s and early 1960s, during which time he recorded for Chess. By 1960 he had released most of his hits, including "Maybellene", "Roll Over Beethoven", "Sweet Little Sixteen", and "Johnny B. Goode". Legal troubles, resulting in his imprisonment in 1961, caused a reduction in his output, but his release in 1963, combined with an interest in his songs thanks to the British invasion, rejuvenated his career. By the time Berry left Chess in 1966, he had released 36 singles, 5 EPs, and 12 albums, including the fake live album, Chuck Berry On Stage and 2 compilation albums, as well as having featured in the soundtrack album for the film Rock, Rock, Rock!. Berry subsequently signed to Mercury Records, where he stayed until 1970. During his tenure at Mercury, he released 5 albums, including his first real live album, as well as 5 singles, before he returned to Chess, where he released a further 5 singles and albums each, including The London Chuck Berry Sessions, which became his best-selling album, supported by his only #1 single, "My Ding-a-Ling". After his release from Chess in 1975, Berry's releases became sporadic, briefly recording for Atco in 1979, resulting in his final studio album released during his life, Rockit. His final, posthumous, studio album was 2017's Chuck. Berry's discography includes a large amount of unofficial live albums, as he performed without being signed to any label for most of his latter years, as well as a number of re-packaged or unofficial compilation albums, owing to Chess Records complicated ownership history. Overseas, Berry's discography differed from that in the US, most notably in the UK, where his early work was released mostly by London Records until 1960, then Pye Records until 1965, before being issued directly by Chess or Mercury. This resulted in a number of exclusive British EP releases on the one hand, and a number of unissued LPs and singles on the other. In the US, Berry saw a total of 25 charting singles and 4 charting B-sides, as well as 5 charting albums. Of these, 2 singles have been certified Platinum by the RIAA, as well as 1 Gold single and 1 Gold album. Albums Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US CAN FRA GER NL SWI UK After School Session Released: May 1957 Label: Chess (LP-1426) Format: mono LP — — — — — — — One Dozen Berrys Released: March 1958 Label: Chess (LP-1432) Format: mono LP — — — — — — — Chuck Berry Is on Top Released: July 1959 Label: Chess (LP-1435) Format: mono/stereo LP — — — — — — — Rockin' at the Hops Released: July 1960 Label: Chess (LP-1448) Format: mono LP — — — — — — — New Juke Box Hits Released: March 1961 Label: Chess (LP-1456) Format: mono LP — — — — — — — Two Great Guitars (with Bo Diddley) Released: August 1964 Label: Checker (LP-2991) Format: mono LP — — — — — — — St. Louis to Liverpool Released: November 1964 Label: Chess (LP/S-1488) Format: mono/stereo LP 124 — — — — — — Chuck Berry in London Released: April 1965 Label: Chess (LP/S-1495) Format: mono/stereo LP — — — — — — — Fresh Berry's Released: November 1965 Label: Chess (LP/S-1498) Format: mono/stereo LP — — — — — — — Chuck Berry's Golden Hits Released: March 1967 Label: Mercury (MG-21103/SR-61103) Format: mono/stereo LP — — — — — — — Chuck Berry in Memphis Released: September 1967 Label: Mercury (MG-21123/SR-61123) Format: mono/stereo LP — — — — — — — From St. Louie to Frisco Released: November 1968 Label: Mercury (SR-61176) Format: stereo LP 185 — — — — — — Concerto in B. Goode Released: June 1969 Label: Mercury (SR-61223) Format: stereo LP — — — — — — — Back Home Released: November 1970 Label: Chess (LPS-1550) Format: stereo LP — — — — — — — San Francisco Dues Released: September 1971 Label: Chess (CH-50008) Format: stereo LP — — — — — — — The London Chuck Berry Sessions Released: June 1972 Label: Chess (CH-60020) Format: stereo LP/8-track/cassette 8 6 — — — — — RIAA: Gold Bio Released: August 1973 Label: Chess (CH-50043) Format: stereo LP 175 — — — — — — Chuck Berry Released: February 1975 Label: Chess (CH-60032) Format: stereo LP — — — — — — — Rock It Released: 1979 Label: Atco (SD-38-118) Format: stereo LP — — — — — — — Chuck Released: June 2017 Label: Dualtone Format: CD/Digital/LP 49 — 39 31 61 14 9 "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Live albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US CAN UK Chuck Berry on Stage Released: August 1963 Label: Chess Format: LP 29 — 6 Live at the Fillmore Auditorium Released: September 1967 Label: Mercury Format: LP — — — The London Chuck Berry Sessions Released: October 1972 Label: Chess (CH-60020) Format: stereo LP 8 6 — Chuck Berry Live in Concert Released: 1978 Label: Magnum — — — Alive and Rockin' Released: 1981 Label: W.A.A. — — — Toronto Rock 'n' Roll Revival 1969 Vol. II Released: 1982 Label: Accord — — — Toronto Rock 'n' Roll Revival 1969 Vol. III Released: 1982 Label: Accord — — — Live! Released: 1994 Label: Columbia River — — — Live on Stage Released: 2000 Label: Magnum — — — Chuck Berry – In Concert Released: 2002 Label: Magnum — — — Rockin' Rollin' New Year's Eve Released: 2020 Label: Liberation Hall Format: LP — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Compilation albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US FRA SWI UK Chuck Berry Twist Released: February 1962 Label: Chess (LP-1465) Format: LP — — — 12 More Chuck Berry Released: December 1963 Label: Pye International (NPL 28028) Format: LP — — — 9 Chuck Berry's Greatest Hits Released: April 1964 Label: Chess (LP-1485) Format: LP 34 — — — The Latest and the Greatest Released: May 1964 (UK) Label: Pye International (NPL 28031) Format: LP — — — 8 You Never Can Tell Released: September 1964 (UK) Label: Pye International (NPL 29039) Format: LP — — — 18 Chuck Berry's Golden Decade Released: 1967 Label: Chess (2CH-1514) Format: Double LP 72 — — — Chuck Berry's Golden Decade, Vol. 2 Released: February 1973 Label: Chess (2CH-60023) Format: Double LP 110 — — — Chuck Berry's Golden Decade, Vol. 3 Released: May 1974 Label: Chess (2CH-60028) Format: Double LP — — — — Motorvatin' Released: 1976 (Europe) Label: Chess (9288 690) Format: LP — — — 7 The Great Twenty-Eight Released: 1982 Label: Chess (2CH-8201) Format: Double LP (mono) — — — — Motive Series Released: 1982 Label: Mercury (6463129) Format: LP — — — — Chess Masters Released: March 1983 Label: Chess (CXMP 2011) Format: LP — — — — Rock 'n' Roll Rarities Released: March 1986 Label: Chess (2CH-92521) Format: Double LP — — — — More Rock 'n' Roll Rarities Released: August 1986 Label: Chess (CH-9190) Format: LP, CD, Cassette — — — — The Best of the Best of Chuck Berry Released: 1987/1994 Label: Gusto/Hollywood/IMG Format: LP, CD, Cassette — — — — The Chess Box Released: 1988 Label: Chess (CHD3-80001) Format: CD — — — — Missing Berries: Rarities, Vol. 3 Released: June 1990 Label: Chess (CHC/D-9318) Format: Cassette, CD — — — — The Collection Released: August 26, 1991 Label: MCA (MCAC-17751) Format: Cassette — — — — 36 All-Time Greatest Hits Released: 1996 Label: Universal Distribution Format: CD — — — — Let It Rock Released: June 4, 1996 Label: Universal Special (MCAC/D-20931) Format: Cassette, CD — — — — The Best of Chuck Berry Released: July 26, 1996 Label: MCA (MCAD-11560) Format: Double CD — — — 116 BPI: Gold Guitar Legends (with Bo Diddley) Released: February 11, 1997 Label: Universal Special (20974) Format: Cassette, CD — — — — His Best, Vol. 1 Released: March 25, 1996 Label: MCA/Chess (CHD-9371) Format: CD — — — — His Best, Vol. 2 Released: May 20, 1997 Label: MCA/Chess (CHD-9381) Format: CD — — — — The Best of Chuck Berry Released: September 15, 1997 Label: Universal Distribution Format: CD — — — — Sweet Little Rock 'n' Roller Released: October 14, 1997 Label: MCA/Chess (CHD-80245) Format: CD — — — — 20th Century Masters: The Best of Chuck Berry Released: March 23, 1999 Label: MCA (MCAC/D-11944) Format: Cassette, CD 134 — — — Anthology Released: June 27, 2000 Label: MCA/Chess (CHD-112304) Format: CD — 175 48 110 The Ultimate Collection Released: September 5, 2000 Label: Universal International (17751) Format: CD — — — — Blues Released: August 12, 2003 Label: MCA/Chess (B000053002) Format: CD — — — — Chuck Berry Released: October 28, 2003 Label: Universal International (98017) Format: CD — — — — The Definitive Collection Released: April 18, 2006 Label: Geffen-Universal Format: CD 33 — 75 — Johnny B. Goode: His Complete '50s Chess Recordings Released: February 19, 2008 Label: Hip-O Select-Geffen-Universal Format: CD — — — — You Never Can Tell: His Complete Chess Recordings 1960–1966 Released: March 31, 2009 Label: Hip-O Select-Geffen-Universal (12465) Format: CD — — — — Have Mercy: His Complete Chess Recordings 1969–1974 Released: March 23, 2010 Label: Hip-O Select-Geffen-Universal (13790) Format: CD — — — — Rock And Roll Music – Any Old Way You Choose It- The Complete Studio Recordings... Plus! Released: November 4, 2014 Label: Bear Family Format: CD — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Soundtrack albums Title Album details Rock, Rock, Rock! Released: Dec 1956 Label: Chess (LP-1425) Format: mono LP Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll Released: October 1987 Label: MCA (MCA/C/D-6217) Format: LP/Cassette/CD EPs Title Album details After School Session Released: May 1957 Label: Chess (EP 5118) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: US Rock and Roll Music Released: 1957 Label: Chess (EP 5119) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: US Sweet Little 16 Released: 1958 Label: Chess (EP 5121) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: US Pickin' Berries Released: 1958 Label: Chess (EP 5124) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: US Sweet Little Rock and Roller Released: 1959 Label: Chess (EP 5126) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: US Chuck Berry Released: 1963 Label: Pye International (NEP 44011) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: UK This Is Chuck Berry Released: 1963 Label: Pye International (NEP 44013) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: UK The Best of Chuck Berry Released: 1963 Label: Pye International (NEP 44018) Format: 7" 45 RPM Origin: UK Singles Year Title Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US R&B CAN FRA GER NL NOR SWI UK 1955 "Maybellene" "Wee Wee Hours" 5— 110 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— Rock, Rock, Rock! After School Session "Thirty Days (To Come Back Home)"b/w "Together (We Will Always Be)" — 2 — — — — — — — Rock, Rock, Rock! After School Session 1956 "No Money Down"b/w "The Downbound Train" — 8 — — — — — — — After School Session "Roll Over Beethoven"b/w "Drifting Heart" 29 2 — — 31 — — — — Rock, Rock, Rock! After School Session "Too Much Monkey Business"b/w "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" — 4 — — — — — — — After School Session "You Can't Catch Me"b/w "Havana Moon" — — — — — — — — — Rock, Rock, Rock! After School Session 1957 "School Days (Ring! Ring! Goes the Bell)"b/w "Deep Feeling" 3 1 — — — — — — 24 After School Session "Oh Baby Doll"b/w "Lajaunda" 57 12 — — — — — — — One Dozen Berrys "Rock and Roll Music"b/w "Blue Feeling" 8 6 — — — — — — — 1958 "Sweet Little Sixteen"b/w "Reelin' and Rockin'" 2 1 — — — — — — 16 "Johnny B. Goode"b/w "Around and Around" 8 2 — 73 — — — 83 — RIAA: Platinum BPI: Platinum Chuck Berry Is on Top "Beautiful Delilah"b/w "Vacation Time" 81 — — — — — — — — Non-album single "Carol"b/w "Hey Pedro" 18 9 — — — — — — — Chuck Berry Is on Top "Sweet Little Rock and Roller""Joe Joe Gunne" 4783 13— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— "Merry Christmas Baby""Run Rudolph Run" 7110 —— —— —— —— —— —— —54 —36 RIAA: Platinum ("Run Rudolph Run") BPI: Gold ("Run Rudolph Run") Non-album single 1959 "Anthony Boy"b/w "That's My Desire" 60 — — — — — — — — Chuck Berry Is on Top Non-album track "Almost Grown""Little Queenie" 3280 3— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— Chuck Berry Is on Top "Back in the U.S.A.""Memphis, Tennessee" 37— 16— —— —— —— —— —— —— —6 Non-album singles "Broken Arrow"b/w "Childhood Sweetheart" 108 — — — — — — — — Rockin' at the Hops 1960 "Let It Rock""Too Pooped to Pop" 6442 18— —— —— —— —— —— —— 6— "Bye Bye Johnny"b/w "Worried Life Blues" — — — — — — — — — "I Got to Find My Baby"b/w "Mad Lad" — — — — — — — — — "Jaguar and Thunderbird"b/w "Our Little Rendezvous" 109 — — — — — — — — Non-album single St. Louis to Liverpool 1961 "Little Star"b/w "I'm Talking About You" — — — — — — — — — New Juke Box Hits "Go-Go-Go"b/w "Come On" — — — — — — — — 38 Non-album singles 1963 "Diploma for Two"b/w "I'm Talking About You" — — — — — — — — — New Juke Box Hits "Memphis"b/w "Surfin' USA" — — — — — — — — — Chuck Berry on Stage 1964 "Nadine (Is It You?)"b/w "O Rangutang" 23 7 — — — — — — 27 Non-album singles "No Particular Place to Go"b/w "You Two" 10 2 6 — — — — — 3 St. Louis to Liverpool "You Never Can Tell"b/w "Brenda Lee" 14 - 11 — — 9 — — 23 BPI: Silver "Chuck's Beat"b/w "Bo's Beat"(both by Chuck Berry & Bo Diddley) — — — — — — — — — Two Great Guitars "Little Marie"b/w "Go, Bobby Soxer" 54 30 40 — — — — — — St. Louis to Liverpool "Promised Land"b/w "The Things I Used to Do" 41 16 30 — — — — — 26 1965 "Dear Dad"b/w "Lonely School Days" 95 — — — — — — — — Chuck Berry in London Non-album track "It Wasn't Me"b/w "Welcome Back Pretty Baby" — — — — — — — — — Fresh Berry's 1966 "Ramona Say Yes"b/w "Lonely School Days" — — — — — — — — — Non-album single San Francisco Dues "Club Nitty Gritty"b/w "Laugh and Cry" — — — — — — — — — Chuck Berry's Golden Hits Non-album track 1967 "Back to Memphis"b/w "I Do Really Love You" — — — — — — — — — Chuck Berry in Memphis "Feelin' It" (with Miller Band)b/w "It Hurts Me Too" (with Miller Band) — — — — — — — — — Live at the Fillmore Auditorium 1968 "Louie to Frisco"b/w "Ma Dear" — — — — — — — — — From St. Louie to Frisco 1969 "It's Too Dark in There"b/w "Good Looking Woman" — — — — — — — — — Concerto in "B Goode" 1970 "Tulane"b/w "Have Mercy Judge" — — — — — — — — — Back Home 1972 "My Ding-a-Ling"b/w "Johnny B. Goode" 1 42 1 — 40 29 7 — 1 RIAA: Gold The London Chuck Berry Sessions "Reelin' and Rockin'"b/w "Let's Boogie" 27 — 21 — — — — — 18 1973 "Bio"b/w "Roll 'Em Pete" — — — — — — — — — Bio Non-album track 1975 "Shake, Rattle and Roll"b/w "Baby What You Want Me to Do" — — — — — — — — — Chuck Berry 1979 "Oh What a Thrill"b/w "California" — — — — — — — — — Rockit 2017 "Big Boys" — — — — — — — — — Chuck "Wonderful Woman" — — — — — — — — — "Lady B. Goode" — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Billboard did not publish a separate R&B singles chart in 1964. For this year only, R&B chart positions are from Cash Box magazine. Billboard Year-End performances Year Song Year-EndPosition 1957 "School Days" 22 1958 "Sweet Little Sixteen" 29 1972 "My Ding-a-Ling" 15 Notes ^ Rockin' Rollin' New Year's Eve did not enter the Billboard 200, but it peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Blues Albums chart. References ^ Rudolph, Dietmar. "A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Chess Era (1955–1966)". Retrieved October 3, 2010. ^ Rudolph, Dietmar. "A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Mercury Era (1966–1969)". Retrieved October 3, 2010. ^ Rudolph, Dietmar. "A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Back-at-Chess Era (1969–1975)". Retrieved October 3, 2010. ^ a b c "Chuck Berry Chart History – Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b c RPM chart positions: The London Chuck Berry Sessions: "RPM 100 albums". RPM. Vol. 18, no. 12. November 4, 1972. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b c "Discographie Chuck Berry". Les Charts (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b "Discographie von Chuck Berry". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b "Discografie Chuck Berry". Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b c "Chuck Berry – Johnny B. Goode ". Hitparade (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b c d "Chuck Berry". Official Charts. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b c d "American certifications – Chuck Berry". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 4, 2021. ^ "Chuck Berry – Rockin' Rollin' New Year's Eve". Record Store Day. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ "Chuck Berry Chart History – Blues Albums". Billboard. Retrieved April 4, 2021. ^ a b c d "British certifications – Chuck Berry". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 28, 2024. Type Chuck Berry in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ a b "Chuck Berry Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved December 31, 2019. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1992). Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts. Menomonie, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 978-0-89820-092-8. ^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2006). The Billboard Book of Top 40 R&B and Hip-Hop Hits. Menomonie, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 0-8230-8283-0. ^ "Discography Chuck Berry". Norwegian Charts. Hung Medien. Retrieved February 11, 2011. vteChuck BerryStudio albums After School Session (1957) One Dozen Berrys (1958) Chuck Berry Is on Top (1959) Rockin' at the Hops (1960) New Juke Box Hits (1961) Two Great Guitars (with Bo Diddley) (1964) St. Louis to Liverpool (1964) Chuck Berry in London (1965) Fresh Berry's (1965) Chuck Berry's Golden Hits (1967) Chuck Berry in Memphis (1967) From St. Louie to Frisco (1968) Concerto in "B Goode" (1969) Back Home (1970) San Francisco Dues (1971) The London Chuck Berry Sessions (1972) (Side 1) Bio (1973) Chuck Berry (1975) Rockit (1979) Chuck (2017) Live albums Chuck Berry on Stage (1963) Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (1967) The London Chuck Berry Sessions (1972) (Side 2) Chuck Berry Live in Concert (1978) Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987) Live! (2000) Live on Stage (2000) Chuck Berry – In Concert (2002) Compilations Rock, Rock, Rock! (1956) Chuck Berry Twist (1962) Chuck Berry's Golden Decade (1967, 1973, 1974) The Great Twenty-Eight (1982) The Chess Box (1988) The Anthology (2000) Volume 2 (1995) Singles "Maybellene" / "Wee Wee Hours" (1955) "Roll Over Beethoven" / "Drifting Heart" (1956) "Too Much Monkey Business" / "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" (1956) "School Days" / "Deep Feeling" (1957) "Rock and Roll Music" / "Blue Feeling" "Sweet Little Sixteen" / "Reelin' and Rockin'" (1958) "Carol"/ "Hey Pedro" (1958) "Johnny B. Goode" / "Around and Around" (1958) "Run Rudolph Run" (1958) "Almost Grown" / "Little Queenie" (1959) "Back in the U.S.A." / "Memphis, Tennessee" (1959) "Nadine" (1964) "No Particular Place to Go" (1964) "My Ding-a-Ling" (1972) Other articles Discography Chuck Berry House Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll Chess Records Johnnie Johnson Gibson ES-350T Gibson ES-355 Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Maybellene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybellene"},{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Records"},{"link_name":"Roll Over Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_Over_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Sweet Little Sixteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Little_Sixteen"},{"link_name":"Johnny B. Goode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode"},{"link_name":"British invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_invasion"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry On Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry_On_Stage"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Rock,_Rock!_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Rock, Rock, Rock!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Rock,_Rock!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"The London Chuck Berry Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Chuck_Berry_Sessions"},{"link_name":"My Ding-a-Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Ding-a-Ling"},{"link_name":"Atco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atco_Records"},{"link_name":"Rockit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockit_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(Chuck_Berry_album)"},{"link_name":"London Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Records"},{"link_name":"Pye Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pye_Records"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"}],"text":"American rock and roll musician Chuck Berry's discography includes 20 studio albums, 12 live albums, 31 compilation albums, 50 singles, 8 EPs, and 2 soundtrack albums.Berry's recording career began in 1955, with the release of his single \"Maybellene\", and spanned a total of 62 years, although the latter 4 decades featured few or no releases. His most prolific and successful period spanned the 1950s and early 1960s, during which time he recorded for Chess. By 1960 he had released most of his hits, including \"Maybellene\", \"Roll Over Beethoven\", \"Sweet Little Sixteen\", and \"Johnny B. Goode\". Legal troubles, resulting in his imprisonment in 1961, caused a reduction in his output, but his release in 1963, combined with an interest in his songs thanks to the British invasion, rejuvenated his career. By the time Berry left Chess in 1966, he had released 36 singles, 5 EPs, and 12 albums, including the fake live album, Chuck Berry On Stage and 2 compilation albums, as well as having featured in the soundtrack album for the film Rock, Rock, Rock!.Berry subsequently signed to Mercury Records, where he stayed until 1970. During his tenure at Mercury, he released 5 albums, including his first real live album, as well as 5 singles, before he returned to Chess, where he released a further 5 singles and albums each, including The London Chuck Berry Sessions, which became his best-selling album, supported by his only #1 single, \"My Ding-a-Ling\". After his release from Chess in 1975, Berry's releases became sporadic, briefly recording for Atco in 1979, resulting in his final studio album released during his life, Rockit. His final, posthumous, studio album was 2017's Chuck.Berry's discography includes a large amount of unofficial live albums, as he performed without being signed to any label for most of his latter years, as well as a number of re-packaged or unofficial compilation albums, owing to Chess Records complicated ownership history.Overseas, Berry's discography differed from that in the US, most notably in the UK, where his early work was released mostly by London Records until 1960, then Pye Records until 1965, before being issued directly by Chess or Mercury. This resulted in a number of exclusive British EP releases on the one hand, and a number of unissued LPs and singles on the other.In the US, Berry saw a total of 25 charting singles and 4 charting B-sides, as well as 5 charting albums. Of these, 2 singles have been certified Platinum by the RIAA, as well as 1 Gold single and 1 Gold album.","title":"Chuck Berry discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soundtrack albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EPs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&B-18"}],"text":"Billboard did not publish a separate R&B singles chart in 1964. For this year only, R&B chart positions are from Cash Box magazine.[17]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Billboard Year-End performances","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Blues Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Albums"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"^ Rockin' Rollin' New Year's Eve did not enter the Billboard 200, but it peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Blues Albums chart.[13]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rudolph, Dietmar. \"A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Chess Era (1955–1966)\". Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crlf.de/ChuckBerry/chessupto1966.html","url_text":"\"A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Chess Era (1955–1966)\""}]},{"reference":"Rudolph, Dietmar. \"A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Mercury Era (1966–1969)\". Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crlf.de/ChuckBerry/mercury.html","url_text":"\"A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Mercury Era (1966–1969)\""}]},{"reference":"Rudolph, Dietmar. \"A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Back-at-Chess Era (1969–1975)\". Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crlf.de/ChuckBerry/BackatChess.html","url_text":"\"A Collector's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry: The Back-at-Chess Era (1969–1975)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Berry Chart History – Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/chuck-berry/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"Chuck Berry Chart History – Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100 albums\". RPM. Vol. 18, no. 12. November 4, 1972. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=3709&","url_text":"\"RPM 100 albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie Chuck Berry\". Les Charts (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chuck+Berry","url_text":"\"Discographie Chuck Berry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie von Chuck Berry\". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=chuck+berry","url_text":"\"Discographie von Chuck Berry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discografie Chuck Berry\". Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chuck+Berry","url_text":"\"Discografie Chuck Berry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Berry – Johnny B. Goode [scroll down for album chart positions]\". Hitparade (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/song/Chuck-Berry/Johnny-B.-Goode-21904","url_text":"\"Chuck Berry – Johnny B. Goode [scroll down for album chart positions]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Berry\". Official Charts. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/4786/chuck-berry/","url_text":"\"Chuck Berry\""}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – Chuck Berry\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Chuck+Berry&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – Chuck Berry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Berry – Rockin' Rollin' New Year's Eve\". Record Store Day. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://recordstoreday.com/SpecialRelease/13147","url_text":"\"Chuck Berry – Rockin' Rollin' New Year's Eve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Berry Chart History – Blues Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/chuck-berry/chart-history/blu/","url_text":"\"Chuck Berry Chart History – Blues Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"British certifications – Chuck Berry\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"British certifications – Chuck Berry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Berry Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved December 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/chuck-berry","url_text":"\"Chuck Berry Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1992). Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts. Menomonie, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 978-0-89820-092-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-092-8","url_text":"978-0-89820-092-8"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2006). The Billboard Book of Top 40 R&B and Hip-Hop Hits. Menomonie, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 0-8230-8283-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-8283-0","url_text":"0-8230-8283-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Chuck Berry\". Norwegian Charts. Hung Medien. Retrieved February 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Chuck+Berry","url_text":"\"Discography Chuck Berry\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasno_selo
Krasno selo
["1 Galery","2 References"]
Coordinates: 42°40′42″N 23°17′4″E / 42.67833°N 23.28444°E / 42.67833; 23.28444Place in Sofia, BulgariaKrasno selo Красно селоKrasno seloLocation of Krasno selo in SofiaCoordinates: 42°40′42″N 23°17′4″E / 42.67833°N 23.28444°E / 42.67833; 23.28444CountryBulgariaCitySofiaGovernment • MayorRosina Stanislavova Democratic BulgariaArea • Total7.2 km2 (2.8 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total91,642Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Website- Official site of Krasno selo District Krasno selo (Bulgarian: Красно село ) is a district and neighbourhood of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, located in the western part of the city. The main thoroughfare in the neighbourhood is Tsar Boris III Boulevard. Until 1910, Krasno selo was a mahala (neighbourhood) of Boyana. In 1956, it became a district of Sofia, but it had been a suburb of the city since the early 20th century. The name stems from the common noun selo ("village") and the adjective krasno, meaning "beautiful". After the Second Balkan War and the First World War thousands of families of Bulgarian refugees (mainly from Western Thrace, Vardar Macedonia, Southern Dobruja and the Western Outlands) headed to the large Bulgarian cities in search of a better life. During that period prior to the Second World War Krasno selo, once a satellite neighbourhood, urbanized quickly and accommodated many refugee families, with various parts of Krasno selo today known as the Dobrujan neighbourhood, the Tsaribrod neighbourhood, etc. Architectural elements in the houses of Bulgarian refugees show a nostalgia for their native regions, an example of which is the round tower of a 1929 house reminiscent of the White Tower in Thessaloniki. The growth of Krasno selo was aided by the geographical importance of the western transport corridor leading to Pernik. One of the first tramways of the Balkans, then known as Knyazhevska, was officially opened on 1 January 1901 along what is today Tsar Boris III Boulevard. There is a possibility that a subway route may pass through the neighbourhood in the future. The architecture of Krasno selo is made of mostly residential buildings. The largest portion of residential structures are of the type Soviet era panel buildings. Newer residential buildings date to the period after 1990. These structures are made of brick and are only several stories high. The panel buildings, on the other hand, vary in height from five to over twenty stories. Krasno Selo is home to the Krasno Selo market. The second largest market is in Borovo quarter. Borovo is located at the end stop of trolley #9. The 1–12 grade school within the limits of the Krasno selo neighborhood is 142 SOU. In 2020 Krasno selo metro station was opened as part of Sofia Metro Line 3. Galery At the crossroad of Tsar Boris III blvd and Zhitnitsa str, near Krasno selo market. Krasno selo metro station is located here. Krasno selo metro station "The house with the tower" , built in 1929 by Bulgarian WWI refugees from Aegean Macedonia. The tower resembles the Thessaloniki tower. References ^ Обобщени данни от избор на кмет на район Красно село – МЕСТНИ ИЗБОРИ – 27 ОКТОМВРИ 2019 (ВТОРИ ТУР). Сайт на ЦИК. Данни към 12:00 на 05.11.2019 г. при обработени 100.00% СИК протоколи в OИК. Последен достъп: 7 ноември 2019 ^ "District Mayors". Sofia Municipality. Archived from the original on December 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-26. ^ Чолева-Димитрова, Анна М. (2002). Селищни имена от Югозападна България: Изследване. Речник (in Bulgarian). София: Пенсофт. p. 135. ISBN 954-642-168-5. OCLC 57603720. This Sofia Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteDistricts of Sofia Bankya Ilinden Iskar Izgrev Krasna Polyana Krasno selo Kremikovtsi Lozenets Lyulin Mladost Nadezhda Novi Iskar Oborishte Ovcha kupel Pancharevo Poduyane Serdika Slatina Studentski grad Sredets Triaditsa Vazrazhdane Vitosha Vrabnitsa
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈkrasno ˈsɛɫo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"mahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahala"},{"link_name":"Boyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Western Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Vardar Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Southern Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Western Outlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Outlands"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Dobrujan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Tsaribrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaribrod"},{"link_name":"White Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tower_of_Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Pernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernik"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Krasno selo metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasno_Selo_Metro_Station"},{"link_name":"Sofia Metro Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Metro#M3_line_(Green)"}],"text":"Place in Sofia, BulgariaKrasno selo (Bulgarian: Красно село [ˈkrasno ˈsɛɫo]) is a district[2] and neighbourhood of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, located in the western part of the city. The main thoroughfare in the neighbourhood is Tsar Boris III Boulevard.Until 1910, Krasno selo was a mahala (neighbourhood) of Boyana. In 1956, it became a district of Sofia, but it had been a suburb of the city since the early 20th century. The name stems from the common noun selo (\"village\") and the adjective krasno, meaning \"beautiful\".[3]After the Second Balkan War and the First World War thousands of families of Bulgarian refugees (mainly from Western Thrace, Vardar Macedonia, Southern Dobruja and the Western Outlands) headed to the large Bulgarian cities in search of a better life. During that period prior to the Second World War Krasno selo, once a satellite neighbourhood, urbanized quickly and accommodated many refugee families, with various parts of Krasno selo today known as the Dobrujan neighbourhood, the Tsaribrod neighbourhood, etc. Architectural elements in the houses of Bulgarian refugees show a nostalgia for their native regions, an example of which is the round tower of a 1929 house reminiscent of the White Tower in Thessaloniki.The growth of Krasno selo was aided by the geographical importance of the western transport corridor leading to Pernik. One of the first tramways of the Balkans, then known as Knyazhevska, was officially opened on 1 January 1901 along what is today Tsar Boris III Boulevard. There is a possibility that a subway route may pass through the neighbourhood in the future.The architecture of Krasno selo is made of mostly residential buildings. The largest portion of residential structures are of the type Soviet era panel buildings. Newer residential buildings date to the period after 1990. These structures are made of brick and are only several stories high. The panel buildings, on the other hand, vary in height from five to over twenty stories.Krasno Selo is home to the Krasno Selo market. The second largest market is in Borovo quarter. Borovo is located at the end stop of trolley #9.The 1–12 grade school within the limits of the Krasno selo neighborhood is 142 SOU.In 2020 Krasno selo metro station was opened as part of Sofia Metro Line 3.","title":"Krasno selo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krasno_selo_(Sofia).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsar Boris III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Krasno selo metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasno_Selo_Metro_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krasno_Selo_metrostation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krasno selo metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasno_Selo_Metro_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kula_Krasno_selo.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"The house with the tower\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22The_house_with_the_tower%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"WWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Aegean Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tower_of_Thessaloniki"}],"text":"At the crossroad of Tsar Boris III blvd and Zhitnitsa str, near Krasno selo market. Krasno selo metro station is located here.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKrasno selo metro station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"The house with the tower\" [bg], built in 1929 by Bulgarian WWI refugees from Aegean Macedonia. The tower resembles the Thessaloniki tower.","title":"Galery"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Ascott
Shirley Ascott
["1 Biography","2 References"]
British sprint canoer Ascott in 1952. Shirley Ascott (10 December 1930 – 29 December 1995) was a British canoe sprinter who competed in the early 1950s. She competed in the K-1 500 m event at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, but was eliminated in the heats. Biography Ascott was from Hounslow, Middlesex. During the Second World War, she was evacuated, and studied at Fleetwood Grammar School. She worked in an aircraft factory, and started canoeing in 1950. In 1952, Ascott was one of two British women who attempted to qualify for the 1952 Summer Olympics; after winning the trial event, she was selected for the Games. At the Games, she was eliminated in the heats. References ^ a b c "Women Canoeists". The Guardian. 23 June 1952. p. 3. Retrieved 27 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "She hopes to paddle for Britain". Evening Standard. London. 12 April 1952. p. 7. Retrieved 27 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Shirley Ascott Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2021. This article about a United Kingdom canoeist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Ascott in 1952.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Shirley_Ascott.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Belgian_First_Division
1980–81 Belgian First Division
["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Results","4 References"]
78th season of top-tier football in Belgium Football league seasonBelgian First DivisionSeason1980–81← 1979–80 1981–82 → Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1980–81 season. Overview AnderlechtR.W.D. MolenbeekAntwerpBeerschotBerchemBeringenBeverenClub BruggeCercle BruggeGentKortrijkRFC LiègeStandardLierseLokerenWaterschei ThorWinterslagWaregemclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Belgian First Division 1980–81 It was contested by 18 teams, and Anderlecht won the championship. League standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Anderlecht 34 26 5 3 83 24 +59 57 Qualified for 1981–82 European Cup 2 Lokeren 34 20 6 8 74 36 +38 46 Qualified for 1981–82 UEFA Cup 3 Standard Liège 34 18 6 10 65 45 +20 42 Qualified for 1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup 4 Beveren 34 16 9 9 48 31 +17 41 Qualified for 1981–82 UEFA Cup 5 FC Winterslag 34 16 6 12 46 43 +3 38 6 Club Brugge 34 16 5 13 74 56 +18 37 7 R.W.D. Molenbeek 34 14 7 13 49 50 −1 35 8 Lierse 34 12 11 11 58 49 +9 35 9 Royal Antwerp 34 11 11 12 42 53 −11 33 10 Gent 34 12 8 14 49 49 0 32 11 Waregem 34 11 10 13 40 47 −7 32 12 Liège 34 11 9 14 53 44 +9 31 13 K.V. Kortrijk 34 11 8 15 42 55 −13 30 14 Cercle Brugge 34 11 7 16 51 68 −17 29 15 Beerschot 34 10 6 18 42 55 −13 26 16 Waterschei Thor 34 10 5 19 54 77 −23 25 17 Beringen 34 8 8 18 35 62 −27 24 Relegated to Division II 18 K. Berchem Sport 34 5 9 20 29 90 −61 19 Source: Results Home \ Away AND ANT BEE BRC BER BEV CER CLU GNT KOR FCL LIE LOK MOL STA WAR WTG WIN Anderlecht 5–1 8–2 4–1 2–1 2–0 2–1 1–0 2–0 6–0 1–0 6–2 3–1 4–0 1–1 4–0 4–1 2–0 Antwerp 0–3 3–2 0–1 2–2 2–2 2–1 1–2 2–2 1–0 2–0 0–0 0–1 0–2 5–1 0–0 2–0 1–1 Beerschot 0–1 0–1 0–2 2–2 1–0 2–3 4–1 1–0 2–0 2–1 1–1 0–2 1–0 0–2 3–0 2–0 1–2 Berchem 0–2 1–1 2–6 0–4 1–1 0–2 1–1 0–0 1–1 3–1 1–6 1–1 1–3 3–0 1–1 2–2 0–0 Beringen 2–1 0–0 1–0 0–1 0–0 2–1 1–3 1–0 1–1 1–1 0–3 0–1 1–1 2–2 3–1 0–1 4–2 Beveren 4–1 1–1 1–0 2–0 2–1 2–1 3–2 5–0 1–1 0–1 3–0 1–1 3–0 2–0 3–1 2–0 0–2 Cercle Brugge 0–2 0–0 3–2 1–0 3–1 1–1 1–2 1–1 1–3 2–3 2–1 1–1 4–2 3–0 2–1 2–3 0–1 Club Brugge 1–5 5–1 4–0 4–0 2–0 3–0 8–1 2–0 2–0 4–3 3–1 3–2 3–1 1–7 2–0 7–3 1–2 Gent 0–1 1–1 1–1 3–0 4–0 1–0 2–0 0–0 6–0 3–1 1–1 1–4 2–1 2–1 1–1 6–3 3–0 Kortrijk 0–1 0–0 0–0 3–0 2–0 0–1 1–4 1–0 4–2 0–1 3–1 4–2 0–3 1–4 3–1 1–1 0–1 Liège 1–1 4–0 0–1 6–0 5–1 0–1 2–2 1–0 3–4 1–3 0–2 0–0 1–0 2–2 0–0 3–0 5–0 Lierse 0–2 1–0 4–3 6–2 5–0 2–2 1–1 1–1 3–2 2–0 1–1 1–2 2–2 0–1 1–1 2–0 2–0 Lokeren 2–0 1–4 0–0 10–1 2–0 2–0 5–0 3–1 1–0 5–1 1–0 1–0 5–3 2–0 4–0 5–1 4–1 Molenbeek 0–0 2–1 1–1 3–1 0–1 1–1 2–2 2–2 1–0 1–0 2–1 2–1 3–1 2–0 0–1 3–2 1–0 Standard Liège 0–1 5–1 3–0 7–1 3–0 1–1 3–0 2–1 0–1 1–1 1–1 2–0 2–1 3–2 2–1 3–2 1–0 Waregem 0–0 4–0 2–0 3–0 2–1 0–2 3–2 2–1 3–0 0–0 1–1 1–1 1–0 2–0 2–3 2–0 1–1 Waterschei Thor 2–4 2–3 2–1 4–0 5–1 1–0 5–2 2–2 2–0 0–5 0–2 3–4 1–1 0–2 1–2 3–1 1–1 Winterslag 1–1 1–3 2–1 2–1 2–1 1–2 3–0 2–0 3–0 2–3 3–1 0–0 2–0 3–1 2–0 3–1 0–1 Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. References ^ Ploquin, Phil; Nackaerts, Luc; Coolsaet, Jeroen. "Belgium – Final Tables 1895–2008". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 17 December 2018. vteBelgian Pro LeagueSeasons 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–00 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Clubs2024–25 teams Anderlecht Antwerp Beerschot Cercle Brugge Charleroi Club Brugge Dender EH Genk Gent Kortrijk OH Leuven Mechelen Sint-Truiden Standard Liège Union SG Westerlo FormerActive Berchem Beveren Crossing Schaerbeek Diest Eendracht Aalst Eupen Léopold Club Bruxelles Olympic Charleroi Oostende Patro Eisden Maasmechelen Racing Bruxelles Racing Gand Racing Jet Bruxelles Racing Mechelen RFC Liège RWDM (2015) Seraing (1922) Tienen RUS Tournai Tubantia Tubize Turnhout Zulte Waregem Defunct ASV Oostende Beerschot AC Beerschot VAC Beringen KSK Beveren Boom Athletic Club Bruxelles Daring Bruxelles Excelsior Bruxelles FC Bruxelles Olympia Bruxelles Skill Bruxelles Sporting Bruxelles Edegem Germinal Beerschot Harelbeke Hasselt Heusden-Zolder Ixelles La Forestoise La Louvière Lierse Lokeren Lommel Lyra Mons Montegnée Excel Mouscron Excelsior Mouscron Roeselare RWDM (1909) Seraing (1904) Sint-Niklaas Stade Leuven Tilleur Tongeren RRC Tournai Uccle Verbroedering Geel Verviétois Waregem Waterschei Statistics and awards Teams Champions Top scorers Current managers Professional footballer of the Year Golden Shoe Ebony Shoe Lion Award vte1980–81 in European football (UEFA) « 1979–80 1981–82 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '80 '81 England Faroe Islands '80 '81 Finland '80 '81 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '80 '81 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '80 '81 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '80 '81 Spain Sweden '80 '81 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '80 '81 Finland '80 '81 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '80 '81 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '80 '81 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '81 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Republic of Ireland Scotland Super cups Soviet Union '81 UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup Portals: Association football Belgium This article about a Belgian association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division"}],"text":"Football league seasonStatistics of Belgian First Division in the 1980–81 season.","title":"1980–81 Belgian First Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgium_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"R.W.D. Molenbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.W.D._Molenbeek_(1909)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C."},{"link_name":"Beerschot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Beerschot_V.A.C."},{"link_name":"Berchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Berchem_Sport"},{"link_name":"Beringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Beringen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren"},{"link_name":"Club Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V."},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.A._Gent"},{"link_name":"Kortrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk"},{"link_name":"RFC Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"link_name":"Lokeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren_Oost-Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"Waterschei Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Waterschei_S.V._Thor_Genk"},{"link_name":"Winterslag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.R.C._Genk"},{"link_name":"Waregem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Waregem"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgium_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf-1"}],"text":"AnderlechtR.W.D. MolenbeekAntwerpBeerschotBerchemBeringenBeverenClub BruggeCercle BruggeGentKortrijkRFC LiègeStandardLierseLokerenWaterschei ThorWinterslagWaregemclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in Belgian First Division 1980–81It was contested by 18 teams, and Anderlecht won the championship.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"ANT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C."},{"link_name":"BEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerschot_AC"},{"link_name":"BRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Berchem_Sport"},{"link_name":"BER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Beringen_F.C."},{"link_name":"BEV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren"},{"link_name":"CER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"CLU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V."},{"link_name":"GNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.A._Gent"},{"link_name":"KOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk"},{"link_name":"FCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.F.C._de_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"LIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"link_name":"LOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren_Oost-Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"MOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.W.D._Molenbeek_(1909)"},{"link_name":"STA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"WAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Waregem"},{"link_name":"WTG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Waterschei_S.V._Thor_Genk"},{"link_name":"WIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.R.C._Genk"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C."},{"link_name":"Beerschot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerschot_AC"},{"link_name":"Berchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Berchem_Sport"},{"link_name":"Beringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Beringen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Club Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V."},{"link_name":"Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.A._Gent"},{"link_name":"Kortrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.F.C._de_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Lierse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierse_S.K."},{"link_name":"Lokeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren_Oost-Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"Molenbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.W.D._Molenbeek_(1909)"},{"link_name":"Standard Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Waregem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.V._Waregem"},{"link_name":"Waterschei Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Waterschei_S.V._Thor_Genk"},{"link_name":"Winterslag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.R.C._Genk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAND\n\nANT\n\nBEE\n\nBRC\n\nBER\n\nBEV\n\nCER\n\nCLU\n\nGNT\n\nKOR\n\nFCL\n\nLIE\n\nLOK\n\nMOL\n\nSTA\n\nWAR\n\nWTG\n\nWIN\n\n\nAnderlecht\n\n\n\n5–1\n\n8–2\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n6–0\n\n1–0\n\n6–2\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nAntwerp\n\n0–3\n\n\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n5–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nBeerschot\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n\nBerchem\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–6\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–6\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nBeringen\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–2\n\n\nBeveren\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n5–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nCercle Brugge\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n\nClub Brugge\n\n1–5\n\n5–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n8–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–3\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–7\n\n2–0\n\n7–3\n\n1–2\n\n\nGent\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n6–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n6–3\n\n3–0\n\n\nKortrijk\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–4\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nLiège\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n6–0\n\n5–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–4\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n5–0\n\n\nLierse\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–3\n\n6–2\n\n5–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nLokeren\n\n2–0\n\n1–4\n\n0–0\n\n10–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n5–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n5–3\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n5–1\n\n4–1\n\n\nMolenbeek\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n\nStandard Liège\n\n0–1\n\n5–1\n\n3–0\n\n7–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n\nWaregem\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nWaterschei Thor\n\n2–4\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n5–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–5\n\n0–2\n\n3–4\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n\nWinterslag\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Ploquin, Phil; Nackaerts, Luc; Coolsaet, Jeroen. \"Belgium – Final Tables 1895–2008\". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 17 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/belghist.html","url_text":"\"Belgium – Final Tables 1895–2008\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/belghist.html","external_links_name":"\"Belgium – Final Tables 1895–2008\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_Belgian_First_Division&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Klemens_Gryf_Branicki
Jan Klemens Branicki
["1 Biography","2 Marriage and issue","3 Awards","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links","7 See also"]
Polish nobleman (1689–1771) CountJan Klemens BranickiBorn(1689-09-21)21 September 1689Tykocin or Białystok, PolandDied9 October 1771(1771-10-09) (aged 82)Białystok, PolandNoble familyHouse of BranickiSpouse(s)Katarzyna Barbara RadziwiłłBarbara SzembekIzabella PoniatowskaFatherStefan Mikołaj BranickiMotherKatarzyna Scholastyka SapiehaSignature Count Jan Klemens Branicki (also known as Jan Kazimierz Branicki; 21 September 1689 – 9 October 1771) was a Polish nobleman, magnate and Hetman, Field Crown Hetman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1735 and 1752, and Great Crown Hetman between 1752 and 1771. One of the wealthiest Polish magnates in the 18th century, owner of 12 towns, 257 villages and 17 palaces. He was the last male representative of the Branicki family. He was a recipient of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece. Biography He was the son of the Palatine of Podlaskie Voivodeship Stefan Mikołaj Branicki and Katarzyna Scholastyka Sapieha, the daughter of Hetman Kazimierz Jan Sapieha. Jan had three wives: The first wife was Princess Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłł, the daughter of Count and Grand Marshal Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, whom he married on 1 October 1720 in Biała Podlaska. Griffin Gate in Białystok His second wife was Barbara Szembek in 1732; this marriage ended in a divorce. His third and last wife was Izabella Poniatowska, the daughter of the magnate Stanisław Poniatowski, whom he married in 1748. He was Podczaszy of Lithuania (podczaszy litewski) in 1723, Grand Standard-Bearer of the Crown (chorąży wielki koronny) in 1724, commander of an infantry regiment (szef regimentu pieszego) in 1726, Artillery General of the Crown (generał artylerii koronnej) in 1728, hetman polny koronny in 1735, Palatine of Kraków Voivodship (wojewoda krakowski) in 1746, hetman wielki koronny in 1752 and Castellan of Kraków (kasztelan krakowski) in 1762. He was the Starost of Brańsk, Bielsk Podlaski, Mościsk, Janów Lubelski, Bohusław, Złotoryja, Krośno and Jezierzysk (starosta brański, bielski, mościcki, janowski, bohuslawski, złotoryjski, krośnienski, jezierzyski). Branicki was one of the most powerful and influential magnates in Poland of the 18th century. He was the leader of the magnates party. Connected with the Radziwiłł and Potocki families and an opponent of the "Familia". He sympathized with confederates of the Radom Confederation and the Confederation of Bar. Branicki was the owner of Białystok. At that time Białystok began to develop. In 1745 he established a military and engineer school and a theatre. In 1763–1764 he ran in the election for the King of Poland, but was beaten by his brother-in-law Stanisław Poniatowski. Marriage and issue He married three times: Princess Katarzyna Barbara Maria Radziwillówna (Biała Podlaska, 6 December 1693 - Białystok, 16 October 1730) in Biała Podlaska, on 1 October 1720 Barbara Szembekówna in 1732 and divorced Izabella Poniatowska on 19 November 1748 with no issue. Awards Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, since 1726. Order of the Golden Fleece (Spanish Order) Bibliography Władysław Konopczyński: Branicki Jan Klemens. W: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. T. 2: Beyzym Jan – Brownsford Marja. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1936, s. 404–407. Reprint: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Kraków 1989, ISBN 83-04-03291-0 Alina Sztachelska-Kokoczka Magnackie dobra Jana Klemensa Branickiego, 2006 References ^ Urzędnicy centralni i nadworni Polski XIV-XVIII wieku, Kórnik 1992, s. 29. External links http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/jan_klemens_branicki_1689_1771_hetman_abnegat.html Karol Łopatecki: O instytucji dożywocia na przykładzie małżeństwa Jana Klemensa i Izabeli Branickich, „Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa” 9 (2016), 1, pp. 39–66. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jan Klemens Branicki. Branicki Palace Białystok vteGreat Crown Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Mikołaj Kamieniecki Mikołaj Firlej Jan Tarnowski Mikołaj Sieniawski Jerzy Jazłowiecki Mikołaj Mielecki Jan Zamoyski Stanisław Żółkiewski Stanisław Koniecpolski Mikołaj Potocki Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki Jan Sobieski Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski Feliks Kazimierz Potocki Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski Józef Potocki Jan Klemens Branicki Wacław Rzewuski Franciszek Ksawery Branicki Piotr Ożarowski vteField Crown Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Stanisław Chodecki Piotr Myszkowski Jan Kamieniecki Jan Tworowski Marcin Kamieniecki Jan Koła Mikołaj Sieniawski Jerzy Jazłowiecki Mikołaj Sieniawski Stanisław Żółkiewski Stanisław Koniecpolski Marcin Kazanowski Mikołaj Potocki Marcin Kalinowski Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki Stanisław Lanckoroński Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski Stefan Czarniecki Jan Sobieski Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski Andrzej Potocki Feliks Kazimierz Potocki Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski Stanisław Chomętowski Jan Klemens Branicki Wacław Rzewuski Franciszek Ksawery Branicki Seweryn Rzewuski Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Poland People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish nobleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"}],"text":"Count Jan Klemens Branicki (also known as Jan Kazimierz Branicki; 21 September 1689 – 9 October 1771) was a Polish nobleman, magnate and Hetman, Field Crown Hetman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1735 and 1752, and Great Crown Hetman between 1752 and 1771. One of the wealthiest Polish magnates in the 18th century, owner of 12 towns, 257 villages and 17 palaces. He was the last male representative of the Branicki family.He was a recipient of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece.","title":"Jan Klemens Branicki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Podlaskie Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Jan Sapieha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kazimierz_Sapieha_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Grand Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Stanis%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1669-1719)"},{"link_name":"Biała Podlaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brama_wjazdowa_do_Pa%C5%82acu_Branickich_Bia%C5%82ystok_Mariag36.jpg"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Izabella Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabella_Poniatowska"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Poniatowski_(1676-1762)"},{"link_name":"Podczaszy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podczaszy"},{"link_name":"Grand Standard-Bearer of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chor%C4%85%C5%BCy_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Kraków Voivodship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)"},{"link_name":"Castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Starost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost"},{"link_name":"Brańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bielsk Podlaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsk_Podlaski"},{"link_name":"Mościsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%9Bcisk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janów Lubelski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%C3%B3w_Lubelski"},{"link_name":"Bohusław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Złotoryja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82otoryja"},{"link_name":"Krośno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kro%C5%9Bno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jezierzysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezierzysk"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82"},{"link_name":"Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potocki"},{"link_name":"Familia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_(Polish_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Radom Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Confederation of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"}],"text":"He was the son of the Palatine of Podlaskie Voivodeship Stefan Mikołaj Branicki and Katarzyna Scholastyka Sapieha, the daughter of Hetman Kazimierz Jan Sapieha. Jan had three wives:The first wife was Princess Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłł, the daughter of Count and Grand Marshal Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, whom he married on 1 October 1720 in Biała Podlaska.Griffin Gate in BiałystokHis second wife was Barbara Szembek in 1732; this marriage ended in a divorce.His third and last wife was Izabella Poniatowska, the daughter of the magnate Stanisław Poniatowski, whom he married in 1748.He was Podczaszy of Lithuania (podczaszy litewski) in 1723, Grand Standard-Bearer of the Crown (chorąży wielki koronny) in 1724, commander of an infantry regiment (szef regimentu pieszego) in 1726, Artillery General of the Crown (generał artylerii koronnej) in 1728, hetman polny koronny in 1735, Palatine of Kraków Voivodship (wojewoda krakowski) in 1746, hetman wielki koronny in 1752 and Castellan of Kraków (kasztelan krakowski) in 1762. He was the Starost of Brańsk,[1] Bielsk Podlaski, Mościsk, Janów Lubelski, Bohusław, Złotoryja, Krośno and Jezierzysk (starosta brański, bielski, mościcki, janowski, bohuslawski, złotoryjski, krośnienski, jezierzyski).Branicki was one of the most powerful and influential magnates in Poland of the 18th century. He was the leader of the magnates party. Connected with the Radziwiłł and Potocki families and an opponent of the \"Familia\".He sympathized with confederates of the Radom Confederation and the Confederation of Bar. Branicki was the owner of Białystok. At that time Białystok began to develop. In 1745 he established a military and engineer school and a theatre.In 1763–1764 he ran in the election for the King of Poland, but was beaten by his brother-in-law Stanisław Poniatowski.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biała Podlaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Biała Podlaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska"},{"link_name":"Izabella Poniatowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabella_Poniatowska"}],"text":"He married three times:Princess Katarzyna Barbara Maria Radziwillówna (Biała Podlaska, 6 December 1693 - Białystok, 16 October 1730) in Biała Podlaska, on 1 October 1720\nBarbara Szembekówna in 1732 and divorced\nIzabella Poniatowska on 19 November 1748 with no issue.","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"}],"text":"Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, since 1726.\nOrder of the Golden Fleece (Spanish Order)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-04-03291-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-04-03291-0"},{"link_name":"Alina Sztachelska-Kokoczka Magnackie dobra Jana Klemensa Branickiego, 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pbc.biaman.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=2479&from=latest"}],"text":"Władysław Konopczyński: Branicki Jan Klemens. W: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. T. 2: Beyzym Jan – Brownsford Marja. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1936, s. 404–407. Reprint: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Kraków 1989, ISBN 83-04-03291-0\nAlina Sztachelska-Kokoczka Magnackie dobra Jana Klemensa Branickiego, 2006","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulje
Ulje
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 58°17′N 22°17′E / 58.283°N 22.283°E / 58.283; 22.283Village in Estonia Village in Saare County, EstoniaUljeVillageCountry EstoniaCountySaare CountyParishSaaremaa ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Ulje is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Lääne-Saare Parish. References ^ "Lisa. Asustusüksuste nimistu" (PDF). haldusreform.fin.ee (in Estonian). Rahandusministeerium. Retrieved 3 December 2017. ^ "Asulad. Elanike arv külades seisuga 01.01.2017". Lääne-Saare vald (in Estonian). Retrieved 3 December 2017. vteSettlements in Saaremaa ParishTown Kuressaare Small boroughs Aste Kihelkonna Kudjape Kärla Leisi Nasva Orissaare Salme Valjala Villages Aaviku Abaja Abruka Abula Allikalahe Anepesa Angla Anijala Anseküla Ansi Arandi Ardla Are Ariste Arju Aru Aruste Aste Asuka Asuküla Asva Atla Audla Aula-Vintri Austla Easte Eeriksaare Eikla Eiste Endla Ennu Haamse Haapsu Haeska Hakjala Hiievälja Himmiste Hindu Hirmuste Hämmelepa Hänga Hübja Iide Iilaste Ilpla Imara Imavere Irase Iruste Jaani Jauni Jootme Jursi Jõe Jõelepa Jõempa Jõgela Jõiste Jämaja Järise Järve Järveküla Jööri Kaali Kaali-Liiva Kaarma Kaarma-Jõe Kaarma-Kirikuküla Kaarma-Kungla Kaarmise Kaavi Kahtla Kahutsi Kailuka Kaimri Kaisa Kaisvere Kakuna Kalju Kallaste Kallemäe Kalli Kalma Kalmu Kandla Kangrusselja Kanissaare Kapra Karala Kareda Kargi Karida Karja Karujärve Karuste Kasti Kaubi Kaugatoma Kaunispe Kavandi Kehila Kellamäe Keskranna Keskvere Kihelkonna-Liiva Kiirassaare Kingli Kipi Kiratsi Kirderanna Kiritu Kiruma Kogula Koidula Koiduvälja Koigi Koigi-Väljaküla Koikla Koimla Koki Koksi Koovi Kopli Kotlandi Kotsma Kugalepa Kuiste Kuke Kungla Kuninguste Kuralase Kuremetsa Kurevere Kuumi Kuuse Kuusiku Kuusnõmme Kõiguste Kõinastu Kõljala Kõnnu Kõriska Kõrkküla Kõrkvere Kõruse Kõruse-Metsaküla Kõõru Käesla Käku Käo Kärdu Kärla-Kirikuküla Kärla-Kulli Kärneri Kübassaare Küdema Külma Laadjala Laadla Laevaranna Laheküla Lahetaguse Laimjala Laoküla Lassi Laugu Laugu-Liiva Leedri Leina Leisi Levala Liigalaskma Liiküla Liiva Liivanõmme Liiva-Putla Liivaranna Lilbi Lindmetsa Linnaka Linnuse Loona Lussu Luulupe Lõmala Lõpi Lõu Lõupõllu Läbara Länga Lätiniidi Läägi Läätsa Lööne Lülle Lümanda Lümanda-Kulli Maantee Maasi Maleva Masa Matsiranna Meedla Mehama Meiuste Merise Metsaküla Metsalõuka Metsapere Metsara Metsaääre Metsküla Moosi Mui Mujaste Mullutu Muraja Muratsi Murika Mustjala Mustla Mõisaküla Mõnnuste Mõntu Mäebe Mäeküla Mägi-Kurdla Mändjala Männiku Mässa Mätasselja Mätja Möldri Nava Neeme Neemi Nenu Nihatu Ninase Nurme Nõmjala Nõmme Nõmpa Nässuma Odalätsi Oessaare Ohessaare Ohtja Oitme Oju Orinõmme Oti Paaste Paatsa Paevere Pahapilli Pahavalla Paiküla Paimala Paju-Kurdla Pajumõisa Pamma Pammana Panga Parasmetsa Parila Peederga Pidula Pidula-Kuusiku Pihtla Piila Poka Praakli Puka Pulli Purtsa Põlluküla Põripõllu Pähkla Pärni Pärsama Pöide Pöide-Keskvere Pöitse Püha Püha-Kõnnu Rahniku Rahtla Rahu Rahuste Randküla Randvere Rannaküla Ratla Raugu Reeküla Reina Reo Ridala Riksu Roobaka Rootsiküla Ruhve Räimaste Räägi Röösa Saareküla Saaremetsa Sagariste Saia Saikla Sakla Salavere Salu Sandla Sauaru Saue-Mustla Saue-Putla Sauvere Selgase Selja Sepa Sepise Siiksaare Sikassaare Silla Soela Soodevahe Sundimetsa Sutu Suure-Rootsi Suurna Suur-Pahila Suur-Rahula Suur-Randvere Sõmera Sõrve-Hindu Sääre Taaliku Tagamõisa Tagaranna Tagavere Tahula Talila Tammese Tammuna Tareste Taritu Tehumardi Tiirimetsa Tiitsuotsa Tirbi Tohku Toomalõuka Torgu-Mõisaküla Tornimäe Triigi Tuiu Tumala Turja Tutku Tõlli Tõlluste Tõnija Tõre Tõrise Tõru Täätsi Türju Uduvere Ula Ulje Undimäe Undva Unguma Unimäe Upa Uuemõisa Vahva Vaigu Vaigu-Rannaküla Vaivere Valjala-Ariste Valjala-Kogula Valjala-Nurme Vanakubja Vana-Lahetaguse Vanalõve Vanamõisa Vantri Varkja Varpe Vatsküla Vedruka Veere Veeremäe Veeriku Vendise Vennati Veske Vestla Viidu Viidu-Mäebe Viira Viki Vilidu Vilsandi Viltina Vintri Virita Võhma Võrsna Väike-Pahila Väike-Rahula Väike-Rootsi Väike-Ula Väike-Võhma Väkra Väljaküla Väljamõisa Välta Õeste Õha Ööriku Üru Üüdibe Üüvere 58°17′N 22°17′E / 58.283°N 22.283°E / 58.283; 22.283 This Saare County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Trades_Union_Congress
President of the Trades Union Congress
["1 History","2 Presidents to 1899","3 Presidents from 1900","4 See also","5 References"]
The president of the Trades Union Congress is a prominent but largely honorary position in British trade unionism. History Initially, the post of president was elected at the annual Trades Union Congress (TUC) itself, and would serve just for the duration of the congress. Early standing orders stated that preference had to be given to a candidate from the city where the congress was being held; they were not necessarily well-known figures. In 1900, the standing orders were changed to state that the presidency would be filled by the person who had chaired the Parliamentary Committee over the previous year. As a result, before 1900, numerous people served as Chair of the Parliamentary Committee without becoming President; after this date, Presidents were prominent figures in the national trade union movement. The Parliamentary Committee was replaced by the General Council in 1921, and the system continued. There were still rare occasions where the Chair did not become President. Margaret Bondfield, who was elected as Chair in 1923, resigned to accept a government post before becoming President. George Isaacs, who was elected as Chair in 1944, similarly resigned to accept a government post, and was replaced by the vice-president, Ebby Edwards, who had presided over the previous year's congress. In recent years, the president has once more been elected at the annual congress, but now officially fills the office for the remainder of the year and then presides over the following year's conference (in the years listed below). Presidents to 1899 George Potter, President in 1871 Edwin Coulson, President in 1881 Year Name Union 1868 William Henry Wood Manchester and Salford Trades Council 1869 Thomas Wilkinson Flint Glass Makers Friendly Society 1871 George Potter London Working Men's Association 1872 W. H. Leatherland Organised Trades Association 1873 William Lishman Leeds Trades Council 1874 William Rolley Sheffield Federated Trades Council 1875 James Fitzpatrick Liverpool Trades Council 1875 John Battersby Scottish Typographical Association 1876 James C. Laird Newcastle Trades Council 1877 Daniel Merrick Leicester Trades Council 1878 George Fowler Jones Bristol Trades Council 1879 David Gibson Edinburgh and District Trades Council 1880 John Murphy Friendly Society of Ironfounders 1881 Edwin Coulson Operative Bricklayers' Society 1882 Robert Austin Amalgamated Society of Engineers 1883 Thomas Smith Amalgamated Society of Lithographic Printers 1884 James Thompson Aberdeen Trades Council 1885 T. R. Threlfall Typographical Association 1886 Frederick Maddison Typographical Association 1887 W. Bevan Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners 1888 Samuel Shaftoe Yorkshire United Skip, Basket and Hamper Makers Society 1889 Robert Ritchie Dundee Trades Council 1890 William Matkin General Union of Carpenters and Joiners 1891 Thomas Burt Northumberland Miners' Association 1892 John Hodge British Steel Smelters Association 1893 Samuel Munro Typographical Association 1894 Frank Delves Amalgamated Society of Engineers 1895 John Jenkins Associated Shipwrights' Society 1896 John Mallinson Edinburgh Trades Council 1897 John Valentine Stevens National Amalgamated Association of Tin Plate Workers of Great Britain 1898 James O'Grady Amalgamated Union of Cabinet Makers 1899 W. J. Vernon Typographical Association Presidents from 1900 Will Thorne, President in 1912 Jimmy Thomas, President in 1920 Ben Turner, President in 1928 Fred Jarvis, President in 1987 Rodney Bickerstaffe, President in 1992 Margaret Prosser, President in 1996 Mary Bousted, President in 2013 Year Name Union 1900 William Pickles National Amalgamated Society of House and Ship Painters 1901 C. W. Bowerman London Society of Compositors 1902 W. C. Steadman River Thames Barge Builders Trades Union 1903 W. Boyd Hornidge National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives 1904 Richard Bell Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants 1905 James Sexton National Union of Dock Labourers 1906 D. C. Cummings United Society of Boilermakers 1907 Alfred Gill Bolton Cotton Spinners Association 1908 David Shackleton Northern Counties Amalgamated Association of Weavers 1909 David Shackleton Northern Counties Amalgamated Association of Weavers 1910 James Haslam Miners Federation of Great Britain 1911 William Mullin Amalgamated Association of Card and Blowing Room Operatives 1912 Will Thorne National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers 1913 William John Davis Amalgamated Society of Brassworkers 1915 James Seddon National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks 1916 Harry Gosling National Transport Workers Federation 1917 John Hill United Society of Boilermakers 1918 John William Ogden Northern Counties Amalgamated Association of Weavers 1919 G. H. Stuart-Bunning Postmen's Federation 1920 Jimmy Thomas National Union of Railwaymen 1921 Edward L. Poulton National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives 1922 Robert Barrie Walker National Union of Agricultural Workers 1923 Joe Williams Musicians Union 1924 Alf Purcell National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association 1925 Alonzo Swales Amalgamated Engineering Union 1926 Arthur Pugh Iron and Steel Trades Confederation 1927 George Hicks Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers 1928 Ben Turner National Union of Textile Workers 1929 Ben Tillett Transport and General Workers Union 1930 John Beard Transport and General Workers Union 1931 Arthur Hayday National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1932 John Bromley Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen 1933 Alexander Walkden Railway Clerks' Association 1934 Andrew Conley National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers 1935 William Kean National Union of Gold, Silver and Allied Trades 1936 Alan Findlay United Patternmakers Association 1937 Ernest Bevin Transport and General Workers Union 1938 Herbert Henry Elvin National Union of Clerks and Administrative Workers 1939 Joseph Hallsworth National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers 1940 Bill Holmes National Union of Agricultural Workers 1941 George Gibson Mental Hospital and Institutional Workers Union 1942 Frank Wolstencroft Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers 1943 Anne Loughlin National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers 1944 Ebby Edwards Miners Federation of Great Britain 1945 Ebby Edwards National Union of Mineworkers 1946 Charles Dukes National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1947 George Walker Thomson Association of Engineering and Shipbuilding Draughtsmen 1948 Florence Hancock Transport and General Workers Union 1949 Will Lawther National Union of Mineworkers 1950 Herbert Bullock National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1951 Alfred Roberts National Association of Card, Blowing and Ring Room Operatives 1952 Arthur Deakin Transport and General Workers Union 1953 Tom O'Brien National Association of Theatrical and Kine Employees 1954 Jack Tanner Amalgamated Engineering Union 1955 Charles Geddes Union of Post Office Workers 1956 Wilfred Beard United Patternmakers Association 1957 Tom Williamson National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1958 Tom Yates National Union of Seamen 1959 Robert Willis London Typographical Society 1960 Claude Bartlett Confederation Of Health Service Employees 1961 Ted Hill United Society of Boilermakers 1962 Anne Godwin Clerical and Administrative Workers Union 1963 Frederick Hayday National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1964 George H. Lowthian Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers 1965 Harold Collison National Union of Agricultural Workers 1966 Joseph O'Hagan National Union of Blastfurnacemen, Ore Miners, Coke Workers and Kindred Trades 1967 Harry Douglass Iron and Steel Trades Confederation 1968 Lewis Wright Amalgamated Weavers' Association 1969 John E. Newton National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers 1970 Sidney Greene National Union of Railwaymen 1971 Jack Cooper National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1972 George Smith Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians 1973 Joseph Crawford National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers 1974 Alfred Allen Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers 1975 Marie Patterson Transport and General Workers Union 1976 Cyril Plant Inland Revenue Staff Federation 1977 Danny McGarvey Amalgamated Society of Boilermakers, Shipwrights, Blacksmiths and Structural Workers 1977 Marie Patterson Transport and General Workers Union 1978 David Basnett National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1979 Thomas Jackson Union of Post Office Workers 1980 Terry Parry Fire Brigades Union 1981 Alan Fisher National Union of Public Employees 1982 Alan Sapper Association of Cinematograph Television and Allied Technicians 1983 Frank Chapple Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union 1984 Ray Buckton Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen 1985 Jack Eccles General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union 1986 Ken Gill Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section 1987 Fred Jarvis National Union of Teachers 1988 Clive Jenkins Manufacturing, Science and Finance 1989 Tony Christopher Inland Revenue Staff Federation 1990 Ada Maddocks National and Local Government Officers Association 1991 Alec Smith GMB Union 1992 Rodney Bickerstaffe National Union of Public Employees 1993 Alan Tuffin Union of Communication Workers 1994 Jimmy Knapp National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers 1995 Leif Mills Banking, Insurance and Finance Union 1996 Margaret Prosser Transport and General Workers Union 1997 Tony Dubbins Graphical, Paper and Media Union 1998 John Edmonds GMB Union 1999 Hector Mackenzie Unison 2000 Rita Donaghy Unison 2001 Bill Morris Transport and General Workers Union 2002 Tony Young Communication Workers Union 2003 Nigel de Gruchy National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers 2004 Roger Lyons Amicus 2005 Jeannie Drake Communication Workers Union 2006 Gloria Mills Unison 2007 Alison Shepherd Unison 2008 Dave Prentis Unison 2009 Sheila Bearcroft GMB Union 2010 Dougie Rooney Unite 2011 Michael Leahy Community 2012 Paul Kenny GMB Union 2013 Lesley Mercer Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 2014 Mohammad Taj Unite 2015 Leslie Manasseh Prospect 2016 Liz Snape Unison 2017 Mary Bousted Association of Teachers and Lecturers 2018 Sally Hunt University and College Union 2019 Mark Serwotka Public and Commercial Services Union 2020 Ged Nichols Accord 2021 Gail Cartmail Unite 2022 Sue Ferns Prospect 2023 Maria Exall Communication Workers' Union 2024 Matt Wrack Fire Brigades Union See also General Secretary of the TUC References ^ Trades Union Congress, Annual Report of the 1874 Trades Union Congress ^ Trades Union Congress, Annual Report of the 1900 Trades Union Congress, pp.94-95 ^ Daniel Fairchild Calhoun, The United Front!: The TUC and the Russians, 1923-1928, p.46 ^ Trades Union Congress, Annual Report of the 1945 Trades Union Congress, p.23 ^ John Kerr, "Sir Daniel McGarvey - 'boots' to union boss", The Guardian, 27 April 1977, p.3: McGarvey died in office Details of Past Congresses vteTrades Union CongressPositions General Secretary Deputy General Secretary Assistant General Secretary General Council President Bodies General Council Parliamentary Committee Wales TUC Affiliates Accord Advance Aegis AUE ASLEF AEP AFA BFAWU BALPA BDA BOSTU CSP CWU Community EIS Equity FDA FBU GMB HCSA MU Napo NAHT NARS NASUWT NEU NSEAD NUJ Nautilus NUM NGSU POA PFA Prospect PCS RCM RMT SCP SoR TSSA UCAC USDAW UNISON Unite URTU UCU WGGB  Category Commons
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[{"title":"General Secretary of the TUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_TUC"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213855/http://www.tuc.org.uk/extras/Congresspresidents.pdf","external_links_name":"Details of Past Congresses"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrurus_ancoralis
Micrurus ancoralis
["1 References"]
Species of snake Micrurus ancoralis Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: Micrurus Species: M. ancoralis Binomial name Micrurus ancoralisJan, 1872 Micrurus ancoralis, the regal coral snake or anchor coral snake, is a species of snake of the family Elapidae. The snake is found in Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador. References ^ Ibáñez, R.; Jaramillo, C.; Renjifo, J.; Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.; Bolívar, W.; Velasco, J. (2017). "Micrurus ancoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T203623A2769193. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T203623A2769193.en. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ a b "Micrurus ancoralis". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 10 December 2021. Taxon identifiersMicrurus ancoralis Wikidata: Q3312496 Wikispecies: Micrurus ancoralis CoL: 6RJL4 EoL: 791441 GBIF: 5226997 iNaturalist: 30610 IRMNG: 10366184 ITIS: 700576 IUCN: 203623 Observation.org: 101443 Open Tree of Life: 4120440 RD: ancoralis uBio: 199478
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Elapidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elapidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReptileDB-2"},{"link_name":"is found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_distribution"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReptileDB-2"}],"text":"Micrurus ancoralis, the regal coral snake or anchor coral snake, is a species of snake of the family Elapidae.[2]The snake is found in \t Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador.[2]","title":"Micrurus ancoralis"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ibáñez, R.; Jaramillo, C.; Renjifo, J.; Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.; Bolívar, W.; Velasco, J. (2017). \"Micrurus ancoralis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T203623A2769193. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T203623A2769193.en. Retrieved 20 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203623/2769193","url_text":"\"Micrurus ancoralis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T203623A2769193.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T203623A2769193.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Micrurus ancoralis\". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Micrurus&species=ancoralis","url_text":"\"Micrurus ancoralis\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203623/2769193","external_links_name":"\"Micrurus ancoralis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T203623A2769193.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T203623A2769193.en"},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Micrurus&species=ancoralis","external_links_name":"\"Micrurus ancoralis\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6RJL4","external_links_name":"6RJL4"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/791441","external_links_name":"791441"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5226997","external_links_name":"5226997"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/30610","external_links_name":"30610"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10366184","external_links_name":"10366184"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700576","external_links_name":"700576"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/203623","external_links_name":"203623"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/101443/","external_links_name":"101443"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4120440","external_links_name":"4120440"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DMicrurus%26species%3Dancoralis","external_links_name":"ancoralis"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=199478","external_links_name":"199478"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Kaiser
Wyatt Kaiser
["1 Playing career","2 International play","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Regular season and playoffs","4.2 International","5 Awards and honors","6 References","7 External links"]
American ice hockey player Ice hockey player Wyatt KaiserBorn (2002-07-31) July 31, 2002 (age 21)Andover, Minnesota, U.S.Height 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight 172 lb (78 kg; 12 st 4 lb)Position DefenseShoots LeftNHL team (P)Cur. team Chicago BlackhawksRockford IceHogs (AHL)NHL draft 81st overall, 2020Chicago BlackhawksPlaying career 2023–present Wyatt Kaiser (born July 31, 2002) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Rockford IceHogs of the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect to the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Kaiser was drafted 81st overall by the Blackhawks in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career Kaiser, as a Minnesota native, played high school hockey with Andover Huskies in the Minnesota State High School League (USHS). In his final high school year, he joined the Dubuque Fighting Saints of the United States Hockey League (USHL) for parts of the 2019–20 season, having committed to a collegiate career with Minnesota Duluth in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference. Before joining the Bulldogs as a freshman in the 2020–21 season, Kaiser was selected in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, in the third-round, 81st overall, by the Chicago Blackhawks. In his first season with Minnesota-Duluth, Kaiser was leading the blueline in scoring with 10 assists through 28 games before the season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, Kaiser was selected to the NCHC All-Rookie Team. Following his junior season with the Bulldogs in 2022–23, Kaiser opted to conclude his collegiate career by signing a three-year, entry-level contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on March 15, 2023. Reporting directly to the rebuilding Blackhawks roster, Kaiser made his professional and NHL debut in a 4–2 defeat to the Arizona Coyotes on March 18, 2023. He registered his first NHL point, an assist on a goal to Tyler Johnson, in a 4–1 defeat to the Dallas Stars on March 28, 2023. He completed the 2022–23 season, posting 3 assists through 9 regular season games with Chicago. International play Kaiser represented the United States at the 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he recorded an assist in the opening round-robin game before the tournament was cancelled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. He later returned for the revised tournament and posted 2 goals and 3 points as Team USA finished out of medal contention in 5th place. Personal life Kaiser's younger sister, Madison, plays collegiate hockey at the University of Minnesota. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 2017–18 Andover High School USHS 22 3 10 13 14 3 1 2 3 0 2018–19 Andover High School USHS 25 9 20 29 28 3 1 2 3 0 2019–20 Andover High School USHS 25 9 25 34 26 6 2 7 9 8 2019–20 Dubuque Fighting Saints USHL 11 0 3 3 6 — — — — — 2020–21 U. of Minnesota-Duluth NCHC 28 0 10 10 26 — — — — — 2021–22 U. of Minnesota-Duluth NCHC 34 2 17 19 46 — — — — — 2022–23 U. of Minnesota-Duluth NCHC 35 5 18 23 48 — — — — — 2022–23 Chicago Blackhawks NHL 9 0 3 3 4 — — — — — 2023–24 Chicago Blackhawks NHL 32 0 7 7 22 — — — — — 2023–24 Rockford IceHogs AHL 37 4 14 18 46 4 0 2 2 0 NHL totals 41 0 10 10 26 — — — — — International Year Team Event Result GP G A Pts PIM 2019 United States HG18 6th 4 0 0 0 2 2022 United States WJC 5th 5 2 1 3 2 Junior totals 9 2 1 3 4 Awards and honors Award Year College NCHC All-Rookie Team 2021 NCHC Honorable Mention All-Star Team 2021 All-NCHC Second Team 2023 References ^ "Blackhawks select Wyatt Kaiser with No.81 pick". secondcityhockey.com. October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020. ^ a b "NCHC announces All-Rookie team, All-Conference teams for 2020-21". USCHO.com. March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ "Blackhawks sign defenseman Wyatt Kaiser to entry-level contract". Chicago Blackhawks. March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023. ^ "Coyotes beat Blackhawks 4-2, push points streak to 8 games". ESPN. March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ "Dallas vs. Chicago Boxscore". Fox Sports. March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ "Team USA drops quarterfinal matchup to Czechia 4-2". USA Hockey. August 17, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2023. ^ "Madison Kaiser player profile". eliteprospects.com. April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023. ^ "NCHC Reveals 2022-23 All-Conference Teams". NCHC. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or The Internet Hockey Database This biographical article relating to an American ice hockey player is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"defenseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Rockford IceHogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_IceHogs"},{"link_name":"American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2020 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NHL_Entry_Draft"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerWyatt Kaiser (born July 31, 2002) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Rockford IceHogs of the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect to the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Kaiser was drafted 81st overall by the Blackhawks in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft.","title":"Wyatt Kaiser"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andover Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover_High_School_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State High School League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_High_School_League"},{"link_name":"Dubuque Fighting Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque_Fighting_Saints"},{"link_name":"United States Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_USHL_season"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Duluth_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Hockey Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Hockey_Conference"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season"},{"link_name":"2020 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rookie-2"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arizona Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tyler Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Johnson_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Dallas Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NHL_season"}],"text":"Kaiser, as a Minnesota native, played high school hockey with Andover Huskies in the Minnesota State High School League (USHS). In his final high school year, he joined the Dubuque Fighting Saints of the United States Hockey League (USHL) for parts of the 2019–20 season, having committed to a collegiate career with Minnesota Duluth in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.Before joining the Bulldogs as a freshman in the 2020–21 season, Kaiser was selected in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, in the third-round, 81st overall, by the Chicago Blackhawks.[1]In his first season with Minnesota-Duluth, Kaiser was leading the blueline in scoring with 10 assists through 28 games before the season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, Kaiser was selected to the NCHC All-Rookie Team.[2]Following his junior season with the Bulldogs in 2022–23, Kaiser opted to conclude his collegiate career by signing a three-year, entry-level contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on March 15, 2023.[3] Reporting directly to the rebuilding Blackhawks roster, Kaiser made his professional and NHL debut in a 4–2 defeat to the Arizona Coyotes on March 18, 2023.[4] He registered his first NHL point, an assist on a goal to Tyler Johnson, in a 4–1 defeat to the Dallas Stars on March 28, 2023.[5] He completed the 2022–23 season, posting 3 assists through 9 regular season games with Chicago.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Kaiser represented the United States at the 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he recorded an assist in the opening round-robin game before the tournament was cancelled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. He later returned for the revised tournament and posted 2 goals and 3 points as Team USA finished out of medal contention in 5th place.[6]","title":"International play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kaiser's younger sister, Madison, plays collegiate hockey at the University of Minnesota.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard
Salekhard
["1 History","2 Administrative and municipal status","3 Demographics","4 Economy","4.1 Transportation","5 Climate","6 Gallery","7 International relations","7.1 Twin Town & Sister City","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Notes","10.2 Sources","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 66°32′N 66°36′E / 66.533°N 66.600°E / 66.533; 66.600 Town in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, RussiaSalekhard СалехардTownPolar circle monument in Salekhard FlagCoat of armsLocation of Salekhard SalekhardLocation of SalekhardShow map of RussiaSalekhardSalekhard (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)Show map of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugCoordinates: 66°32′N 66°36′E / 66.533°N 66.600°E / 66.533; 66.600CountryRussiaFederal subjectYamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugFounded1595Town status since1938Government • MayorAlexey TitovskyArea • Total84.50 km2 (32.63 sq mi)Elevation15 m (49 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total42,544 • Estimate (2018)49 214 • Density500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Administrative status • Subordinated totown of okrug significance of Salekhard • Capital ofYamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, town of okrug significance of SalekhardMunicipal status • Urban okrugSalekhard Urban Okrug • Capital ofSalekhard Urban OkrugTime zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 )Postal code(s)629000Dialing code(s)+7 34922OKTMO ID71951000001Websitewww.salekhard.org Salekhard (Russian: Салеха́рд ; Khanty: Пуӆңават, Pułñawat; Nenets: Саляʼ харад, Saljaꜧ harad, formerly Obdorsk) is a town and the administrative centre of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The town lies on the Arctic Circle, with the town centre being about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) south and suburbs stretching to the north of the circle. The population is 47,910 (2021 Census). History The settlement of Obdorsk (Обдорск) was founded in 1595, in the place of a Khanty settlement called Polnovat-Vozh (Полноват-вож), by Russian settlers after the conquest of Siberia. It was situated on the Ob River, and its name supposedly derives from that. The land around Obdorsk was referred to as Obdorsky krai, or Obdoriya. The town was often used as a place of exile during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. Among notable people who spent time here were the Doukhobor spiritual leader Pyotr Verigin and Leon Trotsky. The town and nearby area contained three Soviet camps where approximately 6,500 prisoners were held, arrested for their belief in God. At the port of Salekhard, approximately 1,500 prisoners were used as slave labor, loading and unloading goods at the dock, or mining metal ore. About 5,000 prisoners in two camps near Salekhard were forced to polish diamonds mined from Mir mine. The nearest railway station is at Labytnangi on the opposite side of the river Ob. From 1949 to 1953, the Salekhard-Igarka Railway project made an unsuccessful attempt to extend the line to Igarka, claiming the lives of thousands of Gulag prisoners. The section of railway from Salekhard to Nadym was completed and remained in use for some time in the Soviet era, although it was later abandoned. It is currently being rebuilt, along with a long-awaited bridge across the Ob between Labytnangi and Salekhard. Salekhard was the host city for the 2006 Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting in October 2006. In April 2014, Rostelecom, a Russian Internet service provider, completed the final stretch of the Nadym-Salekhard optical Internet line, which stretches for almost 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi). In the Summer of 2016, temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) thawed anthrax-infected corpses that had been frozen since the soviet era near Salekhard, causing anthrax spores to infect reindeer herds and herders. Administrative and municipal status administrative unit of Salekhard Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated as the town of okrug significance of Salekhard—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of okrug significance of Salekhard is incorporated as Salekhard Urban Okrug. Demographics As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Salekhard was: Russians – 66.3% Tatars – 7.1% Khanty – 3.8% Ukrainians – 3.7% Nenets – 3.7% Komi – 2.0% Kyrgyz – 1.4% Others – 12%Historical populationYearPop.±%18971,249—    19261,872+49.9%193912,764+581.8%195916,567+29.8%197021,929+32.4%197924,935+13.7%198932,334+29.7%200236,827+13.9%201042,544+15.5%202147,910+12.6%Source: Census data Economy Sterh Supermarket Building of the representative office of Gazprom Gifts of Yamal Supermarket Headquarters of Yamalneftegaz Sezam Shopping center Yamal Airlines Headquarters Oil depot Sarmik Fishing and hunting shop Yamal Airlines has its head office in Salekhard. Most of residents are employed in reindeer herding, fishing and the services sector. By 2015, about 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) from the airport, near the Arctic circle, authorities plan to build a large polar resort "Center of the Arctic tourism". Transportation Salekhard is located in the Ob river valley and is an important river port of the Russian Far North. The unfinished Salekhard–Igarka Railway was set to provide a rail connection between the Ob river port of Salekhard and the Yenisei river port of Igarka. Currently, the nearest railway is at Labytnangi, 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest on the opposite side of the river Ob. The project Northern Latitudinal Railway will provide Salekhard access to Russian railway and will further connect Salekhard to the Konosha–Vorkuta railway and other parts of European Russia. The Salekhard Bridge project, a combined railway-road bridge over Ob river, is the main component of Northern Latitudinal Railway that will connect Labytnangi and Salekhard is to be constructed with the cost of 60 billion rubles. Nadym–Salekhard road, a 344 km long road, was inaugurated in December 2020 to the 90th anniversary of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, it will facilate the construction of a railway between the two cities and connects the eastern and western parts of Yamal Okrug. For 9–10 months each year, the Ob river is frozen and cars and trucks can drive across the river ice. In the summer a ferry operates, however during the floating of ice, generally shortly before the start and shortly after the end of summer, Salekhard is effectively isolated from the outside world, regarding freight. During these periods, only helicopters are able to reach Salekhard in case of emergency. Native people, mainly the Nenets and Khanty people, always build up stocks of food at home, in the shops, and in the markets during this period, but they still suffer from seasonal inflation. The city is also served by the Salekhard Airport, which is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the main city. Ferry across the Ob river Salekhard Airport Salekhard port on Ob river Bus transport Ferry service station Fakel (Torch) Bridge over Poluy river Climate Salekhard has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with short, mild summers and severely cold winters. Precipitation is moderate, and is significantly greater in summer than in winter. Climate data for Salekhard (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 3.5(38.3) 3.3(37.9) 7.3(45.1) 15.5(59.9) 28.4(83.1) 31.6(88.9) 32.9(91.2) 30.4(86.7) 24.8(76.6) 18.2(64.8) 7.0(44.6) 4.1(39.4) 32.9(91.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −18.8(−1.8) −17.7(0.1) −9.2(15.4) −2.3(27.9) 4.7(40.5) 15.2(59.4) 20.0(68.0) 15.9(60.6) 9.3(48.7) 0.2(32.4) −10.5(13.1) −15.6(3.9) −0.7(30.7) Daily mean °C (°F) −23.1(−9.6) −22(−8) −14.2(6.4) −7.3(18.9) 0.4(32.7) 10.3(50.5) 15.0(59.0) 11.6(52.9) 5.7(42.3) −2.7(27.1) −14.5(5.9) −19.9(−3.8) −5.1(22.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −27.7(−17.9) −26.6(−15.9) −19.3(−2.7) −12.1(10.2) −3.5(25.7) 5.8(42.4) 9.9(49.8) 7.3(45.1) 2.4(36.3) −5.8(21.6) −18.9(−2.0) −24.3(−11.7) −9.4(15.1) Record low °C (°F) −51.9(−61.4) −53.7(−64.7) −47.4(−53.3) −38.7(−37.7) −30.8(−23.4) −11(12) −1(30) −5.5(22.1) −10(14) −35.7(−32.3) −47.1(−52.8) −51.5(−60.7) −53.7(−64.7) Average precipitation mm (inches) 24(0.9) 21(0.8) 23(0.9) 28(1.1) 44(1.7) 57(2.2) 61(2.4) 67(2.6) 46(1.8) 48(1.9) 31(1.2) 26(1.0) 476(18.7) Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 36(14) 40(16) 45(18) 36(14) 17(6.7) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 5(2.0) 20(7.9) 30(12) 45(18) Average rainy days 0 0 1 3 10 17 18 20 20 9 1 0 99 Average snowy days 26 25 23 18 17 4 0.03 0.2 5 21 25 27 191 Average relative humidity (%) 83 82 81 78 77 70 72 79 82 86 85 83 80 Mean monthly sunshine hours 4 48 135 209 233 270 307 185 96 57 18 0 1,562 Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990) Gallery Mammoth monument in Salekhard Mammoth monument Reindeer monument in Salekhard Mosque in Salekhard Ice Palace of Salekhard Polyaris Entertainment center Wedding Palace Northern outskirts of Salekhard "Craftsmen Village" Arctic Hotel Students sports complex International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia Twin Town & Sister City Salekhard is twinned with: Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia Notable people Ion-Georgy Kostev (born 1990), professional ice hockey player See also Siberia portal References Notes ^ a b c d e f Law #42-ZAO ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ a b c Law #26-ZAO ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Телефонные коды городов (in Russian). Retrieved 2010-09-24. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ Thomas, George. "Stalin's 'Railroad of Death' Witnesses Revival". CBN News. Retrieved May 27, 2013. ^ Gonzales, Daria (June 7, 2012). "A living city among dead roads". RBTH. Retrieved July 9, 2015. ^ "Arctic Council Salekhard Ministerial Declaration". October 2006. ^ "Rostelecom to expand network in Yamal". www.telecompaper.com. Retrieved February 23, 2018. ^ Alec Luhn (August 1, 2016). "Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle Seventy-two nomadic herders, including 41 children, were hospitalised in far north Russia after the region began experiencing abnormally high temperatures". The Guardian. Retrieved August 4, 2016. ^ "Национальный состав населения в муниципальных образованиях". Rosstat. Retrieved July 7, 2023. ^ Yamal Airlines. Retrieved on February 27, 2012. ^ "What is life like in the world's only city built on the Arctic Circle?". February 2, 2021. ^ Ямальская дорога в зеркале мнений — Парламентская газета «Тюменские известия». old.t-i.ru. ^ "С крымского моста – на Ямал: строительство Северного широтного хода". ^ "Дорогу Надым – Салехард официально откроют 9 декабря". November 20, 2020. ^ "На Ямале открылся круглогодичный проезд по дороге Надым — Салехард". December 10, 2020. ^ "New Arctic Road Connects East & West Yamal in Asian Russia". December 18, 2020. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Data for Salekhard" (in Russian). Retrieved November 8, 2021. ^ "Salekhard Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 7, 2021. Sources Государственная Дума Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Закон №42-ЗАО от 6 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа», в ред. Закона №123-ЗАО от 6 декабря 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Законы Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа в части изменения вида населённого пункт Тазовский путём отнесения его к сельским пунктам и наделении муниципального образования посёлок Тазовский статусом сельского поселения». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №119, 13 октября 2006 г. (State Duma of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Law #42-ZAO of October 6, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #123-ZAO of December 6, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Due to Changing the Status of the Inhabited Locality of Tazovsky to a Rural Locality and on Granting the Municipal Formation of the Settlement of Tazovsky the Status of a Rural Settlement. Effective as of the day upon expiration of ten days from the official publication date.). Государственная Дума Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Закон №26-ЗАО от 22 июня 2004 г. «О наделении статусом, определении административного центра и установлении границ муниципального образования город Салехард», в ред. Закона №100-ЗАО от 31 октября 2012 г. «О внесении изменения в Закон Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа "О наделении статусом, определении административного центра и установлении границ муниципального образования город Салехард"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №50, 23 июня 2004 г. (State Duma of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Law #26-ZAO of June 22, 2004 On Granting the Status, Determining the Administrative Center, and Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the Town of Salkhard, as amended by the Law #100-ZAO of October 31, 2012 On Amending the Law of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug "On Granting the Status, Determining the Administrative Center, and Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the Town of Salkhard". Effective as of the day of the official publication.). External links (in Russian) Official website of Salekhard Official website of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Information about Salekhard vteAdministrative divisions of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugAdministrative center: Salekhard • Rural localitiesDistricts Krasnoselkupsky Nadymsky Priuralsky Purovsky Shuryshkarsky Tazovsky Yamalsky Cities and towns Gubkinsky Labytnangi Muravlenko Nadym Novy Urengoy Noyabrsk Salekhard Tarko-Sale Urban-type settlements Kharp Pangody Urengoy Zapolyarny Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[səlʲɪˈxart]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_language"},{"link_name":"Nenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Arctic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle"},{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Census-7"}],"text":"Town in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, RussiaSalekhard (Russian: Салеха́рд [səlʲɪˈxart]; Khanty: Пуӆңават, Pułñawat; Nenets: Саляʼ харад, Saljaꜧ harad, formerly Obdorsk) is a town and the administrative centre of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The town lies on the Arctic Circle, with the town centre being about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) south and suburbs stretching to the north of the circle. The population is 47,910 (2021 Census)[7].","title":"Salekhard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_people"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ob River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River"},{"link_name":"krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krai"},{"link_name":"Doukhobor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukhobor"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Verigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vasilevich_Verigin"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"slave labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_labor"},{"link_name":"Mir mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_mine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Labytnangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labytnangi"},{"link_name":"Salekhard-Igarka Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard-Igarka_Railway"},{"link_name":"Igarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igarka"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Among_Dead_Roads-9"},{"link_name":"Nadym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadym"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arctic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Council"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rostelecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostelecom"},{"link_name":"Internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"Nadym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadym"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian80116-12"}],"text":"The settlement of Obdorsk (Обдорск) was founded in 1595, in the place of a Khanty settlement called Polnovat-Vozh (Полноват-вож), by Russian settlers after the conquest of Siberia.[citation needed] It was situated on the Ob River, and its name supposedly derives from that. The land around Obdorsk was referred to as Obdorsky krai, or Obdoriya.The town was often used as a place of exile during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. Among notable people who spent time here were the Doukhobor spiritual leader Pyotr Verigin and Leon Trotsky. The town and nearby area contained three Soviet camps where approximately 6,500 prisoners were held, arrested for their belief in God.[8] At the port of Salekhard, approximately 1,500 prisoners were used as slave labor, loading and unloading goods at the dock, or mining metal ore. About 5,000 prisoners in two camps near Salekhard were forced to polish diamonds mined from Mir mine.[citation needed]The nearest railway station is at Labytnangi on the opposite side of the river Ob. From 1949 to 1953, the Salekhard-Igarka Railway project made an unsuccessful attempt to extend the line to Igarka, claiming the lives of thousands of Gulag prisoners.[9] The section of railway from Salekhard to Nadym was completed and remained in use for some time in the Soviet era, although it was later abandoned. It is currently[when?] being rebuilt, along with a long-awaited bridge across the Ob between Labytnangi and Salekhard.[citation needed]Salekhard was the host city for the 2006 Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting in October 2006.[10]In April 2014, Rostelecom, a Russian Internet service provider, completed the final stretch of the Nadym-Salekhard optical Internet line, which stretches for almost 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi).[11]In the Summer of 2016, temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) thawed anthrax-infected corpses that had been frozen since the soviet era near Salekhard, causing anthrax spores to infect reindeer herds and herders.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4)_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"town of okrug significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref928-1"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref933-3"}],"text":"administrative unit of SalekhardWithin the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated as the town of okrug significance of Salekhard—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the town of okrug significance of Salekhard is incorporated as Salekhard Urban Okrug.[3]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Nenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenet_people"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_peoples"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_people"}],"text":"As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Salekhard was:[13]Russians – 66.3%\nTatars – 7.1%\nKhanty – 3.8%\nUkrainians – 3.7%\nNenets – 3.7%\nKomi – 2.0%\nKyrgyz – 1.4%\nOthers – 12%Historical populationYearPop.±%18971,249—    19261,872+49.9%193912,764+581.8%195916,567+29.8%197021,929+32.4%197924,935+13.7%198932,334+29.7%200236,827+13.9%201042,544+15.5%202147,910+12.6%Source: Census data","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_under_construction_of_the_representative_office_of_PAO_Gazprom_in_Salekhard_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gazprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_%22Yamalneftegaz%22.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shopping_center_%22Sezam%22_at_Yamalskaya_Street_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamal_Airlines_Headquarters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yamal Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamal_Airlines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C2%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yamal Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamal_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Arctic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_circle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sterh Supermarket\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuilding of the representative office of Gazprom\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGifts of Yamal Supermarket\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeadquarters of Yamalneftegaz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSezam Shopping center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYamal Airlines Headquarters\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOil depot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSarmik Fishing and hunting shopYamal Airlines has its head office in Salekhard.[14] Most of residents are employed in reindeer herding, fishing and the services sector.[15]By 2015, about 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) from the airport, near the Arctic circle, authorities plan to build a large polar resort \"Center of the Arctic tourism\".[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Far North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Salekhard–Igarka Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard%E2%80%93Igarka_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River"},{"link_name":"Yenisei river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_River"},{"link_name":"Igarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igarka"},{"link_name":"Labytnangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labytnangi"},{"link_name":"Northern Latitudinal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Latitudinal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Konosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosha"},{"link_name":"Vorkuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorkuta"},{"link_name":"European Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Salekhard Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River"},{"link_name":"Northern Latitudinal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Latitudinal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Labytnangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labytnangi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nadym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadym"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_people"},{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty"},{"link_name":"Salekhard Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8C_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_river"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salekhard Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salehardobriver.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_river"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brodneva_Street_(03).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poluy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluy"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Salekhard is located in the Ob river valley and is an important river port of the Russian Far North. The unfinished Salekhard–Igarka Railway was set to provide a rail connection between the Ob river port of Salekhard and the Yenisei river port of Igarka. Currently, the nearest railway is at Labytnangi, 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest on the opposite side of the river Ob. The project Northern Latitudinal Railway will provide Salekhard access to Russian railway and will further connect Salekhard to the Konosha–Vorkuta railway and other parts of European Russia.[16] The Salekhard Bridge project, a combined railway-road bridge over Ob river, is the main component of Northern Latitudinal Railway that will connect Labytnangi and Salekhard is to be constructed with the cost of 60 billion rubles.[17] Nadym–Salekhard road, a 344 km long road, was inaugurated in December 2020 to the 90th anniversary of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug,[18] it will facilate the construction of a railway between the two cities and connects the eastern and western parts of Yamal Okrug.[19][20] For 9–10 months each year, the Ob river is frozen and cars and trucks can drive across the river ice. In the summer a ferry operates, however during the floating of ice, generally shortly before the start and shortly after the end of summer, Salekhard is effectively isolated from the outside world, regarding freight. During these periods, only helicopters are able to reach Salekhard in case of emergency. Native people, mainly the Nenets and Khanty people, always build up stocks of food at home, in the shops, and in the markets during this period, but they still suffer from seasonal inflation. The city is also served by the Salekhard Airport, which is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the main city.Ferry across the Ob river\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalekhard Airport\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalekhard port on Ob river\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBus transport\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFerry service station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFakel (Torch) Bridge over Poluy river","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pogoda-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-22"}],"text":"Salekhard has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with short, mild summers and severely cold winters. Precipitation is moderate, and is significantly greater in summer than in winter.Climate data for Salekhard (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n−17.7(0.1)\n\n−9.2(15.4)\n\n−2.3(27.9)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−10.5(13.1)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−23.1(−9.6)\n\n−22(−8)\n\n−14.2(6.4)\n\n−7.3(18.9)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n−14.5(5.9)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n−5.1(22.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−27.7(−17.9)\n\n−26.6(−15.9)\n\n−19.3(−2.7)\n\n−12.1(10.2)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−18.9(−2.0)\n\n−24.3(−11.7)\n\n−9.4(15.1)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−51.9(−61.4)\n\n−53.7(−64.7)\n\n−47.4(−53.3)\n\n−38.7(−37.7)\n\n−30.8(−23.4)\n\n−11(12)\n\n−1(30)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−10(14)\n\n−35.7(−32.3)\n\n−47.1(−52.8)\n\n−51.5(−60.7)\n\n−53.7(−64.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n24(0.9)\n\n21(0.8)\n\n23(0.9)\n\n28(1.1)\n\n44(1.7)\n\n57(2.2)\n\n61(2.4)\n\n67(2.6)\n\n46(1.8)\n\n48(1.9)\n\n31(1.2)\n\n26(1.0)\n\n476(18.7)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth cm (inches)\n\n36(14)\n\n40(16)\n\n45(18)\n\n36(14)\n\n17(6.7)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n5(2.0)\n\n20(7.9)\n\n30(12)\n\n45(18)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n3\n\n10\n\n17\n\n18\n\n20\n\n20\n\n9\n\n1\n\n0\n\n99\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n26\n\n25\n\n23\n\n18\n\n17\n\n4\n\n0.03\n\n0.2\n\n5\n\n21\n\n25\n\n27\n\n191\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n83\n\n82\n\n81\n\n78\n\n77\n\n70\n\n72\n\n79\n\n82\n\n86\n\n85\n\n83\n\n80\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n4\n\n48\n\n135\n\n209\n\n233\n\n270\n\n307\n\n185\n\n96\n\n57\n\n18\n\n0\n\n1,562\n\n\nSource 1: Pogoda.ru.net[21]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[22]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salekhard_-_Mammoth.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salekhard_-_Mammoth_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8E._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_.%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D1%83%D0%BB._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,_4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Outskirts_of_Salekhard_(02).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB,%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D1%83%D0%BB._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8,_38_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%C2%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"Mammoth monument in Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMammoth monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReindeer monument in Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMosque in Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIce Palace of Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolyaris Entertainment center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWedding Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern outskirts of Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Craftsmen Village\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArctic Hotel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStudents sports complex","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov"},{"link_name":"Rostov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov_Oblast"}],"sub_title":"Twin Town & Sister City","text":"Salekhard is twinned with:Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ion-Georgy Kostev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-Georgy_Kostev"}],"text":"Ion-Georgy Kostev (born 1990), professional ice hockey player","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"administrative unit of Salekhard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%29_-_panoramio.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Siberia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Siberia"}]
