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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaentologist	Paleontology	["1 Overview","1.1 Historical science","1.2 Related sciences","1.3 Subdivisions","2 Sources of evidence","2.1 Body fossils","2.2 Trace fossils","2.3 Geochemical observations","3 Classifying ancient organisms","4 Estimating the dates of organisms","5 History of life","5.1 Mass extinctions","6 History","7 Paleontology in the popular press","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]	Study of life before the Holocene epoch "Palaeontology" redirects here. For the Science journal, see Palaeontology (journal). Part of a series onPaleontology Fossils Fossilization Trace fossil Microfossil Fossil preparation Index fossil List of fossils List of fossil sites Lagerstätte fossil beds List of transitional fossils List of human evolution fossils Natural history Biogeography Extinction event Geochronology Geologic time scale Geologic record History of life Origin of life Paleoclimatology Timeline of evolution Transitional fossil Organs and processes Avian flight Cells Multicells Eyes Flagella Hair Mammalian auditory ossicles Mosaic evolution Nervous systems Sex Evolution of various taxa Birds Butterflies Cephalopods Cetaceans Dinosaurs Fishes Fungi Humans Insects Mammals Molluscs Plants Reptiles Sea cows Spiders Tetrapods Evolution Introduction to evolution Common descent Phylogeny Cladistics Biological classification History of paleontology History of paleontology Timeline of paleontology Branches of paleontology Biostratigraphy Ichnology Invertebrate paleontology Micropaleontology Molecular paleontology Palaeoxylology Paleobiology Paleobotany Paleoecology Paleogenetics Paleolimnology Paleomycology Paleoneurobiology Paleopathology Paleopedology Paleotempestology Paleozoology Palynology Sclerochronology Taphonomy Vertebrate paleontology Paleontology PortalCategoryvte A paleontologist at work at John Day Fossil beds National Monument Paleontology (/ˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒi, ˌpæli-, -ən-/ PAY-lee-on-TOL-ə-jee, PAL-ee-, -⁠ən-), also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to classify organisms and study their interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term has been used since 1822 formed from Greek παλαιός ('palaios', "old, ancient"), ὄν ('on', (gen. 'ontos'), "being, creature"), and λόγος ('logos', "speech, thought, study"). Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, but it differs from archaeology in that it excludes the study of anatomically modern humans. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics, and engineering. Use of all these techniques has enabled paleontologists to discover much of the evolutionary history of life, almost back to when Earth became capable of supporting life, nearly 4 billion years ago. As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised sub-divisions, some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others study ecology and environmental history, such as ancient climates. Body fossils and trace fossils are the principal types of evidence about ancient life, and geochemical evidence has helped to decipher the evolution of life before there were organisms large enough to leave body fossils. Estimating the dates of these remains is essential but difficult: sometimes adjacent rock layers allow radiometric dating, which provides absolute dates that are accurate to within 0.5%, but more often paleontologists have to rely on relative dating by solving the "jigsaw puzzles" of biostratigraphy (arrangement of rock layers from youngest to oldest). Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnaean taxonomy classifying living organisms, and paleontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary "family trees". The final quarter of the 20th century saw the development of molecular phylogenetics, which investigates how closely organisms are related by measuring the similarity of the DNA in their genomes. Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend. Overview The simplest definition of "paleontology" is "the study of ancient life". The field seeks information about several aspects of past organisms: "their identity and origin, their environment and evolution, and what they can tell us about the Earth's organic and inorganic past". Historical science The preparation of the fossilised bones of Europasaurus holgeri William Whewell (1794–1866) classified paleontology as one of the historical sciences, along with archaeology, geology, astronomy, cosmology, philology and history itself: paleontology aims to describe phenomena of the past and to reconstruct their causes. Hence it has three main elements: description of past phenomena; developing a general theory about the causes of various types of change; and applying those theories to specific facts. When trying to explain the past, paleontologists and other historical scientists often construct a set of one or more hypotheses about the causes and then look for a "smoking gun", a piece of evidence that strongly accords with one hypothesis over any others. Sometimes researchers discover a "smoking gun" by a fortunate accident during other research. For example, the 1980 discovery by Luis and Walter Alvarez of iridium, a mainly extraterrestrial metal, in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer made asteroid impact the most favored explanation for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event – although debate continues about the contribution of volcanism. A complementary approach to developing scientific knowledge, experimental science, is often said to work by conducting experiments to disprove hypotheses about the workings and causes of natural phenomena. This approach cannot prove a hypothesis, since some later experiment may disprove it, but the accumulation of failures to disprove is often compelling evidence in favor. However, when confronted with totally unexpected phenomena, such as the first evidence for invisible radiation, experimental scientists often use the same approach as historical scientists: construct a set of hypotheses about the causes and then look for a "smoking gun". Related sciences Life timelineThis box: viewtalkedit−4500 —–—–−4000 —–—–−3500 —–—–−3000 —–—–−2500 —–—–−2000 —–—–−1500 —–—–−1000 —–—–−500 —–—–0 — Water Single-celled life Photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Plants Arthropods MolluscsFlowersDinosaurs MammalsBirdsPrimatesHadeanArcheanProterozoicPhanerozoic ←Earth formed←Earliest water←LUCA←Earliest fossils←LHB meteorites←Earliest oxygen←Pongola glaciation←Atmospheric oxygen←Huronian glaciation←Sexual reproduction←Earliest multicellular life←Earliest fungi←Earliest plants←Earliest animals←Cryogenian ice age←Ediacaran biota←Cambrian explosion←Andean glaciation←Earliest tetrapods←Karoo ice age←Earliest apes / humans←Quaternary ice age(million years ago)*Ice Ages Paleontology lies between biology and geology since it focuses on the record of past life, but its main source of evidence is fossils in rocks. For historical reasons, paleontology is part of the geology department at many universities: in the 19th and early 20th centuries, geology departments found fossil evidence important for dating rocks, while biology departments showed little interest. Paleontology also has some overlap with archaeology, which primarily works with objects made by humans and with human remains, while paleontologists are interested in the characteristics and evolution of humans as a species. When dealing with evidence about humans, archaeologists and paleontologists may work together – for example paleontologists might identify animal or plant fossils around an archaeological site, to discover the people who lived there, and what they ate; or they might analyze the climate at the time of habitation. In addition, paleontology often borrows techniques from other sciences, including biology, osteology, ecology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. For example, geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth, and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event. A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, compares the DNA and RNA of modern organisms to re-construct the "family trees" of their evolutionary ancestors. It has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the "molecular clock". Techniques from engineering have been used to analyse how the bodies of ancient organisms might have worked, for example the running speed and bite strength of Tyrannosaurus, or the flight mechanics of Microraptor. It is relatively commonplace to study the internal details of fossils using X-ray microtomography. Paleontology, biology, archaeology, and paleoneurobiology combine to study endocranial casts (endocasts) of species related to humans to clarify the evolution of the human brain. Paleontology even contributes to astrobiology, the investigation of possible life on other planets, by developing models of how life may have arisen and by providing techniques for detecting evidence of life. Subdivisions As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised subdivisions. Vertebrate paleontology concentrates on fossils from the earliest fish to the immediate ancestors of modern mammals. Invertebrate paleontology deals with fossils such as molluscs, arthropods, annelid worms and echinoderms. Paleobotany studies fossil plants, algae, and fungi. Palynology, the study of pollen and spores produced by land plants and protists, straddles paleontology and botany, as it deals with both living and fossil organisms. Micropaleontology deals with microscopic fossil organisms of all kinds. Analyses using engineering techniques show that Tyrannosaurus had a devastating bite, but raise doubts about its running ability. Instead of focusing on individual organisms, paleoecology examines the interactions between different ancient organisms, such as their food chains, and the two-way interactions with their environments. For example, the development of oxygenic photosynthesis by bacteria caused the oxygenation of the atmosphere and hugely increased the productivity and diversity of ecosystems. Together, these led to the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells, from which all multicellular organisms are built. Paleoclimatology, although sometimes treated as part of paleoecology, focuses more on the history of Earth's climate and the mechanisms that have changed it – which have sometimes included evolutionary developments, for example the rapid expansion of land plants in the Devonian period removed more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing the greenhouse effect and thus helping to cause an ice age in the Carboniferous period. Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists. Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms, and is also linked to geology, which explains how Earth's geography has changed over time. Sources of evidence Body fossils Main article: Fossil This Marrella specimen illustrates how clear and detailed the fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte are. Fossils of organisms' bodies are usually the most informative type of evidence. The most common types are wood, bones, and shells. Fossilisation is a rare event, and most fossils are destroyed by erosion or metamorphism before they can be observed. Hence the fossil record is very incomplete, increasingly so further back in time. Despite this, it is often adequate to illustrate the broader patterns of life's history. There are also biases in the fossil record: different environments are more favorable to the preservation of different types of organism or parts of organisms. Further, only the parts of organisms that were already mineralised are usually preserved, such as the shells of molluscs. Since most animal species are soft-bodied, they decay before they can become fossilised. As a result, although there are 30-plus phyla of living animals, two-thirds have never been found as fossils. Occasionally, unusual environments may preserve soft tissues. These lagerstätten allow paleontologists to examine the internal anatomy of animals that in other sediments are represented only by shells, spines, claws, etc. – if they are preserved at all. However, even lagerstätten present an incomplete picture of life at the time. The majority of organisms living at the time are probably not represented because lagerstätten are restricted to a narrow range of environments, e.g. where soft-bodied organisms can be preserved very quickly by events such as mudslides; and the exceptional events that cause quick burial make it difficult to study the normal environments of the animals. The sparseness of the fossil record means that organisms are expected to exist long before and after they are found in the fossil record – this is known as the Signor–Lipps effect. Trace fossils Cambrian trace fossils including Rusophycus, made by a trilobite Climactichnites — Cambrian trackways (10–12 cm wide) from large, slug-like animals on a Cambrian tidal flat in what is now Wisconsin Main article: Trace fossil Trace fossils consist mainly of tracks and burrows, but also include coprolites (fossil feces) and marks left by feeding. Trace fossils are particularly significant because they represent a data source that is not limited to animals with easily fossilised hard parts, and they reflect organisms' behaviours. Also many traces date from significantly earlier than the body fossils of animals that are thought to have been capable of making them. Whilst exact assignment of trace fossils to their makers is generally impossible, traces may for example provide the earliest physical evidence of the appearance of moderately complex animals (comparable to earthworms). Geochemical observations Main article: Geochemistry Geochemical observations may help to deduce the global level of biological activity at a certain period, or the affinity of certain fossils. For example, geochemical features of rocks may reveal when life first arose on Earth, and may provide evidence of the presence of eukaryotic cells, the type from which all multicellular organisms are built. Analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to explain major transitions such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Classifying ancient organisms Main articles: Biological classification, Cladistics, Phylogenetic nomenclature, and Evolutionary taxonomy Levels in the Linnaean taxonomy Naming groups of organisms in a way that is clear and widely agreed is important, as some disputes in paleontology have been based just on misunderstandings over names. Linnaean taxonomy is commonly used for classifying living organisms, but runs into difficulties when dealing with newly discovered organisms that are significantly different from known ones. For example: it is hard to decide at what level to place a new higher-level grouping, e.g. genus or family or order; this is important since the Linnaean rules for naming groups are tied to their levels, and hence if a group is moved to a different level it must be renamed. Tetrapods Amphibians Amniotes Synapsids Extinct Synapsids Mammals Reptiles Extinct reptiles Lizards and snakes Archosaurs ExtinctArchosaurs Crocodilians Dinosaurs ? ExtinctDinosaurs ? Birds Simple example cladogram Warm-bloodedness evolved somewhere in thesynapsid–mammal transition. ? Warm-bloodedness must also have evolved at one of these points – an example of convergent evolution. Paleontologists generally use approaches based on cladistics, a technique for working out the evolutionary "family tree" of a set of organisms. It works by the logic that, if groups B and C have more similarities to each other than either has to group A, then B and C are more closely related to each other than either is to A. Characters that are compared may be anatomical, such as the presence of a notochord, or molecular, by comparing sequences of DNA or proteins. The result of a successful analysis is a hierarchy of clades – groups that share a common ancestor. Ideally the "family tree" has only two branches leading from each node ("junction"), but sometimes there is too little information to achieve this, and paleontologists have to make do with junctions that have several branches. The cladistic technique is sometimes fallible, as some features, such as wings or camera eyes, evolved more than once, convergently – this must be taken into account in analyses. Evolutionary developmental biology, commonly abbreviated to "Evo Devo", also helps paleontologists to produce "family trees", and understand fossils. For example, the embryological development of some modern brachiopods suggests that brachiopods may be descendants of the halkieriids, which became extinct in the Cambrian period. Estimating the dates of organisms Main article: Geochronology Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Proterozoic Quater-nary Tertiary Creta-ceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Missis-sippian Pennsyl-vanian Devo-nian Silurian Ordo-vician Camb-rian Pecten gibbus Calyptraphorusvelatus Scaphiteshippocrepis Perisphinctestiziani Tropitessubbullatus Leptodusamericanus Cactocrinusmultibrachiatus Dictyoclostusamericanus Mucrospirifermucronatus Cystiphyllumniagarense Bathyurus extans Paradoxides pinus Neptunea tabulata Venericardiaplanicosta Inoceramuslabiatus Nerinea trinodosa Monotissubcircularis Parafusulinabosei Lophophyllidiumproliferum Prolecanites gurleyi Palmatolepusunicornis Hexamocaras hertzeri Tetragraptus fructicosus Billingsella corrugata Common index fossils used to date rocks in the northeast United States Paleontology seeks to map out how living things have changed through time. A substantial hurdle to this aim is the difficulty of working out how old fossils are. Beds that preserve fossils typically lack the radioactive elements needed for radiometric dating. This technique is our only means of giving rocks greater than about 50 million years old an absolute age, and can be accurate to within 0.5% or better. Although radiometric dating requires very careful laboratory work, its basic principle is simple: the rates at which various radioactive elements decay are known, and so the ratio of the radioactive element to the element into which it decays shows how long ago the radioactive element was incorporated into the rock. Radioactive elements are common only in rocks with a volcanic origin, and so the only fossil-bearing rocks that can be dated radiometrically are a few volcanic ash layers. Consequently, paleontologists must usually rely on stratigraphy to date fossils. Stratigraphy is the science of deciphering the "layer-cake" that is the sedimentary record, and has been compared to a jigsaw puzzle. Rocks normally form relatively horizontal layers, with each layer younger than the one underneath it. If a fossil is found between two layers whose ages are known, the fossil's age must lie between the two known ages. Because rock sequences are not continuous, but may be broken up by faults or periods of erosion, it is very difficult to match up rock beds that are not directly next to one another. However, fossils of species that survived for a relatively short time can be used to link up isolated rocks: this technique is called biostratigraphy. For instance, the conodont Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus has a short range in the Middle Ordovician period. If rocks of unknown age are found to have traces of E. pseudoplanus, they must have a mid-Ordovician age. Such index fossils must be distinctive, be globally distributed and have a short time range to be useful. However, misleading results are produced if the index fossils turn out to have longer fossil ranges than first thought. Stratigraphy and biostratigraphy can in general provide only relative dating (A was before B), which is often sufficient for studying evolution. However, this is difficult for some time periods, because of the problems involved in matching up rocks of the same age across different continents. Family-tree relationships may also help to narrow down the date when lineages first appeared. For instance, if fossils of B or C date to X million years ago and the calculated "family tree" says A was an ancestor of B and C, then A must have evolved more than X million years ago. It is also possible to estimate how long ago two living clades diverged – i.e. approximately how long ago their last common ancestor must have lived – by assuming that DNA mutations accumulate at a constant rate. These "molecular clocks", however, are fallible, and provide only a very approximate timing: for example, they are not sufficiently precise and reliable for estimating when the groups that feature in the Cambrian explosion first evolved, and estimates produced by different techniques may vary by a factor of two. History of life This wrinkled "elephant skin" texture is a trace fossil of a non-stromatolite microbial mat. The image shows the location, in the Burgsvik beds of Sweden, where the texture was first identified as evidence of a microbial mat. Main article: Evolutionary history of life Further information: Timeline of evolutionary history of life Earth formed about 4,570 million years ago and, after a collision that formed the Moon about 40 million years later, may have cooled quickly enough to have oceans and an atmosphere about 4,440 million years ago. There is evidence on the Moon of a Late Heavy Bombardment by asteroids from 4,000 to 3,800 million years ago. If, as seems likely, such a bombardment struck Earth at the same time, the first atmosphere and oceans may have been stripped away. Paleontology traces the evolutionary history of life back to over 3,000 million years ago, possibly as far as 3,800 million years ago. The oldest clear evidence of life on Earth dates to 3,000 million years ago, although there have been reports, often disputed, of fossil bacteria from 3,400 million years ago and of geochemical evidence for the presence of life 3,800 million years ago. Some scientists have proposed that life on Earth was "seeded" from elsewhere, but most research concentrates on various explanations of how life could have arisen independently on Earth. For about 2,000 million years microbial mats, multi-layered colonies of different bacteria, were the dominant life on Earth. The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis enabled them to play the major role in the oxygenation of the atmosphere from about 2,400 million years ago. This change in the atmosphere increased their effectiveness as nurseries of evolution. While eukaryotes, cells with complex internal structures, may have been present earlier, their evolution speeded up when they acquired the ability to transform oxygen from a poison to a powerful source of metabolic energy. This innovation may have come from primitive eukaryotes capturing oxygen-powered bacteria as endosymbionts and transforming them into organelles called mitochondria. The earliest evidence of complex eukaryotes with organelles (such as mitochondria) dates from 1,850 million years ago. Opabinia sparked modern interest in the Cambrian explosion. Multicellular life is composed only of eukaryotic cells, and the earliest evidence for it is the Francevillian Group Fossils from 2,100 million years ago, although specialisation of cells for different functions first appears between 1,430 million years ago (a possible fungus) and 1,200 million years ago (a probable red alga). Sexual reproduction may be a prerequisite for specialisation of cells, as an asexual multicellular organism might be at risk of being taken over by rogue cells that retain the ability to reproduce. The earliest known animals are cnidarians from about 580 million years ago, but these are so modern-looking that must be descendants of earlier animals. Early fossils of animals are rare because they had not developed mineralised, easily fossilized hard parts until about 548 million years ago. The earliest modern-looking bilaterian animals appear in the Early Cambrian, along with several "weird wonders" that bear little obvious resemblance to any modern animals. There is a long-running debate about whether this Cambrian explosion was truly a very rapid period of evolutionary experimentation; alternative views are that modern-looking animals began evolving earlier but fossils of their precursors have not yet been found, or that the "weird wonders" are evolutionary "aunts" and "cousins" of modern groups. Vertebrates remained a minor group until the first jawed fish appeared in the Late Ordovician. At about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) the Early Cretaceous Yanoconodon was longer than the average mammal of the time. The spread of animals and plants from water to land required organisms to solve several problems, including protection against drying out and supporting themselves against gravity. The earliest evidence of land plants and land invertebrates date back to about 476 million years ago and 490 million years ago respectively. Those invertebrates, as indicated by their trace and body fossils, were shown to be arthropods known as euthycarcinoids. The lineage that produced land vertebrates evolved later but very rapidly between 370 million years ago and 360 million years ago; recent discoveries have overturned earlier ideas about the history and driving forces behind their evolution. Land plants were so successful that their detritus caused an ecological crisis in the Late Devonian, until the evolution of fungi that could digest dead wood. Birds are the only surviving dinosaurs. During the Permian period, synapsids, including the ancestors of mammals, may have dominated land environments, but this ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251 million years ago, which came very close to wiping out all complex life. The extinctions were apparently fairly sudden, at least among vertebrates. During the slow recovery from this catastrophe a previously obscure group, archosaurs, became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates. One archosaur group, the dinosaurs, were the dominant land vertebrates for the rest of the Mesozoic, and birds evolved from one group of dinosaurs. During this time mammals' ancestors survived only as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores, which may have accelerated the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair. After the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago killed off all the dinosaurs except the birds, mammals increased rapidly in size and diversity, and some took to the air and the sea. Fossil evidence indicates that flowering plants appeared and rapidly diversified in the Early Cretaceous between 130 million years ago and 90 million years ago. Their rapid rise to dominance of terrestrial ecosystems is thought to have been propelled by coevolution with pollinating insects. Social insects appeared around the same time and, although they account for only small parts of the insect "family tree", now form over 50% of the total mass of all insects. Humans evolved from a lineage of upright-walking apes whose earliest fossils date from over 6 million years ago. Although early members of this lineage had chimp-sized brains, about 25% as big as modern humans', there are signs of a steady increase in brain size after about 3 million years ago. There is a long-running debate about whether modern humans are descendants of a single small