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Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, George. \"Stalin's 'Railroad of Death' Witnesses Revival\". CBN News. Retrieved May 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/March/Stalins-Railroad-of-Death-Witnesses-Revival/","url_text":"\"Stalin's 'Railroad of Death' Witnesses Revival\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, Daria (June 7, 2012). \"A living city among dead roads\". RBTH. 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Retrieved August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/01/anthrax-outbreak-climate-change-arctic-circle-russia","url_text":"\"Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle Seventy-two nomadic herders, including 41 children, were hospitalised in far north Russia after the region began experiencing abnormally high temperatures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный состав населения в муниципальных образованиях\". Rosstat. Retrieved July 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://72.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/2.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%9C%D0%9E%20%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9E.xlsx","url_text":"\"Национальный состав населения в муниципальных образованиях\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is life like in the world's only city built on the Arctic Circle?\". February 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/travel/333348-salekhard-city-arctic-circle","url_text":"\"What is life like in the world's only city built on the Arctic Circle?\""}]},{"reference":"\"С крымского моста – на Ямал: строительство Северного широтного хода\".","urls":[{"url":"https://regnum.ru/news/economy/2374330.html","url_text":"\"С крымского моста – на Ямал: строительство Северного широтного хода\""}]},{"reference":"\"Дорогу Надым – Салехард официально откроют 9 декабря\". November 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ks-yanao.ru/novosti/dorogu-salekhard-nadym-ofitsialno-otkroyut-9-dekabrya.html","url_text":"\"Дорогу Надым – Салехард официально откроют 9 декабря\""}]},{"reference":"\"На Ямале открылся круглогодичный проезд по дороге Надым — Салехард\". December 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazeta.ru/auto/2020/12/10_a_13394197.shtml","url_text":"\"На Ямале открылся круглогодичный проезд по дороге Надым — Салехард\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Arctic Road Connects East & West Yamal in Asian Russia\". December 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/new-arctic-road-connects-east-west-yamal-in-asian-russia.html/","url_text":"\"New Arctic Road Connects East & West Yamal in Asian Russia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Data for Salekhard\" (in Russian). Retrieved November 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/23330.htm","url_text":"\"Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Data for Salekhard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salekhard Climate Normals 1961-1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/23330.TXT","url_text":"\"Salekhard Climate Normals 1961-1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Pascal_Tortelier
Yan Pascal Tortelier
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
French conductor and violinist Yan Pascal Tortelier (born 19 April 1947) is a French conductor and violinist. Biography Born in Paris, Tortelier is the son of the cellist Paul Tortelier, and the brother of Maria de la Pau. Tortelier began piano and violin studies at age 4. At age 14, he was a first-prize winner for violin at the Paris Conservatoire. Tortelier has worked and recorded extensively in the United Kingdom. He was principal conductor of the Ulster Orchestra from 1989 to 1992. He served as Principal Conductor of the BBC Philharmonic in Manchester from 1992 to 2003, and now has the title of conductor emeritus with the orchestra. He has also been a Principal Guest Conductor of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain (NYOGB). Tortelier served as Principal Guest Conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from 2005 to 2008. He was principal conductor of the Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo (OSESP) from 2009 to 2011, and had the title of honorary guest conductor with the OSESP from 2011 to 2013. Tortelier first guest-conducted the Iceland Symphony Orchestra (ISO) in 1998. In October 2015, the ISO announced the appointment of Tortelier as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2016–2017 season, with a contract of 3 years. Tortelier stood down as principal conductor of the Iceland Symphony Orchestra in June 2019. Tortelier's recordings include his own orchestration of Ravel's Trio. He is a regular recording artist for Chandos Records, and has conducted commercial recordings for Chandos with the BBC Philharmonic, the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and the São Paulo Symphony Orchestra. On Plasson's 1978 recording of Orphée aux enfers, he plays the violin solos. References ^ Rosanna Greenstreet (1 January 1999). "The questionnaire: Yan Pascal Tortelier". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2015. ^ "Yan Pascal Tortelier Named Chief Conductor" (Press release). Iceland Symphony Orchestra (Sinfóníuhljómsveitar Íslands). 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015. ^ Andrew Clements (29 September 2000). "The distiller of dreams". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2015. ^ Andrew Clements (28 October 2010). "Ravel: The Piano Concertos; Debussy: Fantaisie; etc – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2015. ^ Fiona Maddocks (3 July 2011). "Schmitt: La tragédie de Salomé; Le palais hanté; Psaume 47 – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2015. External links IMG Artists agency biography of Yan Pascal Tortelier Biography at the NYOGB website Cultural offices Preceded byVernon Handley Principal Conductor, Ulster Orchestra 1989–1992 Succeeded byDmitry Sitkovetsky Preceded byEdward Downes Chief Conductor, BBC Philharmonic 1992–2003 Succeeded byGianandrea Noseda Preceded byJohn Neschling Principal Conductor, Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo 2009–2011 Succeeded byMarin Alsop Preceded byIlan Volkov Principal Conductor, Iceland Symphony Orchestra 2016–2019 Succeeded byEva Ollikainen Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This article about a French conductor or bandleader is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeynidin_Bilalov
Zeynidin Bilalov
["1 External links"]
Zeynidin Bilalov at 2008 Paralympics Azerbaijani Paralympic athlete Zeynidin Bilalov Medal record Track and field (athletics) Representing  Azerbaijan Paralympic Games 2004 Athens Triple Jump - F11 2008 Beijing Triple Jump - F11 Zeynidin Bilalov is a Paralympian athlete from Azerbaijan competing mainly in category F11 long and triple jump events. Bilalov has competed in three Paralympics. In his first in 2000 where despite competing in the f11 long jump and T11 100m came away with no medals. In the 2004 edition in Athens he again failed to medal in the T11 100m or F11 long jump he did win a silver medal in the F11 triple jump. He repeated this medal winning feet in Beijing in the 2008 Summer Paralympics but failed in his attempt to help Azerbaijan win a medal in the T11-13 4 × 100 m. External links Zeynidin Bilalov at the International Paralympic Committee This biographical article relating to Azerbaijani athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Paralympic medalist of Azerbaijan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paralympian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympian"},{"link_name":"athlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics"}],"text":"Azerbaijani Paralympic athleteZeynidin Bilalov is a Paralympian athlete from Azerbaijan competing mainly in category F11 long and triple jump events.Bilalov has competed in three Paralympics. In his first in 2000 where despite competing in the f11 long jump and T11 100m came away with no medals. In the 2004 edition in Athens he again failed to medal in the T11 100m or F11 long jump he did win a silver medal in the F11 triple jump. He repeated this medal winning feet in Beijing in the 2008 Summer Paralympics but failed in his attempt to help Azerbaijan win a medal in the T11-13 4 × 100 m.","title":"Zeynidin Bilalov"}]
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cardinal_(1901_play)
The Cardinal (1901 play)
["1 Film adaptations","2 References","3 Bibliography"]
Play by Louis N. Parker The CardinalE.S. Willard in the title role in 1903.Written byLouis N. ParkerDate premiered21 October 1901Place premieredTheatre Royal, MontrealOriginal languageEnglishGenreHistorical dramaSettingRenaissance Rome and Florence The Cardinal is a 1901 historical play by the British writer Louis N. Parker. It is set in Renaissance Italy at the height of the power of the Medici Dynasty. It originally premiered at the Theatre Royal, Montreal before transferring to the Garden Theatre on Broadway. It then enjoyed a run of 106 performances at St James' Theatre in London's West End between 31 August and 5 December 1903. The original London cast included E.S. Willard, Frederick Volpe, Harry Lonsdale, Alice Lonnon, Joseph Farjeon and Helen Ferrers. Film adaptations Main article: The Cardinal (1936 film) In 1936 the play was adapted into a film of the same title directed by Sinclair Hill and starring Matheson Lang, Eric Portman and June Duprez. It also inspired the 1945 Italian film L'abito nero da sposa directed by Luigi Zampa and starring Fosco Giachetti and Jacqueline Laurent. References ^ Wearing p.153 ^ Goble p.360 ^ Curti p.39 Bibliography Curti, Roberto . Riccardo Freda: The Life and Works of a Born Filmmaker. McFarland, 2017. Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. Wearing, J.P. The London Stage 1900-1909: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel. Scarecrow Press, 2013. This article on a play from the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijeet_Chavan
Abhijeet Chavan
["1 Career","1.1 Television","1.2 Marathi movies","1.3 Hindi movies","2 References","3 External links"]
Indian actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Abhijeet Chavan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Abhijeet ChavanBornAbhijeet Chavan23 April 1975Lalbaug, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOccupationActorNotable workRole of "Master", Comedy Express seriesSpouseSayogeeta ChavanChildren2 Abhijeet Chavan is a Marathi and Hindi film, television and stage actor, notable for his comic roles in Marathi theatre, film and television industry in India. He played role of Shridhar Mahajan in the Colors Marathi's daily soap Asa Saasar Surekh Bai. He also works in the web series known as Struggler Saala, available on YouTube. Career Television He is famous for the character "Master", supported by Ashish Pawar who plays "Bandu" the student and many more in the Marathi comedy series, Comedy Express. His punch line, "Benchvar.... Bench var ubha Karen", is famous with viewers. Marathi movies He appeared in the movies Shan (2006), Gojiri (2007) and Majha Naav Shivaji (2016). He Also appeared in Marathi Movie Lek Asavi Tar Ashi (2024) and Hoy Maharaja (2024). Hindi movies He played a bouncer in the movie Split Wide Open (1999). He also played an auto rickshaw driver in the scene which included three Mumbai auto rickshaws that show up in Germany and jump on a police car to rescue / save Himesh Reshammiya in Aap Kaa Surroor: The Moviee - The Real Luv Story (2007). References ^ "chavat". YouTube. Retrieved 10 July 2018. ^ "Comedy king Ashish Pawar". Afternoon Despatch & Courier Mumbai India. Retrieved 30 March 2013. ^ "Watch this comedy scene from the movie Gojiri (2007) starring Arun Nalawade, Madhura Velankar, Sunil Barve & Abhijeet Chavan". YouTube. Retrieved 30 March 2013. ^ "Lek Asavi Tar Ashi Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date | लेक असावी तर अशी | Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi". Rang Marathi. 30 March 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ "Hoy Maharaja Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date | होय महाराजा | Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi". Rang Marathi. 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "Happy Birthday Abhijeet Chavan: A look at the best Marathi movies of the actor - Times of India". The Times of India. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2021. External links Abhijeet Chavan at IMDb This article about an Indian film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Racim
Omar Racim
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Bibliography"]
Algerian painter Omar RacimBorn1884AlgeriaDied1959Known forPainting, Writing Omar Racim (1884–1959) was an Algerian artist who founded the Algerian school of miniature painting in 1939, alongside his brother Mohammed Racim. Racim also founded the nationalist journals Al Djazair in 1908, Al Farouq in 1913, and Dhou El Fikar in 1913. Biography Racim was born in 1884 into a distinguished family of artists of Turkish descent whose pre-colonial prosperity had been undermined by the French regime's confiscation of property. After his studies, and a year passed in Madrasa Thaalibia, Racim worked in the family workshop which his father had re-established as a wood-carving and copper-working workshop in the Casbah of Algiers where he engraved decorated tombstones. The Racim family won commissions for decorating public buildings and the pavilions of French colonial exhibitions. A renowned calligrapher, Racim also devoted himself to a life of religion and politics. In 1907 he wrote the Mus'haf of the Thaalibia Quran. In 1912 he made a trip to Egypt and Syria, bringing back with him various Quran's and specimens of Arabic illumination. By 1913 he was publishing papers on politics, and during World War I was arrested by the French security for his political activities; initially banished, and then condemned to prison. Released from prison on 21 September 1921, he began to focus his activities in the field of applied arts and traveled to Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt and France. Alongside his brother, Mohammed Racim, they were included in the Algerian hall of the Pavillon de l'Afrique du nord as exponents of the art of miniature. Victor Barrucand mentioned that: "The beautiful ornamented inscriptions of Omar Racim leave those of the other sections far behind. In them the artist is able to enclose the mystery of thought in the elegance of the arabesque". After his death in 1959, he was buried in the Thaalibia Cemetery of the Casbah of Algiers. References ^ a b Abrous 2006, 180. ^ Benjamin 2004, 100. ^ Benjamin 2002, 59. ^ Benjamin 2002, 60. ^ a b Benjamin 2002, 61. ^ Benjamin 2002, 68–69. Bibliography Abrous, Mansour (2006), "Racim, Omar", Dictionnaire des artistes algériens: 1917–2006, Editions L'Harmattan, ISBN 2296159133. Benjamin, Roger (2002), "Colonial Tutelage to Nationalist Affirmation: Mammeri and Racim, Painters of the Maghreb", in Beaulieu, Jill; Roberts, Mary (eds.), Orientalism's Interlocutors: Painting, Architecture, Photography, Duke University Press, ISBN 0822328747. Benjamin, Roger (2004), "Orientalism, modernism and indigenous identity", in Edwards, Steve; Wood, Paul (eds.), Art of the Avant-Gardes, Yale University Press, ISBN 0300102305. Visual arts portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data
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Racim also founded the nationalist journals Al Djazair in 1908, Al Farouq in 1913, and Dhou El Fikar in 1913.[1]","title":"Omar Racim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abrous_2006_loc=180-1"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin_2004_loc=100-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin_2002_loc=59-3"},{"link_name":"Madrasa Thaalibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa_Thaalibia"},{"link_name":"Casbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casbah"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin_2002_loc=60-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin_2002_loc=61-5"},{"link_name":"Mus'haf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%27haf"},{"link_name":"Thaalibia Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaalibia_Quran"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin_2002_loc=61-5"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Racim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Racim"},{"link_name":"Pavillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillon_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)"},{"link_name":"Victor Barrucand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Barrucand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin_2002_loc=68-69-6"},{"link_name":"Thaalibia Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaalibia_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Casbah of Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers"}],"text":"Racim was born in 1884[1] into a distinguished family of artists of Turkish descent[2] whose pre-colonial prosperity had been undermined by the French regime's confiscation of property.[3] After his studies, and a year passed in Madrasa Thaalibia, Racim worked in the family workshop which his father had re-established as a wood-carving and copper-working workshop in the Casbah of Algiers where he engraved decorated tombstones. The Racim family won commissions for decorating public buildings and the pavilions of French colonial exhibitions.[4]A renowned calligrapher, Racim also devoted himself to a life of religion and politics.[5] In 1907 he wrote the Mus'haf of the Thaalibia Quran. In 1912 he made a trip to Egypt and Syria, bringing back with him various Quran's and specimens of Arabic illumination. By 1913 he was publishing papers on politics, and during World War I was arrested by the French security for his political activities; initially banished, and then condemned to prison.[5]Released from prison on 21 September 1921, he began to focus his activities in the field of applied arts and traveled to Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt and France. Alongside his brother, Mohammed Racim, they were included in the Algerian hall of the Pavillon de l'Afrique du nord as exponents of the art of miniature. Victor Barrucand mentioned that: \"The beautiful ornamented inscriptions of Omar Racim leave those of the other sections far behind. In them the artist is able to enclose the mystery of thought in the elegance of the arabesque\".[6]After his death in 1959, he was buried in the Thaalibia Cemetery of the Casbah of Algiers.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2296159133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2296159133"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0822328747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822328747"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0300102305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300102305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg"},{"link_name":"Visual arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3351899#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000436029630"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/309795978"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155039091"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155039091"}],"text":"Abrous, Mansour (2006), \"Racim, Omar\", Dictionnaire des artistes algériens: 1917–2006, Editions L'Harmattan, ISBN 2296159133.\nBenjamin, Roger (2002), \"Colonial Tutelage to Nationalist Affirmation: Mammeri and Racim, Painters of the Maghreb\", in Beaulieu, Jill; Roberts, Mary (eds.), Orientalism's Interlocutors: Painting, Architecture, Photography, Duke University Press, ISBN 0822328747.\nBenjamin, Roger (2004), \"Orientalism, modernism and indigenous identity\", in Edwards, Steve; Wood, Paul (eds.), Art of the Avant-Gardes, Yale University Press, ISBN 0300102305.Visual arts portalAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_in_Germany
Nursing in Germany
["1 Education","1.1 Pre-registration","1.2 Registration","2 Salary","3 Specializing","4 Working as a nurse","5 Job satisfaction","6 UK nurses wanting to work in Germany","7 See also","8 References"]
Overview of nursing in Germany This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nursing in Germany" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2010) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (September 2010) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,897 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Gesundheits- und Krankenpfleger}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message)Nursing in Germany is provided by different levels of professional and specialized practitioners. German-registered nurses are called Gesundheits- und Krankenpfleger (health- and sickness carer). Previously, the official name for a nurse practicing in Germany was Krankenschwester (female) and Krankenpfleger (male). Education A German nurse Studying for nursing roles in Germany is often focused on vocational training. In most cases, nurses learn the profession in a special nursing school that is often connected to a hospital whilst working, although formalised qualifications as a route into nursing have become more common. Pre-registration Before matriculating, individuals are required to complete several weeks of practical training in a hospital setting. The nursing course is completed according to EU regulations, and is three years long, including around 2100 hours for theoretical knowledge and 2500 hours of practical training in different hospital settings. Registration To become registered as a nurse, an individual needs to take and pass an official state exam in nursing. Different departments (in f.i. the Regierungspräsidium) are responsible for registration in different locations of the country. Salary In the first year of education, nurses are paid about 900-1000 Euro per month. In the second year of education, nurses are paid about 1100-1200 Euro per month. In the third and last year of education, nurses are paid about 1300-1400 Euro per month. There are some changes to be expected in the future as it is now possible to study nursing on a B.Sc. basis (mostly in universities of applied sciences). But individuals still need to pass the official state exam to become a registered nurse. Some universities offer a special program with local nursing schools wherein students earn the B.Sc. and accordant state registration. Some universities offer post-graduate studies leading to a master's degree and the possibility to continue studies for a Ph.D. degree. There are also nursing helpers who attend a one-year program in nursing school. This may change again with the introduction of university nursing curricula. Specializing There are different ways to specialize after the nursing schools, called Fachweiterbildung. Salaries are typically higher with a Fachweiterbildung. Specialization includes some 720–800 hours (1 to 2 years) of theoretical education and practical training. In the end, there is a state exam and often writing of a thesis too. There are official specializations in : ICU and anesthesia Emergencyroom (“Notfallpflege”) OR oncology psychiatric These specialist training last 2 years. There are also some trainings that lasts only one year. palliative care Bedside Trainer for Trainees (“Praxisanleiter”) woundcaremanager dialysis nurse heartfailure nurse pain nurse It is even possible for nurses to study after the stat exams and become a physician assistant, an advanced nurse practitioner, or a ward manager. Working as a nurse In hospitals, there are mostly working registered nurses and nursing students. Registered nurses in Germany take care of the patients and there are different systems who and how the patients are treated: (a) taking care of a set of patients including all work that needs to be done or (b) taking care of the patients on a ward doing just one special function. Work includes planning based on the patients' needs and condition, documenting, writing about the progress and current condition. Preparation of medication is in the hands of nurses and its application: tablets, infusion,injections,etc. but the i.v. application by syringe, excluding flushing with Normal Saline,is only allowed to some nurses (in the ICU/IMC,the OR,the ER,the endoscopy,the oncology)and in case of CPR. Blood samples and setup for IV-Catheters are mostly not done by nurses. It belongs to the ward. In the ICU and some other special wards like the oncology, the endoscopy, the anesthesia, nurses also set up. All basic care is done by registered nurses or coordinated and done by the nursing students. Special care like setting up urine catheters, nasogastric tubes, treatment of wounds and wound dressings are done by registered nurses or nurse students under supervision. Job satisfaction Job satisfaction is not the best in Germany because of the heavy work-load, low salaries and a low appreciation of the nurse profession in the public. Even some politicians in the past claimed that everybody is able to nurse. The nurse associations are working hard to achieve the acceptance for the installation of nursing chairs in universities but they are often undermined by politicians who are looking for the cheapest work force but not skilled and professional workers. UK nurses wanting to work in Germany In Germany, all nurses who want to work in their nursing profession have to have their qualification recognized by applying for an "Anerkennung". This is through the official administrative body responsible for licensing health care professionals which varies from state to state. Requirements include: language proficiency of level B2 in German, registration with the Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), evidence of nursing education (including an academic transcript and degree certificate which may need to be translated into German), evidence of current residence, evidence of allowance to work in the EU, and evidence that your Nursing education meets the "EU Berufsanerkennungsrichtlinie/2005/36/EG" standards. See also German Nurses Association References ^ di Luzio, Gaia (2009). "Explaining the continuation of technical college nursing training in Germany". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 29 (5/6): 252–263. doi:10.1108/01443330910965787. ISSN 0144-333X. ^ Pachanov, Alexander (2020). "Academization of nursing and its possible consequences for hospital management in Germany". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.15371.44326. ^ Zander-Jentsch, B; Wagner, F; Rzayeva, N (2019). "Germany". In Rafferty, AM; Busse, R; Zander-Jentsch, B (eds.). Strengthening health systems through nursing: Evidence from 14 European countries. Health Policy Series.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) vteNursingLevels of practiceGeneralists Student nurse Clinical nurse leader Licensed practical nurse Registered nurse Graduate nurse Nurse scientist Advanced practiceAPNs by role Clinical nurse specialist Nurse anesthetist Nurse midwife Nurse practitioner NPs by population Family Adult-gerontology Pediatrics Women's health Neonatal Psych/mental health Education and licensure Nightingale Pledge Associate of Science in Nursing Bachelor of Science in Nursing Diploma in Nursing Doctor of Nursing Practice Master of Science in Nursing Board of nursing Nurse Licensure Compact Nursing credentials and certifications Nursing school Nurse registry NCLEX TEAS Specialties and areas of practice Ambulatory care Cardiac Correctional nursing Critical care Dental Education Emergency Faith community Flight Forensic Geriatrics Holistic Home health Hyperbaric Legal consultation Management Matron Medical-surgical Midwifery Women's Health Care Nurse Military Neonatal Nursing informatics Obstetrics Occupational health Oncology Orthopedics Pediatrics Perianesthesia Perioperative Psychiatric and mental health Private duty Public health School Space Surgical Telenursing Travel health nursing WOCN Nursing process Nursing assessment Nursing diagnosis Nursing care plan Nursing theory Classification systems NANDA Nursing Interventions Classification Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) Nursing Outcomes Classification By country International Nurses Day Australia (timeline) Canada Germany Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kenya New Zealand (timeline) Pakistan Philippines Republic of Ireland South Africa Spain Taiwan United Kingdom (history) United States (history) Category Commons WikiProject vteNursing in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurses"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Nursing in Germany is provided by different levels of professional and specialized practitioners. German-registered nurses are called Gesundheits- und Krankenpfleger (health- and sickness carer).[clarification needed] Previously, the official name for a nurse practicing in Germany was Krankenschwester (female) and Krankenpfleger (male).","title":"Nursing in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krankenschwester_doku1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A German nurseStudying for nursing roles in Germany is often focused on vocational training.[1] In most cases, nurses learn the profession in a special nursing school that is often connected to a hospital whilst working, although formalised qualifications as a route into nursing have become more common.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EU regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_regulations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Pre-registration","text":"Before matriculating, individuals are required to complete several weeks of practical training in a hospital setting. The nursing course is completed according to EU regulations, and is three years long, including around 2100 hours for theoretical knowledge and 2500 hours of practical training in different hospital settings.[3]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Registration","text":"To become registered as a nurse, an individual needs to take and pass an official state exam in nursing. Different departments (in [Baden-Württemberg] f.i. the Regierungspräsidium) are responsible for registration in different locations of the country.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the first year of education, nurses are paid about 900-1000 Euro per month. In the second year of education, nurses are paid about 1100-1200 Euro per month. In the third and last year of education, nurses are paid about 1300-1400 Euro per month.There are some changes to be expected in the future as it is now possible to study nursing on a B.Sc. basis (mostly in universities of applied sciences). But individuals still need to pass the official state exam to become a registered nurse. Some universities offer a special program with local nursing schools wherein students earn the B.Sc. and accordant state registration. Some universities offer post-graduate studies leading to a master's degree and the possibility to continue studies for a Ph.D. degree.There are also nursing helpers who attend a one-year program in nursing school. This may change again with the introduction of university nursing curricula.","title":"Salary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"anesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia"},{"link_name":"oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"psychiatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric"},{"link_name":"palliative care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_care"}],"text":"There are different ways to specialize after the nursing schools, called Fachweiterbildung. Salaries are typically higher with a Fachweiterbildung. Specialization includes some 720–800 hours (1 to 2 years) of theoretical education and practical training. In the end, there is a state exam and often writing of a thesis too. There are official specializations in :ICU and anesthesia\nEmergencyroom (“Notfallpflege”)\nOR\noncology\npsychiatricThese specialist training last 2 years. There are also some trainings that lasts only one year.palliative care\nBedside Trainer for Trainees (“Praxisanleiter”)\nwoundcaremanager\ndialysis nurse\nheartfailure nurse\npain nurseIt is even possible for nurses to study after the stat exams and become a physician assistant, an advanced nurse practitioner, or a ward manager.","title":"Specializing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"urine catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_catheter"},{"link_name":"nasogastric tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasogastric_intubation"}],"text":"In hospitals, there are mostly working registered nurses and nursing students. Registered nurses in Germany take care of the patients and there are different systems who and how the patients are treated: (a) taking care of a set of patients including all work that needs to be done or (b) taking care of the patients on a ward doing just one special function. Work includes planning based on the patients' needs and condition, documenting, writing about the progress and current condition. Preparation of medication is in the hands of nurses and its application: tablets, infusion,injections,etc. but the i.v. application by syringe, excluding flushing with Normal Saline,is only allowed to some nurses (in the ICU/IMC,the OR,the ER,the endoscopy,the oncology)and in case of CPR. Blood samples and setup for IV-Catheters are mostly not done by nurses. It belongs to the ward. In the ICU and some other special wards like the oncology, the endoscopy, the anesthesia, nurses also set up. All basic care is done by registered nurses or coordinated and done by the nursing students. Special care like setting up urine catheters, nasogastric tubes, treatment of wounds and wound dressings are done by registered nurses or nurse students under supervision.","title":"Working as a nurse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Job satisfaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_satisfaction"}],"text":"Job satisfaction is not the best in Germany because of the heavy work-load, low salaries and a low appreciation of the nurse profession in the public. Even some politicians in the past claimed that everybody is able to nurse. The nurse associations are working hard to achieve the acceptance for the installation of nursing chairs in universities but they are often undermined by politicians who are looking for the cheapest work force but not skilled and professional workers.","title":"Job satisfaction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In Germany, all nurses who want to work in their nursing profession have to have their qualification recognized by applying for an \"Anerkennung\". This is through the official administrative body responsible for licensing health care professionals which varies from state to state. Requirements include: language proficiency of level B2 in German, registration with the Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), evidence of nursing education (including an academic transcript and degree certificate which may need to be translated into German), evidence of current residence, evidence of allowance to work in the EU, and evidence that your Nursing education meets the \"EU Berufsanerkennungsrichtlinie/2005/36/EG\" standards.","title":"UK nurses wanting to work in Germany"}]
[{"image_text":"A German nurse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Krankenschwester_doku1.jpg/220px-Krankenschwester_doku1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"German Nurses Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Nurses_Association"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_South_African_Premier_Division
2020–21 South African Premier Division
["1 Team changes","1.1 To National First Division","1.2 From National First Division","1.3 Purchased status","1.4 Sold their status","2 Teams","2.1 Stadiums and locations","2.2 Number of teams by province","3 League table","4 Results","5 Statistics","5.1 Top scorers","5.2 Hat-tricks","5.3 Clean sheets","6 References","7 See also","8 External links"]
Football league seasonPremier Soccer LeagueSeason2020–21Dates24 October 2020 – 5 June 2021ChampionsMamelodi Sundowns(11th title)RelegatedBlack LeopardsChampions LeagueMamelodi Sundowns, AmaZulu FCConfederation CupOrlando PiratesMatches played240Goals scored507 (2.11 per match)Top goalscorerBradley Grobler(16 goals)Biggest home winMaritzburg United 5–1 Chippa United(3 April 2021)Biggest away winCape Town City 1–5 AmaZulu FC (28 April 2021)Highest scoringMamelodi Sundowns 4–3 AmaZulu FC (22 November 2020)AmaZulu FC 4–3 Bloemfontein Celtic(2 February 2021)Longest winning run(6 games)AmaZulu FCLongest unbeaten run(21 games)Mamelodi SundownsLongest winless run(11 games)Chippa UnitedLongest losing run(5 games)Black LeopardsMaritzburg UnitedTTM← 2019–20 2021–22 → All statistics correct as of 5 June 2021. The 2020–21 South African Premier Division season (known as the DSTV Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the 25th season of the Premier Soccer League since its establishment in 1996. Mamelodi Sundowns were the three-time defending champions. This season's winner will qualify for the 2021–22 CAF Champions League along with the second placed team. The 3rd placed team and Nedbank Cup winners qualify for the 2021–22 CAF Confederation Cup. Team changes The following teams have changed division since the 2019–20 season. To National First Division Relegated from 2019–20 South African Premier Division Polokwane City From National First Division Promoted to 2020–21 South African Premier Division Swallows (promoted as champions) Purchased status Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila (TTM) (purchased the Bidvest Wits status) TS Galaxy (purchased the Highland Park status) Sold their status Bidvest Wits (sold their Premier League status to Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila) Highland Park (sold their Premier League status to TS Galaxy) Teams Stadiums and locations Black LeopardsTTMJohannesburgAmaZuluBloemfontein CelticChippa UnitedGolden ArrowsBarokaMamelodi SundownsSuperSport UnitedMaritzburg UnitedCape Town CityTS GalaxyStellenboschJohannesburg teamsKaizer ChiefsSwallowsOrlando Piratesclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in the 2020–21 PSL. Team Location Stadium Capacity AmaZulu Durban (Durban North) King Goodwill Zwelithini Stadium 10,000 Baroka Polokwane Peter Mokaba Stadium 45,500 Black Leopards Thohoyandou Thohoyandou Stadium 40,000 Bloemfontein Celtic Bloemfontein Dr. Petrus Molemela Stadium 22,000 Cape Town City Cape Town Cape Town Stadium 55,000 Chippa United Port Elizabeth Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium 48,459 Golden Arrows Durban (Lamontville) Princess Magogo Stadium 12,000 Kaizer Chiefs Johannesburg (Soweto) FNB Stadium 94,736 Mamelodi Sundowns Pretoria (Marabastad) Loftus Versfeld Stadium 51,762 Maritzburg United Pietermaritzburg Harry Gwala Stadium 12,000 Swallows Johannesburg (Soweto) Dobsonville Stadium 24,000 Orlando Pirates Johannesburg (Soweto) Orlando Stadium 37,139 Stellenbosch Stellenbosch Coetzenburg Stadium 8,000 SuperSport United Pretoria Lucas Masterpieces Moripe Stadium 28,900 TS Galaxy Kameelrivier Kameelrivier Stadium 4,000 TTM Thohoyandou Thohoyandou Stadium 40,000 Number of teams by province Position Province Number Teams 1 Gauteng 5 Kaizer Chiefs, Mamelodi Sundowns, Swallows, Orlando Pirates, SuperSport United 2 KwaZulu-Natal 3 Maritzburg United, Golden Arrows and AmaZulu Limpopo Baroka, Black Leopards and TTM 4 Western Cape 2 Cape Town City and Stellenbosch 5 Free State 1 Bloemfontein Celtic Eastern Cape 1 Chippa United Mpumalanga 1 TS Galaxy League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Mamelodi Sundowns (C) 30 19 10 1 49 14 +35 67 Qualification for Champions League 2 AmaZulu 30 15 9 6 38 23 +15 54 3 Orlando Pirates 30 13 11 6 33 22 +11 50 Qualification for Confederation Cup 4 Lamontville Golden Arrows 30 11 14 5 40 28 +12 47 5 SuperSport United 30 11 12 7 37 31 +6 45 6 Swallows 30 8 20 2 31 23 +8 44 7 Cape Town City 30 10 11 9 42 40 +2 41 8 Kaizer Chiefs 30 8 12 10 34 37 −3 36 9 TS Galaxy 30 9 9 12 26 31 −5 36 10 Baroka 30 7 13 10 28 36 −8 34 11 Bloemfontein Celtic 30 6 14 10 30 35 −5 32 12 Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila 30 7 10 13 19 35 −16 31 13 Maritzburg United 30 7 9 14 27 36 −9 30 14 Stellenbosch 30 5 14 11 26 32 −6 29 15 Chippa United 30 5 12 13 24 37 −13 27 Qualification for Playoffs 16 Black Leopards (R) 30 5 8 17 23 47 −24 23 Relegation to the First Division Updated to match(es) played on 5 June 2021. Source: Premier Soccer League Results Home \ Away AMA BAR BLP BLC CTC CHI GDA KZC MDS MAR MOR ORL STE SSU TSG TTM AmaZulu — 0–1 2–0 4–3 1–1 3–1 0–2 2–1 0–0 0–0 1–0 1–1 2–1 1–0 2–1 2–0 Baroka 0–2 — 2–1 1–1 1–1 2–1 1–1 1–1 0–2 2–1 0–1 1–2 1–3 1–3 0–1 0–0 Black Leopards 0–1 1–3 — 1–1 0–2 0–3 1–3 2–1 1–2 1–0 1–2 2–0 0–0 1–1 0–3 1–1 Bloemfontein Celtic 1–1 2–0 1–0 — 0–0 1–1 1–1 2–2 0–2 1–1 1–1 0–1 1–1 2–1 2–1 1–0 Cape Town City 1–5 0–0 3–1 4–2 — 1–1 4–2 0–2 0–2 0–0 1–1 2–2 1–2 3–0 3–2 3–0 Chippa United 0–1 0–1 0–0 1–2 0–0 — 0–0 0–1 1–2 3–1 2–2 0–3 1–0 1–1 0–1 1–1 Golden Arrows 0–1 0–0 1–2 1–1 1–1 1–0 — 2–2 1–1 2–1 1–1 2–0 0–0 3–1 3–0 1–0 Kaizer Chiefs 1–2 1–1 2–2 1–1 1–2 0–1 3–2 — 0–3 0–2 1–1 1–0 2–2 1–1 0–0 3–0 Mamelodi Sundowns 4–3 2–0 1–1 0–0 3–0 2–0 0–0 1–2 — 2–0 1–1 1–0 3–0 3–1 2–0 0–0 Maritzburg United 0–0 1–1 1–0 2–1 0–1 5–1 3–2 1–1 1–1 — 1–1 0–1 2–2 1–2 0–3 0–1 Moroka Swallows 0–0 1–1 1–0 1–0 3–2 1–1 1–1 1–0 0–0 2–0 — 1–1 0–0 1–1 0–0 1–1 Orlando Pirates 1–0 1–1 3–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 0–0 2–1 0–3 2–0 1–1 — 1–1 2–1 1–1 0–0 Stellenbosch 0–1 2–3 1–1 1–1 1–2 2–0 1–3 0–0 1–2 0–1 1–1 0–0 — 1–1 0–0 2–0 SuperSport United 1–1 1–1 2–0 2–1 2–1 2–2 0–1 2–1 0–0 2–0 1–1 1–1 1–0 — 0–0 1–0 TS Galaxy 1–0 2–2 3–1 1–0 1–0 0–1 1–1 0–1 0–1 0–2 2–1 1–0 0–1 0–3 — 0–2 TTM 1–1 1–0 1–2 1–0 2–2 0–0 1–2 2–1 1–3 1–0 0–2 0–3 1–0 0–2 1–1 — Source: FlashscoreLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Statistics Top scorers Rank Player Club Goals 1 Bradley Grobler SuperSport United 16 2 Peter Shalulile Mamelodi Sundowns 15 3 Thabiso Kutumela Maritzburg United 12 4 Ruzaigh Gamildien Swallows 11 5 Themba Zwane Mamelodi Sundowns 10 6 Mduduzi Mdantsane Cape Town City 9 Fagrie Lakay Cape Town City Victor Letsoalo Bloemfontein Celtic 9 Luvuyo Memela AmaZulu 8 Lehlohonolo Majoro Lebogang Manyama Kaizer Chiefs Hat-tricks Main article: List of Premier Soccer League Hat-tricks Player For Against Result Date Bienvenu Evanga Chippa United Maritzburg United 3–1 (H) 3 November 2020 Themba Zwane Mamelodi Sundowns AmaZulu 4–3 (H) 23 November 2020 Lebogang Manyama Kaizer Chiefs Golden Arrows 3–2 (H) 2 June 2021 Clean sheets No Player Club Clean sheets 1 Dennis Onyango Mamelodi Sundowns 15 2 Veli Mothwa AmaZulu 11 Sifiso Mlungwana Golden Arrows 4 Washington Arubi TTM 10 5 Lee Langeveldt Stellenbosch 8 Ronwen Williams SuperSport United Peter Leeuwenburgh Cape Town City 8 Richard Ofori Orlando Pirates 7 Marlon Heugh TS Galaxy 10 Daniel Akpeyi Kaizer Chiefs 6 Virgil Vries Swallows References ^ a b "Bidvest Wits sold to TTM". The Citizen. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020. ^ a b "Sold: PSL approves TS Galaxy Tim Sukazi purchase of Highlands Park status". Kick Off. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ "South Africa 2020/21". RSSSF. Retrieved 7 September 2021. ^ "DStv Premiership Top Scorers". supersport.com. ^ "South Africa Premier Soccer League 2020/21 Table & Stats". footystats.com. See also 2020 MTN 8 2020 Telkom Knockout 2020–21 Nedbank Cup 2020–21 National First Division External links Official website vteSouth African Premier Division seasons2023–24 teams AmaZulu Cape Town City Cape Town Spurs Chippa United Golden Arrows Kaizer Chiefs Mamelodi Sundowns Polokwane City Moroka Swallows Pirates Richards Bay F.C. Royal AM Sekhukhune United Stellenbosch SuperSport United TS Galaxy Former teams (defunct teams) African Wanderers Ajax Cape Town F.C. Baroka Bay United Benoni Premier United Black Leopards Bloemfontein Celtic Bush Bucks Dynamos Free State Stars Hellenic Highlands Park Jomo Cosmos Manning Rangers Marumo Gallants Maritzburg United Michau Warriors Moroka Swallows Mother City Mpumalanga Black Aces Platinum Stars Polokwane City Real Rovers Ria Stars Santos Seven Stars Thanda Royal Zulu Tembisa Classic Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila University of Pretoria Vaal Professionals Vasco da Gama Wits University F.C. Associated competitions Nedbank Cup Telkom Knockout MTN 8 National First Division Seasons 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vte2020–21 in South African soccer « 2018–19 2021–22 » Domestic leagues South African Premier Division National First Division SAFA Second Division Domestic cups Nedbank Cup Telkom Knockout MTN 8 African competitions Champions League Confederation Cup Club seasonsSouth African Premier Division AmaZulu Baroka Black Leopards Bloemfontein Celtic Cape Town City Chippa United Kaizer Chiefs Lamontville Golden Arrows Mamelodi Sundowns Maritzburg United Moroka Swallows Orlando Pirates SuperSport United Stellenbosch Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila TS Galaxy vteSeasons in South African soccerPremiership teams (2023–24) AmaZulu Cape Town City Cape Town Spurs Chippa United Golden Arrows Kaizer Chiefs Mamelodi Sundowns Moroka Swallows Pirates Polokwane City Richards Bay Royal AM Sekhukhune United Stellenbosch SuperSport United TS Galaxy First Division teams (2023–24) Baroka Black Leopards Casric Stars Hungry Lions JDR Stars Jomo Cosmos Magesi Maritzburg United Marumo Gallants Milford MM Platinum Orbit College Platinum City Pretoria Callies TS Sporting University of Pretoria Upington City Venda Premier Soccer League 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 National First Division 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 SAFA Second Division 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Nedbank Cup 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 MTN 8 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Carling Black Label Cup 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2019 2021 2022 Telkom Knockout/Carling Knockout Cup 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2023 National Football League 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Federation Professional League 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 NPSL (1971-1977) 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 NPSL (1978-1984) 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 NPSL (1985-1995) 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1984 1992 1983 1994 1995 National Soccer League (NSL) 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 SASF Cup 1961 1962 1963 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Telkom Charity Cup 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Vodacom Challenge 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 vte2020–21 in African football (CAF) « 2019–20 2021–22 » Domestic leagues Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique '20 '21 Namibia Niger Nigeria Réunion '20 '21 Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe '20 '21 Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zanzibar Zimbabwe '20 '21 Domestic cups Algeria Angola Botswana Burundi Cameroon '20 '21 Democratic Republic of Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana '20 '21 Kenya '20 '21 Morocco Nigeria '20 '21 Senegal '20 '21 South Africa South Sudan Sudan '20 '21 Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Super cups Algeria Angola Egypt Tunisia CAF club competitions CAF Champions League qualifying rounds group stage knockout stage final CAF Confederation Cup qualifying rounds group stage knockout stage final CAF Super Cup International competitions 2020 African Nations Championship 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification 2021 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations qualification finals 2021 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations qualification finals 2021 COSAFA Cup 2021 CECAFA U-23 Challenge Cup
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DSTV Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Premier_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Mamelodi Sundowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns_F.C."},{"link_name":"2021–22 CAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_CAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Nedbank Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Nedbank_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021–22 CAF Confederation Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_CAF_Confederation_Cup"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2020–21 South African Premier Division season (known as the DSTV Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the 25th season of the Premier Soccer League since its establishment in 1996. Mamelodi Sundowns were the three-time defending champions. This season's winner will qualify for the 2021–22 CAF Champions League along with the second placed team. The 3rd placed team and Nedbank Cup winners qualify for the 2021–22 CAF Confederation Cup.","title":"2020–21 South African Premier Division"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following teams have changed division since the 2019–20 season.","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019–20 South African Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_South_African_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Polokwane City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polokwane_City_F.C."}],"sub_title":"To National First Division","text":"Relegated from 2019–20 South African Premier DivisionPolokwane City","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows_F.C."}],"sub_title":"From National First Division","text":"Promoted to 2020–21 South African Premier DivisionSwallows (promoted as champions)","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshakhuma_Tsha_Madzivhandila_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bidvest Wits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidvest_Wits_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidvest_Wits_sold_to_TTM-1"},{"link_name":"TS Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS_Galaxy_F.C."},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ts_galaxy_Highlands_Park-2"}],"sub_title":"Purchased status","text":"Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila (TTM) (purchased the Bidvest Wits status)[1]\nTS Galaxy (purchased the Highland Park status)[2]","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bidvest Wits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidvest_Wits_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshakhuma_Tsha_Madzivhandila_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidvest_Wits_sold_to_TTM-1"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"TS Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS_Galaxy_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ts_galaxy_Highlands_Park-2"}],"sub_title":"Sold their status","text":"Bidvest Wits (sold their Premier League status to Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila)[1]\nHighland Park (sold their Premier League status to TS Galaxy)[2]","title":"Team changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Black Leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Leopards"},{"link_name":"TTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshakhuma_Tsha_Madzivhandila_F.C."},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"AmaZulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaZulu_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chippa United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippa_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Golden Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamontville_Golden_Arrows_F.C."},{"link_name":"Baroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroka_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mamelodi Sundowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns_F.C."},{"link_name":"SuperSport United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSport_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maritzburg United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritzburg_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cape Town City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_City_F.C._(2016)"},{"link_name":"TS Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS_Galaxy_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stellenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch_F.C."},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Kaizer Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizer_Chiefs_F.C."},{"link_name":"Swallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows_F.C."},{"link_name":"Orlando Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pirates_F.C."},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg"}],"sub_title":"Stadiums and locations","text":"Black LeopardsTTMJohannesburgAmaZuluBloemfontein CelticChippa UnitedGolden ArrowsBarokaMamelodi SundownsSuperSport UnitedMaritzburg UnitedCape Town CityTS GalaxyStellenboschJohannesburg teamsKaizer ChiefsSwallowsOrlando Piratesclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in the 2020–21 PSL.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Number of teams by province","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.psl.co.za/matchcentre?type=log"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Updated to match(es) played on 5 June 2021. Source: Premier Soccer League[3]","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaZulu_FC"},{"link_name":"BAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroka_FC"},{"link_name":"BLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Leopards"},{"link_name":"BLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein_Celtic"},{"link_name":"CTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_City_F.C._(2016)"},{"link_name":"CHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippa_United"},{"link_name":"GDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Arrows"},{"link_name":"KZC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizer_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"MDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns"},{"link_name":"MAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritzburg_United"},{"link_name":"MOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroka_Swallows"},{"link_name":"ORL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pirates"},{"link_name":"STE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch_FC"},{"link_name":"SSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSport_United"},{"link_name":"TSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS_Galaxy_F.C."},{"link_name":"TTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshakhuma_Tsha_Madzivhandila_FC"},{"link_name":"AmaZulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaZulu_FC"},{"link_name":"Baroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroka_FC"},{"link_name":"Black Leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Leopards"},{"link_name":"Bloemfontein Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloemfontein_Celtic"},{"link_name":"Cape Town City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_City_F.C._(2016)"},{"link_name":"Chippa United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippa_United"},{"link_name":"Golden Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Arrows"},{"link_name":"Kaizer Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizer_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto_Derby"},{"link_name":"Mamelodi Sundowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns"},{"link_name":"Maritzburg United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritzburg_United"},{"link_name":"Moroka Swallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroka_Swallows"},{"link_name":"Orlando Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pirates"},{"link_name":"2–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto_Derby"},{"link_name":"Stellenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch_FC"},{"link_name":"SuperSport United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSport_United"},{"link_name":"TS Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS_Galaxy_F.C."},{"link_name":"TTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshakhuma_Tsha_Madzivhandila_FC"},{"link_name":"Flashscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flashscore.com/football/south-africa/premier-league/"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAMA\n\nBAR\n\nBLP\n\nBLC\n\nCTC\n\nCHI\n\nGDA\n\nKZC\n\nMDS\n\nMAR\n\nMOR\n\nORL\n\nSTE\n\nSSU\n\nTSG\n\nTTM\n\n\nAmaZulu\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–3\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nBaroka\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nBlack Leopards\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nBloemfontein Celtic\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nCape Town City\n\n1–5\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n4–2\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n\nChippa United\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nGolden Arrows\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nKaizer Chiefs\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nMamelodi Sundowns\n\n4–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nMaritzburg United\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n5–1\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n\nMoroka Swallows\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nOrlando Pirates\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nStellenbosch\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nSuperSport United\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nTS Galaxy\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n\nTTM\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\nSource: FlashscoreLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top scorers","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hat-tricks","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Clean sheets","title":"Statistics"}]
[]
[{"title":"2020 MTN 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_MTN_8"},{"title":"2020 Telkom Knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Telkom_Knockout"},{"title":"2020–21 Nedbank Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Nedbank_Cup"},{"title":"2020–21 National First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_National_First_Division"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bidvest Wits sold to TTM\". The Citizen. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://citizen.co.za/phakaaathi/south-africa-soccer-phakaaathi-phakaaathi/2302426/bidvest-wits-sold-to-ttm/","url_text":"\"Bidvest Wits sold to TTM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sold: PSL approves TS Galaxy Tim Sukazi purchase of Highlands Park status\". Kick Off. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/premiership/sold-psl-approves-ts-galaxy-tim-sukazi-purchase-of-highlands-park-status/685644","url_text":"\"Sold: PSL approves TS Galaxy Tim Sukazi purchase of Highlands Park status\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Africa 2020/21\". RSSSF. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zaf2021.html","url_text":"\"South Africa 2020/21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"DStv Premiership Top Scorers\". supersport.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://supersport.com/football/dstv-premiership/top-scorers","url_text":"\"DStv Premiership Top Scorers\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Africa Premier Soccer League 2020/21 Table & Stats\". footystats.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://footystats.org/south-africa/premier-soccer-league","url_text":"\"South Africa Premier Soccer League 2020/21 Table & Stats\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.psl.co.za/matchcentre?type=log","external_links_name":"Premier Soccer League"},{"Link":"https://www.flashscore.com/football/south-africa/premier-league/","external_links_name":"Flashscore"},{"Link":"https://citizen.co.za/phakaaathi/south-africa-soccer-phakaaathi-phakaaathi/2302426/bidvest-wits-sold-to-ttm/","external_links_name":"\"Bidvest Wits sold to TTM\""},{"Link":"https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/premiership/sold-psl-approves-ts-galaxy-tim-sukazi-purchase-of-highlands-park-status/685644","external_links_name":"\"Sold: PSL approves TS Galaxy Tim Sukazi purchase of Highlands Park status\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zaf2021.html","external_links_name":"\"South Africa 2020/21\""},{"Link":"https://supersport.com/football/dstv-premiership/top-scorers","external_links_name":"\"DStv Premiership Top Scorers\""},{"Link":"https://footystats.org/south-africa/premier-soccer-league","external_links_name":"\"South Africa Premier Soccer League 2020/21 Table & Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.psl.co.za/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_Education_Club_of_America
DECA (organization)
["1 Governance and partners","2 Conferences","3 Competitive events","4 Executive officers","5 References","6 External links"]
American nonprofit organization For other uses, see DECA. This article only references primary sources. Please help improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources.Find sources: "DECA" organization – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) DECAFormation1946; 78 years ago (1946)TypeCareer and Technical Student Organization (CTSO)Legal statusNonprofitLocation1908 Association Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191–1591 United StatesMembership 224,000+PresidentLori HairstonExecutive DirectorFrank PetersonStaff 25Websitewww.deca.orgFormerly calledDistributive Education Clubs of America DECA Inc., formerly Distributive Education Clubs of America, is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit career and technical student organization (CTSO) with more than 260,000 members in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, DC; Canada, China, Germany, Poland, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, Vietnam, and India. The United States Congress, the United States Department of Education and state, district and international departments of education authorize DECA's programs. DECA is organized into two unique student divisions each with programs designed to address the learning styles, interests, and focus of its members. The High School Division includes over 260,000 members in over 3,000 schools. The Collegiate Division (formerly Delta Epsilon Chi) includes over 4,000 members in 200+ colleges and universities. The organization's mission statement is as follows: DECA prepares emerging leaders and entrepreneurs in marketing, finance, hospitality and management in high schools and colleges around the globe. The four components of the organization's Comprehensive Learning Program are that DECA integrates into classroom instruction, applies learning, connects to business, and promotes competition. DECA prepares the next generation to be academically prepared, community-oriented, professionally responsible, experienced leaders. Dr. William Morrison served as executive director from 1992 to 2014. Patrick Anderson served as executive director from 2014 to 2018. Briggs Marett served as the executive director in 2018. Braden Page formerly served as president. Henry Patterson (again) is currently serving as the executive director since 2020. Ohm Patel is currently serving as president. Governance and partners This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) According to DECA's bylaws, the organization is governed by four primary bodies: Executive Director - The executive director is responsible for implementing the board's policies, serving as the fiscal agent and primary spokesperson of the organization, and employing such staff as necessary to plan and execute the board's policies. The executive director is Frank Peterson. Board of Directors - An eleven-member Board of Directors establishes policies relative to the interpretation and implementation of the constitution and bylaws. The current President of the board of directors is Scott Jones and the current President-Elect is Steven Mitchell. National Advisory Board - DECA's National Advisory Board (NAB) is composed of business partners that provide strategic advice for the organizations, professional insight on content and crucial financial support for programming. The current chair of the NAB is Mike Brown from M & M Productions. Congressional Advisory Board - DECA's Congressional Advisory Board (CAB) is a bipartisan group of United States Senators and Congressmen and women representing varied political philosophies, but all supporting career and technical student organizations as an integral part of delivering career and technical education to ensure that America's youth are college and career ready. Conferences This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The International Career Development Conference (ICDC) is available to all DECA members. Although only qualifying members may take part in the competitive events series, the conference also offers workshops, academies, and networking for students who wish to further their business skills. DECA ICDC is generally held in April or May of each year and 21,000+ members, advisors, and business professionals attend the conference. The location of the conference rotates between three cities: Anaheim, California; Atlanta, Georgia; and Orlando, Florida. Competition hierarchy: Regional (in some areas, this is known as Area Competition or District Competition) State Career Development Conference (SCDC) International Career Development Conference (ICDC) Other conferences include: Association Leadership Conferences Association Career Development Conferences (CDC) AMPED Central Region Leadership Conference (CRLC) Chartered Association Management Conference (CAM) Emerging Leader Summit (ELS; formerly WROTC & SOLT) Innovations and Entrepreneurship Conference (IEC) New York Experience Sports and Entertainment Marketing Conference (SEM) The DECA Power Trip Train the Trainer Conference Western Region Leadership Conference (WRLC) Competitive events Winners of Indiana DECA SCDC 2022 DECA allows members to participate in ten different types of competitive events: Principles of Business Administration Events Team Decision Making Events Individual Series Events Personal Finance Literacy Events Business Operations Research Events Project Management Events Entrepreneurship Events Marketing Representative Events Professional Selling and Consulting Events Online Events Competitive events fall into six different career clusters: Business Management & Administration Entrepreneurship Marketing Finance Hospitality & Tourism Personal Financial Literacy Executive officers DECA's Executive Officer Teams consist of one President and four vice-presidents for both the high school and collegiate divisions. A new team of officers is elected every year at the International Career Development Conference by voting delegates from around the globe. The Executive Officer Teams serve as brand ambassadors for the organization during their term by attending conferences where they give speeches and present workshops. 2023-2024 High School Executive Officer Team President: Alex Ellsworth (NV) Central Region Vice President: Holly Huston (MO) North Atlantic Region Vice President: Trinjan Kaur (MA) Southern Region Vice President: Olivia Stegner (GA) Western Region Vice President: Eva Shapiro (CO) 2024-2025 Collegiate Executive Officer Team President: Eric Bedrosian (IN) Vice President: Sophia Smith (AZ) Vice President: Samer Youssouf (NV) Vice President: James Rogers (NV) References ^ "About DECA Inc". DECA, Inc. ^ a b "About – DECA Inc". Retrieved September 4, 2022. ^ "Nicole Rodrigues: Leading The PR Agency Of The Future". Mirror Review. September 28, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2023. ^ https://www.deca.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/about_deca_inc_bylaws.pdf ^ "Collegiate Executive Officers | DECA Inc". www.deca.org. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ "High School Executive Officers | DECA Inc". www.deca.org. Retrieved June 12, 2023. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DECA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECA_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"career and technical student organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_and_technical_student_organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see DECA.DECA Inc., formerly Distributive Education Clubs of America, is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit career and technical student organization (CTSO) with more than 260,000[1] members in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, DC; Canada, China, Germany, Poland, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, Vietnam, and India. The United States Congress, the United States Department of Education and state, district and international departments of education authorize DECA's programs.DECA is organized into two unique student divisions each with programs designed to address the learning styles, interests, and focus of its members. The High School Division includes over 260,000 members in over 3,000 schools.[2] The Collegiate Division (formerly Delta Epsilon Chi) includes over 4,000 members in 200+ colleges and universities.[2]The organization's mission statement is as follows:DECA prepares emerging leaders and entrepreneurs in marketing, finance, hospitality and management in high schools and colleges around the globe. The four components of the organization's Comprehensive Learning Program are that DECA integrates into classroom instruction, applies learning, connects to business, and promotes competition. DECA prepares the next generation to be academically prepared, community-oriented, professionally responsible, experienced leaders.Dr. William Morrison served as executive director from 1992 to 2014. Patrick Anderson served as executive director from 2014 to 2018. Briggs Marett served as the executive director in 2018. Braden Page formerly served as president.[3] Henry Patterson (again) is currently serving as the executive director since 2020. Ohm Patel is currently serving as president.","title":"DECA (organization)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"According to DECA's bylaws,[4] the organization is governed by four primary bodies:Executive Director - The executive director is responsible for implementing the board's policies, serving as the fiscal agent and primary spokesperson of the organization, and employing such staff as necessary to plan and execute the board's policies. The executive director is Frank Peterson.Board of Directors - An eleven-member Board of Directors establishes policies relative to the interpretation and implementation of the constitution and bylaws. The current President of the board of directors is Scott Jones and the current President-Elect is Steven Mitchell.National Advisory Board - DECA's National Advisory Board (NAB) is composed of business partners that provide strategic advice for the organizations, professional insight on content and crucial financial support for programming. The current chair of the NAB is Mike Brown from M & M Productions.Congressional Advisory Board - DECA's Congressional Advisory Board (CAB) is a bipartisan group of United States Senators and Congressmen and women representing varied political philosophies, but all supporting career and technical student organizations as an integral part of delivering career and technical education to ensure that America's youth are college and career ready.","title":"Governance and partners"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The International Career Development Conference (ICDC) is available to all DECA members. Although only qualifying members may take part in the competitive events series, the conference also offers workshops, academies, and networking for students who wish to further their business skills. DECA ICDC is generally held in April or May of each year and 21,000+ members, advisors, and business professionals attend the conference. The location of the conference rotates between three cities: Anaheim, California; Atlanta, Georgia; and Orlando, Florida.Competition hierarchy:Regional (in some areas, this is known as Area Competition or District Competition)\nState Career Development Conference (SCDC)\nInternational Career Development Conference (ICDC)Other conferences include:Association Leadership Conferences\nAssociation Career Development Conferences (CDC)\nAMPED\nCentral Region Leadership Conference (CRLC)\nChartered Association Management Conference (CAM)\nEmerging Leader Summit (ELS; formerly WROTC & SOLT)\nInnovations and Entrepreneurship Conference (IEC)\nNew York Experience\nSports and Entertainment Marketing Conference (SEM)\nThe DECA Power Trip\nTrain the Trainer Conference\nWestern Region Leadership Conference (WRLC)","title":"Conferences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DECA_SCDC_Winners.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Winners of Indiana DECA SCDC 2022DECA allows members to participate in ten different types of competitive events:Principles of Business Administration Events\nTeam Decision Making Events\nIndividual Series Events\nPersonal Finance Literacy Events\nBusiness Operations Research Events\nProject Management Events\nEntrepreneurship Events\nMarketing Representative Events\nProfessional Selling and Consulting Events\nOnline Events[5]Competitive events fall into six different career clusters:Business Management & Administration\nEntrepreneurship\nMarketing\nFinance\nHospitality & Tourism\nPersonal Financial Literacy","title":"Competitive events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"DECA's Executive Officer Teams consist of one President and four vice-presidents for both the high school and collegiate divisions. A new team of officers is elected every year at the International Career Development Conference by voting delegates from around the globe. The Executive Officer Teams serve as brand ambassadors for the organization during their term by attending conferences where they give speeches and present workshops.2023-2024 High School Executive Officer TeamPresident: Alex Ellsworth (NV)Central Region Vice President: Holly Huston (MO)North Atlantic Region Vice President: Trinjan Kaur (MA)[6]Southern Region Vice President: Olivia Stegner (GA)Western Region Vice President: Eva Shapiro (CO)2024-2025 Collegiate Executive Officer TeamPresident: Eric Bedrosian (IN)Vice President: Sophia Smith (AZ)Vice President: Samer Youssouf (NV)Vice President: James Rogers (NV)","title":"Executive officers"}]
[{"image_text":"Winners of Indiana DECA SCDC 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/DECA_SCDC_Winners.jpg/220px-DECA_SCDC_Winners.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellville_railway_station
Bellville railway station
["1 Notable places nearby","2 Services"]
Coordinates: 33°54′23″S 18°37′39″E / 33.9065°S 18.6275°E / -33.9065; 18.6275Railway station in the town of Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bellville railway station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) BellvilleRailway stationGeneral informationLocationDurban Road, Bellville, 7530, Western CapeSouth AfricaCoordinates33°54′23″S 18°37′39″E / 33.9065°S 18.6275°E / -33.9065; 18.6275Owned byPRASALine(s)Shosholoza Meyl:   Johannesburg–Cape Town  Cape Town–East London Metrorail:   Northern Line  Central LinePlatforms1 side platform, 4 islands, and 1 island containing 2 baysTracks11ConnectionsGolden Arrow Bus Servicesminibus taxisConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeLocationBellvilleLocation in Cape MetrorailShow map of Cape TownBellvilleLocation in South AfricaShow map of South Africa Bellville mainline railway station is a railway station in the town of Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa. It is the second-biggest station in the Metrorail Western Cape railway network, after the Cape Town terminus. All trains on Metrorail's Northern Line pass through Bellville, and one branch of the Central Line also terminates there. It is also a stop for Shosholoza Meyl trains that terminate in Cape Town. Bellville Station 2018 Bellville Station is a major terminus for Golden Arrow buses; it also has a large minibus taxi rank. To the south of the station is Transnet Freight Rail's main marshalling yard for the Cape Town area. The station building is on the northern side of the tracks, attached to a side platform. There are four island platforms and an island containing two bays for trains traveling to and from Cape Town. The platforms are linked by two pedestrian tunnels. Notable places nearby Bellville Civic Centre Bellville Sports Ground Northlink College Protea campus Tygerberg Medical Campus Services Preceding station Shosholoza Meyl Following station Huguenottowards Johannesburg Johannesburg–Cape Town Cape TownTerminus Cape TownTerminus Cape Town–East London Huguenottowards East London Preceding station Metrorail Western Cape Following station Oosterzeetowards Cape Town Northern Lineservices via Monte Vista Terminus Tygerbergtowards Cape Town Northern LineWellington service Stiklandtowards Wellington Northern LineStellenbosch service Kuils Rivertowards Muldersvlei Northern LineStrand service Kuils Rivertowards Strand Sareptatowards Cape Town Central LineBellville service Terminus vteCape TownCity of Cape TownNatural environment Cape Flats Cape Peninsula Geology Helderberg Bays Bantry Bay Camps Bay False Bay Gordon's Bay Granger Bay Hout Bay Simon's Bay Smitswinkel Bay Table Bay Beaches Bloubergstrand Boulders Beach Camps Bay Clifton Glen Beach Melkbosstrand Muizenberg Sandy Bay Strand Hills Blaauwberg Skapenberg Signal Hill Tygerberg Mountains Chapman's Peak Constantiaberg Devil's Peak Helderberg Hottentots Holland Mountains Lion's Head Table Mountain Twelve Apostles Islands Duiker Island Robben Island Seal Island Headlands Cape of Good Hope Cape Point Miller's Point Rivers and wetlands Bokramspruit Buffels River Eerste River Kuils River Diep River Else River Hout Bay River Krom River Lourens River Modder River Salt River Black River Elsieskraal River Liesbeek River Sand River Schusters River Silvermine River Sir Lowry’s Pass River Sout River Steenbras River Zandvlei Zeekoevlei Climate and weather Cape Town water crisis Cape Doctor Berg wind World heritage sites Cape Floristic Region Table Mountain National Park Robben Island Biodiversityof Cape Town Nature reserves in Cape Town Helderberg Marine Protected Area Robben Island Marine Protected Area Table Mountain National Park Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Vegetationtypes Atlantis Sand Fynbos Boland Granite Fynbos Cape Flats Dune Strandveld Cape Flats Sand Fynbos Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos Hangklip Sand Fynbos Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos Peninsula Granite Fynbos Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos Southern Afrotemperate Forest Peninsula Shale Renosterveld Swartland Alluvium Fynbos Swartland Shale Renosterveld Parks andgardens Arderne Gardens Company's Garden Choo choo park De Waal Park Green Point Common Helderberg Nature Reserve Keurboom Park Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden Rondebosch Common Rondebosch Park Tokai Arboretum Tokai Park Wynberg Park Nature reserves Blaauwberg Conservation Area Bracken Nature Reserve Cecilia De Hel Nature Area Dick Dent Bird Sanctuary Die Oog Conservation Area Diep River Fynbos Corridor Durbanville Nature Reserve Edith Stephens Wetland Park Glencairn Wetland Harmony Flats Nature Reserve Helderberg Nature Reserve Kenilworth Racecourse Conservation Area Koeberg Nature Reserve Kogelberg Nature Reserve Lourens River Protected Natural Environment Lower Silvermine River Wetlands Macassar Dunes Conservation Area Mamre Nature Garden Meadowridge Common Milnerton Racecourse Nature Reserve Raapenberg Bird Sanctuary Rietvlei Wetland Reserve Rondebosch Common Rondevlei Nature Reserve Silwerboomkloof Natural Heritage Site Tygerberg Nature Reserve Uitkamp Wetlands Witzands Aquifer Conservation Area Wolfgat Nature Reserve Zoarvlei Wetlands Zandvlei Estuary Nature Reserve Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve CommunitiesAtlantic Seaboard Bakoven Bantry Bay Camps Bay Clifton Fresnaye Green Point Llandudno Mouille Point Sea Point Three Anchor Bay Blaauwberg Atlantis Bloubergstrand Brooklyn Century City Dunoon Duynefontein Joe Slovo Park Killarney Gardens Mamre Melkbosstrand Milnerton Montague Gardens Paarden Eiland Parklands Rugby Table View West Beach Ysterplaat Cape Flats(Klipfontein district) Athlone Belgravia Bishop Lavis Crawford Crossroads Gugulethu Hanover Park Heideveld Kalksteenfontein Kenwyn Lansdowne Lavender Hill Manenberg Nyanga Ottery Philippi Browns Farm Philippi Horticultural Philippi East Samora Machel Rondebosch East Rylands Strandfontein Valhalla Park Khayelitsha Bongweni Harare/Holimisa Ikwezi Park Mandela Park Griffiths Mxenge QQ Section Silver Town Victoria Merge Mitchells Plain Rocklands Westridge Portlands Tafelsig Eastridge Beacon Valley Lentegeur Woodlands Weltevreden Valley Colorado Mandalay Montclair Watergate Developments Heinz Park Morgans Village Rondevlei Westgate Montrose Park Lost City City Bowl Bo-Kaap De Waterkant Devil's Peak Estate District Six Foreshore Gardens Higgovale Lower Vrede Oranjezicht Robben Island Schotsche Kloof Tamboerskloof University Estate Vredehoek Walmer Estate Woodstock Zonnebloem Helderberg Eerste River Faure Firgrove Gordon's Bay Macassar Sir Lowry's Pass Village Somerset West Parel Vallei Strand Lwandle Nomzamo Northern Suburbs Acacia Park Belhar Bellville Boston Eversdal Kenridge Stellenberg Blue Downs Bonteheuwel Bothasig Brackenfell Canal Walk Delft Blikkiesdorp Durbanville Edgemead Elsie's River Epping Fisantekraal Goodwood Joostenbergvlakte Kensington Kraaifontein Kuils River Langa Joe Slovo Loevenstein Maitland Mfuleni Monte Vista Ndabeni Norwood Panorama Parow Philadelphia Plattekloof Pinelands Ravensmead Richwood Scottsdene Sonnestraal Thornton Tygerberg Tyger Valley Wallacedene Southern Suburbs Bergvliet Kreupelbosch Bishopscourt Claremont Harfield Village Constantia Diep River Grassy Park Pelican Park Heathfield Kenilworth Kirstenhof Lakeside Lotus River Marina da Gama Meadowridge Mowbray Muizenberg Newlands Observatory Plumstead Retreat Rondebosch Rosebank Salt River Southfield Steenberg Tokai Wetton Wynberg South Peninsula Capri Village Clovelly Da Gama Park Fish Hoek Glencairn Hangberg Hout Bay Imizamo Yethu Kalk Bay Kommetjie Masiphumelele Noordhoek Ocean View Scarborough Simon's Town St James Sunnydale Sun Valley Vrygrond Neighbourhoods Victoria & Alfred Waterfront Built environment Maclear's Beacon Foreshore Freeway Bridge Grand Parade Greenmarket Square Adderley Street Long Street Strand Street Chapman's Peak Drive Hospital Bend Kloof Nek Road Metropolitan Routes in Cape Town M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 National roads N1 N2 N7 Sir Lowry's Pass Ou Kaapse Weg Peninsula Expressway (Cape Town) R300 Skyscrapers List of tallest buildings in Cape Town 1 Thibault Square Atterbury House Cape Town Civic Centre Metlife Centre Mutual Building Naspers Centre Portside Tower Triangle House GovernmentNational government Parliament of South Africa Houses of Parliament Genadendal Residence Highstead Tuynhuys Defence Air Force Base Ysterplaat Naval Base Simon's Town SAS Wingfield South African Naval College Provincial government Leeuwenhof City of Cape Town Government of Cape Town Mayor Deputy Mayor Cape Town City Hall Cape Town Civic Centre Cape Town Partnership Coat of arms of Cape Town Flag of Cape Town Elections 2018 Cape Town mayoral election Erasmus Commission Wards Law and enforcement Western Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa Municipal Police Pollsmoor Prison History Invasion of the Cape Colony Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 Noon Gun Convict crisis Timeline of Cape Town Fortifications Amsterdam Battery Castle of Good Hope Chavonnes Battery Fort de Goede Hoop Redoubt Duijnhoop Monuments and memorials Artillery Memorial, Cape Town Japanese Lantern Monument Rhodes Memorial The Cenotaph Treaty Tree Van Riebeeck's Hedge Lists of heritage sites Near Cape Town Bo-Kaap CBD and the Waterfront Simon's Town Helderberg Bellville Table Mountain Wynberg district Historical buildings African Theatre Alhambra Theatre Breakwater Lodge Church Square Coornhoop Graaff Electric Lighting Works Culture Demographics Languages Afrikaans South African English Xhosa Cuisine Cape Town wine Constantia (wine) Gatsby (sandwich) Performanceart Cape Town City Ballet Musical ensembles Cape Town Opera Cape Town Philharmonia Choir Cape Town Philharmonic Orchestra Theatres Artscape Theatre Centre Baxter Theatre Centre Labia Theatre Little Theatre Magnet Theatre Maynardville Open-Air Theatre Space Theatre The Independent Armchair Theatre Theatre on the Bay Events andfestivals Cape Town Book Fair Cape Town International Jazz Festival Kaapse Klopse Museums andart galleries Air Force Museum Bertram House Chavonnes Battery Cape Town Science Centre District Six Museum Gallery Mau Mau Groote Schuur Heart of Cape Town Museum Hout Bay Museum Holocaust Centre Koopmans-de Wet House Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island Medical Museum Mostert's Mill Simon's Town Museum Naval Museum South African Sendinggestig Museum Waterworks Museum Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa Iziko Museums Bertram House Bo-Kaap Museum Groot Constantia Koopmans-de Wet House Maritime Centre Michaelis Collection at the Old Town House Rust en Vreugd Slave Lodge Social History Centre SAS Somerset South African Museum National Gallery William Fehr Collection at the Castle of Good Hope Public art Statues Nelson Mandela Cecil Rhodes Nobel Square George Grey Jan Hendrik Hofmeyer Jan van Riebeeck Maria van Riebeeck Bartolomeu Dias Religion Anglican Diocese of Cape Town Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town Religious buildings Auwal Mosque Gardens Shul Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St George Groote Kerk Lutheran Church in Strand Street Nurul Islam Mosque Palm Tree Mosque Queen Victoria Mosque St. George's Cathedral St. James Church St. Mary's Cathedral Seculararchitecture Cape Dutch architecture Tallest buildings in Cape Town Athlone Power Station Atterbury House Bertram House Boshofpoort Cape Town City Hall Cape Town Civic Centre Castle of Good Hope Centre for the Book Coornhoop Disa Park Egyptian Building Genadendal Residence Hawthorndon House Houses of Parliament Huguenot Memorial Building Leeuwenhof Mandela Rhodes Building Metlife Centre Mutual Building Naspers Centre Portside Tower Rhodes Memorial Royal Observatory Triangle House Media Newspapers Cape Times The Cape Messenger Radio and television Bush Radio CapeTalk Cape Town TV Fine Music Radio Good Hope FM Kfm 94.5 UCT Radio Voice of the Cape Economy Entrepreneurship and innovation Silicon Cape Initiative Companies basedin Cape Town Naspers Travelstart MWEB Sanlam Woolworths Holdings Limited Of historical interest: Garlicks Hotels and resorts Belmond Mount Nelson Hotel Protea Hotels by Marriott Shopping areas,malls and markets Canal Walk Cavendish Square Golden Acre Greenmarket Square N1 City Tygerberg Mall Somerset Mall Victoria & Alfred Waterfront Exhibition centres Cape Town International Convention Centre Good Hope Centre Restaurants and cafés Café Caprice Perseverance Tavern Tourism Beaches of Cape Town Cape of Good Hope Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Groot Constantia Mariner's Wharf Nature reserves in Cape Town Ratanga Junction Two Oceans Aquarium Victoria & Alfred Waterfront World of Birds Wildlife Sanctuary and Monkey Park TransportAir transport Airports in Cape Town Air Force Base Ysterplaat Cape Town International Airport Cape Winelands Airfield Wingfield Aerodrome Maritime transport Port of Cape Town Safmarine Road transport Buses in Cape Town Golden Arrow Bus Services MyCiTi MyCiTi bus stations Roads in Cape Town Trolleybuses in Cape Town Rail transport Blue Train Commuter rail lines Metrorail Western Cape Cape Flats Line Central Line Northern Line Southern Line Railway stations Bellville Cape Town Claremont Crawford Mowbray Mutual Newlands Observatory Pinelands Retreat Rondebosch Rosebank Salt River Simon's Town Steenberg Woodstock Trams in Cape Town SportsSoccer Cape Town Spurs F.C. Cape Town City F.C. Rugby Western Province Ikey Tigers Cricket Cape Cobras OtherCape Town Tigers (basketball)Sports events 2010 FIFA World Cup Cape Town Cycle Tour Cape Town Open Cape Town Ladies Open Cape Town Marathon South Africa Sevens Table Mountain Challenge Two Oceans Marathon Sports venues Athlone Stadium Bellville Stadium Bellville Velodrome Cape Town Stadium Erica Park Good Hope Centre Green Point Stadium Hartleyvale Stadium Killarney Motor Racing Complex Milnerton Racecourse Newlands Cricket Ground Newlands Stadium NNK Rugby Stadium Parow Park Philippi Stadium Royal Cape Golf Club University of the Western Cape Stadium Wynberg Military Base Stadium EducationLibraries Biblionef Central Library Cape Town Centre for the Book Fish Hoek Library Jacob Gitlin Library Meadowridge Library National Library of South Africa Rondebosch Library SAAO Library Strandfontein Library University of Cape Town Libraries Universities Cape Peninsula University of Technology University of Cape Town University of the Western Cape Colleges Qualitas Career Academy South African College Yeshiva of Cape Town Privateschools American International School of Cape Town Cannons Creek Independent School Cape Town French School Christel House South Africa Darul Islam Islamic High School Diocesan College German International School Cape Town Herschel Girls' School Herzlia Schools Mountain View Academy Parklands College St. Cyprian's School St. George's Grammar School Michael Oak Waldorf School Oakhurst Primary School Public schools Alexander Sinton Secondary School Belgravia High School Belhar Secondary School Bellville High School Bergvliet Primary School Bergvliet High School Bosmansdam High School Brackenfell High School Cape Academy of Mathematics, Science and Technology Cape Town High School Chris Hani Secondary School Claremont High School COSAT D.F. Malan High School Durbanville High School Eben Dönges High School Eersterivier Secondary School Fairbairn College Fairmont High School Gardens Commercial High School Grove Primary School Harold Cressy High School Hottentots Holland High School Jan van Riebeeck High School Lavender Hill High School Livingstone High School Masiphumelele High School Milnerton High School Mondale High School Parel Vallei High School Pinelands High School Range High School Rondebosch Boys' High School Rondebosch Boys' Preparatory School Rustenburg School for Girls Sea Point High School Sinenjongo High School Spine Road High School South African College Schools Stellenberg High School Strand High School Table View High School The Settlers High School Trafalgar High School Tygerberg High School Westerford High School Windsor High School Wynberg Boys' High School Wynberg Girls' High School Alternative schools GlenBridge Special School Tafelberg School Former schools Ellerslie Girls' High School Tot Nut van het Algemeen Art & Music schools Hugo Lambrechts Music Centre South African College of Music Peter Clarke Art Centre Not yet allocated College of Magic Montebello Design Centre ServicesHospitals Alexandra Hospital Groote Schuur Hospital Karl Bremer Hospital Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital Somerset Hospital Tygerberg Hospital Valkenberg Hospital Lighthouses Cape Point Lighthouse Green Point Lighthouse Milnerton Lighthouse Roman Rock Lighthouse Slangkop Lighthouse Western CapeWater Supply System Dams and resrvoirs Alexandra Dam Berg River Dam De Villiers Dam Hely-Hutchinson Dam Kleinplaats Dam Land-en-Zeezicht Reservoir Lewis Gay Dam Molteno Dam Silvermine Dam Steenbras Dam Theewaterskloof Dam Victoria Dam Voëlvlei Dam Wemmershoek Dam Woodhead Dam Electrical power generation Athlone Power Station Graaff Electric Lighting Works Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme Emergency services Cape Town Fire Department Metro Emergency Medical Services Mountain Club of South Africa National Sea Rescue Institute Cape Town • Outline This article about a South African railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is the second-biggest station in the Metrorail Western Cape railway network, after the Cape Town terminus. All trains on Metrorail's Northern Line pass through Bellville, and one branch of the Central Line also terminates there. It is also a stop for Shosholoza Meyl trains that terminate in Cape Town.Bellville Station 2018Bellville Station is a major terminus for Golden Arrow buses; it also has a large minibus taxi rank. To the south of the station is Transnet Freight Rail's main marshalling yard for the Cape Town area.The station building is on the northern side of the tracks, attached to a side platform. There are four island platforms and an island containing two bays for trains traveling to and from Cape Town. The platforms are linked by two pedestrian tunnels.","title":"Bellville railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellville Civic Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellville_Civic_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bellville Sports Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellville_Sports_Ground&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northlink College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northlink_College"}],"text":"Bellville Civic Centre\nBellville Sports Ground\nNorthlink College Protea campus\nTygerberg Medical Campus","title":"Notable places nearby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"City of Cape 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Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Blaauwberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaauwberg"},{"link_name":"Skapenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skapenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Signal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Cape_Town)"},{"link_name":"Tygerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygerberg"},{"link_name":"Chapman's Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%27s_Peak"},{"link_name":"Constantiaberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantiaberg"},{"link_name":"Devil's Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Peak_(Cape_Town)"},{"link_name":"Helderberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helderberg_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Hottentots Holland Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hottentots_Holland_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lion's 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wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivers_and_wetlands_of_Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bokramspruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bokramspruit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buffels River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffels_River_(Cape_Peninsula)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eerste River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_River"},{"link_name":"Kuils River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuils_River"},{"link_name":"Diep River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diep_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Else River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Else_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hout Bay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hout_Bay_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krom River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krom_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lourens River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourens_River"},{"link_name":"Modder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modder_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_(Western_Cape)"},{"link_name":"Black River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_(Cape_Town)"},{"link_name":"Elsieskraal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsieskraal_River"},{"link_name":"Liesbeek River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesbeek_River"},{"link_name":"Sand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schusters River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schusters_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silvermine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvermine_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir Lowry’s Pass River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Lowry%E2%80%99s_Pass_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sout River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sout_River_(Western_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steenbras River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbras_River"},{"link_name":"Zandvlei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandvlei"},{"link_name":"Zeekoevlei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeekoevlei"},{"link_name":"Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town#Climate"},{"link_name":"Cape Town water crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_water_crisis"},{"link_name":"Cape Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Berg wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_wind"},{"link_name":"Cape Floristic 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Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnerton_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Roman Rock Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Slangkop Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangkop_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Western CapeWater Supply System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape_Water_Supply_System"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Dam"},{"link_name":"Berg River Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_River_Dam"},{"link_name":"De Villiers Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Villiers_Dam"},{"link_name":"Hely-Hutchinson Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hely-Hutchinson_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kleinplaats Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kleinplaats_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Land-en-Zeezicht Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land-en-Zeezicht_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Gay Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Gay_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Molteno Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molteno_Dam"},{"link_name":"Silvermine Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvermine_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steenbras Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbras_Dam"},{"link_name":"Theewaterskloof Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theewaterskloof_Dam"},{"link_name":"Victoria Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Dam_(Cape_Town)"},{"link_name":"Voëlvlei Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%ABlvlei_Dam"},{"link_name":"Wemmershoek Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemmershoek_Dam"},{"link_name":"Woodhead Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhead_Dam"},{"link_name":"Athlone Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Graaff Electric Lighting Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graaff_Electric_Lighting_Works"},{"link_name":"Koeberg Nuclear Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeberg_Nuclear_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiet_Pumped_Storage_Scheme"},{"link_name":"Cape Town Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Town_Fire_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metro Emergency Medical Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metro_Emergency_Medical_Services&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mountain Club of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Club_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"National Sea Rescue Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sea_Rescue_Institute"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Cape_Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Train_station.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellville_railway_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SouthAfrica-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SouthAfrica-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SouthAfrica-railstation-stub"}],"text":"vteCape TownCity of Cape TownNatural environment\nCape Flats\nCape Peninsula\nGeology\nHelderberg\nBays\nBantry Bay\nCamps Bay\nFalse Bay\nGordon's Bay\nGranger Bay\nHout Bay\nSimon's Bay\nSmitswinkel Bay\nTable Bay\nBeaches\nBloubergstrand\nBoulders Beach\nCamps Bay\nClifton\nGlen Beach\nMelkbosstrand\nMuizenberg\nSandy Bay\nStrand\nHills\nBlaauwberg\nSkapenberg\nSignal Hill\nTygerberg\nMountains\nChapman's Peak\nConstantiaberg\nDevil's Peak\nHelderberg\nHottentots Holland Mountains\nLion's Head\nTable Mountain\nTwelve Apostles\nIslands\nDuiker Island\nRobben Island\nSeal Island\nHeadlands\nCape of Good Hope\nCape Point\nMiller's Point\nRivers and wetlands\nBokramspruit\nBuffels River\nEerste River\nKuils River\nDiep River\nElse River\nHout Bay River\nKrom River\nLourens River\nModder River\nSalt River\nBlack River\nElsieskraal River\nLiesbeek River\nSand River\nSchusters River\nSilvermine River\nSir Lowry’s Pass River\nSout River\nSteenbras River\nZandvlei\nZeekoevlei\nClimate and weather\nCape Town water crisis\nCape Doctor\nBerg wind\nWorld heritage sites\nCape Floristic Region\nTable Mountain National Park\nRobben Island\nBiodiversityof Cape Town\nNature reserves in Cape Town\nHelderberg Marine Protected Area\nRobben Island Marine Protected Area\nTable Mountain National Park\nTable Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area\nVegetationtypes\nAtlantis Sand Fynbos\nBoland Granite Fynbos\nCape Flats Dune Strandveld\nCape Flats Sand Fynbos\nCape Lowland Freshwater Wetland\nCape Winelands Shale Fynbos\nHangklip Sand Fynbos\nKogelberg Sandstone Fynbos\nLourensford Alluvium Fynbos\nPeninsula Granite Fynbos\nPeninsula Sandstone Fynbos\nSouthern Afrotemperate Forest\nPeninsula Shale Renosterveld\nSwartland Alluvium Fynbos\nSwartland Shale Renosterveld\nParks andgardens\nArderne Gardens\nCompany's Garden\nChoo choo park\nDe Waal Park\nGreen Point Common\nHelderberg Nature Reserve\nKeurboom Park\nKirstenbosch National Botanical Garden\nRondebosch Common\nRondebosch Park\nTokai Arboretum\nTokai Park\nWynberg Park\nNature reserves\nBlaauwberg Conservation Area\nBracken Nature Reserve\nCecilia\nDe Hel Nature Area\nDick Dent Bird Sanctuary\nDie Oog Conservation Area\nDiep River Fynbos Corridor\nDurbanville Nature Reserve\nEdith Stephens Wetland Park\nGlencairn Wetland\nHarmony Flats Nature Reserve\nHelderberg Nature Reserve\nKenilworth Racecourse Conservation Area\nKoeberg Nature Reserve\nKogelberg Nature Reserve\nLourens River Protected Natural Environment\nLower Silvermine River Wetlands\nMacassar Dunes Conservation Area\nMamre Nature Garden\nMeadowridge Common\nMilnerton Racecourse Nature Reserve\nRaapenberg Bird Sanctuary\nRietvlei Wetland Reserve\nRondebosch Common\nRondevlei Nature Reserve\nSilwerboomkloof Natural Heritage Site\nTygerberg Nature Reserve\nUitkamp Wetlands\nWitzands Aquifer Conservation Area\nWolfgat Nature Reserve\nZoarvlei Wetlands\nZandvlei Estuary Nature Reserve\nZeekoevlei Nature Reserve\n\n\nCommunitiesAtlantic Seaboard\nBakoven\nBantry Bay\nCamps Bay\nClifton\nFresnaye\nGreen Point\nLlandudno\nMouille Point\nSea Point\nThree Anchor Bay\nBlaauwberg\nAtlantis\nBloubergstrand\nBrooklyn\nCentury City\nDunoon\nDuynefontein\nJoe Slovo Park\nKillarney Gardens\nMamre\nMelkbosstrand\nMilnerton\nMontague Gardens\nPaarden Eiland\nParklands\nRugby\nTable View\nWest Beach\nYsterplaat\nCape Flats(Klipfontein district)\nAthlone\nBelgravia\nBishop Lavis\nCrawford\nCrossroads\nGugulethu\nHanover Park\nHeideveld\nKalksteenfontein\nKenwyn\nLansdowne\nLavender Hill\nManenberg\nNyanga\nOttery\nPhilippi\nBrowns Farm\nPhilippi Horticultural\nPhilippi East\nSamora Machel\nRondebosch East\nRylands\nStrandfontein\nValhalla Park\nKhayelitsha\nBongweni\nHarare/Holimisa\nIkwezi Park\nMandela Park\nGriffiths Mxenge\nQQ Section\nSilver Town\nVictoria Merge\n\nMitchells Plain\nRocklands\nWestridge\nPortlands\nTafelsig\nEastridge\nBeacon Valley\nLentegeur\nWoodlands\nWeltevreden\nValley\nColorado\nMandalay\nMontclair\nWatergate Developments\nHeinz Park\nMorgans Village\nRondevlei\nWestgate\nMontrose Park\nLost City\n\nCity Bowl\nBo-Kaap\nDe Waterkant\nDevil's Peak Estate\nDistrict Six\nForeshore\nGardens\nHiggovale\nLower Vrede\nOranjezicht\nRobben Island\nSchotsche Kloof\nTamboerskloof\nUniversity Estate\nVredehoek\nWalmer Estate\nWoodstock\nZonnebloem\nHelderberg\nEerste River\nFaure\nFirgrove\nGordon's Bay\nMacassar\nSir Lowry's Pass Village\nSomerset West\nParel Vallei\nStrand\nLwandle\nNomzamo\nNorthern Suburbs\nAcacia Park\nBelhar\nBellville\nBoston\nEversdal\nKenridge\nStellenberg\nBlue Downs\nBonteheuwel\nBothasig\nBrackenfell\nCanal Walk\nDelft\nBlikkiesdorp\nDurbanville\nEdgemead\nElsie's River\nEpping\nFisantekraal\nGoodwood\nJoostenbergvlakte\nKensington\nKraaifontein\nKuils River\nLanga\nJoe Slovo\nLoevenstein\nMaitland\nMfuleni\nMonte Vista\nNdabeni\nNorwood\nPanorama\nParow\nPhiladelphia\nPlattekloof\nPinelands\nRavensmead\nRichwood\nScottsdene\nSonnestraal\nThornton\nTygerberg\nTyger Valley\nWallacedene\nSouthern Suburbs\nBergvliet\nKreupelbosch\nBishopscourt\nClaremont\nHarfield Village\nConstantia\nDiep River\nGrassy Park\nPelican Park\nHeathfield\nKenilworth\nKirstenhof\nLakeside\nLotus River\nMarina da Gama\nMeadowridge\nMowbray\nMuizenberg\nNewlands\nObservatory\nPlumstead\nRetreat\nRondebosch\nRosebank\nSalt River\nSouthfield\nSteenberg\nTokai\nWetton\nWynberg\nSouth Peninsula\nCapri Village\nClovelly\nDa Gama Park\nFish Hoek\nGlencairn\nHangberg\nHout Bay\nImizamo Yethu\nKalk Bay\nKommetjie\nMasiphumelele\nNoordhoek\nOcean View\nScarborough\nSimon's Town\nSt James\nSunnydale\nSun Valley\nVrygrond\nNeighbourhoods\nVictoria & Alfred Waterfront\nBuilt environment\nMaclear's Beacon\nForeshore Freeway Bridge\nGrand Parade\nGreenmarket Square\n\nAdderley Street\nLong Street\nStrand Street\n\nChapman's Peak Drive\nHospital Bend\nKloof Nek Road\nMetropolitan Routes in Cape Town\nM3\nM4\nM5\nM6\nM7\nM8\nM9\nM10\nM11\nM12\nNational roads\nN1\nN2\nN7\nSir Lowry's Pass\nOu Kaapse Weg\nPeninsula Expressway (Cape Town)\nR300\nSkyscrapers\nList of tallest buildings in Cape Town\n1 Thibault Square\nAtterbury House\nCape Town Civic Centre\nMetlife Centre\nMutual Building\nNaspers Centre\nPortside Tower\nTriangle House\n\nGovernmentNational government\nParliament of South Africa\nHouses of Parliament\nGenadendal Residence\nHighstead\nTuynhuys\nDefence\nAir Force Base Ysterplaat\nNaval Base Simon's Town\nSAS Wingfield\nSouth African Naval College\nProvincial government\nLeeuwenhof\nCity of Cape Town\nGovernment of Cape Town\nMayor\nDeputy Mayor\nCape Town City Hall\nCape Town Civic Centre\nCape Town Partnership\nCoat of arms of Cape Town\nFlag of Cape Town\nElections\n2018 Cape Town mayoral election\nErasmus Commission\nWards\nLaw and enforcement\nWestern Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa\nMunicipal Police\nPollsmoor Prison\nHistory\nInvasion of the Cape Colony\nBattle of Blaauwberg\nAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814\nNoon Gun\nConvict crisis\nTimeline of Cape Town\nFortifications\nAmsterdam Battery\nCastle of Good Hope\nChavonnes Battery\nFort de Goede Hoop\nRedoubt Duijnhoop\nMonuments and memorials\nArtillery Memorial, Cape Town\nJapanese Lantern Monument\nRhodes Memorial\nThe Cenotaph\nTreaty Tree\nVan Riebeeck's Hedge\nLists of heritage sites\nNear Cape Town\nBo-Kaap\nCBD and the Waterfront\nSimon's Town\nHelderberg\nBellville\nTable Mountain\nWynberg district\nHistorical buildings\nAfrican Theatre\nAlhambra Theatre\nBreakwater Lodge\nChurch Square\nCoornhoop\nGraaff Electric Lighting Works\n\nCulture\nDemographics\nLanguages\nAfrikaans\nSouth African English\nXhosa\nCuisine\nCape Town wine\nConstantia (wine)\nGatsby (sandwich)\nPerformanceart\nCape Town City Ballet\nMusical ensembles\nCape Town Opera\nCape Town Philharmonia Choir\nCape Town Philharmonic Orchestra\nTheatres\nArtscape Theatre Centre\nBaxter Theatre Centre\nLabia Theatre\nLittle Theatre\nMagnet Theatre\nMaynardville Open-Air Theatre\nSpace Theatre\nThe Independent Armchair Theatre\nTheatre on the Bay\nEvents andfestivals\nCape Town Book Fair\nCape Town International Jazz Festival\nKaapse Klopse\nMuseums andart galleries\nAir Force Museum\nBertram House\nChavonnes Battery\nCape Town Science Centre\nDistrict Six Museum\nGallery Mau Mau\nGroote Schuur\nHeart of Cape Town Museum\nHout Bay Museum\nHolocaust Centre\nKoopmans-de Wet House\nMaximum Security Prison, Robben Island\nMedical Museum\nMostert's Mill\nSimon's Town Museum\nNaval Museum\nSouth African Sendinggestig Museum\nWaterworks Museum\nZeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa\nIziko Museums\nBertram House\nBo-Kaap Museum\nGroot Constantia\nKoopmans-de Wet House\nMaritime Centre\nMichaelis Collection at the Old Town House\nRust en Vreugd\nSlave Lodge\nSocial History Centre\nSAS Somerset\nSouth African Museum\nNational Gallery\nWilliam Fehr Collection at the Castle of Good Hope\n\nPublic art\nStatues\nNelson Mandela\nCecil Rhodes\nNobel Square\nGeorge Grey\nJan Hendrik Hofmeyer\nJan van Riebeeck\nMaria van Riebeeck\nBartolomeu Dias\nReligion\nAnglican Diocese of Cape Town\nRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Cape Town\nReligious buildings\nAuwal Mosque\nGardens Shul\nGreek Orthodox Cathedral of St George\nGroote Kerk\nLutheran Church in Strand Street\nNurul Islam Mosque\nPalm Tree Mosque\nQueen Victoria Mosque\nSt. George's Cathedral\nSt. James Church\nSt. Mary's Cathedral\nSeculararchitecture\nCape Dutch architecture\nTallest buildings in Cape Town\nAthlone Power Station\nAtterbury House\nBertram House\nBoshofpoort\nCape Town City Hall\nCape Town Civic Centre\nCastle of Good Hope\nCentre for the Book\nCoornhoop\nDisa Park\nEgyptian Building\nGenadendal Residence\nHawthorndon House\nHouses of Parliament\nHuguenot Memorial Building\nLeeuwenhof\nMandela Rhodes Building\nMetlife Centre\nMutual Building\nNaspers Centre\nPortside Tower\nRhodes Memorial\nRoyal Observatory\nTriangle House\nMedia\nNewspapers\nCape Times\nThe Cape Messenger\nRadio and television\nBush Radio\nCapeTalk\nCape Town TV\nFine Music Radio\nGood Hope FM\nKfm 94.5\nUCT Radio\nVoice of the Cape\n\nEconomy\nEntrepreneurship and innovation\nSilicon Cape Initiative\nCompanies basedin Cape Town\nNaspers\nTravelstart\nMWEB\nSanlam\nWoolworths Holdings Limited\nOf historical interest:\nGarlicks\nHotels and resorts\nBelmond Mount Nelson Hotel\nProtea Hotels by Marriott\nShopping areas,malls and markets\nCanal Walk\nCavendish Square\nGolden Acre\nGreenmarket Square\nN1 City\nTygerberg Mall\nSomerset Mall\nVictoria & Alfred Waterfront\nExhibition centres\nCape Town International Convention Centre\nGood Hope Centre\nRestaurants and cafés\nCafé Caprice\nPerseverance Tavern\nTourism\nBeaches of Cape Town\nCape of Good Hope\nTable Mountain Aerial Cableway\nGroot Constantia\nMariner's Wharf\nNature reserves in Cape Town\nRatanga Junction\nTwo Oceans Aquarium\nVictoria & Alfred Waterfront\nWorld of Birds Wildlife Sanctuary and Monkey Park\n\nTransportAir transport\nAirports in Cape Town\nAir Force Base Ysterplaat\nCape Town International Airport\nCape Winelands Airfield\nWingfield Aerodrome\nMaritime transport\nPort of Cape Town\nSafmarine\nRoad transport\nBuses in Cape Town\nGolden Arrow Bus Services\nMyCiTi\nMyCiTi bus stations\nRoads in Cape Town\nTrolleybuses in Cape Town\nRail transport\nBlue Train\nCommuter rail lines\nMetrorail Western Cape\nCape Flats Line\nCentral Line\nNorthern Line\nSouthern Line\nRailway stations\nBellville\nCape Town\nClaremont\nCrawford\nMowbray\nMutual\nNewlands\nObservatory\nPinelands\nRetreat\nRondebosch\nRosebank\nSalt River\nSimon's Town\nSteenberg\nWoodstock\nTrams in Cape Town\nSportsSoccer\nCape Town Spurs F.C.\nCape Town City F.C.\nRugby\nWestern Province\nIkey Tigers\nCricket\nCape Cobras\nOtherCape Town Tigers (basketball)Sports events\n2010 FIFA World Cup\nCape Town Cycle Tour\nCape Town Open\nCape Town Ladies Open\nCape Town Marathon\nSouth Africa Sevens\nTable Mountain Challenge\nTwo Oceans Marathon\nSports venues\nAthlone Stadium\nBellville Stadium\nBellville Velodrome\nCape Town Stadium\nErica Park\nGood Hope Centre\nGreen Point Stadium\nHartleyvale Stadium\nKillarney Motor Racing Complex\nMilnerton Racecourse\nNewlands Cricket Ground\nNewlands Stadium\nNNK Rugby Stadium\nParow Park\nPhilippi Stadium\nRoyal Cape Golf Club\nUniversity of the Western Cape Stadium\nWynberg Military Base Stadium\nEducationLibraries\nBiblionef\nCentral Library Cape Town\nCentre for the Book\nFish Hoek Library\nJacob Gitlin Library\nMeadowridge Library\nNational Library of South Africa\nRondebosch Library\nSAAO Library\nStrandfontein Library\nUniversity of Cape Town Libraries\nUniversities\nCape Peninsula University of Technology\nUniversity of Cape Town\nUniversity of the Western Cape\nColleges\nQualitas Career Academy\nSouth African College\nYeshiva of Cape Town\nPrivateschools\nAmerican International School of Cape Town\nCannons Creek Independent School\nCape Town French School\nChristel House South Africa\nDarul Islam Islamic High School\nDiocesan College\nGerman International School Cape Town\nHerschel Girls' School\nHerzlia Schools\nMountain View Academy\nParklands College\nSt. Cyprian's School\nSt. George's Grammar School\nMichael Oak Waldorf School\nOakhurst Primary School\nPublic schools\nAlexander Sinton Secondary School\nBelgravia High School\nBelhar Secondary School\nBellville High School\nBergvliet Primary School\nBergvliet High School\nBosmansdam High School\nBrackenfell High School\nCape Academy of Mathematics, Science and Technology\nCape Town High School\nChris Hani Secondary School\nClaremont High School\nCOSAT\nD.F. Malan High School\nDurbanville High School\nEben Dönges High School\nEersterivier Secondary School\nFairbairn College\nFairmont High School\nGardens Commercial High School\nGrove Primary School\nHarold Cressy High School\nHottentots Holland High School\nJan van Riebeeck High School\nLavender Hill High School\nLivingstone High School\nMasiphumelele High School\nMilnerton High School\nMondale High School\nParel Vallei High School\nPinelands High School\nRange High School\nRondebosch Boys' High School\nRondebosch Boys' Preparatory School\nRustenburg School for Girls\nSea Point High School\nSinenjongo High School\nSpine Road High School\nSouth African College Schools\nStellenberg High School\nStrand High School\nTable View High School\nThe Settlers High School\nTrafalgar High School\nTygerberg High School\nWesterford High School\nWindsor High School\nWynberg Boys' High School\nWynberg Girls' High School\nAlternative schools\nGlenBridge Special School\nTafelberg School\nFormer schools\nEllerslie Girls' High School\nTot Nut van het Algemeen\nArt & Music schools\nHugo Lambrechts Music Centre\nSouth African College of Music\nPeter Clarke Art Centre\nNot yet allocated\nCollege of Magic\nMontebello Design Centre\nServicesHospitals\nAlexandra Hospital\nGroote Schuur Hospital\nKarl Bremer Hospital\nRed Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital\nSomerset Hospital\nTygerberg Hospital\nValkenberg Hospital\nLighthouses\nCape Point Lighthouse\nGreen Point Lighthouse\nMilnerton Lighthouse\nRoman Rock Lighthouse\nSlangkop Lighthouse\nWestern CapeWater Supply System\nDams and resrvoirs\nAlexandra Dam\nBerg River Dam\nDe Villiers Dam\nHely-Hutchinson Dam\nKleinplaats Dam\nLand-en-Zeezicht Reservoir\nLewis Gay Dam\nMolteno Dam\nSilvermine Dam\nSteenbras Dam\nTheewaterskloof Dam\nVictoria Dam\nVoëlvlei Dam\nWemmershoek Dam\nWoodhead Dam\nElectrical power generation\nAthlone Power Station\nGraaff Electric Lighting Works\nKoeberg Nuclear Power Station\nPalmiet Pumped Storage Scheme\nEmergency services\nCape Town Fire Department\nMetro Emergency Medical Services\nMountain Club of South Africa\nNational Sea Rescue Institute\n Cape Town • OutlineThis article about a South African railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Services"}]
[{"image_text":"Bellville Station 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BS2018.jpg/220px-BS2018.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimaiah_Seshagiri
N. Seshagiri
["1 See also","2 References"]
N. SeshagiriBornNarasimaiah Seshagiri(1940-05-10)10 May 1940 IndiaDied26 May 2013(2013-05-26) (aged 73)Bangalore, Karnataka, India NationalityIndianAlma materIndian Institute of Science, BengaluruOccupationComputer scientistKnown forNational Informatics CentreAwardsPadma Bhushan Narasimaiah Seshagiri (10 May 1940 – 26 May 2013) was an Indian computer scientist, writer and a former director-general of the National Informatics Centre, an apex organization of the Government of India, handling its e-governance applications. He was a member of the Y2K Action Force of the Government, formed to combat the 9999 computer bug. He is credited with many publications which included The bomb! : fallout of India's nuclear explosion and Information systems for economies in transition. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 2005, for his contributions to science and technology. See also National Informatics Centre India portal References ^ "Remembering Dr. N. Seshagiri, India's ICT Evangelist and Founder Director General of National Informatics Centre". ^ "N Seshagiri, NIC founder, dies at 73 | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. ^ "ANALYSIS-India infotech sector above politics". India Network. 20 April 1999. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ "10 from State figure in Padma awards list". The Hindu. 26 January 2005. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ "About Us". National Informatics Centre. 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ "Asia unharmed by Sept. 9 bug". Jawawa. 10 September 1999. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ Seshagiri, N. (Narasimhiah) (1975). The bomb! : fallout of India's nuclear explosion. Vikas Publishing House. p. 147. ISBN 0706903439. ^ N. Seshagiri, J. Salmona, I. P. David (Editors) (1996). Information systems for economies in transition. National Informatics Centre. p. 449. ISBN 0074633643. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016. vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)2000 V. K. Aatre Anil Agarwal Ram Narain Agarwal Sharan Rani Backliwal Swami Kalyandev Veerendra Heggade Pavaguda V. Indiresan Wahiduddin Khan B. B. Lal Raghunath Anant Mashelkar H. Y. Sharada Prasad Rajinikanth Begum Aizaz Rasul Radha Reddy Raja Reddy Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya S. Srinivasan Ratan Tata Harbans Singh Wasir 2001 Dev Anand Viswanathan Anand Amitabh Bachchan Rahul Bajaj B. R. Barwale Balasaheb Bharde Boyi Bhimanna Swadesh Chatterjee B. R. Chopra Ashok Desai K. M. George Bhupen Hazarika Lalgudi Jayaraman Yamini Krishnamurthy Shiv K. Kumar Raghunath Mohapatra Arun Netravali Mohan Singh Oberoi Rajendra K. Pachauri Abdul Karim Parekh Amrita Patel Pran Aroon Purie B. V. Raju P. Bhanumathi Sundaram Ramakrishnan Chitranjan Singh Ranawat Palle Rama Rao Raj Reddy Uma Sharma L. Subramaniam Naresh Trehan 2002 Gary Ackerman H. P. S. Ahluwalia Prabha Atre Sushantha Kumar Bhattacharyya Chandu Borde Eugene Chelyshev Pravinchandra Varjivan Gandhi Shobha Gurtu Henning Holck-Larsen Zakir Hussain B. K. S. Iyengar F. C. Kohli V. C. Kulandaiswamy Gury Marchuk Jagat Singh Mehta Ismail Merchant Mario Miranda Frank Pallone Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal Natesan Rangabashyam Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra Habib Tanvir K. K. Venugopal Nirmal Verma K. J. Yesudas 2003 Teejan Bai Ammannur Madhava Chakyar Prabhu Chawla Herbert Fischer Jamshyd Godrej Coluthur Gopalan K. Parasaran B. Rajam Iyer Shri Krishna Joshi Madurai Narayanan Krishnan Rajinder Kumar Ramesh Kumar Purshotam Lal Sitakant Mahapatra Bagicha Singh Minhas Subhash Mukhopadhyay P. S. Narayanaswamy Arcot Ramachandran Trichur V. Ramachandran Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti T. V. Sankaranarayanan Naseeruddin Shah T. V. R. Shenoy Jagjit Singh Ram Badan Singh Hari Shankar Singhania Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman Narayanan Srinivasan Padma Subrahmanyam Swapna Sundari O. V. Vijayan Herbert Alexandrovich Yefremov 2004 Thoppil Varghese Antony Soumitra Chatterjee Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari Gulzar Sardara Singh Johl M. V. Kamath Komal Kothari Yoshirō Mori Gopi Chand Narang Govindarajan Padmanaban Poornima Arvind Pakvasa Vishnu Prabhakar N. Rajam C. H. Hanumantha Rao Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar T. N. Seshagopalan Bijoy Nandan Shahi Krishna Srinivas Alarmel Valli 2005 Sardar Anjum André Beteille Chandi Prasad Bhatt Tumkur Ramaiya Satishchandran Mrinal Datta Chaudhuri Yash Chopra Manna Dey Irfan Habib Yusuf Hamied Qurratulain Hyder Tarlochan Singh Kler Anil Kohli Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw Mrinal Miri Hari Mohan Brijmohan Lall Munjal M. T. Vasudevan Nair Azim Premji Balraj Puri Syed Mir Qasim A. Ramachandran G. V. Iyer Ramakrishna V. S. Ramamurthy K. I. Varaprasad Reddy K. Srinath Reddy Girish Chandra Saxena Narasimaiah Seshagiri Mark Tully 2006 Jaiveer Agarwal P. S. Appu Shashi Bhushan Ganga Prasad Birla Grigory Bongard-Levin Lokesh Chandra Chiranjeevi Dinesh Nandini Dalmia Tarun Das Madhav Gadgil A. K. Hangal Devaki Jain Kamleshwar Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan Sabri Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Shanno Khurana Gunter Kruger P. Leela K. P. P. Nambiar Nandan Nilekani Sai Paranjpye Deepak Parekh M. V. Pylee Subramaniam Ramadorai N. S. Ramaswamy Pavani Parameswara Rao Ramakanta Rath V. Shanta Hira Lall Sibal Billy Arjan Singh Jasjit Singh Vijaypat Singhania K. G. Subramanyan K. K. Talwar Vijay Shankar Vyas Dušan Zbavitel 2007 Javed Akhtar Gabriel Chiramel Ela Gandhi Saroj Ghose V. Mohini Giri Somnath Hore Jamshed Jiji Irani Gurcharan Singh Kalkat N. Mahalingam Prithipal Singh Maini Tyeb Mehta Rajan and Sajan Mishra Rajan and Sajan Mishra Sunil Mittal Ramankutty Nair Gopaldas Neeraj Indra Nooyi Kavalam Narayana Panicker Bhikhu Parekh Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri V. S. Ramachandran Tapan Raychaudhuri S. H. Raza Jeffrey Sachs Chandra Prasad Saikia L. Z. Sailo Shiv Kumar Sarin Shriram Sharma Manju Sharma T. N. Srinivasan Osamu Suzuki K. T. Thomas 2008 Mian Bashir Ahmed Kaushik Basu Shayama Chona Jagjit Singh Chopra Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar Chandrashekhar Dasgupta Asis Datta Meghnad Desai Padma Desai Sukh Dev Nirmal Kumar Ganguly B. N. Goswamy Vasant Gowarikar Baba Kalyani K. V. Kamath Inderjit Kaur Barthakur Ravindra Kelekar Asad Ali Khan Dominique Lapierre D. R. Mehta Shiv Nadar Suresh Kumar Neotia T. K. Oommen K. Padmanabhaiah Vikram Pandit V. Ramachandran Sushil Kumar Saxena Amarnath Sehgal Jasdev Singh Shrilal Shukla P. Susheela S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan Yuli Vorontsov Sunita Williams Ji Xianlin 2009 Isher Judge Ahluwalia Inderjit Kaur Barthakur Shamshad Begum Abhinav Bindra Shanta Dhananjayan V. P. Dhananjayan Ramachandra Guha Shekhar Gupta Khalid Hameed Minoru Hara Jayakanthan Thomas Kailath Sarvagya Singh Katiyar G. Krishna R. C. Mehta A. Sreedhara Menon S. K. Misra A. M. Naik Satish Nambiar Kunwar Narayan Nagnath Naikwadi Kirit Parikh Sam Pitroda C. K. Prahalad Gurdip Singh Randhawa Brijendra Kumar Rao Bhakta B. Rath C. S. Seshadri V. Ganapati Sthapati Devendra Triguna Sarojini Varadappan # Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Netherlands Other IdRef P ≟ NP This biographical article relating to a computer scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Indian scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_of_Divinity_and_Biblical_Criticism
Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism
["1 (Regius) Professors of Divinity and Biblical Criticism","2 See also"]
The Professorship of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow was founded in 1861. The patron was formerly the Crown (i.e. a Regius Professorship). Since 1935, the University Court, acting on the recommendation of a Board of Nomination consisting of representatives of the University Court and of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, appoints the Professor. (Regius) Professors of Divinity and Biblical Criticism William Purdie Dickson MA LLD DD (1863) William Stuart MA LLD DD (1873) George Milligan MA DCL DD (1910) George Hogarth Carnaby MacGregor MA DLitt DD (1933) William Barclay CBE MA BD DD (1963) Ernest Best MA BD PhD DD (1974-1982) John Riches MA (1991) See also List of Professorships at the University of Glasgow This article related to religion in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to education in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Christianity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to Glasgow, Scotland, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_D._Kimball
Catherine D. Kimball
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2023) American judge Catherine D. "Kitty" KimballChief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme CourtIn officeJanuary 12, 2009 – February 1, 2013Preceded byPascal F. Calogero, Jr.Succeeded byBernette Joshua JohnsonMember of the Louisiana Supreme Court (Place Five)In officeJanuary 1, 1993 – February 1, 2013Preceded byLuther F. ColeSucceeded byJefferson D. Hughes IIIJudge of the 18th Judicial District in LouisianaIn office1983–1991Preceded byDan KimballSucceeded byJames J. Best Personal detailsBornCatherine Dick (1945-02-07) February 7, 1945 (age 79)Alexandria, Rapides ParishLouisiana, U.S.Political partyDemocratIndependentSpouseClyde KimballChildren3Residence(s)Ventress, Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, U.S.Alma materLouisiana State UniversityLouisiana State University Law Center (J.D.)OccupationJudge; Attorney Catherine D. (Kitty) Kimball (born February 7, 1945) is the retired Chief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. She was also the first woman elected to the Louisiana Supreme Court, in 1992. Before that, in 1983, she was the first female judge in the 18th Judicial District. Biography Kimball was born in Alexandria, Louisiana, and is married to Clyde W. Kimball, a former Louisiana state representative and deputy secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. A graduate of Bolton High School in Alexandria, she received her J.D. from the Louisiana State University law school in 1970. She is currently a resident of Ventress, Louisiana. Kimball had a stroke on January 10, 2010 and underwent post-stroke rehabilitation therapy at the Neuromedical Rehabilitation Hospital in Baton Rouge until her release on February 19, 2010. Legacy In 2011, Justice Kimball was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. Portals: Biography United States Politics Law Christianity See also List of first women lawyers and judges in Maine List of female state supreme court justices References ^ a b Chief Justice Catherine D. Kimball Archived 2010-06-19 at the Wayback Machine biography at Louisiana Supreme Court official website (accessed May 27, 2010) ^ "Kimball to take oath as 1st female chief justice" - 2 The Advocate ^ "Kimball to be sworn in to state Supreme Court" - News Library ^ "Judge becomes 4th candidate for Cole's Supreme Court seat" - The Advocate ^ "Louisiana Supreme Court chief justice released from hospital", AP in Times-Picayune, February 23, 2010. External links "Catherine Kimball named Chief Justice of Louisiana Supreme Court" - Models For Change Political offices Preceded byPascal F. Calogero, Jr. Chief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court 2009–2013 Succeeded byBernette Joshua Johnson Preceded byLuther F. Cole Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court 1993–2013 Succeeded byJefferson D. Hughes III Preceded byDan Kimball Judge of the Louisiana 18th Judicial District Court 1983–1991 Succeeded byJames J. Best vteLouisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame1990s1993 Hale Boggs William C. C. Claiborne Jimmie Davis Pap Dean Edwin Edwards Dudley LeBlanc Earl Long Huey Long Russell B. Long 1994 A. Leonard Allen Lindy Boggs Victor Bussie Allen J. Ellender Gillis William Long 1995 Camille Gravel Sam Hanna Sr. deLesseps Story Morrison Zachary Taylor Edward Douglass White 1996 Louis Berry James Carville Mary Evelyn Parker Leander Perez Gus Weill 1997 Oscar K. Allen Murphy J. Foster J. Bennett Johnston Melinda Schwegmann David C. Treen 1998 Speedy Long John H. Overton Joe Waggonner T. Harry Williams 1999 Cat Doucet Jimmy Fitzmorris Douglas Fowler Iris Kelso Ed Renwick 2000s2000 Jefferson Caffery William J. Jefferson Jeannette Knoll Jimmy D. Long Buddy Roemer 2001 Wiley W. Hilburn Robert F. Kennon Harry Lee Harold McSween Wade O. Martin Jr. Victor H. Schiro 2002 Jesse Bankston Kenny Bowen Harley Bozeman Nathan Burl Cain Bill Dodd Francis Grevemberg John Hainkel Henson Moore Joe Sampite Lillian Walker 2003 John Alario John Breaux Jay Chevalier Harry Connick Sr. Mike Foster Carolyn Huntoon Raymond Laborde Bob Livingston Richard Stalder Billy Tauzin 2004 Billy Boles Charles W. DeWitt Jr. Dudley A. Guglielmo Moon Landrieu Edgar G. "Sonny" Mouton Jr. Doris Lindsey Holland Rhodes Virginia Shehee Jack Wardlaw 2005 Robert W. Bates Carlos Roberto Flores Mary Flake Flores Eddie J. Jordan Jr. Curtis Joubert Barbara Boggs Sigmund Francis C. Thompson 2006 Kathleen Babineaux Blanco Charlie Cook Sylvan Friedman Donald E. Hines W. Fox McKeithen Cecil J. Picard Vic Stelly 2007 Diana E. Bajoie Sally Clausen Charles deGravelles Virginia deGravelles Hunt Downer Theodore "Ted" Jones Mary Landrieu Sean O'Keefe 2008 Richard Baker Bobby Freeman Melvin "Kip" Holden James A. Joseph Donald G. Kelly John LaPlante Bob Odom Ned Randolph Joe R. Salter 2009 Al Ater Foster Campbell Chris John Walter Lee Jessel Ourso Patrick F. Taylor 2010s2010 Rodney Alexander Randy Ewing Charlton Lyons Samuel B. Nunez Jr. William Nungesser Risley C. Triche 2011 James H. Brown Lucille May Grace Catherine D. Kimball J. Kelly Nix Ralph Perlman Charlie Smith 2012 Fred Baden Felix Edward Hébert E. L. Henry Jerry Huckaby Adras LaBorde Billy Montgomery 2013 Charles C. Barham Leonard J. Chabert Marty J. Chabert Norby Chabert George Dement Leonard R. "Pop" Hataway Angelo Roppolo Raymond Strother 2014 J. Marshall Brown John Bel Edwards John B. Fournet Richard P. "Dick" Guidry John S. Hunt II Rose McConnell Long Robert "Bob" Mann Harvey Peltier Jr. 2015 Peppi Bruneau Buddy Caldwell Juba Diez Noble Ellington John Maginnis Charles A. Marvin Scott family: Albin Provosty, Nauman Scott and Jock Scott 2016 Boysie Bollinger Randy K. Haynie Richard Ieyoub Sam Houston Jones John Mamoulides Braxton Moody III Kaliste Saloom Jr. 2017 Jim Beam Jimmy Dimos T. J. Jemison Maurice Mapes Dave Norris 2018 Avery Alexander Jay Dardenne Quentin Dastugue James Gill Charles D. Lancaster Jr. 2019 Raymond Blanco Marion Edwards Paul Hardy Ron Gomez Richard Zuschlag
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LASCBio-1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"American judgeCatherine D. (Kitty) Kimball (born February 7, 1945)[1] is the retired Chief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court.[2] She was also the first woman elected to the Louisiana Supreme Court, in 1992. Before that, in 1983, she was the first female judge in the 18th Judicial District.[3][4]","title":"Catherine D. Kimball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Bolton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_High_School_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"J.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._Hebert_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"Ventress, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventress,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LASCBio-1"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kimball was born in Alexandria, Louisiana, and is married to Clyde W. Kimball, a former Louisiana state representative and deputy secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. A graduate of Bolton High School in Alexandria, she received her J.D. from the Louisiana State University law school in 1970. She is currently a resident of Ventress, Louisiana.[1]Kimball had a stroke on January 10, 2010 and underwent post-stroke rehabilitation therapy at the Neuromedical Rehabilitation Hospital in Baton Rouge until her release on February 19, 2010.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Political_Museum_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Winnfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnfield,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"}],"text":"In 2011, Justice Kimball was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.Portals: Biography United States Politics Law Christianity","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of first women lawyers and judges in Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first_women_lawyers_and_judges_in_Maine"},{"title":"List of female state supreme court justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_state_supreme_court_justices"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa
List of non-marine molluscs of South Africa
["1 Freshwater gastropods","2 Land gastropods","3 Bivalves","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Freshwater and land species of the molluscan fauna of South Africa Location of South Africa The list of non-marine molluscs of South Africa is a list of freshwater and land species that form a part of the molluscan fauna of South Africa. Freshwater gastropods Ampullariidae Lanistes ovum Troschel, 1845 Pomatiopsidae Tomichia cawstoni Connolly, 1939 – endemic Tomichia natalensis Connolly, 1939 – endemic Tomichia rogersi (Connolly, 1929) – endemic Thiaridae Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1822) – non-indigenous Thiara amarula (Linnaeus, 1758) Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) Paludomidae Cleopatra ferruginea (Lea & Lea, 1850) Lymnaeidae Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817) – non-indigenous Radix natalensis (Krauss, 1848) Planorbidae Lentorbis carringtoni (de Azevedo et al., 1961) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010) Land gastropods Cyclophoridae Afrocyclus bhaca Cole, 2019 Afrocyclus exsertus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1903) Afrocyclus isipingoensis (Sturany, 1898) Afrocyclus oxygala Cole, 2019 Afrocyclus potteri Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus alabastris (Craven, 1880) Chondrocyclus amathole Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus bathrolophodes Connolly, 1929 Chondrocyclus convexiusculus (Pfeiffer, 1855) Chondrocyclus cooperae Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus devilliersi Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus herberti Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus kevincolei Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus langebergensis Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus pondoensis Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus pulcherrimus Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus putealis Connolly, 1939 Chondrocyclus silvicolus Cole, 2019 Chondrocyclus trifimbriatus Connolly, 1929 Cyathopoma chirindae (van Bruggen, 1986) Cyathopoma meredithae (van Bruggen, 1983) Succineidae Oxyloma patentissima (Pfeiffer, 1853) Veronicellidae Laevicaulis haroldi Dundee, 1980 – endemic Subulinidae Euonyma laeocochlis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896) Streptaxidae Gulella appletoni Bruggen, 1975 Gulella aprosdoketa Connolly, 1939 – endemic Gulella arnoldi (Sturany, 1898) Gulella bomvana Cole & Herbert, 2009 Gulella bruggeni Cole & Herbert, 2009 Gulella chi Burnup, 1926 Gulella claustralis Connolly, 1939 – endemic Gulella dejae Bursey & Herbert, 2004 Gulella farquhari (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1895) Gulella fraudator Connolly, 1939 Gulella hamerae Bursey & Herbert, 2004 Gulella hodgkinsonae Gulella incurvidens Bruggen, 1972 Gulella latimerae Bursey & Herbert 2004 Gulella mariae (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892) Gulella munita (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1893) Gulella ndibo Cole & Herbert, 2009 Gulella newmani Bursey & Herbert, 2004 Gulella peakei continentalis Bruggen, 1975 Gulella pentheri (Sturany, 1898) Gulella phyllisae Burnup, 1914 Gulella plantii – Plant's gulella snail, endemic Gulella pondoensis Connolly, 1939 Gulella puzeyi Connolly, 1939 – endemic Gulella salpinx Herbert, 2002 – endemic Gulella sylvia (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1903) Gulella tharfieldensis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1893) Gulella tietzae Cole & Herbert, 2009 Gulella wendalinae Bruggen, 1975 Bothriembryontidae Prestonella – the genus with 3 species is endemic to South Africa. Prestonella bowkeri (Sowerby, 1889) Prestonella nuptialis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1894) Prestonella quadingensis Connolly, 1929 Rhytididae Chlamydephorus bruggeni (L. Forcart, 1967) Chlamydephorus burnupi (Smith, 1892) Chlamydephorus dimidius (Watson, 1915) Chlamydephorus gibbonsi W.G. Binney, 1879 Chlamydephorus lawrencei (L. Forcart, 1963) Chlamydephorus parva (H. Watson, 1915) Chlamydephorus purcelli (Collinge, 1901) – Purcell's hunter slug, endemic Chlamydephorus sexangulus (H. Watson, 1915) Chlamydephorus watsoni (L. Forcart, 1967) Afrorhytida burseyae D.G. Herbert & A. Moussalli, 2010 Afrorhytida knysnaensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) Afrorhytida kraussi (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) Afrorhytida trimeni (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892) Capitina calcicola Herbert & Moussalli, 2010 Capitina schaerfiae (Pfeiffer, 1861) Nata aequiplicata Herbert & Moussali, 2016 Nata dumeticola Benson 1851 Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912) Nata vernicosa-erugata Nata watsoni Herbert & Moussali, 2016 Natalina beyrichi (Von Martens, 1890) – Pondoland cannibal snail, endemic Natalina cafra (Férussac, 1821) Natalina inhluzana (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1894) Natalina quekettiana (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1893) Natalina reenenensis Connolly, 1939 Natalina wesseliana Kobelt, 1876 – Tongaland cannibal snail, endemic Natella viridescens (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1891) Urocyclidae Kerkophorus ampliatus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) Kerkophorus bicolor Godwin-Austen, 1914 Kerkophorus cingulatus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890) Kerkophorus corneus (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) Kerkophorus inunctus (Connolly 1939) Kerkophorus knysnaensis (Pretson, 1912) Kerkophorus melvilli Godwin-Austen, 1912 Kerkophorus perfragilis Connolly, 1922 Kerkophorus perlevis (Preston, 1912) Kerkophorus piperatus-vittarubra Kerkophorus poeppigii (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) Kerkophorus pumilio (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1909) Kerkophorus phaedimus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892) Kerkophorus piperatus Herbert, 2017 Kerkophorus puzeyi (Connolly, 1939) Kerkophorus russofulgens (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1909) Kerkophorus scrobicolus Herbert, 2017 Kerkophorus terrestris Herbert, 2017 Kerkophorus vandenbroeckii (Craven, 1881) Kerkophorus vitalis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1908) Kerkophorus vittarubra Herbert, 2017 Kerkophorus zonamydrus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890) Microkerkus arnotti (Benson, 1864) Microkerkus burnupi (Godwin-Austen, 1914) Microkerkus chrysoprasinus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892) Microkerkus fuscicolor (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892) Microkerkus leucospira (L. Pfeiffer, 1857) Microkerkus maseruensis Connolly, 1929 Microkerkus pondoensis (Godwin-Austen, 1912) Microkerkus sibaya Herbert, 2017 Microkerkus symmetricus (Craven, 1881) Microkerkus transvaalensis (Craven, 1881) Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis Herbert 2016 Selatodryas luteosoma-roseosoma Selatodryas luteosoma Herbert, 2017 Selatodryas roseosoma Herbert, 2017 Sheldonia aloicola (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890) Sheldonia asthenes (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1907) Sheldonia caledonensis (Godwin-Austen, 1912) Sheldonia capsula (Benson, 1864) Sheldonia cotyledonis (Benson, 1850) Sheldonia crawfordi (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890) Sheldonia fingolandensis Herbert, 2017 Sheldonia hudsoniae (Benson, 1864) Sheldonia monsmaripi Herbert, 2016 Sheldonia natalensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) Sheldonia phytostylus (Benson, 1864) Sheldonia puzeyi (Connolly, 1939) Sheldonia transvaalensis (Craven, 1880) Sheldonia trotteriana (Benson, 1848) Sheldonia wolkbergensis (Herbert, 2016) Charopidae Trachycystis clifdeni Connolly, 1932 – endemic Trachycystis haygarthi (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) – endemic Trachycystis placenta (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) – endemic This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010) Bivalves This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010) See also List of marine molluscs of South Africa Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries: List of non-marine molluscs of Namibia List of non-marine molluscs of Botswana List of non-marine molluscs of Zimbabwe List of non-marine molluscs of Mozambique List of non-marine molluscs of Swaziland List of non-marine molluscs of Lesotho References ^ a b c d e f Appleton C. C., Forbes A. T.& Demetriades N. T. (2009). "The occurrence, bionomics and potential impacts of the invasive freshwater snail Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1822) (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in South Africa". Zoologische Mededelingen 83. http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a04 Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ Brown, D.S. 2000. Tomichia cawstoni. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ^ Brown D. S. (1996). Tomichia natalensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ^ Brown D. S. (1996). Tomichia rogersi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ^ Appleton C., Ghamizi M., Jørgensen A., Kristensen T. K., Stensgaard A-S. & Van Damme D. (2009). Lymnaea natalensis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 4 December 2010. ^ Appleton C., Darwall W., Kaunda E., Kristensen T. K., Mailosi A. & Stensgaard A-S. (2009). Lentorbis carringtoni. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 4 December 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Mary L. Cole (2019). "Revision of Chondrocyclus s.l. (Mollusca: Cyclophoridae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species". European Journal of Taxonomy 569: 1-92. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.569 ^ Oberholzer G. & Van Eeden J. A. (1967). "The freshwater molluscs of the Kruger National Park". Koedoe - African Protected Area Conservation and Science 10(1): 1–42. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v10i1.762, PDF. p. 26, Fig. 20. ^ van Bruggen A. C. & Appleton C. C. (1977). "Studies on the ecology and systematics of the terrestrial molluscs of the lake Sibaya area of Zululand, South Africa". Zoologische Verhandelingen 154: 3–48. pp. 21–23. PDF. ^ Herbert D. (2006). "Rediscovery of the type species of Euonyma (Subulinidae) and observations on South African species of Gulella (Streptaxidae), with description of two new species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata)". Journal of Natural History 40(17–18): 1063–1081. doi:10.1080/00222930600845218. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p M. L. Cole & D. G. Herbert (2009). "Description of four new species of Gulella Pfeiff er, 1856 from Eastern Cape, South Africa, with additional notes on two poorly known species (Mollusca: Eupulmonata: Streptaxidae)". Zool. Med. Leiden 83(6): 547-564. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p M. L. Bursey & D. G. Herbert (2004). "Four new narrow-range endemic species of Gulella from Eastern Cape, South Africa (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Streptaxidae)". African Invertebrates 45: 249-262. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Gulella plantii. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ^ Herbert D. G. (2004). Gulella puzeyi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ^ Herbert D. G. (2002). "Gulella salpinx sp. n., a new critical endangered holoendemic species from the limestone deposits of the Marble Delta, KwaZuluNatal, South Africa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Streptaxidae)". African Invertebrates 43: 125–138. abstract. ^ Breure B. (23 February 2008) "The extended family". Bram's Snail Site, accessed 7 April 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv Perera SJ, Herbert DG, Procheş Ş, Ramdhani S (2021) Land snail biogeography and endemism in south-eastern Africa: Implications for the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot. PLoS ONE 16(3): e0248040. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248040 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x David G. Herbert (2017). "A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s.l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy 309: 1-50. ^ Herbert D. G. (2004). Trachycystis clifdeni. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ^ Herbert D. G. (2004). Trachycystis haygarthi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. ^ Herbert D. G. (2004). Trachycystis placenta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. External links website of Dr. Dai Herbert with projects and publications Govender V. (2007). "Patterns of Distribution, Diversity and Endemism of Terrestrial Molluscs in South Africa". Thesis. School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal. 219 pp. PDF. de Kock K. N. & Wolmarans C. T. (1998). "A re-evaluation of the occurrence of freshwater molluscs in the Kruger National Park". Koedoe - African Protected Area Conservation and Science 45(1): . doi:10.4102/koedoe.v41i1.240, PDF. de Kock K. N., Wolmarans C. T. & du Preez L. H. (2002) "Freshwater mollusc diversity in the Kruger National Park: a comparison between a period of prolonged drought and a period of exceptionally high rainfall". Koedoe - African Protected Area Conservation and Science 45(2): 1–11. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v45i2.23, PDF. Wolmarans C. T. & de Kock K. N. (2006). "The current status of freshwater molluscs in the Kruger National Park". Koedoe - African Protected Area Conservation and Science 49(2): 39–44. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v49i2.122. PDF. vteBiodiversity of South Africa Afrotropical realm Marine biodiversity of South Africa Temperate Southern Africa Western Indo-Pacific Wildlife of South Africa National taxon checklistsPlants Conifers Cycads Hornworts Liverworts Lycophytes Mosses Pteridophytes Floweringplants Acorales Alismatales Apiales Apiaceae Aquifoliales Arecales Asparagales Asphodelaceae Hyacinthaceae Iridaceae Orchidaceae Asterales Asteraceae Boraginales Brassicales Bruniales Buxales Canellales Caryophyllales Aizoaceae Celastrales Ceratophyllales Commelinales Cornales Crossosomatales Cucurbitales Dioscoreales Dipsacales Ericales Escalloniales Fabales Fagales Gentianales Apocynaceae Rubiaceae Geraniales Gunnerales Huerteales Icacinales Lamiales Acanthaceae Lamiaceae Scrophulariaceae Laurales Liliales Magnoliales Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Malvales Myrtales Nymphaeales Oxalidales Pandanales Piperales Poales Poaceae Proteales Ranunculales Rosales Santalales Sapindales Saxifragales Solanales Vahliales Vitales Zingiberales Zygophyllales Animals Ascidians Bryozoans Comb jellies Echinoderms Nematodes Polychaetes Marine cnidarians Marine flatworms Sponges Tardigrades Arthropods Marine crustaceans Sea spiders Centipedes Millipedes Entognatha Arachnids Harvestmen Microwhip scorpions Pseudoscorpions Scorpions Shorttailed whipscorpions Solifugae Araneae Ixodida Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions Insects Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies Beetles Booklice, barklice and barkflies Butterflies and moths Caddisflies Cockroaches and termites Dragonflies and damselflies Earwigs Fleas Flies Jumping bristletails Lice Mantises Mayflies Net-winged insects Notoptera Orthoptera Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants Scorpionflies Silverfish and firebrats Stick and leaf insects Stoneflies Strepsiptera Termites Thrips True bugs Webspinners Molluscs Non-marine molluscs Marine molluscs Marine gastropods Marine heterobranch gastropods Vertebrates Amphibians Birds Freshwater fishes Marine fishes Marine bony fishes Marine spiny-finned fishes Marine Perciform fishes Mammals Reptiles Seaweeds Green seaweeds Brown seaweeds Red seaweeds Fungi A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Related List of bacteria of South Africa List of invasive species in South Africa List of invasive plant species in South Africa List of Oomycetes of South Africa List of slime moulds of South Africa List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes List of botanists by author abbreviation Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay Related: Timber trees of Gauteng Biodiversity hotspots and Centres of diversity Cape Floristic Region Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot Succulent Karoo Succulent Karoo Cape Floristic Region Griqualand West Centre Albany Centre Drakensberg Alpine Centre Soutpansberg Centre Wolkberg Centre Sekhukhuneland Centre Barberton Centre Maputaland-Pondoland Region Ecoregions List of ecoregions in South Africa Tropical and subtropicalmoist broadleaf forests Knysna–Amatole montane forests KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic Maputaland coastal forest mosaic Tropical and subtropical grasslands,savannas, and shrublands Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands Southern Africa bushveld Zambezian and mopane woodlands Montane grasslandsand shrublands Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests Highveld grasslands Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets Mediterranean forests,woodlands, and scrub Albany thickets Lowland fynbos and renosterveld Montane fynbos and renosterveld Deserts and xeric shrublands Kalahari xeric savanna Nama Karoo Succulent Karoo Tundra Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra Mangroves Southern Africa mangroves Marine ecoregions Agulhas ecoregion Benguela ecoregion Delagoa ecoregion Natal ecoregion Southeast Atlantic ecoregion Southwest Indian ecoregion Biomes and Vegetation classification List of vegetation types of South Africa Savanna Andesite Mountain Bushveld Aoub Duneveld Barberton Serpentine Sourveld Bhisho Thornveld Cathedral Mopane Bushveld Central Sandy Bushveld Delagoa Lowveld Dwaalboom Thornveld Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld Eastern Valley Bushveld Gabbro Grassy Bushveld Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld Gordonia Duneveld Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld Gordonia Plains Shrubland Granite Lowveld Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld Kathu Bushveld Kimberley Thornveld Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Thornveld Kuruman Vaalbosveld KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld Lebombo Summit Sourveld Legogote Sour Bushveld Limpopo Ridge Bushveld Limpopo Sweet Bushveld Loskop Mountain Bushveld Loskop Thornveld Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld Mafikeng Bushveld Makatini Clay Thicket Makhado Sweet Bushveld Makuleke Sandy Bushveld Malelane Mountain Bushveld Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld Marikana Thornveld Molopo Bushveld Moot Plains Bushveld Mopane Basalt Shrubland Mopane Gabbro Shrubland Musina Mopane Bushveld Ngongoni Veld Norite Koppies Bushveld Northern Lebombo Bushveld Northern Zululand Sourveld Nossob Bushveld Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld Polokwane Plateau Bushveld Postmasburg Thornveld Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld Roodeberg Bushveld Schmidtsdrif Thornveld Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld South Eastern Coastal Thornveld Southern Lebombo Bushveld Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld Springbokvlakte Thornveld Stella Bushveld Swaziland Sour Bushveld Tembe Sandy Bushveld Thukela Thornveld Thukela Valley Bushveld Tsende Mopaneveld Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld Tzaneen Sour Bushveld Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland VhaVenda Miombo Waterberg Mountain Bushveld Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld Western Sandy Bushveld Zeerust Thornveld Zululand Coastal Thornveld Zululand Lowveld Grassland Aliwal North Dry Grassland Amathole Mistbelt Grassland Amathole Montane Grassland Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland Barberton Montane Grassland Basotho Montane Shrubland Bedford Dry Grassland Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland Bloemfontein Dry Grassland Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Central Free State Grassland Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos East Griqualand Grassland Eastern Free State Clay Grassland Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland Eastern Highveld Grassland Egoli Granite Grassland Frankfort Highveld Grassland Income Sandy Grassland Ithala Quartzite Sourveld KaNgwane Montane Grassland Karoo Escarpment Grassland Klerksdorp Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld Leolo Summit Sourveld Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland Low Escarpment Moist Grassland Lydenburg Montane Grassland Lydenburg Thornveld Mabela Sandy Grassland Midlands Mistbelt Grassland Mooi River Highland Grassland Mthatha Moist Grassland Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld Northern Free State Shrubland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland Queenstown Thornveld Rand Highveld Grassland Sekhukhune Montane Grassland Senqu Montane Shrubland Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld Soweto Highveld Grassland Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland Stormberg Plateau Grassland Strydpoort Summit Sourveld Tarkastad Montane Shrubland Tsakane Clay Grassland Tsomo Grassland uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld Western Free State Clay Grassland Western Highveld Sandy Grassland Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland Winburg Grassy Shrubland Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland Woodbush Granite Grassland Xhariep Karroid Grassland Zastron Moist Grassland Fynbos Agulhas Limestone Fynbos Agulhas Sand Fynbos Albertinia Sand Fynbos Algoa Sandstone Fynbos Atlantis Sand Fynbos Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos Boland Granite Fynbos Breede Alluvium Fynbos Breede Quartzite Fynbos Breede Sand Fynbos Breede Shale Fynbos Canca Limestone Fynbos Cape Flats Sand Fynbos Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation De Hoop Limestone Fynbos Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Elgin Shale Fynbos Elim Ferricrete Fynbos Garden Route Granite Fynbos Garden Route Shale Fynbos Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos Greyton Shale Fynbos Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos Hangklip Sand Fynbos Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos Hopefield Sand Fynbos Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos Kango Conglomerate Fynbos Knysna Sand Fynbos Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos Kouga Sandstone Fynbos Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos Montagu Shale Fynbos Namaqualand Sand Fynbos North Hex Sandstone Fynbos North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Olifants Sandstone Fynbos Overberg Sandstone Fynbos Peninsula Granite Fynbos Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos Potberg Sandstone Fynbos Robertson Granite Fynbos South Hex Sandstone Fynbos South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Southern Cape Dune Fynbos Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Shale Fynbos Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Swartberg Shale Fynbos Swartland Alluvium Fynbos Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos Renosterveld Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld Breede Alluvium Renosterveld Breede Shale Renosterveld Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Ceres Shale Renosterveld Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld Kango Limestone Renosterveld Langkloof Shale Renosterveld Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld Montagu Shale Renosterveld Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld Peninsula Shale Renosterveld Robertson Granite Renosterveld Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld Swartberg Shale Renosterveld Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld Swartland Granite Renosterveld Swartland Shale Renosterveld Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld Uniondale Shale Renosterveld Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld SucculentKaroo Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld Agter-Sederberg Shrubland Anenous Plateau Shrubland Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland Citrusdal Vygieveld Die Plate Succulent Shrubland Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo Eastern Little Karoo Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland Hantam Karoo Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland Klawer Sandy Shrubland Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld Namaqualand Arid Grassland Namaqualand Blomveld Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld Namaqualand Inland Duneveld Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland Namaqualand Shale Shrubland Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland Namaqualand Strandveld Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland Prince Albert Succulent Karoo Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld Richtersveld Red Duneveld Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld Robertson Karoo Roggeveld Karoo Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Steytlerville Karoo Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland Tanqua Karoo Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland Western Bushmanland Klipveld Western Gwarrieveld Western Little Karoo Willowmore Gwarrieveld AlbanyThicketandStrandveld Albany Arid Thicket Albany Bontveld Albany Mesic Thicket Albany Valley Thicket Baviaans Valley Thicket Bethelsdorp Bontveld Blombos Strandveld Buffels Mesic Thicket Buffels Valley Thicket Cape Flats Dune Strandveld Crossroads Grassland Thicket Doubledrift Karroid Thicket Eastern Gwarrieveld Elands Forest Thicket Escarpment Arid Thicket Escarpment Mesic Thicket Escarpment Valley Thicket Fish Arid Thicket Fish Mesic Thicket Fish Valley Thicket Gamka Arid Thicket Gamka Valley Thicket Geluk Grassland Thicket Goukamma Dune Thicket Gouritz Valley Thicket Grahamstown Grassland Thicket Grassridge Bontveld Groot Brak Dune Strandveld Hamburg Dune Thicket Hartenbos Dune Thicket Kasouga Dune Thicket Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket Lambert's Bay Strandveld Langebaan Dune Strandveld Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket Motherwell Karroid Thicket Nanaga Savanna Thicket Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket Overberg Dune Strandveld Saldanha Flats Strandveld Saldanha Granite Strandveld Saldanha Limestone Strandveld Saltaire Karroid Thicket Sardinia Forest Thicket St Francis Dune Thicket Subtropical Dune Thicket Sundays Arid Thicket Sundays Mesic Thicket Sundays Valley Thicket Thorndale Forest Thicket Umtiza Forest Thicket Vanstadens Forest Thicket Western Gwarrieveld Willowmore Gwarrieveld NamaKarooanddesert Albany Broken Veld Blouputs Karroid Thornveld Bushmanland Arid Grassland Bushmanland Basin Shrubland Bushmanland Sandy Grassland Eastern Lower Karoo Eastern Upper Karoo Gamka Karoo Kalahari Karroid Shrubland Lower Gariep Broken Veld Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld Northern Upper Karoo Upper Karoo Hardeveld Western Upper Karoo Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld Eastern Gariep Plains Desert Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert Helskloof Canyon Desert Kahams Mountain Desert Kwaggarug Mountain Desert Namib Lichen Fields Noms Mountain Desert Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Richtersberg Mountain Desert Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Western Gariep Hills Desert Western Gariep Lowland Desert Western Gariep Plains Desert Azonal Albany Alluvial Vegetation Albany Dune Strandveld Algoa Dune Strandveld Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes Bushmanland Vloere Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes Cape Inland Salt Pans Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands Cape Seashore Vegetation Cape Vernal Pools Drakensberg Wetlands Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands Fynbos Riparian Vegetation Highveld Alluvial Vegetation Highveld Salt Pans Lesotho Mires Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation Muscadel Riviere Namaqualand Riviere Namaqualand Salt Pans Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation Namib Seashore Vegetation Southern Kalahari Mekgacha Southern Kalahari Salt Pans Southern Karoo Riviere Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation Subtropical Dune Thicket Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Subtropical Salt Pans Subtropical Seashore Vegetation Tanqua Wash Riviere Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation ForestandCoastalbelt KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt Maputaland Coastal Belt Maputaland Wooded Grassland Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld Transkei Coastal Belt Ironwood Dry Forest Lowveld Riverine Forest Mangrove Forest Northern Afrotemperate Forest Northern Coastal Forest Northern Mistbelt Forest Sand Forest Scarp Forest Southern Afrotemperate Forest Southern Coastal Forest Southern Mistbelt Forest Swamp Forest Subantarcticbiome Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation Subantarctic Fellfield Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation Subantarctic Mire Subantarctic Polar Desert not onVEGMAP List of forests of South Africa List of forests of the Eastern Cape Forests of KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest List of forests of the Western Cape Protected areas of South Africa Index of protected areas of South Africa SouthAfricanNationalParks Addo Elephant National Park Agulhas National Park Augrabies Falls National Park Bontebok National Park Camdeboo National Park Garden Route National Park Tsitsikamma National Park Wilderness National Park Golden Gate Highlands National Park Karoo National Park Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park Kruger National Park Mapungubwe National Park Marakele National Park Mokala National Park Mountain Zebra National Park Namaqua National Park Table Mountain National Park Tankwa Karoo National Park West Coast National Park ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park Biospherereserves Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve Kogelberg Nature Reserve Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve Waterberg Biosphere Marineprotectedareas ofSouthAfricaCoastal Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area Amathole Marine Protected Area Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area Bird Island Marine Protected Area De Hoop Marine Protected Area Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area Goukamma Marine Protected Area Helderberg Marine Protected Area Hluleka Marine Protected AreaI iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area Jutten Island Marine Protected Area Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area Malgas Island Marine Protected Area Marcus Island Marine Protected Area Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area Pondoland Marine Protected Area Robben Island Marine Protected Area Rocherpan Marine Protected Area Robberg Marine Protected Area Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area Stilbaai Marine Protected Area Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Trafalgar Marine Protected Area Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary Offshore Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area Childs Bank Marine Protected Area iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area Protea Banks Marine Protected Area Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area Managementorganisations CapeNature City of Cape Town Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries Department of Science and Innovation Eastern Cape Parks Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality South African National Parks Biodiversity research in SA Bolus Herbarium Iziko South African Museum National Research Foundation South African National Collection of Fungi Researchorganisations Animal Demography Unit BirdLife South Africa South African Association for Marine Biological Research South African Environmental Observation Network South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity South African National Biodiversity Institute Researchprojects African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme National Biodiversity Assessment National Vegetation Map Project Reef Atlas Project SeaKeys Citizen sciencedatabases iNaturalist iSpot Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum Botanicalgardens Durban Botanic Gardens Free State National Botanical Garden Garden Route Botanical Garden Hantam National Botanical Garden Harold Porter National Botanical Garden Johannesburg Botanical Garden Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden Lowveld National Botanical Garden Makana Botanical Gardens Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden North-West University Botanical Garden Pretoria National Botanical Garden Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden Taxonomists List of authors of South African botanical taxa List of authors of South African animal taxa Related Biodiversity Biosphere Ecotourism Encyclopedia of Life Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine protected area National park Nature conservation Nature reserve Scuba diving tourism South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative World Register of Marine Species World Wide Fund for Nature Regional biodiversity Biodiversity of Cape Town List of nature reserves in Cape Town Legislation Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003 Publications List of field guides to South African biota Categories: Biodiversity of South Africa Index
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationSouthAfrica.svg"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"fauna of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_South_Africa"}],"text":"Location of South AfricaThe list of non-marine molluscs of South Africa is a list of freshwater and land species that form a part of the molluscan fauna of South Africa.","title":"List of non-marine molluscs of South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ampullariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullariidae"},{"link_name":"Lanistes ovum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanistes_ovum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleton_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Pomatiopsidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomatiopsidae"},{"link_name":"Tomichia cawstoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomichia_cawstoni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tomichia natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomichia_natalensis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tomichia rogersi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomichia_rogersi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thiaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaridae"},{"link_name":"Tarebia granifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarebia_granifera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleton_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Thiara amarula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiara_amarula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleton_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Melanoides tuberculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoides_tuberculata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleton_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Paludomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paludomidae"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra ferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_ferruginea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleton_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Lymnaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymnaeidae"},{"link_name":"Pseudosuccinea columella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosuccinea_columella"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleton_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Radix natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_natalensis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Planorbidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planorbidae"},{"link_name":"Lentorbis carringtoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentorbis_carringtoni"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"AmpullariidaeLanistes ovum Troschel, 1845[1]PomatiopsidaeTomichia cawstoni Connolly, 1939 – endemic[2]\nTomichia natalensis Connolly, 1939 – endemic[3]\nTomichia rogersi (Connolly, 1929) – endemic[4]ThiaridaeTarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1822) – non-indigenous[1]\nThiara amarula (Linnaeus, 1758)[1]\nMelanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774)[1]PaludomidaeCleopatra ferruginea (Lea & Lea, 1850)[1]LymnaeidaePseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817) – non-indigenous[1]\nRadix natalensis (Krauss, 1848)[5]PlanorbidaeLentorbis carringtoni (de Azevedo et al., 1961)[6]","title":"Freshwater gastropods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyclophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophoridae"},{"link_name":"Afrocyclus bhaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrocyclus_bhaca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Afrocyclus exsertus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrocyclus_exsertus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Afrocyclus isipingoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrocyclus_isipingoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Afrocyclus oxygala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrocyclus_oxygala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Afrocyclus potteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrocyclus_potteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus alabastris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_alabastris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus amathole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_amathole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus bathrolophodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_bathrolophodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus convexiusculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_convexiusculus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus cooperae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_cooperae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus devilliersi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_devilliersi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus herberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_herberti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus kevincolei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_kevincolei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus langebergensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_langebergensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus pondoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_pondoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus pulcherrimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_pulcherrimus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus putealis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_putealis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus silvicolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_silvicolus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Chondrocyclus trifimbriatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrocyclus_trifimbriatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Cyathopoma chirindae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyathopoma_chirindae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Cyathopoma meredithae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyathopoma_meredithae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Succineidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succineidae"},{"link_name":"Oxyloma 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chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulella_chi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole&Herbert2009-11"},{"link_name":"Gulella claustralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulella_claustralis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bursey&Herbert2004-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole2019-7"},{"link_name":"Gulella dejae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulella_dejae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bursey&Herbert2004-12"},{"link_name":"Gulella farquhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulella_farquhari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole&Herbert2009-11"},{"link_name":"Gulella 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newmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulella_newmani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bursey&Herbert2004-12"},{"link_name":"Gulella peakei continentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulella_peakei_continentalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bursey&Herbert2004-12"},{"link_name":"Gulella pentheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulella_pentheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole&Herbert2009-11"},{"link_name":"Gulella phyllisae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulella_phyllisae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bursey&Herbert2004-12"},{"link_name":"Gulella 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bowkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonella_bowkeri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Prestonella nuptialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestonella_nuptialis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Prestonella quadingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prestonella_quadingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Rhytididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhytididae"},{"link_name":"Chlamydephorus bruggeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlamydephorus_bruggeni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Chlamydephorus burnupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydephorus_burnupi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Chlamydephorus dimidius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydephorus_dimidius"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Chlamydephorus gibbonsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlamydephorus_gibbonsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Chlamydephorus lawrencei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlamydephorus_lawrencei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Chlamydephorus 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burseyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrorhytida_burseyae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Afrorhytida knysnaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrorhytida_knysnaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Afrorhytida kraussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrorhytida_kraussi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Afrorhytida trimeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrorhytida_trimeni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Capitina 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tarachodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nata_tarachodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Nata vernicosa-erugata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nata_vernicosa-erugata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Nata watsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nata_watsoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Natalina beyrichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalina_beyrichi"},{"link_name":"Pondoland cannibal snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondoland_cannibal_snail"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bursey&Herbert2004-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole&Herbert2009-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Natalina cafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalina_cafra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Natalina inhluzana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalina_inhluzana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Natalina quekettiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalina_quekettiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Natalina reenenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalina_reenenensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Natalina wesseliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalina_wesseliana"},{"link_name":"Tongaland cannibal snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongaland_cannibal_snail"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Natella viridescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natella_viridescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Urocyclidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocyclidae"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus ampliatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_ampliatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_bicolor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus cingulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_cingulatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus corneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_corneus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus inunctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_inunctus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus knysnaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_knysnaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus melvilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_melvilli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus perfragilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_perfragilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus perlevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_perlevis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus piperatus-vittarubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_piperatus-vittarubra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus poeppigii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_poeppigii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus pumilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_pumilio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus phaedimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_phaedimus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus piperatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_piperatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus puzeyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_puzeyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus russofulgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_russofulgens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus scrobicolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_scrobicolus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus terrestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_terrestris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus vandenbroeckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_vandenbroeckii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus vitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_vitalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus vittarubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_vittarubra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"Kerkophorus zonamydrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerkophorus_zonamydrus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus arnotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_arnotti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus burnupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_burnupi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus chrysoprasinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_chrysoprasinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus fuscicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_fuscicolor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus leucospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_leucospira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus maseruensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_maseruensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus pondoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_pondoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus sibaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_sibaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus symmetricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_symmetricus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Microkerkus transvaalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microkerkus_transvaalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptilototheca_soutpansbergensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Selatodryas luteosoma-roseosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selatodryas_luteosoma-roseosoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Selatodryas luteosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selatodryas_luteosoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"Selatodryas roseosoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selatodryas_roseosoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia aloicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_aloicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia asthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_asthenes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia caledonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_caledonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia capsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_capsula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia cotyledonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_cotyledonis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia crawfordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_crawfordi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia fingolandensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_fingolandensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia hudsoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_hudsoniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia monsmaripi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_monsmaripi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_natalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia phytostylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_phytostylus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia puzeyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldonia_puzeyi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole&Herbert2009-11"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia transvaalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_transvaalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia trotteriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_trotteriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldonia wolkbergensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldonia_wolkbergensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herbert2017-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perera,Herbert,Proche%C5%9F&Ramdhani2021-17"},{"link_name":"Charopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charopidae"},{"link_name":"Trachycystis clifdeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachycystis_clifdeni"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Trachycystis haygarthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachycystis_haygarthi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Trachycystis placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachycystis_placenta"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"CyclophoridaeAfrocyclus bhaca Cole, 2019[7]\nAfrocyclus exsertus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1903)[7]\nAfrocyclus isipingoensis (Sturany, 1898)[7]\nAfrocyclus oxygala Cole, 2019[7]\nAfrocyclus potteri Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus alabastris (Craven, 1880)[7]\nChondrocyclus amathole Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus bathrolophodes Connolly, 1929[7]\nChondrocyclus convexiusculus (Pfeiffer, 1855)[7]\nChondrocyclus cooperae Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus devilliersi Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus herberti Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus kevincolei Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus langebergensis Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus pondoensis Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus pulcherrimus Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus putealis Connolly, 1939[7]\nChondrocyclus silvicolus Cole, 2019[7]\nChondrocyclus trifimbriatus Connolly, 1929[7]\nCyathopoma chirindae (van Bruggen, 1986)[7]\nCyathopoma meredithae (van Bruggen, 1983)[7]SuccineidaeOxyloma patentissima (Pfeiffer, 1853)[8][9]VeronicellidaeLaevicaulis haroldi Dundee, 1980 – endemicSubulinidaeEuonyma laeocochlis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896)[10]StreptaxidaeGulella appletoni Bruggen, 1975[11]\nGulella aprosdoketa Connolly, 1939 – endemic[12][11]\nGulella arnoldi (Sturany, 1898)[12]\nGulella bomvana Cole & Herbert, 2009[11]\nGulella bruggeni Cole & Herbert, 2009[11]\nGulella chi Burnup, 1926[11]\nGulella claustralis Connolly, 1939 – endemic[12][7]\nGulella dejae Bursey & Herbert, 2004[12]\nGulella farquhari (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1895)[11]\nGulella fraudator Connolly, 1939[11]\nGulella hamerae Bursey & Herbert, 2004[12]\nGulella hodgkinsonae[12]\nGulella incurvidens Bruggen, 1972[12]\nGulella latimerae Bursey & Herbert 2004[11][12]\nGulella mariae (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892)[11]\nGulella munita (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1893)[12]\nGulella ndibo Cole & Herbert, 2009[11]\nGulella newmani Bursey & Herbert, 2004[12]\nGulella peakei continentalis Bruggen, 1975[12]\nGulella pentheri (Sturany, 1898)[11]\nGulella phyllisae Burnup, 1914[12]\nGulella plantii – Plant's gulella snail, endemic[13]\nGulella pondoensis Connolly, 1939[12]\nGulella puzeyi Connolly, 1939 – endemic[14]\nGulella salpinx Herbert, 2002 – endemic[15][12]\nGulella sylvia (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1903)[11]\nGulella tharfieldensis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1893)[12]\nGulella tietzae Cole & Herbert, 2009[11]\nGulella wendalinae Bruggen, 1975[11]BothriembryontidaePrestonella – the genus with 3 species is endemic to South Africa.[16]\nPrestonella bowkeri (Sowerby, 1889)[17]\nPrestonella nuptialis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1894)[17]\nPrestonella quadingensis Connolly, 1929[17]RhytididaeChlamydephorus bruggeni (L. Forcart, 1967)[17]\nChlamydephorus burnupi (Smith, 1892)[17]\nChlamydephorus dimidius (Watson, 1915)[17]\nChlamydephorus gibbonsi W.G. Binney, 1879[17]\nChlamydephorus lawrencei (L. Forcart, 1963)[17]\nChlamydephorus parva (H. Watson, 1915)[17]\nChlamydephorus purcelli (Collinge, 1901) – Purcell's hunter slug, endemic[17]\nChlamydephorus sexangulus (H. Watson, 1915)[17]\nChlamydephorus watsoni (L. Forcart, 1967)[17]\nAfrorhytida burseyae D.G. Herbert & A. Moussalli, 2010[17]\nAfrorhytida knysnaensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1846)[17]\nAfrorhytida kraussi (L. Pfeiffer, 1846)[17]\nAfrorhytida trimeni (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892)[17]\nCapitina calcicola Herbert & Moussalli, 2010[17]\nCapitina schaerfiae (Pfeiffer, 1861)[17]\nNata aequiplicata Herbert & Moussali, 2016[17]\nNata dumeticola Benson 1851[17]\nNata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912)[17]\nNata vernicosa-erugata[17]\nNata watsoni Herbert & Moussali, 2016[17]\nNatalina beyrichi (Von Martens, 1890) – Pondoland cannibal snail, endemic[12][11][17]\nNatalina cafra (Férussac, 1821)[17]\nNatalina inhluzana (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1894)[17]\nNatalina quekettiana (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1893)[17]\nNatalina reenenensis Connolly, 1939[17]\nNatalina wesseliana Kobelt, 1876 – Tongaland cannibal snail, endemic[17]\nNatella viridescens (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1891)[17]UrocyclidaeKerkophorus ampliatus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899)[17]\nKerkophorus bicolor Godwin-Austen, 1914[17]\nKerkophorus cingulatus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890)[17]\nKerkophorus corneus (L. Pfeiffer, 1846)[17]\nKerkophorus inunctus (Connolly 1939)[18][17]\nKerkophorus knysnaensis (Pretson, 1912)[17]\nKerkophorus melvilli Godwin-Austen, 1912[17]\nKerkophorus perfragilis Connolly, 1922[17]\nKerkophorus perlevis (Preston, 1912)[17]\nKerkophorus piperatus-vittarubra[17]\nKerkophorus poeppigii (L. Pfeiffer, 1846)[17]\nKerkophorus pumilio (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1909)[17]\nKerkophorus phaedimus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892)[18]\nKerkophorus piperatus Herbert, 2017[18]\nKerkophorus puzeyi (Connolly, 1939)[18][17]\nKerkophorus russofulgens (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1909)[17]\nKerkophorus scrobicolus Herbert, 2017[18][17]\nKerkophorus terrestris Herbert, 2017[18][17]\nKerkophorus vandenbroeckii (Craven, 1881)[17]\nKerkophorus vitalis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1908)[18][17]\nKerkophorus vittarubra Herbert, 2017[18]\nKerkophorus zonamydrus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890)[17]\nMicrokerkus arnotti (Benson, 1864)[17]\nMicrokerkus burnupi (Godwin-Austen, 1914)[17]\nMicrokerkus chrysoprasinus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892)[17]\nMicrokerkus fuscicolor (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892)[17]\nMicrokerkus leucospira (L. Pfeiffer, 1857)[18][17]\nMicrokerkus maseruensis Connolly, 1929[17]\nMicrokerkus pondoensis (Godwin-Austen, 1912)[18][17]\nMicrokerkus sibaya Herbert, 2017[18][17]\nMicrokerkus symmetricus (Craven, 1881)[17]\nMicrokerkus transvaalensis (Craven, 1881)[17]\nPtilototheca soutpansbergensis Herbert 2016[17]\nSelatodryas luteosoma-roseosoma[17]\nSelatodryas luteosoma Herbert, 2017[18]\nSelatodryas roseosoma Herbert, 2017[18]\nSheldonia aloicola (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890)[18][17]\nSheldonia asthenes (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1907)[17]\nSheldonia caledonensis (Godwin-Austen, 1912)[17]\nSheldonia capsula (Benson, 1864)[18][17]\nSheldonia cotyledonis (Benson, 1850)[18][17]\nSheldonia crawfordi (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890)[18][17]\nSheldonia fingolandensis Herbert, 2017[18][17]\nSheldonia hudsoniae (Benson, 1864)[17]\nSheldonia monsmaripi Herbert, 2016[18][17]\nSheldonia natalensis (Pfeiffer, 1846)[18][17]\nSheldonia phytostylus (Benson, 1864)[18][17]\nSheldonia puzeyi (Connolly, 1939)[11]\nSheldonia transvaalensis (Craven, 1880)[18]\nSheldonia trotteriana (Benson, 1848)[18][17]\nSheldonia wolkbergensis (Herbert, 2016)[18][17]CharopidaeTrachycystis clifdeni Connolly, 1932 – endemic[19]\nTrachycystis haygarthi (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) – endemic[20]\nTrachycystis placenta (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) – endemic[21]","title":"Land gastropods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bivalves"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/LocationSouthAfrica.svg/300px-LocationSouthAfrica.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of marine molluscs of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"List of non-marine molluscs of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Namibia"},{"title":"List of non-marine molluscs of Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"List of non-marine molluscs of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Zimbabwe"},{"title":"List of non-marine molluscs of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Mozambique"},{"title":"List of non-marine molluscs of Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Swaziland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"List of non-marine molluscs of Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_forced_and_natural_convection
Combined forced and natural convection
["1 Characterization","2 Cases","2.1 Two-dimensional mixed convection with aiding flow","2.2 Two-dimensional mixed convection with opposing flow","2.3 Three-dimensional mixed convection","3 Calculation of total heat transfer","4 Applications","5 References"]
Type of heat transfer within a fluid In fluid thermodynamics, combined forced convection and natural convection, or mixed convection, occurs when natural convection and forced convection mechanisms act together to transfer heat. This is also defined as situations where both pressure forces and buoyant forces interact. How much each form of convection contributes to the heat transfer is largely determined by the flow, temperature, geometry, and orientation. The nature of the fluid is also influential, since the Grashof number increases in a fluid as temperature increases, but is maximized at some point for a gas. Characterization Mixed convection problems are characterized by the Grashof number (for the natural convection) and the Reynolds number (for the forced convection). The relative effect of buoyancy on mixed convection can be expressed through the Richardson number: R i = G r R e 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ri} ={\frac {\mathrm {Gr} }{\mathrm {Re} ^{2}}}} The respective length scales for each dimensionless number must be chosen depending on the problem, e.g. a vertical length for the Grashof number and a horizontal scale for the Reynolds number. Small Richardson numbers characterize a flow dominated by forced convection. Richardson numbers higher than R i ≈ 16 {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ri} \approx 16} indicate that the flow problem is pure natural convection and the influence of forced convection can be neglected. Like for natural convection, the nature of a mixed convection flow is highly dependent on heat transfer (as buoyancy is one of the driving mechanisms) and turbulence effects play a significant role. Cases Because of the wide range of variables, hundreds of papers have been published for experiments involving various types of fluids and geometries. This variety makes a comprehensive correlation difficult to obtain, and when it is, it is usually for very limited cases. Combined forced and natural convection, however, can be generally described in one of three ways. Two-dimensional mixed convection with aiding flow The first case is when natural convection aids forced convection. This is seen when the buoyant motion is in the same direction as the forced motion, thus accelerating the boundary layer and enhancing the heat transfer. Transition to turbulence, however, can be delayed. An example of this would be a fan blowing upward on a hot plate. Since heat naturally rises, the air being forced upward over the plate adds to the heat transfer. Two-dimensional mixed convection with opposing flow The second case is when natural convection acts in the opposite way of the forced convection. Consider a fan forcing air upward over a cold plate. In this case, the buoyant force of the cold air naturally causes it to fall, but the air being forced upward opposes this natural motion. Depending on the Richardson number, the boundary layer at the cold plate exhibits a lower velocity than the free stream, or even accelerates in the opposite direction. This second mixed convection case therefore experiences strong shear in the boundary layer and quickly transitions into a turbulent flow state. Three-dimensional mixed convection The third case is referred to as three-dimensional mixed convection. This flow occurs when the buoyant motion acts perpendicular to the forced motion. An example of this case is a hot, vertical flate plate with a horizontal flow, e.g. the surface of a solar thermal central receiver. While the free stream continues its motion along the imposed direction, the boundary layer at the plate accelerates in the upward direction. In this flow case, buoyancy plays a major role in the laminar-turbulent transition, while the imposed velocity can suppress turbulence (laminarization) Calculation of total heat transfer Simply adding or subtracting the heat transfer coefficients for forced and natural convection will yield inaccurate results for mixed convection. Also, as the influence of buoyancy on the heat transfer sometimes even exceeds the influence of the free stream, mixed convection should not be treated as pure forced convection. Consequently, problem-specific correlations are required. Experimental data has suggested that N u = ( N u f o r c e d n + N u n a t u r a l n ) 1 / n {\displaystyle \mathrm {Nu} =(\mathrm {Nu} _{\mathrm {forced} }^{n}+\mathrm {Nu} _{\mathrm {natural} }^{n})^{1/n}} can describe the area-averaged heat transfer. For the case of a large, vertical surface in a horizontal flow n = 3.2 {\displaystyle n=3.2} provided a best fit depending on the details of how N u f o r c e d {\displaystyle \mathrm {Nu} _{\mathrm {forced} }} is fitted. Applications Combined forced and natural convection is often seen in very-high-power-output devices where the forced convection is not enough to dissipate all of the heat necessary. At this point, combining natural convection with forced convection will often deliver the desired results. Examples of these processes are nuclear reactor technology and some aspects of electronic cooling. References ^ Sun, Hua; Ru Li; Eric Chenier; Guy Lauriat (2012). "On the modeling of aiding mixed convection in vertical channels" (PDF). International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 48 (7): 1125–1134. Bibcode:2012HMT....48.1125S. doi:10.1007/s00231-011-0964-8. ^ a b c Joye, Donald D.; Joseph P. Bushinsky; Paul E. Saylor (1989). "Mixed Convection Heat Transfer at High Grashof Number in a Vertical Tube". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 28 (12): 1899–1903. doi:10.1021/ie00096a025. ^ Sparrow, E.M.; Eichhorn, R.; Gregg, J.L. (1959). "Combined forced and free convection in a boundary layer flow". Physics of Fluids. 2 (3): 319–328. Bibcode:1959PhFl....2..319S. doi:10.1063/1.1705928. ^ a b Garbrecht, Oliver (August 23, 2017). "Large eddy simulation of three-dimensional mixed convection on a vertical plate" (PDF). RWTH Aachen University. ^ a b Cengal, Yunus A.; Afshin J. Ghajar (2007). Heat and Mass Transfer (4 ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 548–549. ISBN 978-0-07-339812-9. ^ Abedin, M.Z.; Tsuji, T.; Lee, J. (2012). "Effects of freestream on the characteristics of thermally-driven boundary layers along a heated vertical flat plate". International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 36: 92–100. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.03.003. ^ a b Siebers, D.L. (1983). Experimental mixed convection heat transfer from a large, vertical surface in a horizontal flow. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University. pp. 96–101.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fluid thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fluids"},{"link_name":"natural convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_convection"},{"link_name":"forced convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_convection"},{"link_name":"transfer heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"buoyant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vertical_Channels-1"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid"},{"link_name":"Grashof number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grashof_number"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mixed_Convection-2"}],"text":"In fluid thermodynamics, combined forced convection and natural convection, or mixed convection, occurs when natural convection and forced convection mechanisms act together to transfer heat. This is also defined as situations where both pressure forces and buoyant forces interact.[1] How much each form of convection contributes to the heat transfer is largely determined by the flow, temperature, geometry, and orientation. The nature of the fluid is also influential, since the Grashof number increases in a fluid as temperature increases, but is maximized at some point for a gas.[2]","title":"Combined forced and natural convection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grashof number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grashof_number"},{"link_name":"Reynolds number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number"},{"link_name":"Richardson number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_number"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparrow-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garbrecht-4"}],"text":"Mixed convection problems are characterized by the Grashof number (for the natural convection) and the Reynolds number (for the forced convection). The relative effect of buoyancy on mixed convection can be expressed through the Richardson number:R\n i\n \n =\n \n \n \n G\n r\n \n \n \n R\n e\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ri} ={\\frac {\\mathrm {Gr} }{\\mathrm {Re} ^{2}}}}The respective length scales for each dimensionless number must be chosen depending on the problem, e.g. a vertical length for the Grashof number and a horizontal scale for the Reynolds number. Small Richardson numbers characterize a flow dominated by forced convection. Richardson numbers higher than \n \n \n \n \n R\n i\n \n ≈\n 16\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ri} \\approx 16}\n \n indicate that the flow problem is pure natural convection and the influence of forced convection can be neglected.[3]Like for natural convection, the nature of a mixed convection flow is highly dependent on heat transfer (as buoyancy is one of the driving mechanisms) and turbulence effects play a significant role.[4]","title":"Characterization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)"},{"link_name":"experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mixed_Convection-2"}],"text":"Because of the wide range of variables, hundreds of papers have been published for experiments involving various types of fluids and geometries. This variety makes a comprehensive correlation difficult to obtain, and when it is, it is usually for very limited cases.[2] Combined forced and natural convection, however, can be generally described in one of three ways.","title":"Cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heat_Transfer-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abedin-6"}],"sub_title":"Two-dimensional mixed convection with aiding flow","text":"The first case is when natural convection aids forced convection. This is seen when the buoyant motion is in the same direction as the forced motion, thus accelerating the boundary layer and enhancing the heat transfer.[5] Transition to turbulence, however, can be delayed.[6] An example of this would be a fan blowing upward on a hot plate. Since heat naturally rises, the air being forced upward over the plate adds to the heat transfer.","title":"Cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heat_Transfer-5"}],"sub_title":"Two-dimensional mixed convection with opposing flow","text":"The second case is when natural convection acts in the opposite way of the forced convection. Consider a fan forcing air upward over a cold plate.[5] In this case, the buoyant force of the cold air naturally causes it to fall, but the air being forced upward opposes this natural motion. Depending on the Richardson number, the boundary layer at the cold plate exhibits a lower velocity than the free stream, or even accelerates in the opposite direction. This second mixed convection case therefore experiences strong shear in the boundary layer and quickly transitions into a turbulent flow state.","title":"Cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garbrecht-4"}],"sub_title":"Three-dimensional mixed convection","text":"The third case is referred to as three-dimensional mixed convection. This flow occurs when the buoyant motion acts perpendicular to the forced motion. An example of this case is a hot, vertical flate plate with a horizontal flow, e.g. the surface of a solar thermal central receiver. While the free stream continues its motion along the imposed direction, the boundary layer at the plate accelerates in the upward direction. In this flow case, buoyancy plays a major role in the laminar-turbulent transition, while the imposed velocity can suppress turbulence (laminarization)[4]","title":"Cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siebers-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siebers-7"}],"text":"Simply adding or subtracting the heat transfer coefficients for forced and natural convection will yield inaccurate results for mixed convection. Also, as the influence of buoyancy on the heat transfer sometimes even exceeds the influence of the free stream, mixed convection should not be treated as pure forced convection. Consequently, problem-specific correlations are required. Experimental data has suggested thatN\n u\n \n =\n (\n \n \n N\n u\n \n \n \n f\n o\n r\n c\n e\n d\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n +\n \n \n N\n u\n \n \n \n n\n a\n t\n u\n r\n a\n l\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Nu} =(\\mathrm {Nu} _{\\mathrm {forced} }^{n}+\\mathrm {Nu} _{\\mathrm {natural} }^{n})^{1/n}}can describe the area-averaged heat transfer.[7] For the case of a large, vertical surface in a horizontal flow \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 3.2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=3.2}\n \n provided a best fit depending on the details of how \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n u\n \n \n \n f\n o\n r\n c\n e\n d\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Nu} _{\\mathrm {forced} }}\n \n is fitted.[7]","title":"Calculation of total heat transfer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mixed_Convection-2"}],"text":"Combined forced and natural convection is often seen in very-high-power-output devices where the forced convection is not enough to dissipate all of the heat necessary. At this point, combining natural convection with forced convection will often deliver the desired results. Examples of these processes are nuclear reactor technology and some aspects of electronic cooling.[2]","title":"Applications"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reham_Yacoub
Reham Yacoub
["1 Assassination","1.1 Reactions","2 See also","3 References"]
Iraqi human rights advocate (1991–2020) Reham YacoubBorn1991Basra, Ba'athist IraqDied19 August 2020 (aged 29)Basra, IraqNationalityIraqiOccupation(s)Social activist, human rights advocate, doctor Reham Yacoub also known as Riham Yaqoob (Arabic: رهام يعقوب عزام) (1991 – 19 August 2020) was an Iraqi human rights advocate and doctor by profession who predominantly campaigned against human rights violations in Iraq and also served as a prominent figure protesting against the Government of Iraq during the Iraq protests since 2018. She also raised her voice and concern regarding youth employment, infrastructure and access to electricity. She was reportedly receiving death threats since 2018 for organising women's marches and ever since participating in the training courses supervised by the United States consulate in Basra. Assassination On 19 August 2020, she was shot dead by unidentified gunmen along the Al Tijari Street in the southern city of Iraq in Basra. Three others were said to have been injured when the gunmen on a motorcycle opened fire on their car while travelling, with the victim Reham Yacoub inside. According to Al Jazeera, the three others injured were all women, and one of them later also died from her injuries. Her murder showcased a serious major crackdown and growing violence against anti-government activists and protesters in Iraq. She was the second prominent activist from Basra to be assassinated after Tahseen Osama Al-Shahmani and was the third targeted attack by gunmen against anti-governmental activists in a week in Iraq. New waves of protests in Basra were staged by protesters in the wake of the murder of Reham. Reactions The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq and Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq, condemned and denounced the killing of the activist in an official statement. The UN envoy added that, "the full force of the law must be applied to find, apprehend and hold the perpetrators accountable, and to put an end to this cycle of violence." See also List of assassinations in Asia References ^ "Female Iraqi activist shot dead in Basra". BBC News. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Reham Yaqoub among three Iraqi activists killed in Basra". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Female protest leader gunned down in Iraq's Basra | The Star". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Female protest leader gunned down in Iraq's Basra". Reuters. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Iraq: Prominent female activist killed by unknown gunmen in Basra". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Female Protest Leader Gunned Down in Iraq's Basra". The New York Times. Reuters. 19 August 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Second Basra activist murdered in spate of attacks on Iraqi protesters". The National. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "UN condemns killing of 2 civil society activists in Iraq". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "Iraq: UN Mission condemns killings of activists in Basra". UN News. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