population in Africa, which then migrated all over the world less than 200,000 years ago and replaced previous hominine species, or arose worldwide at the same time as a result of interbreeding. Mass extinctions Marine extinction intensity during Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S Apparent extinction intensity, i.e. the fraction of genera going extinct at any given time, as reconstructed from the fossil record (graph not meant to include recent epoch of Holocene extinction event) Main article: Mass extinction Life on earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since 542 million years ago. Despite their disastrous effects, mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on earth. When dominance of an ecological niche passes from one group of organisms to another, this is rarely because the new dominant group outcompetes the old, but usually because an extinction event allows a new group, which may possess an advantageous trait, to outlive the old and move into its niche. The fossil record appears to show that the rate of extinction is slowing down, with both the gaps between mass extinctions becoming longer and the average and background rates of extinction decreasing. However, it is not certain whether the actual rate of extinction has altered, since both of these observations could be explained in several ways: The oceans may have become more hospitable to life over the last 500 million years and less vulnerable to mass extinctions: dissolved oxygen became more widespread and penetrated to greater depths; the development of life on land reduced the run-off of nutrients and hence the risk of eutrophication and anoxic events; marine ecosystems became more diversified so that food chains were less likely to be disrupted. Reasonably complete fossils are very rare: most extinct organisms are represented only by partial fossils, and complete fossils are rarest in the oldest rocks. So paleontologists have mistakenly assigned parts of the same organism to different genera, which were often defined solely to accommodate these finds – the story of Anomalocaris is an example of this. The risk of this mistake is higher for older fossils because these are often unlike parts of any living organism. Many "superfluous" genera are represented by fragments that are not found again, and these "superfluous" genera are interpreted as becoming extinct very quickly. All genera "Well-defined" genera Trend line "Big Five" mass extinctions Other mass extinctions Million years ago Thousands of genera Phanerozoic biodiversity as shown by the fossil record Biodiversity in the fossil record, which is "the number of distinct genera alive at any given time; that is, those whose first occurrence predates and whose last occurrence postdates that time" shows a different trend: a fairly swift rise from 542 to 400 million years ago, a slight decline from 400 to 200 million years ago, in which the devastating Permian–Triassic extinction event is an important factor, and a swift rise from 200 million years ago to the present. History Main article: History of paleontology Further information: Timeline of paleontology This illustration of an Indian elephant jaw and a mammoth jaw (top) is from Cuvier's 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants. Although paleontology became established around 1800, earlier thinkers had noticed aspects of the fossil record. The ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes (570–480 BCE) concluded from fossil sea shells that some areas of land were once under water. During the Middle Ages the Persian naturalist Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in Europe, discussed fossils and proposed a theory of petrifying fluids on which Albert of Saxony elaborated in the 14th century. The Chinese naturalist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) proposed a theory of climate change based on the presence of petrified bamboo in regions that in his time were too dry for bamboo. In early modern Europe, the systematic study of fossils emerged as an integral part of the changes in natural philosophy that occurred during the Age of Reason. In the Italian Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci made various significant contributions to the field as well as depicted numerous fossils. Leonardo's contributions are central to the history of paleontology because he established a line of continuity between the two main branches of paleontology – ichnology and body fossil paleontology. He identified the following: The biogenic nature of ichnofossils, i.e. ichnofossils were structures left by living organisms; The utility of ichnofossils as paleoenvironmental tools – certain ichnofossils show the marine origin of rock strata; The importance of the neoichnological approach – recent traces are a key to understanding ichnofossils; The independence and complementary evidence of ichnofossils and body fossils – ichnofossils are distinct from body fossils, but can be integrated with body fossils to provide paleontological information Georges Cuvier's 1812 sketch of a skeletal and muscle reconstruction of Anoplotherium commune. This sketch was amongst the first instances of prehistoric animal reconstructions based on fossil remains. At the end of the 18th century Georges Cuvier's work established comparative anatomy as a scientific discipline and, by proving that some fossil animals resembled no living ones, demonstrated that animals could become extinct, leading to the emergence of paleontology. The expanding knowledge of the fossil record also played an increasing role in the development of geology, particularly stratigraphy. Cuvier proved that the different levels of deposits represented different time periods in the early 19th century. The surface-level deposits in the Americas contained later mammals like the megatheriid ground sloth Megatherium and the mammutid proboscidean Mammut (later known informally as a "mastodon"), which were some of the earliest-named fossil mammal genera with official taxonomic authorities. They today are known to date to the Neogene-Quaternary. In deeper-level deposits in western Europe are early-aged mammals such as the palaeothere perissodactyl Palaeotherium and the anoplotheriid artiodactyl Anoplotherium, both of which were described earliest after the former two genera, which today are known to date to the Paleogene period. Cuvier figured out that even older than the two levels of deposits with extinct large mammals is one that contained an extinct "crocodile-like" marine reptile, which eventually came to be known as the mosasaurid Mosasaurus of the Cretaceous period. First mention of the word palæontologie, as coined in January 1822 by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in his Journal de physique The first half of the 19th century saw geological and paleontological activity become increasingly well organised with the growth of geologic societies and museums and an increasing number of professional geologists and fossil specialists. Interest increased for reasons that were not purely scientific, as geology and paleontology helped industrialists to find and exploit natural resources such as coal. This contributed to a rapid increase in knowledge about the history of life on Earth and to progress in the definition of the geologic time scale, largely based on fossil evidence. Although she was rarely recognised by the scientific community, Mary Anning was a significant contributor to the field of palaeontology during this period; she uncovered multiple novel Mesozoic reptile fossils and deducted that what were then known as bezoar stones are in fact fossilised faeces. In 1822 Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, editor of Journal de Physique, coined the word "palaeontology" to refer to the study of ancient living organisms through fossils. As knowledge of life's history continued to improve, it became increasingly obvious that there had been some kind of successive order to the development of life. This encouraged early evolutionary theories on the transmutation of species. After Charles Darwin published Origin of Species in 1859, much of the focus of paleontology shifted to understanding evolutionary paths, including human evolution, and evolutionary theory. Haikouichthys, from about 518 million years ago in China, may be the earliest known fish The last half of the 19th century saw a tremendous expansion in paleontological activity, especially in North America. The trend continued in the 20th century with additional regions of the Earth being opened to systematic fossil collection. Fossils found in China near the end of the 20th century have been particularly important as they have provided new information about the earliest evolution of animals, early fish, dinosaurs and the evolution of birds. The last few decades of the 20th century saw a renewed interest in mass extinctions and their role in the evolution of life on Earth. There was also a renewed interest in the Cambrian explosion that apparently saw the development of the body plans of most animal phyla. The discovery of fossils of the Ediacaran biota and developments in paleobiology extended knowledge about the history of life back far before the Cambrian. Increasing awareness of Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics led first to the development of population genetics and then in the mid-20th century to the modern evolutionary synthesis, which explains evolution as the outcome of events such as mutations and horizontal gene transfer, which provide genetic variation, with genetic drift and natural selection driving changes in this variation over time. Within the next few years the role and operation of DNA in genetic inheritance were discovered, leading to what is now known as the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology. In the 1960s molecular phylogenetics, the investigation of evolutionary "family trees" by techniques derived from biochemistry, began to make an impact, particularly when it was proposed that the human lineage had diverged from apes much more recently than was generally thought at the time. Although this early study compared proteins from apes and humans, most molecular phylogenetics research is now based on comparisons of RNA and DNA. Paleontology in the popular press Books catered to the general public on paleontology include: The Last Days of the Dinosaurs: An Asteroid Extinction, and the Beginning of our World written by Riley Black The Rise and Reign of the Mammals: A New History, from the Shadow of the Dinosaurs to Us written by Steve Brusatte Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds written by Thomas Halliday See also Biostratigraphy – Stratigraphy which assigns ages of rock strata by using fossils European land mammal age – Rock layers based on occurrences of fossil assemblages of European land mammals Fossil collecting – Collecting fossils to study, collect or sell List of fossil sites (with link directory) List of notable fossils List of paleontologists List of transitional fossils Paleoanthropology – Study of ancient humans Paleobotany – Study of organic evolution of plants based on fossils Paleogenetics – study of the past through the examination of preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organismsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Paleontographer Paleophycology – Study and identification of fossil algae Radiometric dating – Technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates – Classification of ancient, commonly preserved, spine-lacking animalsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology – Ongoing series of zoology books Une Femme ou Deux - French screwball comedy romance film starring Gérard Depardieu as a paleontologist. 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Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform. The University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-226-73128-5. ^ a b Buckland, W. & Gould, S.J. (1980). Geology and Mineralogy Considered With Reference to Natural Theology (History of Paleontology). Ayer Company Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-12706-9. ^ Shu, D.G.; Conway Morris, S.; Han, J.; Zhang, Z F.; Yasui, K.; Janvier, P.; Chen, L.; Zhang, X.L.; Liu, J.N.; Li, Y.; Liu, H.-Q. (2003), "Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys", Nature, 421 (6922): 526–29, Bibcode:2003Natur.421..526S, doi:10.1038/nature01264, PMID 12556891, S2CID 4401274, archived from the original on November 24, 2015 ^ Everhart, Michael J. (2005). Oceans of Kansas: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-253-34547-2. ^ Gee, H., ed. (2001). Rise of the Dragon: Readings from Nature on the Chinese Fossil Record. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press. p. 276. ISBN 0-226-28491-3. ^ a b Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea. University of California Press. pp. 351–52, 325–39. ISBN 0-520-23693-9. ^ Crick, F.H.C. (1955). "On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2008. ^ Sarich, V.M. & Wilson, A.C. (December 1967). "Immunological time scale for hominid evolution". Science. 158 (3805): 1200–03. Bibcode:1967Sci...158.1200S. doi:10.1126/science.158.3805.1200. PMID 4964406. S2CID 7349579. ^ Page, R.D.M. & Holmes, E.C. (1998). Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 2. ISBN 0-86542-889-1. ^ Black, Riley (2022). The Last Days of the Dinosaurs: An Asteroid, Extinction, and the Beginning of Our World (1st ed.). United States: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250271044. ^ Brusatte, Steve (2022). The Rise and Reign of the Mammals: A New History, from the Shadow of the Dinosaurs to Us (1st ed.). United States: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0062951519. ^ Halliday, Thomas (2022). Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds (1st ed.). United States: Random House. ISBN 978-0593132883. 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anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuchet-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_language"},{"link_name":"gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-5"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"anatomically modern humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematic"},{"link_name":"evolutionary history of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoecology"},{"link_name":"ancient climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology"},{"link_name":"trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"geochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"radiometric dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"link_name":"absolute dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_dating"},{"link_name":"jigsaw puzzles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle"},{"link_name":"biostratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostratigraphy"},{"link_name":"Linnaean taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"cladistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"molecular clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock"}],"text":"Study of life before the Holocene epoch\"Palaeontology\" redirects here. For the\nScience journal, see Palaeontology (journal).A paleontologist at work at John Day Fossil beds National MonumentPaleontology (/ˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒi, ˌpæli-, -ən-/ PAY-lee-on-TOL-ə-jee, PAL-ee-, -⁠ən-), also spelled palaeontology[a] or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).[citation needed] It includes the study of fossils to classify organisms and study their interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term has been used since 1822[1][b] formed from Greek παλαιός ('palaios', \"old, ancient\"), ὄν ('on', (gen. 'ontos'), \"being, creature\"), and λόγος ('logos', \"speech, thought, study\").[3]Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, but it differs from archaeology in that it excludes the study of anatomically modern humans. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics, and engineering. Use of all these techniques has enabled paleontologists to discover much of the evolutionary history of life, almost back to when Earth became capable of supporting life, nearly 4 billion years ago.[4] As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised sub-divisions, some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others study ecology and environmental history, such as ancient climates.Body fossils and trace fossils are the principal types of evidence about ancient life, and geochemical evidence has helped to decipher the evolution of life before there were organisms large enough to leave body fossils. Estimating the dates of these remains is essential but difficult: sometimes adjacent rock layers allow radiometric dating, which provides absolute dates that are accurate to within 0.5%, but more often paleontologists have to rely on relative dating by solving the \"jigsaw puzzles\" of biostratigraphy (arrangement of rock layers from youngest to oldest). Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnaean taxonomy classifying living organisms, and paleontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary \"family trees\". The final quarter of the 20th century saw the development of molecular phylogenetics, which investigates how closely organisms are related by measuring the similarity of the DNA in their genomes. Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.","title":"Paleontology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CowenHistLifeEd3Pxi-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The simplest definition of \"paleontology\" is \"the study of ancient life\".[5] The field seeks information about several aspects of past organisms: \"their identity and origin, their environment and evolution, and what they can tell us about the Earth's organic and inorganic past\".[6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG"},{"link_name":"Europasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europasaurus"},{"link_name":"William Whewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewell"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cleland2002MethodologicalAndEpistemicDifferences-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis"},{"link_name":"smoking gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_gun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"Walter Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"iridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Paleogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene"},{"link_name":"asteroid impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_impact"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cleland2002MethodologicalAndEpistemicDifferences-10"},{"link_name":"experimental science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_science"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cleland2002MethodologicalAndEpistemicDifferences-10"}],"sub_title":"Historical science","text":"The preparation of the fossilised bones of Europasaurus holgeriWilliam Whewell (1794–1866) classified paleontology as one of the historical sciences, along with archaeology, geology, astronomy, cosmology, philology and history itself:[7] paleontology aims to describe phenomena of the past and to reconstruct their causes.[8] Hence it has three main elements: description of past phenomena; developing a general theory about the causes of various types of change; and applying those theories to specific facts.[9]\nWhen trying to explain the past, paleontologists and other historical scientists often construct a set of one or more hypotheses about the causes and then look for a \"smoking gun\", a piece of evidence that strongly accords with one hypothesis over any others.[10]\nSometimes researchers discover a \"smoking gun\" by a fortunate accident during other research. For example, the 1980 discovery by Luis and Walter Alvarez of iridium, a mainly extraterrestrial metal, in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer made asteroid impact the most favored explanation for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event – although debate continues about the contribution of volcanism.[8]A complementary approach to developing scientific knowledge, experimental science,[11]\nis often said[by whom?] to work by conducting experiments to disprove hypotheses about the workings and causes of natural phenomena. This approach cannot prove a hypothesis, since some later experiment may disprove it, but the accumulation of failures to disprove is often compelling evidence in favor. However, when confronted with totally unexpected phenomena, such as the first evidence for invisible radiation, experimental scientists often use the same approach as historical scientists: construct a set of hypotheses about the causes and then look for a \"smoking gun\".[8]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laudan1992WhatSpecialP57-16"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCMPfaqAnthro-17"},{"link_name":"osteology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteology"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CowenHistLifeEd3Pxi-7"},{"link_name":"geochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrasierMcLoughlinEtAl2006FreshLook-18"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"isotope ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis"},{"link_name":"Permian–Triassic extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twitchett-19"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"molecular clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PetersonEtAl2005-20"},{"link_name":"Tyrannosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutchinsonGarcia2002TrexSlow-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM03-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MicroraptorWindTun-23"},{"link_name":"X-ray microtomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_microtomography"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SuttonRahman2013-25"},{"link_name":"paleoneurobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoneurobiology"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruner-26"},{"link_name":"astrobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Related sciences","text":"Paleontology lies between biology and geology since it focuses on the record of past life, but its main source of evidence is fossils in rocks.[12][13] For historical reasons, paleontology is part of the geology department at many universities: in the 19th and early 20th centuries, geology departments found fossil evidence important for dating rocks, while biology departments showed little interest.[14]Paleontology also has some overlap with archaeology, which primarily works with objects made by humans and with human remains, while paleontologists are interested in the characteristics and evolution of humans as a species. When dealing with evidence about humans, archaeologists and paleontologists may work together – for example paleontologists might identify animal or plant fossils around an archaeological site, to discover the people who lived there, and what they ate; or they might analyze the climate at the time of habitation.[15]In addition, paleontology often borrows techniques from other sciences, including biology, osteology, ecology, chemistry, physics and mathematics.[5] For example, geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth,[16] and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[17] A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, compares the DNA and RNA of modern organisms to re-construct the \"family trees\" of their evolutionary ancestors. It has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the \"molecular clock\".[18] Techniques from engineering have been used to analyse how the bodies of ancient organisms might have worked, for example the running speed and bite strength of Tyrannosaurus,[19][20] or the flight mechanics of Microraptor.[21] It is relatively commonplace to study the internal details of fossils using X-ray microtomography.[22][23] Paleontology, biology, archaeology, and paleoneurobiology combine to study endocranial casts (endocasts) of species related to humans to clarify the evolution of the human brain.[24]Paleontology even contributes to astrobiology, the investigation of possible life on other planets, by developing models of how life may have arisen and by providing techniques for detecting evidence of life.[25]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Vertebrate paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Invertebrate paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate_paleontology"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"annelid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid"},{"link_name":"echinoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm"},{"link_name":"Paleobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotany"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"Palynology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palynology"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spores"},{"link_name":"protists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"Micropaleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropaleontology"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCMPpaleoSpecialisms-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fossil_Tyranausaurus_Rex_at_the_Royal_Tyrell_Museum,_Alberta,_Canada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tyrannosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus"},{"link_name":"paleoecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoecology"},{"link_name":"food chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"oxygenic photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen#Photosynthesis_and_respiration"},{"link_name":"oxygenation of the atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen#Build-up_in_the_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoehler-31"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"multicellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HedgesBlairEtAl2004molecularTimescaleOfEukaryoteEvolution-32"},{"link_name":"Paleoclimatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCMPpaleoSpecialisms-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"greenhouse effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect"},{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlgeoScheckler1998errestrialMarineTeleconnectionsInDevonian-34"},{"link_name":"Biostratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostratigraphy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Subdivisions","text":"As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised subdivisions.[26] Vertebrate paleontology concentrates on fossils from the earliest fish to the immediate ancestors of modern mammals. Invertebrate paleontology deals with fossils such as molluscs, arthropods, annelid worms and echinoderms. Paleobotany studies fossil plants, algae, and fungi. Palynology, the study of pollen and spores produced by land plants and protists, straddles paleontology and botany, as it deals with both living and fossil organisms. Micropaleontology deals with microscopic fossil organisms of all kinds.