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[]
[{"title":"List of assassinations in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Asia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Elman_(mathematician)
Richard Elman (mathematician)
["1 Selected publications","2 References","3 External links"]
American mathematician Richard Steven Elman (born 21 March 1945) is an American mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, known for his work in algebra. He received his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley in 1972, under the supervision of Tsit Yuen Lam. He is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Among his collaborators are Nikita Karpenko and Alexander Merkurjev. Selected publications as editor with Murray M. Schacher and Veeravalli S. Varadarajan: Linear algebraic groups and their representations. Contemporary Mathematics (AMS). Vol. 153. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. 1993. ISBN 9780821851616. with Nikita Karpenko and Alexander Merkurjev: The algebraic and geometric theory of quadratic forms. Colloquium publications (AMS). Vol. 56. Providence, R. I.: American Mathematical Society. 2008. ISBN 9780821873229. References ^ The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Richard Elman, retrieved 2013-07-08. ^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2013-07-08. ^ Zaldivar, Felipe (9 November 2008). "Review of The Algebraic and Geometric Theory of Quadratic Forms by R. Elman, N. Karpenko, and A. Merkurjev". MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America. External links Faculty page at UCLA Photo at MFO Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef This article about an American mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermag
Paper (magazine)
["1 History","2 \"Break the Internet\"","3 Books","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Fashion magazine PaperNovember 2014 "Break the Internet" cover featuring Kim KardashianEditor-in-chiefJustin MoranFormer editorsMickey BoardmanDavid HershkovitsKim HastreiterCategoriesFashion, music, pop culture, artFrequencyQuarterlyFounderKim HastreiterDavid HershkovitsFounded1984Final issueSeptember 2020 (print)CompanyENTtech Media GroupCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York CityLanguageEnglishWebsitepapermag.comISSN1073-9122 Paper (also known as Paper Mag) is a New York City-based independent magazine focusing on fashion, popular culture, nightlife, music, art, and film. Initially produced monthly, the magazine eventually became a quarterly publication, and a digital version was made available online at papermag.com. In 2020, physical production of the magazine was paused following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The publication continued to create and release content online via its website. History Kim Hastreiter Co-founder of Paper magazine. Paper was founded in 1984 by Kim Hastreiter and David Hershkovits, former editors at the SoHo Weekly News, with help from Lucy Sisman and Richard Weigand. Beginning as a monthly print magazine in the form of a black and white 16-page fold-out, it has since transformed into a quarterly print and digital magazine. Past cover models include Kim Kardashian, Katy Perry, Miley Cyrus, Prince, CL, Kacey Musgraves, Jennifer Lopez, and BTS. In 2017, Hastreiter and Hershkovits sold the company to ENTtech Media Group, an entertainment technology company founded by former Condé Nast and Advanstar executive Tom Florio, and Drew Elliott, the Chief Creative Officer of Paper. Elliot left Paper in October 2019, to become the new Global Creative Director at MAC Cosmetics. In 2020, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, print production of the magazine was suspended. The final physical issue released was the Spring 2020 edition that featured Lady Gaga on the cover. Florio told WWD he was unsure when publication would resume, or if the company would continue with it at all, saying "Part of me is open enough to allow this thing to really roll out digitally and socially in the way where most people know Paper. Most people know Paper — like the kids, the Gen Z — through this social engagement. so terrible. I've never been in a situation where you couldn't ask more from people, but because of crazy life circumstances you have to make these decisions." The magazine's digital content was unaffected and continued to be published. Digital Director Justin Moran succeeded Elliot as editor-in-chief in July 2022. In April 2023, in the wake of reduced advertising revenues since the pandemic, the magazine's staff was laid off and editorial operations ceased. The company itself did not shut down, but was seeking alternative options to remain in operation. In September 2023, Paper resumed operations with Justin Moran returning as editor-in-chief after the publication was acquired by Street Media in June. "Break the Internet" "Break the Internet" redirects here. For the 2018 Disney film, see Ralph Breaks the Internet. In November 2014, Kim Kardashian was the cover star of the "Break the Internet" issue. Kardashian was interviewed by Paper contributor Amanda Fortini for the spread "No Filter: An Afternoon with Kim Kardashian". The photos for the issue were taken by Jean–Paul Goude. The shoot was a re-creation of Goude's "Champagne Incident", a series of photographs from his 1982 book Jungle Fever. The cover photo, as well as the rest of the spread, featured a fully nude Kardashian. The story received over 34 million unique page-views by December 2014, more than double the number of page-views Paper normally received annually, and went on to generate more than 70 million monthly unique visitors to the website. Books Hastreiter and Hershkovits co-authored two books under the company's label. The first of the pair, published by Paper Publishing Company in association with Distributed Art Publishers in 1999, was titled From AbFab to Zen: Paper's Guide to Pop Culture, and had photography from John Waters. The second, titled 20 Years of Style: The World According to Paper, was published by HarperCollins in 2004 and featured writing from Michael Musto, John Waters, Isaac Mizrahi, Pedro Almodovar, Todd Oldham, Patrick McMullan, and Anna Sui. Notes ^ joint cover with Jeremy Scott References ^ "Mickey Boardman | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry". The Business of Fashion. September 22, 2015. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Aschenbrand, Periel (May 5, 2017). "The Chosen Ones: An Interview With PAPER Magazine Founder David Hershkovits". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Trebay, Guy (April 7, 2010). "Profile of Kim Hastreiter of Paper Magazine | Paper Magazine Editor Is Powerful, but No Power Snob". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ a b Fernandez, Chantal (November 8, 2017). "Paper Magazine Acquired by Tom Florio's New Media Group". The Business of Fashion. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Spedding, Emma (April 18, 2016). "The man behind Kim Kardashian's Paper Magazine cover on how to break the internet". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ Nied, Mike (February 8, 2019). "Katy Perry Goes Avant-Garde On The Cover Of 'Paper' Magazine". Idolator. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Waxman, Olivia B. (June 8, 2015). "Miley Cyrus and Pet Pig 'Bubba Sue' Pose Nude for Cover of Paper Magazine". Time. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ Coleman, Beth (1999). "Artist 2000: Prince & The Revelation". Paper (15th Anniversary Issue). New York: Paper Publishing Company (published June 1, 1999). p. 68. ^ Ko, Ji-seon (August 27, 2015). "CL makes cover of U.S. Paper magazine". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Magnocavallo, Fabio (September 4, 2019). "Kacey Musgraves Poses In Just A Bra For 'Paper' Magazine". Inquisitr. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Kratofil, Colleen (August 21, 2017). "Jennifer Lopez and Mariah Carey Are All Out Vegas Show Girls in Sexy New Paper Magazine Shoot". People. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Benjamin, Jeff (November 19, 2019). "BTS Star In Paper Magazine's 'Break The Internet' Issue For A Cover That Captures Their Phenomenal Impact". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2020. ^ "Tom Florio | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry". The Business of Fashion. May 1, 2019. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ "Drew Elliott | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry". The Business of Fashion. May 28, 2019. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Bauck, Whitney (October 11, 2019). "Editor-in-Chief Drew Elliott Leaves 'Paper' to Become Global Creative Director of MAC Cosmetics". Fashionista. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022. ^ a b Hopkins, Kathryn (May 7, 2020). "Paper Cuts: The Iconic Magazine Is on Hiatus". WWD. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2021. ^ Guthrie, Marisa (July 18, 2022). "EXCLUSIVE: Justin Moran Named Editor in Chief of Paper Magazine". WWD. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022. ^ Stenberg, Mark (April 26, 2023). "Paper Magazine Lays Off Staff Due to Economic Headwinds". Adweek. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2023. ^ Fraser, Kristopher (September 5, 2023). "EXCLUSIVE: Paper Magazine Resumes Operations With Justin Moran Returning as Editor in Chief". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved September 6, 2023. ^ Duboff, Josh (November 12, 2014). "Kim Kardashian "Breaks the Internet" with Nude Magazine Cover". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ Cardiner, Brock (November 13, 2014). "Kim Kardashian Goes Fully Nude for 'PAPERMAG' Winter 2014". Highsnobiety. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Pasori, Cedar (November 12, 2014). "These Are the Original Jean-Paul Goude Images That Inspired Kim Kardashian's Paper Magazine Cover". Complex. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Thompson, Elizabeth (December 31, 2014). "The 10 Most Popular Stories of the Year on Papermag.com". Paper Mag. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ Hastreiter, Kim; Hershkovits, David (1999). From AbFab to Zen: Paper's Guide to Pop Culture. New York: Paper Publishing Company & D.A.P. Distributed Art Publishers (published September 2, 1999). ISBN 978-1891024047. ^ Hastreiter, Kim; Hershkovits, David; Musto, Michael; Waters, John; Mizrahi, Isaac; Almodovar, Pedro; Oldham, Todd; Mcmullan, Patrick; Sui, Anna (2004). 20 Years of Style: The World According to Paper. New York: HarperCollins (published September 7, 2004). ISBN 978-0060723026. External links Look up break the Internet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Official website Media related to Paper (magazine) at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"Paper (also known as Paper Mag) is a New York City-based independent magazine focusing on fashion, popular culture, nightlife, music, art, and film. Initially produced monthly, the magazine eventually became a quarterly publication, and a digital version was made available online at papermag.com.In 2020, physical production of the magazine was paused following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The publication continued to create and release content online via its website.","title":"Paper (magazine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kim_Hastreiter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kim Hastreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hastreiter"},{"link_name":"David Hershkovits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hershkovits"},{"link_name":"SoHo Weekly News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoHo_Weekly_News"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandez-4"},{"link_name":"Kim Kardashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kardashian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Miley Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CL_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kacey Musgraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Condé Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Drew Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chief Creative Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Creative_Officer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandez-4"},{"link_name":"MAC Cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fashionista-16"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"WWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWD-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Kim Hastreiter Co-founder of Paper magazine.Paper was founded in 1984 by Kim Hastreiter and David Hershkovits, former editors at the SoHo Weekly News, with help from Lucy Sisman and Richard Weigand. Beginning as a monthly print magazine in the form of a black and white 16-page fold-out, it has since transformed into a quarterly print and digital magazine.[4]Past cover models include Kim Kardashian,[5] Katy Perry,[6] Miley Cyrus,[7] Prince,[8] CL,[a] Kacey Musgraves,[10] Jennifer Lopez,[11] and BTS.[12]In 2017, Hastreiter and Hershkovits sold the company to ENTtech Media Group, an entertainment technology company founded by former Condé Nast and Advanstar executive Tom Florio,[13] and Drew Elliott,[14] the Chief Creative Officer of Paper.[4] Elliot left Paper in October 2019, to become the new Global Creative Director at MAC Cosmetics.[15]In 2020, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, print production of the magazine was suspended. The final physical issue released was the Spring 2020 edition that featured Lady Gaga on the cover. Florio told WWD he was unsure when publication would resume, or if the company would continue with it at all, saying \"Part of me is open enough to allow this thing to really roll out digitally and socially in the way where most people know Paper. Most people know Paper — like the kids, the Gen Z — through this social engagement. [Layoffs are] so terrible. I've never been in a situation where you couldn't ask more from people, but because of crazy life circumstances you have to make these decisions.\"[16] The magazine's digital content was unaffected and continued to be published.Digital Director Justin Moran succeeded Elliot as editor-in-chief in July 2022.[17]In April 2023, in the wake of reduced advertising revenues since the pandemic, the magazine's staff was laid off and editorial operations ceased. The company itself did not shut down, but was seeking alternative options to remain in operation.[18] In September 2023, Paper resumed operations with Justin Moran returning as editor-in-chief after the publication was acquired by Street Media in June.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Breaks the Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Breaks_the_Internet"},{"link_name":"Kim Kardashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kardashian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jean–Paul Goude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWD-17"}],"text":"\"Break the Internet\" redirects here. For the 2018 Disney film, see Ralph Breaks the Internet.In November 2014, Kim Kardashian was the cover star of the \"Break the Internet\" issue. Kardashian was interviewed by Paper contributor Amanda Fortini for the spread \"No Filter: An Afternoon with Kim Kardashian\".[20] The photos for the issue were taken by Jean–Paul Goude.[21] The shoot was a re-creation of Goude's \"Champagne Incident\", a series of photographs from his 1982 book Jungle Fever.[22] The cover photo, as well as the rest of the spread, featured a fully nude Kardashian.The story received over 34 million unique page-views by December 2014, more than double the number of page-views Paper normally received annually,[23] and went on to generate more than 70 million monthly unique visitors to the website.[16]","title":"\"Break the Internet\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Distributed Art Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Art_Publishers"},{"link_name":"John Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waters"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"Michael Musto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Musto"},{"link_name":"John Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waters"},{"link_name":"Isaac Mizrahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi"},{"link_name":"Pedro Almodovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var"},{"link_name":"Todd Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Patrick McMullan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McMullan"},{"link_name":"Anna Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sui"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Hastreiter and Hershkovits co-authored two books under the company's label. The first of the pair, published by Paper Publishing Company in association with Distributed Art Publishers in 1999, was titled From AbFab to Zen: Paper's Guide to Pop Culture, and had photography from John Waters.[24] The second, titled 20 Years of Style: The World According to Paper, was published by HarperCollins in 2004 and featured writing from Michael Musto, John Waters, Isaac Mizrahi, Pedro Almodovar, Todd Oldham, Patrick McMullan, and Anna Sui.[25]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Scott"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"^ joint cover with Jeremy Scott[9]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Kim Hastreiter Co-founder of Paper magazine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kim_Hastreiter.jpg/150px-Kim_Hastreiter.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mickey Boardman | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry\". The Business of Fashion. September 22, 2015. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/mickey-boardman","url_text":"\"Mickey Boardman | BoF 500 | The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181205014136/https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/mickey-boardman","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aschenbrand, Periel (May 5, 2017). \"The Chosen Ones: An Interview With PAPER Magazine Founder David Hershkovits\". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. 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Retrieved December 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220719203201/https://wwd.com/business-news/media/exclusive-justin-moran-editor-in-chief-paper-magazine-1235255521/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Justin Moran Named Editor in Chief of Paper Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily","url_text":"WWD"},{"url":"https://wwd.com/business-news/media/exclusive-justin-moran-editor-in-chief-paper-magazine-1235255521/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stenberg, Mark (April 26, 2023). \"Paper Magazine Lays Off Staff Due to Economic Headwinds\". Adweek. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/media/paper-magazine-lays-off-staff/","url_text":"\"Paper Magazine Lays Off Staff Due to Economic Headwinds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adweek","url_text":"Adweek"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230426200813/https://www.adweek.com/media/paper-magazine-lays-off-staff/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Kristopher (September 5, 2023). \"EXCLUSIVE: Paper Magazine Resumes Operations With Justin Moran Returning as Editor in Chief\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved September 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/pop-culture/culture-news/paper-magazine-relaunch-justin-moran-1235786387/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Paper Magazine Resumes Operations With Justin Moran Returning as Editor in Chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily","url_text":"Women's Wear Daily"}]},{"reference":"Duboff, Josh (November 12, 2014). \"Kim Kardashian \"Breaks the Internet\" with Nude Magazine Cover\". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/11/kim-kardashian-paper-magazine-nude-covers","url_text":"\"Kim Kardashian \"Breaks the Internet\" with Nude Magazine Cover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212065044/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/11/kim-kardashian-paper-magazine-nude-covers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cardiner, Brock (November 13, 2014). \"Kim Kardashian Goes Fully Nude for 'PAPERMAG' Winter 2014\". Highsnobiety. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/11/13/kim-kardashian-full-nude-papermag/","url_text":"\"Kim Kardashian Goes Fully Nude for 'PAPERMAG' Winter 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highsnobiety","url_text":"Highsnobiety"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190905143200/https://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/11/13/kim-kardashian-full-nude-papermag/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pasori, Cedar (November 12, 2014). \"These Are the Original Jean-Paul Goude Images That Inspired Kim Kardashian's Paper Magazine Cover\". Complex. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. 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Retrieved January 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150103213210/http://www.papermag.com/2014/12/the_10_biggest_paper_stories_of_2014.php","url_text":"\"The 10 Most Popular Stories of the Year on Papermag.com\""},{"url":"http://www.papermag.com/2014/12/the_10_biggest_paper_stories_of_2014.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hastreiter, Kim; Hershkovits, David (1999). From AbFab to Zen: Paper's Guide to Pop Culture. New York: Paper Publishing Company & D.A.P. Distributed Art Publishers (published September 2, 1999). ISBN 978-1891024047.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromabfabtozenpa0000unse","url_text":"From AbFab to Zen: Paper's Guide to Pop Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Art_Publishers","url_text":"D.A.P. Distributed Art Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1891024047","url_text":"978-1891024047"}]},{"reference":"Hastreiter, Kim; Hershkovits, David; Musto, Michael; Waters, John; Mizrahi, Isaac; Almodovar, Pedro; Oldham, Todd; Mcmullan, Patrick; Sui, Anna (2004). 20 Years of Style: The World According to Paper. New York: HarperCollins (published September 7, 2004). ISBN 978-0060723026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060723026","url_text":"978-0060723026"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_C%C3%A2rlom%C4%83ne%C8%99ti
Dacian fortress of Cârlomănești
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 45°13′N 26°41′E / 45.22°N 26.68°E / 45.22; 26.68Dacian fortress of CârlomăneștiShown within RomaniaLocationCârlomăneşti , Buzău, RomaniaCoordinates45°13′N 26°41′E / 45.22°N 26.68°E / 45.22; 26.68Site notesConditionRuined Monument istoricReference no.BZ-I-m-A-02212.01 It was a Dacian fortified town. References ^ "National Register of Historic Monuments in Romania, Buzău County" (PDF). www.inmi.ro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012. vteAncient Dacian cities and/or fortresses Acidava Acmonia Aedava Aiadava Aizis Amutria Apulon Arcina Arcobadara Argedava Argidava (Arcidava) Arutela Berzobis Bregedava Brucla Buricodava Buridava Buteridava Capidava Carsidava Clepidava Cumidava Danedevae Dausdava Desudaba Diacum Dierna Dinogetia Docidava Drobeta Egeta Gatae Genucla Germisara Gildava Giridava Itadava Keiladeva Klepidaua Kuimedaba Malva (Romula) Marcodava Murideva Napoca Nentidava Oescus Patridava Patruissa Pelendava Perburidava Petrodava Pinon Piroboridava Polondava Potaissa Pulpudeva Quemedava Ramidava Ratiaria Recidava Romboses Rusidava Sacidava Sagadava Sandava Sangidaua Sarmizegetusa Regia Scaidava Setidava Singidava Sucidava Sucidava, Moesia Susudava Sykidaba Tamasidava Tapae Thermidava Tibiscum Tirista Tsierna Tyrida Utidava Zaldapa Zargidava Zeugma Zidava Zikideva Zimnicea Ziridava Zisnudeva Zucidaua Zurobara Zusidava Cities/fortresses with unknown names Aghireșu Ardan Ardeu Arpașu de Sus Augustin Băile Tușnad Băleni-Români Bănița Bâzdâna Beidaud Bocșa Boroșneu Mic Boșorod Botfei Breaza Bretea Mureșană Bucium Căpâlna Cernat Cetățeni Cioclovina Clopotiva "Costești-Blidaru" "Costești-Cetățuie" Cotnari Coțofenii din Dos Covasna Cozia Crăsanii de Jos Crivești Crizbav Cuciulata "Cucuiș - Dealul Golu" "Cucuiș - Vârful Berianului" Cugir Cârlomănești Dalboșeț Densuș Divici Drajna de Sus Dumitrița Eliseni Feldioara "Fețele Albe" Grădiștea de Munte Iedera de Jos Feleac Jigodin Liubcova Mala Kopania Marca Mataraua Merești Moinești Monariu Monor Moșna Ocolișu Mic Odorheiu Secuiesc Olteni Orăștie Mountains Petrila Petroșani "Piatra Roșie" Pietroasa Mică Pinticu Pisculești Poiana cu Cetate Polovragi Ponor Popești (Călărași) Porumbenii Mari Praid Racoș Racu Radovanu - Gorgana I Radovanu - Jidovescu Roadeș Rovinari Rușor Sacalasău Satu Mare (Harghita) Satu Nou Sânzieni Seimeni Socol Sprâncenata Stâncești Stoina Șeica Mică Tășad Telița Teliu Tilișca Timișu de Jos Turia Unip Uroi Valea Seacă Viișoara Moșneni Zemplín Zetea Dacia Maps on Commons Dacian fortresses, settlements, sanctuaries and tombs (Google Earth Community post) vteDaciaTribes (List) Aedi Albocenses Anartes Apuli Biephi Bessi/Bessoi Burs (Dacia) Carpi Ciaginsi Clariae Costoboci Crobidae Daci Getae Moesi Peukini Piephigi Potulatenses Predasenses Rhadacenses Saldenses Scaugdae Senses Suci Terizi Teurisci Trixae Tyragetae Troglodytae Kings Coson Cothelas Dromichaetes Moskon Oroles Rhemaxos Rubobostes Zalmodegicus Dacian nucleus in Transylvania1 Burebista (82/61–44 BC) Deceneus (44 BC–???) Comosicus (9 BC(?)–30s AD) Scorilo (c. 30s–70 AD) Duras (c. 69–87 AD) Decebalus (87–106 AD) Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia1 Cotiso (c. 40–c. 9 BC) Dacian kingdom of Dobruja1 Dapyx (1st-century BC) Rholes Zyraxes Dacian kingdom of Wallachia andsouthern Moldavia and Transylvania1 Dicomes Culture andcivilizationArtifacts Coinage Art, jewellery, treasures, tools bracelets Clothing Language Belagines Words of possible Dacian origin Dacian plant names Dacian names Dacian script Sinaia lead plates Daco-Thracian Thracian language Thraco-Illyrian ReligionDeities Bendis Deceneus Derzelas Dionysus Gebeleizis Kotys Pleistoros Sabazios Semele Seirenes Silenus Zalmoxis Dacian Draco Kogaionon Settlements andFortresses Sarmizegetusa Argidava Buridava Cumidava Piroboridava Sucidava Davae Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains Murus Dacicus Foreignrelations Greeks Celts Germanic tribes Romans Warfare Falx Sica Thracian warfare Wars with theRoman EmpireDomitian First Battle of Tapae Trajan First War Second Battle of Tapae Battle of Adamclisi Second War Battle of Sarmizegetusa Roman Dacia / Free Dacians Dacia Traiana Moesia Scythia Minor Dacia Aureliana Diocese of Dacia Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Trajan Bridge Column Towns and cities Castra Limes Alutanus Moesiae Porolissensis Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes) Transalutanus Trajan's Wall Brazda lui Novac Culture Daco-Roman Thraco-Roman Eastern Romance substratum Research Archaeology sites in Romania Books Dacianism Dacology Thracology Category Commons WikiProject 1 Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state This Dacia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to archaeology in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hawtrey_(stage_actor)
Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1858)
["1 Early life","2 Actor-manager","3 Personal life","4 Last years and posterity","5 Notes and references","6 Sources","7 External links"]
British actor and producer For the later actor, see Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914). Charles Hawtrey in Money (1911) Cartoon in Punch, 25 August 1920, showing Hawtrey accompanying Joan Barry Sir Charles Henry Hawtrey (21 September 1858 – 30 July 1923) was an English actor, director, producer and manager. He pursued a successful career as an actor-manager, specialising in debonair, often disreputable, parts in popular comedies. He occasionally played in Sheridan and other classics, but was generally associated with new works by writers including Oscar Wilde and Somerset Maugham. Born to a long-established county family, Hawtrey was one of three of his parents' five sons to pursue a theatrical career. Before going on the stage he had considered joining the army, but failed to apply himself to the necessary studies to qualify for a commission. Once established as an actor he quickly took on the additional role of a manager, boosted by an early success with his own adaptation of a German farce presented in London as The Private Secretary, which made his fortune. A lifelong gambler, both with theatrical productions and on horseracing, to which he was addicted, he was bankrupted several times during his career. Regarded as Britain's leading comedy actor of his generation, Hawtrey was mentor and role model to younger actors including Noël Coward. Towards the end of his career Hawtrey starred in a handful of silent movies. Early life Charles Hawtrey, 1907 Hawtrey was born at Slough and educated at Eton College, the fifth son and eighth of the ten children of the Rev. John William Hawtrey and his first wife, Frances Mary Anne, née Procter. The Hawtrey family had a long association with Eton; at the time of Hawtrey's birth his father was a housemaster there, and a cousin, Edward Craven Hawtrey, was Provost. At the age of eight Hawtrey entered the lower school of the college. Three years later John Hawtrey left Eton to found St Michael's School, Slough; Hawtrey was educated there from 1869 to 1872, when he returned to Eton for a year, before moving to Rugby. As a schoolboy he became known as "a sportsman of dash and endurance". At the age of fourteen he became a keen follower of horse-racing, a lifelong obsession that continually disrupted his finances. He commented that his first encounter with racing was "a fatal day for me. I had one bet and lost half-a-crown, and I have been trying for fifty years to win it back." From Rugby, Hawtrey went briefly to a crammer in London, to study for a career in the army, but soon abandoned the idea. He worked as a private tutor from 1876 to 1879 and then he began his theatrical career. It started badly: he broke his collar-bone while playing football and had to withdraw from the cast before the opening night. In February 1881 he matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford, but withdrew in October, having been cast in the supporting role of Edward Langton in F. C. Burnand's The Colonel at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, London. Uncertain of success, he temporarily adopted the stage name Charles Bankes. He was well received in the play, and was given valuable lessons in stagecraft from the producer: He taught me a great many elementary rules which were most helpful – such as the actions of my hands and arms, walking on the stage, holding myself as easily as I could, and above all things he would never let me put my hands in my pockets. Of course my hands always felt like two great hams and I never knew what to do with them, but I found that eventually I forgot all about them and then they behaved naturally! Actor-manager In early 1882 Hawtrey played Jack Merryweather in The Marble Arch, which starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Later in that year he toured in The Colonel in a cast headed by Charles Collette. Two of Hawtrey's brothers, William and George (father of the economist Ralph Hawtrey), had also become actors, and in early 1883, Charles and William led a small touring company to towns in south-east England. Hawtrey in what the Illustrated London News called "essentially a Charles Hawtrey part", in Inconstant George (1910) In 1884 Hawtrey had a huge success in London presenting his own adaptation of a German farce by Gustav von Moser, Der Bibliothekar, rewritten as The Private Secretary with the action moved to an English setting. It opened in March to disparaging reviews and at first played to small audiences, but Hawtrey persisted and further rewrote the play. It moved from the Prince's to the Globe Theatre, the principal roles were recast (with Hawtrey playing the crusty old Cattermole), and in the words of The Manchester Guardian "the audiences steadily laughed it into a success." The production ran for 785 performances, and Hawtrey made £123,000 from it – an enormous sum for those days. The play was revived in London eight times during his life. Hawtrey pursued a career as an actor-manager, making a speciality of suave, sometimes immoral, but likable characters. His managerial career was chequered: great successes were often followed by expensive failures, and he was bankrupt several times. He was in charge over the years at eighteen London theatres – including the Globe until 1887 and two spells at the Comedy Theatre, 1887–93 and 1896–98. He staged, "with great attention to detail", about a hundred plays. His biographers H H Child and Michael Read list his most celebrated productions as two more adaptations from Moser (The Pickpocket, 1886, adapted by George Hawtrey, and The Arabian Nights, 1887, by Sydney Grundy); Jane (1890) by Harry Nicholls and William Lestocq; One Summer's Day (1897) by H. V. Esmond; Lord and Lady Algy (1898) by R. C. Carton co-starring with the author's wife, Katherine Compton; A Message from Mars (1899) by Richard Ganthony; The Man from Blankley's (1906) by F. Anstey; and Ambrose Applejohn's Adventure (1921) by Walter Hackett, in which Hawtrey played two roles: a respectable modern man and his disreputable ancestor. Hawtrey's career was long enough to allow him to create leading roles in plays by Oscar Wilde in the 1890s and Somerset Maugham after the First World War – he was Wilde's Lord Goring in An Ideal Husband (1895) and William in Maugham's Home and Beauty (1919). In between his successes he went bankrupt several times, and on one occasion discharged his debts by successfully gambling at baccarat. After the war Hawtrey appeared occasionally in silent films: A Message From Mars (1913) as Horace Parker, Honeymoon for Three (1915) as Prince Ferdinand, and Masks and Faces (1918) with George Alexander, George Bernard Shaw and J. M. Barrie. Poster from a performance of Hawtrey's The Private Secretary at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh in 1886 Hawtrey was generous in fostering talent. Among the young actors whose careers he encouraged was Noël Coward, who wrote in his memoirs about "the kindness and care of Hawtrey's direction. He took endless trouble with me ... and taught me during those two short weeks many technical points of comedy acting which I use to this day." One of the dramatists that he promoted was Horace Newte whose one act drama A Labour of Love Hawtrey presented at The Comedy Theatre in 1897. Personal life Hawtrey was twice married. His first wife, whom he married on 3 June 1886, was Madeline ("Mae") Harriet, née Sheriffe; he left her in 1891 and she divorced him in 1893. She died in 1905. In 1909 his then partner, Olive Morris, bore him a son, Anthony Hawtrey. On 10 November 1919 Hawtrey married the Hon Mrs Albert Petre (née Katherine Elsie Clark), daughter of the Rev William Robinson Clark and widow of the youngest son of the 11th Baron Petre. There were no children of either of his marriages. His second wife died on 14 November 1930. According to Ada Coleman, head bartender at the Savoy Hotel London, Hawtrey was responsible for naming the Hanky-Panky cocktail, which she created specifically for him. Last years and posterity From 1920 Hawtrey's health deteriorated. He was knighted in 1922. He died, aged 64, on 30 July 1923 and is buried at Richmond. His memoirs were edited by Maugham and published in 1924 as The Truth at Last. He is mentioned in the opening line of the Beatles song "Two of Us". Notes and references Notes ^ Hawtrey liked to claim that he introduced the queueing system to the West End, to control the crowds who came to see the play, but Richard D'Oyly Carte had anticipated him by three years, instituting queueing at the Savoy Theatre in 1881. References ^ a b c d e f g Read, Michael, "Hawtrey, Sir Charles Henry (1858–1923)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, online edition, May 2008, retrieved 27 September 2013 (subscription or UK public library membership required) ^ Hawtrey, p. 32 ^ Hawtrey, p. 88 ^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Hawtrey, Charles Henry" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource. ^ Hawtrey, p. 104 ^ Morley, p. ^ Black, R. D. Collison (2004). "Hawtrey, Sir Ralph George (1879–1975), economist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31212. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal, Essex volume, Melville Henry Massue, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1994 (reprint), p. 611 ^ a b c Child, H H. "Hawtrey, Sir Charles Henry", Dictionary of National Biography, 1937, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography archive, retrieved 27 September 2013 (subscription or UK public library membership required) ^ "Theatre Royal", The Manchester Guardian, 14 April 1885, p. 6 ^ Parker, p. 1198 ^ Cellier, p. 129 ^ Parker, p. 1153 ^ "Lord and Lady Algy", The Era, 23 April 1898, p. 15 ^ Morley, pp. 167–168 ^ Coward, p. 66 ^ At the Play. The Observer 25 July 1897 ^ "Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division", The Times, 20 April 1893, p. 3 ^ Morley, p. 169 ^ Hawtrey, passim Sources Cellier, François; Bridgeman, Cunningham (1914). Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. OCLC 58942004. Coward, Noël (2004) . Present Indicative. London: Methuen. ISBN 0413774139. Hawtrey, Charles (1924). Maugham, W Somerset (ed.). The Truth at Last. London: Butterworth. OCLC 2613292. Morley, Sheridan (1986). The Great Stage Stars. London: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0816014019. Parker, John (1925). Who's Who in the Theatre (fifth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. OCLC 10013159. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Hawtrey (stage actor). Sir Charles Hawtrey. Family history Charles Hawtrey as director in the Theatre Archive, University of Bristol Charles Hawtrey at the Internet Broadway Database Charles Hawtrey cover, The Theatre magazine March 1912 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Australia Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC 2 vteTerry family tree Benjamin Terry(1817–96)Sarah Ballard(1819–92) Kate Terry(1844–1924)Arthur Lewis(1824–1901)George Terry(1852–1928)Marion Terry(1853–1930)Charles Terry(1857–1933)Margaret Pratt(1862–1941)Fred Terry(1863–1933)Julia Neilson(1868–1957) Dame Ellen Terry(1847–1928)Edward Godwin (1833–86)William Morris(1856–19??)Florence Terry(1856–96) Frank Gielgud(1860–1949)Kate Terry-Lewis(1868–1958)Mabel Terry-Lewis (1872–1957)Edmund Gwenn(1877–1959)Minnie Terry(1882–1964)Horace Terry(1887–1957)Beatrice Terry(1890–1970)Phyllis Neilson-Terry (1892–1977) Edith Craig (1869–1947)Helen Gibson(1872–1949)Gordon Craig(1872–1966)Elena Meo(1879–1957)Jack Morris(1887–19??)Olive Terry(1884–1969)Sir Charles Hawtrey(1858–1923)Dennis Neilson-Terry(1895–1932)Mary Glynne(1895–1954) Val Gielgud (1900–81)Sir John Gielgud(1904–2000)Rosemary Gordon Craig(1894–19??)Robin Craig(1895–1992)Anthony Hawtrey(1909–54)Geoffrey Keen(1916–2005)Hazel Terry (1918–74) Lewis Gielgud(1894–1953)Zita Gordon(1911–2006)Eleanor Gielgud(1907–98)Edward Carrick(1905–98)Helen Godfrey(1899–1960) Maina Gielgud(born 1945)Helen Craig(born 1934)Jemma Hyde(born 1939) Notes: ^ The family members who were actors, or associated with the theatre, are highlighted in amber ^ a b c d e f Law, Jonathan (2013). The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408145913. ^ "Charles Terry". Ancestry. Retrieved 21 February 2016. ^ Roy, Donald. "Neilson, Julia Emilie (1868–1957)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 7 January 2010 ^ a b c "Edward William Godwin". The Elmbridge Hundred. Retrieved 21 February 2016. Family tree of the Terry family
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hawtrey_(actor,_born_1914)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Hawtrey_2163476538_bd65edb3dd_o.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Hawtrey_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_16727.png"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Joan Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Barry_(British_actress)"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-manager"},{"link_name":"Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"county family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_family"},{"link_name":"The Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"}],"text":"For the later actor, see Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914).Charles Hawtrey in Money (1911)Cartoon in Punch, 25 August 1920, showing Hawtrey accompanying Joan BarrySir Charles Henry Hawtrey (21 September 1858 – 30 July 1923) was an English actor, director, producer and manager. He pursued a successful career as an actor-manager, specialising in debonair, often disreputable, parts in popular comedies. He occasionally played in Sheridan and other classics, but was generally associated with new works by writers including Oscar Wilde and Somerset Maugham.Born to a long-established county family, Hawtrey was one of three of his parents' five sons to pursue a theatrical career. Before going on the stage he had considered joining the army, but failed to apply himself to the necessary studies to qualify for a commission. Once established as an actor he quickly took on the additional role of a manager, boosted by an early success with his own adaptation of a German farce presented in London as The Private Secretary, which made his fortune. A lifelong gambler, both with theatrical productions and on horseracing, to which he was addicted, he was bankrupted several times during his career.Regarded as Britain's leading comedy actor of his generation, Hawtrey was mentor and role model to younger actors including Noël Coward. Towards the end of his career Hawtrey starred in a handful of silent movies.","title":"Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1858)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Hawtrey_in_1907_-_(SAYRE_3224)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Edward Craven Hawtrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Craven_Hawtrey"},{"link_name":"Provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Provosts_of_Eton_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"crammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram_school"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"F. C. Burnand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._C._Burnand"},{"link_name":"The Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colonel_(play)"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Charles Hawtrey, 1907Hawtrey was born at Slough and educated at Eton College, the fifth son and eighth of the ten children of the Rev. John William Hawtrey and his first wife, Frances Mary Anne, née Procter. The Hawtrey family had a long association with Eton; at the time of Hawtrey's birth his father was a housemaster there, and a cousin, Edward Craven Hawtrey, was Provost.[1] At the age of eight Hawtrey entered the lower school of the college. Three years later John Hawtrey left Eton to found St Michael's School, Slough; Hawtrey was educated there from 1869 to 1872, when he returned to Eton for a year, before moving to Rugby. As a schoolboy he became known as \"a sportsman of dash and endurance\".[1] At the age of fourteen he became a keen follower of horse-racing, a lifelong obsession that continually disrupted his finances. He commented that his first encounter with racing was \"a fatal day for me. I had one bet and lost half-a-crown, and I have been trying for fifty years to win it back.\"[2]From Rugby, Hawtrey went briefly to a crammer in London, to study for a career in the army, but soon abandoned the idea. He worked as a private tutor from 1876 to 1879 and then he began his theatrical career. It started badly: he broke his collar-bone while playing football and had to withdraw from the cast before the opening night.[3] In February 1881 he matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford,[4] but withdrew in October, having been cast in the supporting role of Edward Langton in F. C. Burnand's The Colonel at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, London. Uncertain of success, he temporarily adopted the stage name Charles Bankes. He was well received in the play, and was given valuable lessons in stagecraft from the producer:He taught me a great many elementary rules which were most helpful – such as the actions of my hands and arms, walking on the stage, holding myself as easily as I could, and above all things he would never let me put my hands in my pockets. Of course my hands always felt like two great hams and I never knew what to do with them, but I found that eventually I forgot all about them and then they behaved naturally![5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Beerbohm Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Beerbohm_Tree"},{"link_name":"Charles Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Collette"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m-6"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Procter_Hawtrey"},{"link_name":"Ralph Hawtrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_George_Hawtrey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawtrey_1910.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"The Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Globe Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Theatre_(Newcastle_Street)"},{"link_name":"The Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"actor-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-manager"},{"link_name":"Comedy Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Sydney Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Grundy"},{"link_name":"William Lestocq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lestocq"},{"link_name":"Lord and Lady Algy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_and_Lady_Algy_(play)"},{"link_name":"R. C. Carton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Carton"},{"link_name":"Katherine Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Compton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"A Message from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Message_from_Mars_(play)"},{"link_name":"F. Anstey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Anstey"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Applejohn's Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Applejohn%27s_Adventure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-9"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"An Ideal Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"baccarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"A Message From Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Message_From_Mars_(1913_film)"},{"link_name":"George Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_(actor)"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"J. M. Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Barrie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Private_secretary_-_Weir_Collection.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Royal Lyceum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Lyceum_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Horace Newte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Newte"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In early 1882 Hawtrey played Jack Merryweather in The Marble Arch, which starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Later in that year he toured in The Colonel in a cast headed by Charles Collette.[6] Two of Hawtrey's brothers, William and George (father of the economist Ralph Hawtrey),[7][8] had also become actors, and in early 1883, Charles and William led a small touring company to towns in south-east England.[9]Hawtrey in what the Illustrated London News called \"essentially a Charles Hawtrey part\", in Inconstant George (1910)In 1884 Hawtrey had a huge success in London presenting his own adaptation of a German farce by Gustav von Moser, Der Bibliothekar, rewritten as The Private Secretary with the action moved to an English setting. It opened in March to disparaging reviews and at first played to small audiences, but Hawtrey persisted and further rewrote the play. It moved from the Prince's to the Globe Theatre, the principal roles were recast (with Hawtrey playing the crusty old Cattermole), and in the words of The Manchester Guardian \"the audiences steadily laughed it into a success.\"[10] The production ran for 785 performances,[11] and Hawtrey made £123,000 from it – an enormous sum for those days.[1][n 1] The play was revived in London eight times during his life.[13]Hawtrey pursued a career as an actor-manager, making a speciality of suave, sometimes immoral, but likable characters. His managerial career was chequered: great successes were often followed by expensive failures, and he was bankrupt several times. He was in charge over the years at eighteen London theatres – including the Globe until 1887 and two spells at the Comedy Theatre, 1887–93 and 1896–98. He staged, \"with great attention to detail\",[1] about a hundred plays. His biographers H H Child and Michael Read list his most celebrated productions as two more adaptations from Moser (The Pickpocket, 1886, adapted by George Hawtrey, and The Arabian Nights, 1887, by Sydney Grundy); Jane (1890) by Harry Nicholls and William Lestocq; One Summer's Day (1897) by H. V. Esmond; Lord and Lady Algy (1898) by R. C. Carton co-starring with the author's wife, Katherine Compton;[14] A Message from Mars (1899) by Richard Ganthony; The Man from Blankley's (1906) by F. Anstey; and Ambrose Applejohn's Adventure (1921) by Walter Hackett, in which Hawtrey played two roles: a respectable modern man and his disreputable ancestor.[1][9] Hawtrey's career was long enough to allow him to create leading roles in plays by Oscar Wilde in the 1890s and Somerset Maugham after the First World War – he was Wilde's Lord Goring in An Ideal Husband (1895) and William in Maugham's Home and Beauty (1919).[1] In between his successes he went bankrupt several times, and on one occasion discharged his debts by successfully gambling at baccarat.[15]After the war Hawtrey appeared occasionally in silent films: A Message From Mars (1913) as Horace Parker, Honeymoon for Three (1915) as Prince Ferdinand, and Masks and Faces (1918) with George Alexander, George Bernard Shaw and J. M. Barrie.Poster from a performance of Hawtrey's The Private Secretary at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh in 1886Hawtrey was generous in fostering talent. Among the young actors whose careers he encouraged was Noël Coward, who wrote in his memoirs about \"the kindness and care of Hawtrey's direction. He took endless trouble with me ... and taught me during those two short weeks many technical points of comedy acting which I use to this day.\"[16] One of the dramatists that he promoted was Horace Newte whose one act drama A Labour of Love Hawtrey presented at The Comedy Theatre in 1897.[17]","title":"Actor-manager"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hawtrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hawtrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"William Robinson Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_Clark"},{"link_name":"Ada Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Savoy Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Hanky-Panky cocktail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanky-Panky_cocktail"}],"text":"Hawtrey was twice married. His first wife, whom he married on 3 June 1886, was Madeline (\"Mae\") Harriet, née Sheriffe; he left her in 1891 and she divorced him in 1893.[18] She died in 1905. In 1909 his then partner, Olive Morris, bore him a son, Anthony Hawtrey.[1] On 10 November 1919 Hawtrey married the Hon Mrs Albert Petre (née Katherine Elsie Clark), daughter of the Rev William Robinson Clark and widow of the youngest son of the 11th Baron Petre. There were no children of either of his marriages. His second wife died on 14 November 1930. According to Ada Coleman, head bartender at the Savoy Hotel London, Hawtrey was responsible for naming the Hanky-Panky cocktail, which she created specifically for him.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"From 1920 Hawtrey's health deteriorated.[19] He was knighted in 1922. He died, aged 64, on 30 July 1923 and is buried at Richmond. His memoirs were edited by Maugham and published in 1924 as The Truth at Last.[20] He is mentioned in the opening line of the Beatles song \"Two of Us\".","title":"Last years and posterity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-9"},{"link_name":"Richard D'Oyly Carte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D%27Oyly_Carte"},{"link_name":"Savoy Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_1-6"},{"link_name":"\"Hawtrey, Sir Charles Henry (1858–1923)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33774"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Foster, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)"},{"link_name":"\"Hawtrey, Charles Henry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Hawtrey,_Charles_Henry"},{"link_name":"Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715%E2%80%931886"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Hawtrey, Sir Ralph George (1879–1975), economist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31212"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31212"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-861412-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive_9-2"},{"link_name":"\"Hawtrey, Sir Charles Henry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/olddnb/33774"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"}],"text":"Notes^ Hawtrey liked to claim that he introduced the queueing system to the West End, to control the crowds who came to see the play,[9] but Richard D'Oyly Carte had anticipated him by three years, instituting queueing at the Savoy Theatre in 1881.[12]References^ a b c d e f g Read, Michael, \"Hawtrey, Sir Charles Henry (1858–1923)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, online edition, May 2008, retrieved 27 September 2013 (subscription or UK public library membership required)\n\n^ Hawtrey, p. 32\n\n^ Hawtrey, p. 88\n\n^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Hawtrey, Charles Henry\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.\n\n^ Hawtrey, p. 104\n\n^ Morley, p.\n\n^ Black, R. D. Collison (2004). \"Hawtrey, Sir Ralph George (1879–1975), economist\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31212. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal, Essex volume, Melville Henry Massue, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1994 (reprint), p. 611\n\n^ a b c Child, H H. \"Hawtrey, Sir Charles Henry\", Dictionary of National Biography, 1937, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography archive, retrieved 27 September 2013 (subscription or UK public library membership required)\n\n^ \"Theatre Royal\", The Manchester Guardian, 14 April 1885, p. 6\n\n^ Parker, p. 1198\n\n^ Cellier, p. 129\n\n^ Parker, p. 1153\n\n^ \"Lord and Lady Algy\", The Era, 23 April 1898, p. 15\n\n^ Morley, pp. 167–168\n\n^ Coward, p. 66\n\n^ At the Play. The Observer 25 July 1897\n\n^ \"Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division\", The Times, 20 April 1893, p. 3\n\n^ Morley, p. 169\n\n^ Hawtrey, passim","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/gilbertandsulli00bridgoog#page/n183/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"58942004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/58942004"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0413774139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413774139"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2613292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2613292"},{"link_name":"The Great Stage Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatstagestarsd0000morl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0816014019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816014019"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10013159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10013159"}],"text":"Cellier, François; Bridgeman, Cunningham (1914). Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. OCLC 58942004.\nCoward, Noël (2004) [1937]. Present Indicative. London: Methuen. ISBN 0413774139.\nHawtrey, Charles (1924). Maugham, W Somerset (ed.). The Truth at Last. London: Butterworth. OCLC 2613292.\nMorley, Sheridan (1986). The Great Stage Stars. London: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0816014019.\nParker, John (1925). Who's Who in the Theatre (fifth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. OCLC 10013159.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Charles Hawtrey in Money (1911)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Charles_Hawtrey_2163476538_bd65edb3dd_o.jpg/220px-Charles_Hawtrey_2163476538_bd65edb3dd_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cartoon in Punch, 25 August 1920, showing Hawtrey accompanying Joan Barry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Hawtrey_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_16727.png/220px-Charles_Hawtrey_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_16727.png"},{"image_text":"Charles Hawtrey, 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Hawtrey_in_1907_-_%28SAYRE_3224%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Charles_Hawtrey_in_1907_-_%28SAYRE_3224%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hawtrey in what the Illustrated London News called \"essentially a Charles Hawtrey part\", in Inconstant George (1910)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Hawtrey_1910.jpeg/170px-Hawtrey_1910.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Poster from a performance of Hawtrey's The Private Secretary at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh in 1886","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Private_secretary_-_Weir_Collection.jpg/300px-Private_secretary_-_Weir_Collection.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songpa_District
Songpa District
["1 History","1.1 Hanseong Baekje era (18 BCE – 660 CE)","1.2 Joseon Dynasty","1.3 20th century – present","2 Economy","2.1 Commercial centers","2.2 Revitalization of regional economy","2.3 Resource recycling","3 Education","3.1 Library expansion","3.2 School safety and improvements","3.3 Childcare center","3.4 Student exchange","3.5 Improvement of public education","3.6 Support for students from low-income families","3.7 Educational programs for women","4 Culture","4.1 Art centers","4.2 Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival","4.3 Local events","4.4 Performance","5 Environment","5.1 Solar power plant \"Nanum\"","5.2 Climate change leadership","5.3 District of Water","5.4 Bicycle infrastructure","5.5 Parks","5.6 Traffic","6 Administrative divisions","7 Transportation","7.1 Railroad","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°30′51″N 127°06′24″E / 37.51417°N 127.10667°E / 37.51417; 127.10667Autonomous district in Seoul, South Korea This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Songpa District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2023) This article reads like a press release or a news article and may be largely based on routine coverage. Please help improve this article and add independent sources. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Autonomous District in Sudogwon, South KoreaSongpa 송파구Autonomous District송파구 · 松坡區World Peace Gate, Olympic Park FlagLocation of Songpa District in SeoulCoordinates: 37°30′51″N 127°06′24″E / 37.51417°N 127.10667°E / 37.51417; 127.10667CountrySouth KoreaRegionSudogwonSpecial CitySeoulAdministrative dong28Government • BodySongpa District Council • MayorSeo Kang-seok (People Power) • MNAs List of MNAs Kim Woong (People Power)Bae Hyun-jin (People Power)Nam In-soon (Democratic) Area • Total33.85 km2 (13.07 sq mi)Population (November, 2020) • Total643,288 • Density19,000/km2 (49,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Korea Standard Time)Postal code05500 ~ 05999Area code(s)+82-2-400~WebsiteSongpa-gu official website Songpa District (Hangul: 송파구) is a district of Seoul, South Korea. Previously known as Wiryeseong, the first capital of the ancient kingdom of Baekje, Songpa is located in the southeastern part of Seoul. With roughly 647,000 residents, Songpa is also the largest district in Seoul by population. Songpa was at the center of 1988 Summer Olympics, and most of the sports facilities associated with that event are located within the district. In 2009, Songpa was named one of the world's most livable cities at the LivCom Awards presented by the United Nations Environment Programme. History Hanseong Baekje era (18 BCE – 660 CE) In 18 BCE, the kingdom of Baekje founded its capital city, Wiryeseong (위례성), in what is believed to be the modern-day Songpa District. Baekje subsequently developed from a member state of the Mahan confederacy into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Several remains of city fortresses dating from this time exist in the Seoul area. Pungnap Toseong (풍납토성), an earthen wall in Pungnap-dong (near Jamsil) in the southeastern part of Seoul, is widely believed to be the site of Wiryeseong. Another earthen wall, Mongchon Toseong (몽촌토성), is located nearby and also dates back to the early Baekje era. Joseon Dynasty Songpa was historically a hub of commercial and military activity, the location of many specialty markets, merchants, and traders, as well as being the site of many battles of the Joseon era. 20th century – present Songpa, once a calm and rural area, underwent major land development efforts in the 1970s, which transformed the region into a new, urban town. Songpa hosted the 1986 Asian Games, the 1988 Summer Olympics, and the 1988 Summer Paralympics. Seoul Olympic Stadium and Olympic Park were constructed for these events, along with a multi-lane expressway, large-scale apartment complexes, and commercial facilities. Before the Olympics in 1988, Songpa split from the Gangdong District and became its own administrative district. In 2009, in pursuit of sustainable and environmentally-friendly urban development and participatory local autonomy, Songpa was developed as an autonomous district of Seoul, with the aim of becoming a world-class city. Economy Commercial centers To promote economic development, a high-tech business zone is being built in the neighborhood of Munjeong-dong. This zone falls into three categories: future business (semiconductors, automobiles, digital contents, batteries, biopharmaceuticals, digital TVs and displays, and mobile devices), specialized business (pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, medicine, health care, construction, and engineering service), and administrational function (court, prosecutor's office, and police office). Garden 5 is a cultural center and the biggest distribution hub in Korea. It consists of five special blocks, including 'Garden 5 Life', a shopping mall with more than 8,300 shops. Garak Market is a large wholesale agriculture and fish market. Opened in 1985, it was built to modernize agricultural and fishery distribution in Seoul. The market underwent remodeling until 2020. The Lotte World Tower is a 123-story, 555-meter-tall skyscraper in Sincheon-dong completed in 2016. It has 624,642 m2 of floor space. Prior to its construction, it was estimated to cost 1.7 trillion won and create more than 23,000 construction jobs. Revitalization of regional economy Focusing on reduction in unemployment rate as a way to overcome economic crisis, Songpa District launched a handful of projects. First of all, Songpa employed 120 people in computerizing important data of the district. Through this computerization, Songpa contributed to green growth by saving paper. A special budget of 5 billion won—raised through savings of incentives, fringe benefits, and service operation expenses—was used to create 1,270 new jobs, including administrative home-delivery service, anti-smoking campaigns, welfare service, and help for the elderly. Songpa sought to revitalize regional economy by easing construction regulation and upgrading land use regulation through urban planning. For instance, the "Olympic Street maintenance and improvement project" was introduced to convert motel zones in Bang-i, Sincheon, and Jamsil built for the 1988 Seoul Olympics into commercial building zones. Similarly, the "Songpa Daero maintenance and improvement project" developed a 283,500 m2 area around the Seokchon station intersection and Songpa Daero into a commercial area. Resource recycling To ease school-related expenses for residents, Songpa District runs a recycling pool for used school uniforms and books. In this center, a school uniform costs only 4,000 won. In 2008, 1,541 uniforms were sold and 116 were exchanged among the total 2,043 donated. Recycling centers in Geoyeo-dong and Jamsil-dong offer used products at reasonable prices compared to market prices. Products such as home appliances, clothes, and shoes are donated from local residents, before being repaired and refurbished for resale. In the autumn, ginkgo leaves are gathered and sent to Nami Island, a tourist attraction in Gangwon Province, to be used as a sightseeing attraction for tourists. This recycling allows Songpa to save the annual disposal cost of 12 million won. Education Songpa District is implementing a variety of education policies for its residents. This is being done by expanding libraries, improving school environments, providing homestays for foreign students, promoting public English education, and supporting students from low-income families. These policies help produce students with great skills, provide a lifelong education for the residents, tap and develop individuals with talents, and strengthen the community. Library expansion Songpa District has four small libraries ("Small Library on Pine Tree Hill") close to residential areas. Due to this ease of access, they are also called "Close-to-Life Libraries". Through the "School Library Open-to-The-Public" system, Songpa turned unused areas at schools into libraries open to residents. In doing so, the district can save money by using these otherwise-unused spaces, while the schools can supply more books supported by Songpa-gu office. Unlike typical libraries, the "Children-Only Library" provides children with a playground where they can enjoy playing as well as reading. This library has more than 30,000 books and various facilities such as a child-care room, a theater, and a foreign book room. School safety and improvements In 37 school zones in Songpa District, CCTV cameras (90 inside and 17 outside of schools) are installed to prevent accidents and crimes. Safe routes to schools are ensured by paving access roads to schools with vivid colors, paving non-skid treads, painting traffic lanes, and building speed bumps, safety barriers, traffic signals, and traffic safety signs. To provide a pleasant and safe environment in and around schools, Songpa supports the operational costs for school libraries, improvement of facilities for providing meals at schools, expansion of video and audio equipment, replacement of desks and chairs, and installation of artificial grass. Childcare center Songpa District opened "Children-Only Multiplex Facility," which has a theater, experiential education room, kid's book cafe and cafeteria. This facility is aimed at provoking children's imagination and helping them face challenges and also respect for their neighbors. Songpa District runs 33 childcare centers, 6 of which specialize in infant care. 25 childcare centers operate from 7:30 pm to midnight especially for double-income families and single-parent families. Student exchange Through a student exchange program with sister cities, local and foreign students get an opportunity to experience each other's culture and life for a month. The program enables 100 students to visit the sister city every summer, staying at homestay houses. Students from the two regions better understand another's culture while introducing their own to others, gaining both cultural pride and a global perspective. Improvement of public education Songpa has established programs to support English education in its public primary schools. For example, in the "Culture Experience English Class", 260 students from 37 primary schools in Songpa go on a field trip using only English. In the "English Village Tour", sixth-grade students stay for 3 days in a specially built village named Pungnap Camp, using only English. The district will be allocating native English-speaking tutors in every primary school by 2010 and specially supporting 19 schools (12 primary and 7 secondary schools) with an "After-School English Teacher" who would lead after-school, supplementary lessons and special activity classes. Furthermore, Songpa District designated a school district covering 12,852 m2 area in Munjeong-dong development district in order to invite autonomous private high schools, high schools with special purposes, or schools for foreign students. Songpa also supports 120 students in two schools for special education for the gifted in mathematics and science. Support for students from low-income families For students from low-income or unemployed families, Songpa adopted "One-Account-per-One-citizen" movement in which 10 residents save 10,000 won a month for a year to help one student. As of May 2009, 673.8 million won was saved in 5,615 bank accounts, and 93.5 million won was granted to 103 students. Songpa aims to save a total of 5 billion won by 2011. The "Mentorship Program" is an after-class program for students from low-income families, in which mentors—consisting of college students, current and former teachers, and other volunteers—visit students once a week for a year to give them study assistance and guidance counselling. This one-on-one program is the largest of its kind in Seoul. Educational programs for women To support women's economic activities, Songpa launched a "Town-visiting Local Tax Law Fair". This program helps women better understand local tax law by explaining diverse taxable and non-taxable laws and pretest cases filed against the office. There is a "Car Maintenance Class for Female Drivers", which teaches drivers how to change a tire and take emergency measures. Culture Art centers The Songpa Culture and Art Center is planned to be completed by 2011 on the eastern side of Seokchon Lake. The center will accommodate as many as 1,500 people with its 3 floors and 2 underground floors. Various genres of arts including musicals, concerts, ballet, and modern dance will be performed at the center. The weightlifting stadium in Olympic Park was transformed into Woori Financial Art Hall, a modernized musical theater with 1,260 seats. The Charlotte Musical Center, another art hall with its interior and exterior of medieval European design, performs more than 1,000 musicals a year. Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival In celebration of the area's historical significance during the Baekje Kingdom, Songpa has held the Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival in Olympic Park almost every year in September since 1994. Festival activities include a history and culture street parade, Baekje culture experience events, folk performances and a Baekje costume show. Designated as a culture festival by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2008, Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival has become one of Korea's representative festivals. Furthermore, Songpa District is planning to build a Hanseong Baekje Museum, which will feature antiques and remains from prehistoric ages, the Hanseong Baekje period, and the era of Three States, so that visitors can better understand Songpa's 2,000-year history. More detailed information can be found at: http://hanseong.songpa.go.kr/ Local events In spring, more than 25,000 people attend the "Seokchon Lake and Seongnae Stream Festival", a day dedicated to enjoying local blossoming cherry trees, which were planted and raised by the residents. In the festival, people enjoy musical concerts and participate in a cherry blossom road walking event, a photo contest, and a writing contest. Dano is a traditional holiday on the fifth day of the fifth month of the calendar, when ancestors used to pray for a good harvest for the year. Among the most enjoyable traditional plays are seesawing and Pungmulnori. Koreans celebrate the first full moon day of the lunar year when the full moon is the biggest and the brightest, by praying for their hopes. Traditional activities include a bridge-treading rite, a tug of war, and a Catherine wheel game. Performance Following its ecological restoration, Seokchon Lake and Seongnae Stream became an eco-friendly park where residents enjoy both the beautiful nature and artistic performances in diverse genres including classical music, opera, jazz, dance, and fusion performed on the waterside stage. Korea's traditional folk song performance is staged on every Sunday in Seoul Nori Madang. People enjoy traditional folk plays designated as intangible culture assets like farm band, masked dance, classical dance, farm music, and other folk songs. The domed hall accommodates 2,500 spectators, and performances are staged for four seasons. "Suyo-mudae" stages noble artistic performances like plays, operas, and musicals every Wednesday in Songpa Gumin Hall, run by Songpa District. To develop and expand local culture and art, Songpa District supports a variety of art troupes. The district runs a choir that won a number of national competitions, a symphony orchestra that promotes classical music, a multiple-genre ballet troupe, a folk art troupe formed to promote Korean traditional arts, and a silver choir and silver orchestra, both of which are showing the power of the elderly in national events and TV and radio music shows. These art troupes voluntarily do their jobs for the community. Environment In response to climate change, Songpa District is implementing new policies and projects, such as the Waterway Project. Additional actions include transferring an unacceptable facility to the outer area, improving transportation systems in response to the increase in transportation volume, and expanding parks and green zones. Solar power plant "Nanum" To reduce air pollution and help low-income residents, Songpa District invested 300 million won in the solar power plant "Nanum" project. Of the profit earned by the power plant, 25% is used to pay for low-income households' utility fee, another 25% goes to people in need in the third world, and the other 50% is being invested in a second Nanum plant. An estimated 600 million won will be used to support low-income families in Songpa for the next 15 years. Further solar energy savings come from 44 LED solar streetlights installed alongside the walking course by Jangji stream. One solar streetlight produces 225W of electricity an hour, and stays on for 3 days when it is exposed to the sun for four hours. Climate change leadership During the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group talks designed to build cooperation among major cities aimed to be low carbon dioxide cities, Songpa's policies against global warming were introduced. The EXPO ensured Songpa District's position as a leading community in Korea to cope with the climate change by demonstrating the accomplishment effectively. During the EXPO, Songpa's best practices to deal with the climate change were presented. These included 'Songpa Nanum powerhouse','CO2 Home Doctor', 'Songpa SPB (the unattended bicycle rental)', 'A model apartment for coping with the climate change', and the project 'the city on the water'. And also, a generator that charges cell phone by riding a bicycle was displayed on 'a climate play ground'. Songpa organized "Green Songpa Committee" for the first time among Korea's municipal governments. An environment governance organization consisting of environmental specialists, NGOs, businessmen, residents, and government officers evaluate and advise the district's environment policies. The committee is taking the lead in environmental initiatives. Songpa District established a "CO2 Mileage" policy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Under the policy, the amount of saved energy—including electricity, gas, and water—from every home is counted by points, and residents use the points like cash. Songpa plans to encourage half of its residents to participate in the voluntary policy by 2010. District of Water In the Waterway Project, Songpa District will link together four nearby streams (Han River, Seongnae stream, Jangji stream, and Tan stream), transforming the district into unique island-like area when completed by 2012. This project is aimed at building Songpa into an eco-friendly district where water, nature, and humans are harmonized with one another. Similar projects include the Nature Eco Network—a 27-km-long forest with a willow valley and nature reserve—the Walk Network, and the Bicycle Network. Seokchon Lake, which was generated from the Han River as the result of the multiple purpose development of Jamsil in the 1970s, had been averted by the residents because of a nasty smell, in spite of the fact that it's the only lake in the downtown of Seoul. The smell came from water pollution from concrete materials. But, following ecological restoration efforts in the 2000s, it was reborn as a park that attracts 20,000–30,000 visitors on weekdays (over 50,000 on weekends), as well as providing habitat for animals, plants, and aquatic species. Following restoration efforts, in June 2005, Sungnae-chun was also resuscitated as a beautiful river. It was previously a dried river due to the low volume of water flow during the 1970s and 1980s. But in 2009, it was selected as 'the most beautiful 100 rivers in Korea' by Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. Bicycle infrastructure Songpa has successfully initiating a handful of systems relating to bicycle infrastructure. There are four free bicycle rental houses on the 101.8 km long bicycle road. Anyone with an identification card can rent a bicycle free of charge. The system plays a role in saving transportation costs and promoting bicycle riding at the same time. Songpa has a free bicycle rent system called "Songpa Public Use Bike" (SPB), the nation's first of its kind. With a SPB membership card, members of the system rent a bicycle free of charge for 24 hours from 300 self-rental sites located every 300 meters away from one another. There is a "Home-visiting bicycle repair" in Songpa, a system designed to relieve repair expense. Under the system, mechanics visit Songpa-gu offices, schools, and apartments so that residents do not have to go too far to repair their bicycles. Parks A third of the total Songpa area is green zone (10.98k m2 or 32.4%), the highest rate among municipal districts in Seoul. The district has as many as 140 parks, also the largest number in Seoul. Each park has its own theme (like a flower or a plant) based on residents' opinion. The theme of Geon-neomal Park in Garak-dong is a rose, while Baekto Park is a wildflower park. The theme of Macheon Park is a royal azalea and Jamsil Park's main theme is aquatic plant. In these parks, diverse flower festivals and events—including Royal Azalea Festival, Rose Festival, Garden Balsam Dyeing Festival, Eco Culture Class, Wild Plants Operation and Aquatic Plant Exhibition—are held every year. There are cherry blossom roads alongside of Seongnae stream and Jangjicheon stream. As the trees were donated by Songpa residents and are planted by them, each tree has a name tag of its donor who voluntarily cares for it. Traffic In response to the probable increase in traffic volume in near future due to city planning, Songpa District expanded its road system and optimized the traffic system through the construction of a distribution unit in the Southeastern Area Project and the Munjeong-dong Development Project. An 8 km section and 3rd step of the new subway line number 9 is scheduled to be completed by 2015. Subway line number 3 is planned to be extended to Suseo, Garak Market, and Ogeum station in an effort for more balanced development. Songpa plans to extend the Tan stream bank alongside Songpadaero as traffic volume on the street is expected to increase. Songpa will also ease traffic by constructing a road linking Wiryeseong gil to Seongnae stream, and by connecting the unconnected section under Olympic Bridge. A subway transfer center is to be constructed on Jamsil Intersection, the most congested area, which will ease an expected increase in road traffic. Administrative divisions Neighborhood Hangul Hanja Map Bangi 1-dong 방이1동 風納洞 Bangi 2-dong 방이2동 Garakbon-dong 가락본동 可樂洞 Garak 1-dong 가락1동 Garak 2-dong 가락2동 Geoyeo 1-dong 거여1동 巨餘洞 Geoyeo 2-dong 거여2동 Jamsilbon-dong 잠실본동 蠶室洞 Jamsil 2-dong 잠실2동 Jamsil 3-dong 잠실3동 Jamsil 4-dong 잠실4동 Jamsil 6-dong 잠실6동 Jamsil 7-dong 잠실7동 Jangji-dong 장지동 長旨洞 Macheon 1-dong 마천1동 馬川洞 Macheon 2-dong 마천2동 Munjeong 1-dong 문정1동 文井洞 Munjeong 2-dong 문정2동 Ogeum-dong 오금동 梧琴洞 Oryun-dong 오륜동 五輪洞 Pungnap 1-dong 풍납1동 風納洞 Pungnap 2-dong 풍납2동 Samjeon-dong 삼전동 三田洞 Seokchon-dong 석촌동 石村洞 Songpa 1-dong 송파1동 松坡洞 Songpa 2-dong 송파2동 Transportation Railroad Operator Line Station Korail Bundang Line (Gangnam-gu) ← Bokjeong → (Seongnam) Seoul Metro Seoul Subway Line 2 (Gwangjin-gu) ← Seongnae — Jamsil — Jamsilsaenae — Sports Complex → (Gangnam-gu) Seoul Subway Line 5 (Gangdong-gu) ← Olympic Park — Bangi — Ogeum — Gaerong — Geoyeo — Macheon Seoul Subway Line 8 (Gangdong-gu) ← Mongchontoseong — Jamsil — Seokchon — Songpa — Garak Market — Munjeong — Jangji — Bokjeong → (Seongnam) Seoul Subway Line 9 (Gangnam-Gu) ← Sports Complex Notable people Hyun Bin (Born: Kim Tae-pyung, Hangul: 김태평), South Korean actor Chan (Born: Jung Chan-woo, Hangul: 정찬우), singer, dancer, actor and K-pop idol, member of K-pop group iKon Ahn Seongmin (Hangul: 안성민), singer, dancer, and K-pop idol, member of K-pop group Cravity Lee Soo-jin (Hangul: 이수진), singer, dancer, and K-pop idol, member and leader of K-pop group Weeekly See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Songpa-gu, Seoul. Gangnam District Geography of South Korea References ^ , Retrieved 2023-03-01. ^ "2009 Livcom awards results". Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. ^ "송파구(松坡區)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2022-06-28. ^ "연혁 - 송파꿈나무". www.songpa.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-06-28. ^ "서울가락동농수산물종합도매시장". Doopedia (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-05-10. External links Official homepage (in English) vteSeoul Government Council Mayor City Hall History Names Timeline Climate Economy Shopping Sport Transport DistrictsNorth of the Han River (Gangbuk) Dobong Dongdaemun Eunpyeong Gangbuk Gwangjin Jongno Jung Jungnang Mapo Nowon Seodaemun Seongbuk Seongdong Yongsan South of the Han River (Gangnam) Dongjak Gangdong Gangnam Gangseo Geumcheon Guro Gwanak Songpa Seocho Yangcheon Yeongdeungpo Business districts Downtown Seoul (Central Business District, CBD) Gangnam Business District (GBD) Yeouido Business District (YBD) vteAdministrative divisions (dong) of Songpa DistrictNeighborhoods Bangi-dong Garak-dong Geoyeo-dong Jamsil-dong Jangji-dong Macheon-dong Munjeong-dong Ogeum-dong Oryun-dong Pungnap-dong Samjeon-dong Seokchon-dong Sincheon-dong Songpa-dong See also Administrative divisions of South Korea List of districts of Seoul Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hangul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea#Gu_(District)"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Wiryeseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiryeseong"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"LivCom Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//english.seoul.go.kr/songpa-gu-holds-the-unep-recognized-livcom-awards/"},{"link_name":"United Nations Environment Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Autonomous district in Seoul, South KoreaAutonomous District in Sudogwon, South KoreaSongpa District (Hangul: 송파구) is a district of Seoul, South Korea. Previously known as Wiryeseong, the first capital of the ancient kingdom of Baekje, Songpa is located in the southeastern part of Seoul. With roughly 647,000 residents, Songpa is also the largest district in Seoul by population.Songpa was at the center of 1988 Summer Olympics, and most of the sports facilities associated with that event are located within the district.In 2009, Songpa was named one of the world's most livable cities at the LivCom Awards presented by the United Nations Environment Programme.[2]","title":"Songpa District"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Wiryeseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiryeseong"},{"link_name":"Mahan confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahan_confederacy"},{"link_name":"Three Kingdoms of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Pungnap Toseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungnap_Toseong"},{"link_name":"Jamsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsil-dong"},{"link_name":"Mongchon Toseong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongchon_Toseong"}],"sub_title":"Hanseong Baekje era (18 BCE – 660 CE)","text":"In 18 BCE, the kingdom of Baekje founded its capital city, Wiryeseong (위례성), in what is believed to be the modern-day Songpa District. Baekje subsequently developed from a member state of the Mahan confederacy into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.Several remains of city fortresses dating from this time exist in the Seoul area. Pungnap Toseong (풍납토성), an earthen wall in Pungnap-dong (near Jamsil) in the southeastern part of Seoul, is widely believed to be the site of Wiryeseong. Another earthen wall, Mongchon Toseong (몽촌토성), is located nearby and also dates back to the early Baekje era.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Joseon Dynasty","text":"Songpa was historically a hub of commercial and military activity, the location of many specialty markets, merchants, and traders, as well as being the site of many battles of the Joseon era.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1986 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Seoul Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Seoul"},{"link_name":"Gangdong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangdong_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"20th century – present","text":"Songpa, once a calm and rural area, underwent major land development efforts in the 1970s, which transformed the region into a new, urban town.Songpa hosted the 1986 Asian Games, the 1988 Summer Olympics, and the 1988 Summer Paralympics. Seoul Olympic Stadium and Olympic Park were constructed for these events, along with a multi-lane expressway, large-scale apartment complexes, and commercial facilities.Before the Olympics in 1988, Songpa split from the Gangdong District and became its own administrative district.[4]In 2009, in pursuit of sustainable and environmentally-friendly urban development and participatory local autonomy, Songpa was developed as an autonomous district of Seoul, with the aim of becoming a world-class city.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munjeong-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munjeong-dong"},{"link_name":"as of?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Garden 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Garak Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garak_Market"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lotte World Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower"},{"link_name":"Sincheon-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincheon-dong,_Seoul"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Commercial centers","text":"To promote economic development, a high-tech business zone is being built in the neighborhood of Munjeong-dong.[as of?][needs update] This zone falls into three categories: future business (semiconductors, automobiles, digital contents, batteries, biopharmaceuticals, digital TVs and displays, and mobile devices), specialized business (pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, medicine, health care, construction, and engineering service), and administrational function (court, prosecutor's office, and police office).Garden 5 is a cultural center and the biggest distribution hub in Korea.[citation needed] It consists of five special blocks, including 'Garden 5 Life', a shopping mall with more than 8,300 shops.Garak Market is a large wholesale agriculture and fish market. Opened in 1985, it was built to modernize agricultural and fishery distribution in Seoul.[5] The market underwent remodeling until 2020.[citation needed]The Lotte World Tower is a 123-story, 555-meter-tall skyscraper in Sincheon-dong completed in 2016. It has 624,642 m2 of floor space. Prior to its construction, it was estimated to cost 1.7 trillion won and create more than 23,000 construction jobs.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Seokchon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seokchon_station"},{"link_name":"Songpa Daero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songpa-daero"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Revitalization of regional economy","text":"Focusing on reduction in unemployment rate as a way to overcome economic crisis, Songpa District launched a handful of projects.[when?] First of all, Songpa employed 120 people in computerizing important data of the district. Through this computerization, Songpa contributed to green growth by saving paper. A special budget of 5 billion won—raised through savings of incentives, fringe benefits, and service operation expenses—was used to create 1,270 new jobs, including administrative home-delivery service, anti-smoking campaigns, welfare service, and help for the elderly.Songpa sought to revitalize regional economy by easing construction regulation and upgrading land use regulation through urban planning.[when?] For instance, the \"Olympic Street maintenance and improvement project\" was introduced to convert motel zones in Bang-i, Sincheon, and Jamsil built for the 1988 Seoul Olympics into commercial building zones. Similarly, the \"Songpa Daero maintenance and improvement project\" developed a 283,500 m2 area around the Seokchon station intersection and Songpa Daero into a commercial area.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ginkgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo"},{"link_name":"Nami Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nami_Island"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Resource recycling","text":"To ease school-related expenses for residents, Songpa District runs a recycling pool for used school uniforms and books. In this center, a school uniform costs only 4,000 won. In 2008, 1,541 uniforms were sold and 116 were exchanged among the total 2,043 donated.[citation needed]Recycling centers in Geoyeo-dong and Jamsil-dong offer used products at reasonable prices compared to market prices. Products such as home appliances, clothes, and shoes are donated from local residents, before being repaired and refurbished for resale.In the autumn, ginkgo leaves are gathered and sent to Nami Island, a tourist attraction in Gangwon Province, to be used as a sightseeing attraction for tourists. This recycling allows Songpa to save the annual disposal cost of 12 million won.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Songpa District is implementing a variety of education policies for its residents. This is being done by expanding libraries, improving school environments, providing homestays for foreign students, promoting public English education, and supporting students from low-income families. These policies help produce students with great skills, provide a lifelong education for the residents, tap and develop individuals with talents, and strengthen the community.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Library expansion","text":"Songpa District has four small libraries (\"Small Library on Pine Tree Hill\") close to residential areas. Due to this ease of access, they are also called \"Close-to-Life Libraries\".Through the \"School Library Open-to-The-Public\" system, Songpa turned unused areas at schools into libraries open to residents. In doing so, the district can save money by using these otherwise-unused spaces, while the schools can supply more books supported by Songpa-gu office.Unlike typical libraries, the \"Children-Only Library\" provides children with a playground where they can enjoy playing as well as reading. This library has more than 30,000 books and various facilities such as a child-care room, a theater, and a foreign book room.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV"}],"sub_title":"School safety and improvements","text":"In 37 school zones in Songpa District, CCTV cameras (90 inside and 17 outside of schools) are installed to prevent accidents and crimes. Safe routes to schools are ensured by paving access roads to schools with vivid colors, paving non-skid treads, painting traffic lanes, and building speed bumps, safety barriers, traffic signals, and traffic safety signs.To provide a pleasant and safe environment in and around schools, Songpa supports the operational costs for school libraries, improvement of facilities for providing meals at schools, expansion of video and audio equipment, replacement of desks and chairs, and installation of artificial grass.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Childcare center","text":"Songpa District opened \"Children-Only Multiplex Facility,\" which has a theater, experiential education room, kid's book cafe and cafeteria. This facility is aimed at provoking children's imagination and helping them face challenges and also respect for their neighbors.Songpa District runs 33 childcare centers, 6 of which specialize in infant care. 25 childcare centers operate from 7:30 pm to midnight especially for double-income families and single-parent families.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Student exchange","text":"Through a student exchange program with sister cities, local and foreign students get an opportunity to experience each other's culture and life for a month. The program enables 100 students to visit the sister city[clarification needed] every summer, staying at homestay houses. Students from the two regions better understand another's culture while introducing their own to others, gaining both cultural pride and a global perspective.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Improvement of public education","text":"Songpa has established programs to support English education in its public primary schools. For example, in the \"Culture Experience English Class\", 260 students from 37 primary schools in Songpa go on a field trip using only English. In the \"English Village Tour\", sixth-grade students stay for 3 days in a specially built village named Pungnap Camp, using only English.The district will be allocating native English-speaking tutors in every primary school by 2010[needs update] and specially supporting 19 schools (12 primary and 7 secondary schools) with an \"After-School English Teacher\" who would lead after-school, supplementary lessons and special activity classes.Furthermore, Songpa District designated a school district covering 12,852 m2 area in Munjeong-dong development district in order to invite autonomous private high schools, high schools with special purposes, or schools for foreign students. Songpa also supports 120 students in two schools for special education for the gifted in mathematics and science.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Support for students from low-income families","text":"For students from low-income or unemployed families, Songpa adopted \"One-Account-per-One-citizen\" movement in which 10 residents save 10,000 won a month for a year to help one student. As of May 2009, 673.8 million won was saved in 5,615 bank accounts, and 93.5 million won was granted to 103 students. Songpa aims to save a total of 5 billion won by 2011.[needs update]The \"Mentorship Program\" is an after-class program for students from low-income families, in which mentors—consisting of college students, current and former teachers, and other volunteers—visit students once a week for a year to give them study assistance and guidance counselling. This one-on-one program is the largest of its kind in Seoul.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Educational programs for women","text":"To support women's economic activities, Songpa launched a \"Town-visiting Local Tax Law Fair\". This program helps women better understand local tax law by explaining diverse taxable and non-taxable laws and pretest cases filed against the office.There is a \"Car Maintenance Class for Female Drivers\", which teaches drivers how to change a tire and take emergency measures.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Seokchon Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seokchon_Lake_Park"}],"sub_title":"Art centers","text":"The Songpa Culture and Art Center is planned to be completed by 2011[needs update] on the eastern side of Seokchon Lake. The center will accommodate as many as 1,500 people with its 3 floors and 2 underground floors. Various genres of arts including musicals, concerts, ballet, and modern dance will be performed at the center.The weightlifting stadium in Olympic Park was transformed into Woori Financial Art Hall, a modernized musical theater with 1,260 seats. The Charlotte Musical Center, another art hall with its interior and exterior of medieval European design, performs more than 1,000 musicals a year.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baekje Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"http://hanseong.songpa.go.kr/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hanseong.songpa.go.kr/"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"sub_title":"Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival","text":"In celebration of the area's historical significance during the Baekje Kingdom, Songpa has held the Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival in Olympic Park almost every year in September since 1994. Festival activities include a history and culture street parade, Baekje culture experience events, folk performances and a Baekje costume show. Designated as a culture festival by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2008, Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival has become one of Korea's representative festivals.[citation needed] Furthermore, Songpa District is planning to build a Hanseong Baekje Museum,[needs update] which will feature antiques and remains from prehistoric ages, the Hanseong Baekje period, and the era of Three States, so that visitors can better understand Songpa's 2,000-year history.More detailed information can be found at: http://hanseong.songpa.go.kr/ [dead link]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano_(festival)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Local events","text":"In spring, more than 25,000 people attend the \"Seokchon Lake and Seongnae Stream Festival\", a day dedicated to enjoying local blossoming cherry trees, which were planted and raised by the residents. In the festival, people enjoy musical concerts and participate in a cherry blossom road walking event, a photo contest, and a writing contest.Dano is a traditional holiday on the fifth day of the fifth month of the calendar, when ancestors used to pray for a good harvest for the year. Among the most enjoyable traditional plays are seesawing and Pungmulnori.[clarification needed] Koreans celebrate the first full moon day of the lunar year when the full moon is the biggest and the brightest, by praying for their hopes. Traditional activities include a bridge-treading rite, a tug of war, and a Catherine wheel game.[clarification needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Following its ecological restoration, Seokchon Lake and Seongnae Stream became an eco-friendly park where residents enjoy both the beautiful nature and artistic performances in diverse genres including classical music, opera, jazz, dance, and fusion performed on the waterside stage.Korea's traditional folk song performance is staged on every Sunday in Seoul Nori Madang. People enjoy traditional folk plays designated as intangible culture assets like farm band, masked dance, classical dance, farm music, and other folk songs. The domed hall accommodates 2,500 spectators, and performances are staged for four seasons.\"Suyo-mudae\" stages noble artistic performances like plays, operas, and musicals every Wednesday in Songpa Gumin Hall, run by Songpa District.To develop and expand local culture and art, Songpa District supports a variety of art troupes. The district runs a choir that won a number of national competitions, a symphony orchestra that promotes classical music, a multiple-genre ballet troupe, a folk art troupe formed to promote Korean traditional arts, and a silver choir and silver orchestra, both of which are showing the power of the elderly in national events and TV and radio music shows. These art troupes voluntarily do their jobs for the community.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"}],"text":"In response to climate change, Songpa District is implementing new policies and projects, such as the Waterway Project. Additional actions include transferring an unacceptable facility to the outer area, improving transportation systems in response to the increase in transportation volume, and expanding parks and green zones.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"as of?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Solar power plant \"Nanum\"","text":"To reduce air pollution and help low-income residents, Songpa District invested 300 million won in the solar power plant \"Nanum\" project. Of the profit earned by the power plant, 25% is used to pay for low-income households' utility fee, another 25% goes to people in need in the third world, and the other 50% is being invested in a second Nanum plant. An estimated 600 million won will be used to support low-income families in Songpa for the next 15 years.[as of?]Further solar energy savings come from 44 LED solar streetlights installed alongside the walking course by Jangji stream. One solar streetlight produces 225W of electricity an hour, and stays on for 3 days when it is exposed to the sun for four hours.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group"},{"link_name":"excessive detail?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TERSE"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Climate change leadership","text":"During the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group talks designed to build cooperation among major cities aimed to be low carbon dioxide cities, Songpa's policies against global warming were introduced. The EXPO ensured Songpa District's position as a leading community in Korea to cope with the climate change by demonstrating the accomplishment effectively. During the EXPO, Songpa's best practices to deal with the climate change were presented. These included 'Songpa Nanum powerhouse','CO2 Home Doctor', 'Songpa SPB (the unattended bicycle rental)', 'A model apartment for coping with the climate change', and the project 'the city on the water'. And also, a generator that charges cell phone by riding a bicycle was displayed on 'a climate play ground'.[excessive detail?]Songpa organized \"Green Songpa Committee\" for the first time among Korea's municipal governments. An environment governance organization consisting of environmental specialists, NGOs, businessmen, residents, and government officers evaluate and advise the district's environment policies. The committee is taking the lead in environmental initiatives.Songpa District established a \"CO2 Mileage\" policy in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Under the policy, the amount of saved energy—including electricity, gas, and water—from every home is counted by points, and residents use the points like cash. Songpa plans to encourage half of its residents to participate in the voluntary policy by 2010.[needs update]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"District of Water","text":"In the Waterway Project, Songpa District will link together four nearby streams (Han River, Seongnae stream, Jangji stream, and Tan stream), transforming the district into unique island-like area when completed by 2012.[needs update] This project is aimed at building Songpa into an eco-friendly district where water, nature, and humans are harmonized with one another. Similar projects include the Nature Eco Network—a 27-km-long forest with a willow valley and nature reserve—the Walk Network, and the Bicycle Network.Seokchon Lake, which was generated from the Han River as the result of the multiple purpose development of Jamsil in the 1970s, had been averted by the residents because of a nasty smell, in spite of the fact that it's the only lake in the downtown of Seoul. The smell came from water pollution from concrete materials. But, following ecological restoration efforts in the 2000s, it was reborn as a park that attracts 20,000–30,000 visitors on weekdays (over 50,000 on weekends), as well as providing habitat for animals, plants, and aquatic species.Following restoration efforts, in June 2005, Sungnae-chun was also resuscitated as a beautiful river. It was previously a dried river due to the low volume of water flow during the 1970s and 1980s. But in 2009, it was selected as 'the most beautiful 100 rivers in Korea' by Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.[citation needed]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bicycle infrastructure","text":"Songpa has successfully initiating a handful of systems relating to bicycle infrastructure. There are four free bicycle rental houses on the 101.8 km long bicycle road. Anyone with an identification card can rent a bicycle free of charge. The system plays a role in saving transportation costs and promoting bicycle riding at the same time.Songpa has a free bicycle rent system called \"Songpa Public Use Bike\" (SPB), the nation's first of its kind. With a SPB membership card, members of the system rent a bicycle free of charge for 24 hours from 300 self-rental sites located every 300 meters away from one another.There is a \"Home-visiting bicycle repair\" in Songpa, a system designed to relieve repair expense. Under the system, mechanics visit Songpa-gu offices, schools, and apartments so that residents do not have to go too far to repair their bicycles.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"A third of the total Songpa area is green zone (10.98k m2 or 32.4%), the highest rate among municipal districts in Seoul.[citation needed] The district has as many as 140 parks, also the largest number in Seoul. Each park has its own theme (like a flower or a plant) based on residents' opinion. The theme of Geon-neomal Park in Garak-dong is a rose, while Baekto Park is a wildflower park. The theme of Macheon Park is a royal azalea and Jamsil Park's main theme is aquatic plant. In these parks, diverse flower festivals and events—including Royal Azalea Festival, Rose Festival, Garden Balsam Dyeing Festival, Eco Culture Class, Wild Plants Operation and Aquatic Plant Exhibition—are held every year.There are cherry blossom roads alongside of Seongnae stream and Jangjicheon stream. As the trees were donated by Songpa residents and are planted by them, each tree has a name tag of its donor who voluntarily cares for it.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Traffic","text":"In response to the probable increase in traffic volume in near future due to city planning, Songpa District expanded its road system and optimized the traffic system through the construction of a distribution unit in the Southeastern Area Project and the Munjeong-dong Development Project.An 8 km section and 3rd step of the new subway line number 9 is scheduled to be completed by 2015.[needs update] Subway line number 3 is planned to be extended to Suseo, Garak Market, and Ogeum station in an effort for more balanced development.Songpa plans to extend the Tan stream bank alongside Songpadaero as traffic volume on the street is expected to increase. Songpa will also ease traffic by constructing a road linking Wiryeseong gil to Seongnae stream, and by connecting the unconnected section under Olympic Bridge. A subway transfer center is to be constructed on Jamsil Intersection, the most congested area, which will ease an expected increase in road traffic.[needs update]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Railroad","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyun Bin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyun_Bin"},{"link_name":"Hangul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"},{"link_name":"South Korean actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_actor"},{"link_name":"Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chan-woo_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Hangul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"},{"link_name":"K-pop idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop_idol"},{"link_name":"K-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"iKon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKon"},{"link_name":"Hangul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"},{"link_name":"K-pop idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop_idol"},{"link_name":"K-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"Cravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravity"},{"link_name":"Hangul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"},{"link_name":"K-pop idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop_idol"},{"link_name":"K-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"Weeekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeekly"}],"text":"Hyun Bin (Born: Kim Tae-pyung, Hangul: 김태평), South Korean actor\nChan (Born: Jung Chan-woo, Hangul: 정찬우), singer, dancer, actor and K-pop idol, member of K-pop group iKon\nAhn Seongmin (Hangul: 안성민), singer, dancer, and K-pop idol, member of K-pop group Cravity\nLee Soo-jin (Hangul: 이수진), singer, dancer, and K-pop idol, member and leader of K-pop group Weeekly","title":"Notable people"}]
[]
[{"title":"Songpa-gu, Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Songpa-gu,_Seoul"},{"title":"Gangnam District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangnam_District"},{"title":"Geography of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowlesia_incana
Bowlesia incana
["1 External links"]
Species of flowering plant Bowlesia incana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Bowlesia Species: B. incana Binomial name Bowlesia incanaRuiz & Pav. Bowlesia incana is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae known by the common name hoary bowlesia. It is native to South America and the southeastern and southwestern United States as far north as Washington. It can also be found in Pakistan and New Zealand as an introduced species. It grows in many types of habitat. This is a small annual herb growing thin, spreading stems less than 60 centimeters long. The leaves are borne on long petioles and have multilobed rounded or kidney-shaped blades less than 3 centimeters wide. The green herbage of the plant is coated in fine white hairs. The inflorescences of yellow-green flowers appear in the leaf axils. The tiny inflated fruit is only 2 millimeters wide. External links Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Flora of Pakistan Photo gallery Taxon identifiersBowlesia incana Wikidata: Q4951120 Wikispecies: Bowlesia incana AoFP: 1630 APA: 329 Calflora: 1133 CoL: MS54 EoL: 581706 EPPO: BOWIN EUNIS: 151941 FNA: 250001509 GBIF: 3034738 GRIN: 451258 iNaturalist: 56822 IPNI: 838774-1 IRMNG: 10197678 ISC: 112765 ITIS: 29601 NatureServe: 2.138917 NBN: NHMSYS0000456566 NCBI: 46376 Observation.org: 128992 Open Tree of Life: 367106 Plant List: kew-2680996 PLANTS: BOIN3 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:838774-1 Tropicos: 1700635 WFO: wfo-0000570104 This Apiaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiaceae"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"introduced species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"petioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"}],"text":"Bowlesia incana is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae known by the common name hoary bowlesia. It is native to South America and the southeastern and southwestern United States as far north as Washington. It can also be found in Pakistan and New Zealand as an introduced species. It grows in many types of habitat. This is a small annual herb growing thin, spreading stems less than 60 centimeters long. The leaves are borne on long petioles and have multilobed rounded or kidney-shaped blades less than 3 centimeters wide. The green herbage of the plant is coated in fine white hairs. The inflorescences of yellow-green flowers appear in the leaf axils. The tiny inflated fruit is only 2 millimeters wide.","title":"Bowlesia incana"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Brunei
Attorney General of Brunei
["1 History","2 Attorneys general","3 See also","4 References"]
Public prosecutor and legal advisor to the government of Brunei Attorney General of BruneiIncumbentDatin Paduka Nor Hashimah Taibsince 29 February 2024 (2024-02-29)Attorney General's ChambersStyleThe Honourable (Malay: Yang Berhormat)Member ofCabinet of BruneiReports toPrime MinisterSeatMinisterAppointerSultan of BruneiTerm lengthNo fixed termConstituting instrumentConstitutionPrecursorAttorney General of SarawakFormation29 September 1959; 64 years ago (1959-09-29)First holderAli Hassan(as Attorney General of Sarawak) Aziz Mohd. Zain(as Attorney General of Brunei)Websitewww.agc.gov.bn/Theme/Home.aspx The Attorney General's Office of Brunei is the public prosecutor of Brunei, and legal adviser to the Government of Brunei. The functions of the attorney general are carried out with the assistance of the deputy attorney-general and the solicitor-general, through the Attorney General's Chambers (AGC). Moreover, assisting the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF) and other enforcement agencies in carrying out their investigations, advising and approving prosecutions. History The office of Attorney General of Brunei was established by Brunei's Constitution in 1959. Prior to the proclamation, the Attorney General of Sarawak had served as the legal adviser to Brunei's federal government. The Attorney General is assisted by the Solicitor General and Counsels in advising representing the federal government in civil and criminal matters. In addition, the Attorney General drafts legislation and works closely with any pertinent government ministries and departments. In August 2008, the position of attorney general was promoted to ministerial rank. Attorneys general No. Portrait Attorney General Term start Term end Time in office Notes Ref. 1 Ali Hassan 29 September 1959 20 September 1961 1 year, 356 days First Attorney General of Brunei and holds the title of Tan Sri. 2 Abdul Aziz Zain 20 September 1961 15 January 1963 1 year, 117 days Holds the title of Tan Sri. 3 Idris Talog Davies 15 January 1963 22 July 1977 14 years, 188 days Died in office on 21 July 1977. 4 Bahrin Abas 1 January 1978 24 June 1998 20 years, 235 days 5 Kifrawi Kifli 24 June 1998 4 August 2009 10 years, 345 days 6 Hayati Mohd Salleh 4 August 2009 18 August 2018 9 years, 14 days First female in the position. 7 Hairol Arni 18 August 2018 27 July 2020 1 year, 344 days Tenure suddenly terminated on 27 July 2020. – Zuraini Sharbawi 27 July 2020 6 October 2020 71 days Replacement for Hairol Arni. 8 Ahmad Isa 6 October 2020 29 February 2024 3 years, 146 days 9 Nor Hashimah Taib 29 February 2024 Incumbent 107 days See also Attorney general Justice ministry Politics of Brunei References ^ a b c d e f g Sidhu, Jatswan S. (2009-12-22). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9. ^ a b "Attorney General's Chambers - History". www.agc.gov.bn. Retrieved 2022-07-14. ^ "Attorney General's Chambers - Overview". www.agc.gov.bn. Retrieved 2018-07-12. ^ "Sultanate - News | Negara Brunei Darussalam | Sultan appoints first Bruneian Chief Justice". www.sultanate.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31. ^ "Judiciary News and Current Issues - Appointment of Yang Berhormat Dato Paduka..." www.judiciary.gov.bn. Retrieved 2022-12-31. ^ a b Bandial, Ain (2020-10-05). "Brunei sees appointment of new Attorney General". The Scoop. Retrieved 2024-01-13. ^ "New appointment of Attorney General » Borneo Bulletin Online". New appointment of Attorney General. 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2024-02-29. vteGovernment of Bruneicouncils Cabinet Ministers Legislative Privy ministries Prime Minister Culture, Youth and Sports Defence Development Education Energy Finance and Economy Foreign Affairs Health Home Affairs Primary Resources and Tourism Religious Affairs Transport and Infocommunications departments Attorney General History Centre Internal Security Language and Literature Mufti Prison Police Postal Services Public Works Radio Television Brunei Forestry Fisheries Environment, Parks and Recreation Fire and Rescue State Customs and Traditions authorities Authority for Info-communications Technology Industry Maritime and Port Authority central bankBrunei Darussalam Central Bankmilitary Royal Brunei Armed Forces Land Force Navy Air Force government-linkedcompanies Baiduri Bank Bank Islam Brunei Darussalam Brunei Fertilizer Industries Brunei Investment Agency Dorchester Collection Molten Ventures Brunei LNG Brunei Energy Services & Trading imagine Jerudong Park Medical Centre Muara Port Company Progresif Royal Brunei Airlines Royal Brunei Catering category
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Urban_Area
Wigan urban area
["1 Constituent parts","1.1 Breakdown","2 References"]
Coordinates: 53°32′38″N 2°37′52″W / 53.544°N 2.631°W / 53.544; -2.631 The subdivisions of the Wigan Built-up Area highlighted. The Wigan Urban Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics consisting of the built-up, or 'urbanised' area containing Wigan in Greater Manchester and Skelmersdale in West Lancashire. The Urban Area includes the integrated conurbation around Wigan, (containing the contiguous areas of Ince-in-Makerfield and Wigan itself), along with the outlying areas of Standish, Abram and the West Lancashire town of Skelmersdale. The Wigan Urban Area has a total population of 175,405. This is an increase of 5% on the 2001 figure of 166,840. Constituent parts The historic town of Wigan forms an integrated conurbation along with the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan district of Ince-in-Makerfield, which is connected by ribbon development to Standish, Platt Bridge and Abram. Together with Skelmersdale in West Lancashire, these areas are defined by the Office for National Statistics as the Wigan Urban Area. Breakdown The ONS figures were broken down into constituent parts, and an individual population figure was given for each. These were: Rank (2011) Urban sub-area name 2011 2001 1991 1981 1 Wigan 103,608 81,203 85,819 88,901 2 Skelmersdale 34,535 39,279 42,104 42,609 3 Standish 13,701 14,350 12,196 11,532 4 Ince in Makerfield 12,243 10,941 10,554 11,013 5 Abram/Platt Bridge 10,315 9,855 11,482 12,423 6 Worthington 1,083 Orrell 11,212 12,251 12,600 Total 175,485 166,840 174,406 179,078 Notes Orrell is included under the Wigan subdivision in the 2011 census data. The Abram subdivision was renamed Platt Bridge in the 2011 census. The Worthington subdivision was part of the Standish subdivision in the 2001 census. References ^ a b "2011 Census - Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 1 July 2013. ^ "Census 2001 Key Statistics - Urban area results by population size of urban area". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS01 Usual resident population . ^ "Census 2001 Key Statistics - Urban area results by population size of urban area". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. 22 July 2004. KS01 Usual resident population . Retrieved 7 December 2008. ^ "1991 Key Statistics for Urban Areas". Office for National Statistics. 1991. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "1981 Key Statistics for Urban Areas: The North Table 1". Office for National Statistics. 1981. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) 53°32′38″N 2°37′52″W / 53.544°N 2.631°W / 53.544; -2.631 Office for National Statistics: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas Errata
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Houplain
Jules Houplain
["1 References","2 External links"]
French actor Jules Houplain (born 4 February 1998) is a French actor known for his film roles as Louis in Hidden Kisses (2016) and Luis in On voulait tout casser, as Juliette Binoche's character's son, Max in Who You Think I Am (2019), as well for portraying Yann Desgrange on the French television series Les Innocents (2018). References ^ "Jules HOUPLAIN". notreCinema.com. ^ "Baisers cachés = Hidden kisses /". franklin.library.upenn.edu. ^ "Jules Houplain (Connexion intime) : 3 choses à savoir sur le jeune acteur". Femme Actuelle. ^ Town, Redazione Man In (May 15, 2018). "Budding star, Jules Houplain". ^ "Hidden Kisses (Baisers cachés) (US DVD Review) - A secret gay kiss leads to major problems for two teens". Big Gay Picture Show. 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2024-05-12. ^ "" Innocents " crèvent l'écran". leparisien.fr. ^ "Hidden Kisses DVD review". Entertainment Focus. 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2024-05-12. External links Jules Houplain at IMDb
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jules HOUPLAIN\". notreCinema.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.notrecinema.com/communaute/stars/stars.php3?staridx=272641","url_text":"\"Jules HOUPLAIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baisers cachés = Hidden kisses /\". franklin.library.upenn.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9977256426203681","url_text":"\"Baisers cachés = Hidden kisses /\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jules Houplain (Connexion intime) : 3 choses à savoir sur le jeune acteur\". Femme Actuelle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.femmeactuelle.fr/actu/news-actu/jules-houplain-connexion-intime-3-choses-a-savoir-sur-le-jeune-acteur-2084826","url_text":"\"Jules Houplain (Connexion intime) : 3 choses à savoir sur le jeune acteur\""}]},{"reference":"Town, Redazione Man In (May 15, 2018). \"Budding star, Jules Houplain\".","urls":[{"url":"https://manintown.com/budding-star-jules-houplain/2018/05/16/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Budding star, Jules Houplain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hidden Kisses (Baisers cachés) (US DVD Review) - A secret gay kiss leads to major problems for two teens\". Big Gay Picture Show. 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2024-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biggaypictureshow.com/bgps/2018/01/hidden-kisses-baisers-caches-us-dvd-review-secret-gay-kiss-leads-major-problems-two-teens/","url_text":"\"Hidden Kisses (Baisers cachés) (US DVD Review) - A secret gay kiss leads to major problems for two teens\""}]},{"reference":"\"\" Innocents \" crèvent l'écran\". leparisien.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leparisien.fr/amp/culture-loisirs/tv/tf1-ces-innocents-crevent-l-ecran-25-01-2018-7521405.php","url_text":"\"\" Innocents \" crèvent l'écran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hidden Kisses DVD review\". Entertainment Focus. 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2024-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment-focus.com/2019/09/11/hidden-kisses-dvd-review/","url_text":"\"Hidden Kisses DVD review\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_on_Duty
She's on Duty
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
2005 South Korean filmShe's on DutyShe's on Duty posterHangul잠복근무Hanja潛伏勤務Revised RomanizationJambokgeunmuMcCune–ReischauerChambokkŭnmu Directed byPark Kwang-chunWritten byJung Yong-kiProduced byKim Ik-sangJung Hoon-takIm Hee-cheolStarring Kim Sun-a Gong Yoo Nam Sang-mi Ha Jung-woo CinematographyPark Hyun-cheolEdited byLee Hyun-miMusic byChoi Wan-heeDistributed byShowboxRelease date March 17, 2005 (2005-03-17) Running time111 minutesCountrySouth KoreaLanguageKoreanBox officeUS$9 million She's on Duty (Korean: 잠복근무; RR: Jambokgeunmu; lit. "Stakeout" or "Undercover") is a 2005 South Korean action comedy film about a police detective (Kim Sun-a) who goes undercover in a high school to befriend the daughter (Nam Sang-mi) of an elusive gangster. Despite being heavily marketed, the film was generally considered a box office disappointment. Plot Chun Jae-in, an orphan-turned-police detective, is assigned a job to go undercover in a high school to befriend Seung-hee, the daughter of notorious gangster Cha Young-jae, and protect her from any of her father's enemies who may want to use her as bait to get Cha Young-jae to do what they want, as well as get information about her father's work from her. At first, Jae-in is very reluctant to accept the job; however, her uncle, also a detective, pushes her at the last minute to take it. Jae-in is considered a loser when she first steps into her class, and the gang girls confront her afterward and challenge her to a fight at the backyard of the school. Jae-in, being a policewoman, easily beats them up. This earns her some sort of respect, although what Jae-in really wants is Seung-hee's friendship. She eventually gets this with the help of Kang No-young, a handsome classmate and next-door neighbor who she starts to like; however, Jae-in thinks her crush is wrong because of their age difference. Meanwhile, a new teacher arrives at their school. Jae-in later is informed that he is also an undercover agent, working on her side. She becomes slightly suspicious of him and vaguely recognizes his face. One day after school, Jae-in and other policemen spot Cha Young-jae outside an airport; they rush to catch him, but his rivals are also on the chase. They meet up in the parking lot, where Cha Young-jae is trapped. Suddenly a mysterious motorcycle rider speeds into the middle of the group and his motorcycle produces white smoke, therefore allowing Cha Young-jae to get away. Jae-in and other police go after the motorcycle driver, since Cha Young-jae has already gotten away. The undercover teacher also happens to be at the event and shoots at the motorcycle driver, but the driver gets away. Jae-in rushes after him, but the undercover teacher puts a gun to her head. She assumes it is not serious and runs after the driver, but all she finds is a watch strangely identical to that of No-young's. When she gets home, she knocks at No-young's door and confronts him about his watch. No-young shrugs it off and is playful; however, once he gets inside his apartment, he takes off his shirt, revealing a bullet wound to the camera. Jae-in does not know of this, but she suspects that No-young is also undercover as a spy. Jae-in increasingly becomes more suspicious of No-young, although she is still head-over-heels about him. One day she challenges him to a Judo match during a physical education class at school. During the match, they vocally argue, although none of their classmates or the teacher seems to notice; by the end of the match, they both know of each other's real position as undercover agents. Jae-in thereafter confesses to Seung-hee that she is not really a schoolgirl, which in turn gets Seung-hee very upset. Jae-in then receives news: her beloved uncle has been stabbed by an unknown person. She sobs, overcome with grief at the loss of her only family. The camera then shows her with Seung-hee in a car with a fellow policeman. The policeman betrays Jae-in and Seung-hee and leads them to the site where Cha Young-jae has been captured and is meeting with a rival gang leader. No-young arrives, and Jae-in teams up with him to fight off everyone. Jae-in goes to capture the rival gang leader; however, as she is handcuffing him, a gun is put to her head. She turns to see the undercover teacher, who was supposed to be on her side. He reveals to her that he was the one who stabbed her uncle, and she becomes overcome with rage. Meanwhile, No-young is wounded and running out of energy; as an undercover spy, he cannot reveal himself, for he would get caught. He slips away quietly as Jae-in punches the undercover teacher again and again. A police officer finally handcuffs the undercover teacher and leads him away. Cha Young-jae is sent off to an emergency room in an ambulance with Seung-hee, and Jae-in receives news that her uncle will get better. The movie then cuts to a scene where Jae-in is undercover once again. It has been some time since the Cha Young-jae case, although the movie does not specifically say how long. This time, Jae-in is undercover as a singing nun. She bolts after a criminal down alleys and streets; finally, when she catches up with the criminal, she realizes he has already been knocked out by someone. She looks around and discovers No-young. She starts to punch him, but he blocks it. They reconcile and kiss. Cast Kim Sun-a as Detective Chun Jae-in Nam Sang-mi as Cha Seung-hee Gong Yoo as Kang No-young Ha Jung-woo as Detective Jo Noh Joo-hyun as Detective Chun Kim Sang-ho as Detective Kang Park Sang-myun as Homeroom teacher Kim Kap-soo as Detective Cha Young-jae Oh Kwang-rok as Bae Doo-sang Hong Soo-ah as Jo Hye-ryung Choi Bool-am as Chief prosecutor Kim Ji-woo as Ja-kyung, female stowaway in opening scene Moon Seo-yeon as So-young Moon Won-joo as Sung-jin Jung Man-sik as Mangchi ("Hammer") Kim Sung-oh as Bongeo ("Carp") Lee Eon-jeong as Doo-sang's gangster Ahn Hyung-joon as Doo-sang's gangster Lee Beom-soo as College math professor answering Jae-in's high school exams (cameo) Dong Hyun-bae References ^ "She's on Duty (2005)". Korean Film Biz Zone. ^ "She's on Duty (2005) Movie Review". Beyond Hollywood. 14 June 2005. Retrieved 2013-08-30. ^ McMillin, Calvin. "She's On Duty (KOREA 2005)". LoveHKFilm. Retrieved 2013-08-30. ^ Kim, Gyu-han (11 March 2005). (인터뷰) <잠복근무> 김선아 - 진심은 내 영화의 힘. MaxMovie (in Korean). Retrieved 2013-08-30. ^ Choi, Dong-gyu (17 March 2005). 자신의 위치에서 최선을 다하는 멋진 남자. 공유. Movist (in Korean). Retrieved 2013-08-30. ^ Park, Hye-myeong (24 March 2005). 벅찬 호흡으로 달려가는 영화인, <잠복근무> 배우 하정우. Cine21 (in Korean). Retrieved 2013-08-30. ^ Choi, Dong-gyu (17 November 2004). 김선아 상대역 놓고 네 명의 남자배우 신경전. Movist (in Korean). Retrieved 2013-08-30. ^ Shim, Su-jin (23 March 2005). 마냥 귀엽기만 한 홍수아? 허나 그녀의 꿈은 진정한 배우!. Movist (in Korean). Retrieved 2013-08-30. External links She's on Duty at HanCinema She's on Duty at the Korean Movie Database She's on Duty at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"action comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Kim Sun-a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sun-a"},{"link_name":"Nam Sang-mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Sang-mi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"box office disappointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_bomb"}],"text":"She's on Duty (Korean: 잠복근무; RR: Jambokgeunmu; lit. \"Stakeout\" or \"Undercover\") is a 2005 South Korean action comedy film about a police detective (Kim Sun-a) who goes undercover in a high school to befriend the daughter (Nam Sang-mi) of an elusive gangster.[2][3]Despite being heavily marketed, the film was generally considered a box office disappointment.","title":"She's on Duty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance"}],"text":"Chun Jae-in, an orphan-turned-police detective, is assigned a job to go undercover in a high school to befriend Seung-hee, the daughter of notorious gangster Cha Young-jae, and protect her from any of her father's enemies who may want to use her as bait to get Cha Young-jae to do what they want, as well as get information about her father's work from her. At first, Jae-in is very reluctant to accept the job; however, her uncle, also a detective, pushes her at the last minute to take it. Jae-in is considered a loser when she first steps into her class, and the gang girls confront her afterward and challenge her to a fight at the backyard of the school. Jae-in, being a policewoman, easily beats them up. This earns her some sort of respect, although what Jae-in really wants is Seung-hee's friendship. She eventually gets this with the help of Kang No-young, a handsome classmate and next-door neighbor who she starts to like; however, Jae-in thinks her crush is wrong because of their age difference.Meanwhile, a new teacher arrives at their school. Jae-in later is informed that he is also an undercover agent, working on her side. She becomes slightly suspicious of him and vaguely recognizes his face.One day after school, Jae-in and other policemen spot Cha Young-jae outside an airport; they rush to catch him, but his rivals are also on the chase. They meet up in the parking lot, where Cha Young-jae is trapped. Suddenly a mysterious motorcycle rider speeds into the middle of the group and his motorcycle produces white smoke, therefore allowing Cha Young-jae to get away. Jae-in and other police go after the motorcycle driver, since Cha Young-jae has already gotten away. The undercover teacher also happens to be at the event and shoots at the motorcycle driver, but the driver gets away. Jae-in rushes after him, but the undercover teacher puts a gun to her head. She assumes it is not serious and runs after the driver, but all she finds is a watch strangely identical to that of No-young's. When she gets home, she knocks at No-young's door and confronts him about his watch. No-young shrugs it off and is playful; however, once he gets inside his apartment, he takes off his shirt, revealing a bullet wound to the camera. Jae-in does not know of this, but she suspects that No-young is also undercover as a spy.Jae-in increasingly becomes more suspicious of No-young, although she is still head-over-heels about him. One day she challenges him to a Judo match during a physical education class at school. During the match, they vocally argue, although none of their classmates or the teacher seems to notice; by the end of the match, they both know of each other's real position as undercover agents. Jae-in thereafter confesses to Seung-hee that she is not really a schoolgirl, which in turn gets Seung-hee very upset.Jae-in then receives news: her beloved uncle has been stabbed by an unknown person. She sobs, overcome with grief at the loss of her only family. The camera then shows her with Seung-hee in a car with a fellow policeman. The policeman betrays Jae-in and Seung-hee and leads them to the site where Cha Young-jae has been captured and is meeting with a rival gang leader. No-young arrives, and Jae-in teams up with him to fight off everyone. Jae-in goes to capture the rival gang leader; however, as she is handcuffing him, a gun is put to her head. She turns to see the undercover teacher, who was supposed to be on her side. He reveals to her that he was the one who stabbed her uncle, and she becomes overcome with rage. Meanwhile, No-young is wounded and running out of energy; as an undercover spy, he cannot reveal himself, for he would get caught. He slips away quietly as Jae-in punches the undercover teacher again and again. A police officer finally handcuffs the undercover teacher and leads him away. Cha Young-jae is sent off to an emergency room in an ambulance with Seung-hee, and Jae-in receives news that her uncle will get better.The movie then cuts to a scene where Jae-in is undercover once again. It has been some time since the Cha Young-jae case, although the movie does not specifically say how long. This time, Jae-in is undercover as a singing nun. She bolts after a criminal down alleys and streets; finally, when she catches up with the criminal, she realizes he has already been knocked out by someone. She looks around and discovers No-young. She starts to punch him, but he blocks it. They reconcile and kiss.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Sun-a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sun-a"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nam Sang-mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Sang-mi"},{"link_name":"Gong Yoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Yoo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ha Jung-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Jung-woo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Noh Joo-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh_Joo-hyun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kim Sang-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sang-ho_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Park Sang-myun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Sang-myun"},{"link_name":"Kim Kap-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kap-soo"},{"link_name":"Oh Kwang-rok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Kwang-rok"},{"link_name":"Hong Soo-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Soo-ah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Choi Bool-am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Bool-am"},{"link_name":"Kim Ji-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ji-woo"},{"link_name":"Moon Won-joo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Won-joo"},{"link_name":"Jung Man-sik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Man-sik"},{"link_name":"Kim Sung-oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sung-oh"},{"link_name":"Lee Eon-jeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Eon-jeong"},{"link_name":"Lee Beom-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Beom-soo"},{"link_name":"Dong Hyun-bae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dong_Hyun-bae&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kim Sun-a as Detective Chun Jae-in[4]\nNam Sang-mi as Cha Seung-hee\nGong Yoo as Kang No-young[5]\nHa Jung-woo as Detective Jo[6]\nNoh Joo-hyun as Detective Chun[7]\nKim Sang-ho as Detective Kang\nPark Sang-myun as Homeroom teacher\nKim Kap-soo as Detective Cha Young-jae\nOh Kwang-rok as Bae Doo-sang\nHong Soo-ah as Jo Hye-ryung[8]\nChoi Bool-am as Chief prosecutor\nKim Ji-woo as Ja-kyung, female stowaway in opening scene\nMoon Seo-yeon as So-young\nMoon Won-joo as Sung-jin\nJung Man-sik as Mangchi (\"Hammer\")\nKim Sung-oh as Bongeo (\"Carp\")\nLee Eon-jeong as Doo-sang's gangster\nAhn Hyung-joon as Doo-sang's gangster\nLee Beom-soo as College math professor answering Jae-in's high school exams (cameo)\nDong Hyun-bae","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Butuan
Roman Catholic Diocese of Butuan
["1 History","2 Coat of arms","3 Ordinaries","4 References","5 See also"]
Coordinates: 8°56′52″N 125°32′35″E / 8.9477°N 125.5430°E / 8.9477; 125.5430Roman Catholic diocese in the Philippines Diocese of ButuanDioecesis ButuanensisDiyosesis hong ButuanDiyosesis sa ButuanDiyosesis ng ButuanCatholic Butuan CathedralCoat of armsLocationCountry PhilippinesTerritoryButuan, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del SurEcclesiastical provinceCagayan de OroMetropolitanCagayan de OroStatisticsArea11,276 km2 (4,354 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2021)1,192,590947,044  (79.4%)Parishes53InformationDenominationRoman CatholicSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished20 March 1967CathedralCathedral of Saint JosephPatron saintJosephSecular priests87Current leadershipPopeFrancisBishopCosme AlmedillaMetropolitan ArchbishopJosé A. CabantanVicar GeneralRev. Msgr. Guy Arnold L. Pineda, VG The Roman Catholic Diocese of Butuan (Lat: Dioecesis Butuanensis) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. History The diocese was erected in 1967, through Pope Paul VI, separating from the Diocese of Surigao, the territory of the Diocese of Butuan is the Province of Agusan del Sur and Agusan del Norte and Most Rev. Carmelo Dominador Morelos became its first bishop and the diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cagayan de Oro. Coat of arms Vert, in between two pomegranates proper seeded Gules, supported, sculpted and leafed in two Or a bend wavy sinister Azure charged with a lily flower Argent. Vert symbolized Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur. Pomegranates proper seeded inside the color Vert symbolized fertility. Color Azure is Agusan River. While Lily flower argent symbolized purity of St. Joseph the Patron of Butuan, and titular of the Diocese of Butuan. Ordinaries Bishop Period in office Coat of arms 1. Carmelo D.F. Morelos, DD, JCD, STL, PhL 4 April 1967 – 8 December 1994 2. Juan de Dios M. Pueblos, DD. 27 November 1995 – 21 October 2017 3. Cosme Damian R. Almedilla, DD. 25 June 2019 – present References ^ "Butuan (Catholic Diocese)". gcatholic.org. Retrieved 2023-09-11. See also Catholic Church in the Philippines Butuan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Catholic Diocese of Butuan. vteRoman Catholic Diocese of ButuanDioecesis ButuanensisTerritories Butuan Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Ordinaries Carmelo Morelos Juan de Dios Pueblos Cosme Almedilla Cathedral Saint Joseph ShrinesDiocesan Saint Joseph Birhen Sa Kasilak Mindanao Santo Niño San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila (Bayugan) ParishesVicariate of Mary,Mother ofthe Church St. Joseph Immaculate Conception Birhen Sa Kasilak Mindanao Shrine San Vicente Ferrer Vicariate of OurMother ofPerpetual Help Our Mother of Perpetual Help Our Lady of Fatima St. Francis of Assisi Mission Station San Isidro Labrador Sto. Niño Diocesan Shrine Vicariate of Mary,Our Lady ofthe Holy Angels Holy Cross St. Ezekiel Moreno St. Jude Thaddeus Vicariate of Mary,Queen ofthe Universe Christ the King Sta. Cruz Parish (Las Nieves, Agusan del Norte) Virgen de las Nieves (Las Nieves, Agusan del Norte) Vicariate of Mary,Mother of God St. Isidore the Farmer (Remedios T. Romualdez) Nuestra Señora Del Rosario (Cabadbaran) Nuestra Señora Del Rosario (Magallanes, Agusan del Norte) Virgen dela Candelaria (Cabadbaran) Vicariate of Mary,Star of the Sea St. Anne (Tubay) St. James the Great (Santiago, Agusan del Norte) Our Lady of Assumption (Jabonga) Immaculate Heart of Mary (Kitcharao) Vicariate of Mary,Queen of Apostles St. James the Great (Buenavista, Agusan del Norte) St. Michael the Archangel (Nasipit) Sts. Peter and Paul Mission Station (Nasipit) Our Lady of Mt. Carmel (Carmen, Agusan del Norte) San Isidro Labrador (Buenavista, Agusan del Norte) San Miguel Arkanghel (Buenavista, Agusan del Norte) Vicariate of Mary,Our Lady of Charity St. Anthony of Padua (Sibagat) San Lorenzo Ruiz De Manila Diocesan Shrine (Bayugan) San Isidro Labrador (Sibagat) Our Lady of Charity (Bayugan) Sacred Heart of Jesus (Bayugan) San Juan Mission Station (Bayugan) Vicariate of Mary,Queen of Peace Our Lady of Guadalupe (Esperanza, Agusan del Sur) St. Ignatius of Loyola (Esperanza, Agusan del Sur) San Isidro Labrador (Marcelina, Bayugan) San Isidro Labrador (Salvacion, Bayugan) Vicariate of Mary,Our Lady ofthe Rosary St. Michael (Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur) San Vicente Ferrer (Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur) Our Lady of the Rosary (Rosario, Agusan del Sur) San Roque (Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur) Sacred Heart of Jesus (San Francisco, Agusan del Sur) San Nicolas de Tolentino Mission Station (Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur) Vicariate of Mary,Queen of Martyrs St. Francis of Assisi (Trento, Agusan del Sur) St. Joseph the Worker (Bunawan) St. Joseph the Husband of Mary (Santa Josefa) Vicariate of Mary,Mother of theDivine Word Immaculate Conception (Veruela) San Isidro Labrador (Loreto, Agusan del Sur) St. Julian De Toledo (La Paz, Agusan del Sur) St. Isidore the Farmer (Loreto, Agusan del Sur) Sta. Maria (Trento, Agusan del Sur) St. Joseph Frienademetz (Veruela) St. Arnold Janssen Quasi Parish (Veruela) Ecclesiastical Province of Cagayan de Oro Catholicism portal Philippines portal vteCatholic dioceses in the PhilippinesListed by ecclesiastical province with the metropolitan archdioceses in yellow and their suffragan dioceses in whiteCáceres Daet Legazpi Libmanan Masbate Sorsogon Virac Cagayan de Oro Butuan Malaybalay Surigao Tandag Capiz Kalibo Romblon Cebu Dumaguete Maasin Tagbilaran Talibon Cotabato Kidapawan Marbel Davao Digos Mati Tagum Jaro Bacolod Kabankalan San Carlos San José de Antique Lingayen-Dagupan Alaminos Cabanatuan San Fernando de La Union San Jose Urdaneta Lipa Boac Gumaca Lucena Prelature of Infanta Manila Antipolo Cubao Imus Kalookan Malolos Novaliches Parañaque Pasig San Pablo Nueva Segovia Baguio Bangued Laoag Ozamis Dipolog Iligan Pagadian Prelature of Marawi Palo Borongan Calbayog Catarman Naval San Fernando Balanga Iba Tarlac Tuguegarao Bayombong Ilagan Prelature of Batanes Zamboanga Ipil Prelature of Isabela Apostolic vicariates Bontoc-Lagawe Calapan Jolo Puerto Princesa San Jose in Mindoro Tabuk Taytay Military ordinariate Military Ordinariate of the Philippines Other Chinese-Filipino Catholic Apostolate in the Philippines Catholicism portal 8°56′52″N 125°32′35″E / 8.9477°N 125.5430°E / 8.9477; 125.5430
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Binhai_New_Area
Binhai, Tianjin
["1 Geography","1.1 Natural resources","1.2 Administrative divisions","2 History","3 Economy","4 Culture","5 Education","6 Transportation","6.1 Rail","6.2 Metro","6.3 Road","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°00′12″N 117°42′39″E / 39.00333°N 117.71083°E / 39.00333; 117.71083This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2020) District and State-level new area in Tianjin, People's Republic of ChinaBinhai 滨海新区District and State-level new areaBinhai New AreaTEDA within BinhaiCountryPeople's Republic of ChinaMunicipalityTianjinTownship-level divisions19 subdistricts7 townsDistrict established2009Government • CPC SecretaryZhang Yuzhuo • District GovernorYang MaorongArea • Total2,270 km2 (880 sq mi)Population (2009) • Total1,185,700Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Tianjin district map Subdivisions of Tianjin 12345678910111213141516   Core districtsSee inset 1 Heping 2 Hedong 3 Hexi 4 Nankai 5 Hebei 6 Hongqiao   Suburbs 7 Dongli 8 Xiqing 9 Jinnan 10 Beichen   Binhai and   Rural 13 Binhai 14 Ninghe 11 Wuqing 15 Jinghai 12 Baodi 16 Ji Zhou Postal Code300000-301900Websitewww.tjbh.gov.cn Binhai, TianjinTraditional Chinese濱海新區Simplified Chinese滨海新区TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBīnhǎi Xīn Qū Binhai, fully known as Binhai New Area (Chinese: 滨海新区; pinyin: Bīnhǎi Xīn Qū), abbreviated as Binhai and Bincheng, is a sub-provincial division, new area and special economic zone of China under the jurisdiction of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, located in the eastern coastal area of Tianjin, the center of the Bohai Economic Rim, with a total area of 2,270 square kilometers and a population of 2,067,300, It is the gateway to opening up to the outside world in northern China, a high-level modern manufacturing and R&D transformation base, a northern international shipping center and international logistics center, and a livable and ecological new urban area. Binhai New Area is an important part of China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone, a state-level new area, and a national comprehensive supporting reform pilot area. Tianjin Binhai New Area Yujiapu Xiangluowan in 2023 Geography Binhai is located on the west coast of the Bohai Sea and east of Tianjin's main urban area. It is a part of the Bohai Economic Rim. It has an area of 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi), a coastline of 153 km (95 mi), and contains 700 km2 (270 sq mi) of water and wetlands. Natural resources Binhai New Area has 700 square kilometers (270 sq mi) of water and wetlands and a further 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi) of wasteland that is being re-developed into saline land. It has proven oil resources totalling more than 100 million tons, and 193.7 billion cubic meters (6.84 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas. Administrative divisions There are 19 subdistricts and 7 towns in the district: Name Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km2) Tanggu Subdistrict 塘沽街道 Tánggū Tiēdào not established Hangzhou Street Subdistrict 杭州道街道 Hángzhōudào Jiēdào 112,173 5.412 Xinhe Subdistrict 新河街道 Xīnhé Jiēdào 73,160 Dagu Subdistrict (Taku) 大沽街道 Dàgū Jiēdào 43,425 138.24 Xinbei Subdistrict 新北街道 Xīnběi Jiēdào 80,702 Beitang Subdistrict 北塘街道 Běitáng Jiēdào 16,406 117 Hujiayuan Subdistrict 胡家园街道 Hújiāyuán Jiēdào 117,235 75.2 Hangu Subdistrict 汉沽街道 Hàngū Jiēdào 50,685 4.6 Zhaishang Subdistrict 寨上街道 Zhàishàng Jiēdào 66,510 4.8 Chadian Subdistrict 茶淀街道 Chádiàn Jiēdào 28,050 17.3 Dagang Subdistrict 大港街道 Dàgǎng Jiēdào 91,776 4.9 Gulin Subdistrict 古林街道 Gǔlín Jiēdào 47050 209 Haibin Subdistrict 海滨街道 Hǎibīn Jiēdào 146,009 118 Xincheng town 新城镇 Xīnchéng Zhèn 43,128 31 Yangjiabo town 杨家泊镇 Yángjiāpō Zhèn 21,559 60.7 Taiping town 太平镇 Tàipíng Zhèn 37,074 174.7 Xiaowangzhuang town 小王庄镇 Xiǎowángzhuāng Zhèn 23,084 27.8 Zhongtang town 中塘镇 Zhōngtáng Zhèn 55,586 30.2 developmental, industrial, & harbor zones 开发区/类似乡级单位 Kāifā Qū/Lèisì Xiāng Jí Dānwèi 831,979 Defunct Now part of Tanggu: Yujiapu Subdistrict, Xingang Subdistrict, Xincun Subdistrict north Now part of Hangzhou Street: Xiangyang Subdistrict Now part of Dagu: Bohaishiyou Subdistrict, Xincun Subdistrict south Now part of Hangu: Datian town Now part of Chadian: Hexi Subdistrict Now part of Dagang: Yingbin Subdistrict, Shengli Subdistrict Now part of Haibin: Gangxi Subdistrict History The Binhai district was created by the government of China in the 1990s. In 1996 Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev was sold to Binhai Aircraft Park, a theme park in Binhai. The concept was developed by world tourism and attraction consultant Leisure Quest International. In August 2011, the ex-Kiev was developed into a luxury hotel after renovations costing £9.6 million. Starting from November 2009, Binhai New Area was consolidated into a district, and the former subordinate districts of Tanggu, Hangu and Dagang were abolished. Binhai New Area consists of nine functional zones: Advanced Manufacturing Zone, Airport-based Industrial Zone, Binhai High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Seaport-based Industrial Zone, Nangang Industrial Zone, Seaport Logistics Zone, Coastal Leisure & Tourism Zone, Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City and the Yujiapu Financial District. In addition, Tianjin Port whose throughput ranks 5th in the world is also located here. The Binhai district was greatly affected by a large industrial-scale accident in August 2015. On August 12, a series of explosions took place at a port chemical storage facility in Binhai, causing 173 deaths and 797 injuries. The blast had the equivalent of 21 metric tons of TNT or a magnitude-2.9 earthquake, according to the China Earthquake Networks Center. Eight other people remain missing. Tianjin Juilliard School in Binhai,Tianjin Economy Yujiapu Financial District located in Binhai is an under construction financial district with a glitzy skyline envisioned to be a center of world trade and finance. Other parts of Binhai have also been intended to be a base for China's advanced industrial and financial reform and innovation. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) is an early free trade zone. Tianjin Emissions Exchange organized China's first sulfur dioxide, carbon neutral, contract energy management and energy efficiency product transactions, and established China's first voluntary emission reduction public inquiry system. A number of major international companies including Rockefeller, Tishman Speyer, Motorola and Airbus have built branches here. For instance, EADS Airbus has already opened an assembly plant for its A320 series airliners, operational since 2009. Domestic companies headquartered in Binhai include noodlemaker Tingyi. Culture Tianjin Binhai Library A large culture complex, Binhai Cultural Center, with five central attractions planned. The centerpiece of the complex is the library that opened in November 2017. The library is nicknamed 'The Eye' because the sphere, which appears like an iris, can be seen from the park outside through an eye-shaped opening. The remnant of Taku Forts in the form of a gun platform overlooks the Hai River (Peiho River) in Binhai. Education Many colleges and universities in Tianjin have branch campuses in Binhai New Area. In 2003, Nankai University established the TEDA Campus in the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, which is dedicated to research on genomes, functional genomics, biochips, and molecular virology. Tianjin University of Science and Technology will move into Binhai New Area as a whole. The Juilliard College of New York and the Tianjin Conservatory of Music cooperated with the Juilliard Research Institute of the Tianjin Conservatory of Music in the Yujiapu Financial District to provide pre-university and postgraduate education. At the same time, Tianjin Maritime Vocational College, Tianjin Development Zone Vocational and Technical College, Tianjin Binhai Vocational College are located in Binhai New Area. Transportation Binhai railway station Rail High speed rail stops in Binhai with Binhai railway station and Tanggu railway station on the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway. Binhai West railway station and Binhai North railway station are stops along the Tianjin–Qinhuangdao High-Speed Railway. Tanggu railway station is also a station on the conventional speed Tianjin–Shanhaiguan Railway. Metro Binhai is currently served by one metro line and one tram line operated by Tianjin Metro:      Line 9 - Hujiayuan, Tanggu, TEDA  TEDA , Citizen Plaza, Convention and Exhibition Center Station, Donghai Road      TEDA Tram - TEDA  9 , First Avenue, Second Avenue, Third Avenue, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Avenue, Sixth Avenue, Seventh Avenue, Ninth Avenue, Tenth Avenue, Eleventh Avenue, International Joint Academy, College District, North of College District Road There are 11 expressways (include 5 national expressways and 6 provincial expressways), 3 national highways and several provincial and county-level highways run through Binhai. G0111 runs through northeast coastline, west part and southeast coastline of Binhai. G0211 starts at Nangang Industrial Zone, on the south of Binhai. G0212 (formerly ) ends at Hebei Road, on the middle-west of Binhai. G25 runs through west part of Binhai. G2502 starts at Dashentang, on the northeast of Binhai. ends at G103, near Hujiayuan station of line 9. ends at Dagang College Town. runs through middle coastline. starts at Ningchegu, on the north of Binhai. ends at Dongjiang Port Area, on the east of Binhai. starts at Lingang Industrial Zone, on the east of Binhai. G103 ends at Gate IV of Tianjin Port. G228 runs through Lutai, Hangu, Beitang, Xinjiayuan, Hujiayuan, Dengshangu, Guangang, Gangdong New Town, Dagang Oil Field and Mapengkou towns of eastern Tianjin. G336 starts at Qingfang Economical Zone of Dagang. References ^ Tianjin Binhai New Area Statistical Yearbook 2010. China Statistics Press. 2010. ISBN 9787503760907. ^ "国务院批复滨海新区综合配套改革试验总体方案" . Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2023-04-21. ^ "何立峰：天津滨海新区是我国第三个经济增长极六大优势" . China Economic Network. ^ 天津市地形地貌. Archived from the original on December 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-22. ^ 滨海新区网：地理位置 Archived May 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine，滨海新区政府网，2010年9月22日查阅 ^ 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：滨海新区 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2013-08-08. ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2. ^ "Leisure Quest International - About". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2017-04-15. ^ Branigan, Tania (10 August 2011). "China launches second aircraft carrier – as luxury hotel". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2013. ^ "天津滨海新区升格成立一级政府 将获更大自主权-搜狐新闻". ^ "Tianjin explosion: China sets final death toll at 173, ending search for survivors". the Guardian. Associated Press. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015. ^ 155位"8–12"事故遇难者身份公开 (in Simplified Chinese). Sohu. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015. ^ Henry Sanderson, Michael Forsythe China's Superbank: Debt, Oil and Influence 2012 -- Page 24 ^ "联系我们." Master Kong. Retrieved on April 11, 2014. "总部地址:中国天津经济技术开发区第三大街15号" ^ "Tianjin's new library looks out of this world". CNN Travel. 22 November 2017. ^ Becky Davis (16 November 2017). "China's futuristic library: More fiction than books". France24. AFP. ^ Edward Jewitt Wheeler; Isaac Kaufman Funk; William Seaver Woods (1900). The Literary Digest. pp. 68–69. External links Binhai New Area Government official website Official Tianjin Media Gateway Archived 2014-09-01 at the Wayback Machine Renaissance Tianjin TEDA Convention Centre Hotel vteNew Areas in ChinaState-level Binhai* Dianzhong Fuzhou Gui'an Harbin Jiangbei Jinpu Lanzhou Liangjiang Nansha Pudong* Tianfu West Coast* Xiangjiang Xiong'an Xixian Zhengzhou Airport Zhoushan Archipelago East Coast Cangzhou Bohai Fuzhou Jinshan Longyan New Area Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Qinghuangdao Beidaihe Suzhou Industrial Park New District Shenzhen Dapeng Tianjin Beibu Zhenjiang New Area Zhongshan Cuiheng Zhuhai Hengqin Nanping Wuyi Central China Anyang New Area Ganzhou Zhangkang Kaifeng New Area Luoyang New Area Ma'anshan Binjiang Bowang Xiushan Zhengpugang Nanchang Honggutan Xinyu New Area Zhengzhou Zhengbian Zhengdong Northeast China Dalian Jinzhou Pulandianwan Shenyang Hunnan Shenbei* Western China Chongqing New North Guiyang/Anshun Gui'an Lhasa Liuwu Suining Hedong Xi'an Qujiang Defunct Ordos Kangbashi Shanghai Juyuan Shenzhen Guangming Longhua Pingshan Tianjin Hebei Wuxi New Area Note: with " * " are administrative divisions registered in the Ministry of Civil Affairs while other New Areas are established as economic management areas. vteMunicipality of Tianjin History Politics Economy Transport Free-Trade Zone Districts Heping Hexi Hebei Nankai Hedong Hongqiao Binhai TEDA Yujiapu Jinnan Dongli Xiqing Beichen Baodi Wuqing Jinghai Ninghe Jizhou Defunct Districts Dagang Hangu Tanggu See also: List of administrative divisions of Tianjin 39°00′12″N 117°42′39″E / 39.00333°N 117.71083°E / 39.00333; 117.71083
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It is a part of the Bohai Economic Rim. It has an area of 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi), a coastline of 153 km (95 mi), and contains 700 km2 (270 sq mi) of water and wetlands.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saline land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Natural resources","text":"Binhai New Area has 700 square kilometers (270 sq mi) of water and wetlands and a further 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi) of wasteland that is being re-developed into saline land. It has proven oil resources totalling more than 100 million tons, and 193.7 billion cubic meters (6.84 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yujiapu Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yujiapu_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xingang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xingang_Subdistrict,_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xincun Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xincun_Subdistrict,_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiangyang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiangyang_Subdistrict,_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bohaishiyou Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohaishiyou_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xincun Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xincun_Subdistrict,_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Datian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datian,_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hexi Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexi_Subdistrict,_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yingbin Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yingbin_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shengli Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shengli_Subdistrict,_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gangxi Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangxi_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Administrative divisions","text":"There are 19 subdistricts and 7 towns in the district:[6]Defunct\nNow part of Tanggu: Yujiapu Subdistrict, Xingang Subdistrict, Xincun Subdistrict north\nNow part of Hangzhou Street: Xiangyang Subdistrict\nNow part of Dagu: Bohaishiyou Subdistrict, Xincun Subdistrict south\nNow part of Hangu: Datian town\nNow part of Chadian: Hexi Subdistrict\nNow part of Dagang: Yingbin Subdistrict, Shengli Subdistrict\nNow part of Haibin: Gangxi Subdistrict","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_aircraft_carrier_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Binhai Aircraft Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binhai_Aircraft_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"Tanggu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggu_District"},{"link_name":"Hangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu_District,_Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Dagang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagang"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Singapore_Eco-city"},{"link_name":"Yujiapu Financial District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujiapu_Financial_District"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Port"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"industrial-scale accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_industrial_disasters"},{"link_name":"a series of explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tianjin_explosions"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardiandeath-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinhuanet2-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Juilliard_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Juilliard_School"}],"text":"The Binhai district was created by the government of China in the 1990s.[citation needed] In 1996 Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev was sold to Binhai Aircraft Park, a theme park in Binhai. The concept was developed by world tourism and attraction consultant Leisure Quest International.[8]In August 2011, the ex-Kiev was developed into a luxury hotel after renovations costing £9.6 million.[9]Starting from November 2009, Binhai New Area was consolidated into a district, and the former subordinate districts of Tanggu, Hangu and Dagang were abolished.[10] Binhai New Area consists of nine functional zones: Advanced Manufacturing Zone, Airport-based Industrial Zone, Binhai High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Seaport-based Industrial Zone, Nangang Industrial Zone, Seaport Logistics Zone, Coastal Leisure & Tourism Zone, Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City and the Yujiapu Financial District. In addition, Tianjin Port whose throughput ranks 5th in the world is also located here.[citation needed]The Binhai district was greatly affected by a large industrial-scale accident in August 2015. On August 12, a series of explosions took place at a port chemical storage facility in Binhai, causing 173 deaths and 797 injuries. The blast had the equivalent of 21 metric tons of TNT or a magnitude-2.9 earthquake, according to the China Earthquake Networks Center. Eight other people remain missing.[11][12]Tianjin Juilliard School in Binhai,Tianjin","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yujiapu Financial District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujiapu_Financial_District"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Economic-Technological_Development_Area"},{"link_name":"carbon neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Group"},{"link_name":"Tishman Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishman_Speyer"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"EADS Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"A320 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Tingyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingyi_(Cayman_Islands)_Holding_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Yujiapu Financial District located in Binhai is an under construction financial district with a glitzy skyline envisioned to be a center of world trade and finance.[13] Other parts of Binhai have also been intended to be a base for China's advanced industrial and financial reform and innovation. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) is an early free trade zone.Tianjin Emissions Exchange organized China's first sulfur dioxide, carbon neutral, contract energy management and energy efficiency product transactions, and established China's first voluntary emission reduction public inquiry system.A number of major international companies including Rockefeller, Tishman Speyer, Motorola and Airbus have built branches here. For instance, EADS Airbus has already opened an assembly plant for its A320 series airliners, operational since 2009. Domestic companies headquartered in Binhai include noodlemaker Tingyi.[14]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binhai_library_bookshelves.jpg"},{"link_name":"Binhai Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binhai_Cultural_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Binhai_Library"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP-16"},{"link_name":"Taku Forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku_Forts"},{"link_name":"Hai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_River"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WheelerFunk1900-17"}],"text":"Tianjin Binhai LibraryA large culture complex, Binhai Cultural Center, with five central attractions planned.[15] The centerpiece of the complex is the library that opened in November 2017. The library is nicknamed 'The Eye' because the sphere, which appears like an iris, can be seen from the park outside through an eye-shaped opening.[16]The remnant of Taku Forts in the form of a gun platform overlooks the Hai River (Peiho River) in Binhai.[17]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Economic-Technological_Development_Area"}],"text":"Many colleges and universities in Tianjin have branch campuses in Binhai New Area. In 2003, Nankai University established the TEDA Campus in the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, which is dedicated to research on genomes, functional genomics, biochips, and molecular virology. Tianjin University of Science and Technology will move into Binhai New Area as a whole. The Juilliard College of New York and the Tianjin Conservatory of Music cooperated with the Juilliard Research Institute of the Tianjin Conservatory of Music in the Yujiapu Financial District to provide pre-university and postgraduate education. At the same time, Tianjin Maritime Vocational College, Tianjin Development Zone Vocational and Technical College, Tianjin Binhai Vocational College are located in Binhai New Area.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yujiapu_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Binhai railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhai_railway_station"}],"text":"Binhai railway station","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Binhai railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhai_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tanggu railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggu_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing-Tianjin_Intercity_Railway"},{"link_name":"Binhai West railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhai_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Binhai North railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhai_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tianjin–Qinhuangdao High-Speed Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%E2%80%93Qinhuangdao_High-Speed_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tianjin–Shanhaiguan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%E2%80%93Shanhaiguan_Railway"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"High speed rail stops in Binhai with Binhai railway station and Tanggu railway station on the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway. Binhai West railway station and Binhai North railway station are stops along the Tianjin–Qinhuangdao High-Speed Railway. Tanggu railway station is also a station on the conventional speed Tianjin–Shanhaiguan Railway.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tianjin Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_9_(Tianjin_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Hujiayuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujiayuan_Station"},{"link_name":"Tanggu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggu_Station"},{"link_name":"TEDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEDA_Station"},{"link_name":"TEDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEDA_Modern_Guided_Rail_Tram"},{"link_name":"Citizen Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Plaza_Station"},{"link_name":"Convention and Exhibition Center Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_and_Exhibition_Center_Station_(Tianjin_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Donghai Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghai_Road_Station"},{"link_name":"TEDA Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEDA_Modern_Guided_Rail_Tram"},{"link_name":"TEDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEDA_Station"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_9_(Tianjin_Metro)"},{"link_name":"First Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Avenue_station_(Tianjin_Metro)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Second Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Third Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fourth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sixth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ninth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninth_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tenth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleventh_Avenue_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Joint Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Joint_Academy_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_District_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North of College District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_of_College_District_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Metro","text":"Binhai is currently served by one metro line and one tram line operated by Tianjin Metro:Line 9 - Hujiayuan, Tanggu, TEDA  TEDA , Citizen Plaza, Convention and Exhibition Center Station, Donghai Road\n     TEDA Tram - TEDA  9 , First Avenue, Second Avenue, Third Avenue, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Avenue, Sixth Avenue, Seventh Avenue, Ninth Avenue, Tenth Avenue, Eleventh Avenue, International Joint Academy, College District, North of College District","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G0111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0111_Qinhuangdao%E2%80%93Binzhou_Expressway"},{"link_name":"G0211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0211_Tianjin%E2%80%93Shijiazhuang_Expressway"},{"link_name":"G0212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0212_Wuqing%E2%80%93Binhai_Expressway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Expwy_S40_sign_no_name.svg"},{"link_name":"G25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G25_Changchun%E2%80%93Shenzhen_Expressway"},{"link_name":"G2502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2502_Tianjin_Ring_Expressway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Expwy_S3_sign_no_name.svg"},{"link_name":"Hujiayuan station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujiayuan_station"},{"link_name":"line 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_9_(Tianjin_Metro)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Expwy_S4_sign_no_name.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Expwy_S11_sign_no_name.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Expwy_S21_sign_no_name.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Expwy_S30_sign_no_name.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tianjin_Expwy_S50_sign_no_name.svg"},{"link_name":"G103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_103"},{"link_name":"G228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_228"},{"link_name":"G336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_336"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"There are 11 expressways (include 5 national expressways and 6 provincial expressways), 3 national highways and several provincial and county-level highways run through Binhai.G0111 runs through northeast coastline, west part and southeast coastline of Binhai.\n G0211 starts at Nangang Industrial Zone, on the south of Binhai.\n G0212 (formerly ) ends at Hebei Road, on the middle-west of Binhai.\n G25 runs through west part of Binhai.\n G2502 starts at Dashentang, on the northeast of Binhai.\n ends at G103, near Hujiayuan station of line 9.\n ends at Dagang College Town.\n runs through middle coastline.\n starts at Ningchegu, on the north of Binhai.\n ends at Dongjiang Port Area, on the east of Binhai.\n starts at Lingang Industrial Zone, on the east of Binhai.\n G103 ends at Gate IV of Tianjin Port.\n G228 runs through Lutai, Hangu, Beitang, Xinjiayuan, Hujiayuan, Dengshangu, Guangang, Gangdong New Town, Dagang Oil Field and Mapengkou towns of eastern Tianjin.\n G336 starts at Qingfang Economical Zone of Dagang.","title":"Transportation"}]
[{"image_text":"Tianjin Juilliard School in Binhai,Tianjin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tianjin_Juilliard_School.jpg/220px-Tianjin_Juilliard_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tianjin Binhai Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Binhai_library_bookshelves.jpg/220px-Binhai_library_bookshelves.jpg"},{"image_text":"Binhai railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Yujiapu_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Yujiapu_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ColorTianjinMap.png/50px-ColorTianjinMap.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Tianjin Binhai New Area Statistical Yearbook 2010. China Statistics Press. 2010. ISBN 9787503760907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787503760907","url_text":"9787503760907"}]},{"reference":"\"国务院批复滨海新区综合配套改革试验总体方案\" [The State Council approved the overall scheme of comprehensive reform trial in Binhai New Area]. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2023-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117192417/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/7025229.html","url_text":"\"国务院批复滨海新区综合配套改革试验总体方案\""},{"url":"http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/7025229.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"何立峰：天津滨海新区是我国第三个经济增长极六大优势\" [He Lifeng: Tianjin Binhai New Area is China's third economic growth pole six advantages]. China Economic Network.","urls":[{"url":"http://intl.ce.cn/specials/zxxx/200906/08/t20090608_19266470.shtml","url_text":"\"何立峰：天津滨海新区是我国第三个经济增长极六大优势\""}]},{"reference":"天津市地形地貌. Archived from the original on December 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101222094143/http://www.tjbcgt.gov.cn/Lists/List75/DispForm.aspx?ID=3","url_text":"天津市地形地貌"},{"url":"http://www.tjbcgt.gov.cn/Lists/List75/DispForm.aspx?ID=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：滨海新区 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2013-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001231810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/12/01/120116.html","url_text":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：滨海新区"},{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/12/01/120116.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6660-2","url_text":"978-7-5037-6660-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Leisure Quest International - About\". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2017-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092230/http://www.leisure-quest.com/about.php","url_text":"\"Leisure Quest International - About\""},{"url":"http://www.leisure-quest.com/about.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Branigan, Tania (10 August 2011). \"China launches second aircraft carrier – as luxury hotel\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/10/china-aircraft-carrier-luxury-hotel","url_text":"\"China launches second aircraft carrier – as luxury hotel\""}]},{"reference":"\"天津滨海新区升格成立一级政府 将获更大自主权-搜狐新闻\".","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sohu.com/20091110/n268086616.shtml","url_text":"\"天津滨海新区升格成立一级政府 将获更大自主权-搜狐新闻\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tianjin explosion: China sets final death toll at 173, ending search for survivors\". the Guardian. Associated Press. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/12/tianjin-explosion-china-sets-final-death-toll-at-173-ending-search-for-survivors","url_text":"\"Tianjin explosion: China sets final death toll at 173, ending search for survivors\""}]},{"reference":"155位\"8–12\"事故遇难者身份公开 (in Simplified Chinese). Sohu. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052037/http://news.sohu.com/20150902/n420285760.shtml","url_text":"155位\"8–12\"事故遇难者身份公开"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohu","url_text":"Sohu"},{"url":"http://news.sohu.com/20150902/n420285760.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tianjin's new library looks out of this world\". CNN Travel. 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/tianjin-china-library/index.html","url_text":"\"Tianjin's new library looks out of this world\""}]},{"reference":"Becky Davis (16 November 2017). \"China's futuristic library: More fiction than books\". France24. AFP.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.france24.com/en/20171116-chinas-futuristic-library-more-fiction-books","url_text":"\"China's futuristic library: More fiction than books\""}]},{"reference":"Edward Jewitt Wheeler; Isaac Kaufman Funk; William Seaver Woods (1900). The Literary Digest. pp. 68–69.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwI8AQAAMAAJ&q=admiral+pei+pei+hsien&pg=PA68","url_text":"The Literary Digest"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Directory
Navy Directory
["1 Background","2 Resources","3 See also","4 Citations","5 General and cited references","6 External links"]
Official list of naval officers For a list of countries with navies, see List of navies. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Navy Directory, formerly the Navy List or Naval Register is an official list of naval officers, their ranks and seniority, the ships which they command or to which they are appointed, etc., that is published by the government or naval authorities of a country. Background The Navy List fulfills an important function in international law in that warships are required by article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to be commanded by a commissioned officer whose name appears in the appropriate service list. Past copies of the Navy List are also important sources of information for historians and genealogists. When a ship is removed from the navy list of any country, the ship is said to be "stricken." The Navy List for the Royal Navy is no longer published in hard-copy. The Royal Navy (United Kingdom) publishes annual lists of active and reserve officers, and biennial lists of retired officers. In 2015, the Navy List of the Royal Navy was renamed the "Navy Directory." The equivalent in the United States Navy is the Naval Vessel Register, which is updated online on a continuous basis. Resources Good sources of Royal Navy Navy Lists are: The Central Library Portsmouth, Guildhall Square. The National Archives, Kew, that has an almost complete set including unpublished editions produced during the Second World War for internal use by the Admiralty. The Caird Library of the National Maritime Museum has in its collection bound monthly lists published by the Admiralty, and the concurrently published Steel's Navy Lists See also Army List Naval Vessel Register Citations ^ Edwards, Paul. Small United States and United Nations Warships in the Korean War, p. 37 (McFarland, 2008). ^ The Navy directory 2015. Royal Navy. 22 December 2016. ASIN 0117731315. Previously known as Navy List. Containing lists of ships, establishments and Officers of the Fleet. On cover and title page: Compiled on the 1st January 2016 ^ "Research guide B7: Royal Navy: Ship records". Royal Museums Greenwich. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2020. General and cited references The 1766 Navy List, edited by E. C. Coleman, published by Ancholme Publishing, ISBN 0-9541443-0-9 External links US Naval Register (US Navy) Useful resources and information, includes latest Navy Directory (Royal Navy)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of navies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_navies"},{"link_name":"naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy"}],"text":"For a list of countries with navies, see List of navies.A Navy Directory, formerly the Navy List or Naval Register is an official list of naval officers, their ranks and seniority, the ships which they command or to which they are appointed, etc., that is published by the government or naval authorities of a country.","title":"Navy Directory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"stricken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stricken"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"}],"text":"The Navy List fulfills an important function in international law in that warships are required by article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to be commanded by a commissioned officer whose name appears in the appropriate service list. Past copies of the Navy List are also important sources of information for historians and genealogists. When a ship is removed from the navy list of any country, the ship is said to be \"stricken.\"[1]The Navy List for the Royal Navy is no longer published in hard-copy. The Royal Navy (United Kingdom) publishes annual lists of active and reserve officers, and biennial lists of retired officers. In 2015, the Navy List of the Royal Navy was renamed the \"Navy Directory.\"[2] The equivalent in the United States Navy is the Naval Vessel Register, which is updated online on a continuous basis.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"The National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Good sources of Royal Navy Navy Lists are:The Central Library Portsmouth, Guildhall Square.\nThe National Archives, Kew, that has an almost complete set including unpublished editions produced during the Second World War for internal use by the Admiralty.\nThe Caird Library of the National Maritime Museum has in its collection bound monthly lists published by the Admiralty, and the concurrently published Steel's Navy Lists[3]","title":"Resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Small United States and United Nations Warships in the Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OydzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number"},{"link_name":"0117731315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0117731315"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Research guide B7: Royal Navy: Ship records\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rmg.co.uk/discover/researchers/research-guides/research-guide-b7-royal-navy-ship-records"}],"text":"^ Edwards, Paul. Small United States and United Nations Warships in the Korean War, p. 37 (McFarland, 2008).\n\n^ The Navy directory 2015. Royal Navy. 22 December 2016. ASIN 0117731315. Previously known as Navy List. Containing lists of ships, establishments and Officers of the Fleet. On cover and title page: Compiled on the 1st January 2016\n\n^ \"Research guide B7: Royal Navy: Ship records\". Royal Museums Greenwich. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9541443-0-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9541443-0-9"}],"text":"The 1766 Navy List, edited by E. C. Coleman, published by Ancholme Publishing, ISBN 0-9541443-0-9","title":"General and cited references"}]
[]
[{"title":"Army List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_List"},{"title":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"}]
[{"reference":"The Navy directory 2015. Royal Navy. 22 December 2016. ASIN 0117731315. Previously known as Navy List. Containing lists of ships, establishments and Officers of the Fleet. On cover and title page: Compiled on the 1st January 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0117731315","url_text":"0117731315"}]},{"reference":"\"Research guide B7: Royal Navy: Ship records\". Royal Museums Greenwich. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/researchers/research-guides/research-guide-b7-royal-navy-ship-records","url_text":"\"Research guide B7: Royal Navy: Ship records\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausen_Rolling_Platform
Clausen Rolling Platform
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 52°08′33″N 4°33′28″W / 52.142591°N 4.557742°W / 52.142591; -4.5577421950s missile launching platform in Wales The platform: triple missile launcher to the left, Type 901 radar on the right The Clausen Rolling Platform was a missile launching platform, built at the coastal missile test range of RAE Aberporth, West Wales, in the 1950s. It used a floating platform in a pool of water to simulate the rolling of a ship at sea, without the drawbacks and costs of going to sea. The Platform was first used for development trials of the Seaslug missile. Most of the Aberporth site is on a plateau above 450 foot cliffs. The platform was a 750 ton circular steel caisson floating in a diamond-shaped pool, on a concrete platform just above sea level. The pool was 20 metres (66 ft) across and 13 metres (43 ft) deep. Access down the cliffs was made by a cable funicular, taking 11 minutes to descend with a loaded 20 ft long, two-ton missile. The action of the platform was controlled by actuators fixed to the land. They could move the caisson in both 20° roll and 10° pitch axes independently. Variable water ballast within the caisson allowed its dynamic behaviour and period of oscillation to be adjusted. Its movement could be so violent as to induce seasickness in even experienced sailors, leading to its informal name of 'HMS Rock'n'Roll'. The platform was fitted with a triple launcher for the missiles and a mounting for the Type 901 fire-control radar. Both of these mounts were stabilised and held a constant direction as the platform rolled beneath them. The radar mount tracked the position constantly, the missile launcher moved in discrete steps. The Type 901 radar provided the beam-riding guidance for the missile. This tracked the missile and broadcast control signals to it. Separate radars were used to search for targets, track them and estimate their height. At Aberporth these were provided by existing radar equipment, not dedicated to the platform, mounted on top of the cliff. Additional radio equipment was used to control the target drones used, and to receive telemetry from test missiles. The first Seaslug launch was made from the platform in April 1954. Further tests of the complete system were made from the dedicated missile trials ship HMS Girdle Ness, off the coast of Aberporth and in the Mediterranean around Malta, beginning from the summer of 1957. Testing at Aberporth continued for the improved Seaslug GWS.2 until 1968. The solid-fuel Gosling rocket boosters for Seaslug GWS.1 were produced at RNPF Caerwent in South East Wales. Caerwent also carried out motor trials on these. The last Gosling was produced there on 14 June 1966. Like that on Girdle Ness, the launcher was a triple launcher. The intention was that Seaslug would be launched in salvoes, to guarantee a successful interception. After successful trials, the size of these salvoes was reduced and the production launchers installed on the County-class destroyers were simplified to a dual launcher. The platform's launcher was reloaded from the static ground alongside the platform and there was no capacity to test reloading ability under rolling conditions. The platform was named for Hugh Clausen (1888–1972), who had worked on Royal Navy fire control since World War I and was the driving force for the construction of the platform. It was shown off to the public press on occasion, being visited by the Daily Express's science correspondent Chapman Pincher and the Duke of Edinburgh in 1959. The platform remained in service for testing naval radar and satcom terminal stabilisation. It was also used for testing other sea-launched missile launchers, including Seaslug's successor Sea Dart. Developments in missiles made them smaller and lighter, and no longer requiring to be pointed in such an accurate alignment before launch. Much of this was due to the shift from beam-riding guidance (LOSBR) to automatic command to line of sight (ACLOS) or similar systems. These no longer required the missile to be launched on a precise alignment from a trainable launcher, so that they could be gathered into the command beam. Later missiles such as Sea Wolf would be launched from simpler vertical launchers, which require no stabilisation, but the sextuple launcher for the original Sea Wolf GWS-25 conventional launch block was also tested at Aberporth. The platform was decommissioned in 2004 and most surface buildings removed, although the underground bunkers remain. The caisson has now been removed but the pool remains and can be seen on public mapping services. See also HMS Girdle Ness References ^ a b c "Aberporth in Action" (PDF). Flight: 735. 2 November 1956. ^ "Ministry of Aviation, Directorate of Guided Weapons: RAE Aberporth" (film). IWM. 1961. DEA 59. ^ a b c d e Jon Berry (November 2011). "Desperately seeking Sea Slug". Context (122). Cadw. ^ An aerial photo of the site, showing the funicular, can be seen in Turnill, Reginald; Reed, Arthur (1980). "plate 75". Farnborough: the story of RAE. Robert Hale. pp. 144–145. ISBN 0-7091-8584-7. ^ a b Frederick I. Ordway, ed. (2014). Aberporth, Wales. Advances in Space Science and Technology. Vol. 7. Academic Press. p. 64. ISBN 9781483224688. ^ "Stabilisers for HMS Girdle Ness and Clausen rolling platform". National Archives. 1949–1958. ADM 294/31. ^ a b "The Duke Sees Two Sea Slugs Fired". 6 December 1959. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. ^ a b Wise, Jon (2007). Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2007. Conway. p. 13. ISBN 978-1844860418. ^ "Seaslug: The Most Missile In The Least Space". Flight. 21 November 1958. pp. 790–794. ^ "The Navy's Guided Weapon". Navy News. July 1957. p. 11. ^ "Hugh Clausen". Grace's Guide. ^ Turnill & Reed (1980), p. 145. ^ "A Brief History of RAE Aberporth". ^ 52°08′33″N 4°33′28″W / 52.142591°N 4.557742°W / 52.142591; -4.557742 52°08′33″N 4°33′28″W / 52.142591°N 4.557742°W / 52.142591; -4.557742
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clausen_rolling_platform,_Aberporth.jpg"},{"link_name":"RAE Aberporth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAE_Aberporth"},{"link_name":"Seaslug missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaslug_missile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight,_1956-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWM,_DEA_59-2"},{"link_name":"Aberporth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberporth"},{"link_name":"caisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(lock_gate)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Context-3"},{"link_name":"funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight,_1956-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnborough,_Story_of_RAE,_funicular-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Space_Science_and_Technology,_64-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight,_1956-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADM_294/31-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Space_Science_and_Technology,_64-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoE_Aberporth-7"},{"link_name":"launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_launcher"},{"link_name":"Type 901 fire-control radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_901_radar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warship_2007,_Girdle_Ness-8"},{"link_name":"telemetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warship_2007,_Girdle_Ness-8"},{"link_name":"HMS Girdle Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Girdle_Ness"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight,_Seaslug,_1958-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Navy_News,_July_1957-10"},{"link_name":"Seaslug GWS.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaslug_(missile)#Mark_2_(GWS.2)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Context-3"},{"link_name":"RNPF Caerwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_Propellant_Factory,_Caerwent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Context-3"},{"link_name":"Girdle Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Girdle_Ness"},{"link_name":"County-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Hugh Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Clausen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fire control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grace's_Guide,_Hugh_Clausen-11"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"Chapman Pincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Pincher"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnillReed1980145-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAE_Aberporth-13"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoE_Aberporth-7"},{"link_name":"satcom terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Sea Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Dart"},{"link_name":"beam-riding guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam-riding_guidance"},{"link_name":"automatic command to line of sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_command_to_line_of_sight"},{"link_name":"gathered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gathering_(missile_guidance)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sea Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Wolf_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Context-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Context-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"1950s missile launching platform in WalesThe platform: triple missile launcher to the left, Type 901 radar on the rightThe Clausen Rolling Platform was a missile launching platform, built at the coastal missile test range of RAE Aberporth, West Wales, in the 1950s. It used a floating platform in a pool of water to simulate the rolling of a ship at sea, without the drawbacks and costs of going to sea. The Platform was first used for development trials of the Seaslug missile.[1][2]Most of the Aberporth site is on a plateau above 450 foot cliffs. The platform was a 750 ton circular steel caisson floating in a diamond-shaped pool, on a concrete platform just above sea level. The pool was 20 metres (66 ft) across and 13 metres (43 ft) deep.[3] Access down the cliffs was made by a cable funicular, taking 11 minutes to descend with a loaded 20 ft long, two-ton missile.[1][4]The action of the platform was controlled by actuators fixed to the land. They could move the caisson in both 20° roll and 10° pitch axes independently.[5] Variable water ballast within the caisson allowed its dynamic behaviour and period of oscillation to be adjusted.[1][6] Its movement could be so violent as to induce seasickness in even experienced sailors, leading to its informal name of 'HMS Rock'n'Roll'.[5][7]The platform was fitted with a triple launcher for the missiles and a mounting for the Type 901 fire-control radar. Both of these mounts were stabilised and held a constant direction as the platform rolled beneath them. The radar mount tracked the position constantly, the missile launcher moved in discrete steps.The Type 901 radar provided the beam-riding guidance for the missile.[8] This tracked the missile and broadcast control signals to it. Separate radars were used to search for targets, track them and estimate their height. At Aberporth these were provided by existing radar equipment, not dedicated to the platform, mounted on top of the cliff. Additional radio equipment was used to control the target drones used, and to receive telemetry from test missiles.The first Seaslug launch was made from the platform in April 1954.[8] Further tests of the complete system were made from the dedicated missile trials ship HMS Girdle Ness, off the coast of Aberporth and in the Mediterranean around Malta, beginning from the summer of 1957.[9][10] Testing at Aberporth continued for the improved Seaslug GWS.2 until 1968.[3] The solid-fuel Gosling rocket boosters for Seaslug GWS.1 were produced at RNPF Caerwent in South East Wales. Caerwent also carried out motor trials on these. The last Gosling was produced there on 14 June 1966.[3]Like that on Girdle Ness, the launcher was a triple launcher. The intention was that Seaslug would be launched in salvoes, to guarantee a successful interception. After successful trials, the size of these salvoes was reduced and the production launchers installed on the County-class destroyers were simplified to a dual launcher. The platform's launcher was reloaded from the static ground alongside the platform and there was no capacity to test reloading ability under rolling conditions.The platform was named for Hugh Clausen (1888–1972), who had worked on Royal Navy fire control since World War I and was the driving force for the construction of the platform.[11] It was shown off to the public press on occasion, being visited by the Daily Express's science correspondent Chapman Pincher[12][13] and the Duke of Edinburgh in 1959.[7]The platform remained in service for testing naval radar and satcom terminal stabilisation. It was also used for testing other sea-launched missile launchers, including Seaslug's successor Sea Dart. Developments in missiles made them smaller and lighter, and no longer requiring to be pointed in such an accurate alignment before launch. Much of this was due to the shift from beam-riding guidance (LOSBR) to automatic command to line of sight (ACLOS) or similar systems. These no longer required the missile to be launched on a precise alignment from a trainable launcher, so that they could be gathered into the command beam. Later missiles such as Sea Wolf would be launched from simpler vertical launchers, which require no stabilisation, but the sextuple launcher for the original Sea Wolf GWS-25 conventional launch block was also tested at Aberporth.[3]The platform was decommissioned in 2004 and most surface buildings removed, although the underground bunkers remain.[3] The caisson has now been removed but the pool remains and can be seen on public mapping services.[14]","title":"Clausen Rolling Platform"}]
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[{"title":"HMS Girdle Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Girdle_Ness"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadwars
Roadwars
["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
1987 video gamePublisher(s)Melbourne HousePlatform(s)Arcade, Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, ZX SpectrumRelease1987Genre(s)Action game Not to be confused with Roadwar 2000. Roadwars is the first arcade game developed by Arcadia, the short-lived arcade game division of Mastertronic. The home computer versions were developed by Binary Design and published by Melbourne House, who had recently been acquired by Mastertronic. Versions of the game released in the US were distributed by Electronic Arts. Plot Roadwars is a game in which the player drives a Battlesphere, an oval-shaped mobile weapon system armed with a laser cannon and a protective shield. Battlespheres protect the stability of the spaceways between the moons of the planet Armageddon by destroying destructive debris. The magnetic side panels which allow vehicles to travel on the spaceways are malfunctioning and can delay or even destroy a Battlesphere. Gameplay Roadwars is an arcade-like game which can be played with one or two players, and uses a joystick. Reception In 1989, Dragon gave the game 3½ out of 5 stars. References ^ "Arcadia Arcade". The Games Machine. No. 3. Newsfield Ltd. February 1988. ^ a b c Lesser, Hartley; Lesser, Patricia; Lesser, Kirk (January 1989). "The Role of Computers". Dragon (141): 72–78. External links Roadwars at GameSpot Roadwars at GameFAQs Roadwars review Review in Info
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dosadi_Experiment
The Dosadi Experiment
["1 Plot summary","2 Main characters","2.1 Jorj X. McKie","2.2 Keila Jedrik","2.3 Broey","3 Reception","3.1 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
1977 novel by Frank Herbert The Dosadi Experiment Cover of the first editionAuthorFrank HerbertLanguageEnglishSeriesConSentientGenreScience fictionPublisherG. P. Putnam's SonsPublication date1977Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardcover & Paperback)ISBN0-399-12022-XOCLC2837037Dewey Decimal813/.5/4LC ClassPZ4.H5356 Do PS3558.E63Preceded byWhipping Star Followed byEye  The Dosadi Experiment is a 1977 science fiction novel by American writer Frank Herbert. It is the second full-length novel set in the ConSentiency universe established by Herbert in his short stories "A Matter of Traces" and "The Tactful Saboteur", and continued in his novel Whipping Star. It was first published as a four-part serial in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine from May to August, 1977. Plot summary The novel is set in a distant future when humans are part of an interstellar civilization called the ConSentiency composed of many species. One, the Taprisiots, provide instant mind-to-mind communication between two sentient minds anywhere in the universe, and the Caleban provide "jump-doors" (which allow instantaneous travel between any two points in the universe). This is the glue that holds the far-flung ConSentiency together. Unfortunately, one consequence of jump-door technology is the possibility that large numbers of unsuspecting sentients can be diverted to destinations unknown for nefarious purposes. A government saboteur attempts to expose one such plot. Jorj X. McKie is a Saboteur Extraordinary, one of the principals of the Bureau of Sabotage, and the only human admitted to practice law before the Gowachin bar as a legum (lawyer). While meditating in a park in the Bureau's headquarters, McKie is mentally contacted by the Caleban Fannie Mae, a female member of a multidimensional species of unparalleled power whose visible manifestation in this universe is the star Thyone in the Pleiades cluster. Generations ago, a secret, unauthorized experiment by the Gowachins was carried out with the help of a contract with the Calebans. They isolated the planet Dosadi behind an impenetrable barrier called "The God Wall". On the planet were placed humans and Gowachin, with an odd mix of modern and old technology. The planet itself is massively poisonous except for a narrow valley, containing the city "Chu", into which nearly 89 million humans and Gowachin are crowded under terrible conditions. It is ruled by a dictator, many other forms of government having been tried previously, but without the ability to remove such things as the DemoPol, a computer system used to manipulate populaces without their consent or knowledge. The culture of ordinary day-to-day power in Dosadi is very violent. Among other tools, addictive psychotropes are used for handling power among hierarchies in organisations. Senior Liator (or Liaitor) Keila Jedrik starts a war that will change Dosadi forever. Jorj travels to Dosadi and escapes with Keila after engaging in ego sharing. This gives them the ability to swap bodies and thus by using a hole in the contract sealing Dosadi they can escape via jump gate. Once free, by legal manoeuvring the Dosadi population is unleashed upon the ConSentiency for good or ill, while the people who set the project in motion try to deal with the consequences, having sent McKie there hoping a solution more in their interest could be found. Main characters Jorj X. McKie Jorj X. McKie is the leading saboteur extraordinary in the Bureau of Sabotage (BuSab), an organization found in The Dosadi Experiment as well as two earlier short stories. He is described as a squat and ugly man of Pacific Islander ancestry, with green eyes and a shock of red hair. The Gowachin say they feel their bones age in his presence, because when he smiles, he bears a remarkable resemblance to their "Frog god", the nearly-divine Lawgiver, Mrreg. A born troublemaker, Jorj McKie finds BuSab to be a natural outlet for his tendencies. But McKie's success as a BuSab agent is really the result of a formidable intelligence and an exquisite sensitivity to the traditions of other races combined with the ability to adapt to any circumstances. Sent by the agency to Dosadi as their "best", he was like an infant in swaddling clothes in comparison to a people honed by fifteen generations of violence. However, in less than a single week Keila Jedrik appraised him as "more Dosadi than Dosadi." Despite his feelings of genuine love for the Caleban Fannie Mae (a love which is fully returned), McKie finds it difficult to form long-term attachments to human women; he had been married no fewer than fifty occasions by the time of the Dosadi affair. Nevertheless, he finds in Keila Jedrik a companion who becomes far more than a soul mate. Keila Jedrik Keila Jedrik is a human native of Dosadi with short, bristly black hair and icy blue eyes. She introduced a subtle flaw in the computer system governing food distribution, which eliminated her own position as "Senior Liaitor" (or Liator) along with the jobs of 49 other human beings. This small, dislodged pebble became an avalanche that led to a full-scale race-war against the Gowachins who lived side-by-side with humans in the planet's one inhabitable city, a crisis she had long prepared for. Jedrik is the culmination of an eight-generation plan to break free of the God Wall enclosing Dosadi. When the Bureau of Sabotage got wind of the existence of Dosadi and sent saboteur extraordinary Jorj X. McKie to investigate, Jedrik snatched McKie before he could fall into the hands of Dosadi's nominal ruler Broey. The novel chronicles the way they became utterly joined in body, mind, and purpose. Broey Elector Broey is the ruler of the planet Dosadi, the Gowachin Broey is slow to recognize the race riots between human and Gowachin in the warrens of Chu as the beginning of a world war orchestrated by a mid-level functionary in his organization named Keila Jedrik. After only a few days, Elector Broey is forced to cut his human allies loose and devote all of his resources defending a narrow corridor through Chu to the Rim. Acknowledging the superior abilities of Jedrik, he nevertheless dispatches suicide bombers to make her inevitable victory as costly as possible. But he is shocked into personally surrendering to Jedrik after the God Wall Caleban makes the sky of Dosadi black in preparation for the destruction of the planet. Temporarily allied with Jedrik, Broey seizes the reins of power throughout the ConSentiency universe after the God Wall contract is cancelled. He is the only judge to survive the courtarena when the Dosadi affair comes to trial. In the end, however, he only succeeds in providing a single target for the "ministrations" of the Bureau of Sabotage under its new leader, Jorj X. McKie. Reception C. Ben Ostrander reviewed The Dosadi Experiment in The Space Gamer No. 13. Ostrander commented that "The wheels-within-wheels plotting is one of the most enjoyable reading experiences any SF fan can have. I recommend this book highly." Awards The Dosadi Experiment was nominated for a Locus Award for best science fiction novel in 1978 but lost to Frederik Pohl's novel Gateway. References ^ a b Ostrander, C. Ben (September–October 1977). "Books". The Space Gamer (13). Metagaming: 32–33. ^ "Locus Awards 1978". science fiction awards database. Retrieved 3 April 2022. External links The Dosadi Experiment title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Dosadi Experiment at Open Library vteFrank Herbert Bibliography Dune Dune (1965) Dune Messiah (1969) Children of Dune (1976) God Emperor of Dune (1981) Heretics of Dune (1984) Chapterhouse: Dune (1985) "The Road to Dune" (1985) Songs of Muad'Dib (1992) The Road to Dune (2005) ConSentiency "A Matter of Traces" (1958) "The Tactful Saboteur" (1964) Whipping Star (1970) The Dosadi Experiment (1977) The Pandora Sequence Destination: Void (1966) The Jesus Incident (1979) The Lazarus Effect (1983) The Ascension Factor (1988) Standalone novels The Dragon in the Sea (1956) The Green Brain (1966) The Eyes of Heisenberg (1966) The Heaven Makers (1968) The Santaroga Barrier (1968) Soul Catcher (1972) The Godmakers (1972) Hellstrom's Hive (1973) Direct Descent (1980) The White Plague (1982) Man of Two Worlds (1986) High-Opp (2012) Angels' Fall (2013) A Game of Authors (2013) A Thorn in the Bush (2014) Short storycollections The Worlds of Frank Herbert (1970) The Book of Frank Herbert (1973) The Best of Frank Herbert (1975) The Priests of Psi (1980) Eye (1985) The Collected Stories of Frank Herbert (2014)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert"},{"link_name":"ConSentiency universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConSentiency_universe"},{"link_name":"A Matter of Traces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Matter_of_Traces"},{"link_name":"The Tactful Saboteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tactful_Saboteur"},{"link_name":"Whipping Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipping_Star"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction"}],"text":"The Dosadi Experiment is a 1977 science fiction novel by American writer Frank Herbert. It is the second full-length novel set in the ConSentiency universe established by Herbert in his short stories \"A Matter of Traces\" and \"The Tactful Saboteur\", and continued in his novel Whipping Star. It was first published as a four-part serial in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine from May to August, 1977.","title":"The Dosadi Experiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mind-to-mind communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-to-mind_communication"},{"link_name":"instantaneous travel between any two points in the universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instantaneous_travel_between_any_two_points_in_the_universe"},{"link_name":"Jorj X. McKie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jorj_X._McKie"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Sabotage"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades"},{"link_name":"Keila Jedrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Keila_Jedrik"}],"text":"The novel is set in a distant future when humans are part of an interstellar civilization called the ConSentiency composed of many species. One, the Taprisiots, provide instant mind-to-mind communication between two sentient minds anywhere in the universe, and the Caleban provide \"jump-doors\" (which allow instantaneous travel between any two points in the universe). This is the glue that holds the far-flung ConSentiency together. Unfortunately, one consequence of jump-door technology is the possibility that large numbers of unsuspecting sentients can be diverted to destinations unknown for nefarious purposes. A government saboteur attempts to expose one such plot.Jorj X. McKie is a Saboteur Extraordinary, one of the principals of the Bureau of Sabotage, and the only human admitted to practice law before the Gowachin bar as a legum (lawyer). While meditating in a park in the Bureau's headquarters, McKie is mentally contacted by the Caleban Fannie Mae, a female member of a multidimensional species of unparalleled power whose visible manifestation in this universe is the star Thyone in the Pleiades cluster.Generations ago, a secret, unauthorized experiment by the Gowachins was carried out with the help of a contract with the Calebans. They isolated the planet Dosadi behind an impenetrable barrier called \"The God Wall\". On the planet were placed humans and Gowachin, with an odd mix of modern and old technology. The planet itself is massively poisonous except for a narrow valley, containing the city \"Chu\", into which nearly 89 million humans and Gowachin are crowded under terrible conditions. It is ruled by a dictator, many other forms of government having been tried previously, but without the ability to remove such things as the DemoPol, a computer system used to manipulate populaces without their consent or knowledge. The culture of ordinary day-to-day power in Dosadi is very violent. Among other tools, addictive psychotropes are used for handling power among hierarchies in organisations.Senior Liator (or Liaitor) Keila Jedrik starts a war that will change Dosadi forever. Jorj travels to Dosadi and escapes with Keila after engaging in ego sharing. This gives them the ability to swap bodies and thus by using a hole in the contract sealing Dosadi they can escape via jump gate. Once free, by legal manoeuvring the Dosadi population is unleashed upon the ConSentiency for good or ill, while the people who set the project in motion try to deal with the consequences, having sent McKie there hoping a solution more in their interest could be found.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Sabotage"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander"}],"sub_title":"Jorj X. McKie","text":"Jorj X. McKie is the leading saboteur extraordinary in the Bureau of Sabotage (BuSab), an organization found in The Dosadi Experiment as well as two earlier short stories. He is described as a squat and ugly man of Pacific Islander ancestry, with green eyes and a shock of red hair. The Gowachin say they feel their bones age in his presence, because when he smiles, he bears a remarkable resemblance to their \"Frog god\", the nearly-divine Lawgiver, Mrreg.A born troublemaker, Jorj McKie finds BuSab to be a natural outlet for his tendencies. But McKie's success as a BuSab agent is really the result of a formidable intelligence and an exquisite sensitivity to the traditions of other races combined with the ability to adapt to any circumstances. Sent by the agency to Dosadi as their \"best\", he was like an infant in swaddling clothes in comparison to a people honed by fifteen generations of violence. However, in less than a single week Keila Jedrik appraised him as \"more Dosadi than Dosadi.\"Despite his feelings of genuine love for the Caleban Fannie Mae (a love which is fully returned), McKie finds it difficult to form long-term attachments to human women; he had been married no fewer than fifty occasions by the time of the Dosadi affair. Nevertheless, he finds in Keila Jedrik a companion who becomes far more than a soul mate.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Sabotage"}],"sub_title":"Keila Jedrik","text":"Keila Jedrik is a human native of Dosadi with short, bristly black hair and icy blue eyes. She introduced a subtle flaw in the computer system governing food distribution, which eliminated her own position as \"Senior Liaitor\" (or Liator) along with the jobs of 49 other human beings. This small, dislodged pebble became an avalanche that led to a full-scale race-war against the Gowachins who lived side-by-side with humans in the planet's one inhabitable city, a crisis she had long prepared for. Jedrik is the culmination of an eight-generation plan to break free of the God Wall enclosing Dosadi.When the Bureau of Sabotage got wind of the existence of Dosadi and sent saboteur extraordinary Jorj X. McKie to investigate, Jedrik snatched McKie before he could fall into the hands of Dosadi's nominal ruler Broey. The novel chronicles the way they became utterly joined in body, mind, and purpose.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Sabotage"}],"sub_title":"Broey","text":"Elector Broey is the ruler of the planet Dosadi, the Gowachin Broey is slow to recognize the race riots between human and Gowachin in the warrens of Chu as the beginning of a world war orchestrated by a mid-level functionary in his organization named Keila Jedrik.After only a few days, Elector Broey is forced to cut his human allies loose and devote all of his resources defending a narrow corridor through Chu to the Rim. Acknowledging the superior abilities of Jedrik, he nevertheless dispatches suicide bombers to make her inevitable victory as costly as possible. But he is shocked into personally surrendering to Jedrik after the God Wall Caleban makes the sky of Dosadi black in preparation for the destruction of the planet.Temporarily allied with Jedrik, Broey seizes the reins of power throughout the ConSentiency universe after the God Wall contract is cancelled. He is the only judge to survive the courtarena when the Dosadi affair comes to trial. In the end, however, he only succeeds in providing a single target for the \"ministrations\" of the Bureau of Sabotage under its new leader, Jorj X. McKie.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Space Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SG-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SG-1"}],"text":"C. Ben Ostrander reviewed The Dosadi Experiment in The Space Gamer No. 13.[1] Ostrander commented that \"The wheels-within-wheels plotting is one of the most enjoyable reading experiences any SF fan can have. I recommend this book highly.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Locus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Award"},{"link_name":"Frederik Pohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Pohl"},{"link_name":"Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"The Dosadi Experiment was nominated for a Locus Award for best science fiction novel in 1978 but lost to Frederik Pohl's novel Gateway.[2]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Oropesa
Elizabeth Oropesa
["1 Career","2 Political involvement","3 Awards and nominations","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