[27]Analyses using engineering techniques show that Tyrannosaurus had a devastating bite, but raise doubts about its running ability.Instead of focusing on individual organisms, paleoecology examines the interactions between different ancient organisms, such as their food chains, and the two-way interactions with their environments.[28] For example, the development of oxygenic photosynthesis by bacteria caused the oxygenation of the atmosphere and hugely increased the productivity and diversity of ecosystems.[29] Together, these led to the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells, from which all multicellular organisms are built.[30]Paleoclimatology, although sometimes treated as part of paleoecology,[27] focuses more on the history of Earth's climate and the mechanisms that have changed it[31] – which have sometimes included evolutionary developments, for example the rapid expansion of land plants in the Devonian period removed more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing the greenhouse effect and thus helping to cause an ice age in the Carboniferous period.[32]Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.[33] Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms, and is also linked to geology, which explains how Earth's geography has changed over time.[34]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources of evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marrella_(fossil).png"},{"link_name":"Marrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrella"},{"link_name":"Burgess Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Shale"},{"link_name":"lagerstätte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCMPWhatIsPaleo-37"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"metamorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BentonQualityFossilRecord-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterfield2003ExceptionalFossilPreservation-39"},{"link_name":"mineralised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralisation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"phyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CowenHistLifeEd3Pxi-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson2023FossilChemicalFramework-40"},{"link_name":"lagerstätten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Signor–Lipps effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signor%E2%80%93Lipps_effect"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Signor1982-42"}],"sub_title":"Body fossils","text":"This Marrella specimen illustrates how clear and detailed the fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte are.Fossils of organisms' bodies are usually the most informative type of evidence. The most common types are wood, bones, and shells.[35] Fossilisation is a rare event, and most fossils are destroyed by erosion or metamorphism before they can be observed. Hence the fossil record is very incomplete, increasingly so further back in time. Despite this, it is often adequate to illustrate the broader patterns of life's history.[36] There are also biases in the fossil record: different environments are more favorable to the preservation of different types of organism or parts of organisms.[37] Further, only the parts of organisms that were already mineralised are usually preserved, such as the shells of molluscs. Since most animal species are soft-bodied, they decay before they can become fossilised. As a result, although there are 30-plus phyla of living animals, two-thirds have never been found as fossils.[5]Occasionally, unusual environments may preserve soft tissues.[38] These lagerstätten allow paleontologists to examine the internal anatomy of animals that in other sediments are represented only by shells, spines, claws, etc. – if they are preserved at all. However, even lagerstätten present an incomplete picture of life at the time. The majority of organisms living at the time are probably not represented because lagerstätten are restricted to a narrow range of environments, e.g. where soft-bodied organisms can be preserved very quickly by events such as mudslides; and the exceptional events that cause quick burial make it difficult to study the normal environments of the animals.[39] The sparseness of the fossil record means that organisms are expected to exist long before and after they are found in the fossil record – this is known as the Signor–Lipps effect.[40]","title":"Sources of evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CambrianRusophycus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"Rusophycus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusophycus"},{"link_name":"trilobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climactichnites_ToddGass3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Climactichnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climactichnites"},{"link_name":"tidal flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_flat"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"coprolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprolite"},{"link_name":"feces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCMPWhatIsPaleo-37"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FedonkinGehlingEtAl2007RiseOfAnimals-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seilacher1994-44"},{"link_name":"earthworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FedonkinGehlingEtAl2007RiseOfAnimals-43"}],"sub_title":"Trace fossils","text":"Cambrian trace fossils including Rusophycus, made by a trilobiteClimactichnites — Cambrian trackways (10–12 cm wide) from large, slug-like animals on a Cambrian tidal flat in what is now WisconsinTrace fossils consist mainly of tracks and burrows, but also include coprolites (fossil feces) and marks left by feeding.[35][41] Trace fossils are particularly significant because they represent a data source that is not limited to animals with easily fossilised hard parts, and they reflect organisms' behaviours. Also many traces date from significantly earlier than the body fossils of animals that are thought to have been capable of making them.[42] Whilst exact assignment of trace fossils to their makers is generally impossible, traces may for example provide the earliest physical evidence of the appearance of moderately complex animals (comparable to earthworms).[41]","title":"Sources of evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrasierMcLoughlinEtAl2006FreshLook-18"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"multicellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrocksLoganEtAl1999RiseOfEukaryotes-45"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"isotope ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis"},{"link_name":"Permian–Triassic extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twitchett-19"}],"sub_title":"Geochemical observations","text":"Geochemical observations may help to deduce the global level of biological activity at a certain period, or the affinity of certain fossils. For example, geochemical features of rocks may reveal when life first arose on Earth,[16] and may provide evidence of the presence of eukaryotic cells, the type from which all multicellular organisms are built.[43] Analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to explain major transitions such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[17]","title":"Sources of evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo.svg"},{"link_name":"Linnaean taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrochuSumrall2001-46"},{"link_name":"Linnaean taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"Amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"Amniotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote"},{"link_name":"Synapsids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsid"},{"link_name":"Mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Archosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur"},{"link_name":"Crocodilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilian"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CowenHistLifeEd3Pxi-7"},{"link_name":"cladistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrochuSumrall2001-46"},{"link_name":"anatomical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"notochord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notochord"},{"link_name":"molecular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"camera eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye"},{"link_name":"convergently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CowenHistLifeEd3Pxi-7"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tetrop-48"},{"link_name":"embryological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryological"},{"link_name":"brachiopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiopod"},{"link_name":"halkieriids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkieriid"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Levels in the Linnaean taxonomyNaming groups of organisms in a way that is clear and widely agreed is important, as some disputes in paleontology have been based just on misunderstandings over names.[44] Linnaean taxonomy is commonly used for classifying living organisms, but runs into difficulties when dealing with newly discovered organisms that are significantly different from known ones. For example: it is hard to decide at what level to place a new higher-level grouping, e.g. genus or family or order; this is important since the Linnaean rules for naming groups are tied to their levels, and hence if a group is moved to a different level it must be renamed.[45]Tetrapods\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmphibians\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmniotes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSynapsids\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExtinct Synapsids\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\nMammals\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReptiles\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExtinct reptiles\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLizards and snakes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArchosaurs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExtinctArchosaurs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrocodilians\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDinosaurs ? \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExtinctDinosaurs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n ? \n\n\nBirds\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSimple example cladogram Warm-bloodedness evolved somewhere in thesynapsid–mammal transition. ? Warm-bloodedness must also have evolved at one of these points – an example of convergent evolution.[5]Paleontologists generally use approaches based on cladistics, a technique for working out the evolutionary \"family tree\" of a set of organisms.[44] It works by the logic that, if groups B and C have more similarities to each other than either has to group A, then B and C are more closely related to each other than either is to A. Characters that are compared may be anatomical, such as the presence of a notochord, or molecular, by comparing sequences of DNA or proteins. The result of a successful analysis is a hierarchy of clades – groups that share a common ancestor. Ideally the \"family tree\" has only two branches leading from each node (\"junction\"), but sometimes there is too little information to achieve this, and paleontologists have to make do with junctions that have several branches. The cladistic technique is sometimes fallible, as some features, such as wings or camera eyes, evolved more than once, convergently – this must be taken into account in analyses.[5]Evolutionary developmental biology, commonly abbreviated to \"Evo Devo\", also helps paleontologists to produce \"family trees\", and understand fossils.[46] For example, the embryological development of some modern brachiopods suggests that brachiopods may be descendants of the halkieriids, which became extinct in the Cambrian period.[47]","title":"Classifying ancient organisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Index_fossils_blank_01.png"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"Quater-nary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"Creta-ceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"Missis-sippian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_age"},{"link_name":"Pennsyl-vanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Devo-nian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Ordo-vician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"Camb-rian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Pecten gibbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten_(bivalve)"},{"link_name":"Calyptraphorusvelatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calyptraphorus_velatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scaphiteshippocrepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphites_hippocrepis"},{"link_name":"Perisphinctes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisphinctes"},{"link_name":"Tropitessubbullatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropites_subbullatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leptodusamericanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leptodus_americanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cactocrinusmultibrachiatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cactocrinus_multibrachiatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dictyoclostusamericanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictyoclostus_americanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mucrospirifermucronatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucrospirifer_mucronatus"},{"link_name":"Cystiphyllumniagarense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cystiphyllum_niagarense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bathyurus extans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bathyurus_extans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paradoxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxides"},{"link_name":"Neptunea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunea"},{"link_name":"Venericardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venericardia"},{"link_name":"Inoceramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoceramus"},{"link_name":"Nerinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerinea"},{"link_name":"Monotissubcircularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monotis_subcircularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parafusulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafusulina"},{"link_name":"Lophophyllidiumproliferum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lophophyllidium_proliferum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prolecanites gurleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prolecanites_gurleyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmatolepus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmatolepus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hexamocaras hertzeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexamocaras_hertzeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetragraptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragraptus"},{"link_name":"Billingsella corrugata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billingsella_corrugata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Index_fossils_blank_01.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Index_fossils_blank_01.png"},{"link_name":"index fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fossil"},{"link_name":"radiometric dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin2000-50"},{"link_name":"decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin2000-50"},{"link_name":"stratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"jigsaw puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"index fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fossil"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gehling2001-54"},{"link_name":"continents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gehling2001-54"},{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"molecular clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock"},{"link_name":"Cambrian explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PetersonEtAl2005-20"}],"text":"Cenozoic\nMesozoic\nPaleozoic\nProterozoic\nQuater-nary\nTertiary\nCreta-ceous\nJurassic\nTriassic\nPermian\nMissis-sippian\nPennsyl-vanian\nDevo-nian\nSilurian\nOrdo-vician\nCamb-rian\nPecten gibbus\nCalyptraphorusvelatus\nScaphiteshippocrepis\nPerisphinctestiziani\nTropitessubbullatus\nLeptodusamericanus\nCactocrinusmultibrachiatus\nDictyoclostusamericanus\nMucrospirifermucronatus\nCystiphyllumniagarense\nBathyurus extans\nParadoxides pinus\nNeptunea tabulata\nVenericardiaplanicosta\nInoceramuslabiatus\nNerinea trinodosa\nMonotissubcircularis\nParafusulinabosei\nLophophyllidiumproliferum\nProlecanites gurleyi\nPalmatolepusunicornis\nHexamocaras hertzeri\nTetragraptus fructicosus\nBillingsella corrugata\n\n\n\n Common index fossils used to date rocks in the northeast United StatesPaleontology seeks to map out how living things have changed through time. A substantial hurdle to this aim is the difficulty of working out how old fossils are. Beds that preserve fossils typically lack the radioactive elements needed for radiometric dating. This technique is our only means of giving rocks greater than about 50 million years old an absolute age, and can be accurate to within 0.5% or better.[48] Although radiometric dating requires very careful laboratory work, its basic principle is simple: the rates at which various radioactive elements decay are known, and so the ratio of the radioactive element to the element into which it decays shows how long ago the radioactive element was incorporated into the rock. Radioactive elements are common only in rocks with a volcanic origin, and so the only fossil-bearing rocks that can be dated radiometrically are a few volcanic ash layers.[48]Consequently, paleontologists must usually rely on stratigraphy to date fossils. Stratigraphy is the science of deciphering the \"layer-cake\" that is the sedimentary record, and has been compared to a jigsaw puzzle.[49] Rocks normally form relatively horizontal layers, with each layer younger than the one underneath it. If a fossil is found between two layers whose ages are known, the fossil's age must lie between the two known ages.[50] Because rock sequences are not continuous, but may be broken up by faults or periods of erosion, it is very difficult to match up rock beds that are not directly next to one another. However, fossils of species that survived for a relatively short time can be used to link up isolated rocks: this technique is called biostratigraphy. For instance, the conodont Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus has a short range in the Middle Ordovician period.[51] If rocks of unknown age are found to have traces of E. pseudoplanus, they must have a mid-Ordovician age. Such index fossils must be distinctive, be globally distributed and have a short time range to be useful. However, misleading results are produced if the index fossils turn out to have longer fossil ranges than first thought.[52] Stratigraphy and biostratigraphy can in general provide only relative dating (A was before B), which is often sufficient for studying evolution. However, this is difficult for some time periods, because of the problems involved in matching up rocks of the same age across different continents.[52]Family-tree relationships may also help to narrow down the date when lineages first appeared. For instance, if fossils of B or C date to X million years ago and the calculated \"family tree\" says A was an ancestor of B and C, then A must have evolved more than X million years ago.It is also possible to estimate how long ago two living clades diverged – i.e. approximately how long ago their last common ancestor must have lived – by assuming that DNA mutations accumulate at a constant rate. These \"molecular clocks\", however, are fallible, and provide only a very approximate timing: for example, they are not sufficiently precise and reliable for estimating when the groups that feature in the Cambrian explosion first evolved,[53] and estimates produced by different techniques may vary by a factor of two.[18]","title":"Estimating the dates of organisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Runzelmarken.jpg"},{"link_name":"trace fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"stromatolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite"},{"link_name":"microbial mat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat"},{"link_name":"Burgsvik beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgsvik_beds"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manten1966-56"},{"link_name":"Timeline of evolutionary history of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_evolutionary_history_of_life"},{"link_name":"4,570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4,570"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"4,440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4,440"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Late Heavy Bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment"},{"link_name":"4,000 to 3,800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4000%E2%80%933800"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"3,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3,000"},{"link_name":"3,800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3,800"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PiP-60"},{"link_name":"3,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3,000"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"3,400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3,400"},{"link_name":"3,800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3,800"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrasierMcLoughlinEtAl2006FreshLook-18"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"\"seeded\" from elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"arisen independently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"microbial mats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KrumbeinBrehmEtAl2003BiofilmBiodictyonBiomatEtc-66"},{"link_name":"oxygenic photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen#Photosynthesis_and_respiration"},{"link_name":"oxygenation of the atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen#Build-up_in_the_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoehler-31"},{"link_name":"2,400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2,400"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NisbetFowler1999ArchaeanMetabolicEvolution-67"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison"},{"link_name":"metabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"endosymbionts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PiP-60"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"1,850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,850"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HedgesBlairEtAl2004molecularTimescaleOfEukaryoteEvolution-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png"},{"link_name":"Opabinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opabinia"},{"link_name":"Cambrian explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion"},{"link_name":"Multicellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular"},{"link_name":"Francevillian Group Fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francevillian_Group_Fossil"},{"link_name":"2,100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2,100"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albani-69"},{"link_name":"1,430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,430"},{"link_name":"1,200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,200"},{"link_name":"red alga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_alga"},{"link_name":"Sexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterfield2000Bangiomorpha-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterfield2005ProterozoicFungi-71"},{"link_name":"cnidarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria"},{"link_name":"580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=580"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"mineralised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralisation"},{"link_name":"548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=548"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengtson2004-73"},{"link_name":"bilaterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Cambrian explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion"},{"link_name":"evolutionary \"aunts\" and \"cousins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_group"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall2006Explaining-74"},{"link_name":"Vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yanoconodon_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yanoconodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanoconodon"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garwood-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selden2001TerrestrializationOfAnimals-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KenrickCrane1997EvolutionOfLandPlants-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=476"},{"link_name":"490","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=490"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KenrickCrane1997EvolutionOfLandPlants-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"euthycarcinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthycarcinoid"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=370"},{"link_name":"360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=360"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clack2005GettingLegUp-85"},{"link_name":"ecological crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_crisis"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlgeoScheckler1998errestrialMarineTeleconnectionsInDevonian-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_sparrow04.jpg"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padian2004-86"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"synapsids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsid"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Permian–Triassic extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=251"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"archosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padian2004-86"},{"link_name":"insectivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore"},{"link_name":"endothermy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermy"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RubenJones2000FurAndFeathers-91"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=66"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renne2013-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=130"},{"link_name":"90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=90"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CraneFriisPedersen2000OriginAndDiversificationOfAngiosperms-96"},{"link_name":"coevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution"},{"link_name":"pollinating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crepet2000-97"},{"link_name":"Social insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insects"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilsonH%C3%B6lldobler2005EusocialityOriginConsequences-98"},{"link_name":"apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=6"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"chimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzee"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"single small population in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"hominine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominine"},{"link_name":"arose worldwide at the same time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"interbreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbreeding"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"text":"This wrinkled \"elephant skin\" texture is a trace fossil of a non-stromatolite microbial mat. The image shows the location, in the Burgsvik beds of Sweden, where the texture was first identified as evidence of a microbial mat.