Filipino actress In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Oropesa and the surname or paternal family name is Freeman. Elizabeth OropesaBornJacqueline Elizabeth Oropesa Freeman (1954-07-17) 17 July 1954 (age 69)Albay, PhilippinesNationalityFilipinoOther namesLa OropesaOccupationActressYears active1970–presentChildrenHenry, Guinevieve, Gabriel, and Louie Elizabeth Oropesa (born July 17, 1954), also known as La Oropesa, or "Boots" to friends is a Filipina actress. She was a Grand Slam Best Actress winner for Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999). She was crowned as Miss Luzon of the Miss Republic of the Philippines (RP) 1972. She was one of the Miss White Castle models in the mid-70s. One of her notable roles is Sandra Salgado, the evil stepmother and the main villain in hit soap opera Esperanza. Aside from showbiz assignments and commitments, Oropesa is currently working as a healer. Career In 1974, a young Elizabeth Oropesa was introduced in Celso Ad Castillo's Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop Sa Balat Ng Lupa (1974) lending support to former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz, who was then being launched to stardom. She portrayed the role of Saling, the barrio lass who is madly in love with Simon (Vic Vargas) and loathes the presence of Isabel (Gloria Diaz) on the barrio-island. She and Gloria Diaz made a big splash by introducing the "wet look" in Philippine cinema. Oropesa was launched to stardom in Mister Mo, Lover Boy Ko (1975), produced by Jesse Ejercito and directed by Ishmael Bernal. She won the FAMAS Best Actress award for Lumapit, Lumayo ang Umaga (1975), also directed by Bernal. Again, Bernal directed Oropesa in Nunal sa Tubig (1976), considered one of the best films of the '70s. Oropesa is one of director Ishmael Bernal's favorite actresses to work with. Other notable movies she made are Alupihan Dagat (1975) and Aguila (1980) with Fernando Poe, Jr.; Si Rafael at Raquel (1976) and Hide and Seek sa Manila, Makati (1977) with Christopher de Leon; Mother and Daughter (1975) with Paraluman and Vic Vargas; Katawang Lupa (1975) with Eddie Gutierrez; Uhaw Na Dagat (1981) with Gloria Diaz and Isabel Rivas; Iking Boxer (1975) with Chiquito; Nueva Vizcaya (1974) with Vic Vargas; Si Malakas, si Maganda at si Mahinhin (1981) with Alma Moreno and Dindo Fernando; and Palabra de Honor (1983) with Eddie Garcia. She received Best Supporting Actress trophies for Milagros (1997) and Sa Pusod ng Dagat (1998), both directed by Marilou Diaz-Abaya, and a Best Actress grand slam, five best actress trophies for Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999), directed by Joel Lamangan. She did Mister Mo, Lover Ko (1999) a comedy film again directed by Joel Lamangan, starring Glydel Mercado, Eddie Gutierrez, Gary Estrada and Danny Ramos. In 2003, she made the movie Homecoming, an entry in the Metro Manila Film Festival, directed by Gil Portes, with Alessandra de Rossi, playing a mother and daughter caught in a heart-wrenching homecoming. She played the mother of Jennica Garcia and stepmother of Jolina Magdangal in GMA's Adik Sa'Yo (2009) with Marvin Agustin, Dennis Trillo and Joey Marquez, directed by Joel Lamangan. She starred in a digital movie Ded Na Si Lolo (2009), about a family staying together and getting stronger amid personal differences and hardships, starring Roderick Paulate, Gina Alajar and Manilyn Reynes. Oropesa made a comeback as a grandmother in the TV drama, Angelito: Batang Ama which aired on ABS-CBN. In 2004, Elizabeth played a villain named Belinda Manalo in Te Amo, Maging Sino Ka Man, the character was bitter and hot-headed. In 2017, she played a role in Impostora in which the character plays is calm and supportive of the main protagonist. In 2018, she was tapped to play the funny arrogant and brainless mother of Amber. Named Violet "Violy" Bolocboc, she is one of the anti-heroines of Pamilya Roces. She and her daughter scheme to become rich, but overall they are anti-heroes. She has appeared in more than 150 movies and television shows since 1973. Political involvement In 1987, Oropesa was charged with rebellion by the Northern Police District for her participation in the January 27 takeover of the GMA Network television station. Awards and nominations Year Category Award Movie Title Result 1976 Best Actress FAMAS Award Lumapit, Lumayo Ang Umaga (1975) Won 1979 Best Actress Gawad Urian Award Isang Gabi Sa Iyo... Isang Gabi Sa Akin (1978) Nominated 1981 Best Actress FAMAS Award Si Malakas, Si Maganda At Si Mahinhin (1980) Nominated 1996 Best Supporting Actress Gawad Urian Award Ipaglaban Mo: The Movie (1996) Nominated 1998 Best Supporting Actress FAMAS Award Milagros (1997) Nominated 1998 Best Supporting Actress Gawad Urian Award Milagros (1997) Won 1999 Best Actress FAMAS Award Sa Pusod Ng Dagat (1998) Nominated 1999 Best Actress Gawad Urian Award Sa Pusod Ng Dagat (1998) Nominated 1999 Best Actress Metro Manila Film Festival Bulaklak ng Maynila (1999) Won 2000 Best Supporting Actress Gawad Urian Award Burlesk King (1999) Nominated 2000 Best Performance By Male Or Female In Leading Or Supporting Role YCC Award Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999) Nominated 2000 Actress of the Year Star Award Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999) Won 2000 Best Actress Gawad Urian Award Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999) Won 2000 Best Actress FAP Award Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999) Won 2000 Best Actress FAMAS Award Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999) Won 2001 Best Performance By Male Or Female In Leading Or Supporting Role YCC Award Senswal: Bakit Masarap Ang Bawal (2000) Nominated 2003 Best Supporting Actress Gawad Urian Award Laman (2002) Won 2004 Best Performance By Male Or Female In Leading Or Supporting Role YCC Award Homecoming (2003) Nominated 2004 Best Actress Gawad Urian Award Homecoming (2003) Nominated 2010 Best Supporting Actress Gawad PASADO Award Ded Na Si Lolo (2009) Nominated 2010 Best Performance By An Actress In A Leading Role Golden Screen Award Ded Na Si Lolo (2009) Nominated 2016 Best Supporting Actress Cinemalaya 2016 I America (2016) Won Filmography Film Year Title Role Note(s) Ref(s). 1974 Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa 1976 Nunal sa Tubig Maria 1979 Vontes V Bulaklak ng Maynila 1980 Aguila Lilian T. Garrido 1994 Secret Love Sonia The Untold Story: Vizconde Massacre II: May the Lord Be with Us! Estrellita Vizconde 1995 Campus Girls Becky Victim No. 1: Delia Maga (Jesus, Pray For Us!) – A Massacre in Singapore Flor Contemplacion 1997 Milagros Miding The Sarah Balabagan Story Sarah's mother 1998 Sa Pusod ng Dagat Rosa Sinaktan Mo ang Puso Ko 1999 Burlesk King Betty Mister Mo, Lover Ko Melody Oo Na, Mahal Na Kung Mahal Mely 2000 Tabi Tabi Po 2003 Lastikman Mrs. Orozco A.B. Normal College: Todo Na 'Yan! Kulang Pa 'Yun! Miguel's mother Ang Huling Birhen sa Lupa Homecoming 2004 Lastikman: Unang Banat Susan 2005 Baryoke Shake, Rattle and Roll 2k5 Sael's wife "Lihim ng San Joaquin" segment 2006 Apoy sa Dibdib ng Samar Aling Mercedes 2007 Roxxxanne 2009 Grandpa Is Dead Dolores 2014 Maratabat: Pride and Honor Bai Esperanza Kubot: The Aswang Chronicles 2 Veron 2015 Felix Manalo Cianang 2017 Moonlight Over Baler Fidela 2021 Huwag Kang Lalabas Fides "Kumbento" segment 2022 Maid in Malacañang Lucy 2023 Martyr or Murderer Sa Kamay ng Diyos 2024 Pula Television Year Title Role Network 1996–1997 Familia Zaragoza Dra. Bienvenida Perea ABS-CBN 1997–1999 Esperanza Sandra Salgado 2000–2001 Kiss Muna Amparo aka Ampy GMA Network 2001–2003 Sana ay Ikaw na Nga Doña Victoria Altamonte 2004 Te Amo, Maging Sino Ka Man Belinda Manalo 2006–2007 Mars Ravelo's Captain Barbel Madame Aurora Salvacion / Lady Amorseko 2007 Margarita Jessica Beltran ABS-CBN 2009 Adik Sa 'Yo Madame Stella Maglipot GMA Network 2010–2011 Beauty Queen Amparo Matias-San Miguel 2011–2012 Angelito: Batang Ama Amparo "Pinang" Santos ABS-CBN 2012 Angelito: Ang Bagong Yugto 2014 Obsession Regina Mendoza TV5 2015 Flordeliza Lorena Sanchez-Perez ABS-CBN 2017–2018 Impostora Magdalena "Denang" Del Prado GMA Network 2018 Contessa Rowena Pamilya Roces Violeta "Violet/Violy" Bolocboc 2019–2020 The Gift Charito "Char" Apostol 2020 Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw Mayor Etta Almazan Net 25 2021 Ikaw Ay Akin Adelina Miranda 2021–2022 Agimat ng Agila Berta Lagman GMA Network 2024 Asawa ng Asawa Ko Usa References ^ "Model, 2 actresses charged". Manila Standard. Standard Publications, Inc. November 5, 1987. p. 7. Retrieved January 21, 2023. ^ "The Much-Awaited Movie Will Shock You Today!". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. May 17, 1995. p. A4. Retrieved December 29, 2021. This movie will unmask the real killer!!! ^ Daza, Jullie Y. (May 18, 1995). "Women as losers". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 9. Retrieved December 29, 2021. Carlo J. Caparas is out to prove that he can leave his signature on the longest subtitles in movie history. ^ Llanera, Melba R. (July 7, 2014). "Maratabat director Arlyn dela Cruz: "Ang laki ng utang na loob ko kay Kris Aquino..."". PEP.ph. Philippine Entertainment Portal Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2024. ^ LyneLin (June 8, 2023). Elezabeth Oropesa for the coming soon movie 'Sa kamay ng Diyos' Directed By: Zaldy Munda. YouTube (in Filipino and English). Google LLC. Retrieved August 1, 2023. ^ "Osang, Oro & Sarsi: From sex symbols to fine actresses". Tempo. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. ^ "From sex goddesses to fine actresses". The Philippine Star. ^ "beauty Archives | Inquirer Entertainment". Philippine Daily Inquirer. ^ "MARTIN GOES ORIGINAL AGAIN". www.newsflash.org. ^ "Elizabeth Oropesa, ikinasal sa bf na 23-anyos". Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. ^ "Mister Mo, Lover Ko" at archive.today (archived 2014-08-12) ^ "OROPESA AND ALESSANDRA TOPBILL PORTES' "HOMECOMING"". www.newsflash.org. ^ "'Adik Sa Yo' promises to be an addictive show". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011. ^ Torre, Nestor U. "Elizabeth Oropesa makes strong comeback as 'lola' in TV drama". Philippine Daily Inquirer. External links Elizabeth Oropesa at IMDb vteFAMAS Award for Best Actress1951–1959 Nena Cardenas (1951) Anita Linda (1952) Alicia Vergel (1953) Carmen Rosales (1954) Gloria Romero (1955) Rosa Rosal (1956) Lolita Rodriguez (1957) Paraluman (1958) Rita Gomez (1959) 1960–1969 Charito Solis (1960) Charito Solis (1961) Tessie Quintana (1962) Perla Bautista (1963) Charito Solis (1964) Marlene Daudén (1965) Barbara Perez (1966) Amalia Fuentes (1967) Marlene Daudén (1968) Charito Solis (1969) 1970–1979 Gloria Sevilla (1970) Rita Gomez (1971) Celia Rodriguez (1972) Boots Anson-Roa & Vilma Santos (1973) Gloria Sevilla (1974) Lolita Rodriguez (1975) Elizabeth Oropesa (1976) Nora Aunor (1977) Susan Roces (1978) Susan Roces (1979) 1980–1989 Nora Aunor (1980) Amy Austria (1981) Vilma Santos (1982) Vilma Santos (1983) Charito Solis (1984) Nora Aunor & Sharon Cuneta (1985) Vivian Velez (1986) Dina Bonnevie (1987) Vilma Santos (1988) Vilma Santos (1989) 1990–1999 Nora Aunor (1990) Nora Aunor (1991) Dawn Zulueta (1992) Lorna Tolentino (1993) Dawn Zulueta (1994) Snooky Serna (1995) Maricel Soriano (1996) Sharon Cuneta (1997) Maricel Soriano (1998) Nida Blanca (1999) 2000–2009 Elizabeth Oropesa (2000) Gloria Romero (2001) Lorna Tolentino (2002) Aleck Bovick (2003) Ara Mina (2004) Claudine Barretto (2005) Claudine Barretto (2006) Judy Ann Santos (2007) Lorna Tolentino (2008) Heart Evangelista (2009) 2010–2019 Lovi Poe (2010) Ai-Ai delas Alas (2011) Anne Curtis (2012) Angel Locsin (2013) KC Concepcion (2014) Toni Gonzaga (2015) Andi Eigenmann (2016) Angelica Panganiban (2017) Agot Isidro (2018) Nadine Lustre (2019) 2020–2029 Janine Gutierrez (2020) Alessandra De Rossi (2021) Charo Santos-Concio (2022) Nadine Lustre (2023) vteGawad Urian for Best Actress1977–1979 Nora Aunor (1977) Daria Ramirez (1978) Beth Bautista (1979) 1980–1989 Charito Solis (1980) Gina Alajar & Nora Aunor (1981) Gina Alajar (1982) Vilma Santos (1983) Vilma Santos (1984) Vilma Santos (1985) Gina Alajar & Nida Blanca (1986) Pilar Pilapil & Jaclyn Jose (1987) Jaclyn Jose (1989) 1990–1999 Nora Aunor & Vilma Santos (1990) Nora Aunor (1991) Vilma Santos (1992) Lorna Tolentino (1993) Vilma Santos (1994) Gelli de Belen (1995) Nora Aunor & Helen Gamboa (1996) Nora Aunor & Sharon Cuneta (1997) Zsa Zsa Padilla (1998) Vilma Santos (1999) 2000–2009 Elizabeth Oropesa (2000) Gloria Romero (2001) Rosanna Roces & Assunta De Rossi (2002) Vilma Santos (2003) Cherry Pie Picache (2004) Judy Ann Santos (2005) Jaclyn Jose (2006) Gina Pareño (2007) Cherry Pie Picache (2008) Mylene Dizon (2009) 2010–2019 Anita Linda & Rustica Carpio (2010) Fe GingGing Hyde (2011) Maja Salvador (2012) Nora Aunor (2013) Angeli Bayani (2014) Eula Valdez (2015) LJ Reyes (2016) Hasmine Killip (2017) Joanna Ampil (2018) Nadine Lustre (2019) 2020–2029 Janine Gutierrez (2020) Alessandra De Rossi (2021) Yen Santos (2022) Max Eigenmann (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_name"},{"link_name":"middle name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Filipina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_won_the_Philippine_movie_grand_slam"},{"link_name":"Esperanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_(Philippine_TV_series)"}],"text":"In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Oropesa and the surname or paternal family name is Freeman.Elizabeth Oropesa (born July 17, 1954), also known as La Oropesa, or \"Boots\" to friends is a Filipina actress. She was a Grand Slam Best Actress winner for Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999). She was crowned as Miss Luzon of the Miss Republic of the Philippines (RP) 1972. She was one of the Miss White Castle models in the mid-70s. One of her notable roles is Sandra Salgado, the evil stepmother and the main villain in hit soap opera Esperanza. Aside from showbiz assignments and commitments, Oropesa is currently working as a healer.","title":"Elizabeth Oropesa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloria Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Vic Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Ishmael Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Bernal"},{"link_name":"FAMAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAS_Award"},{"link_name":"Nunal sa Tubig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunal_sa_Tubig"},{"link_name":"Aguila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguila_(film)"},{"link_name":"Marilou Diaz-Abaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilou_Diaz-Abaya"},{"link_name":"Joel Lamangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Lamangan"},{"link_name":"Glydel Mercado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glydel_Mercado"},{"link_name":"Eddie Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gutierrez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gary Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Estrada"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Gil Portes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Portes"},{"link_name":"Alessandra de Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_de_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Jennica Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennica_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Jolina Magdangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolina_Magdangal"},{"link_name":"GMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Adik Sa'Yo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adik_Sa%27Yo"},{"link_name":"Marvin Agustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Agustin"},{"link_name":"Dennis Trillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Trillo"},{"link_name":"Joey Marquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Marquez"},{"link_name":"Roderick Paulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Paulate"},{"link_name":"Gina Alajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Alajar"},{"link_name":"Manilyn Reynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilyn_Reynes"},{"link_name":"Angelito: Batang Ama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelito:_Batang_Ama"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"Te Amo, Maging Sino Ka Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Amo,_Maging_Sino_Ka_Man"},{"link_name":"Impostora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impostora_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pamilya Roces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamilya_Roces"}],"text":"In 1974, a young Elizabeth Oropesa was introduced in Celso Ad Castillo's Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop Sa Balat Ng Lupa (1974) lending support to former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz, who was then being launched to stardom. She portrayed the role of Saling, the barrio lass who is madly in love with Simon (Vic Vargas) and loathes the presence of Isabel (Gloria Diaz) on the barrio-island. She and Gloria Diaz made a big splash by introducing the \"wet look\" in Philippine cinema.Oropesa was launched to stardom in Mister Mo, Lover Boy Ko (1975), produced by Jesse Ejercito and directed by Ishmael Bernal. She won the FAMAS Best Actress award for Lumapit, Lumayo ang Umaga (1975), also directed by Bernal. Again, Bernal directed Oropesa in Nunal sa Tubig (1976), considered one of the best films of the '70s. Oropesa is one of director Ishmael Bernal's favorite actresses to work with.Other notable movies she made are Alupihan Dagat (1975) and Aguila (1980) with Fernando Poe, Jr.; Si Rafael at Raquel (1976) and Hide and Seek sa Manila, Makati (1977) with Christopher de Leon; Mother and Daughter (1975) with Paraluman and Vic Vargas; Katawang Lupa (1975) with Eddie Gutierrez; Uhaw Na Dagat (1981) with Gloria Diaz and Isabel Rivas; Iking Boxer (1975) with Chiquito; Nueva Vizcaya (1974) with Vic Vargas; Si Malakas, si Maganda at si Mahinhin (1981) with Alma Moreno and Dindo Fernando; and Palabra de Honor (1983) with Eddie Garcia.She received Best Supporting Actress trophies for Milagros (1997) and Sa Pusod ng Dagat (1998), both directed by Marilou Diaz-Abaya, and a Best Actress grand slam, five best actress trophies for Bulaklak Ng Maynila (1999), directed by Joel Lamangan.She did Mister Mo, Lover Ko (1999) a comedy film again directed by Joel Lamangan, starring Glydel Mercado, Eddie Gutierrez, Gary Estrada and Danny Ramos. In 2003, she made the movie Homecoming, an entry in the Metro Manila Film Festival, directed by Gil Portes, with Alessandra de Rossi, playing a mother and daughter caught in a heart-wrenching homecoming. \nShe played the mother of Jennica Garcia and stepmother of Jolina Magdangal in GMA's Adik Sa'Yo (2009) with Marvin Agustin, Dennis Trillo and Joey Marquez, directed by Joel Lamangan. She starred in a digital movie Ded Na Si Lolo (2009), about a family staying together and getting stronger amid personal differences and hardships, starring Roderick Paulate, Gina Alajar and Manilyn Reynes. Oropesa made a comeback as a grandmother in the TV drama, Angelito: Batang Ama which aired on ABS-CBN. In 2004, Elizabeth played a villain named Belinda Manalo in Te Amo, Maging Sino Ka Man, the character was bitter and hot-headed. In 2017, she played a role in Impostora in which the character plays is calm and supportive of the main protagonist. In 2018, she was tapped to play the funny arrogant and brainless mother of Amber. Named Violet \"Violy\" Bolocboc, she is one of the anti-heroines of Pamilya Roces. She and her daughter scheme to become rich, but overall they are anti-heroes.She has appeared in more than 150 movies and television shows since 1973.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 27 takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1987_Philippine_coup_attempt"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 1987, Oropesa was charged with rebellion by the Northern Police District for her participation in the January 27 takeover of the GMA Network television station.[1]","title":"Political involvement"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"[6]\n[7]\n[8]\n[9]\n[10]\n[11]\n[12]\n[13]\n[14]","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Model, 2 actresses charged\". Manila Standard. Standard Publications, Inc. November 5, 1987. p. 7. Retrieved January 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iGcVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=agsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6711%2C282092","url_text":"\"Model, 2 actresses charged\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"The Much-Awaited Movie Will Shock You Today!\". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. May 17, 1995. p. A4. Retrieved December 29, 2021. This movie will unmask the real killer!!!","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6pkVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5405%2C2579763","url_text":"\"The Much-Awaited Movie Will Shock You Today!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Daza, Jullie Y. (May 18, 1995). \"Women as losers\". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 9. Retrieved December 29, 2021. Carlo J. Caparas is out to prove that he can leave his signature on the longest subtitles in movie history.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6pkVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6606%2C2625601","url_text":"\"Women as losers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Llanera, Melba R. (July 7, 2014). \"Maratabat director Arlyn dela Cruz: \"Ang laki ng utang na loob ko kay Kris Aquino...\"\". PEP.ph. Philippine Entertainment Portal Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/news/local/14075/maratabat-director-arlyn-dela-cruz-ang-laki-ng-utang-na-loob-ko-kay-kris-aquino","url_text":"\"Maratabat director Arlyn dela Cruz: \"Ang laki ng utang na loob ko kay Kris Aquino...\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Entertainment_Portal","url_text":"PEP.ph"}]},{"reference":"LyneLin (June 8, 2023). Elezabeth Oropesa for the coming soon movie 'Sa kamay ng Diyos' Directed By: Zaldy Munda. YouTube (in Filipino and English). Google LLC. Retrieved August 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYhSopcjAvs","url_text":"Elezabeth Oropesa for the coming soon movie 'Sa kamay ng Diyos' Directed By: Zaldy Munda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google LLC"}]},{"reference":"\"Osang, Oro & Sarsi: From sex symbols to fine actresses\". Tempo. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130503155345/http://www.tempo.com.ph/2011/10/osang-oro-sarsi-from-sex-symbols-to-fine-actresses/","url_text":"\"Osang, Oro & Sarsi: From sex symbols to fine actresses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(newspaper)","url_text":"Tempo"},{"url":"https://www.tempo.com.ph/2011/10/osang-oro-sarsi-from-sex-symbols-to-fine-actresses/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"From sex goddesses to fine actresses\". The Philippine Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2005/09/09/295723/sex-goddesses-fine-actresses","url_text":"\"From sex goddesses to fine actresses\""}]},{"reference":"\"beauty Archives | Inquirer Entertainment\". Philippine Daily Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/tag/beauty","url_text":"\"beauty Archives | Inquirer Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"MARTIN GOES ORIGINAL AGAIN\". www.newsflash.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsflash.org/2002/11/sb/sb002492.htm","url_text":"\"MARTIN GOES ORIGINAL AGAIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Oropesa, ikinasal sa bf na 23-anyos\". Archived from the original on May 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090522142300/http://www.philippinestoday.net/2002/December2002/showbizroundup2_1202.htm","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Oropesa, ikinasal sa bf na 23-anyos\""},{"url":"http://www.philippinestoday.net/2002/December2002/showbizroundup2_1202.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OROPESA AND ALESSANDRA TOPBILL PORTES' \"HOMECOMING\"\". www.newsflash.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/sb/sb003106.htm","url_text":"\"OROPESA AND ALESSANDRA TOPBILL PORTES' \"HOMECOMING\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Adik Sa Yo' promises to be an addictive show\". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111129154122/http://mb.com.ph/articles/206233/adik-sa-yo-promises-be-addictive-show","url_text":"\"'Adik Sa Yo' promises to be an addictive show\""},{"url":"http://mb.com.ph/articles/206233/adik-sa-yo-promises-be-addictive-show","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Torre, Nestor U. \"Elizabeth Oropesa makes strong comeback as 'lola' in TV drama\". Philippine Daily Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/22027/elizabeth-oropesa-makes-strong-comeback-as-%e2%80%98lola%e2%80%99-in-tv-drama","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Oropesa makes strong comeback as 'lola' in TV drama\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Owen_(judge)
William Owen (judge)
["1 Early life","2 Military service","3 Legal and judicial career","3.1 New South Wales Supreme Court","3.2 High Court of Australia","4 References"]
Australian judge For other people named William Owen, see William Owen (disambiguation). The Right HonourableSir William OwenKBE QCJustice of the High Court of AustraliaIn office22 September 1961 – 31 March 1972Nominated byRobert MenziesPreceded bySir Wilfred FullagarSucceeded bySir Anthony Mason Personal detailsBorn21 November 1899Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaDied31 March 1972 (aged 72)St Luke's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia Sir William Francis Langer Owen, KBE, QC (21 November 1899 – 31 March 1972) was an Australian judge who served as a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1961 until his death in 1972. Early life Owen was born in 1899 in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of Sir Langer Owen (1862–1935). He was educated at Sydney Church of England Grammar School, where he was in the school's cadet unit. Military service During World War I, from 1915 to 1919, Owen served in the First Australian Imperial Force. Owen enlisted on 31 December 1915, and was assigned as a sapper in the 9th Field Company Engineers, part of the Australian 3rd Division. Owen was wounded in action on 20 September 1917, during the Battle of Menin Road, part of the Battle of Passchendaele . Owen returned to service on 7 October 1917. He was wounded a second time at the Battle of the Somme on 23 May 1918, and was evacuated to a military hospital in Orpington, United Kingdom. On 29 August he was reassigned to the Training Depot of the Australian Flying Corps. By the end of the war, Owen had been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. Legal and judicial career After returning to Australia, Owen completed the bar examinations and was admitted to the New South Wales Bar in 1923. In 1935, Owen was made a King's Counsel. New South Wales Supreme Court In 1936, Owen served as an Acting Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and in 1937 was made a full judge. In the late 1940s, Owen's associate was Laurence Street, a future Chief Justice of New South Wales. In 1942, he succeeded Owen Dixon as chair of the Central Wool Committee, and in 1945 was the Australian delegate to the Imperial Wool Conference. From 1954 to 1955, Owen chaired the Royal Commission on Espionage, the Royal Commission which resulted from the infamous Petrov Affair. One of Owen's best known judgments was in the case of Associated Dominions Assurance Society Pty Ltd v John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd (1955) 72 WN (NSW), where he held what constitutes a "fishing expedition" in the law. High Court of Australia In 1957 Owen was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and on 22 September 1961 he was appointed to the bench of the High Court, at the age of 61 and ten months. He remained the oldest person ever appointed to the High Court until the 2015 appointment of Justice Geoffrey Nettle. Owen was elevated to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1963. He died on 31 March 1972 (aged 72) at St Luke's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, and was cremated. His wife and daughter survived him. References ^ "Owen, William Francis Langer – Service record". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 24 December 2005. ^ a b c d Weeks, Phillipa. "Owen, Sir William Francis (1899–1972)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. vteJustices of the High Court of AustraliaChief JusticesFormer Griffith Knox Isaacs Duffy Latham Dixon Barwick Gibbs Mason Brennan M. Gleeson French Kiefel Current Gageler JusticesFormer Barton O'Connor Higgins Powers Piddington Rich Starke Evatt McTiernan Williams Webb Fullagar Kitto Taylor Menzies Windeyer Owen Walsh Stephen Jacobs Murphy Aickin Wilson Deane Dawson Toohey Gaudron McHugh Gummow Kirby Hayne Callinan Heydon Crennan Bell Keane Nettle Current Gordon Edelman Steward J. Gleeson Jagot Beech-Jones Justices shown in order of appointment Authority control databases: People Australia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Owen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Owen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"}],"text":"For other people named William Owen, see William Owen (disambiguation).Sir William Francis Langer Owen, KBE, QC (21 November 1899 – 31 March 1972) was an Australian judge who served as a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1961 until his death in 1972.","title":"William Owen (judge)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Langer Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langer_Owen"},{"link_name":"Sydney Church of England Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Church_of_England_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"cadet unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army_Cadets"}],"text":"Owen was born in 1899 in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of Sir Langer Owen (1862–1935). He was educated at Sydney Church of England Grammar School, where he was in the school's cadet unit.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"First Australian Imperial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force"},{"link_name":"sapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper"},{"link_name":"Australian 3rd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_3rd_Division_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Somme_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Orpington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpington"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Australian Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mil_record-1"}],"text":"During World War I, from 1915 to 1919, Owen served in the First Australian Imperial Force. Owen enlisted on 31 December 1915, and was assigned as a sapper in the 9th Field Company Engineers, part of the Australian 3rd Division. Owen was wounded in action on 20 September 1917, during the Battle of Menin Road, part of the Battle of Passchendaele . Owen returned to service on 7 October 1917. He was wounded a second time at the Battle of the Somme on 23 May 1918, and was evacuated to a military hospital in Orpington, United Kingdom. On 29 August he was reassigned to the Training Depot of the Australian Flying Corps. By the end of the war, Owen had been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant.[1]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Bar"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owen_ADB-2"}],"text":"After returning to Australia, Owen completed the bar examinations and was admitted to the New South Wales Bar in 1923. In 1935, Owen was made a King's Counsel.[2]","title":"Legal and judicial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Laurence Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Street"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Owen Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission on Espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Espionage"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission"},{"link_name":"Petrov Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrov_Affair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owen_ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Associated Dominions Assurance Society Pty Ltd v John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sterlinglawqld.com/sterlii/summary-associated-dominions-assurance-society-v-john-fairfax-sons/"},{"link_name":"(1955) 72 WN (NSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sterlinglawqld.com/sterlii/summary-associated-dominions-assurance-society-v-john-fairfax-sons/"}],"sub_title":"New South Wales Supreme Court","text":"In 1936, Owen served as an Acting Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and in 1937 was made a full judge. In the late 1940s, Owen's associate was Laurence Street, a future Chief Justice of New South Wales. In 1942, he succeeded Owen Dixon as chair of the Central Wool Committee, and in 1945 was the Australian delegate to the Imperial Wool Conference.From 1954 to 1955, Owen chaired the Royal Commission on Espionage, the Royal Commission which resulted from the infamous Petrov Affair.[2]One of Owen's best known judgments was in the case of Associated Dominions Assurance Society Pty Ltd v John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd (1955) 72 WN (NSW), where he held what constitutes a \"fishing expedition\" in the law.","title":"Legal and judicial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Nettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Nettle"},{"link_name":"Judicial Committee of the Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owen_ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owen_ADB-2"}],"sub_title":"High Court of Australia","text":"In 1957 Owen was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and on 22 September 1961 he was appointed to the bench of the High Court, at the age of 61 and ten months. He remained the oldest person ever appointed to the High Court until the 2015 appointment of Justice Geoffrey Nettle. Owen was elevated to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1963.[2]He died on 31 March 1972 (aged 72) at St Luke's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, and was cremated. His wife and daughter survived him.[2]","title":"Legal and judicial career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_comics)
Mutant (Marvel Comics)
["1 Publication history","1.1 Early antecedents","1.2 Modern concept and development","1.3 Later developments","2 Mutant Subtypes","2.1 Omega-level mutants","2.2 Changelings","2.3 Cheyarafim and Neyaphem","2.4 Chimeras","2.5 Dominant Species/Lupine","2.6 Extraterrestrial mutants","2.7 Externals","2.8 \"Homo superior superior\"","2.9 Hybrids","3 Mutants as metaphor","4 Other versions","4.1 Earth X","4.2 Ultimate Marvel","5 In other media","5.1 X-Men film series","5.2 Marvel Cinematic Universe","6 See also","7 References"]
Group of comics characters See also: Mutants in fiction This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mutant" Marvel Comics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MutantPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceX-Men #1 (September 1963)Created byStan LeeJack KirbyCharacteristicsPlace of originEarthNotable membersX-MenX-FactorX-ForceDark X-MenNew MutantsBrotherhood of MutantsAcolytesMorlocksQuiet Council of KrakoaAvengers In American comic books published by Marvel Comics, a mutant is a human being that possesses a genetic trait called the X-gene. It causes the mutant to develop superhuman powers that manifest at puberty. Human mutants are sometimes referred to as a human subspecies Homo sapiens superior or simply Homo superior. Mutants are the evolutionary progeny of Homo sapiens, and are generally assumed to be the next stage in human evolution. The accuracy of this is the subject of much debate in the Marvel Universe. Unlike Marvel's mutates, which are characters who develop their powers only after exposure to outside stimuli or energies (such as the Hulk, Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, Absorbing Man and Captain Marvel), mutants have actual genetic mutations. Publication history Early antecedents A March 1952 story in Amazing Detective Cases #11 called "The Weird Woman" tells of a woman describing herself as a mutant who seeks a similarly superhuman mate. Roger Carstairs, a mutant who can create illusions, is shown in Man Comics #28, dated September 1953. A character with superhuman powers, born from a radiation-exposed parent, was seen in "The Man with the Atomic Brain!" in Journey into Mystery #52 in May 1959; although not specifically called a "mutant", his origin is consistent with one. A little-known story in Tales of Suspense #6 (November 1959) titled "The Mutants and Me!" was one of the first Marvel (then known as Atlas) stories to feature a named "mutant". Tad Carter, a mutant with telekinetic powers, is shown in Amazing Adult Fantasy #14, dated July 1962. Officially, Namor the Sub-Mariner is considered the first mutant superhero whom Marvel Comics ever published, debuting in 1939. However, Namor was not actually described as a mutant until Fantastic Four Annual #1, decades after his first appearance. The same is true of Toro, partner of the android Human Torch introduced in 1940. Modern concept and development The modern concept of mutants as a distinct species independent of homo sapiens began development under Marvel writer and editor-in-chief Stan Lee in the early 1960s, as a means to create a large number of superheroes and supervillains without having to think of a separate origin for each one. As part of the concept, Lee decided that these mutant teenagers should, like ordinary ones, attend school in order to better cope with the world, in this case Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters. Following the 1963 debut of this conception of mutants in the superhero series X-Men, Marvel later introduced several additional mutant superhero teams, including The New Mutants, X-Factor, Excalibur, X-Force, and Generation X. In early X-Men stories, Professor Xavier and others suggest that mutation is related to nuclear radiation, as his parents worked on the development of the atomic bomb, though later descriptions of mutation would describe it deriving from genetics. The first in-story mention of mutants in this context is in The X-Men #1, in which Professor Xavier explains his school to the newly admitted Jean Grey: "You, Miss Grey, like the other students at this most exclusive school, are a mutant! You possess an extra power...one which ordinary humans do not!! That is why I call my students...X-Men, for Ex-tra power!" This issue also features the first reference to mutants as the species "Homo Superior" by Magneto. Following the relaunch under writer Chris Claremont, narration in stories taking place on Muir Island described Moira MacTaggert as "second only to Charles Xavier as an authority on genetic mutation." In the New Mutants graphic novel, after witnessing Rahne Sinclair demonstrate her mutant shapeshifting ability, MacTaggert refers to "an anomalous DNA matrix" in her blood signaling that Sinclair "could be a mutant." The cause of mutation was elaborated upon in the first issue of the spin-off series X-Factor, in which Cameron Hodge refers to "people who possess the X-Factor mutation in their genetic makeup." This genetic mutation was later dubbed the X-Gene. At one point, Beast states that the X-Gene is located on the 23rd chromosome; the process described is that the gene activates mutation producing a protein stimulating chemical signals which induce mutations on other genes. Mutations are depicted as generally manifesting during adolescence, however this is not universal. Some mutants, such as Nightcrawler, are visibly mutated from birth, while others like Magneto do not develop their abilities until adulthood. Some mutants are not even aware of their latent mutations unless deliberately activated, such as Polaris, whose manifestation was triggered with technological aid. Later developments In the 2022 storyline, A.X.E.: Judgment Day, mutants are discovered by Eternals to be an offshoot of the Deviant race, triggering efforts by the Eternals' leader Druig to wipe them out, giving the mutants an explicit link to the Celestials and to the publisher's cosmic storylines. In the series' conclusion, new Prime Eternal Zuras confirms the end of hostilities with the mutants and proposed a formal treaty alliance, explaining to Storm, "You mutants share some DNA with Deviants? It's of little matter. Until a mutant triggers our physiological 'excess deviation' response, you're not Deviants in the way that counts. You're just human." Mutant Subtypes There are different subtypes of mutants: Omega-level mutants Overview DeathElixirExodusFamineGenesisHope SummersIcemanIdyll IIIdyll IIIIscaKid OmegaKobakLactucaLegionLodus LogosLycaonMagnetoMarvel GirlMister MMonarchNamelessPestilenceProteusOra SerrataOrrdonRedrootSobunarStormTarnUqeshVulcanWarXilo An Omega-level mutant is one with the most powerful genetic potential of their mutant abilities. The term was first seen in the 1986 issue Uncanny X-Men #208 as "Class Omega", but was completely unexplained beyond the obvious implication of it referring to an exceptional level of power. The term was not seen again until the 2001 limited series X-Men Forever. For a time, no firm definition was offered in the comics, leading to several conflicting opinions and debates as to who or what qualified as Omega-level. In July 2019, Marvel provided an official definition in the X-Men relaunch starting in House of X by Jonathan Hickman : Omega Level Mutant: A mutant whose dominant power is deemed to register – or reach – an undefinable upper limit of that power's specific classification. For Example: Both Magneto and Forge are the most powerful mutants of their power types on the planet Earth , but what makes Magneto, and not Forge, an Omega level mutant is that the upper limit of Forge's measurable powers could hypothetically be surpassed , while the upper limit of Magneto's power cannot be surpassed in any measurable fashion. Note: Omega level is a classification of a single mutant power. While it is quite common that mutants manifest multiple powers, only one is normally of Omega level. For Example: While Jean Grey is both a telepath and a telekinetic, she is only an Omega level telepath.— House of X #1 (July 2019) Elixir (Josh Foley) Exodus (Bennet du Paris) Hope Summers Iceman (Bobby Drake) Kid Omega (Quentin Quire) Legion (David Haller) Magneto (Erik Lehnsherr) Marvel Girl (Jean Grey) Mister M (Absolon Mercator) Monarch (Jamie Braddock) Proteus (Kevin MacTaggert) Storm (Ororo Munroe) Vulcan (Gabriel Summers) Franklin Richards was considered Omega-level mutant. However it had been revealed that he was not actually a mutant. He had unconsciously altered his DNA when he was a child to make it appear that he had the X-Gene to make himself special. Due to this revelation, he was no longer welcome among the mutants. After the X of Swords event, many new Omega-level mutants were introduced from the Arakko. Excluding the night seats, the Great Ring of Arakko (equivalent of the Quiet Council of Krakoa) was composed of Omega-level mutants. Death Famine Genesis High Mutant Prophet Idyll Isca the Unbeaten Idyll the Future Seer Kobak Never-Held Lactuca the Knower Lodus Logos Lycaon Two Wolves Nameless, the Shape-Shifter Queen Ora Serrata the Witness Orrdon, the Omega Rocket Pestilence Redroot the Forest Sobunar of the Depths Tarn the Uncaring Uqesh the Bridge War Xilo, the First Defender Changelings Introduced in the second series of X-Factor, a changeling is a mutant whose powers manifest at birth. Jamie Madrox and Damian Tryp are examples of this sub-class. Cheyarafim and Neyaphem Cheyarafim and Neyaphem first appear in Uncanny X-Men #429. According to the character Azazel, the Cheyarafim are a group of angel-like mutants who were the traditional enemies of the Neyaphem, a demonic-looking group of mutants who lived in Biblical times. The Cheyarafim were fanatics who had a strict, absolutist view of morality which led them into conflict with the Neyaphem. This escalated into a holy war, causing the Neyaphem to be exiled into an alternate dimension. What happened to the Cheyarafim after this has not been revealed. Angel and Icarus are said to be descended from Cheyarafim, while Nightcrawler is supposedly the son of a Neyaphem, Azazel. Chimeras In the pages of "House of X and Powers of X," the Chimeras are genetically altered humanoid mutants who are combined from the DNA of past mutants so that they would have combinations of their power set and also propagate the mutant population. Third generation Chimeras have a 10% failure rate making them unable to be warriors. Fourth generation Chimeras have a corrupted hive mind. They were more common in Moira MacTaggert's ninth life where they were created in Mister Sinister's Breeding Pits on Mars. Sometime after the "X of Swords" storyline, Mister Sinister created his first Chimera by splicing his own DNA samples with the DNA samples of an Arraki named Tarn the Uncaring. When the experiment proved to be a failure and the Quiet Council of Krakoa found out about it, Mister Sinister is undeterred in his next plans to research the Chimeras. Later in the "Sins of Sinister" storyline, Mister Sinister was in an alternate timeline where he created his Chimeras after taking over world with his Sinister gene. The following are the known Chimeras: Cardinal - Created from the genetic templates of Francis Fanny, Nightcrawler, and Rachel Summers. North - Created from the genetic templates of Emma Frost and Polaris. Rasputin IV - Created from the genetic templates of Colossus, Kitty Pryde, Quentin Quire, Unus the Untouchable, and X-23. An alternate version was created by Mister Sinister from the same genetic templates during the "Sins of Sinister" storyline. Legion of the Night - The Legion of the Night are Chimeras that were made from genetic template of Nightcrawler spliced with other genetic templates. The other members consist of: Wagnerine - Created from the genetic templates of X-23 and Nightcrawler. Auntie Fortune - Created from the genetic templates of Domino and Nightcrawler. Wallcrawler - Created from the genetic templates of Nightcrawler and Spider-Man. Lost-in-Shadow - Created from the genetic templates of Lost and Nightcrawler. Chamber Nocturne - Created from the genetic templates of Chamber and Nightcrawler. Summernight - Created from the genetic templates of Cyclops and Nightcrawler. He is the lover of Wagnerine. High Summers - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Cyclops, Havok, and Vulcan. Loud Hallers - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Siryn and Lodus Logos. Hot Claws - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Feral, Thornn, Mercury, and Pete Wisdom. Sage Advisors - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Artie Maddicks, Captain Britain, Multiple Man, and Sage. Dominant Species/Lupine Maximus Lobo claims to be a part of a mutant sub-species of feral wolf-like mutants, whom he calls the Dominant Species. He later tries to recruit Wolf Cub into his ranks to no avail. A few years later, another mutant named Romulus claims that some human mutants evolved from canines instead of primates. Romulus' sister Remus would later consider his claim to be a hoax when she meets Wolverine. Daken Feral Romulus Sabretooth Thornn Wild Child Wolf Cub Wolfsbane Wolverine Extraterrestrial mutants Humans are not the only species to have mutant subspecies. Ariel Broo Cerise Longshot Ultra Girl Warlock Externals Created by Rob Liefeld, Externals are immortal mutants whose powers have allowed them to exist for centuries. Eventually, most of the Externals are killed by Selene, and later by Apocalypse. Absalom Burke Candra Crule Gideon Nicodemus Saul Selene Apocalypse "Homo superior superior" Introduced in Chris Claremont's X-Treme X-Men, a character known as Vargas claims to be humanity's natural response to mutants. Vargas was born at the epitome of peak physical skill, having superhuman levels of strength, speed, reflexes, agility, stamina, and durability. Vargas also seems to be immune to various mutant abilities (such as Rogue's absorption and Psylocke's telekinetic blast). Hybrids Mutants have been shown to successfully crossbreed or a result of crossbreed with Humans (Homo sapiens), Atlanteans (Homo mermanus), fairies, and other humanoid aliens like Shi'ar, etc. Abigail Brand Namor Namora Namorita Lifeguard Pixie Slipstream Xandra Neramani Mutants as metaphor Main article: X-Men § Reflecting social issues As a fictional oppressed minority, mutants are often used as extended metaphors for real-world people and situations. In 1982, X-Men writer Chris Claremont said, " are hated, feared and despised collectively by humanity for no other reason than that they are mutants. So what we have here, intended or not, is a book that is about racism, bigotry and prejudice." Danny Fingeroth writes extensively in his book Superman on the Couch about the appeal of mutants and their meaning to society: The most popular pop culture franchises are those that make the viewer/reader feel special and unique, while simultaneously making him or her feel he or she is part of a mass of people experiencing and enjoying the same phenomenon. The plight of the mutants is universally compelling. Many people feel a need for a surrogate family, one composed of those the world has abused and persecuted in the same way they have been their whole life. This is especially true in adolescents, which may in part explain some of the draw of mutants. An obvious parallel between homosexuality and mutation is drawn in the feature film X2, where Iceman's mother asks, "Have you tried not being a mutant?" This question (or various forms thereof) is common among parents who find out their children are gay. In the 2011 film X-Men: First Class, Hank McCoy (later known as Beast), upon being outed to a colleague as a mutant, responds, "You didn't ask, so I didn't tell." In his article Super Heroes, a Modern Mythology, Richard Reynolds writes: Much of the appeal and draw of the mutants that comprise the X-Men has to do with feeling like an outcast while simultaneously feeling like part of a family. Mutants are ostracized because they are different but they bound together because of their differences. They may be forced together to a certain extent like 'real' families but they are also a team. They differ from other teams such as the Justice League, which is like a meritocracy; only the best of the best join that team. In contrast, the X-Men is composed of outcasts. They train and nurture one another and are united by common goals and beliefs. ...the whole theme of the X-Men — the isolation of mutants and their alienation from 'normal' society — may be read as a parable of the alienation of any minority... of a minority grouping determined to force its own place within society. Other versions Earth X Within the Earth X universe, the powers of the vast majority of Marvel's human superheroes were revealed to have been the result of genetic manipulation by the Celestials millions of years in the past. Ultimate Marvel In the Ultimate Marvel universe within the pages of the Ultimate Origins #1, it is revealed that super-powered "mutants" were artificially created via genetic modification by the Weapon X program in a laboratory in Alberta, Canada in October 1943. The project was an attempt to produce a supersoldier, inspired by the existence of Captain America. James Howlett was the first individual to be so modified. At some later point, possibly during a confrontation between Magneto and his parents, the mutant trigger was released into the environment worldwide, leading to the appearance of mutants in the general population. Following the events of the Ultimatum storyline, information concerning the origins of mutancy was made public and steps were taken in the US to make being a mutant illegal. While the move apparently has majority support among the non-mutant population, a vocal minority has voiced concern that it will lead to witch-hunts and genocide. In other media X-Men film series Main articles: X-Men (film series) and X-Men in other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in 2019, the film rights to the X-Men and other mutant characters reverted to Marvel Studios. When asked if his use of the term "mutants" meant the film would be avoiding the term "X-Men", Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige clarified that he was using the two terms interchangeably. He added that Marvel Studios' approach to the characters would be different to Fox's franchise. Since 2022, the mutant race have appeared in various media set within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise: Mutants are first implicitly introduced through a variant of Charles Xavier from the alternate universe Earth-838 in the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Patrick Stewart reprises the role from Fox's X-Men film series. The first mutant belonging to the main reality of the MCU is Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel (portrayed by Iman Vellani), which is stated in the final episode of the television series Ms. Marvel (2022). This differs from the comics where she is originally an Inhuman. A musical excerpt of the X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–1997) theme is featured in both Ms. Marvel and Multiverse of Madness. The television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022) features numerous implicit references and allusions to mutants from throughout Marvel Comics. A website article insinuating James "Logan" Howlett / Wolverine being active in the MCU is an easter egg in the episode "Superhuman Law", where he is indirectly described in an online news article regarding a man who "fights with metal claws" during a bar brawl. Additionally the series features supporting appearances from David Hollis / Mr. Immortal (David Pasquesi) and Alejandro Montoya / El Águila (Joseph Castillo-Midyett), both of whom identify as mutants in the comics. The main-on-end credits of the episode "Mean, Green, and Straight Poured into These Jeans" depicts a visual of Augustus Pugliese displaying his sneaker collection to his colleague Nikki Ramos, with some designs derived from the appearances of Wolverine, Namor, Cyclops, Gambit and Cable. The series' finale "Whose Show Is This?", which depicts protagonist Jennifer Walters breaking the fourth wall by travelling to Marvel Studios to have the episode altered, features a conversation between herself and "K.E.V.I.N.", a fictionalized algorithm based on company president and producer Kevin Feige. Walters asks K.E.V.I.N. when the X-Men themselves would debut in the MCU, to which it declines to answer. In Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), Namor (portrayed by Tenoch Huerta Mejía) retains his comics background as a mutant. In the film, his mother ingested a vibranium laced plant while pregnant, giving him abilities that his people who consumed it did not due to his mutation, including pointed ears, winged ankles, the ability to breathe air and water, extended longevity, and his trademark ability to fly, which he calls sky-swimming. For his abilities, his subjects, called Talokanil, worship him as not merely a king, but rather an incarnation of a god. Kamala Khan returns in The Marvels (2023). In the mid-credits scene, a version of Hank McCoy / Beast meets Monica Rambeau after she enters a portal into a parallel universe. Kelsey Grammer reprises the role from Fox's X-Men films. Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) will integrate 20th Century Fox's X-Men film series' iterations of Wade Wilson / Deadpool and Wolverine into the continuity of the MCU, reprised by Ryan Reynolds and Hugh Jackman respectively. A new X-Men film produced by Marvel Studios was reported by Deadline Hollywood to be in development in September 2023 following the conclusion of the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike, with executive meetings being internally held at the studio to take pitches from various writers before a selection is made sometime in early 2024. See also List of Marvel Comics characters Mutants in fiction Metahuman Superhuman Superpower (ability) References ^ Weird Woman" at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ^ Roger Carstairs at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ^ Ted Lestron at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ^ Vincent Farnsworth at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ^ Tad Carter at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ^ "Namor". comicvine.com. 1922-02-22. Retrieved 2010-10-17. ^ Issue #1 — released July, 1963 ^ The X-Men #1 (1963). Marvel Comics. ^ Uncanny X-Men #125 (1979). Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Graphic Novel #4: The New Mutants (1982). Marvel Comics. ^ X-Factor #1 (1986). Marvel Comics. ^ Astonishing X-Men (Vol. 3) #25 (2008). Marvel Comics. ^ Astonishing X-Men (Vol. 3) #27 (2008). Marvel Comics. ^ New X-Men #118 (2001). Marvel Comics. ^ Uncanny X-Men #177 (1984). Marvel Comics. ^ Classic X-Men #12 (1987). Marvel Comics. ^ X-Men #50 (1968). Marvel Comics. ^ Bacon, Thomas (17 March 2022). "The X-Men's New Cosmic Origin is Marvel's Biggest Rewrite in History". ScreenRant. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ A.X.E.: Judgment Day, vol. 1, no. 6 (October 2022). New York, NY: Marvel Comics. ^ Kistler, Alan (January 16, 2012). "Alpha? Omega? Explaining the X-MEN's Mutant Classifications". Newsarama. ^ Cronin, Brian (Dec 16, 2017). "Marvel's Omega Level Mutants, Ranked From Least Powerful To OP". CBR. ^ Lovett, Jamie (July 24, 2019). "Marvel Reveals Official List of the X-Men's Omega Level Mutants". ComicBook.com. ^ a b House of X #1. Marvel Comics (July 2019). ^ Fantastic Four #26 (November 2020). Marvel Comics. ^ Zachary, Brandon (Dec 30, 2020). "X-Men: Marvel's Omega-Level Mutants Population Just SKYROCKETED". CBR.com. ^ X-Men #16. Marvel Comics (December 2019) ^ a b c d Powers of X #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Hellions #15-18. Marvel Comics. ^ a b Sins of Sinister #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Immoral X-Men #2. Marvel Comics. ^ a b c d Nightcrawlers #1. Marvel Comics. ^ a b c Nightcrawlers #2. Marvel Comics. ^ a b c d Storm & the Brotherhood of Mutants #3. Marvel Comics. ^ "Uncanny X-Men Vol. 2: Dominant Species". Marvel Comics Catalog. Marvel.com. 21 May 2003. Retrieved 2010-10-17. ^ Wolverine Vol. 2 #312. Marvel Comics. ^ X-Treme X-Men #2. Marvel Comics. ^ Fingeroth, Danny. Superman On The Couch: What Superheroes Really Tell Us About Ourselves and Society, Continuum, 2004. ISBN 0-8264-1540-7 ^ Mantle, Martin (2007). "'Have You Tried Not Being a Mutant?': Genetic Mutation and the Acquisition of Extra-ordinary Ability". M/C Journal. 10 (5). doi:10.5204/mcj.2712. ^ "The X-Men "Come out:" Being a "Mutant" in films can be seen as a metaphor for homosexuality". ^ Ultimate Origins #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Yehl, Joshua (July 21, 2019). "Marvel's Kevin Feige Says MCU X-Men Will Be 'Quite Different' Than Fox Movies - Comic Con 2019". IGN. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019. ^ Garbutt, Emily (May 5, 2022). "The Illuminati members in Doctor Strange 2, listed and explained". Total Film. GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ Kleinman, Jake (July 13, 2022). "Ms. Marvel Ending Explained: Is Kamala Khan a ?". Inverse. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022. ^ Brail, Nathaniel (July 14, 2022). "Ms. Marvel Star Breaks Silence Since Mutant Reveal". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022. ^ Francisco, Eric (July 13, 2022). "Ms. Marvel Credits Confirm That Huge X-Men Twist". Inverse. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022. ^ Patches, Matt (2022-08-25). "She-Hulk's Wolverine Easter egg has Marvel teasing the X-Men yet again". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ Dinsdale, Ryan (2022-08-25). "She-Hulk Just Teased a Major Marvel Character's MCU Entrance". IGN. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ "She-Hulk Explained: Attorney at Law's Place in MCU Timeline Revealed". ComingSoon.net. 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-08-25. ^ "Who is Mr. Immortal? The latest She-Hulk guest star explained". Popverse. 2022-09-23. Retrieved 2023-01-27. ^ Marnell, Blair (2022-09-28). "Jen Meets Man-Bull and El Aguila In She-Hulk Episode 7 Preview Clip". Comic Book Movies and Superhero Movie News - SuperHeroHype. Retrieved 2023-01-27. ^ Melendez, Marcos (2022-09-15). "She-Hulk's Sneaker Collection Includes Easter Eggs For X-Men, Fantastic Four, Deadpool & More". /Film. Retrieved 2023-01-27. ^ "She-Hulk ending explained: Every reference from Daredevil to X-Men". Radio Times. Retrieved 2023-01-27. ^ Vito Oddo, Marco (November 10, 2022). "Is Namor a Mutant in 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever'?". Collider. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ Goodman, William (November 8, 2023). "The 'Marvels' Post-Credits Scene Spins the MCU in a Whole New Direction. Let's Start Freaking Out Right Now". GQ. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. ^ Donnelly, Matt (2019-12-27). "Ryan Reynolds Says 'Deadpool 3' Is in the Works at Marvel". Variety. Retrieved 2022-11-03. ^ Moreau, Jordan (2022-09-27). "Hugh Jackman Is Back as Wolverine in 'Deadpool 3' With Ryan Reynolds, Coming in 2024". Variety. Retrieved 2022-11-03. ^ Kroll, Justin (2023-09-29). "Marvel Studios Execs Eye Meetings Soon To Hear Writers' Pitches For Coveted 'X-Men' Job – The Dish". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-09-29. vteX-Men Creators: Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Angel Beast Cyclops Iceman Jean Grey Professor X Other Members Enemies Locations Avalon District X/Mutant Town Genosha Madripoor Savage Land X-Mansion Krakoa Equipment andtechnology Blackbird Cerebro Danger Room Comic books Uncanny X-Men House of X and Powers of X Limited series and one-shots Other media Film Series In television Storm Force Accelatron In video games Toys Miscellaneous Alpha Flight Inhumans vs. X-Men Krakoan Age Legacy Virus Morlocks Mutants Mutant Registration Act Phoenix Force Shi'ar Imperial Guard X-Babies X-Men '92 Category vteX-Men charactersMutantFounding members Angel Beast Cyclops Iceman Jean Grey Professor X Othermembers Anole Armor Aurora Banshee Bishop Blindfold Blink Boom-Boom Box Cable Caliban Cannonball Chamber Changeling Cipher Cloak and Dagger Colossus Cypher Darwin Dazzler Deadpool Doctor Nemesis Domino Dust Elixir Emma Frost Fantomex Firestar Forge Frenzy Gambit Gentle Graymalkin Havok Hellion Hepzibah Hope Husk Ink Jubilee Karma Krakoa Lady Mastermind Lifeguard Lockheed Longshot M Maggott Magik Magma Magneto Marrow Mercury Meggan Mimic Moonstar Morph Ms. Marvel (Kamala Khan) Mystique Namor Nightcrawler Northstar Omega Sentinel Pixie Polaris Psylocke Betsy Braddock Kwannon Prodigy Kitty Pryde Rockslide Rogue Sage Slipstream Spyke Stacy X Storm Rachel Summers Squidboy Sunfire Sunspot Surge Synch Tildie Soames Thunderbird (John Proudstar) Thunderbird (Neal Shaara) Trance Warlock Warpath Washout Wolfsbane Wolverine (Logan) X-23/Wolverine (Laura Kinney) X-Man Xavier Institute students and staff Kuan-Yi Xorn and Shen Xorn/Zorn Secondary teams Alpha Squadron Excalibur Fallen Angels Generation X Marauders Morlocks New Mutants X-Corporation X-Corps X-Factor X-Force X-Statix X-Terminators X.S.E. X-Treme Sanctions Executive Xavier's Security Enforcers Supporting characters Callisto Ka-Zar Senator Robert Kelly Layla Miller Legion Lilandra Neramani Quicksilver Shi'ar Scarlet Witch Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Korvus Raza Longknife Hepzibah Valerie Cooper Superhero allies Avengers Black Widow Hawkeye Hulk Iron Man Captain America Thor Ms. Marvel/Captain Marvel Carol Danvers Fantastic Four S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury Spider-Man S.W.O.R.D. Antagonists Adversary Apocalypse Arcade Avalanche Azazel Bastion Belasco Black Tom Cassidy Blob Abraham Cornelius Fabian Cortez Graydon Creed Cyber Dark Beast Deathbird Demon Bear Doctor Doom Donald Pierce Exodus Trevor Fitzroy Emma Frost Galactus Henry Peter Gyrich Harpoon High Evolutionary Cameron Hodge Holocaust Juggernaut Kang the Conqueror Kid Omega Senator Robert Kelly Krakoa Lady Deathstrike Steven Lang Leper Queen Living Monolith Magneto Master Mold Mastermind Moira MacTaggert Mesmero Mikhail Rasputin Mister Sinister Mojo Mystique N'astirh Nimrod Cassandra Nova Omega Red Omega Sentinel Onslaught Norman Osborn Phantazia Predator X Proteus Madelyne Pryor Pyro Ronan Sabretooth Saturnyne Sauron Selene Shadow King Sebastian Shaw Shinobi Shaw Siena Blaze Silver Samurai Kenuichio Harada Spiral Stryfe Jason Stryker William Stryker Thanos Toad Bolivar Trask Viper Vulcan Antagonistic teams A.I.M. Alliance of Evil Ani-Men Black Order Brood Brotherhood of Mutants Clan Akkaba Externals Factor Three Fenris Freedom Force H.A.M.M.E.R. Dark X-Men Hellfire Club Hellions Horsemen of Apocalypse Hounds Humanity's Last Stand Hydra Marauders Nasty Boys Neo Phalanx Purifiers Reavers Savage Land Mutates Sentinels Shadow-X Sidri U-Men Upstarts Weapon X Alternative versions Jimmy Hudson Magician Ultimate Wolverine In other media Apocalypse Betsy Braddock Cyclops Gambit Jean Grey film series Magneto film series Peter Maximoff Morph Mystique Professor X film series Rogue Spyke Storm Wade Wilson Wolverine film series vteUltimate X-Men Bill Jemas Joe Quesada Mark Millar Adam Kubert Andy Kubert X-Men Angel Betsy Braddock Bishop Cable Colossus Dazzler Deadpool Firestar Jimmy Hudson Human Torch Husk Iceman Magician Marvel Girl Professor X Pyro Rogue Shadowcat Storm Toad Wolverine Kuan-Yi Xorn Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy Blob Forge Juggernaut Longshot Lorelei Magneto Mastermind Multiple Man Mystique Pyro Quicksilver Rogue Sabretooth Scarlet Witch Stacy X Toad Unus Vanisher Wolverine Opponents and villains Mojo Adams Alpha Flight Vindicator/John Wraith Aurora Jubilee Sasquatch/Rahne Sinclair Shaman/John Proudstar Snowbird/Danielle Moonstar Sunfire Apocalypse Arcade Fenris Lady Deathstrike Marauders Proteus Omega Red Sebastian Shaw Sentinels Shadow King Sinister William Stryker Jr. Stryfe Weapon X Shen-Yin Zorn Frost's Academy of Tomorrow Angel Cannonball Colossus Cypher Emma Frost Havok Karma Northstar Polaris Sunspot Supporting characters Nick Fury Gambit Moira MacTaggert Morlocks Lilandra Numara Spider-Man Fantastic Four Locations Academy of Tomorrow Genosha Muir Island Hospital for Mutants Savage Land Sydney X-Mansion Technology Cerebro Danger Room X-Wing (Blackbird) Related books Ultimate War Ultimate Galactus Trilogy Ultimate X4 Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimatum: X-Men Requiem Ultimate Comics: X Ultimate Comics: X-Men Miscellaneous Ultimate X-Men Story Arcs Church of Shi'ar Enlightenment Banshee Drug Hellfire Club Phoenix God Runaways Ultimate Universe vteJack KirbyBibliographyMarvel Comics 2001: A Space Odyssey Absorbing Man Adam Warlock Agatha Harkness Alicia Masters Amazing Adventures Amphibion Annihilus Ant-Man / Giant-Man Hank Pym Arnim Zola Asgard Astonishing Tales Attuma Avengers Avengers Mansion Awesome Android Balder Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Batroc the Leaper Baxter Building Betsy Ross Betty Ross Black Panther Blastaar Blob Boomerang Brother Tode Brotherhood of Mutants Bucky Bucky Barnes Burner Captain America shield Celestial Cerebro Circus of Crime Contemplator Cosmic Cube Crusaders Cyttorak Daily Bugle Danger Room Deviant Devil Dinosaur Destroyer Diablo Doctor Doom Doctor Druid Doctor Faustus Doughboy Dragon Man Dredmund the Druid Egghead Ego the Living Planet Enchantress Enclave Erik Josten Eternals Ajak Druig Forgotten One Ikaris Kingo Sunen Makkari Sersi Sprite Thena Zuras Executioner Fafnir Fantastic Four Human Torch Invisible Woman Mister Fantastic Thing Fenris Wolf Fin Fang Foom Fixer Forbush Man Franklin Richards Franklin Storm Frightful Four Galactus Giants Giganto Goom Gorgilla Grey Gargoyle Groot Growing Man H.E.R.B.I.E. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mutants in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_books"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"genetic trait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"superhuman powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(ability)"},{"link_name":"puberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"Homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"Absorbing Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbing_Man"},{"link_name":"Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Danvers"},{"link_name":"genetic mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"}],"text":"Group of comics charactersSee also: Mutants in fictionIn American comic books published by Marvel Comics, a mutant is a human being that possesses a genetic trait called the X-gene. It causes the mutant to develop superhuman powers that manifest at puberty. Human mutants are sometimes referred to as a human subspecies Homo sapiens superior or simply Homo superior. Mutants are the evolutionary progeny of Homo sapiens, and are generally assumed to be the next stage in human evolution. The accuracy of this is the subject of much debate in the Marvel Universe.Unlike Marvel's mutates, which are characters who develop their powers only after exposure to outside stimuli or energies (such as the Hulk, Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, Absorbing Man and Captain Marvel), mutants have actual genetic mutations.","title":"Mutant (Marvel Comics)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Journey into Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_into_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Tales of Suspense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Suspense"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Comics_(1950s)"},{"link_name":"telekinetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekinetic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Namor the Sub-Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_(comics)"},{"link_name":"android Human Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Torch_(android)"}],"sub_title":"Early antecedents","text":"A March 1952 story in Amazing Detective Cases #11 called \"The Weird Woman\" tells of a woman describing herself as a mutant who seeks a similarly superhuman mate.[1] Roger Carstairs, a mutant who can create illusions, is shown in Man Comics #28, dated September 1953.[2] A character with superhuman powers, born from a radiation-exposed parent, was seen in \"The Man with the Atomic Brain!\"[3] in Journey into Mystery #52 in May 1959; although not specifically called a \"mutant\", his origin is consistent with one. A little-known story in Tales of Suspense #6 (November 1959) titled \"The Mutants and Me!\"[4] was one of the first Marvel (then known as Atlas) stories to feature a named \"mutant\". Tad Carter, a mutant with telekinetic powers, is shown in Amazing Adult Fantasy #14, dated July 1962.[5]Officially, Namor the Sub-Mariner is considered the first mutant superhero whom Marvel Comics ever published,[6] debuting in 1939. However, Namor was not actually described as a mutant until Fantastic Four Annual #1, decades after his first appearance.[7] The same is true of Toro, partner of the android Human Torch introduced in 1940.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"supervillains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Mansion"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"The New Mutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mutants"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Force"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X_(comics)"},{"link_name":"development of the atomic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"The X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_X-Men"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UXM001-8"},{"link_name":"Magneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Muir Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir_Island"},{"link_name":"Moira MacTaggert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_MacTaggert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UXM125-9"},{"link_name":"New Mutants graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Mutants_(graphic_novel)"},{"link_name":"Rahne Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahne_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MGN004-10"},{"link_name":"Cameron Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Hodge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XF001-11"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome#Human_chromosomes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AXV3025-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AXV3027-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NXM118-14"},{"link_name":"Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcrawler_(character)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UXM177-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CXM012-16"},{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UXM50-17"}],"sub_title":"Modern concept and development","text":"The modern concept of mutants as a distinct species independent of homo sapiens began development under Marvel writer and editor-in-chief Stan Lee in the early 1960s, as a means to create a large number of superheroes and supervillains without having to think of a separate origin for each one. As part of the concept, Lee decided that these mutant teenagers should, like ordinary ones, attend school in order to better cope with the world, in this case Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters. Following the 1963 debut of this conception of mutants in the superhero series X-Men, Marvel later introduced several additional mutant superhero teams, including The New Mutants, X-Factor, Excalibur, X-Force, and Generation X.In early X-Men stories, Professor Xavier and others suggest that mutation is related to nuclear radiation, as his parents worked on the development of the atomic bomb, though later descriptions of mutation would describe it deriving from genetics. The first in-story mention of mutants in this context is in The X-Men #1, in which Professor Xavier explains his school to the newly admitted Jean Grey: \"You, Miss Grey, like the other students at this most exclusive school, are a mutant! You possess an extra power...one which ordinary humans do not!! That is why I call my students...X-Men, for Ex-tra power!\"[8] This issue also features the first reference to mutants as the species \"Homo Superior\" by Magneto. Following the relaunch under writer Chris Claremont, narration in stories taking place on Muir Island described Moira MacTaggert as \"second only to Charles Xavier as an authority on genetic mutation.\"[9] In the New Mutants graphic novel, after witnessing Rahne Sinclair demonstrate her mutant shapeshifting ability, MacTaggert refers to \"an anomalous DNA matrix\" in her blood signaling that Sinclair \"could be a mutant.\"[10] The cause of mutation was elaborated upon in the first issue of the spin-off series X-Factor, in which Cameron Hodge refers to \"people who possess the X-Factor mutation in their genetic makeup.\"[11] This genetic mutation was later dubbed the X-Gene. At one point, Beast states that the X-Gene is located on the 23rd chromosome;[12] the process described is that the gene activates mutation producing a protein stimulating chemical signals which induce mutations on other genes.[13]Mutations are depicted as generally manifesting during adolescence,[14] however this is not universal. Some mutants, such as Nightcrawler, are visibly mutated from birth,[15] while others like Magneto do not develop their abilities until adulthood.[16] Some mutants are not even aware of their latent mutations unless deliberately activated, such as Polaris, whose manifestation was triggered with technological aid.[17]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.X.E.: Judgment Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_Day_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Eternals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternals_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Deviant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Druig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druig"},{"link_name":"Celestials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestials"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Zuras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuras"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Later developments","text":"In the 2022 storyline, A.X.E.: Judgment Day, mutants are discovered by Eternals to be an offshoot of the Deviant race, triggering efforts by the Eternals' leader Druig to wipe them out, giving the mutants an explicit link to the Celestials and to the publisher's cosmic storylines.[18] In the series' conclusion, new Prime Eternal Zuras confirms the end of hostilities with the mutants and proposed a formal treaty alliance, explaining to Storm, \"You mutants share some DNA with Deviants? It's of little matter. Until a mutant triggers our physiological 'excess deviation' response, you're not Deviants in the way that counts. You're just human.\"[19]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are different subtypes of mutants:","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncanny X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_X-Men"},{"link_name":"X-Men Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_Forever"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"House of X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_X"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hickman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Omega-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoX1-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoX1-23"},{"link_name":"Elixir (Josh Foley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Exodus (Bennet du Paris)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hope Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Summers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Iceman (Bobby Drake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceman_(character)"},{"link_name":"Kid Omega (Quentin Quire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Quire"},{"link_name":"Legion (David Haller)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Magneto (Erik Lehnsherr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Girl (Jean Grey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Grey"},{"link_name":"Mister M (Absolon Mercator)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_M_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Monarch (Jamie Braddock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Braddock"},{"link_name":"Proteus (Kevin MacTaggert)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Storm (Ororo Munroe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Vulcan (Gabriel Summers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Franklin Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Richards_(Fantastic_Four)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Great Ring of Arakko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_A#The_Great_Ring_of_Arakko"},{"link_name":"Quiet Council of Krakoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_Council_of_Krakoa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arakko-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Omega-level mutants","text":"An Omega-level mutant is one with the most powerful genetic potential of their mutant abilities. The term was first seen in the 1986 issue Uncanny X-Men #208 as \"Class Omega\", but was completely unexplained beyond the obvious implication of it referring to an exceptional level of power. The term was not seen again until the 2001 limited series X-Men Forever. For a time, no firm definition was offered in the comics, leading to several conflicting opinions and debates as to who or what qualified as Omega-level.[20][21] In July 2019, Marvel provided an official definition in the X-Men relaunch starting in House of X by Jonathan Hickman [emphasis in original]:[22][23]Omega Level Mutant: A mutant whose dominant power is deemed to register – or reach – an undefinable upper limit of that power's specific classification.\nFor Example: Both Magneto and Forge are the most powerful mutants of their power types on the planet Earth [Magnetism and Technopathy, respectively], but what makes Magneto, and not Forge, an Omega level mutant is that the upper limit of Forge's measurable powers could hypothetically be surpassed [and, in fact, has by multiple humans on the planet], while the upper limit of Magneto's power cannot be surpassed in any measurable fashion.\nNote: Omega level is a classification of a single mutant power. While it is quite common that mutants manifest multiple powers, only one is normally of Omega level.\n\nFor Example: While Jean Grey is both a telepath and a telekinetic, she is only an Omega level telepath.— House of X #1 (July 2019)[23]Elixir (Josh Foley)\nExodus (Bennet du Paris)\nHope Summers\nIceman (Bobby Drake)\nKid Omega (Quentin Quire)\nLegion (David Haller)\nMagneto (Erik Lehnsherr)\nMarvel Girl (Jean Grey)\nMister M (Absolon Mercator)\nMonarch (Jamie Braddock)\nProteus (Kevin MacTaggert)\nStorm (Ororo Munroe)\nVulcan (Gabriel Summers)Franklin Richards was considered Omega-level mutant. However it had been revealed that he was not actually a mutant. He had unconsciously altered his DNA when he was a child to make it appear that he had the X-Gene to make himself special. Due to this revelation, he was no longer welcome among the mutants.[24]After the X of Swords event, many new Omega-level mutants were introduced from the Arakko. Excluding the night seats, the Great Ring of Arakko (equivalent of the Quiet Council of Krakoa) was composed of Omega-level mutants.[25][26]Death\nFamine\nGenesis\nHigh Mutant Prophet Idyll\nIsca the Unbeaten\nIdyll the Future Seer\nKobak Never-Held\nLactuca the Knower\nLodus Logos\nLycaon Two Wolves\nNameless, the Shape-Shifter Queen\nOra Serrata the Witness\nOrrdon, the Omega Rocket\nPestilence\nRedroot the Forest\nSobunar of the Depths\nTarn the Uncaring\nUqesh the Bridge\nWar\nXilo, the First Defender","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamie Madrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Madrox"},{"link_name":"Damian Tryp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Tryp"}],"sub_title":"Changelings","text":"Introduced in the second series of X-Factor, a changeling is a mutant whose powers manifest at birth. Jamie Madrox and Damian Tryp are examples of this sub-class.","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncanny X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Azazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical"},{"link_name":"fanatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanaticism"},{"link_name":"holy war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Worthington_III"},{"link_name":"Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcrawler_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Cheyarafim and Neyaphem","text":"Cheyarafim and Neyaphem first appear in Uncanny X-Men #429. According to the character Azazel, the Cheyarafim are a group of angel-like mutants who were the traditional enemies of the Neyaphem, a demonic-looking group of mutants who lived in Biblical times. The Cheyarafim were fanatics who had a strict, absolutist view of morality which led them into conflict with the Neyaphem. This escalated into a holy war, causing the Neyaphem to be exiled into an alternate dimension. What happened to the Cheyarafim after this has not been revealed.Angel and Icarus are said to be descended from Cheyarafim,[citation needed] while Nightcrawler is supposedly the son of a Neyaphem, Azazel.","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of X and Powers of X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_X_and_Powers_of_X"},{"link_name":"Moira MacTaggert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_MacTaggert"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powers_of_X_#1-27"},{"link_name":"X of Swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_of_Swords"},{"link_name":"Krakoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakoa"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sins of Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins_of_Sinister"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sins_of_Sinister_#1-29"},{"link_name":"Francis Fanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fanny"},{"link_name":"Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcrawler_(character)"},{"link_name":"Rachel Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Summers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powers_of_X_#1-27"},{"link_name":"Emma Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Frost"},{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powers_of_X_#1-27"},{"link_name":"Colossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_(character)"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde"},{"link_name":"Quentin Quire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Quire"},{"link_name":"Unus the Untouchable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unus_the_Untouchable"},{"link_name":"X-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powers_of_X_#1-27"},{"link_name":"Sins of Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins_of_Sinister"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Immoral_X-Men_#2-30"},{"link_name":"Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcrawler_(character)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightcrawlers_#1-31"},{"link_name":"X-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-23"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightcrawlers_#1-31"},{"link_name":"Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_(character)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightcrawlers_#1-31"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sins_of_Sinister_#1-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightcrawlers_#1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightcrawlers_#2-32"},{"link_name":"Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_(character)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightcrawlers_#2-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightcrawlers_#2-32"},{"link_name":"Havok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havok_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm_&_the_Brotherhood_of_Mutants_#3-33"},{"link_name":"Siryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siryn"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm_&_the_Brotherhood_of_Mutants_#3-33"},{"link_name":"Feral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_(character)"},{"link_name":"Thornn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornn"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Pete Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm_&_the_Brotherhood_of_Mutants_#3-33"},{"link_name":"Artie Maddicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Maddicks"},{"link_name":"Captain Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Braddock"},{"link_name":"Multiple Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Madrox"},{"link_name":"Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm_&_the_Brotherhood_of_Mutants_#3-33"}],"sub_title":"Chimeras","text":"In the pages of \"House of X and Powers of X,\" the Chimeras are genetically altered humanoid mutants who are combined from the DNA of past mutants so that they would have combinations of their power set and also propagate the mutant population. Third generation Chimeras have a 10% failure rate making them unable to be warriors. Fourth generation Chimeras have a corrupted hive mind. They were more common in Moira MacTaggert's ninth life where they were created in Mister Sinister's Breeding Pits on Mars.[27]Sometime after the \"X of Swords\" storyline, Mister Sinister created his first Chimera by splicing his own DNA samples with the DNA samples of an Arraki named Tarn the Uncaring. When the experiment proved to be a failure and the Quiet Council of Krakoa found out about it, Mister Sinister is undeterred in his next plans to research the Chimeras.[28]Later in the \"Sins of Sinister\" storyline, Mister Sinister was in an alternate timeline where he created his Chimeras after taking over world with his Sinister gene.[29]The following are the known Chimeras:Cardinal - Created from the genetic templates of Francis Fanny, Nightcrawler, and Rachel Summers.[27]\nNorth - Created from the genetic templates of Emma Frost and Polaris.[27]\nRasputin IV - Created from the genetic templates of Colossus, Kitty Pryde, Quentin Quire, Unus the Untouchable, and X-23.[27] An alternate version was created by Mister Sinister from the same genetic templates during the \"Sins of Sinister\" storyline.[30]\nLegion of the Night - The Legion of the Night are Chimeras that were made from genetic template of Nightcrawler spliced with other genetic templates. The other members consist of:[31]\nWagnerine - Created from the genetic templates of X-23 and Nightcrawler.[31]\nAuntie Fortune - Created from the genetic templates of Domino and Nightcrawler.[31]\nWallcrawler - Created from the genetic templates of Nightcrawler and Spider-Man.[29][31]\nLost-in-Shadow - Created from the genetic templates of Lost and Nightcrawler.[32]\nChamber Nocturne - Created from the genetic templates of Chamber and Nightcrawler.[32]\nSummernight - Created from the genetic templates of Cyclops and Nightcrawler. He is the lover of Wagnerine.[32]\nHigh Summers - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Cyclops, Havok, and Vulcan.[33]\nLoud Hallers - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Siryn and Lodus Logos.[33]\nHot Claws - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Feral, Thornn, Mercury, and Pete Wisdom.[33]\nSage Advisors - A group of Chimeras created from the genetic templates of Artie Maddicks, Captain Britain, Multiple Man, and Sage.[33]","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximus Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_Lobo"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"Wolf Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Cub_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Romulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Daken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daken"},{"link_name":"Feral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_(character)"},{"link_name":"Sabretooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabretooth_(character)"},{"link_name":"Thornn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornn"},{"link_name":"Wild Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Child_(character)"},{"link_name":"Wolf Cub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Cub_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Wolfsbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsbane_(character)"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"}],"sub_title":"Dominant Species/Lupine","text":"Maximus Lobo claims to be a part of a mutant sub-species of feral wolf-like mutants, whom he calls the Dominant Species. He later tries to recruit Wolf Cub into his ranks to no avail. A few years later, another mutant named Romulus claims that some human mutants evolved from canines instead of primates.[34] Romulus' sister Remus would later consider his claim to be a hoax when she meets Wolverine.[35]Daken\nFeral\nRomulus\nSabretooth\nThornn\nWild Child\nWolf Cub\nWolfsbane\nWolverine","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Broo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broo_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Cerise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerise_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Longshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshot_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Ultra Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Girl"},{"link_name":"Warlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlock_(New_Mutants)"}],"sub_title":"Extraterrestrial mutants","text":"Humans are not the only species to have mutant subspecies.Ariel\nBroo\nCerise\nLongshot\nUltra Girl\nWarlock","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Liefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Liefeld"},{"link_name":"Externals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externals"},{"link_name":"Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Absalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Candra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Crule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crule_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Externals","text":"Created by Rob Liefeld, Externals are immortal mutants whose powers have allowed them to exist for centuries. Eventually, most of the Externals are killed by Selene, and later by Apocalypse.Absalom\nBurke\nCandra\nCrule\nGideon\nNicodemus\nSaul\nSelene\nApocalypse","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"\"Homo superior superior\"","text":"Introduced in Chris Claremont's X-Treme X-Men, a character known as Vargas claims to be humanity's natural response to mutants. Vargas was born at the epitome of peak physical skill, having superhuman levels of strength, speed, reflexes, agility, stamina, and durability. Vargas also seems to be immune to various mutant abilities (such as Rogue's absorption and Psylocke's telekinetic blast).[36]","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanteans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_mermanus"},{"link_name":"Shi'ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ar"},{"link_name":"Abigail Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Brand"},{"link_name":"Namor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namor"},{"link_name":"Namora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namora"},{"link_name":"Namorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namorita"},{"link_name":"Lifeguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeguard_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Pixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixie_(X-Men)"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Hybrids","text":"Mutants have been shown to successfully crossbreed or a result of crossbreed with Humans (Homo sapiens), Atlanteans (Homo mermanus), fairies, and other humanoid aliens like Shi'ar, etc.Abigail Brand\nNamor\nNamora\nNamorita\nLifeguard\nPixie\nSlipstream\nXandra Neramani","title":"Mutant Subtypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oppressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppression"},{"link_name":"minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group"},{"link_name":"metaphors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Danny Fingeroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Fingeroth"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"X2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X2_(film)"},{"link_name":"Iceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"X-Men: First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(X-Men)"},{"link_name":"You didn't ask, so I didn't tell.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask_Don%27t_Tell"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As a fictional oppressed minority, mutants are often used as extended metaphors for real-world people and situations. In 1982, X-Men writer Chris Claremont said, \"[mutants] are hated, feared and despised collectively by humanity for no other reason than that they are mutants. So what we have here, intended or not, is a book that is about racism, bigotry and prejudice.\"[citation needed]Danny Fingeroth writes extensively in his book Superman on the Couch about the appeal of mutants and their meaning to society:The most popular pop culture franchises are those that make the viewer/reader feel special and unique, while simultaneously making him or her feel he or she is part of a mass of people experiencing and enjoying the same phenomenon. The plight of the mutants is universally compelling. Many people feel a need for a surrogate family, one composed of those the world has abused and persecuted in the same way they have been their whole life. This is especially true in adolescents, which may in part explain some of the draw of mutants.[37]An obvious parallel between homosexuality and mutation is drawn in the feature film X2, where Iceman's mother asks, \"Have you tried not being a mutant?\" This question (or various forms thereof) is common among parents who find out their children are gay.[38][39] In the 2011 film X-Men: First Class, Hank McCoy (later known as Beast), upon being outed to a colleague as a mutant, responds, \"You didn't ask, so I didn't tell.\"In his article Super Heroes, a Modern Mythology, Richard Reynolds writes:Much of the appeal and draw of the mutants that comprise the X-Men has to do with feeling like an outcast while simultaneously feeling like part of a family. Mutants are ostracized because they are different but they bound together because of their differences. They may be forced together to a certain extent like 'real' families but they are also a team. They differ from other teams such as the Justice League, which is like a meritocracy; only the best of the best join that team. In contrast, the X-Men is composed of outcasts. They train and nurture one another and are united by common goals and beliefs. ...the whole theme of the X-Men — the isolation of mutants and their alienation from 'normal' society — may be read as a parable of the alienation of any minority... of a minority grouping determined to force its own place within society.[citation needed]","title":"Mutants as metaphor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_X"},{"link_name":"Celestials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestials"}],"sub_title":"Earth X","text":"Within the Earth X universe, the powers of the vast majority of Marvel's human superheroes were revealed to have been the result of genetic manipulation by the Celestials millions of years in the past.","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Origins"},{"link_name":"genetic modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_modification"},{"link_name":"Weapon X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_X"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"supersoldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersoldier"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"James Howlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Wolverine"},{"link_name":"Ultimatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimatum_(Ultimate_Marvel)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Marvel","text":"In the Ultimate Marvel universe within the pages of the Ultimate Origins #1, it is revealed that super-powered \"mutants\" were artificially created via genetic modification by the Weapon X program in a laboratory in Alberta, Canada in October 1943. The project was an attempt to produce a supersoldier, inspired by the existence of Captain America. James Howlett was the first individual to be so modified. At some later point, possibly during a confrontation between Magneto and his parents, the mutant trigger was released into the environment worldwide, leading to the appearance of mutants in the general population. Following the events of the Ultimatum storyline, information concerning the origins of mutancy was made public and steps were taken in the US to make being a mutant illegal. While the move apparently has majority support among the non-mutant population, a vocal minority has voiced concern that it will lead to witch-hunts and genocide.[40]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"X-Men film series","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Studios"},{"link_name":"Kevin Feige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Feige"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XMenFeigeIGN-41"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Charles Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Xavier_(film_character)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Khan_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Iman Vellani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iman_Vellani"},{"link_name":"the final episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Normal"},{"link_name":"Ms. Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Marvel_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Inhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumans"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"X-Men: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"She-Hulk: Attorney at Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Hulk:_Attorney_at_Law"},{"link_name":"James \"Logan\" Howlett / Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"easter egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"link_name":"Superhuman Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhuman_Law"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"David Hollis / Mr. Immortal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Immortal"},{"link_name":"David Pasquesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pasquesi"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Montoya / El Águila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Aguila"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Mean, Green, and Straight Poured into These Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean,_Green,_and_Straight_Poured_into_These_Jeans"},{"link_name":"Augustus Pugliese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pugliese"},{"link_name":"Nikki Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Ramos"},{"link_name":"Namor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namor_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_(character)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Whose Show Is This?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whose_Show_Is_This%3F"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Walters_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"breaking the fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"Marvel Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Studios"},{"link_name":"K.E.V.I.N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.E.V.I.N."},{"link_name":"Kevin Feige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Feige"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Black Panther: Wakanda Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever"},{"link_name":"Namor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namor_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Tenoch Huerta Mejía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenoch_Huerta_Mej%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Marvels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marvels"},{"link_name":"Hank McCoy / Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Monica Rambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Rambeau_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Kelsey Grammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Grammer"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Deadpool & Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool_%26_Wolverine"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Wade Wilson / Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Wilson_(film_character)"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film_character)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Deadline Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"2023 Writers Guild of America strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","text":"Following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in 2019, the film rights to the X-Men and other mutant characters reverted to Marvel Studios. When asked if his use of the term \"mutants\" meant the film would be avoiding the term \"X-Men\", Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige clarified that he was using the two terms interchangeably. He added that Marvel Studios' approach to the characters would be different to Fox's franchise.[41] Since 2022, the mutant race have appeared in various media set within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise:Mutants are first implicitly introduced through a variant of Charles Xavier from the alternate universe Earth-838 in the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). Patrick Stewart reprises the role from Fox's X-Men film series.[42]\nThe first mutant belonging to the main reality of the MCU is Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel (portrayed by Iman Vellani), which is stated in the final episode of the television series Ms. Marvel (2022). This differs from the comics where she is originally an Inhuman.[43][44] A musical excerpt of the X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–1997) theme is featured in both Ms. Marvel and Multiverse of Madness.[45]\nThe television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022) features numerous implicit references and allusions to mutants from throughout Marvel Comics. A website article insinuating James \"Logan\" Howlett / Wolverine being active in the MCU is an easter egg in the episode \"Superhuman Law\", where he is indirectly described in an online news article regarding a man who \"fights with metal claws\" during a bar brawl.[46][47][48] Additionally the series features supporting appearances from David Hollis / Mr. Immortal (David Pasquesi) and Alejandro Montoya / El Águila (Joseph Castillo-Midyett), both of whom identify as mutants in the comics.[49][50] The main-on-end credits of the episode \"Mean, Green, and Straight Poured into These Jeans\" depicts a visual of Augustus Pugliese displaying his sneaker collection to his colleague Nikki Ramos, with some designs derived from the appearances of Wolverine, Namor, Cyclops, Gambit and Cable.[51] The series' finale \"Whose Show Is This?\", which depicts protagonist Jennifer Walters breaking the fourth wall by travelling to Marvel Studios to have the episode altered, features a conversation between herself and \"K.E.V.I.N.\", a fictionalized algorithm based on company president and producer Kevin Feige. Walters asks K.E.V.I.N. when the X-Men themselves would debut in the MCU, to which it declines to answer.[52]\nIn Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), Namor (portrayed by Tenoch Huerta Mejía) retains his comics background as a mutant. In the film, his mother ingested a vibranium laced plant while pregnant, giving him abilities that his people who consumed it did not due to his mutation, including pointed ears, winged ankles, the ability to breathe air and water, extended longevity,[53] and his trademark ability to fly, which he calls sky-swimming. For his abilities, his subjects, called Talokanil, worship him as not merely a king, but rather an incarnation of a god.\nKamala Khan returns in The Marvels (2023). In the mid-credits scene, a version of Hank McCoy / Beast meets Monica Rambeau after she enters a portal into a parallel universe. Kelsey Grammer reprises the role from Fox's X-Men films.[54]\nDeadpool & Wolverine (2024) will integrate 20th Century Fox's X-Men film series' iterations of Wade Wilson / Deadpool and Wolverine into the continuity of the MCU, reprised by Ryan Reynolds and Hugh Jackman respectively.[55][56]\nA new X-Men film produced by Marvel Studios was reported by Deadline Hollywood to be in development in September 2023 following the conclusion of the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike, with executive meetings being internally held at the studio to take pitches from various writers before a selection is made sometime in early 2024.[57]","title":"In other media"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Marvel Comics characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters"},{"title":"Mutants in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction"},{"title":"Metahuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metahuman"},{"title":"Superhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhuman"},{"title":"Superpower (ability)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(ability)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Namor\". comicvine.com. 1922-02-22. Retrieved 2010-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicvine.com/namor/29-1476/","url_text":"\"Namor\""}]},{"reference":"Bacon, Thomas (17 March 2022). \"The X-Men's New Cosmic Origin is Marvel's Biggest Rewrite in History\". ScreenRant. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/xmen-mutants-deviants-eternals-judgment-day-excess-deviation/","url_text":"\"The X-Men's New Cosmic Origin is Marvel's Biggest Rewrite in History\""}]},{"reference":"Kistler, Alan (January 16, 2012). \"Alpha? Omega? Explaining the X-MEN's Mutant Classifications\". Newsarama.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsarama.com/15488-alpha-omega-explaining-the-x-men-s-mutant-classifications.html#s7","url_text":"\"Alpha? Omega? Explaining the X-MEN's Mutant Classifications\""}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Brian (Dec 16, 2017). \"Marvel's Omega Level Mutants, Ranked From Least Powerful To OP\". CBR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/marvel-omega-level-mutants-ranked/","url_text":"\"Marvel's Omega Level Mutants, Ranked From Least Powerful To OP\""}]},{"reference":"Lovett, Jamie (July 24, 2019). \"Marvel Reveals Official List of the X-Men's Omega Level Mutants\". ComicBook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/07/24/marvel-x-men-omega-level-mutants-house-of-x/","url_text":"\"Marvel Reveals Official List of the X-Men's Omega Level Mutants\""}]},{"reference":"Zachary, Brandon (Dec 30, 2020). \"X-Men: Marvel's Omega-Level Mutants Population Just SKYROCKETED\". CBR.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/x-men-omega-level-mutants-arakko/","url_text":"\"X-Men: Marvel's Omega-Level Mutants Population Just SKYROCKETED\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uncanny X-Men Vol. 2: Dominant Species\". Marvel Comics Catalog. Marvel.com. 21 May 2003. Retrieved 2010-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://marvel.com/catalog/?id=1125","url_text":"\"Uncanny X-Men Vol. 2: Dominant Species\""}]},{"reference":"Mantle, Martin (2007). \"'Have You Tried Not Being a Mutant?': Genetic Mutation and the Acquisition of Extra-ordinary Ability\". M/C Journal. 10 (5). doi:10.5204/mcj.2712.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.2712","url_text":"\"'Have You Tried Not Being a Mutant?': Genetic Mutation and the Acquisition of Extra-ordinary Ability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.2712","url_text":"10.5204/mcj.2712"}]},{"reference":"\"The X-Men \"Come out:\" Being a \"Mutant\" in films can be seen as a metaphor for homosexuality\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.today.com/popculture/x-men-come-out-wbna12956661","url_text":"\"The X-Men \"Come out:\" Being a \"Mutant\" in films can be seen as a metaphor for homosexuality\""}]},{"reference":"Yehl, Joshua (July 21, 2019). \"Marvel's Kevin Feige Says MCU X-Men Will Be 'Quite Different' Than Fox Movies - Comic Con 2019\". IGN. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/07/21/kevin-feige-x-men-comic-con-2019-different-than-fox-movies","url_text":"\"Marvel's Kevin Feige Says MCU X-Men Will Be 'Quite Different' Than Fox Movies - Comic Con 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721073319/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/07/21/kevin-feige-x-men-comic-con-2019-different-than-fox-movies","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garbutt, Emily (May 5, 2022). \"The Illuminati members in Doctor Strange 2, listed and explained\". Total Film. GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/illuminati-doctor-strange-2-list/","url_text":"\"The Illuminati members in Doctor Strange 2, listed and explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Film","url_text":"Total Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220505133231/https://www.gamesradar.com/illuminati-doctor-strange-2-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kleinman, Jake (July 13, 2022). \"Ms. Marvel Ending Explained: Is Kamala Khan a [Spoilers]?\". Inverse. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/ms-marvel-ending-explained-kamala-khan-mutant-x-men","url_text":"\"Ms. Marvel Ending Explained: Is Kamala Khan a [Spoilers]?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_(website)","url_text":"Inverse"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220713170914/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/ms-marvel-ending-explained-kamala-khan-mutant-x-men","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brail, Nathaniel (July 14, 2022). \"Ms. Marvel Star Breaks Silence Since Mutant Reveal\". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/ms-marvel-star-breaks-silence-since-mutant-reveal/","url_text":"\"Ms. Marvel Star Breaks Silence Since Mutant Reveal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicBook.com","url_text":"ComicBook.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220715023304/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/ms-marvel-star-breaks-silence-since-mutant-reveal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Francisco, Eric (July 13, 2022). \"Ms. Marvel Credits Confirm That Huge X-Men Twist\". Inverse. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/ms-marvel-credits-xmen-97-song-theme-easter-egg","url_text":"\"Ms. Marvel Credits Confirm That Huge X-Men Twist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_(website)","url_text":"Inverse"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152633/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/ms-marvel-credits-xmen-97-song-theme-easter-egg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patches, Matt (2022-08-25). \"She-Hulk's Wolverine Easter egg has Marvel teasing the X-Men yet again\". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/23321500/she-hulk-wolverine-easter-egg-x-men-marvel","url_text":"\"She-Hulk's Wolverine Easter egg has Marvel teasing the X-Men yet again\""}]},{"reference":"Dinsdale, Ryan (2022-08-25). \"She-Hulk Just Teased a Major Marvel Character's MCU Entrance\". IGN. 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Retrieved 2023-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/she-hulk-ending-explained/","url_text":"\"She-Hulk ending explained: Every reference from Daredevil to X-Men\""}]},{"reference":"Vito Oddo, Marco (November 10, 2022). \"Is Namor a Mutant in 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever'?\". Collider. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/is-namor-a-mutant-black-panther-wakanda-forever/","url_text":"\"Is Namor a Mutant in 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, William (November 8, 2023). \"The 'Marvels' Post-Credits Scene Spins the MCU in a Whole New Direction. Let's Start Freaking Out Right Now\". GQ. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/the-marvels-post-credits-scene-spins-the-mcu-in-a-whole-new-direction-lets-start-freaking-out-right-now","url_text":"\"The 'Marvels' Post-Credits Scene Spins the MCU in a Whole New Direction. Let's Start Freaking Out Right Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ","url_text":"GQ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231108200413/https://www.gq.com/story/the-marvels-post-credits-scene-spins-the-mcu-in-a-whole-new-direction-lets-start-freaking-out-right-now","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Donnelly, Matt (2019-12-27). \"Ryan Reynolds Says 'Deadpool 3' Is in the Works at Marvel\". Variety. Retrieved 2022-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/film/news/deadpool-3-confimed-ryan-reynolds-1203452448/","url_text":"\"Ryan Reynolds Says 'Deadpool 3' Is in the Works at Marvel\""}]},{"reference":"Moreau, Jordan (2022-09-27). \"Hugh Jackman Is Back as Wolverine in 'Deadpool 3' With Ryan Reynolds, Coming in 2024\". Variety. Retrieved 2022-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/film/news/deadpool-3-hugh-jackman-wolverine-1235385694/","url_text":"\"Hugh Jackman Is Back as Wolverine in 'Deadpool 3' With Ryan Reynolds, Coming in 2024\""}]},{"reference":"Kroll, Justin (2023-09-29). \"Marvel Studios Execs Eye Meetings Soon To Hear Writers' Pitches For Coveted 'X-Men' Job – The Dish\". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/09/x-men-movie-writer-pitches-next-marvel-development-1235558844/","url_text":"\"Marvel Studios Execs Eye Meetings Soon To Hear Writers' Pitches For Coveted 'X-Men' Job – The Dish\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Crime_Club