[54]Further information: Timeline of evolutionary history of lifeEarth formed about 4,570 million years ago and, after a collision that formed the Moon about 40 million years later, may have cooled quickly enough to have oceans and an atmosphere about 4,440 million years ago.[55][56] There is evidence on the Moon of a Late Heavy Bombardment by asteroids from 4,000 to 3,800 million years ago. If, as seems likely, such a bombardment struck Earth at the same time, the first atmosphere and oceans may have been stripped away.[57]Paleontology traces the evolutionary history of life back to over 3,000 million years ago, possibly as far as 3,800 million years ago.[58] The oldest clear evidence of life on Earth dates to 3,000 million years ago, although there have been reports, often disputed, of fossil bacteria from 3,400 million years ago and of geochemical evidence for the presence of life 3,800 million years ago.[16][59] Some scientists have proposed that life on Earth was \"seeded\" from elsewhere,[60][61][62] but most research concentrates on various explanations of how life could have arisen independently on Earth.[63]For about 2,000 million years microbial mats, multi-layered colonies of different bacteria, were the dominant life on Earth.[64] The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis enabled them to play the major role in the oxygenation of the atmosphere[29] from about 2,400 million years ago. This change in the atmosphere increased their effectiveness as nurseries of evolution.[65] While eukaryotes, cells with complex internal structures, may have been present earlier, their evolution speeded up when they acquired the ability to transform oxygen from a poison to a powerful source of metabolic energy. This innovation may have come from primitive eukaryotes capturing oxygen-powered bacteria as endosymbionts and transforming them into organelles called mitochondria.[58][66] The earliest evidence of complex eukaryotes with organelles (such as mitochondria) dates from 1,850 million years ago.[30]Opabinia sparked modern interest in the Cambrian explosion.Multicellular life is composed only of eukaryotic cells, and the earliest evidence for it is the Francevillian Group Fossils from 2,100 million years ago,[67] although specialisation of cells for different functions first appears between 1,430 million years ago (a possible fungus) and 1,200 million years ago (a probable red alga). Sexual reproduction may be a prerequisite for specialisation of cells, as an asexual multicellular organism might be at risk of being taken over by rogue cells that retain the ability to reproduce.[68][69]The earliest known animals are cnidarians from about 580 million years ago, but these are so modern-looking that must be descendants of earlier animals.[70] Early fossils of animals are rare because they had not developed mineralised, easily fossilized hard parts until about 548 million years ago.[71] The earliest modern-looking bilaterian animals appear in the Early Cambrian, along with several \"weird wonders\" that bear little obvious resemblance to any modern animals. There is a long-running debate about whether this Cambrian explosion was truly a very rapid period of evolutionary experimentation; alternative views are that modern-looking animals began evolving earlier but fossils of their precursors have not yet been found, or that the \"weird wonders\" are evolutionary \"aunts\" and \"cousins\" of modern groups.[72] Vertebrates remained a minor group until the first jawed fish appeared in the Late Ordovician.[73][74]At about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) the Early Cretaceous Yanoconodon was longer than the average mammal of the time.[75]The spread of animals and plants from water to land required organisms to solve several problems, including protection against drying out and supporting themselves against gravity.[76][77][78][79] The earliest evidence of land plants and land invertebrates date back to about 476 million years ago and 490 million years ago respectively.[78][80] Those invertebrates, as indicated by their trace and body fossils, were shown to be arthropods known as euthycarcinoids.[81] The lineage that produced land vertebrates evolved later but very rapidly between 370 million years ago and 360 million years ago;[82] recent discoveries have overturned earlier ideas about the history and driving forces behind their evolution.[83] Land plants were so successful that their detritus caused an ecological crisis in the Late Devonian, until the evolution of fungi that could digest dead wood.[32]Birds are the only surviving dinosaurs.[84]During the Permian period, synapsids, including the ancestors of mammals, may have dominated land environments,[85] but this ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251 million years ago, which came very close to wiping out all complex life.[86] The extinctions were apparently fairly sudden, at least among vertebrates.[87] During the slow recovery from this catastrophe a previously obscure group, archosaurs, became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates. One archosaur group, the dinosaurs, were the dominant land vertebrates for the rest of the Mesozoic,[88] and birds evolved from one group of dinosaurs.[84] During this time mammals' ancestors survived only as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores, which may have accelerated the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair.[89] After the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago[90] killed off all the dinosaurs except the birds, mammals increased rapidly in size and diversity, and some took to the air and the sea.[91][92][93]Fossil evidence indicates that flowering plants appeared and rapidly diversified in the Early Cretaceous between 130 million years ago and 90 million years ago.[94] Their rapid rise to dominance of terrestrial ecosystems is thought to have been propelled by coevolution with pollinating insects.[95] Social insects appeared around the same time and, although they account for only small parts of the insect \"family tree\", now form over 50% of the total mass of all insects.[96]Humans evolved from a lineage of upright-walking apes whose earliest fossils date from over 6 million years ago.[97] Although early members of this lineage had chimp-sized brains, about 25% as big as modern humans', there are signs of a steady increase in brain size after about 3 million years ago.[98] There is a long-running debate about whether modern humans are descendants of a single small population in Africa, which then migrated all over the world less than 200,000 years ago and replaced previous hominine species, or arose worldwide at the same time as a result of interbreeding.[99]","title":"History of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extinction_intensity.svg"},{"link_name":"Phanerozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanerozoic"},{"link_name":"(H)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction"},{"link_name":"K–Pg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"Tr–J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"P–Tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitanian_mass_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"Late D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction"},{"link_name":"O–S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extinction_intensity.svg"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"fossil record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_record"},{"link_name":"Holocene extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=542"},{"link_name":"ecological niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod2001Extinction-105"},{"link_name":"dissolved oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"anoxic events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_event"},{"link_name":"food chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Anomalocaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalocaris"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WonderfulLifeP194To206-108"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod2001Extinction-105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_biodiversity_blank_01.png"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"mass extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_biodiversity_blank_01.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_biodiversity_blank_01.png"},{"link_name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RohdeMuller2005-109"},{"link_name":"542 to 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=542%E2%80%93400"},{"link_name":"400 to 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=400%E2%80%93200"},{"link_name":"Permian–Triassic extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=200"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RohdeMuller2005-109"}],"sub_title":"Mass extinctions","text":"Marine extinction intensity during Phanerozoic\n%\nMillions of years ago\n(H)\nK–Pg\nTr–J\nP–Tr\nCap\nLate D\nO–S\n\n\n\nApparent extinction intensity, i.e. the fraction of genera going extinct at any given time, as reconstructed from the fossil record (graph not meant to include recent epoch of Holocene extinction event)Life on earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since 542 million years ago. Despite their disastrous effects, mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on earth. When dominance of an ecological niche passes from one group of organisms to another, this is rarely because the new dominant group outcompetes the old, but usually because an extinction event allows a new group, which may possess an advantageous trait, to outlive the old and move into its niche.[100][101][102]The fossil record appears to show that the rate of extinction is slowing down, with both the gaps between mass extinctions becoming longer and the average and background rates of extinction decreasing. However, it is not certain whether the actual rate of extinction has altered, since both of these observations could be explained in several ways:[103]The oceans may have become more hospitable to life over the last 500 million years and less vulnerable to mass extinctions: dissolved oxygen became more widespread and penetrated to greater depths; the development of life on land reduced the run-off of nutrients and hence the risk of eutrophication and anoxic events; marine ecosystems became more diversified so that food chains were less likely to be disrupted.[104][105]\nReasonably complete fossils are very rare: most extinct organisms are represented only by partial fossils, and complete fossils are rarest in the oldest rocks. So paleontologists have mistakenly assigned parts of the same organism to different genera, which were often defined solely to accommodate these finds – the story of Anomalocaris is an example of this.[106] The risk of this mistake is higher for older fossils because these are often unlike parts of any living organism. Many \"superfluous\" genera are represented by fragments that are not found again, and these \"superfluous\" genera are interpreted as becoming extinct very quickly.[103]All genera\n\"Well-defined\" genera\nTrend line\n\"Big Five\" mass extinctions\nOther mass extinctions\nMillion years ago\nThousands of genera\n\n\n\n Phanerozoic biodiversity as shown by the fossil recordBiodiversity in the fossil record, which is\"the number of distinct genera alive at any given time; that is, those whose first occurrence predates and whose last occurrence postdates that time\"[107]shows a different trend: a fairly swift rise from 542 to 400 million years ago, a slight decline from 400 to 200 million years ago, in which the devastating Permian–Triassic extinction event is an important factor, and a swift rise from 200 million years ago to the present.[107]","title":"History of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant"},{"link_name":"mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy#Ancient_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Xenophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophanes"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudwick-110"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"Albert of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudwick-110"},{"link_name":"Shen Kuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo"},{"link_name":"petrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrified"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"early modern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Europe"},{"link_name":"natural philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Age of Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anoplotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoplotherium"},{"link_name":"Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"comparative anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"stratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer2005EarthTime-116"},{"link_name":"Megatherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatherium"},{"link_name":"mammutid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammutidae"},{"link_name":"proboscidean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscidean"},{"link_name":"Mammut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammut"},{"link_name":"Neogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"palaeothere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeothere"},{"link_name":"perissodactyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyl"},{"link_name":"Palaeotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeotherium"},{"link_name":"anoplotheriid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoplotheriidae"},{"link_name":"artiodactyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyl"},{"link_name":"Anoplotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoplotherium"},{"link_name":"Paleogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene"},{"link_name":"mosasaurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurid"},{"link_name":"Mosasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earliest-mention-of-the-word-palaeontology-in-January-1822-by-Blainville.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudwick-110"},{"link_name":"geologic time scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Mary Anning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anning"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"bezoar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezoar"},{"link_name":"fossilised faeces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprolite"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"transmutation of species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_species"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BucklandGould-123"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BucklandGould-123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haikouichthys4.png"},{"link_name":"Haikouichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikouichthys"},{"link_name":"518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=518"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"mass extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowler%E2%80%93Idea-127"},{"link_name":"Cambrian explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_explosion"},{"link_name":"phyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"},{"link_name":"Ediacaran biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran_biota"},{"link_name":"paleobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marshall2006Explaining-74"},{"link_name":"Gregor Mendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"population genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics"},{"link_name":"modern evolutionary synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"horizontal gene transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer"},{"link_name":"genetic variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variation"},{"link_name":"genetic drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowler%E2%80%93Idea-127"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"\"Central Dogma\" of molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"text":"Further information: Timeline of paleontologyThis illustration of an Indian elephant jaw and a mammoth jaw (top) is from Cuvier's 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants.Although paleontology became established around 1800, earlier thinkers had noticed aspects of the fossil record. The ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes (570–480 BCE) concluded from fossil sea shells that some areas of land were once under water.[108] During the Middle Ages the Persian naturalist Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in Europe, discussed fossils and proposed a theory of petrifying fluids on which Albert of Saxony elaborated in the 14th century.[108] The Chinese naturalist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) proposed a theory of climate change based on the presence of petrified bamboo in regions that in his time were too dry for bamboo.[109]In early modern Europe, the systematic study of fossils emerged as an integral part of the changes in natural philosophy that occurred during the Age of Reason. In the Italian Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci made various significant contributions to the field as well as depicted numerous fossils. Leonardo's contributions are central to the history of paleontology because he established a line of continuity between the two main branches of paleontology – ichnology and body fossil paleontology.[110][111][112] He identified the following:[110]The biogenic nature of ichnofossils, i.e. ichnofossils were structures left by living organisms;\nThe utility of ichnofossils as paleoenvironmental tools – certain ichnofossils show the marine origin of rock strata;\nThe importance of the neoichnological approach – recent traces are a key to understanding ichnofossils;\nThe independence and complementary evidence of ichnofossils and body fossils – ichnofossils are distinct from body fossils, but can be integrated with body fossils to provide paleontological informationGeorges Cuvier's 1812 sketch of a skeletal and muscle reconstruction of Anoplotherium commune. This sketch was amongst the first instances of prehistoric animal reconstructions based on fossil remains.At the end of the 18th century Georges Cuvier's work established comparative anatomy as a scientific discipline and, by proving that some fossil animals resembled no living ones, demonstrated that animals could become extinct, leading to the emergence of paleontology.[113] The expanding knowledge of the fossil record also played an increasing role in the development of geology, particularly stratigraphy.[114] Cuvier proved that the different levels of deposits represented different time periods in the early 19th century. The surface-level deposits in the Americas contained later mammals like the megatheriid ground sloth Megatherium and the mammutid proboscidean Mammut (later known informally as a \"mastodon\"), which were some of the earliest-named fossil mammal genera with official taxonomic authorities. They today are known to date to the Neogene-Quaternary. In deeper-level deposits in western Europe are early-aged mammals such as the palaeothere perissodactyl Palaeotherium and the anoplotheriid artiodactyl Anoplotherium, both of which were described earliest after the former two genera, which today are known to date to the Paleogene period. Cuvier figured out that even older than the two levels of deposits with extinct large mammals is one that contained an extinct \"crocodile-like\" marine reptile, which eventually came to be known as the mosasaurid Mosasaurus of the Cretaceous period.[115]First mention of the word palæontologie, as coined in January 1822 by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in his Journal de physiqueThe first half of the 19th century saw geological and paleontological activity become increasingly well organised with the growth of geologic societies and museums[116][117] and an increasing number of professional geologists and fossil specialists. Interest increased for reasons that were not purely scientific, as geology and paleontology helped industrialists to find and exploit natural resources such as coal.[108]\nThis contributed to a rapid increase in knowledge about the history of life on Earth and to progress in the definition of the geologic time scale, largely based on fossil evidence. Although she was rarely recognised by the scientific community,[118] Mary Anning was a significant contributor to the field of palaeontology during this period; she uncovered multiple novel Mesozoic reptile fossils and deducted that what were then known as bezoar stones are in fact fossilised faeces.[119] In 1822 Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, editor of Journal de Physique, coined the word \"palaeontology\" to refer to the study of ancient living organisms through fossils.[120] As knowledge of life's history continued to improve, it became increasingly obvious that there had been some kind of successive order to the development of life. This encouraged early evolutionary theories on the transmutation of species.[121]\nAfter Charles Darwin published Origin of Species in 1859, much of the focus of paleontology shifted to understanding evolutionary paths, including human evolution, and evolutionary theory.[121]Haikouichthys, from about 518 million years ago in China, may be the earliest known fish[122]The last half of the 19th century saw a tremendous expansion in paleontological activity, especially in North America.[123] The trend continued in the 20th century with additional regions of the Earth being opened to systematic fossil collection. Fossils found in China near the end of the 20th century have been particularly important as they have provided new information about the earliest evolution of animals, early fish, dinosaurs and the evolution of birds.[124] The last few decades of the 20th century saw a renewed interest in mass extinctions and their role in the evolution of life on Earth.[125] There was also a renewed interest in the Cambrian explosion that apparently saw the development of the body plans of most animal phyla. The discovery of fossils of the Ediacaran biota and developments in paleobiology extended knowledge about the history of life back far before the Cambrian.[72]Increasing awareness of Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics led first to the development of population genetics and then in the mid-20th century to the modern evolutionary synthesis, which explains evolution as the outcome of events such as mutations and horizontal gene transfer, which provide genetic variation, with genetic drift and natural selection driving changes in this variation over time.[125] Within the next few years the role and operation of DNA in genetic inheritance were discovered, leading to what is now known as the \"Central Dogma\" of molecular biology.[126] In the 1960s molecular phylogenetics, the investigation of evolutionary \"family trees\" by techniques derived from biochemistry, began to make an impact, particularly when it was proposed that the human lineage had diverged from apes much more recently than was generally thought at the time.[127] Although this early study compared proteins from apes and humans, most molecular phylogenetics research is now based on comparisons of RNA and DNA.[128]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Otherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherlands_(book)._A_Journey_through_Earth%27s_Extinct_Worlds"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"text":"Books catered to the general public on paleontology include:The Last Days of the Dinosaurs: An Asteroid Extinction, and the Beginning of our World[129] written by Riley Black\nThe Rise and Reign of the Mammals: A New History, from the Shadow of the Dinosaurs to Us[130] written by Steve Brusatte\nOtherlands: A Journey Through Earth's Extinct Worlds[131] written by Thomas Halliday","title":"Paleontology in the popular press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuchet-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Outside the United States\n\n^ In 1822, Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville used the French term palœontologie.[1] In 1838, Charles Lyell used the English term palæontology in Elements of Geology.[2]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"A paleontologist at work at John Day Fossil beds National Monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joda_paleontologist.jpg/220px-Joda_paleontologist.jpg"},{"image_text":"The preparation of the fossilised bones of Europasaurus holgeri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG/220px-Europasaurus_Praeparation.JPG"},{"image_text":"Analyses using engineering techniques show that Tyrannosaurus had a devastating bite, but raise doubts about its running ability.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fossil_Tyranausaurus_Rex_at_the_Royal_Tyrell_Museum%2C_Alberta%2C_Canada.jpg/170px-Fossil_Tyranausaurus_Rex_at_the_Royal_Tyrell_Museum%2C_Alberta%2C_Canada.jpg"},{"image_text":"This Marrella specimen illustrates how clear and detailed the fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte are.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marrella_%28fossil%29.png/220px-Marrella_%28fossil%29.png"},{"image_text":"Cambrian trace fossils including Rusophycus, made by a trilobite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/CambrianRusophycus.jpg/220px-CambrianRusophycus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Climactichnites — Cambrian trackways (10–12 cm wide) from large, slug-like animals on a Cambrian tidal flat in what is now Wisconsin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Climactichnites_ToddGass3.jpg/220px-Climactichnites_ToddGass3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Levels in the Linnaean taxonomy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Biological_classification_L_Pengo.svg/100px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"This wrinkled \"elephant skin\" texture is a trace fossil of a non-stromatolite microbial mat. The image shows the location, in the Burgsvik beds of Sweden, where the texture was first identified as evidence of a microbial mat.[54]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Runzelmarken.jpg/220px-Runzelmarken.jpg"},{"image_text":"Opabinia sparked modern interest in the Cambrian explosion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png/220px-20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png"},{"image_text":"At about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) the Early Cretaceous Yanoconodon was longer than the average mammal of the time.[75]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Yanoconodon_BW.jpg/220px-Yanoconodon_BW.jpg"},{"image_text":"Birds are the only surviving dinosaurs.[84]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/House_sparrow04.jpg/220px-House_sparrow04.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/320px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extinction_intensity.svg/320px-Extinction_intensity.svg.png"},{"image_text":"This illustration of an Indian elephant jaw and a mammoth jaw (top) is from Cuvier's 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg/220px-Cuvier_elephant_jaw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georges Cuvier's 1812 sketch of a skeletal and muscle reconstruction of Anoplotherium commune. This sketch was amongst the first instances of prehistoric animal reconstructions based on fossil remains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg/220px-Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg"},{"image_text":"First mention of the word palæontologie, as coined in January 1822 by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in his Journal de physique","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Earliest-mention-of-the-word-palaeontology-in-January-1822-by-Blainville.jpg/220px-Earliest-mention-of-the-word-palaeontology-in-January-1822-by-Blainville.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haikouichthys, from about 518 million years ago in China, may be the earliest known fish[122]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Haikouichthys4.png/220px-Haikouichthys4.png"}]	[{"title":"Biostratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostratigraphy"},{"title":"European land mammal age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_land_mammal_age"},{"title":"Fossil collecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_collecting"},{"title":"List of fossil sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites"},{"title":"List of notable fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_fossils"},{"title":"List of paleontologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paleontologists"},{"title":"List of transitional fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transitional_fossils"},{"title":"Paleoanthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoanthropology"},{"title":"Paleobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotany"},{"title":"Paleogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogenetics"},{"title":"Paleontographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontographer"},{"title":"Paleophycology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleophycology"},{"title":"Radiometric dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"title":"Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_commonly_fossilised_invertebrates"},{"title":"Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology"},{"title":"Une Femme ou Deux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_Femme_ou_Deux"},{"title":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_France"},{"title":"screwball comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwball_comedy"},{"title":"Gérard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu"}]	[{"reference":"Journal de physique, de chimie, d'histoire naturelle et des arts. Paris: Cuchet. 1822. p. liv.","urls":[{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96079365?rk=42918;4","url_text":"Journal de physique, de chimie, d'histoire naturelle et des arts"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96079365/f60.image.r=paloeontologie","url_text":"liv"}]},{"reference":"Lyell, Charles (1838). Elements of geology. London: J. Murray. p. 281.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/elementsgeology06lyelgoog","url_text":"Elements of geology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/elementsgeology06lyelgoog/page/281","url_text":"281"}]},{"reference":"\"paleontology\". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=paleontology&allowed_in_frame=0","url_text":"\"paleontology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary","url_text":"Online Etymology Dictionary"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130307065643/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=paleontology&allowed_in_frame=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doolittle, W. Ford; Worm, Boris (February 2000). \"Uprooting the tree of life\" (PDF). Scientific American. 282 (6): 90–95. Bibcode:2000SciAm.282b..90D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90. PMID 10710791. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Doolittle","url_text":"Doolittle, W. Ford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Worm","url_text":"Worm, Boris"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715111244/http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf","url_text":"\"Uprooting the tree of life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SciAm.282b..90D","url_text":"2000SciAm.282b..90D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10710791","url_text":"10710791"},{"url":"http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life (3rd ed.). Blackwell Science. pp. xi, 47–50, 61. ISBN 0-632-04444-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-04444-6","url_text":"0-632-04444-6"}]},{"reference":"Laporte, L.F. (October 1988). \"What, after All, Is Paleontology?\". PALAIOS. 3 (5): 453. Bibcode:1988Palai...3..453L. doi:10.2307/3514718. JSTOR 3514718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALAIOS","url_text":"PALAIOS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Palai...3..453L","url_text":"1988Palai...3..453L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3514718","url_text":"10.2307/3514718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3514718","url_text":"3514718"}]},{"reference":"Laudan, R. (1992). \"What's so Special about the Past?\". In Nitecki, M.H.; Nitecki, D.V. (eds.). History and Evolution. SUNY Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-7914-1211-3. To structure my discussion of the historical sciences, I shall borrow a way of analyzing them from the great Victorian philosopher of science, William Whewell [...]. [...] while his analysis of the historical sciences (or as Whewell termed them, the palaetiological sciences) will doubtless need to be modified, it provides a good starting point. Among them he numbered geology, paleontology, cosmogony, philology, and what we would term archaeology and history.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kyLRtsvLS2AC&pg=PA55","url_text":"\"What's so Special about the Past?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1211-3","url_text":"0-7914-1211-3"}]},{"reference":"Cleland, C.E. (September 2002). \"Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science\". Philosophy of Science. 69 (3): 474–96. doi:10.1086/342453. S2CID 224835750. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Cleland","url_text":"Cleland, C.E."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081003221929/http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland.PS.Pdf","url_text":"\"Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F342453","url_text":"10.1086/342453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224835750","url_text":"224835750"},{"url":"http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland.PS.Pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laudan, R. (1992). \"What's so Special about the Past?\". In Nitecki, M.H.; Nitecki, D.V. (eds.). History and Evolution. SUNY Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-7914-1211-3. [Whewell] distinguished three tasks for such a historical science (1837 [...]): ' the Description of the facts and phenomena; – the general Theory of the causes of change appropriate to the case; – and the Application of the theory to the facts.'","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kyLRtsvLS2AC&pg=PA55","url_text":"\"What's so Special about the Past?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1211-3","url_text":"0-7914-1211-3"}]},{"reference":"Perreault, Charles (2019). \"The Search for Smoking Guns\". The Quality of the Archaeological Record. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0226631011. Retrieved January 9, 2020. Historical scientists successfully learn about the past by employing a 'smoking-gun' approach. They start by formulating multiple, mutually exclusive hypotheses and then search for a \"smoking gun\" that discriminates between these hypotheses [...].","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TwyiDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Quality of the Archaeological Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226631011","url_text":"978-0226631011"}]},{"reference":"\"'Historical science' vs. 'experimental science'\". National Center for Science Education. October 25, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2020. Philosophers of science draw a distinction between research directed towards identifying laws and research which seeks to determine how particular historical events occurred. They do not claim, however, that the line between these sorts of science can be drawn neatly, and certainly do not agree that historical claims are any less empirically verifiable than other sorts of claims. [...] 'we can separate their two enterprises by distinguishing means from ends. The astronomer's problem is a historical one because the goal is to infer the properties of a particular object; the astronomer uses laws only as a means. Particle physics, on the other hand, is a nomothetic discipline because the goal is to infer general laws; descriptions of particular objects are only relevant as a means.'","urls":[{"url":"https://ncse.ngo/creationism/analysis/historical-science-vs-experimental-science","url_text":"\"'Historical science' vs. 'experimental science'\""}]},{"reference":"\"paleontology \| science\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/paleontology","url_text":"\"paleontology \| science\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170824223403/https://www.britannica.com/science/paleontology","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. McGraw-Hill. 2002. p. 58. ISBN 0-07-913665-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl165newy/page/58","url_text":"McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl165newy/page/58","url_text":"58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-913665-6","url_text":"0-07-913665-6"}]},{"reference":"Laudan, R. (1992). \"What's so Special about the Past?\". In Nitecki, M.H.; Nitecki, D.V. (eds.). History and Evolution. SUNY Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-7914-1211-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1211-3","url_text":"0-7914-1211-3"}]},{"reference":"\"How does paleontology differ from anthropology and archaeology?\". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080916013642/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/faq.php#anthro","url_text":"\"How does paleontology differ from anthropology and archaeology?\""},{"url":"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/faq.php#anthro","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brasier, M.; McLoughlin, N.; Green, O. & Wacey, D. (June 2006). \"A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life\" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1470): 887–902. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1835. PMC 1578727. PMID 16754605. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Brasier","url_text":"Brasier, M."},{"url":"http://physwww.mcmaster.ca/~higgsp/3D03/BrasierArchaeanFossils.pdf","url_text":"\"A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B","url_text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1835","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2006.1835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578727","url_text":"1578727"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754605","url_text":"16754605"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080911075352/http://physwww.mcmaster.ca/~higgsp/3D03/BrasierArchaeanFossils.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Twitchett R.J.; Looy C.V.; Morante R.; Visscher H.; Wignall P.B. (2001). \"Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian biotic crisis\". Geology. 29 (4): 351–54. Bibcode:2001Geo....29..351T. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0351:RASCOM>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 129908787.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Geo....29..351T","url_text":"2001Geo....29..351T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282001%29029%3C0351%3ARASCOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0351:RASCOM>2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129908787","url_text":"129908787"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Kevin J. & Butterfield, N.J. (2005). \"Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (27): 9547–52. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9547P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503660102. PMC 1172262. PMID 15983372.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1172262","url_text":"\"Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102.9547P","url_text":"2005PNAS..102.9547P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0503660102","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0503660102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1172262","url_text":"1172262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15983372","url_text":"15983372"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, J.R. & Garcia, M. (February 28, 2002). \"Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Sub-Continent	Indian subcontinent	["1 Name","2 Geology","3 Geography","4 Geopolitics","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]	Physiographical region in South Asia This article is about the physiographical region of Eurasia. For the geographical subregion of Asia, see South Asia. "The subcontinent" redirects here. For general usage of the term, see Continent § Subcontinents. Indian subcontinent Hindu Kush Iranian Plateau Makran Indus Valley Thar Desert Arabian Sea Karakoram Tibetan Plateau Himalaya Deccan Brahmaputra Ganges Indo-Burma Range Bay of Bengal Topographic map of the subcontinent and surrounding regions Geopolitical coverage of the subcontinentArea4,440,000 km2 (1,710,000 sq mi)Populationc. 1.9 billionDemonymSouth AsianDesi (colloquial)Countries 7 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Dependencies External (1) British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom) Disputed (1) Kashmir Languages Official languages: Bengali Dzongkha English Hindi Maldivian Nepali Sinhala Tamil Urdu Time zones List: Bangladesh Standard Time (BST) Bhutan Time (BTT) Indian Standard Time (IST) Maldives Time (MVT) Nepal Standard Time (NPT) Pakistan Standard Time (PST) Sri Lanka Standard Time (SLST) Largest cities 10 largest cities on the Indian subcontinent Delhi Mumbai Dhaka Karachi Kolkata Chennai Lahore Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it spans major landmasses from the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Although the terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are often used interchangeably to denote the region, the geopolitical term of South Asia frequently includes Afghanistan, which is not considered part of the subcontinent. Geologically, the subcontinent originates from Insular India, an isolated landmass that rifted from the supercontinent of Gondwana during the Cretaceous and merged with the landmass of Eurasia nearly 55 million years ago, forming the Himalayas. Historically, as well as to the present day, it is and has been the most populated region in the world, holding roughly 20–25 percent of the global population at all times in history. Geographically, it is the peninsular region in Southern Asia located below the Third Pole, delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Indo-Burman Ranges in the east. The neighboring geographical regions around the subcontinent include the Tibetan Plateau to the north, the Indochinese Peninsula to the east, the Iranian Plateau to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south. Name Historically, the region surrounding and southeast of the Indus River was often simply referred to as "India" in many historical sources. Even today, historians use this term to denote the entire Indian subcontinent when discussing history up until the era of the British Raj. Over time, however, "India" evolved to refer to a distinct political entity that eventually became a nation-state. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term subcontinent signifies a "subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity" and also a "large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent". Its use to signify the Indian subcontinent is evidenced from the early twentieth century when most of the territory was either part of the British Empire or allied with them. It was a convenient term to refer to the region comprising both British India and the princely states. The term has been particularly common in the British Empire and its successors, while the term South Asia is the more common usage in Europe and North America. According to historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance". Indologist Ronald B. Inden argues that the usage of the term South Asia is becoming more widespread since it clearly distinguishes the region from East Asia. While South Asia, a more accurate term that reflects the region's contemporary political demarcations, is replacing the Indian subcontinent, a term closely linked to the region's colonial heritage, as a cover term, the latter is still widely used in typological studies. Since the Partition of India, citizens of Pakistan (which became independent of British India in 1947) and Bangladesh (which became independent of Pakistan in 1971) often perceive the use of the Indian subcontinent as offensive and suspicious because of the dominant placement of India in the term. As such it is being increasingly less used in those countries. Meanwhile, many Indian analysts prefer to use the term because of the socio-cultural commonalities of the region. The region has also been called the "Asian subcontinent", the "South Asian subcontinent", as well as "India" or "Greater India" in the classical and pre-modern sense. Geology From left to right, rifting of the Indian subcontinent away from Gondwana at 150 million years ago (Ma), 120 Ma, 80 Ma and during the Paleocene Due to plate tectonics, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar and collided (c. 55 Mya) with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the formation of the Himalayas. The Indian subcontinent was formerly part of Gondwana, a supercontinent formed during the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic. Gondwana began to break up during the Mesozoic, with Insular India separating from Antarctica 130-120 million years ago and Madagascar around 90 million years ago, during the Cretaceous. Insular India subsequently drifted northeastwards, colliding with the Eurasian Plate nearly 55 million years ago, during the Eocene, forming the Indian subcontinent. The zone where the Eurasian and Indian subcontinent plates meet remains geologically active, prone to major earthquakes. Physiographically, it is a peninsular region in South Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east. It extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast. Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by large mountain barriers. Laccadive Islands, Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago are three series of coral atolls, cays and Faroes on the Indian Plate along with the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a submarine ridge that was generated by the northern drift of the Indian Plate over the Réunion hotspot during the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic times. The Maldives archipelago rises from a basement of volcanic basalt outpourings from a depth of about 2000 m forming the central part of the ridge between Laccadives and the Great Chagos Bank. Geography See also: Category:Regions of the Indian subcontinentThe Indus is a major river of the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. According to anthropologist Patrap C. Dutta, "the Indian subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia." According to historian B. N. Mukherjee, "The subcontinent is an indivisible geographical entity." According to geographer Dudley Stamp, "there is perhaps no mainland part of the world better marked off by nature as a region or a 'realm' by itself than the Indian subcontinent." This natural physical landmass in South Asia is the dry-land portion of the Indian Plate, which has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia. The Himalayas (from Brahmaputra River in the east to Indus River in the west), Karakoram (from Indus River in the east to Yarkand River in the west) and the Hindu Kush mountains (from Yarkand River westwards) form its northern boundary. In the west it is bounded by parts of the mountain ranges of Hindu Kush, Spīn Ghar (Safed Koh), Sulaiman Mountains, Kirthar Mountains, Brahui range, and Pab range among others, with the Western Fold Belt along the border (between the Sulaiman Range and the Chaman Fault) is the western boundary of the Indian Plate, where, along the Eastern Hindu Kush, lies the Afghanistan–Pakistan border. In the east, it is bounded by Patkai, Naga, Lushai and Chin hills. The Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea form the boundary of the Indian subcontinent in the south, south-east and south-west. The rocky interiors of the Himalayas Given the difficulty of passage through the Himalayas, the sociocultural, religious and political interaction of the Indian subcontinent has largely been through the valleys of Afghanistan in its northwest, the valleys of Manipur in its east, and by maritime routes. More difficult but historically important interaction has also occurred through passages pioneered by the Tibetans. These routes and interactions have led to the spread of Buddhism out of the subcontinent into other parts of Asia. The Islamic expansion arrived into the subcontinent in two ways: through Afghanistan on land, and to the Indian coast through the maritime routes on the Arabian Sea. Geopolitics In terms of modern geopolitical boundaries, the subcontinent constitutes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, besides, by convention, the island country of Sri Lanka and other nearby island nations of the Indian Ocean, such as Maldives and the British Indian Ocean Territory. Unlike "South Asia" sometimes the expression "Indian subcontinent" may exclude the islands of Maldives and Sri Lanka. According to Pawan Budhwar, Arup Varma, and Manjusha Hirekhan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent. Budhwar, Varma, and Hirekhan also maintain that with Afghanistan and Maldives included the region is referred to as South Asia. The periphery of the subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and the island chains of the Maldives, features large Muslim populations, while the heartland, including most of India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, are overwhelmingly Hindu or Buddhist. Since most of these countries are located on the Indian Plate, a continuous landmass, the borders between countries are often either a river or a no man's land. The precise definition of an "Indian subcontinent" in a geopolitical context is somewhat contested as there is no globally accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or the Indian subcontinent. Whether called the Indian subcontinent or South Asia, the definition of the geographical extent of this region varies. Afghanistan, despite often considered as a part of South Asia, is usually not included in the Indian subcontinent. Maldives, an island country consisting of a small archipelago southwest of the peninsula, while largely considered a part of the Indian subcontinent, sometimes is mentioned by sources, including the International Monetary Fund, as a group of islands away from the Indian subcontinent in a south-western direction. See also Arabian Peninsula Hindustan South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Notes ^ a b Excluding: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which is a part of the Malay Archipelago. Ladakh, Spiti, and other areas which lie to the north of the Greater Himalayan Mountain Range. Significant portions of northeast India which lie on the Indo-Burman Ranges (spanning Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram) as well as the Tibetan Plateau (northern Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim) ^ a b c d As island countries, the Maldives and Sri Lanka are sometimes not considered part of the subcontinent, as they lack geographic contiguity with the mainland. They are considered parts of the region in cultural geography or geology instead. ^ a b Excluding Upper Mustang and other areas which lie to the north of the Greater Himalayan Mountain Range. ^ a b Excluding: Significant landmasses from East Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (like Federally Administered Tribal Areas) which are situated on the Iranian Plateau. Parts of Northern Areas (like Baltistan) which lie to the north of the Greater Himalayan Mountain Range. ^ Administered by the United Kingdom, claimed by Mauritius as the Chagos Archipelago. ^ Disputed territory with undetermined political status. Administration is split between China (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract), India (Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan). China claims a small portion of the territory, Pakistan claims the majority of the territory, and India claims the entire territory (see: UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute). ^ It is sometimes simply just referred as the subcontinent in South Asian contexts. ^ For example, a history book intended for Pakistani B.A. students by K. Ali uses the term "Indo-Pakistan" instead. References Media related to Indian subcontinent at Wikimedia Commons ^ a b "Indian subcontinent". New Oxford Dictionary of English (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of Greater India, the region is now divided into three countries named Bangladesh, India and Pakistan." ^ a b Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. p. 889. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and other small islands of the Indian Ocean ^ a b c Mariam Pirbhai (2009). Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8020-9964-8. ^ a b Michael Mann (2014). South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-317-62445-5. ^ a b c John McLeod (2002). The history of India. Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-313-31459-4. Note: McLeod does not include Afghanistan in the Indian subcontinent or South Asia. ^ a b Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8 Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent""Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism."Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, page 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2 ^ a b c Robert Wynn Jones (2011). Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–271. ISBN 978-1-139-49920-0. ^ a b Baker, Kathleen M.; Chapman, Graham P. (11 March 2002), The Changing Geography of Asia, Routledge, pp. 10–, ISBN 978-1-134-93384-6, This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east. ^ "Indian subcontinent Map, Countries, Population, & History". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2023. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged, Merriam-Webster, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2016; Quote: "a large landmass smaller than a continent; especially: a major subdivision of a continent ! e Indian subcontinent \| " ^ Subcontinent, Oxford English Dictionaries (2012). Retrieved 6 December 2016; Quote: "A large distinguishable part of a continent..." ^ Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0-8226-0034-X ^ "Indian subcontinent" is used by Henry D. Baker, British India With Notes On Ceylon Afghanistan And Tibet (1915), p. 401. ^ "subcontinent". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Indian subcontinent". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0-8226-0034-XJim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8Boniface, Brian G.; Christopher P. Cooper (2005). Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5997-0.Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0-7506-2050-1Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1 ^ Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0750620501 ^ Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0198568177 ^ Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayeha (2004) . Modern South Asia. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 0415307872. ^ Ronald B. Inden, Imagining India, page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655200 ^ McArthur, Tom (2003). The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press. p. 309. ISBN 9780198607717. ^ Lange, Claudia (2012). "Standards of English in South Asia". In Raymond Hickey (ed.). Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 9781139851213. ^ Ali, K. (1980). A New History of Indo-Pakistan up to 1526 (4th ed.). Lahore: Aziz Publishers. ^ B.H. Farmer, An Introduction to South Asia, page 1, Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1983, ISBN 9780416726008, "The 'Indian sub continent' is a term that certainly recognises the dominant position of India in both area and population. Since the partition of Indian Empire, use of this term becomes offensive to the Pakistanis and the Bangladeshis."Jona Razzaque, Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, page 3, Kluwer Law International, 2004, ISBN 9789041122148 "Yet, because citizens of Pakistan (which was carved out of India in 1947 and has had recurring conflicts with India since then) and of Bangladesh (which became separated from Pakistan by civil war in 1971) might find offensive the dominant placement of India in the term "Indian subcontinent", many scholars today prefer the more recently adopted designation 'South Asia.'"Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224S K Shah, India and Its Neighbours: Renewed Threats and New Directions, page 26, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2017, ISBN 9789386367501 "Indian analysts, who talk of the Indian sub-continent, wish to keep in mind, in their analyses, the common historical, political, religious and cultural heritage of these three countries. The term sub-continent is used less and less in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The political leadership and the policy-makers in these two countries do not wish to be reminded of this common heritage. Any highlighting of this common heritage by Indian analysts is viewed by them with suspicion—— as indicating a hidden desire to reverse history and undo the 1947 partition." ^ Crouch, Lizzie; McGrath, Paula (30 March 2014). "Humanity's global battle with mosquitoes". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. ^ K. Alan Kronstadt, Terrorist Attacks in Mumbai, India, and Implications for U. S. Interests, page 7, Diane Publishing, 2011, ISBN 9781437929539 ^ Aijazuddin Ahmad, Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: A Critical Approach, page 17, Concept Publishing Company, 2009, ISBN 9788180695681 ^ Ayesha Jalal (2008). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 9780674028012. ^ K. D. Kapur, Nuclear Non-proliferation Diplomacy: Nuclear Power Programmes in the Third World, page 365, Lancers Books, 1993, ISBN 9788170950363\|Daya Nath Tripathi (ed), Discourse on Indo European Languages and Culture, page 193, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2005, ISBN 9788178271200Muhammad Akram Khan, What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda, page 183, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, ISBN 9781782544159 ^ a b Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224 ^ a b Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman, The Changing Geography of Asia, page 10, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 9781134933846 ^ Gaina, Carmen; Müller, R. Dietmar; Brown, Belinda; Ishihara, Takemi; Ivanov, Sergey (July 2007). "Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica". Geophysical Journal International. 170 (1). Oxford Academic: 151–169. Bibcode:2007GeoJI.170..151G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x. ^ Torsvik, T.H.; Tucker, R.D.; Ashwal, L.D.; Carter, L.M.; Jamtveit, B.; Vidyadharan, K.T.; Venkataramana, P. (October 2000). "Late Cretaceous India-Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism". Terra Nova. 12 (5): 220–224. Bibcode:2000TeNov..12..220T. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x. ISSN 0954-4879. S2CID 128896193. ^ Bethany D. Rinard Hinga (2015). "Eurasian Plate". Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1-61069-297-7. ^ Alexander E. Gates; David Ritchie (2006). Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Infobase. pp. 116–118. ISBN 978-0-8160-7270-5. ^ Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. pp. 889–890. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9. ^ McLeod, John (2002). The history of India. Greenwood Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-313-31459-4. ^ Pannell, Clifton W. (2009). "Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. The paleotectonic evolution of Asia terminated some 50 million years ago as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia. Asia's subsequent neotectonic development has largely disrupted the continents pre-existing fabric. The neotectonic units of Asia are Stable Asia, the Arabian and Indian cratons, the Alpide plate boundary zone (along which the Arabian and Indian platforms have collided with the Eurasian continental plate), and the island arcs and marginal basins. ^ E. Bredow, R. Gassmöller, J. Dannberg and B. Steinberger, Geodynamic Models of Plume-Ridge Interaction in the Indian Ocean and its Effect on the Crustal Thickness of the Réunion Hotspot Track (abstract), Astrophysics Data System (ADS), Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ^ T.R. McClanahan, C.R.C. Sheppard and D.O. Obura, Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation, page 327, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 9780195352177 ^ a b Rudie H. Kuiter and Timothy Godfrey, Fishes of the Maldives – Indian Ocean, page 1, Atoll Editions, 2014, ISBN 9781876410971 ^ Dutta, Patrap C. (1984). "Biological Anthropology of Bronze Age Harappans: New Perspectives". In Lukacs, John R. (ed.). The people of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Plenum Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780306414077. ^ a b c d e Bratindra Nath Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey, page 4, Regency Publications, 2001, ISBN 9788187498261 ^ L. Dudley Stamp (1957). India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma. London: Methuen. p. 185. OCLC 213547929. ^ a b c Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–8, 12–14, 51, 78–80, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7 ^ Samiul Hasan, The Muslim World in the 21st Century: Space, Power, and Human Development, page 84, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, ISBN 9789400726321 ^ S. Mukherjee, R. Carosi, P.A. van der Beek, B.K. Mukherjee and D.M. Robinson (ed.), Tectonics of the Himalaya, Geological Society of London, 2015, ISBN 9781862397033 ^ Shroder, John F. (2011). "Hindu Kush". In Singh, Vijay P.; Singh, Pratap; Haritashya, Umesh K. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Springer. p. 525. ISBN 978-90-481-2641-5. ^ Bertil Tikkanen (1996). "Languages of interethnic communication on the Indian Subcontinent (excluding Nepal)". In Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon (eds.). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 787. ISBN 3-11-013417-9. ^ Peter Haggett (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Vol. 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 2710. ISBN 0-7614-7289-4. ^ Tatu Vanhanen (1997). Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-415-14405-6. The seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent ... Nepal and Bhutan ... the Maldives ^ Pawan Budhwar; Arup Varma; Manjusha Hirekhan (2018). "HRM in the Indian subcontinent". In Chris Brewster; Wolfgang Mayrhofer; Elaine Farndale (eds.). Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management. Edward Elgar. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-85793-871-8. ^ Marc Gaborieau (2008). "Indian Cities". In Salma K. Jayyusi (ed.). The City in the Islamic World. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 198. ISBN 978-90-04-16240-2. ^ Chandra K. Sharma (1990). Geology of Nepal Himalaya and Adjacent Countries. Kathmandu: Sangeeta Sharma. p. 14. OCLC 23292211. Except Sri Lanka, and Maldives ... all are located on Indian plate which is a continuous land mass the borders between two states are either a river course or no man's land. ^ a b Ewan W. Anderson; Liam D. Anderson (4 December 2013). An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-136-64862-5., Quote: "To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent". ^ Jona Razzaque (2004). Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Kluwer Law International. pp. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2. ISBN 978-90-411-2214-8. ^ Akhilesh Pillalamarri, South Asia or India: An Old Debate Resurfaces in California, The Diplomat, 24 May 2016;Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014), Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History: Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization, Foursome, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-4959-4130-6 ^ Ira M. Lapidus (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269, 698–699. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. ^ Ludwig W. Adamec (2013) . "Afghanistan". In Robert Wuthnow (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-136-28493-9. ^ Kumar, Dhavendra (20 October 2004). Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent - Google Books. ISBN 9781402012150. Retrieved 20 July 2022. ^ Prior, Katherine (1997). The History of Emigration from the Indian Subcontinent - Katherine Prior - Google Books. Franklin Watts. ISBN 9780531144183. Retrieved 20 July 2022. ^ Ludwig Paul, Persian Origins, page 31, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003, ISBN 9783447047319, "Maldive Islands which are scattered about the sea south-west of the Indian subcontinent, extending over more than 1,000km in a north-south direction." ^ Legal Department, International Monetary Fund, Maldives: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, page 15, International Monetary Fund, 2012, ISBN 9781463979676, "Maldives is the smallest Asian country in both population and land area. Its closest neighbors to the north are India's Laccadive Islands. To the northeast is the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. To the south it borders the British Indian Occan Territory. About 2.600 kilometers (1,600 miles) further east, across the Indian Ocean, is Malaysia. To the west, the Horn of Africa is approximatcly 3,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) away." vteSouth Asian topicsCountries and regions Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India North Northwest South Northeast Islands Maldives Nepal Pakistan Punjab Sri Lanka South Asian regions Northwestern Northern Eastern Southern General geography Ethnic groups Andamanese Austroasiatic Austronesian Dravidian Indo-Aryan Iranic Nuristani Tibeto-Burman Turkic Other groups Afro-Asians Chinese European and Eurasian Semitic Diaspora Culture Architecture‎ Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural sphere Fashion Languages Literature Music Mythology Philosophy Scripts Surnames Environment Monsoon Climate change Economy and Politics Human rights in South Asia Religious nationalism Hindu Muslim Sikh Stock exchanges Caste system History Archaeology Archaeological cultures Bronze Age Iron Age Middle kingdoms Medieval Early modern Colonial era Contemporary era Former countries Religion Dharmic Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Sikhism Islam 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Romance Celtic Slavic Oceania Australasia Australia New Guinea Zealandia Pacific Islands Micronesia Melanesia Polynesia Polar Antarctic Arctic Oceans World (Sea) Antarctic/Southern Convergence Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Great Barrier Reef Mariana Trench Ring of Fire List of seas Non-continent-basedworld regions Global North and Global South Global Northwest Global Southwest Global East Global Southeast Land and water hemispheres Continents of Earth / List of seas / Physical Earth Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Continent § Subcontinents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents"},{"link_name":"[note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheSubcontinent-7"},{"link_name":"physiographical region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiographic_region"},{"link_name":"Southern 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3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nepal-3"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pakistan-4"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island_country-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dkumar889-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pirbhai14-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmann-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLeod_p1-12"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norwineplus-13"},{"link_name":"Insular India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_India"},{"link_name":"rifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"supercontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"merged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogeography_of_the_India%E2%80%93Asia_collision_system"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2011p267-14"},{"link_name":"peninsular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Third Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Pole"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapman,_Graham_P._p._10-15"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Indochinese Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Iranian Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Plateau"}],"text":"This article is about the physiographical region of Eurasia. For the geographical subregion of Asia, see South Asia. \"The subcontinent\" redirects here. For general usage of the term, see Continent § Subcontinents.The Indian subcontinent[note 7] is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it spans major landmasses from the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,[note 1] the Maldives,[note 2] Nepal,[note 3] Pakistan,[note 4] and Sri Lanka.[note 2][1][2][3][4] Although the terms \"Indian subcontinent\" and \"South Asia\" are often used interchangeably to denote the region,[5] the geopolitical term of South Asia frequently includes Afghanistan, which is not considered part of the subcontinent.[6]Geologically, the subcontinent originates from Insular India, an isolated landmass that rifted from the supercontinent of Gondwana during the Cretaceous and merged with the landmass of Eurasia nearly 55 million years ago, forming the Himalayas.[7] Historically, as well as to the present day, it is and has been the most populated region in the world, holding roughly 20–25 percent of the global population at all times in history. Geographically, it is the peninsular region in Southern Asia located below the Third Pole, delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Indo-Burman Ranges in the east.[8] The neighboring geographical regions around the subcontinent include the Tibetan Plateau to the north, the Indochinese Peninsula to the east, the Iranian Plateau to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south.","title":"Indian subcontinent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_2022_t419-16"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-18"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India"},{"link_name":"princely states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sugata Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugata_Bose"},{"link_name":"Ayesha Jalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sugata-26"},{"link_name":"Indologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indology"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inden-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"[note 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indo-Pakistan-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farmerplus-32"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Greater India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLeod_p1-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norwineplus-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mittal-38"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kathleen_M_page_10-39"}],"text":"Historically, the region surrounding and southeast of the Indus River was often simply referred to as \"India\" in many historical sources. Even today, historians use this term to denote the entire Indian subcontinent when discussing history up until the era of the British Raj. Over time, however, \"India\" evolved to refer to a distinct political entity that eventually became a nation-state.[9]According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term subcontinent signifies a \"subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity\" and also a \"large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent\".[10][11] Its use to signify the Indian subcontinent is evidenced from the early twentieth century when most of the territory was either part of the British Empire or allied with them.[12][13] It was a convenient term to refer to the region comprising both British India and the princely states.[14][15]The term has been particularly common in the British Empire and its successors,[16] while the term South Asia is the more common usage in Europe and North America.[17][18] According to historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia \"in more recent and neutral parlance\".[19] Indologist Ronald B. Inden argues that the usage of the term South Asia is becoming more widespread since it clearly distinguishes the region from East Asia.[20] While South Asia, a more accurate term that reflects the region's contemporary political demarcations, is replacing the Indian subcontinent, a term closely linked to the region's colonial heritage, as a cover term, the latter is still widely used in typological studies.[21][22]Since the Partition of India, citizens of Pakistan (which became independent of British India in 1947) and Bangladesh (which became independent of Pakistan in 1971) often perceive the use of the Indian subcontinent as offensive and suspicious because of the dominant placement of India in the term. As such it is being increasingly less used in those countries.[note 8] Meanwhile, many Indian analysts prefer to use the term because of the socio-cultural commonalities of the region.[24] The region has also been called the \"Asian subcontinent\",[25][26] the \"South Asian subcontinent\",[27][28][29] as well as \"India\" or \"Greater India\" in the classical and pre-modern sense.[5][6][30][31]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_120_Ma.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_80_Ma.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Himalaya-formation.gif"},{"link_name":"plate tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"Indian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Eurasian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2011p267-14"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"Insular India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_India"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Eurasian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2011p267-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Physiographically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"peninsular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Arakanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapman,_Graham_P._p._10-15"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-8"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-46"},{"link_name":"Laccadive Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccadive_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Chagos Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"coral atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_atoll"},{"link_name":"cays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cay"},{"link_name":"Chagos–Laccadive Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagos%E2%80%93Laccadive_Ridge"},{"link_name":"submarine ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge"},{"link_name":"Réunion hotspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union_hotspot"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHK-49"},{"link_name":"Great Chagos Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chagos_Bank"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHK-49"}],"text":"From left to right, rifting of the Indian subcontinent away from Gondwana at 150 million years ago (Ma), 120 Ma, 80 Ma and during the PaleoceneDue to plate tectonics, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar and collided (c. 55 Mya) with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the formation of the Himalayas.The Indian subcontinent was formerly part of Gondwana, a supercontinent formed during the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic.[7] Gondwana began to break up during the Mesozoic, with Insular India separating from Antarctica 130-120 million years ago[32] and Madagascar around 90 million years ago,[33] during the Cretaceous. Insular India subsequently drifted northeastwards, colliding with the Eurasian Plate nearly 55 million years ago, during the Eocene, forming the Indian subcontinent.[7] The zone where the Eurasian and Indian subcontinent plates meet remains geologically active, prone to major earthquakes.[34][35]Physiographically, it is a peninsular region in South Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east.[8][36] It extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast.[1][37] Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by large mountain barriers.[38] Laccadive Islands, Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago are three series of coral atolls, cays and Faroes on the Indian Plate along with the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a submarine ridge that was generated by the northern drift of the Indian Plate over the Réunion hotspot during the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic times.[39][40][41] The Maldives archipelago rises from a basement of volcanic basalt outpourings from a depth of about 2000 m forming the central part of the ridge between Laccadives and the Great Chagos Bank.[41]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Regions of the Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Indian_subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confluence_of_Zansakr_and_Indus_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"B. N. Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._N._Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNMNSI-51"},{"link_name":"Dudley Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Stamp"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Indian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-53"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_River"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Yarkand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkand_River"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNMNSI-51"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Spīn Ghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%ABn_Ghar"},{"link_name":"Sulaiman Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Kirthar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirthar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNMNSI-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Patkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patkai"},{"link_name":"Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Hills"},{"link_name":"Lushai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushai_Hills"},{"link_name":"Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Hills"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNMNSI-51"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNMNSI-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_sunrise_in_Langtang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-53"},{"link_name":"Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"},{"link_name":"spread of Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islamic expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_conquests_in_India"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-53"}],"text":"See also: Category:Regions of the Indian subcontinentThe Indus is a major river of the north-west of the Indian subcontinent.According to anthropologist Patrap C. Dutta, \"the Indian subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia.\"[42] According to historian B. N. Mukherjee, \"The subcontinent is an indivisible geographical entity.\"[43] According to geographer Dudley Stamp, \"there is perhaps no mainland part of the world better marked off by nature as a region or a 'realm' by itself than the Indian subcontinent.