Collins Crime Club
["1 History","2 Post-war Period","3 See also","4 References"]
Not to be confused with the American The Crime Club. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Collins Crime Club" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Collins Crime ClubParent companyWilliam Collins, SonsStatusDefunct (1994)Founded6 May 1930FounderWilliam CollinsCountry of origin United KingdomPublication typesBooks Collins Crime Club was an imprint of British book publishers William Collins, Sons and ran from 6 May 1930 to April 1994. Throughout its 64 years the club issued a total of 2,012 first editions of crime novels and reached a high standard of quality throughout. In the field of crime book collecting, Collins Crime Club is eagerly sought, particularly pre-war first editions in dust wrappers with their vivid and imaginative images. History Customers registered their name and address with the club and were sent a newsletter every three months which advised them of the latest books which had been or were to be issued. Collins' intention was to publish three new crime books on the first Monday of every month. All three books were supposedly picked by a panel of experts (only one of whom seems to have been named — Cyril Alington) and they chose for each month one book which they termed a Selection and two which were Recommended. As a marketing device, the club seems to have been successful in that Collins boasted 25,000 subscribers in 1934. The number of books published increased beyond the three promised per month, reaching a pre-war peak of 42 books in 1938. Much of the success of the club can be attributed to the partnership with popular crime fiction novelist Agatha Christie. Under contract to Collins since 1926, all except five of her books were published under the Crime Club imprint from The Murder at the Vicarage onwards and most of her classic titles such as Murder on the Orient Express first appeared as Crime Club books with huge sales. From 1939, the Crime Club also issued all the remaining works of Ngaio Marsh to be published, starting with Overture to Death. They also published many of the works of Golden Age of Detective Fiction writers, such as John Rhode and Freeman Wills Crofts. U.S. writers such as Hulbert Footner and, later, Rex Stout were also well published. A shortage of paper during the Second World War impacted the club severely. From 1942, it announced that they were no longer able to issue quarterly newsletters. The page count of its books reduced from an average of 252–280 pages down to 160–192 with smaller typefaces being used as well as inferior paper. The number of new books being issued dropped dramatically with an all-time low being reached in 1946 when just 16 new books were issued. Post-war Period After the war, both the number of books and their quality of production increased as shortages ceased. The Crime Club managed to keep up with the times with far more diverse and gritty novels and was able to claim notable 'firsts' throughout the remainder of its existence, publishing the first editions of all of the early Lovejoy novels by Jonathan Gash from 1977 onwards starting with The Judas Pair and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with A Clubbable Woman. The club at this time experienced a drop in popularity, in line with the drop in popularity of detective fiction. In 1989, Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. The editor of the club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the main imprint of the publishers. See also List of authors published as UK first editions by Collins Crime Club The Crime Club Detective fiction Golden Age of Detective Fiction References ^ Collins Crime Club: A Brief History by R.D. Collins, 2004. classiccrimefiction.com, 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013. Archived here. ^ in "The Hooded Gunman -- An Illustrated History of Collins Crime Club", by John Curran, both in the dust jacket, and in page 388 https://archive.org/details/db-1-ccc [A Bibliography of Collins Crime Club}
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In the field of crime book collecting, Collins Crime Club is eagerly sought, particularly pre-war first editions in dust wrappers with their vivid and imaginative images.[citation needed]","title":"Collins Crime Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsletter"},{"link_name":"crime books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"Cyril Alington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Alington"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_in_literature"},{"link_name":"The Murder at the Vicarage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Murder_at_the_Vicarage"},{"link_name":"Murder on the Orient Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Ngaio Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaio_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Overture to Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_to_Death"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Detective Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction"},{"link_name":"John Rhode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Street"},{"link_name":"Freeman Wills Crofts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Wills_Crofts"},{"link_name":"Hulbert Footner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulbert_Footner"},{"link_name":"Rex Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Stout"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_in_literature"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Customers registered their name and address with the club and were sent a newsletter every three months which advised them of the latest books which had been or were to be issued. Collins' intention was to publish three new crime books on the first Monday of every month. All three books were supposedly picked by a panel of experts (only one of whom seems to have been named — Cyril Alington) and they chose for each month one book which they termed a Selection and two which were Recommended. As a marketing device, the club seems to have been successful in that Collins boasted 25,000 subscribers in 1934. The number of books published increased beyond the three promised per month, reaching a pre-war peak of 42 books in 1938.Much of the success of the club can be attributed to the partnership with popular crime fiction novelist Agatha Christie. Under contract to Collins since 1926, all except five of her books were published under the Crime Club imprint from The Murder at the Vicarage onwards and most of her classic titles such as Murder on the Orient Express first appeared as Crime Club books with huge sales.From 1939, the Crime Club also issued all the remaining works of Ngaio Marsh to be published, starting with Overture to Death. They also published many of the works of Golden Age of Detective Fiction writers, such as John Rhode and Freeman Wills Crofts. U.S. writers such as Hulbert Footner and, later, Rex Stout were also well published.A shortage of paper during the Second World War impacted the club severely. From 1942, it announced that they were no longer able to issue quarterly newsletters. The page count of its books reduced from an average of 252–280 pages down to 160–192 with smaller typefaces being used as well as inferior paper. The number of new books being issued dropped dramatically with an all-time low being reached in 1946 when just 16 new books were issued.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Gash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grant_(Lovejoy)"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_literature"},{"link_name":"The Judas Pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judas_Pair"},{"link_name":"Dalziel and Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalziel_and_Pascoe"},{"link_name":"Reginald Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Hill"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_literature"},{"link_name":"A Clubbable Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clubbable_Woman"},{"link_name":"detective fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"News Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Walter"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"}],"text":"After the war, both the number of books and their quality of production increased as shortages ceased. The Crime Club managed to keep up with the times with far more diverse and gritty novels and was able to claim notable 'firsts' throughout the remainder of its existence, publishing the first editions of all of the early Lovejoy novels by Jonathan Gash from 1977 onwards starting with The Judas Pair and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with A Clubbable Woman.The club at this time experienced a drop in popularity, in line with the drop in popularity of detective fiction. In 1989, Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. The editor of the club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the main imprint of the publishers.","title":"Post-war Period"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Fox
Sandy Fox
["1 Early life and career","2 Voice-over career","3 Personal life and other ventures","4 Filmography","4.1 Anime","4.2 Film","4.3 Animation","4.4 Video games","4.5 Other voice roles","4.6 Other live-action roles","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]
American voice actress Sandy FoxFox at the 2013 Phoenix ComiconBornSandra Marie Kessler (1963-07-13) July 13, 1963 (age 60)Monroeville, Pennsylvania, U.S.Other namesMarie DanielleOccupationVoice actressYears active1991–presentAgentAbrams ArtistsSpouse Lex Lang ​(m. 2004)​Websitesandyfox.com Sandra Marie Fox (née Kessler; born July 13, 1963) is an American voice actress who has had numerous roles in various animated cartoon, anime and video games. She portrayed the live-action Betty Boop and has provided her voice for Universal Studios and King Features Syndicate for much of their promotional activities and related media and merchandise from 1991 to 2018. She began voice acting on various animated shows such as The Simpsons, King of the Hill and Futurama. Her first major roles in anime were as Kiyoko in the Animaze dub of Akira and Lady Aska in Magic Knight Rayearth. Other anime characters include Mina and Momiji in Naruto, Sumomo in Chobits, Tachikoma in Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, and Paiway in Vandread. In video game franchises, she provides the English voice of Mistral and A-20 in the .hack series, Peashy in Hyperdimension Neptunia, and Flonne in Disgaea. In cartoons, she voices Harmony in Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi and Mipsy Mipson in As Told by Ginger. In 2014, she was announced as the voice of Chibiusa/Black Lady/Sailor Chibi Moon in the Viz Media dubs of Sailor Moon and Sailor Moon Crystal. Early life and career Fox was born in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Swissvale. She performed in musicals in high school, and worked at Kennywood amusement park during some of the summers. In the early 1980s, she worked for the Walt Disney Company in Orlando where she would participate in their live stage shows. She was working as a hostess at a Bennigan's Irish pub when she was asked to audition with the 1920s-themed jazz band The Cocoanut Manor Orchestra as their singer. She sang with the group for 11 years, performing songs done by singers Helen Kane and Annette Henshaw; the former was an inspiration for the Betty Boop character. In 1988, she joined the Orlando Magic's inaugural dance team, and was part of the Magic Girls for three years. In 1991, she was cast as the official Betty Boop for Universal Studios. She moved to Los Angeles and began performing as Betty Boop at Universal Studios Hollywood, as well as on national and worldwide tours, visiting shows such as Good Morning America and The Rosie O'Donnell Show. In 1998, she voiced Betty Boop for "The Toon Lagoon Betty Boop" attraction at Universal Orlando's Islands of Adventure in addition to voicing Olive Oyl from the Popeye franchise for Popeye & Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges, a water ride in the same park. In 2012, she joined a Lancome promotion in Paris as the voice of Betty Boop in their commercials. Voice-over career Fox was inspired to go into voice acting after having taken a voice-over workshop in 1990 with Sue Blu, a Los Angeles-based animation director and producer. After moving to Los Angeles, she voiced supporting and background characters for The Simpsons, mostly with kids voices and loop groups, which she did for three years. She also voiced characters for Futurama and King of the Hill. Fox voiced several anime characters, including Sakura in Ninja Cadets; T-AI in a 2001 version of Transformers: Robots in Disguise; Kyoko in the Pioneer/Animaze dub of Akira; Paiway, the ship's nurse in Vandread, Sumomo in Bang Zoom's dub of Chobits. Maya in Burn-Up Scramble and Tachikoma in the Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex series, Momiji and Mina in Naruto, and Piyoko in Digi Charat. In addition, she voiced Lady Aska, a major character in the second season of Magic Knight Rayearth, a series in which she also rewrote lyrics and sang the theme songs. In 2003, she voiced the title characters in Omishi Magical Theater Risky Safety and Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan. In his review of Mao-chan, Ryan Mathews of Anime News Network wrote that "Bang Zoom picked the perfect actress to play the lead role. , the owner of perhaps the cutest "little girl" voice in anime dub acting, is her usual adorable self as M.A.O." In 2007, she and Lex Lang hosted a Voice Actor Boot Camp at Bang Zoom! Entertainment to help up and coming voice actors get into the business. In 2014, when Viz Media redubbed Sailor Moon and dubbed its new Sailor Moon Crystal series, Fox was chosen to voice Chibiusa. In video games, she voiced Mistral and A-20 in the .hack video game series, Flonne in various incarnations of Disgaea and Marona in Phantom Brave. She voiced Peashy in the Hyperdimension Neptunia series. Personal life and other ventures Fox is married to fellow voice actor Lex Lang. They live in Studio City, California. In 1998 they co-founded the Love Planet Foundation, a non-profit organization which creates educational materials for children on the importance of recycling, world water awareness, and the preservation of the planet. They also created Love Planet Productions, which includes several multimedia projects such as anime presentation shows, toddler shows and products, and Zen programming. In 2006, they founded a bottled spring water business called H2Om Water with Intention, which has received recognition as a sponsor at several events including Sting's Rainforest Foundation Carnegie Hall Concert and the Elevate Film Festival. Fox and Lang are Deepak Chopra meditation instructors. Filmography Anime List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 1998 Battle Athletes series Various characters OAV Resume 1999 Serial Experiments Lain Myu-Myu Resume Cowboy Bebop Bowhead, Orphan, Pinky Fushigi Yûgi Chiriko Resume 2000 Ninja Cadets Sakura OAV Resume Flint the Time Detective Talen the Pink Squirrel Magic Knight Rayearth series Lady Aska, Hikari, Hikaru's Friend A Also theme songs Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure Kazuko Yotsuga 2001 Nightwalker Guni Resume Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team Child, Sweeter Twin OAV Hand Maid May Miyuki Zin Vampire Princess Miyu Various characters TV series, grouped under "Also featuring voice talents of" Saint Tail Various characters grouped under "English language cast" Transformers: Robots in Disguise T-AI Press 2002 Vandread series Celtic Midori, Paiway Underberg Press Love Hina Moé Resume Shinzo Este Resume eX-Driver Girl A, Student OAV Resume Hello Kitty's Paradise Lacey the Raccoon, Jody Resume 2003 .hack//SIGN A-20, Mistral Argento Soma Harriet "Hattie" Bartholomew Resume Ai Yori Aoshi Akiko, Chararin, Utsume, others Chobits Sumomo Also OAV, specials Press Rurouni Kenshin Theme song performance: "Freckles" Press Please Teacher! Maho Kazami, Marie OAV and TV series Press Geneshaft Tiki Musicanova Press Omishi Magical Theater Risky Safety Risky Heat Guy J Monica Gabriel, others Resume Mao-chan Mao Onigawara 2004 .hack//Legend of the Twilight Mireille Resume Rave Master Reina (young) Resume Angel Tales Kurumi the Hamster Burn Up Scramble! Maya Jinguu Resume Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Tachikoma Also 2nd GIG, Tachikomatic Days shorts Press Please Twins! Marie OAV and TV series Resume 2005 Hanaukyo Maid Team: La Verite Cynthia Landlavizar / Grace Saiyuki Reload Seika, Shion, Sibling's mother Eps. 1,13 Ultra Maniac Luna Scrapped Princess Cin Kyo Kara Maoh! Yuri (Young) Resume Di Gi Charat Pyocola Naruto Momiji, Mina Press Mars Daybreak Shie Resume .hack//Unison Mistral OAV Resume Leave it to Piyoko! Pyocola Analogue III / Piyoko Resume 2006 Haré+Guu Marie Immortal Grand Prix Amy microseries Resume Kannazuki no Miko Nekoko Karas Amefuriko OAV Resume Saiyuki Reload Gunlock Kid, Daughter Eps. 10,13,14 Green Green Sanae Minami Disgaea Flonne Press 2007 MÄR Loco Resume 2008 Bleach Ritz Press 2009 Naruto Shippūden Naho Ep. 196 Resume 2011 Durarara!! Haruna Niekawa 2015–19 Sailor Moon Chibiusa Viz Media dub 2015 Aldnoah.Zero Eddelrittuo 2016 Sailor Moon Crystal Chibiusa Pokémon Generations Courtney ONA; Episode: The Vision Press 2017 Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Haro NYAV Post dub 2018 Granblue Fantasy The Animation Vyrn Film List of voice performances in direct-to-video films and specials Year Title Role Notes Source 1998 The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock Dinah 2000 Catnapped! Meeko Animaze dub Resume 2001 Akira Kyoko Press 2004 Mobile Suit Gundam F91 Kochun Hein, Leah Mariba Bandai/Bang Zoom dub Resume List of voice performances in feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 2014 Maleficent Fairies and creatures Press 2016 Robinson Crusoeaka The Wild Life Epi   2017 Sailor Moon R: The Movie Chibiusa Viz DubLimited theatrical release 2018 Sailor Moon S: The Movie Chibiusa / Sailor Chibi Moon Sailor Moon Super S: The Movie Animation List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source 1991–94 The Simpsons Various characters 1995–96 Eek! the Cat Sandee Heap ("Klutter!" segment) Credits 1998 Toonsylvania Darla Dolly 1998 Mad Jack the Pirate Magic Pink Fairy, others 2000 As Told by Ginger Mipsy Mipson 2001–2005 Jay Jay the Jet Plane Tracy, Snuffy, Tuffy (as Marie Danielle; replacing Gina Ribisi) Website 2003–2007 My Life as a Teenage Robot Melody Locus Tweet 2004–2006 Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi Harmony Recurring role Resume 1999–2013 Futurama Various characters Press 1997–2010 King of the Hill 2019 Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir Roaar, Various characters Tweet Video games List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 1998 Brave Fencer Musashi Princess Fillet As Marie Danielle 2003–04 .hack video game series Mistral, A-20 Infection, Mutation, Outbreak and Quarantine 2003 Disgaea: Hour of Darkness Flonne Phantom Brave Marona Go! Go! Hypergrind 2005 Makai Kingdom: Chronicles of the Sacred Tome Press 2006 Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny Tales of the Abyss Mieu .hack//G.U. vol.1//Rebirth Asta 2007 Atelier Iris 3: Grand Phantasm 2008 Soulcalibur IV Press 2010 Disgaea Infinite Flonne Press 2011 Disgaea 4: A Promise Unforgotten Resume 2012 Rise of the Dragonian Era Press 2013 Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures Cyli Hyperdimension Neptunia series Peashy (Yellow Heart) Starting with Victory, then Re;birth1 and Re;Birth2 2015 Bravely Second: End Layer Minette 2018 Tales of Vesperia Patty Fleur Definitive Edition Tweet 2019 God Eater 3 2020 Granblue Fantasy Versus Vyrn 2020 The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel IV Renne Bright 2023 Granblue Fantasy Versus: Rising Vyrn Other voice roles List of appearances on television and film Year Title Role Notes Source 1994 Old MacDonald's Sing-a-Long Farm Lucinda Chick Live-action pre-school series, Voice role Tweet LeapFrog toys and videos Lilly Leap Frog Website Other live-action roles List of live-action appearances on television and film Year Title Role Notes Source 2002 Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck Contestant Three episodes; Finalist in the Whammy Tournament of Champions References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Sandy Fox (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved September 23, 2015. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ a b c d e f g "Voice Actor Boot Camp" (Press release). Bang Zoom! Entertainment. August 18, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2015 – via Anime News Network. ^ a b c "About Sandy Fox". SandyFox.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ a b "17 Dancers Will Star In Magic Show". Orlando Sentinel. October 19, 1988. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g Regina, Steven. "Sandy Fox/Lex Lang". The Swerve Magazine. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Marcias, Ernest (February 8, 2018). "Project Runway All Stars recap: 'Thrown for a Loop by Betty Boop'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ a b c d e f DesignFluxx, LLC (May 11, 2015). "Welcoming voice actresses, Sandy Fox and Cristina Vee, to AX 2015~! - Anime Expo®". Anime Expo®. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ a b c "Sailor Moon R English Dub Casts Sandy Fox as Chibi Usa, Veronica Taylor as Sailor Pluto". Anime News Network. April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015. ^ a b c "Betty Boop Comes to Life in a New Film for Lancôme Paris" (Press release). Lancome. PRWeb. August 24, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ a b c Dawson, Greg (September 9, 1991). "Anchors, The Big Time And Chatfests All Over". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ "Sandy Fox". The Fruit Cake Follies. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Scott, Keith. "Popeye's Bilge-Rat Barges". Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g "Entertainment". SandyFox.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Campbell, Joanna (August 4, 2015). "Otakon Interview: Sandy Fox, Voice Of Betty Boop, Olive Oil, Hello Kitty & More". Mix 106.5. CBS Radio. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ a b c "Adventures in Voice Acting » Workshops". adventuresinvoiceacting.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2016. ^ a b c d "Phoenix Comicon - Sandy Fox". Phoenix Comicon. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ Loveridge, Lynzee (May 4, 2013). "8 Horrible Anime Dub Opening Songs - The List - Anime News Network". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ a b Mathews, Ryan (March 2, 2004). "Mao-chan, Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi - The Dub Track - Anime News Network". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 3, 2015. ^ a b "Voice Actors Sandy Fox, Lex Lang to Participate in Otakon 2015". Anime News Network. May 28, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Voice Actors Sandy Fox, Lex Lang to Participate in Otakon 2015". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ Fox, Sandy. "Sandy Fox". Patch.com. Studio City, California: Patch Media. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ "The Love Planet Foundation". loveplanetfoundation.org. Retrieved November 3, 2015. ^ "Projects". loveplanetproductions.com. Retrieved November 3, 2015. ^ "H2Om Joins Film Festival to 'Elevate' Consciousness in Hollywood" (Press release). Elevate Film Festival and H20m. July 22, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2015 – via BevNET.com. ^ "Gear awards – Waters(Flavored/Enhanced) Winners". ShapeYou.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ "Meditation". SandyFox.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ a b c "Anime". SandyFox.com (Sandy Fox's official website). Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Loveridge, Lynzee (May 4, 2013). "8 Dubious Anime Dub Opening Songs - The List". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ "Life Sympathy". Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure. Episode 1. Pioneer. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Cast. ^ "Reiha Has Come". Vampire Princess Miyu (DVD). Episode 4. AnimEigo. 2001. Event occurs at Closing credits, Also featuring voice talents of. ^ "I Hate Wedding Veils!". Saint Tail – Volume 2 (DVD). Episode 4. Tokyopop. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Language Cast. ^ "ADV to Distribute Risky Safety". Anime News Network. Retrieved February 25, 2016. ^ Terrace 2008, p. 45 ^ Scrapped Princess. Episode 24. Event occurs at Closing credits, English dub cast. ^ "A Big, Black, Hard, Shiny, Smelly, Noise-Making Creature". Hare+Guu. Episode 9. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Voice Cast. ^ "Secret Love Shell". Destiny of the Shrine Maiden. Episode 3. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Voice Cast. ^ Browning & Picart 2010, p. 117 ^ "Aniplex USA to Release 1st Aldnoah.Zero Season 1 On BD/DVD with Dub, Sub". Anime News Network. June 6, 2015. ^ a b c d "Experience". Sandy Fox. Retrieved November 8, 2021. ^ "Sunrise to Release Gundam SEED, Destiny with New English Dub". Anime News Network. August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017. ^ "Aniplex US English Trailer with Cast Announcements". AniplexUS. March 2, 2018. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2018. ^ a b "Sandy Fox". Crystal Acids. Retrieved September 23, 2015. ^ Shearer, Andrew (September 14, 2016). "Mini Movie Reviews". Online Athens. Athens Banner-Herald. Retrieved January 23, 2017. ^ Debruge, Peter (March 26, 2016). "Film Review: 'The Wild Life'". Variety. Retrieved March 27, 2016. ^ Sailor Moon R: The Movie tweets from the Viz premiere: Sandy Fox (January 14, 2017). "Sailor #MoonMovie premier LA #sailormoonPremiere #sailormoon" (Tweet). Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Twitter. Sandy Fox (January 14, 2017). "Chibiusa approves! It was a great night! @Sailor_Moon_NA #MoonMovie #sailorMoon #sailormoonmoviepremiere" (Tweet). Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Twitter. ^ Mammano, Michael S. (January 18, 2017). "Sailor Moon R: The Movie Premiere Was Immersive Experience For Fans". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2017. ^ a b Dar, Taimur (November 28, 2017). "Syndicated Comics". ^ Terrace 2008, p. 1096 ^ Terrace 2008, p. 637 ^ a b "Experience". www.sandyfox.com. ^ @SandyFoxWorld (April 15, 2021). "Happy 16th Anniversary to "My Life as a Teenage Robot" I loved voicing Melody Locus 💙 Amazing cast! #Throwback…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ @SandyFoxWorld (September 6, 2019). "So nice recording with the incredible @Warmupguy and Ashley @DubingBrosUSA today! #voiceover #animation #actorslife…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Browning & Picart 2010, p. 230 ^ Browning & Picart 2010, p. 228 ^ "Sandy Fox joins Ireland Comic Con's voice actor line-up". MCM ComicCon. July 17, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ Monkey Bar Games. Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Scene: Closing credits, 10:20 in, English Voice Talent. ^ Valentine, Rebekah (March 30, 2016). "Bravely Second's Voice Cast Is Full Of Shining Stars". App Trigger. FanSided. Retrieved January 23, 2017. ^ @SandyFoxWorld (March 19, 2019). "Had a blast voicing Patty the Pirate for the new #TalesOfVesperia Video Game #anime #videogames #voiceover" (Tweet). Retrieved March 20, 2019 – via Twitter. ^ @SandyFoxWorld (June 4, 2021). "#FlashbackFriday I loved voicing this cute singing chicken! #kidsshows #voiceactor #singalong" (Tweet) – via Twitter. Bibliography Browning, John Edgar; Picart, Caroline Joan (2010). Dracula in Visual Media:Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921-2010. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786433650. Terrace, Vincent (2008). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2d ed.). McFarland. ISBN 9780786486410. External links Official website Sandy Fox convention appearances on AnimeCons.com Sandy Fox at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Sandy Fox at IMDb Preceded byStephanie Beard Voice of Chibiusa 2015-present Succeeded byNone Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magic1-4"},{"link_name":"animated cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games"},{"link_name":"Betty Boop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"King Features Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swerve-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"King of the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Futurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama"},{"link_name":"Akira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Magic Knight Rayearth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Knight_Rayearth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anime_expo_2015-7"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"Chobits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobits"},{"link_name":"Tachikoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikoma"},{"link_name":"Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell:_Stand_Alone_Complex"},{"link_name":"Vandread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandread"},{"link_name":".hack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hack"},{"link_name":"Peashy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hyperdimension_Neptunia_characters#Peashy"},{"link_name":"Hyperdimension Neptunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdimension_Neptunia"},{"link_name":"Disgaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgaea"},{"link_name":"Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_Hi_Puffy_AmiYumi"},{"link_name":"As Told by Ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Told_by_Ginger"},{"link_name":"Chibiusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibiusa"},{"link_name":"Black Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibiusa#Black_Lady"},{"link_name":"Sailor Chibi Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibiusa#Sailor_Chibi_Moon"},{"link_name":"Viz Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media"},{"link_name":"Sailor Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sailor Moon Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon_Crystal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"}],"text":"Sandra Marie Fox (née Kessler; born July 13, 1963)[3][4] is an American voice actress who has had numerous roles in various animated cartoon, anime and video games. She portrayed the live-action Betty Boop and has provided her voice for Universal Studios and King Features Syndicate for much of their promotional activities and related media and merchandise from 1991 to 2018.[5][6]\nShe began voice acting on various animated shows such as The Simpsons, King of the Hill and Futurama. Her first major roles in anime were as Kiyoko in the Animaze dub of Akira and Lady Aska in Magic Knight Rayearth.[7] Other anime characters include Mina and Momiji in Naruto, Sumomo in Chobits, Tachikoma in Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, and Paiway in Vandread. In video game franchises, she provides the English voice of Mistral and A-20 in the .hack series, Peashy in Hyperdimension Neptunia, and Flonne in Disgaea. In cartoons, she voices Harmony in Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi and Mipsy Mipson in As Told by Ginger. In 2014, she was announced as the voice of Chibiusa/Black Lady/Sailor Chibi Moon in the Viz Media dubs of Sailor Moon and Sailor Moon Crystal.[8]","title":"Sandy Fox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monroeville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Swissvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissvale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kennywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennywood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swerve-5"},{"link_name":"Bennigan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennigan%27s"},{"link_name":"Helen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kane"},{"link_name":"Betty Boop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swerve-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancome_press-9"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magic1-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orlandosentinel.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about2-11"},{"link_name":"Betty Boop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"The Rosie O'Donnell Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rosie_O%27Donnell_Show"},{"link_name":"Islands of Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Olive Oyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Oyl"},{"link_name":"Popeye franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Popeye & Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_%26_Bluto%27s_Bilge-Rat_Barges"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancome_press-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lancome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swerve-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancome_press-9"}],"text":"Fox was born in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Swissvale. She performed in musicals in high school, and worked at Kennywood amusement park during some of the summers.[5] In the early 1980s, she worked for the Walt Disney Company in Orlando where she would participate in their live stage shows. She was working as a hostess at a Bennigan's Irish pub when she was asked to audition with the 1920s-themed jazz band The Cocoanut Manor Orchestra as their singer. She sang with the group for 11 years, performing songs done by singers Helen Kane and Annette Henshaw; the former was an inspiration for the Betty Boop character.[5][9] In 1988, she joined the Orlando Magic's inaugural dance team,[4][10] and was part of the Magic Girls for three years.[11]In 1991, she was cast as the official Betty Boop for Universal Studios. She moved to Los Angeles and began performing as Betty Boop at Universal Studios Hollywood, as well as on national and worldwide tours, visiting shows such as Good Morning America and The Rosie O'Donnell Show. In 1998, she voiced Betty Boop for \"The Toon Lagoon Betty Boop\" attraction at Universal Orlando's Islands of Adventure in addition to voicing Olive Oyl from the Popeye franchise for Popeye & Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges, a water ride in the same park.[9][12] In 2012, she joined a Lancome promotion in Paris as the voice of Betty Boop in their commercials.[5][9]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sue Blu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Blu"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Futurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama"},{"link_name":"King of the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swerve-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orlandosentinel.com-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ent-13"},{"link_name":"Ninja Cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Cadets"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mix_106_article-14"},{"link_name":"Akira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Paiway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vandread_characters#Paiway_Underberg"},{"link_name":"Chobits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobits"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv_workshops-15"},{"link_name":"Burn-Up Scramble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn-Up_Scramble"},{"link_name":"Tachikoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikoma"},{"link_name":"Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell:_Stand_Alone_Complex"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"Digi Charat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Gi_Charat"},{"link_name":"Magic Knight Rayearth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Knight_Rayearth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boot_camp_2007-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phoenix-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Omishi Magical Theater Risky Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omishi_Magical_Theater_Risky_Safety"},{"link_name":"Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Defense_Force!_Mao-chan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv_workshops-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann_20040302-18"},{"link_name":"Lex Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Lang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boot_camp_2007-2"},{"link_name":"Sailor Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sailor Moon Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Chibiusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibiusa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otakon_2014_press-19"},{"link_name":".hack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hack"},{"link_name":"Disgaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgaea"},{"link_name":"Phantom Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Brave"},{"link_name":"Hyperdimension Neptunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdimension_Neptunia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anime_expo_2015-7"}],"text":"Fox was inspired to go into voice acting after having taken a voice-over workshop in 1990 with Sue Blu, a Los Angeles-based animation director and producer. After moving to Los Angeles, she voiced supporting and background characters for The Simpsons, mostly with kids voices and loop groups, which she did for three years. She also voiced characters for Futurama and King of the Hill.[5][10][13]Fox voiced several anime characters, including Sakura in Ninja Cadets;[14] T-AI in a 2001 version of Transformers: Robots in Disguise; Kyoko in the Pioneer/Animaze dub of Akira; Paiway, the ship's nurse in Vandread, Sumomo in Bang Zoom's dub of Chobits.[15] Maya in Burn-Up Scramble and Tachikoma in the Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex series, Momiji and Mina in Naruto, and Piyoko in Digi Charat. In addition, she voiced Lady Aska, a major character in the second season of Magic Knight Rayearth, a series in which she also rewrote lyrics and sang the theme songs.[2][16][17]In 2003, she voiced the title characters in Omishi Magical Theater Risky Safety and Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan[15]. In his review of Mao-chan, Ryan Mathews of Anime News Network wrote that \"Bang Zoom picked the perfect actress to play the lead role. [Fox], the owner of perhaps the cutest \"little girl\" voice in anime dub acting, is her usual adorable self as M.A.O.\"[18]In 2007, she and Lex Lang hosted a Voice Actor Boot Camp at Bang Zoom! Entertainment to help up and coming voice actors get into the business.[2] In 2014, when Viz Media redubbed Sailor Moon and dubbed its new Sailor Moon Crystal series, Fox was chosen to voice Chibiusa.[19]In video games, she voiced Mistral and A-20 in the .hack video game series, Flonne in various incarnations of Disgaea and Marona in Phantom Brave. She voiced Peashy in the Hyperdimension Neptunia series.[7]","title":"Voice-over career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lex Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Lang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otakon_2015-20"},{"link_name":"Studio City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"bottled spring water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_water"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swerve-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Deepak Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Chopra"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Fox is married to fellow voice actor Lex Lang.[20] They live in Studio City, California.[21] In 1998 they co-founded the Love Planet Foundation, a non-profit organization which creates educational materials for children on the importance of recycling, world water awareness, and the preservation of the planet.[22] They also created Love Planet Productions, which includes several multimedia projects such as anime presentation shows, toddler shows and products, and Zen programming.[23] In 2006, they founded a bottled spring water business called H2Om Water with Intention, which has received recognition as a sponsor at several events including Sting's Rainforest Foundation Carnegie Hall Concert and the Elevate Film Festival.[5][24][25] Fox and Lang are Deepak Chopra meditation instructors.[26]","title":"Personal life and other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anime","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animation","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other voice roles","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other live-action roles","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sandy Fox (visual voices guide)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved September 23, 2015. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Sandy-Fox/","url_text":"\"Sandy Fox (visual voices guide)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voice Actor Boot Camp\" (Press release). Bang Zoom! Entertainment. August 18, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2015 – via Anime News Network.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2006-08-18/voice-actor-boot-camp","url_text":"\"Voice Actor Boot Camp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Zoom!_Entertainment","url_text":"Bang Zoom! Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"About Sandy Fox\". SandyFox.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115512/http://www.sandyfox.com/Sandy_Fox/About.html","url_text":"\"About Sandy Fox\""},{"url":"http://www.sandyfox.com/Sandy_Fox/About.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"17 Dancers Will Star In Magic Show\". Orlando Sentinel. October 19, 1988. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1988-10-19-0070420173-story.html","url_text":"\"17 Dancers Will Star In Magic Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Regina, Steven. \"Sandy Fox/Lex Lang\". The Swerve Magazine. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theswervemagazine.com/Sandy_Fox_Lex_Lang.html","url_text":"\"Sandy Fox/Lex Lang\""}]},{"reference":"Marcias, Ernest (February 8, 2018). \"Project Runway All Stars recap: 'Thrown for a Loop by Betty Boop'\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/recap/project-runway-all-stars-season-6-episode-6/","url_text":"\"Project Runway All Stars recap: 'Thrown for a Loop by Betty Boop'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"DesignFluxx, LLC (May 11, 2015). \"Welcoming voice actresses, Sandy Fox and Cristina Vee, to AX 2015~! - Anime Expo®\". Anime Expo®. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anime-expo.org/2015/05/11/welcoming-voice-actresses-sandy-fox-and-cristina-vee-to-ax-2015/","url_text":"\"Welcoming voice actresses, Sandy Fox and Cristina Vee, to AX 2015~! - Anime Expo®\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sailor Moon R English Dub Casts Sandy Fox as Chibi Usa, Veronica Taylor as Sailor Pluto\". Anime News Network. April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-02-14/sailor-moon-r-english-dub-casts-sandy-fox-as-chibi-usa-veronica-taylor-as-sailor-pluto/.84457","url_text":"\"Sailor Moon R English Dub Casts Sandy Fox as Chibi Usa, Veronica Taylor as Sailor Pluto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Betty Boop Comes to Life in a New Film for Lancôme Paris\" (Press release). Lancome. PRWeb. August 24, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/8/prweb9714677.htm","url_text":"\"Betty Boop Comes to Life in a New Film for Lancôme Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancome","url_text":"Lancome"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Greg (September 9, 1991). \"Anchors, The Big Time And Chatfests All Over\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1991-09-09-9109070351-story.html","url_text":"\"Anchors, The Big Time And Chatfests All Over\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandy Fox\". The Fruit Cake Follies. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071123194732/http://www.fruitcakefollies.com/sandy_fox.htm","url_text":"\"Sandy Fox\""},{"url":"http://www.fruitcakefollies.com/sandy_fox.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Keith. \"Popeye's Bilge-Rat Barges\". Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525153246/http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=75","url_text":"\"Popeye's Bilge-Rat Barges\""},{"url":"http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=75","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment\". SandyFox.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandyfox.com/Sandy_Fox/Entertainment.html","url_text":"\"Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Joanna (August 4, 2015). \"Otakon Interview: Sandy Fox, Voice Of Betty Boop, Olive Oil, Hello Kitty & More\". Mix 106.5. CBS Radio. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mix1065fm.cbslocal.com/2015/08/04/otakon-interview-sandy-fox-voice-of-betty-boop-olive-oil-hello-kitty-more/","url_text":"\"Otakon Interview: Sandy Fox, Voice Of Betty Boop, Olive Oil, Hello Kitty & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWMX","url_text":"Mix 106.5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio","url_text":"CBS Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Adventures in Voice Acting » Workshops\". adventuresinvoiceacting.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108110145/http://www.adventuresinvoiceacting.com/workshops","url_text":"\"Adventures in Voice Acting » Workshops\""},{"url":"https://www.adventuresinvoiceacting.com/workshops","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Comicon - Sandy Fox\". Phoenix Comicon. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130408232229/https://www.phoenixcomicon.com/guests/751","url_text":"\"Phoenix Comicon - Sandy Fox\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Comicon","url_text":"Phoenix Comicon"},{"url":"https://www.phoenixcomicon.com/guests/751","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Loveridge, Lynzee (May 4, 2013). \"8 Horrible Anime Dub Opening Songs - The List - Anime News Network\". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-list/2013-05-04","url_text":"\"8 Horrible Anime Dub Opening Songs - The List - Anime News Network\""}]},{"reference":"Mathews, Ryan (March 2, 2004). \"Mao-chan, Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi - The Dub Track - Anime News Network\". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/dub-track/2004-03-02","url_text":"\"Mao-chan, Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi - The Dub Track - Anime News Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voice Actors Sandy Fox, Lex Lang to Participate in Otakon 2015\". Anime News Network. May 28, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2015-05-28/voice-actors-sandy-fox-lex-lang-to-participate-in-otakon-2015/.88662","url_text":"\"Voice Actors Sandy Fox, Lex Lang to Participate in Otakon 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voice Actors Sandy Fox, Lex Lang to Participate in Otakon 2015\". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2015-05-28/voice-actors-sandy-fox-lex-lang-to-participate-in-otakon-2015/.88662","url_text":"\"Voice Actors Sandy Fox, Lex Lang to Participate in Otakon 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Sandy. \"Sandy Fox\". Patch.com. Studio City, California: Patch Media. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/users/sandy-fox-ef1feae3","url_text":"\"Sandy Fox\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch.com","url_text":"Patch.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City,_California","url_text":"Studio City, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Media","url_text":"Patch Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The Love Planet Foundation\". loveplanetfoundation.org. Retrieved November 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://loveplanetfoundation.org/","url_text":"\"The Love Planet Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Projects\". loveplanetproductions.com. Retrieved November 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://loveplanetproductions.com/?page_id=7","url_text":"\"Projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"H2Om Joins Film Festival to 'Elevate' Consciousness in Hollywood\" (Press release). Elevate Film Festival and H20m. July 22, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2015 – via BevNET.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/07-24-2006-H2Om.asp","url_text":"\"H2Om Joins Film Festival to 'Elevate' Consciousness in Hollywood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gear awards – Waters(Flavored/Enhanced) Winners\". ShapeYou.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shapeyou.com/award_categories/winners/66/waters_flavored_enhanced","url_text":"\"Gear awards – Waters(Flavored/Enhanced) Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meditation\". SandyFox.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912093832/http://www.sandyfox.com/Sandy_Fox/Meditation.html","url_text":"\"Meditation\""},{"url":"http://www.sandyfox.com/Sandy_Fox/Meditation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anime\". SandyFox.com (Sandy Fox's official website). Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandyfox.com/Sandy_Fox/Anime.html","url_text":"\"Anime\""}]},{"reference":"Loveridge, Lynzee (May 4, 2013). \"8 Dubious Anime Dub Opening Songs - The List\". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-list/2013-05-04","url_text":"\"8 Dubious Anime Dub Opening Songs - The List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Life Sympathy\". Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure. Episode 1. Pioneer. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Cast.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual!_Parallel_Trouble_Adventure","url_text":"Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal_Entertainment_Japan","url_text":"Pioneer"}]},{"reference":"\"Reiha Has Come\". Vampire Princess Miyu (DVD). Episode 4. AnimEigo. 2001. Event occurs at Closing credits, Also featuring voice talents of.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Princess_Miyu","url_text":"Vampire Princess Miyu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimEigo","url_text":"AnimEigo"}]},{"reference":"\"I Hate Wedding Veils!\". Saint Tail – Volume 2 (DVD). Episode 4. Tokyopop. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Language Cast.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Tail","url_text":"Saint Tail – Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyopop","url_text":"Tokyopop"}]},{"reference":"\"ADV to Distribute Risky Safety\". Anime News Network. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003-05-01/adv-to-distribute-risky-safety","url_text":"\"ADV to Distribute Risky Safety\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Scrapped Princess. Episode 24. Event occurs at Closing credits, English dub cast.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapped_Princess","url_text":"Scrapped Princess"}]},{"reference":"\"A Big, Black, Hard, Shiny, Smelly, Noise-Making Creature\". Hare+Guu. Episode 9. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Voice Cast.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare%2BGuu","url_text":"Hare+Guu"}]},{"reference":"\"Secret Love Shell\". Destiny of the Shrine Maiden. Episode 3. Event occurs at Closing credits, English Voice Cast.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_of_the_Shrine_Maiden","url_text":"Destiny of the Shrine Maiden"}]},{"reference":"\"Aniplex USA to Release 1st Aldnoah.Zero Season 1 On BD/DVD with Dub, Sub\". Anime News Network. June 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-06/aniplex-usa-to-release-1st-aldnoah.zero-season-on-bd-dvd-with-dub-sub/.88990","url_text":"\"Aniplex USA to Release 1st Aldnoah.Zero Season 1 On BD/DVD with Dub, Sub\""}]},{"reference":"\"Experience\". Sandy Fox. Retrieved November 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://sandyfox.com/experience.html","url_text":"\"Experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunrise to Release Gundam SEED, Destiny with New English Dub\". Anime News Network. August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-11/sunrise-to-release-gundam-seed-gundam-seed-destiny-with-new-english-dub/.120036","url_text":"\"Sunrise to Release Gundam SEED, Destiny with New English Dub\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aniplex US English Trailer with Cast Announcements\". AniplexUS. March 2, 2018. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TR7NoK8NaT8","url_text":"\"Aniplex US English Trailer with Cast Announcements\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/TR7NoK8NaT8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandy Fox\". Crystal Acids. Retrieved September 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crystalacids.com/database/person/1430/sandy-fox/","url_text":"\"Sandy Fox\""}]},{"reference":"Shearer, Andrew (September 14, 2016). \"Mini Movie Reviews\". Online Athens. Athens Banner-Herald. Retrieved January 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlineathens.com/entertainment/2016-09-14/mini-movie-reviews","url_text":"\"Mini Movie Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Banner-Herald","url_text":"Athens Banner-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Debruge, Peter (March 26, 2016). \"Film Review: 'The Wild Life'\". Variety. Retrieved March 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/robinson-crusoe-the-wild-life-film-review-1201739909/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'The Wild Life'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Sandy Fox [@SandyFoxWorld] (January 14, 2017). \"Sailor #MoonMovie premier LA #sailormoonPremiere #sailormoon\" (Tweet). Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SandyFoxWorld/status/820345117751939073","url_text":"\"Sailor #MoonMovie premier LA #sailormoonPremiere #sailormoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Sandy Fox [@SandyFoxWorld] (January 14, 2017). \"Chibiusa approves! It was a great night! @Sailor_Moon_NA #MoonMovie #sailorMoon #sailormoonmoviepremiere\" (Tweet). Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SandyFoxWorld/status/820346153161998336","url_text":"\"Chibiusa approves! It was a great night! @Sailor_Moon_NA #MoonMovie #sailorMoon #sailormoonmoviepremiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Mammano, Michael S. (January 18, 2017). \"Sailor Moon R: The Movie Premiere Was Immersive Experience For Fans\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624205910/http://www.denofgeek.com/us/culture/sailor-moon/261565/sailor-moon-r-the-movie-premiere-was-immersive-experience-for-fans","url_text":"\"Sailor Moon R: The Movie Premiere Was Immersive Experience For Fans\""},{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/culture/sailor-moon-r-the-movie-premiere-was-immersive-experience-for-fans/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dar, Taimur (November 28, 2017). \"Syndicated Comics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comicsbeat.com/anime-nyc-interview-fighting-for-love-and-justice-talking-with-the-sailor-moon-english-voice-cast/","url_text":"\"Syndicated Comics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Experience\". www.sandyfox.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandyfox.com/experience.html","url_text":"\"Experience\""}]},{"reference":"@SandyFoxWorld (April 15, 2021). \"Happy 16th Anniversary to \"My Life as a Teenage Robot\" I loved voicing Melody Locus 💙 Amazing cast! #Throwback…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SandyFoxWorld/status/1382773400754479106","url_text":"\"Happy 16th Anniversary to \"My Life as a Teenage Robot\" I loved voicing Melody Locus 💙 Amazing cast! #Throwback…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@SandyFoxWorld (September 6, 2019). \"So nice recording with the incredible @Warmupguy and Ashley @DubingBrosUSA today! #voiceover #animation #actorslife…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SandyFoxWorld/status/1170091271706173441","url_text":"\"So nice recording with the incredible @Warmupguy and Ashley @DubingBrosUSA today! #voiceover #animation #actorslife…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandy Fox joins Ireland Comic Con's voice actor line-up\". MCM ComicCon. July 17, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcmcomiccon.com/ireland/news/sandy-fox-joins-ireland-comic-cons-voice-actor-line-up","url_text":"\"Sandy Fox joins Ireland Comic Con's voice actor line-up\""}]},{"reference":"Monkey Bar Games. Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures. Bandai Namco Entertainment. Scene: Closing credits, 10:20 in, English Voice Talent.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Bar_Games","url_text":"Monkey Bar Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man_and_the_Ghostly_Adventures_(video_game)","url_text":"Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment","url_text":"Bandai Namco Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Valentine, Rebekah (March 30, 2016). \"Bravely Second's Voice Cast Is Full Of Shining Stars\". App Trigger. FanSided. Retrieved January 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://apptrigger.com/2016/03/30/bravely-seconds-voice-cast-is-full-of-shining-stars/","url_text":"\"Bravely Second's Voice Cast Is Full Of Shining Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FanSided","url_text":"FanSided"}]},{"reference":"@SandyFoxWorld (March 19, 2019). \"Had a blast voicing Patty the Pirate for the new #TalesOfVesperia Video Game #anime #videogames #voiceover\" (Tweet). Retrieved March 20, 2019 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SandyFoxWorld/status/1108053374694416385","url_text":"\"Had a blast voicing Patty the Pirate for the new #TalesOfVesperia Video Game #anime #videogames #voiceover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@SandyFoxWorld (June 4, 2021). \"#FlashbackFriday I loved voicing this cute singing chicken! #kidsshows #voiceactor #singalong\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SandyFoxWorld/status/1400940098619797505","url_text":"\"#FlashbackFriday I loved voicing this cute singing chicken! #kidsshows #voiceactor #singalong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Browning, John Edgar; Picart, Caroline Joan (2010). Dracula in Visual Media:Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921-2010. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786433650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786433650","url_text":"978-0786433650"}]},{"reference":"Terrace, Vincent (2008). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2d ed.). McFarland. ISBN 9780786486410.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786486410","url_text":"9780786486410"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Jaggard
William Jaggard
["1 Life and work","2 Shakespeare","3 End","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading"]
16th/17th-century English printer and publisher William JaggardBornc. 1568EnglandDiedNovember 1623 (aged 54–55)EnglandOccupation(s)Printer, publisher William Jaggard (c. 1568 – November 1623) was an Elizabethan and Jacobean printer and publisher, best known for his connection with the texts of William Shakespeare, most notably the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays. Jaggard's shop was "at the sign of the Half-Eagle and Key in Barbican." Life and work He was the son of a John Jaggard, a citizen of London and a barber-surgeon by profession; the elder Jaggard was already deceased when his son began an eight-year apprenticeship with printer Henry Denham at Michaelmas (29 September) 1584. William Jaggard became a "freeman" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 6 December 1591. In time, Jaggard developed one of the largest print shops of his generation; he was eventually assisted by his son Isaac (died 1627), who succeeded to his father's business in 1623. In their era, most members of the stationers guild were either printers or booksellers; both were businessmen with their own establishments, journeymen and apprentices, though in anachronistic modern terms printers could be regarded as blue-collar while the booksellers were white-collar retailers. Most commercial publishing was done by booksellers, who chose their books and commissioned printers to print them. The distinction, while generally valid, was not absolute; some successful printers, like Richard Field, published a significant minority of the works they printed. The Jaggards too did a significant amount of publishing as well as printing; in the most obvious case, they not only printed the First Folio but were partners in its publication with bookseller Edward Blount. Printers who published often needed a retail outlet for their wares; Jaggard's books were frequently sold by Matthew Lownes at his shop in St. Paul's Churchyard, the centre of the book trade in London. Jaggard in time rose to a prominent position in his profession; he became the official Printer to the City of London in 1611. When the Stationers Company decided to issue a general catalogue of English books published in 1618–19, Jaggard was chosen as its printer. William Jaggard's brother John Jaggard was also a printer and publisher, and held the rights to print the Essays of Sir Francis Bacon. John published editions of the Essays (1606, 1612, 1613) that were printed by his brother William. William Jaggard printed a wide variety of common materials, including ballads – one example being Adam Bell, Clym of the Clough, and William of Cloudesle (1610). He also printed books of varying types, including works by Richard Barnfield and John Davies of Hereford. To modern book collectors and bibliophiles, Jaggard is known as the printer and publisher of Edward Topsell's The History of Four-Footed Beasts (1607) and The History of Serpents (1608), famous for their lush and often-reproduced illustrations. The Topsell books can serve to correct a misapprehension about Jaggard's work: from the number of typographical errors and cruxes in the First Folio, it is sometimes inferred that Jaggard did poor-quality work. The Topsell volumes show another side of Jaggard's professional accomplishment; his firm was capable of high-quality craftmanship. Shakespeare In 1608 Jaggard bought out the business of the elderly James Roberts, a printer with significant connections to the Shakespeare canon. Roberts printed the second quarto of Titus Andronicus for bookseller Edward White and the first quarto of Merchant of Venice for Thomas Heyes (both 1600); he printed the second quarto of Hamlet for Nicholas Ling in 1604. Roberts also owned the concession to print the handbills that the actors' companies used to advertise their productions. Jaggard sought the same monopoly; he did not obtain it, however, until 1615. Jaggard had a twenty-year involvement with works of the Shakespeare canon, starting with his publication of the questionable collection The Passionate Pilgrim under Shakespeare's name in 1599. Jaggard printed an expanded edition of the same work in 1612. In 1619 Jaggard was at the center of the cryptic False Folio affair; and in the period 1621–23 his print shop was occupied on the massive task of bringing the First Folio into print. Given his apparently less-than-respectable links with The Passionate Pilgrim and the False Folio, commentators have wondered why John Heminges and Henry Condell, the two members of the King's Men who compiled the texts of the First Folio, chose Jaggard for the First Folio job. Some scholars have argued that it may have been a matter of necessity; Jaggard's shop had the capacity for a project of such a scale. End William Jaggard suffered deteriorating health in the final decade of his life. By the time of the First Folio he was old, infirm and blind; the actual work on the Folio must have been done by his son Isaac. The elder Jaggard died in November 1623, just before the Folio's publication. A balanced judgement on Jaggard is hard to achieve. In one view, "William Jaggard was in general a reputable printer and it was only when he was dealing with Shakespeare's work that he became at all unethical...." Harsher verdicts have also been rendered. A descendant of William's brother co-printer John Jaggard, known as Captain William Jaggard (1867–1947), set up a printing and bookselling establishment in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1909 – the Shakespeare Press, 4 Sheep Street. The bibliophilic later Jaggard was responsible for the massive Shakespeare Bibliography (1911). Captain William Jaggard described how after Lady Umfreville, "the line became extinct". Notes ^ Halliday 1964, p. 249. ^ Ames 1790, p. 1371. ^ In March 1610 William Jaggard took on an apprentice named John Shakespeare, son of Warwick butcher Thomas Shakespeare, and no relation to the poet. ^ Growoll & Eames 1903, p. 35. ^ "William Jaggard—Printer of ballads". Notes and Comments. Shakespeare Quarterly. 8 (2): 302. Spring 1957. JSTOR 2866987. ^ Halliday 1964, pp. 416–17. ^ Chute 1949, p. 329. ^ "Review of Shakespeare Bibliography compiled by William Jaggard". The Athenæum (4361): 610–611. 27 May 1911. References Ames, Joseph (1790). Typographical antiquities (1790 ed.). London. ISBN 9781843713586. Chute, Marchette Gaylord (1949). Shakespeare of London. New York: Dutton. Growoll, Adolf; Eames, Wilberforce (1903). Three Centuries of the English Booktrade Bibliography. New York: Greenhalgh. Halliday, F. E. (1964). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964. Baltimore: Penguin. Further reading Willoughby, Edwin Eliott (1934). A Printer of Shakespeare (1970 reprint ed.). London: Philip Allan & Co. vteEarly editions of William Shakespeare's worksFolios and quartos Foul papers List of Shakespeare plays in quarto Quarto Folio Bad quarto First Quarto First Folio Second Folio False Folio Early editors John Heminges Henry Condell Edward Knight Publishers Robert Allot William Aspley John Benson Edward Blount Cuthbert Burby Nathaniel Butter Philip Chetwinde Richard Hawkins Henry Herringman William Leake Richard Meighen Thomas Millington Thomas Pavier John Smethwick Thomas Thorpe Thomas Walkley John Waterson Andrew Wise Printers Edward Allde Thomas Cotes Thomas Creede George Eld Richard Field William Jaggard Augustine Matthews Nicholas Okes James Roberts Peter Short Valentine Simmes William Stansby Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Portugal Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
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William Jaggard became a \"freeman\" (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 6 December 1591.[2]In time, Jaggard developed one of the largest print shops of his generation; he was eventually assisted by his son Isaac (died 1627), who succeeded to his father's business in 1623. In their era, most members of the stationers guild were either printers or booksellers; both were businessmen with their own establishments, journeymen and apprentices,[3] though in anachronistic modern terms printers could be regarded as blue-collar while the booksellers were white-collar retailers. Most commercial publishing was done by booksellers, who chose their books and commissioned printers to print them. The distinction, while generally valid, was not absolute; some successful printers, like Richard Field, published a significant minority of the works they printed. The Jaggards too did a significant amount of publishing as well as printing; in the most obvious case, they not only printed the First Folio but were partners in its publication with bookseller Edward Blount. Printers who published often needed a retail outlet for their wares; Jaggard's books were frequently sold by Matthew Lownes at his shop in St. Paul's Churchyard, the centre of the book trade in London.Jaggard in time rose to a prominent position in his profession; he became the official Printer to the City of London in 1611. When the Stationers Company decided to issue a general catalogue of English books published in 1618–19, Jaggard was chosen as its printer.[4] William Jaggard's brother John Jaggard was also a printer and publisher, and held the rights to print the Essays of Sir Francis Bacon. John published editions of the Essays (1606, 1612, 1613) that were printed by his brother William.William Jaggard printed a wide variety of common materials, including ballads – one example being Adam Bell, Clym of the Clough, and William of Cloudesle (1610).[5] He also printed books of varying types, including works by Richard Barnfield and John Davies of Hereford. To modern book collectors and bibliophiles, Jaggard is known as the printer and publisher of Edward Topsell's The History of Four-Footed Beasts (1607) and The History of Serpents (1608), famous for their lush and often-reproduced illustrations. The Topsell books can serve to correct a misapprehension about Jaggard's work: from the number of typographical errors and cruxes in the First Folio, it is sometimes inferred that Jaggard did poor-quality work. 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Roberts printed the second quarto of Titus Andronicus for bookseller Edward White and the first quarto of Merchant of Venice for Thomas Heyes (both 1600); he printed the second quarto of Hamlet for Nicholas Ling in 1604.[6] Roberts also owned the concession to print the handbills that the actors' companies used to advertise their productions. Jaggard sought the same monopoly; he did not obtain it, however, until 1615.Jaggard had a twenty-year involvement with works of the Shakespeare canon, starting with his publication of the questionable collection The Passionate Pilgrim under Shakespeare's name in 1599. Jaggard printed an expanded edition of the same work in 1612. In 1619 Jaggard was at the center of the cryptic False Folio affair; and in the period 1621–23 his print shop was occupied on the massive task of bringing the First Folio into print.Given his apparently less-than-respectable links with The Passionate Pilgrim and the False Folio, commentators have wondered why John Heminges and Henry Condell, the two members of the King's Men who compiled the texts of the First Folio, chose Jaggard for the First Folio job. Some scholars have argued that it may have been a matter of necessity; Jaggard's shop had the capacity for a project of such a scale.","title":"Shakespeare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChute1949329-7"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Stratford-upon-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"William Jaggard suffered deteriorating health in the final decade of his life. By the time of the First Folio he was old, infirm and blind; the actual work on the Folio must have been done by his son Isaac. The elder Jaggard died in November 1623, just before the Folio's publication.A balanced judgement on Jaggard is hard to achieve. In one view, \"William Jaggard was in general a reputable printer and it was only when he was dealing with Shakespeare's work that he became at all unethical....\"[7] Harsher verdicts have also been rendered.[by whom?]A descendant of William's brother co-printer John Jaggard, known as Captain William Jaggard (1867–1947), set up a printing and bookselling establishment in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1909 – the Shakespeare Press, 4 Sheep Street. The bibliophilic later Jaggard was responsible for the massive Shakespeare Bibliography (1911).[8] Captain William Jaggard described how after Lady Umfreville, \"the line became extinct\".","title":"End"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliday1964249_1-0"},{"link_name":"Halliday 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliday1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes17901371_2-0"},{"link_name":"Ames 1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAmes1790"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrowollEames190335_4-0"},{"link_name":"Growoll & Eames 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrowollEames1903"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2866987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2866987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliday1964416%E2%80%9317_6-0"},{"link_name":"Halliday 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalliday1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChute1949329_7-0"},{"link_name":"Chute 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChute1949"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Review of Shakespeare Bibliography compiled by William Jaggard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858029268293;view=1up;seq=634"}],"text":"^ Halliday 1964, p. 249.\n\n^ Ames 1790, p. 1371.\n\n^ In March 1610 William Jaggard took on an apprentice named John Shakespeare, son of Warwick butcher Thomas Shakespeare, and no relation to the poet.\n\n^ Growoll & Eames 1903, p. 35.\n\n^ \"William Jaggard—Printer of ballads\". Notes and Comments. Shakespeare Quarterly. 8 (2): 302. Spring 1957. JSTOR 2866987.\n\n^ Halliday 1964, pp. 416–17.\n\n^ Chute 1949, p. 329.\n\n^ \"Review of Shakespeare Bibliography compiled by William Jaggard\". The Athenæum (4361): 610–611. 27 May 1911.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Printer of Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Earlybard"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Earlybard"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earlybard"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Folios and quartos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works"},{"link_name":"Foul papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul_papers"},{"link_name":"List of Shakespeare plays in 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Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Knight_(King%27s_Men)"},{"link_name":"Robert Allot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Allot"},{"link_name":"William Aspley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aspley"},{"link_name":"John Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Benson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Edward Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blount"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Burby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Burby"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Butter"},{"link_name":"Philip Chetwinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Chetwinde"},{"link_name":"Richard Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hawkins_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Henry Herringman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herringman"},{"link_name":"William Leake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Leake"},{"link_name":"Richard Meighen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meighen"},{"link_name":"Thomas Millington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Millington_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pavier"},{"link_name":"John Smethwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smethwick"},{"link_name":"Thomas Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Thomas Walkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walkley"},{"link_name":"John Waterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waterson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wise"},{"link_name":"Edward Allde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Allde"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cotes"},{"link_name":"Thomas Creede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Creede"},{"link_name":"George Eld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eld"},{"link_name":"Richard Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Field_(printer)"},{"link_name":"William Jaggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Augustine Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Okes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Okes"},{"link_name":"James Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Roberts_(printer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Short_(printer)"},{"link_name":"Valentine Simmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Simmes"},{"link_name":"William Stansby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stansby"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8013416#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/6/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000084329997"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/23380898"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxvJ36cbFkgKgh3CxJjC"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1037572939"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463341405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000034"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p143388495"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1642876"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/bc2073c9-4dc6-411a-9362-540aeb6aad18"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/15100577X"}],"text":"Willoughby, Edwin Eliott (1934). A Printer of Shakespeare (1970 reprint ed.). London: Philip Allan & Co.vteEarly editions of William Shakespeare's worksFolios and quartos\nFoul papers\nList of Shakespeare plays in quarto\nQuarto\nFolio\nBad quarto\nFirst Quarto\nFirst Folio\nSecond Folio\nFalse Folio\nEarly editors\nJohn Heminges\nHenry Condell\nEdward Knight\nPublishers\nRobert Allot\nWilliam Aspley\nJohn Benson\nEdward Blount\nCuthbert Burby\nNathaniel Butter\nPhilip Chetwinde\nRichard Hawkins\nHenry Herringman\nWilliam Leake\nRichard Meighen\nThomas Millington\nThomas Pavier\nJohn Smethwick\nThomas Thorpe\nThomas Walkley\nJohn Waterson\nAndrew Wise\nPrinters\nEdward Allde\nThomas Cotes\nThomas Creede\nGeorge Eld\nRichard Field\nWilliam Jaggard\nAugustine Matthews\nNicholas Okes\nJames Roberts\nPeter Short\nValentine Simmes\nWilliam StansbyAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPortugal\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"William Jaggard—Printer of ballads\". Notes and Comments. Shakespeare Quarterly. 8 (2): 302. Spring 1957. JSTOR 2866987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2866987","url_text":"2866987"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Shakespeare Bibliography compiled by William Jaggard\". The Athenæum (4361): 610–611. 27 May 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858029268293;view=1up;seq=634","url_text":"\"Review of Shakespeare Bibliography compiled by William Jaggard\""}]},{"reference":"Ames, Joseph (1790). Typographical antiquities (1790 ed.). London. ISBN 9781843713586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ames_(author)","url_text":"Ames, Joseph"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/typographicalan00amesgoog","url_text":"Typographical antiquities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843713586","url_text":"9781843713586"}]},{"reference":"Chute, Marchette Gaylord (1949). Shakespeare of London. New York: Dutton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchette_Chute","url_text":"Chute, Marchette Gaylord"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shakespeareoflon0000chut","url_text":"Shakespeare of London"}]},{"reference":"Growoll, Adolf; Eames, Wilberforce (1903). Three Centuries of the English Booktrade Bibliography. New York: Greenhalgh.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilberforce_Eames","url_text":"Eames, Wilberforce"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/threecenturiese02eamegoog","url_text":"Three Centuries of the English Booktrade Bibliography"}]},{"reference":"Halliday, F. E. (1964). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964. Baltimore: Penguin.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Halliday","url_text":"Halliday, F. E."}]},{"reference":"Willoughby, Edwin Eliott (1934). A Printer of Shakespeare (1970 reprint ed.). London: Philip Allan & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}","url_text":"A Printer of Shakespeare"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Rugby_Football_Union
Manitoba Rugby Football Union
["1 MRFU teams","2 MRFU Champions","2.1 TOTALS","3 References"]
Manitoba Rugby Football Union was a Canadian football league, founded on Monday February 22, 1892. The league merged with the Alberta Rugby Football Union and Saskatchewan Rugby Football Union to form the Western Canada Rugby Football Union on Saturday October 21, 1911. MRFU teams Winnipegs - 1930 to 1935 Winnipeg Rugby Football Club - 1892 to 1906 St.John's Rugby Football Club - 1892 to 1913 & 1919 & 1925 to 1931 Winnipeg Rowing Club - 1902 to 1914 Winnipeg Tammany Tigers - 1913 to 1929 Winnipeg Victorias Rugby Club - 1919 to 1927 & 1935 Winnipeg Shamrocks - 1903 & 1905 Brandon Football Club - 1906 Wesley College Football Club - 1897 to 1898 Royal Canadian Dragoons - 1897 to 1898 Royal School of Infantry / 90th Regiment - 1888 Garrison Rugby Club - 1932 to 1933 University of Manitoba Varsity & Bisons - 1920 to 1926 & 1934 Osborne Rugby Football Club - 1892 to 1893 Winnipeg Canoe Club - 1915 MRFU Champions 1892 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1893 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1894 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club 1895 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1896 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1897 - No Champion (Wesley College Football Club, St.John's Rugby Football Club and Winnipeg Rugby Football Club finished in a three-way tie) 1898 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1899 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1900 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club 1901 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club 1902 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1903 - Winnipeg Shamrocks 1904 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1905 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1906 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1907 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1908 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1909 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 1910 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1911 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1912 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1913 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1914 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 1915 - No League Play - Winnipeg Tigers won the only game played in 1915 1916 - World War I 1917 - World War I 1918 - World War I 1919 - Winnipeg Victorias 1920 - Winnipeg Victorias 1921 - Winnipeg Victorias 1922 - Winnipeg Victorias 1923 - Winnipeg Victorias 1924 - Winnipeg Victorias 1925 - Winnipeg Tammany Tigers 1926 - Winnipeg St.John's 1927 - Winnipeg Tammany Tigers 1928 - suspended play for Tri-City Rugby Football League 1929 - Winnipeg St.John's 1930 - Winnipeg St.John's 1931 - Winnipeg St.John's 1932 - Winnipeg St.John's 1933 - Winnipegs 1934 - Winnipegs 1935 - Winnipegs TOTALS 13 - St.John's Rugby Football Club 10 - Winnipeg Rowing Club 6 - Winnipeg Victorias Rugby Club 3 - Winnipegs (Winnipeg Blue Bombers) 3 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club 2 - Winnipeg Tammany Tigers 1 - Winnipeg Shamrocks References ^ From Rugby to Football: The History of Canadian Football ^ Winnipeg Blue Bombers Inducted Into Manitoba Rugby Hall Of Fame ^ Football in Winnipeg ^ Manitoba Rugby Hall of Fame - The Winnipeg Rugby Football Club ^ Quest Through the Decades - 1930s "The Tigers played their last game in 1929 and a year later morphed into the Winnipeg Football Club, which swallowed up the Garrison – made up of Army servicemen – and then merged with the St. John’s Tigers in 1933." ^ The Winnipeg Tigers beat the Winnipeg Canoe Club, 10-4, at River Park in Winnipeg, Saturday, October 23 Football Canada - CANADIAN FOOTBALL TIMELINES (1860 – PRESENT) HISTORY OF THE WINNIPEG BLUE BOMBERS
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Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Tammany_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias Rugby Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Wesley College Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_College_(Manitoba)"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dragoons"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"90th Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Bisons_football"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Village"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_in_Canadian_football"}],"text":"Winnipegs - 1930 to 1935\nWinnipeg Rugby Football Club - 1892 to 1906\nSt.John's Rugby Football Club - 1892 to 1913 & 1919 & 1925 to 1931\nWinnipeg Rowing Club - 1902 to 1914\nWinnipeg Tammany Tigers - 1913 to 1929\nWinnipeg Victorias Rugby Club - 1919 to 1927 & 1935\nWinnipeg Shamrocks - 1903 & 1905\nBrandon Football Club - 1906\nWesley College Football Club - 1897 to 1898\nRoyal Canadian Dragoons - 1897 to 1898\nRoyal School of Infantry / 90th Regiment - 1888[4]\nGarrison Rugby Club - 1932 to 1933[5]\nUniversity of Manitoba Varsity & Bisons - 1920 to 1926 & 1934\nOsborne Rugby Football Club - 1892 to 1893\nWinnipeg Canoe Club - 1915","title":"MRFU teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"St.John's Rugby Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.John%27s_Rugby_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Rugby Football 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Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Rugby_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Rugby Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Rugby_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Rowing 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Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_in_sports"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_in_sports"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_in_sports"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Tammany Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Tammany_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg St.John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_St.John%27s"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Tammany Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Tammany_Tigers"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg St.John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_St.John%27s"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg St.John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_St.John%27s"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg St.John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_St.John%27s"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg St.John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_St.John%27s"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_in_Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Winnipegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"}],"text":"1892 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1893 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1894 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club\n1895 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1896 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1897 - No Champion (Wesley College Football Club, St.John's Rugby Football Club and Winnipeg Rugby Football Club finished in a three-way tie)\n1898 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1899 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1900 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club\n1901 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club\n1902 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1903 - Winnipeg Shamrocks\n1904 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1905 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1906 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1907 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1908 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1909 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n1910 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1911 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1912 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1913 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1914 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n1915 - No League Play - Winnipeg Tigers won the only game played in 1915[6]\n1916 - World War I\n1917 - World War I\n1918 - World War I\n1919 - Winnipeg Victorias\n1920 - Winnipeg Victorias\n1921 - Winnipeg Victorias\n1922 - Winnipeg Victorias\n1923 - Winnipeg Victorias\n1924 - Winnipeg Victorias\n1925 - Winnipeg Tammany Tigers\n1926 - Winnipeg St.John's\n1927 - Winnipeg Tammany Tigers\n1928 - suspended play for Tri-City Rugby Football League\n1929 - Winnipeg St.John's\n1930 - Winnipeg St.John's\n1931 - Winnipeg St.John's\n1932 - Winnipeg St.John's\n1933 - Winnipegs\n1934 - Winnipegs\n1935 - Winnipegs","title":"MRFU Champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St.John's Rugby Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.John%27s_Rugby_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Rowing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Rowing_Club"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Victorias Rugby Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Victorias_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Rugby Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Rugby_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Tammany Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Tammany_Tigers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"TOTALS","text":"13 - St.John's Rugby Football Club\n10 - Winnipeg Rowing Club\n6 - Winnipeg Victorias Rugby Club\n3 - Winnipegs (Winnipeg Blue Bombers)\n3 - Winnipeg Rugby Football Club\n2 - Winnipeg Tammany Tigers\n1 - Winnipeg Shamrocks","title":"MRFU Champions"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.communitystories.ca/v1/pm_v2.php?id=story_line&lg=English&fl=0&ex=785&sl=8108&pos=1","external_links_name":"From Rugby to Football: The History of Canadian Football"},{"Link":"https://www.bluebombers.com/2010/10/18/winnipeg-blue-bombers-inducted-into-manitoba-rugby-hall-of-fame/","external_links_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers Inducted Into Manitoba Rugby Hall Of Fame"},{"Link":"https://manitobamuseum.ca/football-in-winnipeg/","external_links_name":"Football in Winnipeg"},{"Link":"http://www.manitobarugbyhalloffame.com/winnipeg-blue-bombers.html","external_links_name":"Manitoba Rugby Hall of Fame - The Winnipeg Rugby Football Club"},{"Link":"https://www.bluebombers.com/2020/09/08/quest-decades-1930s/","external_links_name":"Quest Through the Decades - 1930s \"The Tigers played their last game in 1929 and a year later morphed into the Winnipeg Football Club, which swallowed up the Garrison – made up of Army servicemen – and then merged with the St. John’s Tigers in 1933.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070228064050/http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp#1860s#1860s","external_links_name":"Football Canada - CANADIAN FOOTBALL TIMELINES (1860 – PRESENT)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173642/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_teams_wpg","external_links_name":"HISTORY OF THE WINNIPEG BLUE BOMBERS"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix
2021 Paris–Roubaix
["1 Teams","2 Summary","3 Result","4 References"]
Cycling race For the women's race, see 2021 Paris–Roubaix Femmes. Cycling race 2021 Paris–Roubaix2021 UCI World Tour, race 28 of 29The race was held in wet and rainy conditions, for the first time in nearly 20 yearsRace detailsDates3 October 2021Stages1Distance257.7 km (160.1 mi)Winning time6h 01' 57"Results  Winner  Sonny Colbrelli (ITA) (Team Bahrain Victorious)  Second  Florian Vermeersch (BEL) (Lotto–Soudal)  Third  Mathieu van der Poel (NED) (Alpecin–Fenix)← 2019 2020 (cancelled) 2022 → The 2021 Paris–Roubaix was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 3 October 2021 in France. It was the 118th edition of Paris–Roubaix and the 28th event of the 2021 UCI World Tour. The race was won by Italian Sonny Colbrelli in a sprint finish. Teams All nineteen UCI WorldTeams and six UCI ProTeams participated to the race. Of the twenty-five teams, only Team BikeExchange did not compete with the maximum allowed seven riders. 96 of the 174 riders to start the race finished. UCI WorldTeams AG2R Citroën Team Astana–Premier Tech Bora–Hansgrohe Cofidis Deceuninck–Quick-Step EF Education–Nippo Groupama–FDJ Ineos Grenadiers Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux Israel Start-Up Nation Lotto–Soudal Movistar Team Team Bahrain Victorious Team BikeExchange Team DSM Team Jumbo–Visma Team Qhubeka NextHash Trek–Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI ProTeams Alpecin–Fenix Arkéa–Samsic B&B Hotels p/b KTM Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB Delko Team TotalEnergies Summary Originally scheduled to take place on 11 April 2021, the race was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. The planned race in 2020 was also cancelled due to the pandemic. For the first time, Paris–Roubaix Femmes was held, taking place the day before the men's race. Italy's Sonny Colbrelli won the race in a three-man sprint ahead of Florian Vermeersch and Mathieu van der Poel. It was the first time an Italian cyclist had won the race since Andrea Tafi won the 1999 edition. The Paris–Roubaix weekend was wet and rainy, for the first time for nearly 20 years. Result Result Rank Rider Team Time 1  Sonny Colbrelli (ITA) Team Bahrain Victorious 6h 01' 57" 2  Florian Vermeersch (BEL) Lotto–Soudal + 0" 3  Mathieu van der Poel (NED) Alpecin–Fenix + 0" 4  Gianni Moscon (ITA) Ineos Grenadiers + 44" 5  Yves Lampaert (BEL) Deceuninck–Quick-Step + 1' 16" 6  Christophe Laporte (FRA) Cofidis + 1' 16" 7  Wout van Aert (BEL) Team Jumbo–Visma + 1' 16" 8  Tom Van Asbroeck (BEL) Israel Start-Up Nation + 1' 16" 9  Guillaume Boivin (CAN) Israel Start-Up Nation + 1' 16" 10  Heinrich Haussler (AUS) Team Bahrain Victorious + 1' 16" References ^ "Paris-Roubaix: Italian Sonny Colbrelli wins men's race after late drama". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "The UCI reveals the 2021 calendars for the UCI WorldTour and UCI Women's WorldTour". UCI. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ "Peter Sagan: I'm not afraid of a wet Paris-Roubaix". Cycling Weekly. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021. ^ a b "Sonny Colbrelli wins Paris-Roubaix in muddy, brutal conditions". Velo News. 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Startlist". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ Farrand, Stephen (1 April 2021). "Paris-Roubaix postponed to October due to COVID-19 pandemic in France". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 1 April 2021. ^ Fletcher, Patrick (9 October 2020). "Paris-Roubaix cancelled after COVID-19 cases rise in northern France". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 9 October 2020. ^ "Sonny Colbrelli wins epic men's 2021 Paris-Roubaix". Cycling Weekly. 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Paris-Roubaix forecast: No repeat of last year's mud-fest". VeloNews.com. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022. ^ Benson, Daniel (3 October 2021). "Colbrelli wins in his Paris-Roubaix debut". CyclingNews. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Paris–Roubaix - 1". 2021 Paris–Roubaix. Tissot Timing. 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. vte2021 UCI World TourRaces UAE Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris–Nice Tirreno–Adriatico Milan–San Remo Volta a Catalunya Classic Brugge–De Panne E3 Saxo Bank Classic Gent–Wevelgem Dwars door Vlaanderen Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tour de Romandie Giro d'Italia Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne Vuelta a España Bretagne Classic Ouest–France Benelux Tour Eschborn-Frankfurt Paris–Roubaix Il Lombardia Cancelled Tour Down Under Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race Hamburg Cyclassics Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal Tour of Guangxi Teams AG2R Citroën Team Astana–Premier Tech Bora–Hansgrohe Cofidis Deceuninck–Quick-Step EF Education–Nippo Groupama–FDJ Ineos Grenadiers Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux Israel Start-Up Nation Lotto–Soudal Movistar Team Team Bahrain Victorious Team BikeExchange Team DSM Team Jumbo–Visma Team Qhubeka NextHash Trek–Segafredo UAE Team Emirates List of 2021 UCI WorldTeams and riders vte Paris–Roubaix Men's editions 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Women's editions 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Paris–Roubaix Femmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix_Femmes"},{"link_name":"road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paris–Roubaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix"},{"link_name":"2021 UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sonny Colbrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Colbrelli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"For the women's race, see 2021 Paris–Roubaix Femmes.Cycling raceThe 2021 Paris–Roubaix was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 3 October 2021 in France.[1] It was the 118th edition of Paris–Roubaix and the 28th event of the 2021 UCI World Tour.[2][3] The race was won by Italian Sonny Colbrelli in a sprint finish.[4]","title":"2021 Paris–Roubaix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam"},{"link_name":"UCI ProTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Professional_Continental"},{"link_name":"Team BikeExchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"AG2R Citroën Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Astana–Premier Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Bora–Hansgrohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"},{"link_name":"Cofidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofidis_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Deceuninck–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"EF Education–Nippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Groupama–FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Israel Start-Up Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Premier_Tech"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Bahrain Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Bahrain_Victorious"},{"link_name":"Team BikeExchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team DSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Jumbo–Visma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Qhubeka NextHash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Qhubeka_NextHash"},{"link_name":"Trek–Segafredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Alpecin–Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpecin%E2%80%93Deceuninck"},{"link_name":"Arkéa–Samsic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9a%E2%80%93B%26B_Hotels"},{"link_name":"B&B Hotels p/b KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26B_Hotels_p/b_KTM"},{"link_name":"Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingoal_WB"},{"link_name":"Delko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delko"},{"link_name":"Team TotalEnergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_TotalEnergies"}],"text":"All nineteen UCI WorldTeams and six UCI ProTeams participated to the race. Of the twenty-five teams, only Team BikeExchange did not compete with the maximum allowed seven riders. 96 of the 174 riders to start the race finished.[5]UCI WorldTeamsAG2R Citroën Team\nAstana–Premier Tech\nBora–Hansgrohe\nCofidis\nDeceuninck–Quick-Step\nEF Education–Nippo\nGroupama–FDJ\nIneos Grenadiers\nIntermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux\nIsrael Start-Up Nation\nLotto–Soudal\nMovistar Team\nTeam Bahrain Victorious\nTeam BikeExchange\nTeam DSM\nTeam Jumbo–Visma\nTeam Qhubeka NextHash\nTrek–Segafredo\nUAE Team EmiratesUCI ProTeamsAlpecin–Fenix\nArkéa–Samsic\nB&B Hotels p/b KTM\nBingoal Pauwels Sauces WB\nDelko\nTeam TotalEnergies","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Paris–Roubaix Femmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix_Femmes"},{"link_name":"Sonny Colbrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Colbrelli"},{"link_name":"Florian Vermeersch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Vermeersch"},{"link_name":"Mathieu van der Poel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_van_der_Poel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Andrea Tafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Tafi_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"1999 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Originally scheduled to take place on 11 April 2021, the race was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France.[6] The planned race in 2020 was also cancelled due to the pandemic.[7] For the first time, Paris–Roubaix Femmes was held, taking place the day before the men's race.Italy's Sonny Colbrelli won the race in a three-man sprint ahead of Florian Vermeersch and Mathieu van der Poel.[4] It was the first time an Italian cyclist had won the race since Andrea Tafi won the 1999 edition.[8] The Paris–Roubaix weekend was wet and rainy, for the first time for nearly 20 years.[9]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Result"}]
[]
null
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[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cycling/58778758","external_links_name":"\"Paris-Roubaix: Italian Sonny Colbrelli wins men's race after late drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/inside-uci/press-releases/the-uci-reveals-the-2021-calendars-for-the-uci-worldtour-and-uci-women%E2%80%99s-worldtour","external_links_name":"\"The UCI reveals the 2021 calendars for the UCI WorldTour and UCI Women's WorldTour\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/peter-sagan-im-not-afraid-of-a-wet-paris-roubaix","external_links_name":"\"Peter Sagan: I'm not afraid of a wet Paris-Roubaix\""},{"Link":"https://www.velonews.com/news/road/sonny-colbrelli-wins-paris-roubaix/","external_links_name":"\"Sonny Colbrelli wins Paris-Roubaix in muddy, brutal conditions\""},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/paris-roubaix/2021/result/startlist","external_links_name":"\"Startlist\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/paris-roubaix-postponed-to-october-due-to-covid-19-pandemic-in-france/","external_links_name":"\"Paris-Roubaix postponed to October due to COVID-19 pandemic in France\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/paris-roubaix-cancelled-after-covid-19-cases-rise-in-northern-france/","external_links_name":"\"Paris-Roubaix cancelled after COVID-19 cases rise in northern France\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/sonny-colbrelli-wins-epic-mens-2021-paris-roubaix","external_links_name":"\"Sonny Colbrelli wins epic men's 2021 Paris-Roubaix\""},{"Link":"https://www.velonews.com/events/classics/paris-roubaix-forecast-no-repeat-of-last-years-mud-fest/","external_links_name":"\"Paris-Roubaix forecast: No repeat of last year's mud-fest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211003153125/https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/colbrelli-wins-in-his-paris-roubaix-debut/","external_links_name":"\"Colbrelli wins in his Paris-Roubaix debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/colbrelli-wins-in-his-paris-roubaix-debut/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tissottiming.com/2021/prx/en-us/default/Stage/1","external_links_name":"\"Paris–Roubaix - 1\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_Anglican_Church_(Ottawa)
St. Matthew's Anglican Church (Ottawa)
["1 History","1.1 Establishment","1.2 First Avenue Church","2 First Avenue at Bank Street","3 Music","4 Clergy","4.1 Rectors","4.2 Curates","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°24′16″N 75°41′25″W / 45.404385°N 75.6902°W / 45.404385; -75.6902Church in Ottawa, OntarioSt Matthew's Anglican Church45°24′16″N 75°41′25″W / 45.404385°N 75.6902°W / 45.404385; -75.6902Location217 First AvenueOttawa, OntarioK1S 2G5DenominationAnglican Church of CanadaWeekly attendance160-180Websitewww.stmatthewsottawa.caHistoryStatusActiveDedicationSt. MatthewDedicatedDecember 21, 1930ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)Cecil BurgessArchitectural typeModified English GothicStyleorthodox cruciform planGroundbreakingMay 4, 1929CompletedNovember 28, 1930Construction cost$300,000SpecificationsMaterialsLimestone, slate, oak, plaster, fir, stained glassAdministrationDistrictOttawaPresbyteryOttawa PresbertyProvinceEcclesiastical Province of OntarioDioceseAnglican Diocese of OttawaParishSt Matthew's in the GlebeClergyRectorThe Reverend Geoffrey ChapmanLaityDirector of musicDr. Robert HallOrganist(s)Dr. Robert HallMusic group(s)Choir of Men & Boys; Choir of Women & Girls St Matthew's Anglican Church is an Anglican church in the Glebe neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1898 and is among the oldest Anglican parishes in central Ottawa. History Establishment St Matthew's was established after the creation of the Diocese of Ottawa. From 1910 to 1945, St Matthew's was the largest parish in the Diocese. First Avenue Church The first building on First Avenue, immediately west of Bank Street, which was of frame construction, was opened on July 17, 1888. The original building on First Avenue at Bank Street was a wooden structure designed in 1898 by noted architect John William Hurrell Watts. Two new transepts were added by Watts in 1903. "Rev. J. A. Tancock", the first rector served from February 1888 until he resigned on August 1, 1901. "Rev. Robert W. Samwell" (1864-1901) was transferred from the parish of Wales, on the St. Lawrence, near Cornwall before being appointed second rector at St Matthew's from 1901 until his illness of typhoid fever and pneumonia which had lasted over fifteen weeks until his death on August 24, 1902. During his illness the parish was in the hands of a divinity student C. Franklin Clarke. The church was enlarged and dedicated on July 17, 1903, by the erection of a transepts five years after the first services were held. It was reopened on September 22, 1903. This enlargement was not sufficient to cope with the ever-growing congregation, which by 1908 numbered 1984. Steps were taken to more than double the size of the church. The building was enlarged by a second transept opened on September 22, 1908, with a seating capacity of 700. The electropneumatic Casavant Frères Opus 376 organ was dedicated on November 11, 1908. In 1931, Casavant Frères enlarged and moved it into the new church and enlarged. It In 1957, the English firm of Hill, Norman and Beard enlarged it further. In 2005, Les Orgues Baumgarten restored it, adding en chamade Trumpets. The Rev. Edward A. Baker was appointed the first curate from June 1, 1911, until he resigned in 1914. The Rev. White Burton Morgan was appointed curate from May 1, 1914, until October 21, 1914, when he resigned to become rector and curate at St. Martin's and St. Stephen's in Ottawa. *Rev. R. C. Magee was appointed curate from November 1, 1915, until he resigned at the end of the same year. The Rev. G. S. Anderson was appointed Rector on January 8, 1914, until he resigned on April 30, 1927. The Right Reverend J. C. Roper, D.D., Bishop of Ottawa, unveiled a memorial tablet in January 1921 containing the names of: Harold T. Burgess, Albert E. Cuxner, Walter F. Dicks, Richard L. Downing, Horace Hunt, Thomas G. King, Raymond W. Nichols, Jukes F. Perkins, Robert Ralph, Edward Cuno McGill Richer, Maurice O. Samwell, William C. Saunders, George S. Selley, Arthur S. Sievers, Allan C. Walker and Glenholm Wilson who died in the Great War. Archbishop Hamilton and Prime Minister Arthur Meighen attended a ceremony where a plaque was "dedicated in loving memory of Sergeant Glenholme Wilson, 38th Battalion. Born Jan 18, 1894; Killed in Action Nov 18, 1916 on the Somme, France while leading his platoon on to victory after his superior officers had fallen. If I fall thank God it will be that I shall have died doing my duty." Bishop Roper dedicated the new altar, erected by the congregation. Three windows above the altar were dedicated to the members of the church who served during the Great War. The altar was erected by Mrs. A. K. Lows in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. S. Slinn; and the bishop's chair, and tablet were placed in the church by Mrs J. W. A. Kirk and family in memory of the late Mr. Kirk. First Avenue at Bank Street Church front Even with several additions this structure proved too small and in the late 1920s a fundraising effort to build the new church was launched. The church edifice in which the congregation worshipped for more than 30 years accommodation for about 100 worshippers. In 1928, Frank H. Plant, who had been a member of the church since his boyhood, offered to give $133,000 towards the building of a new church. Work on a new church on First Avenue at Bank Street costing some $300,000 began in 1928. Cecil Burgess, an old St Matthews member; was chosen architect for the complex of three interconnected buildings clad in Indiana limestone: Church, Chapel and Parish Hall. The sod was turned by Bishop John Charles Roper on May 4, 1928. On July 6 of 1929, Bishop John Charles Roper laid the foundation stone at the eastern end of the church in the presence of a large assembly of clergy . The church held fundraisers including an annual two-day Bazar opened by Bishop of Ottawa in November 21–22, 1928. The work on the new church was only half-finished when the stock market collapsed in 1929 and the sources of funding dried up. St. Matthew's Anglican Church was constructed during the Great Depression between 1929 and 1930. The church was forced to go deeply into debt to complete the structure, a debt that was not paid off until 1962. The parish hall, which was opened on November 28, 1930, was renamed Jefferson Hall in 1954. Parr. W. Larkin, former rector at Montague Ont, was appointed curate in 1930. His Lordship, Rt. Rev. John Charles Roper, Bishop of Ottawa opened and dedicated the new St. Matthew's on December 21, 1930. The Governor General and the Viscountess Willingdon attended the first services commencing at 11 o'clock. Bishop Roper was assisted by Rev. Archdeacon C. O. Carson, of Morrisburg, and the Rural Dean of Ottawa, Rev. Robert I. Turley, of Holy Trinity Church, Ottawa South. A number of clergy, including former rector of St Matthews Church, were invited to attend the dedication. The preacher was Canon Walter Loucks, then rector of Holy Trinity, Toronto. Rev. Canon Robert Jefferson. B.A., B.D., was appointed in May 1930. Parr. W. Larkin, former rector of Montague Ont, was appointed curate in 1930. The service of dedication was broadcast for the benefit of those members of the congregation prevented through sickness or other infirmity from attending. Subsequently, services were occasionally broadcast. The church was immediately north of the edifice in which the congregation had worshipped since July, 1888. The intention was to demolish the initial building sometime in the future and to level the site. British Empire Economic Conference delegates attended services at St. Matthew's Anglican Church (Ottawa) 7/26/1932. A stained glass window by William Thomas Powis at Colonial Art Glass depicting a Jesus as a young boy, Joseph as a carpenter and Mary as a weaver dedicated "to the glory of God and in loving memory of Bessie Frances Margaret Harton, was erected by her husband and daughter A.D 1938". "Rev. W. H. Bradley" was appointed curate in 1941. "Rev. Gilbert Alexis Brunet" served as rector of St. Matthew's parish from January 1940 until he was appointed a Canon of the Cathedral in January 1942. Jesus "Feeding the Multitude" (1935) by Robert McCausland Limited is a stained glass window dedicated "to the Glory of God and in loving memory of E. May Nicholas, beloved wife of George Albert Clark who died 14th December 1952, which was erected by her husband and her children Catherine and George." The Bishop of Ottawa, the Right Rev. Robert Jefferson dedicated 'The crown of life' (1945) stained glass window by Colonial Art Glass to Lieut. Harold C Fisher, who died in World War II. The window depicts the figure of a youthful soldier in medieval costume kneeling at the feet of a male Angel, resting his sword, with head bent in reverence and humility in the presence of a female Angel who holds the Crown of Life. The window bears the inscription: "Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give to thee the Crown of Life" "In loving memory of Lieut. Harold C. Fisher, aged 27 years, Killed in Action in Holland Oct 9th 1944. Erected by his parents & his wife." In April 1955, St Matthew's auxiliary held a spring tea in Jefferson Hall Before becoming the Seventh Bishop of Ottawa in 1993–1999, the Right Rev. John Baycroft had been assistant rector at St Matthew's Church, Ottawa. Before becoming the Eighth bishop of Ottawa 1999–2007, Rt Rev Peter Coffin served as an assistant curate at St. Matthew's Church. Extensive restoration work by Robertson Martin Architects, received an Ottawa Architectural Conservation Certificate of Merit. The church is known for musical excellence, with several notable boy choristers, such as Gerald Finley, Daniel Taylor and Matthew White, who have achieved international acclaim. Music Matthew's is recognized for its music program in Ottawa and beyond with its Choir of Men and Boys as well as its Choir of Women and Girls which, when combined for major concerts and special services, number about 100 singers. Past music directors include Gerald Wheeler (1957–65), Brian Law (1966–79) Richard Dacey (1980–87), Andrew Teague (1990-94), Matthew Larkin (1995-2002), Christopher Argent (2003-2004), and Stephen Candow (2005-2011). The church is also a concert venue for many local choir concerts, and the Ottawa Chamber Music Festival. St. Matthew's has produced four CDs: The Newborn King (July 2010); 50th Anniversary Concert (September 26, 2007); The Truth from Above (1999); and a History of Music at St. Matthew's (1966-1979, released 1997) Clergy Rectors Rev. J. A. Tancock 1888–1901 Rev. Robert W. Samwell (1864–1901) 1901–1902. Rev. Canon Walter Muckleston Loucks, B.A. M.A. 1902–1913 Rev. G. S. Anderson 1914–1927 Rev. R. J. Turley 1922–1823 Rev. Canon Robert Jefferson. B.A. B.D. 1927–. Rev. Gilbert Alexis Brunet 1940–1942 Rev. Robert Eric Osborne 1951–1972 Rev. Ian Keith Calder 1973–1988, established Harmony House, a domestic violence shelter, in 1987, Rev. Désirée Stedman 1998–2006 Rev. Pat Johnson 2006–2014 Rev. Gregor Sneddon 2016–2020 Rev. Geoff Chapman 2020–present Curates Rev. Edward A. Baker 1911–1914. Rev. W.B. Morgan 1914-1914 Rev. R.C. Magee 1915–1915 Rev. Gerald C. Clark 1918–1920 Rev. Earl Ryder 1920–1925 Rev. Frank Taylor 1925–1927 Rev. Alan Gardner 1927–1930 Parr. W. Larkin 1930–. Rev. W. H. Bradley 1941– Rev. Alan Gallichan 1969-1971 Rev. Peter Coffin 1971-1973 Rev. Paul Blunt 1973-1975 Rev. Roger Young 1975-1977 Rev. John Bridges 1985–7 References ^ Nankivell, Neville (2013-03-31). "The Way We Were: Anglicans in Ottawa" (PDF). Pulse of the Parish. St. Matthew's Anglican Church: 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ [ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/50040532/ Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine St Matthew's in the Glebe January 22, 1977 Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario) Page 36] ^ a b "L'histoire de la paroisse anglicane St. Matthew". Archived from the original on 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2014-10-28. ^ "St Matthew's in the Glebe January 22, 1977 Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario) Page 36". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ C.R., ix, 20 April 1898, 3; Evening Journal , 22 Jan. 1903, 3, descrip.; 14 July 1903, 9, descrip.; Saint Matthews Parish Golden Anniversary 1898-1948, 6-7, illus. ^ Watts, John William Hurrell Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine in the Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ a b "Rev. Robert W Samwell obit Wednesday 22 October 1902". Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2017. ^ "The Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario) January 22, 1903, Page 3". Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "'Special Fanfare Marks Dedication of Organ' Ottawa Citizen, (Ottawa, Ontario) Sept 23, 1957". Archived from the original on 2022-08-01. Retrieved 2015-10-22. ^ "St Matthew's Anglican Church organ". Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2014-10-28. ^ a b c d e "50 Years' Service Marked By St Matthew's Church". The Ottawa Journal. October 16, 1948. p. 28. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ Typographical Journal volume 51 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "St. Matthew's Anglican Church memorial". The Ottawa Journal. 17 January 1921. p. 15. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ "A History of Ottawa East III Church of the Ascension". Archived from the original on 2022-08-01. Retrieved 2014-10-29. ^ a b c d e f g "To Formally Dedicate Stately Glebe Church Impressive Ceremony". The Ottawa Journal. December 13, 1930. p. 26. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ "Rt Rev. Robert Jefferson, Bishop of Ottawa Ottawa Journal, November 30, 1939, Page 11". Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ Burgess, Cecil Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine in the Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada ^ "Bazar opened by Bishop of Ottawa: Annual sale at St. Matthew's Church for two days Ottawa Citizen Nov 21, 1928". Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "St. Matthew's Church (Anglican), fonds". Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2014-10-28. ^ "Solemn Impressiveness Marks Opening And Dedication of Glebe's New Church At Which Bishop of Ottawa Presides The Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario) Page 23 December 22, 1930". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "'Solemn Impressiveness Marks Opening And Dedication of Glebe's New Church At Which Bishop of Ottawa Presides' The Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario) Page 23 December 22, 1930". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "British Imperial Conference delegates attended services at St. Matthew's Anglican Church, Ottawa". Archived from the original on 2022-08-01. Retrieved 2015-09-04. ^ "Orange Lodges of Ottawa in annual parade to Church Ottawa Citizen July 11, 1938". Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ a b "Anglican Vestry Meetings Show Churches Had Excellent Year January 20, 1942 page 6". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "Chimes Installed at St Matthew's Anglican Church Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario) Oct 26, 1945". Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "St. Matthew's Church United Church 50th Jubilee Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario) October 4, 1948 page 11". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "St Matthew's auxiliary entertains at spring tea Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario) April 19, 1955". Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "Remember Life and Death Struggle for control of War-Torn Atlantic Ottawa Citizen May 6, 1957". Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "War-Famous Ensign Dedicated Ottawa Citizen May 6, 1957". Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "St Matthew's Church end 31 year Church Debt Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario) Jan 26, 1962". Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015. ^ "Historic Altar Pieces Are Ottawa Citizen Sept 17, 1962 pg 22". Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2015-10-22. ^ "Celebrations mark anniversary of women priests, Anglican Journal, March, 31 2002". Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-29. ^ "Rt. Rev. John Baycroft Anglican Diocese of Ottawa". Archived from the original on 2016-01-24. Retrieved 2014-11-06. ^ "Rt Rev Peter Coffin to retire in 2007". Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-11-05. ^ "Remembrance of the lives of St. Matthew's parishioners". Archived from the original on 2015-07-04. Retrieved 2015-06-29. ^ "The boys of St. Matthew's Sunday, September 9, 2007 The Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario)". Archived from the original on November 20, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ "Music in Ottawa". Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2014-10-28. ^ "St. Matthew's has produced three CDs". Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-30. ^ "Obit Canon W. Muckleston Loucks Aug 1939". Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2014-10-31. ^ Farr, David Morice Leigh (1988). A Church In The Glebe: St. Matthew's Ottawa, 1898-1988. St. Matthew's Anglican Church. ISBN 978-0-9693750-0-5. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014. Karyn Standen. "St Matthew's 'a focal point for community': Anglican church celebrates century of worship in the Glebe". Ottawa Citizen June 14, 1998. David Farr. "Church in the Glebe - St. Matthew's, Ottawa, 1898 -1988" Call Number 365.F.05.0 J. Carlisle Hanson "Churches of the Anglican Diocese of Ottawa". Call Number 365.H.51.1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Matthew Anglican Church, Ottawa. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"the Glebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glebe"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"}],"text":"Church in Ottawa, OntarioSt Matthew's Anglican Church is an Anglican church in the Glebe neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1898 and is among the oldest Anglican parishes in central Ottawa.","title":"St. Matthew's Anglican Church (Ottawa)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stmatthewsottawa.ca-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musiqueorguequebec.ca-3"}],"sub_title":"Establishment","text":"St Matthew's was established after the creation of the Diocese of Ottawa.[1][2] From 1910 to 1945, St Matthew's was the largest parish in the Diocese.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"John William Hurrell Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watts_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watts_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"typhoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trove.nla.gov.au-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Ottawa_Journal_1903,_Page_3-8"},{"link_name":"Casavant Frères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casavant_Fr%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musiqueorguequebec.ca-3"},{"link_name":"Casavant Frères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casavant_Fr%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-journal-50-years-11"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_War"},{"link_name":"Arthur Meighen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Meighen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-matthews-memorial-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanley-glebe-church-dedication-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"First Avenue Church","text":"The first building on First Avenue, immediately west of Bank Street, which was of frame construction, was opened on July 17, 1888.[4]The original building on First Avenue at Bank Street was a wooden structure designed in 1898 by noted architect John William Hurrell Watts. Two new transepts were added by Watts in 1903.[5][6]\"Rev. J. A. Tancock\", the first rector served from February 1888 until he resigned on August 1, 1901. \n\"Rev. Robert W. Samwell\" (1864-1901) was transferred from the parish of Wales, on the St. Lawrence, near Cornwall before being appointed second rector at St Matthew's from 1901 until his illness of typhoid fever and pneumonia which had lasted over fifteen weeks until his death on August 24, 1902. During his illness the parish was in the hands of a divinity student C. Franklin Clarke.[7]The church was enlarged and dedicated on July 17, 1903, by the erection of a transepts five years after the first services were held. It was reopened on September 22, 1903. This enlargement was not sufficient to cope with the ever-growing congregation, which by 1908 numbered 1984. Steps were taken to more than double the size of the church. The building was enlarged by a second transept opened on September 22, 1908, with a seating capacity of 700.[8]The electropneumatic Casavant Frères Opus 376 organ was dedicated on November 11, 1908.[3] In 1931, Casavant Frères enlarged and moved it into the new church and enlarged. It In 1957, the English firm of Hill, Norman and Beard enlarged it further.[9] In 2005, Les Orgues Baumgarten restored it, adding en chamade Trumpets.[10]The Rev. Edward A. Baker was appointed the first curate from June 1, 1911, until he resigned in 1914. The Rev. White Burton Morgan was appointed curate from May 1, 1914, until October 21, 1914, when he resigned to become rector and curate at St. Martin's and St. Stephen's in Ottawa.[11] *Rev. R. C. Magee was appointed curate from November 1, 1915, until he resigned at the end of the same year.The Rev. G. S. Anderson was appointed Rector on January 8, 1914, until he resigned on April 30, 1927.The Right Reverend J. C. Roper, D.D., Bishop of Ottawa, unveiled a memorial tablet in January 1921 containing the names of: Harold T. Burgess, Albert E. Cuxner, Walter F. Dicks, Richard L. Downing, Horace Hunt, Thomas G. King, Raymond W. Nichols, Jukes F. Perkins, Robert Ralph, Edward Cuno McGill Richer, Maurice O. Samwell, William C. Saunders, George S. Selley, Arthur S. Sievers, Allan C. Walker and Glenholm Wilson who died in the Great War. \nArchbishop Hamilton and Prime Minister Arthur Meighen attended a ceremony where a plaque was \"dedicated in loving memory of Sergeant Glenholme Wilson, 38th Battalion. Born Jan 18, 1894; Killed in Action Nov 18, 1916 on the Somme, France while leading his platoon on to victory after his superior officers had fallen. If I fall thank God it will be that I shall have died doing my duty.\"[12]Bishop Roper dedicated the new altar, erected by the congregation. Three windows above the altar were dedicated to the members of the church who served during the Great War. The altar was erected by Mrs. A. K. Lows in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. S. Slinn; and the bishop's chair, and tablet were placed in the church by Mrs J. W. A. Kirk and family in memory of the late Mr. Kirk.[13][14][15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Matthew_Anglican_Church,_Ottawa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cecil Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Burgess"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanley-glebe-church-dedication-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanley-glebe-church-dedication-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"stock market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archeion.ca-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanley-glebe-church-dedication-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanley-glebe-church-dedication-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanley-glebe-church-dedication-15"},{"link_name":"British Empire Economic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_Economic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Gerald Finley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Finley"},{"link_name":"Daniel Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Taylor_(countertenor)"},{"link_name":"Matthew White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_White_(countertenor)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Church frontEven with several additions this structure proved too small and in the late 1920s a fundraising effort to build the new church was launched. The church edifice in which the congregation worshipped for more than 30 years accommodation for about 100 worshippers. In 1928, Frank H. Plant, who had been a member of the church since his boyhood, offered to give $133,000 towards the building of a new church. Work on a new church on First Avenue at Bank Street costing some $300,000 began in 1928. Cecil Burgess, an old St Matthews member; was chosen architect for the complex of three interconnected buildings clad in Indiana limestone: Church, Chapel and Parish Hall.[17] The sod was turned by Bishop John Charles Roper on May 4, 1928.[15] On July 6 of 1929, Bishop John Charles Roper laid the foundation stone at the eastern end of the church in the presence of a large assembly of clergy .[15]The church held fundraisers including an annual two-day Bazar opened by Bishop of Ottawa in November 21–22, 1928.[18] The work on the new church was only half-finished when the stock market collapsed in 1929 and the sources of funding dried up. St. Matthew's Anglican Church was constructed during the Great Depression between 1929 and 1930. The church was forced to go deeply into debt to complete the structure, a debt that was not paid off until 1962.The parish hall, which was opened on November 28, 1930, was renamed Jefferson Hall in 1954.[19] Parr. W. Larkin, former rector at Montague Ont, was appointed curate in 1930. His Lordship, Rt. Rev. John Charles Roper, Bishop of Ottawa opened and dedicated the new St. Matthew's on December 21, 1930. The Governor General and the Viscountess Willingdon attended the first services commencing at 11 o'clock.[20] Bishop Roper was assisted by Rev. Archdeacon C. O. Carson, of Morrisburg, and the Rural Dean of Ottawa, Rev. Robert I. Turley, of Holy Trinity Church, Ottawa South. A number of clergy, including former rector of St Matthews Church, were invited to attend the dedication. The preacher was Canon Walter Loucks, then rector of Holy Trinity, Toronto. Rev. Canon Robert Jefferson. B.A., B.D., was appointed in May 1930.[15] Parr. W. Larkin, former rector of Montague Ont, was appointed curate in 1930.The service of dedication was broadcast for the benefit of those members of the congregation prevented through sickness or other infirmity from attending. Subsequently, services were occasionally broadcast.[15][21]The church was immediately north of the edifice in which the congregation had worshipped since July, 1888. The intention was to demolish the initial building sometime in the future and to level the site.[15]British Empire Economic Conference delegates attended services at St. Matthew's Anglican Church (Ottawa) 7/26/1932.[22]A stained glass window by William Thomas Powis at Colonial Art Glass depicting a Jesus as a young boy, Joseph as a carpenter and Mary as a weaver dedicated \"to the glory of God and in loving memory of Bessie Frances Margaret Harton, was erected by her husband and daughter A.D 1938\".[23]\"Rev. W. H. Bradley\" was appointed curate in 1941. \"Rev. Gilbert Alexis Brunet\" served as rector of St. Matthew's parish from January 1940 until he was appointed a Canon of the Cathedral in January 1942.[24][25][26]Jesus \"Feeding the Multitude\" (1935) by Robert McCausland Limited is a stained glass window dedicated \"to the Glory of God and in loving memory of E. May Nicholas, beloved wife of George Albert Clark who died 14th December 1952, which was erected by her husband and her children Catherine and George.\"The Bishop of Ottawa, the Right Rev. Robert Jefferson dedicated 'The crown of life' (1945) stained glass window by Colonial Art Glass to Lieut. Harold C Fisher, who died in World War II. The window depicts the figure of a youthful soldier in medieval costume kneeling at the feet of a male Angel, resting his sword, with head bent in reverence and humility in the presence of a female Angel who holds the Crown of Life. The window bears the inscription: \"Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give to thee the Crown of Life\" [Revelation 2:10] \"In loving memory of Lieut. Harold C. Fisher, aged 27 years, Killed in Action in Holland Oct 9th 1944. Erected by his parents & his wife.\"In April 1955, St Matthew's auxiliary held a spring tea in Jefferson Hall[27][28][29][30][31][32]Before becoming the Seventh Bishop of Ottawa in 1993–1999, the Right Rev. John Baycroft had been assistant rector at St Matthew's Church, Ottawa.[33]\nBefore becoming the Eighth bishop of Ottawa 1999–2007, Rt Rev Peter Coffin served as an assistant curate at St. Matthew's Church.[34]Extensive restoration work by Robertson Martin Architects, received an Ottawa Architectural Conservation Certificate of Merit. The church is known for musical excellence, with several notable boy choristers, such as Gerald Finley, Daniel Taylor and Matthew White, who have achieved international acclaim.[35]","title":"First Avenue at Bank Street"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canada.com-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Chamber Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Chamber_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"[36][37]Matthew's is recognized for its music program in Ottawa and beyond with its Choir of Men and Boys as well as its Choir of Women and Girls which, when combined for major concerts and special services, number about 100 singers. Past music directors include Gerald Wheeler (1957–65), Brian Law (1966–79) Richard Dacey (1980–87), Andrew Teague (1990-94), Matthew Larkin (1995-2002), Christopher Argent (2003-2004), and Stephen Candow (2005-2011). The church is also a concert venue for many local choir concerts, and the Ottawa Chamber Music Festival. St. Matthew's has produced four CDs: The Newborn King (July 2010); 50th Anniversary Concert (September 26, 2007); The Truth from Above \n(1999); and a History of Music at St. Matthew's (1966-1979, released 1997)[38]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Matthew%27s_Anglican_Church_(Ottawa)&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trove.nla.gov.au-7"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-journal-50-years-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-journal-50-years-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanley-glebe-church-dedication-15"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Matthew%27s_Anglican_Church_(Ottawa)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-journal-50-years-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-journal-50-years-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Coffin 1971-1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Coffin_(bishop)"}],"text":"Rectors[edit]\nRev. J. A. Tancock 1888–1901\nRev. Robert W. Samwell (1864–1901) 1901–1902.[7]\nRev. Canon Walter Muckleston Loucks, B.A. M.A. 1902–1913[39]\nRev. G. S. Anderson 1914–1927[11]\nRev. R. J. Turley 1922–1823[11]\nRev. Canon Robert Jefferson. B.A. B.D. 1927–.[15]\nRev. Gilbert Alexis Brunet 1940–1942[24]\nRev. Robert Eric Osborne 1951–1972\nRev. Ian Keith Calder 1973–1988, established Harmony House, a domestic violence shelter, in 1987,[40]\nRev. Désirée Stedman 1998–2006\nRev. Pat Johnson 2006–2014\n\n\nRev. Gregor Sneddon 2016–2020\nRev. Geoff Chapman 2020–present\nCurates[edit]\nRev. Edward A. Baker 1911–1914.\nRev. W.B. Morgan 1914-1914[11]\nRev. R.C. Magee 1915–1915\nRev. Gerald C. Clark 1918–1920\nRev. Earl Ryder 1920–1925\nRev. Frank Taylor 1925–1927\nRev. Alan Gardner 1927–1930[11]\nParr. W. Larkin 1930–.\nRev. W. H. Bradley 1941–\nRev. Alan Gallichan 1969-1971\nRev. Peter Coffin 1971-1973\nRev. Paul Blunt 1973-1975\nRev. Roger Young 1975-1977\nRev. John Bridges 1985–7","title":"Clergy"}]
[{"image_text":"Church front","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/St._Matthew_Anglican_Church%2C_Ottawa.JPG/220px-St._Matthew_Anglican_Church%2C_Ottawa.JPG"}]
null
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Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2iQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BtwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3542%2C4606101","url_text":"\"Chimes Installed at St Matthew's Anglican Church Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario) Oct 26, 1945\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429091019/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2iQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BtwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3542,4606101","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Matthew's Church United Church 50th Jubilee Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario) October 4, 1948 page 11\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. 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Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ETQyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=seUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4656%2C2256579","url_text":"\"St Matthew's Church end 31 year Church Debt Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario) Jan 26, 1962\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506220141/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ETQyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=seUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4656,2256579","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Altar Pieces Are Ottawa Citizen Sept 17, 1962 pg 22\". Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. 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John Baycroft Anglican Diocese of Ottawa\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-24. Retrieved 2014-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ottawa.anglican.ca/Baycroft.html","url_text":"\"Rt. Rev. John Baycroft Anglican Diocese of Ottawa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160124074506/http://www.ottawa.anglican.ca/Baycroft.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rt Rev Peter Coffin to retire in 2007\". Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://3f71951a-6a13-4804-a8ad-e0bd24a8d156.host1.agilitycms.com/articles/coffin-to-retire-in-2007-6878","url_text":"\"Rt Rev Peter Coffin to retire in 2007\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106024536/http://3f71951a-6a13-4804-a8ad-e0bd24a8d156.host1.agilitycms.com/articles/coffin-to-retire-in-2007-6878","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembrance of the lives of St. Matthew's parishioners\". Archived from the original on 2015-07-04. 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Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2014-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ottawa-ont-emc/","url_text":"\"Music in Ottawa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028175921/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ottawa-ont-emc/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Matthew's has produced three CDs\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stmatthewsottawa.ca/index.php/13-music","url_text":"\"St. Matthew's has produced three CDs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141030210002/http://www.stmatthewsottawa.ca/index.php/13-music","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Obit Canon W. Muckleston Loucks Aug 1939\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2014-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mocavo.ca/Trinity-College-School-Record-October-1938-August-1939-Volume-42/509742/88","url_text":"\"Obit Canon W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron:_Betrayal
Tron: Betrayal
["1 Description","2 Collected editions","3 Reception","4 Notes","5 References"]
For other uses, see Tron (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tron: Betrayal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tron: BetrayalPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsScheduleMonthlyFormatLimited seriesGenre Science fiction Publication dateOctober – November 2010No. of issues2Creative teamWritten byJai NitzPenciller(s)Jeff MatsudaAndie TongInker(s)Pete PantazisLetterer(s)John J. HillCollected editionsTron: BetrayalISBN 1-4231-3463-X Tron: Betrayal is a two-issue comic book miniseries which serves as the official lead-in to the film Tron: Legacy and was published by Marvel Comics beginning in October 2010. Description The series is set in 1983, shortly after the events of the original film Tron. Kevin Flynn has become the CEO of fictional software company Encom, which he has built into the largest video-game company in the world while secretly building the Grid, a virtual reality inhabited by increasingly sentient programs, ultimately including the mysterious "isomorphic algorithms" ("ISO" for short). As his responsibilities in the real world increase, Flynn creates Clu 2, a duplicate of himself meant to serve as his proxy. In Flynn's absence, Clu 2 becomes resentful of the ISOs, perceiving them as a threat to the "perfect system" he wishes to maintain. Ultimately, Clu 2 forestalls the ISOs' emergence from the 'Sea of Simulation' and drives Flynn himself into exile. The story also introduces us to Flynn's young son, Sam Flynn, who will become the protagonist of the second film Tron: Legacy. The epilogue of Betrayal overlaps slightly with the beginning of Tron: Legacy and the events of the 2010 video game Tron: Evolution, in which Clu 2 moves against the ISOs and Kevin Flynn. Collected editions Tron: Betrayal was then collected as a 128-page trade paperback by Disney Press in November 2010 (ISBN 1-4231-3463-X), which contains a new 11-page retelling of the 1982 film Tron, illustrated by Jeff Matsuda. Reception IGN reviewed the comic and gave it a "passable" score of 6.5 out of 10. Notes ^ Jai Nitz (w), Salvador Larroca, Andie Tong (a). Tron:Betrayal, vol. 1, no. 1 (6 October 2010). Marvel Comics, ISBN 978-1-4231-3463-3. ^ "Tron: Betrayal". Marvel Comics. Retrieved 29 November 2010. ^ Jesse Schedeen (7 Oct 2010). "Tron: Betrayal #1 Review". IGN. Retrieved 10 May 2020 – via www.ign.com. References Tron: Betrayal at the Grand Comics Database Tron: Betrayal at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) vteTronFilms Tron (1982) Legacy (2010) Ares (2025) Television Uprising (2012–13) Video gamesOfficial Tron Discs of Tron Deadly Discs Adventures of Tron Solar Sailer Tron 2.0 Space Paranoids Evolution Battle Grids Tron RUN/r Identity Unofficial Armagetron Advanced GLtron Related Kingdom Hearts series II Dream Drop Distance Disney Infinity 3.0 Disney Mirrorverse Music Tron: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Tron: Legacy – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack "Derezzed" Tron: Legacy Reconfigured Comics The Ghost in the Machine Betrayal Attractions ElecTRONica PeopleMover TRON Lightcycle Run Related Characters Light Cycle MAGI Triple-I Jay Maynard Category
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Richter
Roy Richter
["1 Early life, family, and education","2 Career","3 Bell Helmets","4 SEMA","5 Late life and death","6 References"]
American businessman (1914–1983) For the pioneer in the Australian oil industry, see Roy Robert Richter. Roy Edward Richter (March 16, 1914 – July 28, 1983) was an American businessman who founded Bell Helmets and Cragar Industries. Early life, family, and education Richter was born to Otto and Cora Richter in the small town of Dupo, Illinois. Dupo sits across from St. Louis, Missouri on the Mississippi River. Roy's brother Melbourne was also born in Dupo in 1912. Roy's father was from Germany and his mother was of English, Irish, and French descent. The couple lived in Missouri before moving to Dupo. The family had many relatives involved in the railroad industry. Dupo had one of the largest railroad switching yards in the country. It included a huge re-icing depot until refrigerated railroad cars became common. The family moved to St. Louis immediately after Roy was born. Otto moved the family again in 1922, this time to California, in search of better weather and better job opportunities. They briefly lived in Bell upon arriving in California before moving again to Maywood. Both cities are suburbs of Los Angeles located about six miles from downtown. Otto found work as an ice deliveryman but also pursued many business ventures such as real estate and mining. Roy spent the next few decades of his life in the Los Angeles area. Roy attended Bell High School and graduated in 1933. He spent as much class time as possible on subjects like auto shop and mechanical drawing. During high school Richter joined the Pacific Glider Club. The club met weekly at Seal Beach to full-size, manned gliders. During a flight Richter hit power lines during his landing approach. He was lucky to suffer only minor injuries. This was his final glider flight. Roy maintained lifetime relationships with many of his schoolmates, some of whom even went on to become his employees. Using earnings from odd jobs and money from his father, Richter purchased his first motorcycle in 1931. It was a 45" Indian Scout. Richter made many trips to Muroc Dry Lake on this motorcycle. During the 1920s and 1930s the lake was a popular meeting spot for automobile and motorcycle enthusiasts. The lake is currently home to Edwards Air Force Base. Career He began his career after graduating high school by going to work at Bell Auto Parts store in Bell, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. At that time he took an interest in auto racing in 1933. For a short time he was a professional auto racer, but came to realize his talents were more of building race cars and racing products than racing them. His cars in numerous racing divisions won hundreds of races, setting many track records and taking many victorious championships. In 1945, he sold his car and spent all he had to buy Bell Auto Parts for $1000. His auto parts store was said to be the county's first speed shop. And he is also known for bringing to market the Cragar custom stainless steel wheel. In 1946, after the death of the second close friend by a racing accident, he devoted more of his life to creating safer racing products. In 1949, with the start of the Bonneville National Speed Trials he was there selling spare parts and also provided shade for contestants; he did this for 30 years. A short time after he bought Bell Auto Parts, one of Roy Richter's friends was killed in a racing accident. Richter had already witnessed many racing accidents and was already turning his attention to improving safety, but with a focus mainly improving track conditions. He soon began to focus on helmets. Bell Helmets In 1954, in a garage behind his auto parts store, he began manufacturing his first helmets called the '500'. There went on to have numerous racers to wear his helmets. Many stated after crashes that his helmet saved them from serious injury. Even Evel Knievel stated his Bell helmet helped save his life after his crash at Caesars Palace. His Bell Helmet company would go on to provide helmets to over 800 police departments for motorcycle officers and also became the official provider to the US Ski Team. He is credited with producing the first full-face motorcycle helmet in 1968, the Star, and in 1971 the first full-face off-road motorcycle helmet. His company was credited with producing the first effective bicycle helmet in 1978, the Bell Biker. SEMA In 1967, he helped in forming SEMA, the automotive aftermarket trade group. He was inducted into the SEMA Hall of Fame in 1975. Late life and death In 1980, he retired at the age of 63. Richter died on July 28, 1983, after his second heart bypass surgery from complications at the age of 69. References ^ "Bell Helmets - Bell Timeline". Bell. Archived from the original on December 28, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2016. ^ "History & Facts". Bell Helmets. Retrieved April 18, 2016. ^ "Hot Rods & Cool Customs". Die Cast X. 2005. Retrieved April 20, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bagnall, Art (June 1990). Roy Richter: Striving For Excellence. ^ Berger, Michael (2001). The Automobile in American History and Culture: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Pres. ISBN 9780313245589. Retrieved April 20, 2016. ^ Parker, Garrett (2019). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Bell Helmets". Money Magazine. Retrieved August 30, 2021. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists Museum of Modern Art ULAN
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Dupo sits across from St. Louis, Missouri on the Mississippi River. Roy's brother Melbourne was also born in Dupo in 1912. Roy's father was from Germany and his mother was of English, Irish, and French descent. The couple lived in Missouri before moving to Dupo. The family had many relatives involved in the railroad industry. Dupo had one of the largest railroad switching yards in the country. It included a huge re-icing depot until refrigerated railroad cars became common.[4]The family moved to St. Louis immediately after Roy was born. Otto moved the family again in 1922, this time to California, in search of better weather and better job opportunities. They briefly lived in Bell upon arriving in California before moving again to Maywood. Both cities are suburbs of Los Angeles located about six miles from downtown. Otto found work as an ice deliveryman but also pursued many business ventures such as real estate and mining. Roy spent the next few decades of his life in the Los Angeles area.[4]Roy attended Bell High School and graduated in 1933. He spent as much class time as possible on subjects like auto shop and mechanical drawing. During high school Richter joined the Pacific Glider Club. The club met weekly at Seal Beach to full-size, manned gliders. During a flight Richter hit power lines during his landing approach. He was lucky to suffer only minor injuries. This was his final glider flight. Roy maintained lifetime relationships with many of his schoolmates, some of whom even went on to become his employees.[4]Using earnings from odd jobs and money from his father, Richter purchased his first motorcycle in 1931. It was a 45\" Indian Scout. Richter made many trips to Muroc Dry Lake on this motorcycle. During the 1920s and 1930s the lake was a popular meeting spot for automobile and motorcycle enthusiasts. The lake is currently home to Edwards Air Force Base.[4]","title":"Early life, family, and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goggle-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ten-6"}],"text":"He began his career after graduating high school by going to work at Bell Auto Parts store in Bell, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. At that time he took an interest in auto racing in 1933. For a short time he was a professional auto racer, but came to realize his talents were more of building race cars and racing products than racing them. His cars in numerous racing divisions won hundreds of races, setting many track records and taking many victorious championships.[4]In 1945, he sold his car and spent all he had to buy Bell Auto Parts for $1000. His auto parts store was said to be the county's first speed shop. And he is also known for bringing to market the Cragar custom stainless steel wheel.[5] In 1946, after the death of the second close friend by a racing accident, he devoted more of his life to creating safer racing products. In 1949, with the start of the Bonneville National Speed Trials he was there selling spare parts and also provided shade for contestants; he did this for 30 years.[4]A short time after he bought Bell Auto Parts, one of Roy Richter's friends was killed in a racing accident. Richter had already witnessed many racing accidents and was already turning his attention to improving safety, but with a focus mainly improving track conditions. He soon began to focus on helmets.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evel Knievel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evel_Knievel"},{"link_name":"Caesars Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesars_Palace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-4"}],"text":"In 1954, in a garage behind his auto parts store, he began manufacturing his first helmets called the '500'. There went on to have numerous racers to wear his helmets. Many stated after crashes that his helmet saved them from serious injury. Even Evel Knievel stated his Bell helmet helped save his life after his crash at Caesars Palace. His Bell Helmet company would go on to provide helmets to over 800 police departments for motorcycle officers and also became the official provider to the US Ski Team. He is credited with producing the first full-face motorcycle helmet in 1968, the Star, and in 1971 the first full-face off-road motorcycle helmet. His company was credited with producing the first effective bicycle helmet in 1978, the Bell Biker.[4]","title":"Bell Helmets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-4"}],"text":"In 1967, he helped in forming SEMA, the automotive aftermarket trade group. He was inducted into the SEMA Hall of Fame in 1975.[4]","title":"SEMA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-4"}],"text":"In 1980, he retired at the age of 63. Richter died on July 28, 1983, after his second heart bypass surgery from complications at the age of 69.[4]","title":"Late life and death"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_%E2%80%99s-Hertogenbosch
Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch
["1 History","2 Bishops of 's-Hertogenbosch since 1853","3 References","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°41′17″N 5°18′30″E / 51.6881°N 5.3083°E / 51.6881; 5.3083Latin Catholic territory in the Netherlands Diocese of 's-HertogenboschDioecesis BuscoducensisBisdom 's-HertogenboschCathedral Basilica of Saint John the EvangelistCoat of armsLocationCountryNetherlandsStatisticsArea3,826 km2 (1,477 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2020)2,155,2801,045,470 (48.5%)InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished12 May 1559CathedralCathedral Basilica of Saint John the EvangelistCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopGerard de KorteMetropolitan ArchbishopCardinal Wim EijkAuxiliary BishopsRobertus G L M MutsaertsMapLocation of the Diocese of 's-HertogenboschWebsiteOfficial website The Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch (Latin: Dioecesis Buscoducensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic church in the Netherlands. The modern diocese was created in 1853. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Utrecht. It is currently led by bishop Gerard de Korte. Its see is St John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch. History The city of 's-Hertogenbosch (Hertzogenbusch, Sylva Ducis) was founded in 1184, but with the surrounding territory, was included in the Diocese of Liège until 12 March 1561. At that time, to check the spread of Protestantism, Pope Pius IV raised it to the dignity of a see, and made it suffragan to the archdiocese of Mechelen. The first bishop was the theologian Francis Sonnius (1562–69), afterwards transferred to the see of Antwerp. His successors suffered in the political disorders and wars of the last quarter of the 16th century. When after a long siege the city was captured by Prince Frederick Henry (14 September 1629) and held in the name of the States-General, the sixth bishop, Michael Ophovius, was obliged to abandon his see, which he did in a solemn procession, surrounded by his clergy, and bearing with him a famous miraculous statue of the Blessed Virgin which he placed in safety at Brussels. Joseph de Bergaigne (1638–47) was little more than bishop in name. He was unable to assert his right to the see, and exercised his functions as best he could from Geldrop. By the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) the entire territory of the diocese was recognized as a permanent conquest of the Dutch Republic, and made directly subject to the jurisdiction of the States General. The exercise of the Catholic religion was forbidden by law, and the pertinent decrees were applied with rigour. Roman Catholic priests, however, continued their ministry in secret. The diocese became a simple mission, governed by a Vicar Apostolic who was usually a titular bishop. The diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch was administered in this fashion until 1853. In 1810 Napoleon had tried to create another diocese under that name, inclusive of the territory known as the Bouches du Rhin, and obtained a titular for the new see in the person of the imperial courtier, Monsignor Van Camp. A similar failure awaited the attempt, authorized by the Concordat of 27 August 1827, to divide all of the Netherlands into two large dioceses, Amsterdam and 's-Hertogenbosch. The ancient see was finally revived by Pope Pius IX on the occasion of the restoration of the hierarchy in the Netherlands, where, since 1848, the revised constitution has assured Catholics full political and religious liberty. Together with three other Dutch sees, 's-Hertogenbosch was re-established by the pontifical Breve of 4 March 1853, and with its former limits; all four sees were made suffragan to Utrecht. Jan Zwijsen, a native of the diocese and its most illustrious son, hitherto vicar-Apostolic, was the first bishop of the re-established see, though temporarily he was known as administrator-Apostolic, since he was already Archbishop of Utrecht, with which office he was to unite the government of 's-Hertogenbosch. In 1865, the first provincial synod was held there. In 1868 he resigned the archiepiscopal See of Utrecht, but continued the administration of 's-Hertogenbosch. He was succeeded by Adrianus Godschalk, who died in 1892, leaving the see to be filled by Bishop William van den Ven. The above-mentioned miraculous statue of the Blessed Virgin was restored to the cathedral. During the 1960s, the relatively strong demarcation between the Catholic south on one side and the Calvinist west and north on the other side of the Netherlands started to diminish. In the second half of the 20th-century a rapid rise of secularization and strong loss of religious affiliation took place in North Brabant. In 2006, slightly more than half of the Brabantian people identified with Catholicism. In the Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch, the eastern part of North Brabant and part of the province of Gelderland, 1,167,000 people felt associated with the Roman Catholic belief system (56.8 percent of the population). Only 45,645 residents of this area attend the mass, which is only 2 percent of the total population of the area and consists mostly of people over 65 years old. North Brabant is mostly Roman Catholic by tradition and still uses the term and certain traditions as a base for its cultural identity, though the vast majority of the population is now largely irreligious in practice. Research among Dutch Roman Catholics in 2006 shows that only 27% of Dutch Catholics can be regarded as theist, 55% as ietsist/agnostic theist and 17% as agnostic. Bishops of 's-Hertogenbosch since 1853 Johannes Zwijsen (Zwysen) (13 Oct 1851 Succeeded - 16 Oct 1877 Died) Adrianus Godschalk (8 Jan 1878 Appointed - 4 Jan 1892 Died) Wilhelmus van de Ven (27 May 1892 Appointed - 22 Dec 1919 Died) Arnold Frans Diepen (24 Dec 1919 Succeeded - 18 Mar 1943 Died) Willem Pieter Adriaan Maria Mutsaerts (18 Mar 1943 Succeeded - 27 Jun 1960 Resigned) Wilhelmus Marinus Bekkers (27 Jun 1960 Succeeded - 9 May 1966 Died) Johannes Willem Maria Bluyssen (Bluijssen) (11 Oct 1966 Appointed - 1 Mar 1984 Resigned) Joannes Gerardus ter Schure, S.D.B. (31 Jan 1985 Appointed - 13 Jun 1998 Retired) Antonius Lambertus Maria Hurkmans (13 Jun 1998 Appointed - 5 Mar 2016 Resigned) Gerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte (5 Mar 2016 Appointed - ) References Johannes Franciscus Foppens, Historia episcopatus Sylvoeducensis (Brussels, 1721) Coppens, Nieuwe beschryving van het bisdom s'Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc, 1840–44), i-iv Hezenmans, De St. Janskerk te s'Hertogenbosch en hare geschiedenis (Bois-le-Duc, 1866) Albers, Geschiedenis van het herstel der hierarchie in de Nederlanden (Nymegen, 1903–1904), i-ii; Neerlandia catholica (Utrecht, 1888). See also Catholic Church in the Netherlands Notes ^ Diocese Profile, Catholic-Hierarchy.org; accessed 8 April 2018. ^ Kerncijfers 2006 uit de kerkelijke statistiek van het Rooms-Katholiek Kerkgenootschap in Nederland, Rapport nr. 561 oktober 2007, Jolanda Massaar- Remmerswaal dr. Ton Bernts, KASKI, onderzoek en advies over religie en samenleving ^ God in Nederland (1996-2006), by Ronald Meester, G. Dekker; ISBN 9789025957407 ^ "'s Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) (Latin (or Roman) Diocese) ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2020-09-04. External links New Advent.org information, newadvent.org; accessed 8 April 2018. Official website of the diocese, bisdomdenbosch.nl; accessed 8 April 2018.(in Dutch) vteCatholic Church in the Kingdom of the NetherlandsBishops' Conference of the NetherlandsDioceses Archdiocese of Utrecht Diocese of Breda Diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch Diocese of Roermond Diocese of Rotterdam Caribbean: Diocese of Willemstad Others Military Ordinariate of the Netherlands Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris Former dioceses Diocese of Deventer Diocese of Leeuwarden Diocese of Maastricht Diocese of Middelburg Apostolic Vicariate of Batavia Apostolic Vicariate of Grave-Nijmegen Apostolic Vicariate of Limburg Apostolic Vicariate of Ravenstein-Megen Churches St Catherine's Cathedral, Utrecht St. Anthony of Padua Cathedral, Breda St. Joseph Cathedral, Groningen Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch) St. Christopher's Cathedral, Roermond List of Catholic churches in the Netherlands Caribbean: Queen of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral, Willemstad Basilica of St. Anne, Willemstad Pro-Cathedral of St. Francis of Assisi, Oranjestad List of Catholic churches in the Dutch Caribbean Monasteries Egmond Abbey St. Benedictusberg Abbey St. Willibrord's Abbey Carmelite Monastery, Echt Berne Abbey Achel Abbey Koningshoeven Abbey Lilbosch Abbey See also Catholic Church in the Dutch Caribbean List of Catholic schools in the Netherlands List of Dutch saints List of Catholic seminaries Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands Jong Nederland Tilburg University Catholicism portal Netherlands portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States 51°41′17″N 5°18′30″E / 51.6881°N 5.3083°E / 51.6881; 5.3083
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_church"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"archdiocese of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Gerard de Korte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_de_Korte"},{"link_name":"St John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(%27s-Hertogenbosch)"}],"text":"Latin Catholic territory in the NetherlandsThe Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch (Latin: Dioecesis Buscoducensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic church in the Netherlands. The modern diocese was created in 1853.[1] It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Utrecht. It is currently led by bishop Gerard de Korte. Its see is St John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'s-Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV"},{"link_name":"archdiocese of Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mechelen-Brussels"},{"link_name":"Francis Sonnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Sonnius"},{"link_name":"see of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Henry"},{"link_name":"States-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Michael Ophovius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ophovius"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Bergaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Bergaigne"},{"link_name":"Geldrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldrop"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Vicar Apostolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic"},{"link_name":"titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"demarcation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"religious affiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_affiliation"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"theist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theist"},{"link_name":"ietsist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ietsism"},{"link_name":"agnostic theist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic_theist"},{"link_name":"agnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The city of 's-Hertogenbosch (Hertzogenbusch, Sylva Ducis) was founded in 1184, but with the surrounding territory, was included in the Diocese of Liège until 12 March 1561. At that time, to check the spread of Protestantism, Pope Pius IV raised it to the dignity of a see, and made it suffragan to the archdiocese of Mechelen. The first bishop was the theologian Francis Sonnius (1562–69), afterwards transferred to the see of Antwerp. His successors suffered in the political disorders and wars of the last quarter of the 16th century.When after a long siege the city was captured by Prince Frederick Henry (14 September 1629) and held in the name of the States-General, the sixth bishop, Michael Ophovius, was obliged to abandon his see, which he did in a solemn procession, surrounded by his clergy, and bearing with him a famous miraculous statue of the Blessed Virgin which he placed in safety at Brussels.Joseph de Bergaigne (1638–47) was little more than bishop in name. He was unable to assert his right to the see, and exercised his functions as best he could from Geldrop. By the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) the entire territory of the diocese was recognized as a permanent conquest of the Dutch Republic, and made directly subject to the jurisdiction of the States General. The exercise of the Catholic religion was forbidden by law, and the pertinent decrees were applied with rigour. Roman Catholic priests, however, continued their ministry in secret. The diocese became a simple mission, governed by a Vicar Apostolic who was usually a titular bishop.The diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch was administered in this fashion until 1853. In 1810 Napoleon had tried to create another diocese under that name, inclusive of the territory known as the Bouches du Rhin, and obtained a titular for the new see in the person of the imperial courtier, Monsignor Van Camp. A similar failure awaited the attempt, authorized by the Concordat of 27 August 1827, to divide all of the Netherlands into two large dioceses, Amsterdam and 's-Hertogenbosch.The ancient see was finally revived by Pope Pius IX on the occasion of the restoration of the hierarchy in the Netherlands, where, since 1848, the revised constitution has assured Catholics full political and religious liberty. Together with three other Dutch sees, 's-Hertogenbosch was re-established by the pontifical Breve of 4 March 1853, and with its former limits; all four sees were made suffragan to Utrecht. Jan Zwijsen, a native of the diocese and its most illustrious son, hitherto vicar-Apostolic, was the first bishop of the re-established see, though temporarily he was known as administrator-Apostolic, since he was already Archbishop of Utrecht, with which office he was to unite the government of 's-Hertogenbosch.In 1865, the first provincial synod was held there. In 1868 he resigned the archiepiscopal See of Utrecht, but continued the administration of 's-Hertogenbosch. He was succeeded by Adrianus Godschalk, who died in 1892, leaving the see to be filled by Bishop William van den Ven. The above-mentioned miraculous statue of the Blessed Virgin was restored to the cathedral. During the 1960s, the relatively strong demarcation between the Catholic south on one side and the Calvinist west and north on the other side of the Netherlands started to diminish. In the second half of the 20th-century a rapid rise of secularization and strong loss of religious affiliation took place in North Brabant.In 2006, slightly more than half of the Brabantian people identified with Catholicism. In the Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch, the eastern part of North Brabant and part of the province of Gelderland, 1,167,000 people felt associated with the Roman Catholic belief system (56.8 percent of the population). Only 45,645 residents of this area attend the mass, which is only 2 percent of the total population of the area and consists mostly of people over 65 years old.[2]North Brabant is mostly Roman Catholic by tradition and still uses the term and certain traditions as a base for its cultural identity, though the vast majority of the population is now largely irreligious in practice. Research among Dutch Roman Catholics in 2006 shows that only 27% of Dutch Catholics can be regarded as theist, 55% as ietsist/agnostic theist and 17% as agnostic.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Zwijsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Zwijsen"},{"link_name":"Adrianus Godschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrianus_Godschalk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmus van de Ven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmus_van_de_Ven&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arnold Frans Diepen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Frans_Diepen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Willem Pieter Adriaan Maria Mutsaerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_Pieter_Adriaan_Maria_Mutsaerts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johannes Willem Maria Bluyssen (Bluijssen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bluyssen"},{"link_name":"Joannes Gerardus ter Schure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joannes_ter_Schure&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonius Lambertus Maria Hurkmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Lambertus_Maria_Hurkmans"},{"link_name":"Gerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_de_Korte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Johannes Zwijsen (Zwysen) (13 Oct 1851 Succeeded - 16 Oct 1877 Died)\nAdrianus Godschalk (8 Jan 1878 Appointed - 4 Jan 1892 Died)\nWilhelmus van de Ven (27 May 1892 Appointed - 22 Dec 1919 Died)\nArnold Frans Diepen (24 Dec 1919 Succeeded - 18 Mar 1943 Died)\nWillem Pieter Adriaan Maria Mutsaerts (18 Mar 1943 Succeeded - 27 Jun 1960 Resigned)\nWilhelmus Marinus Bekkers (27 Jun 1960 Succeeded - 9 May 1966 Died)\nJohannes Willem Maria Bluyssen (Bluijssen) (11 Oct 1966 Appointed - 1 Mar 1984 Resigned)\nJoannes Gerardus ter Schure, S.D.B. (31 Jan 1985 Appointed - 13 Jun 1998 Retired)\nAntonius Lambertus Maria Hurkmans (13 Jun 1998 Appointed - 5 Mar 2016 Resigned)\nGerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte (5 Mar 2016 Appointed - )[4]","title":"Bishops of 's-Hertogenbosch since 1853"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Diocese Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dshen.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789025957407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025957407"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"'s Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) (Latin (or Roman) Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dshen.html"}],"text":"^ Diocese Profile, Catholic-Hierarchy.org; accessed 8 April 2018.\n\n^ Kerncijfers 2006 uit de kerkelijke statistiek van het Rooms-Katholiek Kerkgenootschap in Nederland, Rapport nr. 561 oktober 2007, Jolanda Massaar- Remmerswaal dr. Ton Bernts, KASKI, onderzoek en advies over religie en samenleving\n\n^ God in Nederland (1996-2006), by Ronald Meester, G. Dekker; ISBN 9789025957407\n\n^ \"'s Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) (Latin (or Roman) Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2020-09-04.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Catholic Church in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_District
Amritsar district
["1 History","1.1 Sur Empire (1540 - 1554)","1.2 1800s","1.3 British Rule","2 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 Gender","3.2 Religion","3.3 Language","4 Health","5 Economy","6 District administration","6.1 Tehsils in Amritsar district","7 Politics","7.1 MLA","8 List of DC","9 Notable people","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°35′N 74°59′E / 31.583°N 74.983°E / 31.583; 74.983District in Punjab, India This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Amritsar. District of Punjab in IndiaAmritsar districtDistrict of PunjabClockwise from top-left: Harmandir Sahib, Attari-Wagah Border Crossing, Ajnala Fort, 1971 War memorial at Pul KanjriLocation in PunjabCoordinates: 31°35′N 74°59′E / 31.583°N 74.983°E / 31.583; 74.983Country IndiaStatePunjabNamed forSuffice of AmritHeadquartersAmritsarGovernment • Commissioner of PoliceArun Pal SinghArea • Total2,683 km2 (1,036 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total2,490,656 • Density930/km2 (2,400/sq mi)Languages • OfficialPunjabiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationPB-01(commercial) PB-02, PB-14, PB-17, PB-18, PB-81, PB-89Literacy (7+)76.27%Websiteamritsar.nic.in Amritsar district is one of the twenty three districts that make up the Indian state of Punjab. Located in the Majha region of Punjab, the city of Amritsar is the headquarters of this district. As of 2011, it is the second most populous district of Punjab (out of 23), after Ludhiana. It is a border district of Punjab and lies along India-Pakistan border. History Sur Empire (1540 - 1554) Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan monarch, defeated Kamran in 1540 and conquered Punjab, including Amritsar, which remained part of the Sur Empire until 1554. 1800s The control of Amritsar was fully taken by Maharaja Ranjit Singh by 1802, after bringing all the Misls under his control. He also fortified Gobindgarh fort along modern lines. British Rule During British Rule Amritsar District was part of Lahore Division and was administratively subdivided into 3 tehsils namely - Amritsar, Ajnala and Tarn Taran. However, as part of the partition of India in 1947, Amritsar district was separated from the rest of the division and awarded to India. Some areas like Patti & Khem Karan falling in the Lahore District became part of Amritsar District at partition. During the partition period, the Muslim population of the district, some 46%, left for Pakistan while Hindus and Sikhs from West Punjab in newly created Pakistan migrated in the opposite direction. The Sikhs and Hindus (37% and 15.38%) were a majority in the Amritsar district jointly constituting about 52% of the total population before the partition of 1947. Climate Amritsar has a semiarid climate, typical of Northwestern India and experiences four seasons primarily: winter season (December to March, when temperatures can drop to −1 °C (30 °F), summer season (April to June) where temperatures can reach 45 °C (113 °F), monsoon season (July to September) and post-monsoon season (October to November). Annual rainfall is about 703.4 millimetres (27.7 in). The lowest recorded temperature is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F), was recorded on 9 December 1996 and the highest temperature, 47.8 °C (118.0 °F), was recorded on 9 June 1995. The official weather station for the city is the civil aerodrome at Rajasansi. Weather records here date back to 15 November 1947. Climate data for Amritsar Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 26.8(80.2) 32.2(90.0) 36.2(97.2) 44.1(111.4) 47.7(117.9) 47.8(118.0) 45.6(114.1) 40.7(105.3) 40.6(105.1) 38.3(100.9) 34.2(93.6) 28.5(83.3) 47.8(118.0) Mean maximum °C (°F) 23(73) 26.1(79.0) 32(90) 40.5(104.9) 44(111) 44.1(111.4) 39.8(103.6) 37.1(98.8) 36.8(98.2) 35.5(95.9) 30.5(86.9) 24.9(76.8) 45.2(113.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.4(65.1) 21.7(71.1) 26.8(80.2) 34.2(93.6) 39(102) 39(102) 35(95) 34.2(93.6) 34.1(93.4) 32(90) 27.1(80.8) 21.1(70.0) 30.2(86.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.4(38.1) 6.3(43.3) 10.9(51.6) 16.1(61.0) 21.3(70.3) 24.3(75.7) 25.3(77.5) 24.9(76.8) 22.1(71.8) 15.4(59.7) 8.7(47.7) 4.1(39.4) 15.2(59.4) Mean minimum °C (°F) −0.5(31.1) 1.7(35.1) 5.6(42.1) 10.2(50.4) 15.8(60.4) 19.6(67.3) 21.7(71.1) 21.4(70.5) 17.8(64.0) 10.7(51.3) 4.2(39.6) 0.1(32.2) −1.2(29.8) Record low °C (°F) −2.9(26.8) −2.6(27.3) 2(36) 6.4(43.5) 9.6(49.3) 15.6(60.1) 18.2(64.8) 18.8(65.8) 13(55) 7.3(45.1) −0.6(30.9) −3.6(25.5) −3.6(25.5) Average rainfall mm (inches) 26.2(1.03) 38.6(1.52) 38.4(1.51) 21.4(0.84) 26.7(1.05) 61.2(2.41) 210.1(8.27) 167.3(6.59) 77.5(3.05) 16.1(0.63) 6.3(0.25) 13.6(0.54) 703.4(27.69) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.1 3.3 3.2 2 2.4 3.8 8.6 6.9 3.5 1.1 0.6 1.4 38.9 Average relative humidity (%) 74 70 64 47 38 48 72 77 69 67 73 76 65 Mean monthly sunshine hours 181.7 192.7 219.4 265.0 294.7 269.0 215.5 227.7 240.8 253.2 220.1 182.2 2,762 Source: Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1901764,821—    1911657,936−1.49%1921694,261+0.54%1931834,497+1.86%19411,044,457+2.27%1951880,667−1.69%19611,010,093+1.38%19711,209,374+1.82%19811,460,497+1.90%19911,698,090+1.52%20012,157,020+2.42%20112,490,656+1.45%source: According to the 2011 census Amritsar district has a population of 2,490,656, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. The number of literates in Amritsar district is 1,684,770 (67.6%), with 932,981 (70.8%) male literates and 751,789 (64.1%) female literates. The effective 7+ literacy of the district is 76.27%. The sex ratio of 889 females for every 1,000 males. The total Scheduled Caste population is 770,864 (30.95%) of the population. There were 488,898 households in the district in 2011. Gender The table below shows the sex ratio of Amritsar district in various census years. Decadal sex ratio of Amritsar district by census years Year (Census) Sex Ratio 2011 889 2001 871 1991 873 1981 871 1971 856 1961 854 1951 841 1941 841 1931 803 1921 796 1911 781 1901 829 Religion Religion in Amritsar district (2011) Religion Percent Sikhism   68.94% Hinduism   27.74% Christianity   2.18% Islam   0.50% Other or not stated   0.64% According to the 2011 census, Sikhs make up about 69% of the population while Hindus 28%, with a small minority of Christians (2%) and Muslims. Sikhs predominate in rural areas (over 90%), while Hindus and Sikhs are in nearly-equal numbers in urban areas. Christianity is growing rapidly especially among Dalits, while Islam, once the major religion in the district, is now insignificant. Religion in Amritsar District Religiousgroup 2011 Pop. % Sikhism 1,716,935 68.94% Hinduism 690,939 27.74% Christianity 54,344 2.18% Islam 12,502 0.5% Others 15,936 0.64% Total Population 2,490,656 100% Religious groups in Amritsar District (British Punjab province era) Religiousgroup 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Islam 474,976 46.39% 408,882 46.43% 423,724 45.59% 524,676 46.97% 657,695 46.52% Hinduism 280,985 27.44% 211,708 24.04% 204,435 22% 174,556 15.63% 217,431 15.38% Sikhism 264,329 25.82% 253,941 28.83% 287,004 30.88% 399,951 35.8% 510,845 36.13% Christianity 2,078 0.2% 4,763 0.54% 12,773 1.37% 16,619 1.49% 25,973 1.84% Jainism 1,439 0.14% 1,386 0.16% 1,375 0.15% 1,272 0.11% 1,911 0.14% Zoroastrianism 19 0% 48 0.01% 58 0.01% 42 0% 21 0% Judaism 2 0% 0 0% 0 0% 4 0% 0 0% Buddhism 0 0% 0 0% 5 0% 0 0% 0 0% Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Total population 1,023,828 100% 880,728 100% 929,374 100% 1,117,120 100% 1,413,876 100% Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases. The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Amritsar district. Absolute numbers of different religious groups in Amritsar district Religion Urban (2011) Rural (2011) Urban (2001) Rural (2001) Urban (1991) Rural (1991) Sikh 6,63,145 10,53,790 6,28,207 17,55,368 3,14,947 13,40,258 Hindu 6,32,944 57,995 5,70,327 77,957 3,96,215 95,937 Christian 19,396 34,948 17,038 34,910 6,752 29,175 Muslim 7,451 5,051 3,690 3,481 940 1,303 Other religions 11,675 4,261 4,013 1,086 2,775 188 Language Languages of Amritsar district (First Language) (2011)   Punjabi (94.29%)  Hindi (4.80%)  Others (0.91%) At the time of the 2011 census, 94.29% of the population spoke Punjabi and 4.80% Hindi as their first language. Hindi-speakers almost all live in urban areas. Health The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Amritsar, as of year 2020. District nutrition profile of children under 5 years of age in Amritsar, year 2020 Indicators Number of children (<5 years) Percent (2020) Percent (2016) Stunted 37,510 19% 22% Wasted 23,052 12% 11% Severely wasted 12,174 6% 3% Underweight 21,716 11% 13% Overweight/obesity 12,116 6% 3% Anemia 127,880 74% 45% Total children 193,551 The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Amritsar of women between the ages of 15 to 49 years, as of year 2020. District nutritional profile of Amritsar of women of 15–49 years, in 2020 Indicators Number of women (15–49 years) Percent (2020) Percent (2016) Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m^2) 77,308 10% 11% Overweight/obesity 339,578 42% 30% Hypertension 288,120 36% 16% Diabetes 108,135 13% NA Anemia (non-preg) 422,426 53% 53% Anemia (preg) 13,454 35% 58% Total women (preg) 38,331 Total women 802,785 The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the age of 15 and 49 years, in Amritsar district. Family planning methods used by women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, in Amritsar district Method Total (2015–16) Urban (2015–16) Rural (2015–16) Female sterilisation 36.9% 33.1% 41.5% Male sterilisation 1.2% 0.3% 2.3% IUD/PPIUD 9.3% 10.6% 7.6% Pill 2.2% 2.6% 1.7% Condom 22.1% 26.3% 17.0% Any modern method 71.6% 72.9% 70.1% Any method 81.0% 84.5% 76.6% Total unmet need 4.0% 3.6% 4.6% Unmet need for spacing 1.7% 1.1% 2.5% Economy The table below shows the number of registered working factories and workers employed by selected manufacturing industries in Amritsar district as of 2017. Number of registered working factories and workers employed by selected manufacturing industries in Amritsar district in 2017 Industry Factories Workers Basic metals 1 2 Computers, Electronics and Optical products 11 147 Chemicals and chemical products 6 75 Transport equipment 1 20 Furniture 2 11 Non-metallic mineral products 3 69 Beverages 21 189 Food products and Beverages products 14 134 District administration The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service is in charge of general administration of the district. He is generally a middle-level IAS officer of Punjab Cadre. As the District Magistrate, he also effectively the head of the police force. The Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar is Harpreet Singh Sudan appointed in 2022. Administration of departments such as public works, health, education, agriculture, animal husbandry, etc. is headed by district officers who belong to various Punjab state services. The Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is responsible for maintaining law and order in the district. He is assisted by officers of the Punjab Police Service and other Punjab Police officials. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for the management of forests and wildlife in the district. He is assisted by officers of the Punjab Forest Service, other Punjab Forest officials, and Punjab Wildlife officials. A Municipal corporation is responsible for the management of public works and health systems in the city of Amritsar. The municipal corporation is a democratic body of councillors and is presided over by the Mayor, who is elected by the councillors. At present, there are more than 70 councillors. Amritsar District Borders the Pakistani Punjab Districts of Lahore, Kasur, Shiekhupura along the Ravi River Tarn Taran District to the South along Sutlej River, Kapurthala District along the Beas River and Gurdaspur District to the North. Tehsils in Amritsar district This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) There are four tehsils in Amritsar district as per 2011 census. # Tehsil District 1 Amritsar- II Amritsar 2 Ajnala Amritsar 3 Baba Bakala Amritsar 4 Amritsar -I Amritsar 5 majitha 6 lopoke at chogawan Politics Constituencynumber Constituencyname Reserved for(SC/None) Electors(2017) District 15 Amritsar North None 175,908 Amritsar 16 Amritsar West SC 179,766 Amritsar 17 Amritsar Central None 135,954 Amritsar 18 Amritsar East None 153,629 Amritsar 19 Amritsar South None 148,809 Amritsar 20 Attari SC 173,543 Amritsar MLA No. Constituency Name of MLA Party Bench 11 Ajnala Kuldip Singh Dhaliwal Aam Aadmi Party Government 12 Rajasansi Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria Indian National Congress Opposition 13 Majitha Ganieve Kaur Majithia Shiromani Akali Dal Opposition 14 Jandiala (SC) Harbhajan Singh E.T.O. Aam Aadmi Party Government 15 Amritsar North Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh Aam Aadmi Party Government 16 Amritsar West (SC) Jasbir Singh Sandhu Aam Aadmi Party Government 17 Amritsar Central Ajay Gupta Aam Aadmi Party Government 18 Amritsar East Jeevan Jyot Kaur Aam Aadmi Party Government 19 Amritsar South Inderbir Singh Nijjar Aam Aadmi Party Government 20 Attari (SC) Jaswinder Singh Aam Aadmi Party Government 25 Baba Bakala (SC) Dalbir Singh Tong Aam Aadmi Party Government List of DC # Name Assumed office Left office 1 L. Saunders 20 April 1849 31 December 1852 2 J. Dennison 1 January 1853 31 July 1853 3 T.H. Copper 1 August 1853 24 April 1860 4 A.J. Farrington 25 April 1860 31 May 1866 5 G. Lewin 1 June 1866 13 June 1867 6 T.W. Smyth 14 June 1867 24 July 1867 7 G. Lewin 25 July 1867 14 August 1867 8 D.G. Barkley 15 August 1867 3 October 1867 9 G. Lewin 24 October 1867 8 December 1867 10 Major H.B. Urmston 9 December 1867 31 July 1868 11 L. Griffin 1 August 1868 13 January 1869 12 D. Fitzpatrick 14 January 1869 14 March 1869 13 W. Coldstream 15 March 1869 15 March 1869 14 F.M. Birch 16 March 1869 31 July 1869 15 J.W. Gardiner 1 August 1869 1 September 1870 16 F.M. Birch 2 September 1870 31 July 1871 17 C.H. Hall 1 August 1871 16 January 1872 18 C.H. Marshall 17 January 1872 12 April 1872 19 C.H. Hall 13 April 1872 27 May 1872 20 J.A. Montgomery 28 May 1872 29 May 1872 21 J.W. Smyth 30 May 1872 10 September 1872 22 C.H. Hall 11 September 1872 2 March 1873 23 W. Coldstream 30 March 1873 21 October 1873 24 C.H. Hall 22 October 1873 16 April 1874 25 T.W. Smyth 17 April 1874 30 August 1874 26 C. Mcheile 31 August 1874 30 September 1874 27 T.W. Smyth 1 October 1874 1 November 1874 28 C.H. Hall 2 November 1874 7 June 1876 29 C.R. Hawkins 8 June 1876 20 October 1876 30 C.H. Hall 21 October 1876 13 March 1877 31 J.D. Tremlett 14 March 1877 17 July 1877 32 W.P. Woodward 18 July 1877 19 July 1877 33 J.W. Gardner 20 July 1877 2 January 1878 34 W. Young 3 January 1878 31 January 1878 35 J.W. Gardiner 1 February 1878 1 September 1878 36 C.R. Hawkins 2 September 1878 14 November 1878 37 J.D. Tremlett 15 November 1878 2 February 1879 38 C.R. Hawkings 3 February 1879 1 August 1881 39 R. Clarke 2 August 1881 3 January 1882 40 J.W. Gardiner 4 January 1882 1 March 1882 41 G.R. Hawkins 2 March 1882 21 March 1883 42 G. Knox 22 March 1883 9 June 1884 43 C.F. Massy 10 June 1884 1 October 1884 44 C.R. Hawkins 2 October 1884 11 November 1884 45 R. Udny 12 November 1884 13 January 1885 46 R.M. Lang 14 January 1885 4 September 1886 47 J. Ronnie 5 September 1886 4 October 1886 48 R.M. Lang 5 October 1886 2 September 1888 49 J.A. Grant 3 September 1888 17 October 1888 50 R.M. Lang 18 October 1888 15 September 1889 51 J.A. Grant 16 September 1889 18 October 1890 52 R.M. Lang 19-10- 1889 2 September 1890 53 F.P. Joung 1 April 1891 14 October 1892 54 C.F. Massy 15 October 1892 6 March 1893 55 J.A. Grant 7 March 1893 7 March 1893 56 A. Harrison 8 March 1893 2 April 1893 57 R.M. Lang 0304-1893 25 March 1895 58 E.R. Abbott, Esqurie 27 March 1895 5 April 1895 59 A. Kensington, Esouire 5 April 1895 4 March 1896 60 Captain C.M. Dallas 4 April 1896 9 December 1896 61 Captain Burlton 09-10 1896 26 December 1896 62 Captain C.M. Dallas 26 December 1896 16 July 1897 63 Captain H.Fox Strangways 16 July 1897 17 July 1897 64 A.E. Martineau, Esquire 17 July 1897 20 November 1897 65 Captain C.M. Dallas 20 November 1897 31 March 1898 66 W. Chevis, Esquire 31-03- 1898 25 August 1898 67 M.L. Waring, Esquire 25-08- 1898 25 October 1898 68 W. Chevis, Esquire 25 October 1898 30 July 1899 69 A. Calvert, Esquire 30-07- 1899 3 August 1899 70 L. French, Esquire 3 August 1899 23 September 1899 71 W. Chevis, Esquire 23-09- 1899 5 November 1899 72 A.M. Stow, Esquire 5 November 1899 14 July 1900 73 A. Langley, Esquire 14 April 1900 14 May 1900 74 A.M. Stow, Esquire 14 May 1900 13 June 1900 75 W.Le. Malan, Esquire 13 June 1900 14 November 1900 76 J.F. Connqlly, Esquire 14 November 1900 20 April 1902 77 E.D. Maclagan, Esquire 20 April 1902 6 August 1902 78 B.H. Bird, Esquire 6 August 1902 18 October 1902 79 E.D. Maclagan, Esquire 18 October 1902 29 June 1903 80 H.A. Sama, Esquire 30 June 1903 15 October 1903 81 E.D. Maclagan, Esquire 16 October 1903 20 April 1904 82 H.A. Sama, Esquire 21 April 1904 18-12- 1904 83 O.M. King, Esquire 20 December 1904 21 July 1905 84 H.S. Williamson, Esquire 22 July 1905 1 September 1905 85 O.M. King, Esquire 2 September 1905 28 March 1906 86 H.A. Casson, Esquire 29 March 1906 27 March 1907 87 B.H. Bird, Esquire 28 March 1907 18 April 1907 88 Miles Irvingh, Esquire 19 April 1907 3 March 1908 89 H.A. Casson, Esquire 3 March 1908 13 April 1909 90 O.F. Lumsden, Esquire 14 April 1909 27 July 1911 91 R.B. Whitehead, Esquire 28 July 1911 22 October 1911 92 O.F. Lumsden, Esquire 23 October 1911 12 October 1911 93 Lt.Col. C.D. Egerton, I.A. 13 October 1911 18 February 1912 94 P.L. Barker, Esquire 19 February 1912 26 April 1912 95 H.D. Cralk, Esquire 27 April 1912 18 May 1912 96 J. Addison, Esquire 19 May 1912 3 October 1912 97 Lt. Col. C.R. Egerton 4 October 1912 1913 98 C.M. King 1913 1916 99 Miles Irving 24 February 1919 5 August 1919 100 Henry Duffield Craik 2 February 1921 26 May 1921 101 J..M. Dunnett 27 May 1921 14 November 1923 102 F.H. Puckle 15 November 1923 20 April 1928 103 R.H. Crump 17 April 1928 1929 104 W.G. Bradford 1929 14 June 1930 105 R.H. Crump 14 June 1930 1 December 1930 106 A.V. Askinth 1 December 1930 1 September 1931 107 G.M. Jenkins 1 September 1931 4 November 1931 108 J.D. Penny 4 November 1931 2 January 1932 109 A. Macfar Quhar 28 February 1933 18 July 1934 110 Rai Sahib Izzet Rai 18 July 1934 31 August 1934 111 A. Macfar Quhar 31 January 1934 1 July 1936 112 I.E. Jones 1 July 1936 2 September 1936 113 A.A. Macdonald 2 September 1936 28 November 1938 114 I.E. Jones 28 November 1938 2 October 1939 115 A.A. Macdonald 2 October 1939 22 August 1941 116 Sh. Sundar Das 22 August 1941 25 September 1941 117 E.D. Moon 25 September 1941 9 July 1943 118 Sh. Rosham Lal 9 July 1943 16 July 1943 119 L.D. Addison 16 July 1943 22 April 1946 120 J.D. Frazer 22 April 1946 22 May 1947 121 Mr. G.M. Brander.I.G.S. 24 May 1947 22 August 1947 122 Sh. Nukul Sen.I.C.S. 23 August 1947 6 October 1947 123 Sh. Devinder Singh P.C.S. 7 October 1947 10 October 1947 124 Sh. B.S. Narinder Singh I.A.S. 11 October 1947 11 July 1952 125 Sh. N.N. Kashyap I.C.S. 12 July 1952 14 October 1953 126 Sh. R.N. Chopra I.C.S. 15 October 1953 22 September 1954 127 Sh. S.K. Shhibber I.A.S. 23 September 1954 27 May 1956 128 Sh. H.B. Lal I.A.S. 28 May 1956 2 December 1957 129 Sh. A.N. Kashyap I.A.S. 3 December 1957 8 June 1958 130 Sh. Balwant Singh I.A.S. 9 June 1958 31 May 1960 131 Sh. H.S. Ach Reja I.A.S. 1 June 1960 8 May 1961 132 Sh. Sunder Singh P.C.S. 9 May 1961 18 November 1962 133 Sh. P.N. Bhalla I.A.S. 19 November 1962 16 May 1964 134 Sh. Lall Singh Aujla P.S.S. 17 May 1964 30 June 1964 135 Sh. Iqbal Singh I.A.S. 1 July 1964 8 July 1965 136 Sh. S.S. Bedi I.A.S. 9 July 1965 15 December 1966 137 Sh. Kulwant Singh I.A.S. 16 December 1966 9 May 1969 138 Sh. K.S.Bains I.A.S. 10 May 1969 26 August 1971 139 Sh. Sukhbir Singh I.A.S. 27 August 1971 15 October 1975 140 Sh. J.D.Khanna I.A.S. 16 October 1975 21 April 1977 141 Sh. K.S. Janjua I.A.S. 22 April 1977 16 April 1978 142 Sh. Jai Singh Gill I.A.S. 16 April 1978 24 April 1980 143 Sh. Bikramjit Singh I.A.S. 25 April 1980 27 August 1980 144 Sh. S.M.S. Chahal I.A.S. 28 August 1980 27 August 1981 145 Sh. Sardar Singh I.A.S. 27 August 1981 15 July 1983 146 Sh. Gurdev Singh I.A.S. 16 July 1983 3 June 1984 147 Sh. Ramesh Inder Singh Mandher I.A.S. 4 June 1984 6 July 1987 148 Sh. Sarabjit Singh I.A.S. 7 July 1987 10 May 1992 149 Sh. Karanbir Singh Sidhu I.A.S. 11 May 1992 11 August 1996 150 Sh. A.S. Chhatwal I.A.S. 12 August 1996 29 August 1996 151 Sh. Amarjit Singh I.A.S. 30 August 1996 13 July 1998 152 Sh. Narinderjit Singh I.A.S. 13 July 1998 10 January 2002 153 Sh. Swinder Singh Puri I.A.S. 10 January 2002 7 November 2002 154 Sh. Iqbal Singh Sidhu I.A.S. 7 November 2002 20 May 2003 155 Sh. Raminder Singh I.A.S. 20 May 2003 23 December 2004 156 Sh. Kirandeep Singh Bhullar I.A.S 23 December 2004 19 March 2007 157 Sh. Kahan Singh Pannu I.A.S 19 March 2007 18 May 2008 158 Sh. Tejveer Singh I.A.S 18 May 2008 29 May 2008 159 Sh. Kahan Singh Pannu I.A.S 2 June 2008 10 September 2008 160 Sh. Khushi Ram I.A.S 13 September 2008 1 October 2008 161 Sh. Kahan Singh Pannu I.A.S 2 October 2008 10 February 2009 162 Sh. Bhagwant Singh, I.A.S 10 February 2009 25 May 2009 163 Sh. Kahan Singh Pannu I.A.S 25 May 2009 16 June 2011 164 Sh. Rajat Agarwal I.A.S 16 June 2011 2 July 2012 165 Sh. Priyank Bharti I.A.S 2 July 2012 27 August 2012 166 Sh. Rajat Agarwal I.A.S 27 August 2012 14 September 2013 167 Sh. Ravi Bhagat I.A.S 19 September 2013 31 May 2015 168 Sh. Pardeep Kumar Sabharwal I.A.S 1 June 2015 17 July 2015 169 Sh. Ravi Bhagat I.A.S 20 July 2015 1 February 2016 170 Sh. Varun Roojam I.A.S 2 February 2016 9 November 2016 171 Sh. Basant Garg I.A.S 14 November 2016 17 March 2017 172 Sh. Kamaldeep Singh Sangha I.A.S 17 March 2017 18 February 2019 173 Sh. Shivdular Singh Dhillon I.A.S 18 February 2019 31 July 2020 174 Sh. Gurpreet Singh Khaira, IAS 31 July 2020 5 April 2022 175 Sh. Harpreet Singh Sudan, IAS 5 April 2022 24 May 2023 176 Sh. Amit Talwar, IAS 24 May 2023 16 October 2023 177 Sh. Ghanshyam Thori, IAS 17 October 2023 till date Notable people Jaspal Bhatti, a comedian and television personality Harpinder Singh Chawla, a dental surgeon, medical researcher and writer, known for his work in paediatric dentistry, and receiver of Padma Shri and Punjab Rattan awards Baldev Singh Dhillon, an agricultural scientist and vice-chancellor of Punjab Agricultural University from 2011 to 2021 Khushbir Kaur, a racewalk athlete and receiver of Arjun award Kapil Sharma, a comedian, television host and Bollywood actor Arpinder Singh, a triple jump athlete Daljit Singh, an influential ophthalmologist, who did pioneer work and important research in his field Janak Raj Talwar, cardiothoracic surgeon Surinder Vasal, a geneticist and plant breeder, known for his contributions in developing a maize variety with higher content of usable protein Gurpreet Singh Wander, an influential cardiologist and academic References ^ "Arun Pal Singh is new Amritsar City Police Commissioner". Tribune. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022. ^ a b c d "Census of India: Amritsar district". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 October 2019. ^ J.C, Aggarwal. S. Chand's (Question and Answers) Medieval History of India. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-81-219-1890-9. ^ "History - District Amritsar, Government of Punjab, India". amritsar.nic.in. Retrieved 6 June 2023. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 5, page 319 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". ^ "Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010" (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. Retrieved 31 March 2020. ^ "Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010" (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. Retrieved 31 March 2020. ^ "Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010" (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. Retrieved 31 March 2020. ^ "Amritsar Climate Normals 1971–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Kuwait 2,595,62 ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Nevada 2,700,551 ^ a b "Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2023. ^ a b c "Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. ^ "Census of India 1901. . Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ a b "Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India - All Religions". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Punjab". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. ^ a b "District Nutrition Profile - Amritsar" (PDF). NITI Ayog. Retrieved 10 December 2023. ^ "National Family Health Survey - 4 2015 -16, District Fact Sheet, Amritsar", Punjab" (PDF). rchiips.org. p. 2. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ "Registered Working Factories and Workers Employed". punjab.data.gov.in. Punjab Planning Department, Punjab Department of Economic and Statistical Organization. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2024. ^ "Sh. Harpreet Singh Sudan, IAS | District Amritsar, Government of Punjab | India". amritsar.nic.in. Retrieved 15 June 2023. ^ "Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ "List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006". ceopunjab.nic.in. 19 June 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ "List of Deputy Commissioners - District Amritsar, Government of Punjab, India". amritsar.nic.in. Retrieved 6 June 2023. ^ 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amritsar district. Amritsar Places adjacent to Amritsar district Gurdaspur district Pakistan Amritsar district Taran Taran district Kapurthala district vteCities and towns in Amritsar districtAmritsar district Ajnala Amritsar Amritsar Cantonment Bharariwal Budha Theh Buttar Sivia Jandiala Guru Majitha Rajasansi Ramdass Rayya Baba Bakala Other districts Ajitgarh Barnala Bathinda Faridkot Fatehgarh Sahib Firozpur Gurudaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Moga Sri Muktsar Sahib Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar Patiala Rupnagar Sangrur Tarn Taran vteState of Punjab, IndiaCapital: ChandigarhTopics Demographics Economy Education History King Porus People Tourism Music Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors Raj Bhavan Police Culture Cinema Cuisine Folk dances Bhangra Giddha Aawat pauni Tipri dance (Punjab) Folklore Folk practices Sanjhi Gogaji Chhapar Mela Sakhi Sarwar Punjabi fasts Language Gurmukhi Music Bhangra Folk music Dress Salwar Punjabi ghagra suit Patiala salwar Punjabi Tamba and Kurta Phulkari Jutti Calendars Punjabi calendar Nanakshahi calendar Bikrami calendar Fairs and festivals Punjabi festivals Lohri Basant Maghi Holi Teeyan Rakhri Vaisakhi Religious festivals Hindu festivals Sikh festivals Sports Kabaddi Kabaddi in India Qila Raipur Sports Festival Punjabi kabaddi Punjabi nationalism Punjabi Suba movement Folk arts and crafts Chowk poorana Phulkari Divisions Patiala Rupnagar Jalandhar Faridkot Firozpur Districts SAS Nagar Sri Amritsar Barnala Bathinda Faridkot Fatehgarh Sahib Fazilka Firozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Moga Pathankot Patiala Sri Muktsar Sahib Rupnagar Sangrur Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar Tarn Taran Sahib Major cities Ludhiana Amritsar Jalandhar Patiala Bathinda Hoshiarpur Mohali Batala Pathankot Moga Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"Majha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majha"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana_district"},{"link_name":"border district of Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Border_areas_of_Punjab,_India&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"India-Pakistan border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-Pakistan_border"}],"text":"District in Punjab, IndiaThis article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Amritsar.District of Punjab in IndiaAmritsar district is one of the twenty three districts that make up the Indian state of Punjab. Located in the Majha region of Punjab, the city of Amritsar is the headquarters of this district.As of 2011, it is the second most populous district of Punjab (out of 23), after Ludhiana. It is a border district of Punjab and lies along India-Pakistan border.","title":"Amritsar district"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Sur Empire (1540 - 1554)","text":"Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan monarch, defeated Kamran in 1540 and conquered Punjab, including Amritsar, which remained part of the Sur Empire until 1554.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maharaja Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Misls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misls"},{"link_name":"Gobindgarh fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobindgarh_fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1800s","text":"The control of Amritsar was fully taken by Maharaja Ranjit Singh by 1802, after bringing all the Misls under his control. He also fortified Gobindgarh fort along modern lines.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Lahore Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Division_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"tehsils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"Ajnala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnala,_India"},{"link_name":"Tarn Taran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Patti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti,_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Khem Karan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khemkaran"}],"sub_title":"British Rule","text":"During British Rule Amritsar District was part of Lahore Division and was administratively subdivided into 3 tehsils namely - Amritsar, Ajnala and Tarn Taran.[5] However, as part of the partition of India in 1947, Amritsar district was separated from the rest of the division and awarded to India. Some areas like Patti & Khem Karan falling in the Lahore District became part of Amritsar District at partition. During the partition period, the Muslim population of the district, some 46%, left for Pakistan while Hindus and Sikhs from West Punjab in newly created Pakistan migrated in the opposite direction. The Sikhs and Hindus (37% and 15.38%) were a majority in the Amritsar district jointly constituting about 52% of the total population before the partition of 1947.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semiarid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiarid_climate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"civil aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Amritsar Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Amritsar has a semiarid climate, typical of Northwestern India and experiences four seasons primarily: winter season (December to March, when temperatures can drop to −1 °C (30 °F), summer season (April to June) where temperatures can reach 45 °C (113 °F), monsoon season (July to September) and post-monsoon season (October to November). Annual rainfall is about 703.4 millimetres (27.7 in).[6] The lowest recorded temperature is −3.6 °C (25.5 °F), was recorded on 9 December 1996 and the highest temperature, 47.8 °C (118.0 °F), was recorded on 9 June 1995.[7] The official weather station for the city is the civil aerodrome at Rajasansi. Weather records here date back to 15 November 1947.Climate data for Amritsar Airport\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n44.1(111.4)\n\n47.7(117.9)\n\n47.8(118.0)\n\n45.6(114.1)\n\n40.7(105.3)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n38.3(100.9)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n47.8(118.0)\n\n\nMean maximum °C (°F)\n\n23(73)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n32(90)\n\n40.5(104.9)\n\n44(111)\n\n44.1(111.4)\n\n39.8(103.6)\n\n37.1(98.8)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n45.2(113.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n39(102)\n\n39(102)\n\n35(95)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n32(90)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3.4(38.1)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n\nMean minimum °C (°F)\n\n−0.5(31.1)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n2(36)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n13(55)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n26.2(1.03)\n\n38.6(1.52)\n\n38.4(1.51)\n\n21.4(0.84)\n\n26.7(1.05)\n\n61.2(2.41)\n\n210.1(8.27)\n\n167.3(6.59)\n\n77.5(3.05)\n\n16.1(0.63)\n\n6.3(0.25)\n\n13.6(0.54)\n\n703.4(27.69)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n2.1\n\n3.3\n\n3.2\n\n2\n\n2.4\n\n3.8\n\n8.6\n\n6.9\n\n3.5\n\n1.1\n\n0.6\n\n1.4\n\n38.9\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n74\n\n70\n\n64\n\n47\n\n38\n\n48\n\n72\n\n77\n\n69\n\n67\n\n73\n\n76\n\n65\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n181.7\n\n192.7\n\n219.4\n\n265.0\n\n294.7\n\n269.0\n\n215.5\n\n227.7\n\n240.8\n\n253.2\n\n220.1\n\n182.2\n\n2,762\n\n\nSource: [8][9]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cesnsus2011Gov-2"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-11"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"sex ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cesnsus2011Gov-2"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cesnsus2011Gov-2"}],"text":"According to the 2011 census Amritsar district has a population of 2,490,656,[2] roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait[11] or the US state of Nevada.[12] The number of literates in Amritsar district is 1,684,770 (67.6%), with 932,981 (70.8%) male literates and 751,789 (64.1%) female literates. The effective 7+ literacy of the district is 76.27%. The sex ratio of 889 females for every 1,000 males.[2] The total Scheduled Caste population is 770,864 (30.95%) of the population. There were 488,898 households in the district in 2011.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sex ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SexRatio-13"}],"sub_title":"Gender","text":"The table below shows the sex ratio of Amritsar district in various census years.[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-14"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-District-wise_Population_by_Religion-22"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in Amritsar district (2011)[14]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nSikhism\n \n68.94%\n\n\nHinduism\n \n27.74%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n2.18%\n\n\nIslam\n \n0.50%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.64%According to the 2011 census, Sikhs make up about 69% of the population while Hindus 28%, with a small minority of Christians (2%) and Muslims. Sikhs predominate in rural areas (over 90%), while Hindus and Sikhs are in nearly-equal numbers in urban areas. Christianity is growing rapidly especially among Dalits, while Islam, once the major religion in the district, is now insignificant.[14]The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Amritsar district.[21]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-23"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-23"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Languages of Amritsar district (First Language) (2011)[22]\n\n  Punjabi (94.29%)  Hindi (4.80%)  Others (0.91%)At the time of the 2011 census, 94.29% of the population spoke Punjabi and 4.80% Hindi as their first language. Hindi-speakers almost all live in urban areas.[22]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Amritsar, as of year 2020.The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Amritsar of women between the ages of 15 to 49 years, as of year 2020.The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the age of 15 and 49 years, in Amritsar district.","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The table below shows the number of registered working factories and workers employed by selected manufacturing industries in Amritsar district as of 2017.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deputy Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Commissioner_(India)"},{"link_name":"Indian Administrative Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Punjab_(India)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police"},{"link_name":"Indian Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Indian Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Municipal corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"}],"text":"The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service is in charge of general administration of the district. He is generally a middle-level IAS officer of Punjab Cadre. As the District Magistrate, he also effectively the head of the police force. The Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar is Harpreet Singh Sudan appointed in 2022.[26]\nAdministration of departments such as public works, health, education, agriculture, animal husbandry, etc. is headed by district officers who belong to various Punjab state services.\nThe Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is responsible for maintaining law and order in the district. He is assisted by officers of the Punjab Police Service and other Punjab Police officials.\nThe Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for the management of forests and wildlife in the district. He is assisted by officers of the Punjab Forest Service, other Punjab Forest officials, and Punjab Wildlife officials.\nA Municipal corporation is responsible for the management of public works and health systems in the city of Amritsar. The municipal corporation is a democratic body of councillors and is presided over by the Mayor, who is elected by the councillors. At present, there are more than 70 councillors.Amritsar District Borders the Pakistani Punjab Districts of Lahore, Kasur, Shiekhupura along the Ravi River Tarn Taran District to the South along Sutlej River, Kapurthala District along the Beas River and Gurdaspur District to the North.","title":"District administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tehsils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"}],"sub_title":"Tehsils in Amritsar district","text":"There are four tehsils in Amritsar district as per 2011 census.5 majitha 6 lopoke at chogawan","title":"District administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MLA","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"[29]","title":"List of DC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaspal Bhatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspal_Bhatti"},{"link_name":"Harpinder Singh Chawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpinder_Singh_Chawla"},{"link_name":"paediatric dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatric_dentistry"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Punjab Rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Rattan"},{"link_name":"Baldev Singh Dhillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldev_Singh_Dhillon"},{"link_name":"agricultural scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_scientist"},{"link_name":"Punjab Agricultural University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Agricultural_University"},{"link_name":"Khushbir Kaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushbir_Kaur"},{"link_name":"racewalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racewalk"},{"link_name":"Arjun award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjun_award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kapil Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapil_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Arpinder Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpinder_Singh"},{"link_name":"triple jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_jump"},{"link_name":"Daljit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljit_Singh_(ophthalmologist)"},{"link_name":"ophthalmologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologist"},{"link_name":"Janak Raj Talwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janak_Raj_Talwar"},{"link_name":"Surinder Vasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinder_Vasal"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"Gurpreet Singh Wander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurpreet_Singh_Wander"},{"link_name":"cardiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiologist"}],"text":"Jaspal Bhatti, a comedian and television personality\nHarpinder Singh Chawla, a dental surgeon, medical researcher and writer, known for his work in paediatric dentistry, and receiver of Padma Shri and Punjab Rattan awards\nBaldev Singh Dhillon, an agricultural scientist and vice-chancellor of Punjab Agricultural University from 2011 to 2021\nKhushbir Kaur, a racewalk athlete and receiver of Arjun award\nKapil Sharma, a comedian, television host and Bollywood actor\nArpinder Singh, a triple jump athlete\nDaljit Singh, an influential ophthalmologist, who did pioneer work and important research in his field\nJanak Raj Talwar, cardiothoracic surgeon\nSurinder Vasal, a geneticist and plant breeder, known for his contributions in developing a maize variety with higher content of usable protein\nGurpreet Singh Wander, an influential cardiologist and academic","title":"Notable people"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Arun Pal Singh is new Amritsar City Police Commissioner\". Tribune. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/arun-pal-singh-is-new-amritsar-city-police-commissioner-384833","url_text":"\"Arun Pal Singh is new Amritsar City Police Commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India: Amritsar district\". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=41656","url_text":"\"Census of India: Amritsar district\""}]},{"reference":"J.C, Aggarwal. S. Chand's (Question and Answers) Medieval History of India. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-81-219-1890-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=50V_EAAAQBAJ&dq=sher+shah+suri+invaded+punjab&pg=PA159","url_text":"S. Chand's (Question and Answers) Medieval History of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-1890-9","url_text":"978-81-219-1890-9"}]},{"reference":"\"History - District Amritsar, Government of Punjab, India\". amritsar.nic.in. Retrieved 6 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://amritsar.nic.in/history/","url_text":"\"History - District Amritsar, Government of Punjab, India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 5, page 319 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_327.gif","url_text":"\"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 5, page 319 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010\" (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. Retrieved 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20(STATWISE).pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A131%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22Fit%22%7D%5D","url_text":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010\" (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. Retrieved 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20(STATWISE).pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A131%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22Fit%22%7D%5D","url_text":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010\" (PDF). Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. Retrieved 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20(STATWISE).pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A131%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22Fit%22%7D%5D","url_text":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1981-2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1971–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42071.TXT","url_text":"\"Amritsar Climate Normals 1971–1990\""}]},{"reference":"US Directorate of Intelligence. \"Country Comparison:Population\". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 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Retrieved 6 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-decadal-sex-ratio-punjab","url_text":"\"Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389/download/14502/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province\". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. 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Pt. 2, Tables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788","url_text":"saoa.crl.25393788"}]},{"reference":"Kaul, Harikishan (1911). \"Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II\". p. 27. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718","url_text":"\"Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables\". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165","url_text":"\"Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165","url_text":"saoa.crl.25430165"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables\". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242","url_text":"\"Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242","url_text":"saoa.crl.25793242"}]},{"reference":"India Census Commissioner (1941). \"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab\". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541","url_text":"\"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541","url_text":"saoa.crl.28215541"}]},{"reference":"\"Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India - All Religions\". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. 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Harpreet Singh Sudan, IAS | District Amritsar, Government of Punjab | India\". amritsar.nic.in. Retrieved 15 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://amritsar.nic.in/whoswho/sh-harpreet-singh-sudan/","url_text":"\"Sh. Harpreet Singh Sudan, IAS | District Amritsar, Government of Punjab | India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017\" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf","url_text":"\"Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006\". ceopunjab.nic.in. 19 June 2006. 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