\"[44]This natural physical landmass in South Asia is the dry-land portion of the Indian Plate, which has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia.[45] The Himalayas (from Brahmaputra River in the east to Indus River in the west), Karakoram (from Indus River in the east to Yarkand River in the west) and the Hindu Kush mountains (from Yarkand River westwards) form its northern boundary.[43][46] In the west it is bounded by parts of the mountain ranges of Hindu Kush, Spīn Ghar (Safed Koh), Sulaiman Mountains, Kirthar Mountains, Brahui range, and Pab range among others,[43] with the Western Fold Belt along the border (between the Sulaiman Range and the Chaman Fault) is the western boundary of the Indian Plate,[47] where, along the Eastern Hindu Kush, lies the Afghanistan–Pakistan border.[48] In the east, it is bounded by Patkai, Naga, Lushai and Chin hills.[43] The Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea form the boundary of the Indian subcontinent in the south, south-east and south-west.[43]The rocky interiors of the HimalayasGiven the difficulty of passage through the Himalayas, the sociocultural, religious and political interaction of the Indian subcontinent has largely been through the valleys of Afghanistan in its northwest,[citation needed] the valleys of Manipur in its east, and by maritime routes.[45] More difficult but historically important interaction has also occurred through passages pioneered by the Tibetans. These routes and interactions have led to the spread of Buddhism out of the subcontinent into other parts of Asia. The Islamic expansion arrived into the subcontinent in two ways: through Afghanistan on land, and to the Indian coast through the maritime routes on the Arabian Sea.[45]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dkumar889-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pirbhai14-10"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLeod_p1-12"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"landmass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmass"},{"link_name":"no man's land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_man%27s_land"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anderson5-63"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jona_Razzaque_2004-64"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmann-11"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mittal-38"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kathleen_M_page_10-39"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anderson5-63"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"island country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_country"},{"link_name":"archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pirbhai14-10"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"In terms of modern geopolitical boundaries, the subcontinent constitutes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, besides, by convention, the island country of Sri Lanka and other nearby island nations of the Indian Ocean, such as Maldives and the British Indian Ocean Territory.[citation needed][original research?][2][3][49][50][51] Unlike \"South Asia\" sometimes the expression \"Indian subcontinent\" may exclude the islands of Maldives and Sri Lanka.[5] According to Pawan Budhwar, Arup Varma, and Manjusha Hirekhan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent. Budhwar, Varma, and Hirekhan also maintain that with Afghanistan and Maldives included the region is referred to as South Asia.[52] The periphery of the subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and the island chains of the Maldives, features large Muslim populations, while the heartland, including most of India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, are overwhelmingly Hindu or Buddhist.[53] Since most of these countries are located on the Indian Plate, a continuous landmass, the borders between countries are often either a river or a no man's land.[54]The precise definition of an \"Indian subcontinent\" in a geopolitical context is somewhat contested as there is no globally accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or the Indian subcontinent.[55][56][57][4] Whether called the Indian subcontinent or South Asia, the definition of the geographical extent of this region varies.[30][31] Afghanistan, despite often considered as a part of South Asia, is usually not included in the Indian subcontinent.[55][58][59][60][61] Maldives, an island country consisting of a small archipelago southwest of the peninsula, while largely considered a part of the Indian subcontinent,[3] sometimes is mentioned by sources, including the International Monetary Fund, as a group of islands away from the Indian subcontinent in a south-western direction.[62][63]","title":"Geopolitics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-India_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-India_1-1"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Malay Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Spiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiti"},{"link_name":"Greater Himalayan Mountain Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Himalayas"},{"link_name":"northeast India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"},{"link_name":"Mizoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoram"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Arunachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Island_country_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Island_country_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Island_country_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Island_country_2-3"},{"link_name":"island countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_country"},{"link_name":"geographic contiguity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_contiguity"},{"link_name":"cultural geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nepal_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nepal_3-1"},{"link_name":"Upper Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Greater Himalayan Mountain Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Himalayas"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pakistan_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pakistan_4-1"},{"link_name":"East Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Federally Administered Tribal Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas"},{"link_name":"Iranian Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Northern Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan"},{"link_name":"Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltistan"},{"link_name":"Greater Himalayan Mountain Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Himalayas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BIOT_5-0"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Chagos Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kashmir_6-0"},{"link_name":"Disputed territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute"},{"link_name":"undetermined political status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Aksai Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin"},{"link_name":"Trans-Karakoram Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Azad Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Gilgit-Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan"},{"link_name":"entire territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_mediation_of_the_Kashmir_dispute"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TheSubcontinent_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Indo-Pakistan_31-0"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"^ a b Excluding:\nAndaman and Nicobar Islands, which is a part of the Malay Archipelago.\nLadakh, Spiti, and other areas which lie to the north of the Greater Himalayan Mountain Range.\nSignificant portions of northeast India which lie on the Indo-Burman Ranges (spanning Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram) as well as the Tibetan Plateau (northern Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim)\n\n^ a b c d As island countries, the Maldives and Sri Lanka are sometimes not considered part of the subcontinent, as they lack geographic contiguity with the mainland. They are considered parts of the region in cultural geography or geology instead.\n\n^ a b Excluding Upper Mustang and other areas which lie to the north of the Greater Himalayan Mountain Range.\n\n^ a b Excluding:\nSignificant landmasses from East Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (like Federally Administered Tribal Areas) which are situated on the Iranian Plateau.\nParts of Northern Areas (like Baltistan) which lie to the north of the Greater Himalayan Mountain Range.\n\n^ Administered by the United Kingdom, claimed by Mauritius as the Chagos Archipelago.\n\n^ Disputed territory with undetermined political status. Administration is split between China (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract), India (Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan). China claims a small portion of the territory, Pakistan claims the majority of the territory, and India claims the entire territory (see: UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute).\n\n^ It is sometimes simply just referred as the subcontinent in South Asian contexts.\n\n^ For example, a history book intended for Pakistani B.A. students by K. Ali uses the term \"Indo-Pakistan\" instead.[23]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Due to plate tectonics, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar and collided (c. 55 Mya) with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the formation of the Himalayas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Himalaya-formation.gif/170px-Himalaya-formation.gif"},{"image_text":"The Indus is a major river of the north-west of the Indian subcontinent.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Confluence_of_Zansakr_and_Indus_River.jpg/220px-Confluence_of_Zansakr_and_Indus_River.jpg"},{"image_text":"The rocky interiors of the Himalayas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pink_sunrise_in_Langtang.jpg/220px-Pink_sunrise_in_Langtang.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"title":"Hindustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan"},{"title":"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation"}]	[{"reference":"Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. p. 889. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and other small islands of the Indian Ocean","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889","url_text":"Genomics and Health in the Developing World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537475-9","url_text":"978-0-19-537475-9"}]},{"reference":"Mariam Pirbhai (2009). Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8020-9964-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EsCZZ3K6-uYC&pg=PA14","url_text":"Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9964-8","url_text":"978-0-8020-9964-8"}]},{"reference":"Michael Mann (2014). South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-317-62445-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13","url_text":"South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62445-5","url_text":"978-1-317-62445-5"}]},{"reference":"John McLeod (2002). The history of India. Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-313-31459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31459-4","url_text":"0-313-31459-4"}]},{"reference":"Robert Wynn Jones (2011). Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–271. ISBN 978-1-139-49920-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mrPiq_8pkAwC&pg=PA267","url_text":"Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49920-0","url_text":"978-1-139-49920-0"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Kathleen M.; Chapman, Graham P. (11 March 2002), The Changing Geography of Asia, Routledge, pp. 10–, ISBN 978-1-134-93384-6, This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G-KIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10","url_text":"The Changing Geography of Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93384-6","url_text":"978-1-134-93384-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian subcontinent Map, Countries, Population, & History\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Indian-subcontinent","url_text":"\"Indian subcontinent Map, Countries, Population, & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"subcontinent\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192528","url_text":"\"subcontinent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian subcontinent\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94389","url_text":"\"Indian subcontinent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Boniface, Brian G.; Christopher P. Cooper (2005). Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5997-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c46i9jr9mhgC&pg=PA344","url_text":"Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5997-0","url_text":"978-0-7506-5997-0"}]},{"reference":"Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayeha (2004) [First published 1998]. Modern South Asia. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 0415307872.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugata_Bose","url_text":"Bose, Sugata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal","url_text":"Jalal, Ayeha"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/3/mode/1up","url_text":"Modern South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415307872","url_text":"0415307872"}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Tom (2003). The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press. p. 309. ISBN 9780198607717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198607717","url_text":"9780198607717"}]},{"reference":"Lange, Claudia (2012). \"Standards of English in South Asia\". In Raymond Hickey (ed.). Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 9781139851213.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gZV7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256","url_text":"\"Standards of English in South Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139851213","url_text":"9781139851213"}]},{"reference":"Ali, K. (1980). A New History of Indo-Pakistan up to 1526 (4th ed.). Lahore: Aziz Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crouch, Lizzie; McGrath, Paula (30 March 2014). \"Humanity's global battle with mosquitoes\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/health-26724645","url_text":"\"Humanity's global battle with mosquitoes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240120003457/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-26724645","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ayesha Jalal (2008). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 9780674028012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal","url_text":"Ayesha Jalal"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes","url_text":"Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674028012","url_text":"9780674028012"}]},{"reference":"Gaina, Carmen; Müller, R. Dietmar; Brown, Belinda; Ishihara, Takemi; Ivanov, Sergey (July 2007). \"Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica\". Geophysical Journal International. 170 (1). Oxford Academic: 151–169. Bibcode:2007GeoJI.170..151G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2007.03450.x","url_text":"\"Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoJI.170..151G","url_text":"2007GeoJI.170..151G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2007.03450.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x"}]},{"reference":"Torsvik, T.H.; Tucker, R.D.; Ashwal, L.D.; Carter, L.M.; Jamtveit, B.; Vidyadharan, K.T.; Venkataramana, P. (October 2000). \"Late Cretaceous India-Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism\". Terra Nova. 12 (5): 220–224. Bibcode:2000TeNov..12..220T. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x. ISSN 0954-4879. S2CID 128896193.","urls":[{"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x","url_text":"\"Late Cretaceous India-Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000TeNov..12..220T","url_text":"2000TeNov..12..220T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3121.2000.00300.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-4879","url_text":"0954-4879"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128896193","url_text":"128896193"}]},{"reference":"Bethany D. Rinard Hinga (2015). \"Eurasian Plate\". Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes. ABC-CLIO. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1-61069-297-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Eurasian Plate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-297-7","url_text":"978-1-61069-297-7"}]},{"reference":"Alexander E. Gates; David Ritchie (2006). Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Infobase. pp. 116–118. ISBN 978-0-8160-7270-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b1sXfJCiCHQC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7270-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7270-5"}]},{"reference":"Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. pp. 889–890. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889","url_text":"Genomics and Health in the Developing World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537475-9","url_text":"978-0-19-537475-9"}]},{"reference":"McLeod, John (2002). The history of India. Greenwood Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-313-31459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31459-4","url_text":"0-313-31459-4"}]},{"reference":"Pannell, Clifton W. (2009). \"Asia\". Encyclopædia Britannica. The paleotectonic evolution of Asia terminated some 50 million years ago as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia. Asia's subsequent neotectonic development has largely disrupted the continents pre-existing fabric. The neotectonic units of Asia are Stable Asia, the Arabian and Indian cratons, the Alpide plate boundary zone (along which the Arabian and Indian platforms have collided with the Eurasian continental plate), and the island arcs and marginal basins.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38479/Asia","url_text":"\"Asia\""}]},{"reference":"Dutta, Patrap C. (1984). \"Biological Anthropology of Bronze Age Harappans: New Perspectives\". In Lukacs, John R. (ed.). The people of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Plenum Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780306414077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Lukacs","url_text":"Lukacs, John R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306414077","url_text":"9780306414077"}]},{"reference":"L. Dudley Stamp (1957). India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma. London: Methuen. p. 185. OCLC 213547929.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Stamp","url_text":"L. Dudley Stamp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/213547929","url_text":"213547929"}]},{"reference":"Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–8, 12–14, 51, 78–80, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC","url_text":"India Before Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7","url_text":"978-0-521-80904-7"}]},{"reference":"Shroder, John F. (2011). \"Hindu Kush\". In Singh, Vijay P.; Singh, Pratap; Haritashya, Umesh K. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Springer. p. 525. ISBN 978-90-481-2641-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_P._Singh","url_text":"Singh, Vijay P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2641-5","url_text":"978-90-481-2641-5"}]},{"reference":"Bertil Tikkanen (1996). \"Languages of interethnic communication on the Indian Subcontinent (excluding Nepal)\". In Stephen A. Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon (eds.). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 787. ISBN 3-11-013417-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wurm","url_text":"Stephen A. Wurm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Tryon","url_text":"Darrell T. Tryon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013417-9","url_text":"3-11-013417-9"}]},{"reference":"Peter Haggett (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Vol. 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 2710. ISBN 0-7614-7289-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Haggett","url_text":"Peter Haggett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7289-4","url_text":"0-7614-7289-4"}]},{"reference":"Tatu Vanhanen (1997). Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-415-14405-6. The seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent ... Nepal and Bhutan ... the Maldives","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatu_Vanhanen","url_text":"Tatu Vanhanen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F9rta0WSZdUC&pg=PG141","url_text":"Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14405-6","url_text":"978-0-415-14405-6"}]},{"reference":"Pawan Budhwar; Arup Varma; Manjusha Hirekhan (2018). \"HRM in the Indian subcontinent\". In Chris Brewster; Wolfgang Mayrhofer; Elaine Farndale (eds.). Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management. Edward Elgar. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-85793-871-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mayrhofer","url_text":"Wolfgang Mayrhofer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85793-871-8","url_text":"978-0-85793-871-8"}]},{"reference":"Marc Gaborieau (2008). \"Indian Cities\". In Salma K. Jayyusi (ed.). The City in the Islamic World. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 198. ISBN 978-90-04-16240-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_K._Jayyusi","url_text":"Salma K. Jayyusi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16240-2","url_text":"978-90-04-16240-2"}]},{"reference":"Chandra K. Sharma (1990). Geology of Nepal Himalaya and Adjacent Countries. Kathmandu: Sangeeta Sharma. p. 14. OCLC 23292211. Except Sri Lanka, and Maldives ... all [India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh] are located on Indian plate which is a continuous land mass the borders between two states are either a river course or no man's land.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23292211","url_text":"23292211"}]},{"reference":"Ewan W. Anderson; Liam D. Anderson (4 December 2013). An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-136-64862-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n-VJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","url_text":"An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-64862-5","url_text":"978-1-136-64862-5"}]},{"reference":"Jona Razzaque (2004). Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Kluwer Law International. pp. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2. ISBN 978-90-411-2214-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7E7al37aYBEC&pg=PA3","url_text":"Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2214-8","url_text":"978-90-411-2214-8"}]},{"reference":"Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014), Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History: Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization, Foursome, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-4959-4130-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History: Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-4130-6","url_text":"978-1-4959-4130-6"}]},{"reference":"Ira M. Lapidus (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269, 698–699. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA698","url_text":"A History of Islamic Societies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9","url_text":"978-0-521-51430-9"}]},{"reference":"Ludwig W. Adamec (2013) [First published 1998]. \"Afghanistan\". In Robert Wuthnow (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-136-28493-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11","url_text":"\"Afghanistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28493-9","url_text":"978-1-136-28493-9"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Dhavendra (20 October 2004). Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent - Google Books. ISBN 9781402012150. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC","url_text":"Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402012150","url_text":"9781402012150"}]},{"reference":"Prior, Katherine (1997). The History of Emigration from the Indian Subcontinent - Katherine Prior - Google Books. Franklin Watts. ISBN 9780531144183. Retrieved 20 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B2ZXHAAACAAJ","url_text":"The History of Emigration from the Indian Subcontinent - Katherine Prior - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780531144183","url_text":"9780531144183"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889","external_links_name":"Genomics and Health in the Developing World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EsCZZ3K6-uYC&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13","external_links_name":"South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mrPiq_8pkAwC&pg=PA267","external_links_name":"Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G-KIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"The Changing Geography of Asia"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Indian-subcontinent","external_links_name":"\"Indian subcontinent Map, Countries, Population, & History\""},{"Link":"http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/","external_links_name":"Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102611/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/subcontinent","external_links_name":"Subcontinent"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.236168/2015.236168.British-India#page/n403/mode/2up","external_links_name":"p. 401"},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192528","external_links_name":"\"subcontinent\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94389","external_links_name":"\"Indian subcontinent\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c46i9jr9mhgC&pg=PA344","external_links_name":"Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/3/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Modern South Asia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gZV7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256","external_links_name":"\"Standards of English in South Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Public_Interest_Environmental_Litigation/7E7al37aYBEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA3&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Religions_of_South_Asia/n7KCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA3&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Religions of South Asia: An Introduction"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/health-26724645","external_links_name":"\"Humanity's global battle with mosquitoes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240120003457/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-26724645","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Terrorist_Attacks_in_Mumbai_India_and_Im/ETcz_5SzoMkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT9&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Terrorist Attacks in Mumbai, India, and Implications for U. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Pauwels	Kevin Pauwels	["1 Major results","1.1 Road","1.2 Mountain Bike","1.3 Cyclo-cross","2 References","3 External links"]	Belgian cyclist Kevin PauwelsPauwels in 2014.Personal informationFull nameKevin PauwelsBorn (1984-04-12) 12 April 1984 (age 40)Ekeren, BelgiumHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight60 kg (132 lb)Team informationCurrent teamRetiredDisciplinesCyclo-crossMountain bikingRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams2004–2011Spaarselect2011–2019Sunweb–Revor Major wins Cyclo-cross World Cup (2011–12, 2014–15) Gazet van Antwerpen (2011–12) Mountain Bike National Championships (2011, 2012) Medal record Representing Belgium Men's cyclo-cross World Championships 2011 Sankt Wendel Elite 2012 Koksijde Elite 2014 Hoogerheide Elite 2016 Heusden-Zolder Elite 2017 Bieles Elite 2004 Pont-Château Under-23 2002 Zolder Junior Kevin Pauwels (born 12 April 1984 in Ekeren) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2004 and 2019 for the Fidea and Pauwels Sauzen–Bingoal teams. Pauwels retired on 24 February 2019 after winning the Sluitingsprijs Oostmalle. Pauwels' elder brother, Tim Pauwels was also a professional cyclo-cross racer but died during a race in Erpe-Mere in 2004. Major results Road 2002 3rd Road race, National Junior Championships 2006 1st Stage 4 Spar Arden Challenge 1st Stage 5 Tour de Liège 2007 1st Stage 1 Volta a Lleida 3rd Derny, Brasschaat 2008 1st Stage 2 Volta a Lleida 2010 1st Stage 2 Flèche du Sud 1st Stage 4 Tour de Serbie 2011 1st Stage 3 Kreiz Breizh Elites 2015 7th Overall Flèche du Sud 2018 5th Dwars door de Vlaamse Ardennen Mountain Bike 2011 1st Cross-country, National Championships 2012 1st Cross-country, National Championships 2013 1st Landgraaf 2nd Sankt Vith 2017 1st Kluisbergen 3rd Cross-country, National Championships Cyclo-cross 2000–2001 3rd National Junior Championships 2001–2002 1st UCI World Junior Championships 1st National Junior Championships 1st Overall Junior Superprestige 1st Ruddervoorde 1st Sint-Michielsgestel 1st Gieten 1st Vorselaar 2003–2004 1st UCI World Under-23 Championships Under-23 Superprestige 2nd Hoogstraten 3rd Vorselaar 3rd Overall Under-23 Gazet van Antwerpen 3rd Koppenbergcross 2004–2005 1st Overall Under-23 Gazet van Antwerpen 1st Azencross 3rd Koppenbergcross 2nd Kalmthout Under-23 Superprestige 2nd Gavere 2nd Hoogstraten 3rd National Under-23 Championships 3rd Under-23 Milan Under-23 UCI World Cup 3rd Wetzikon 3rd Nommay 2005–2006 1st Overall Under-23 UCI World Cup 1st Wetzikon 1st Liévin 2nd Kalmthout 1st Under-23 Hofstade 1st Under-23 Hasselt 2nd Overall Under-23 Gazet van Antwerpen 2nd Krawatencross Under-23 Superprestige 2nd Gavere 2nd Gieten 2nd Ruddervoorde 3rd Sint-Michielsgestel 3rd Vorselaar 2nd National Under-23 Championships 2nd Under-23 Pijnacker 2006–2007 Superprestige 2nd Sint-Michielsgestel 3rd Diegem 2007–2008 2nd Huijbergen Gazet van Antwerpen 3rd GP Sven Nys 2008–2009 1st Overijse UCI World Cup 2nd Heusden-Zolder 3rd Kalmthout Gazet van Antwerpen 2nd Hasselt 2nd Harderwijk 3rd National Championships 2009–2010 UCI World Cup 1st Heusden-Zolder 3rd Hoogerheide 2nd Overijse 2nd Maldegem 2nd Erpe-Mere Gazet van Antwerpen 2nd Hasselt 3rd Krawatencross 3rd Sluitingsprijs Superprestige 2nd Gieten 3rd Diegem 3rd Zonhoven 3rd Tervuren 2010–2011 1st Heerlen 2nd Overall UCI World Cup 1st Pont-Château 2nd Plzeň 2nd Hoogerheide 3rd Aigle 3rd Kalmthout 2nd Overijse 2nd Asteasu 2nd Overall Superprestige 2nd Zonhoven 2nd Gavere 2nd Middelkerke 3rd Hoogstraten 3rd UCI World Championships 3rd National Championships 3rd Erpe-Mere 3rd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen 1st Hasselt 1st Krawatencross 3rd Namur 3rd Koppenbergcross 3rd GP Rouwmoer 2011–2012 1st Overall UCI World Cup 1st Tábor 1st Igorre 1st Heusden-Zolder 1st Hoogerheide 2nd Koksijde 2nd Liévin 2nd Plzeň 1st Overall Gazet van Antwerpen 1st Koppenbergcross 1st Ronse 1st Hasselt 2nd GP Sven Nys 3rd Krawatencross 3rd Sluitingsprijs 1st Otegem 1st Erpe-Mere 1st Heerlen 2nd Overall Superprestige 1st Gavere 2nd Hamme 2nd Gieten 2nd Diegem 2nd Hoogstraten 3rd Zonhoven 2nd Maldegem 2nd Neerpelt 3rd UCI World Championships 3rd Niel 2012–2013 1st Scheldecross 2nd Overall UCI World Cup 1st Tábor 1st Namur 1st Rome 2nd Roubaix 3rd Plzeň Soudal Classics 2nd Leuven 3rd Overall Bpost Bank Trophy 1st GP Sven Nys 2nd Ronse 3rd Hasselt 3rd Azencross Superprestige 2nd Diegem 3rd Ruddervoorde 3rd Gieten 3rd Hoogstraten 3rd National Championships 2013–2014 1st Kalmthout Bpost Bank Trophy 1st GP Rouwmoer 2nd Koppenbergcross 3rd Sluitingsprijs UCI World Cup 2nd Cauberg 3rd Tábor Superprestige 2nd Middelkerke Soudal Classics 2nd Leuven 3rd UCI World Championships 3rd Overijse 2014–2015 1st Overall UCI World Cup 1st Milton Keynes 1st Namur 2nd Cauberg 2nd Koksijde 2nd Heusden-Zolder 1st Otegem 1st Maldegem 2nd Oostmalle 2nd Eeklo 2nd Sint-Niklaas 2nd Overall Superprestige 1st Zonhoven 1st Spa-Francorchamps 1st Middelkerke 2nd Gavere 2nd Hoogstraten 3rd Diegem 2nd Overall Bpost Bank Trophy 1st Hasselt 3rd Koppenbergcross 3rd GP Sven Nys Soudal Classics 3rd Niel 3rd Leuven 3rd Mechelen 2015–2016 Superprestige 1st Ruddervoorde 2nd Diegem 3rd Zonhoven 3rd Gavere 3rd Spa-Francorchamps Soudal Classics 1st Niel 2nd Neerpelt 3rd Hasselt 1st Oostmalle 2nd Overall BPost Bank Trophy 2nd Koppenbergcross 2nd Ronse 3rd Flandriencross 2nd Overijse 2nd Maldegem 3rd UCI World Championships 3rd UEC European Championships 3rd Otegem 3rd Overall UCI World Cup 2nd Heusden-Zolder 3rd Namur 3rd Hoogerheide 2016–2017 2nd National Championships 2nd Overall UCI World Cup 2nd Iowa City 3rd Namur 3rd Zeven 3rd Heusden-Zolder 2nd Overall DVV Trophy 2nd Koppenbergcross 2nd GP Rouwmoer 3rd Scheldecross 3rd Azencross Soudal Classics 2nd Niel 2nd Leuven 3rd UCI World Championships 3rd Overijse Superprestige 3rd Diegem 3rd Hoogstraten 2018–2019 1st Hasselt 1st Zonnebeke 1st Oostmalle References ^ "Sunweb-Napoleon Games Cycling Team (SUN) – BEL". UCI Continental Circuits. Union Cycliste Internationale. Retrieved 6 March 2014. ^ "Kevin Pauwels neemt afscheid in stijl met solozege in Sluitingsprijs". 24 February 2019. ^ "First Edition Cycling News for September 27, 2004 – Tim Pauwels dies". cyclingnews.com. 27 September 2004. Retrieved 25 November 2012. External links Official website Kevin Pauwels at UCI Kevin Pauwels at Cycling Archives Kevin Pauwels at ProCyclingStats Kevin Pauwels at Cycling Quotient Kevin Pauwels at CycleBase	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ekeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekeren"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"racing cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_cyclist"},{"link_name":"Fidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloise%E2%80%93Trek_Lions"},{"link_name":"Pauwels Sauzen–Bingoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauwels_Sauzen%E2%80%93Bingoal"},{"link_name":"Sluitingsprijs Oostmalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitingsprijs_Oostmalle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kevin Pauwels (born 12 April 1984 in Ekeren) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2004 and 2019 for the Fidea and Pauwels Sauzen–Bingoal teams. Pauwels retired on 24 February 2019 after winning the Sluitingsprijs Oostmalle.[2]Pauwels' elder brother, Tim Pauwels was also a professional cyclo-cross racer but died during a race in Erpe-Mere in 2004.[3]","title":"Kevin Pauwels"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Volta a Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Volta_a_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Volta a Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Volta_a_Lleida"},{"link_name":"Flèche du Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_du_Sud"},{"link_name":"Tour de Serbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Serbie"},{"link_name":"Kreiz Breizh Elites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreiz_Breizh_Elites"},{"link_name":"Flèche du Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_du_Sud"},{"link_name":"Dwars door de Vlaamse Ardennen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwars_door_de_Vlaamse_Ardennen"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"2002\n3rd Road race, National Junior Championships\n2006\n1st Stage 4 Spar Arden Challenge\n1st Stage 5 Tour de Liège\n2007\n1st Stage 1 Volta a Lleida\n3rd Derny, Brasschaat\n2008\n1st Stage 2 Volta a Lleida\n2010\n1st Stage 2 Flèche du Sud\n1st Stage 4 Tour de Serbie\n2011\n1st Stage 3 Kreiz Breizh Elites\n2015\n7th Overall Flèche du Sud\n2018\n5th Dwars door de Vlaamse Ardennen","title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotB%C3%A9lgica.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotB%C3%A9lgica.svg"}],"sub_title":"Mountain Bike","text":"2011\n1st Cross-country, National Championships\n2012\n1st Cross-country, National Championships\n2013\n1st Landgraaf\n2nd Sankt Vith\n2017\n1st Kluisbergen\n3rd Cross-country, National Championships","title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotB%C3%A9lgica.svg"},{"link_name":"National Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ruddervoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Ruddervoorde"},{"link_name":"Sint-Michielsgestel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Sint-Michielsgestel"},{"link_name":"Gieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Gieten"},{"link_name":"Vorselaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Vlaamse_Trofee_Deschacht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Under-23 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Aardbeiencross"},{"link_name":"Vorselaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Vlaamse_Trofee_Deschacht"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Azencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azencross"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Kalmthout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Kalmthout"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Aardbeiencross"},{"link_name":"National Under-23 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"Under-23 UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Nommay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Nommay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_white.svg"},{"link_name":"Under-23 UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kalmthout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Kalmthout"},{"link_name":"Under-23 Hofstade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersttrofee_Hofstade"},{"link_name":"Under-23 Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Krawatencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krawatencross"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Gieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Gieten"},{"link_name":"Ruddervoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Ruddervoorde"},{"link_name":"Sint-Michielsgestel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Sint-Michielsgestel"},{"link_name":"Vorselaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Vlaamse_Trofee_Deschacht"},{"link_name":"National Under-23 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Sint-Michielsgestel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Sint-Michielsgestel"},{"link_name":"Diegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Diegem"},{"link_name":"Gazet van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazet_van_Antwerpen_Trophy"},{"link_name":"GP Sven Nys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Sven_Nys"},{"link_name":"Overijse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Druivenveldrit_Overijse"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Heusden-Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Eric_De_Vlaeminck"},{"link_name":"Kalmthout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Kalmthout"},{"link_name":"Gazet van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Cyclo-cross_Gazet_van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Heusden-Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Eric_De_Vlaeminck"},{"link_name":"Hoogerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Adrie_van_der_Poel"},{"link_name":"Overijse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Druivenveldrit_Overijse"},{"link_name":"Maldegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkcross"},{"link_name":"Erpe-Mere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Gazet van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Cyclo-cross_Gazet_van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Krawatencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krawatencross"},{"link_name":"Sluitingsprijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitingsprijs_Oostmalle"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Gieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Gieten"},{"link_name":"Diegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Diegem"},{"link_name":"Zonhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Zonhoven"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Plzeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklokros_Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Hoogerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Adrie_van_der_Poel"},{"link_name":"Aigle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophile_Aigle"},{"link_name":"Kalmthout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Kalmthout"},{"link_name":"Overijse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Druivenveldrit_Overijse"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Zonhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Zonhoven"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Middelkerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzeecross"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Aardbeiencross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_elite_race"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"Erpe-Mere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Gazet van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Cyclo-cross_Gazet_van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Krawatencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krawatencross"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelcross_Namur"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"GP Rouwmoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Rouwmoer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_white.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklokros_T%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"Igorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziklokross_Igorre"},{"link_name":"Heusden-Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Eric_De_Vlaeminck"},{"link_name":"Hoogerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Adrie_van_der_Poel"},{"link_name":"Koksijde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinencross_Koksijde"},{"link_name":"Plzeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklokros_Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Gazet van Antwerpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Cyclo-cross_Gazet_van_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Ronse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Mario_De_Clercq"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"GP Sven Nys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Sven_Nys"},{"link_name":"Krawatencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krawatencross"},{"link_name":"Sluitingsprijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitingsprijs_Oostmalle"},{"link_name":"Otegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Cyclo-Cross_Otegem"},{"link_name":"Erpe-Mere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Hamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandriencross"},{"link_name":"Gieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Gieten"},{"link_name":"Diegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Diegem"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Aardbeiencross"},{"link_name":"Zonhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Zonhoven"},{"link_name":"Maldegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkcross"},{"link_name":"Neerpelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Neerpelt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_elite_race"},{"link_name":"Niel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_Jaarmarkt_Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"Scheldecross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldecross_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklokros_T%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelcross_Namur"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Romano_Scotti"},{"link_name":"Plzeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklokros_Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclocross_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Bpost Bank Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Cyclo-cross_bpost_bank_trophy"},{"link_name":"GP Sven Nys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Sven_Nys"},{"link_name":"Ronse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Mario_De_Clercq"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Azencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azencross"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Diegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Diegem"},{"link_name":"Ruddervoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Ruddervoorde"},{"link_name":"Gieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Gieten"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Aardbeiencross"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kalmthout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Kalmthout"},{"link_name":"Bpost Bank Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Cyclo-cross_bpost_bank_trophy"},{"link_name":"GP Rouwmoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Rouwmoer"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Sluitingsprijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitingsprijs_Oostmalle"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cauberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauberg_Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"Tábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyklokros_T%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Middelkerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzeecross"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclocross_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_elite_race"},{"link_name":"Overijse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Druivenveldrit_Overijse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_white.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelcross_Namur"},{"link_name":"Cauberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauberg_Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"Koksijde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duinencross_Koksijde"},{"link_name":"Heusden-Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Eric_De_Vlaeminck"},{"link_name":"Otegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Cyclo-Cross_Otegem"},{"link_name":"Maldegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkcross"},{"link_name":"Oostmalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitingsprijs_Oostmalle"},{"link_name":"Eeklo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Prijs_Stad_Eeklo"},{"link_name":"Sint-Niklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waaslandcross"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Zonhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Zonhoven"},{"link_name":"Spa-Francorchamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Spa-Francorchamps"},{"link_name":"Middelkerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzeecross"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Aardbeiencross"},{"link_name":"Diegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Diegem"},{"link_name":"Bpost Bank Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Cyclo-cross_BPost_Bank_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"GP Sven Nys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Sven_Nys"},{"link_name":"Niel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_Jaarmarkt_Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclocross_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders_Indoor_Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Ruddervoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Ruddervoorde"},{"link_name":"Diegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Diegem"},{"link_name":"Zonhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Zonhoven"},{"link_name":"Gavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo-cross_Gavere"},{"link_name":"Spa-Francorchamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_la_R%C3%A9gion_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Niel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_Jaarmarkt_Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"Neerpelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Neerpelt"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Oostmalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitingsprijs_Oostmalle"},{"link_name":"BPost Bank Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPost_Bank_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"Ronse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Mario_De_Clercq"},{"link_name":"Flandriencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandriencross"},{"link_name":"Overijse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Druivenveldrit_Overijse"},{"link_name":"Maldegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkcross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_europe.svg"},{"link_name":"UEC European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEC_European_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"Otegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Cyclo-Cross_Otegem"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Heusden-Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Eric_De_Vlaeminck"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelcross_Namur"},{"link_name":"Hoogerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Adrie_van_der_Poel"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_National_Cyclo-cross_Championships"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Iowa City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_Cross"},{"link_name":"Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelcross_Namur"},{"link_name":"Heusden-Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Erik_De_Vlaeminck"},{"link_name":"DVV Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Cyclo-cross_DVV_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Koppenbergcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppenbergcross"},{"link_name":"GP Rouwmoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Rouwmoer"},{"link_name":"Scheldecross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldecross_Antwerpen"},{"link_name":"Azencross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azencross"},{"link_name":"Niel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_Jaarmarkt_Cyclo-cross"},{"link_name":"Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclocross_Leuven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg"},{"link_name":"UCI World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_elite_race"},{"link_name":"Overijse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Druivenveldrit_Overijse"},{"link_name":"Superprestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Cyclo-cross_Superprestige"},{"link_name":"Diegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superprestige_Diegem"},{"link_name":"Hoogstraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Aardbeiencross"},{"link_name":"Hasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_van_Hasselt"},{"link_name":"Zonnebeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasteelcross_Zonnebeke"},{"link_name":"Oostmalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluitingsprijs_Oostmalle"}],"sub_title":"Cyclo-cross","text":"2000–2001\n3rd National Junior Championships\n2001–2002\n1st UCI World Junior Championships\n1st National Junior Championships\n1st Overall Junior Superprestige\n1st Ruddervoorde\n1st Sint-Michielsgestel\n1st Gieten\n1st Vorselaar\n2003–2004\n1st UCI World Under-23 Championships\nUnder-23 Superprestige\n2nd Hoogstraten\n3rd Vorselaar\n3rd Overall Under-23 Gazet van Antwerpen\n3rd Koppenbergcross\n2004–2005\n1st Overall Under-23 Gazet van Antwerpen\n1st Azencross\n3rd Koppenbergcross\n2nd Kalmthout\nUnder-23 Superprestige\n2nd Gavere\n2nd Hoogstraten\n3rd National Under-23 Championships\n3rd Under-23 Milan\nUnder-23 UCI World Cup\n3rd Wetzikon\n3rd Nommay\n2005–2006\n1st Overall Under-23 UCI World Cup\n1st Wetzikon\n1st Liévin\n2nd Kalmthout\n1st Under-23 Hofstade\n1st Under-23 Hasselt\n2nd Overall Under-23 Gazet van Antwerpen\n2nd Krawatencross\nUnder-23 Superprestige\n2nd Gavere\n2nd Gieten\n2nd Ruddervoorde\n3rd Sint-Michielsgestel\n3rd Vorselaar\n2nd National Under-23 Championships\n2nd Under-23 Pijnacker\n2006–2007\nSuperprestige\n2nd Sint-Michielsgestel\n3rd Diegem\n2007–2008\n2nd Huijbergen\nGazet van Antwerpen\n3rd GP Sven Nys\n2008–2009\n1st Overijse\nUCI World Cup\n2nd Heusden-Zolder\n3rd Kalmthout\nGazet van Antwerpen\n2nd Hasselt\n2nd Harderwijk\n3rd National Championships\n2009–2010\nUCI World Cup\n1st Heusden-Zolder\n3rd Hoogerheide\n2nd Overijse\n2nd Maldegem\n2nd Erpe-Mere\nGazet van Antwerpen\n2nd Hasselt\n3rd Krawatencross\n3rd Sluitingsprijs\nSuperprestige\n2nd Gieten\n3rd Diegem\n3rd Zonhoven\n3rd Tervuren\n2010–2011\n1st Heerlen\n2nd Overall UCI World Cup\n1st Pont-Château\n2nd Plzeň\n2nd Hoogerheide\n3rd Aigle\n3rd Kalmthout\n2nd Overijse\n2nd Asteasu\n2nd Overall Superprestige\n2nd Zonhoven\n2nd Gavere\n2nd Middelkerke\n3rd Hoogstraten\n3rd UCI World Championships\n3rd National Championships\n3rd Erpe-Mere\n3rd Overall Gazet van Antwerpen\n1st Hasselt\n1st Krawatencross\n3rd Namur\n3rd Koppenbergcross\n3rd GP Rouwmoer\n2011–2012\n1st Overall UCI World Cup\n1st Tábor\n1st Igorre\n1st Heusden-Zolder\n1st Hoogerheide\n2nd Koksijde\n2nd Liévin\n2nd Plzeň\n1st Overall Gazet van Antwerpen\n1st Koppenbergcross\n1st Ronse\n1st Hasselt\n2nd GP Sven Nys\n3rd Krawatencross\n3rd Sluitingsprijs\n1st Otegem\n1st Erpe-Mere\n1st Heerlen\n2nd Overall Superprestige\n1st Gavere\n2nd Hamme\n2nd Gieten\n2nd Diegem\n2nd Hoogstraten\n3rd Zonhoven\n2nd Maldegem\n2nd Neerpelt\n3rd UCI World Championships\n3rd Niel\n2012–2013\n1st Scheldecross\n2nd Overall UCI World Cup\n1st Tábor\n1st Namur\n1st Rome\n2nd Roubaix\n3rd Plzeň\nSoudal Classics\n2nd Leuven\n3rd Overall Bpost Bank Trophy\n1st GP Sven Nys\n2nd Ronse\n3rd Hasselt\n3rd Azencross\nSuperprestige\n2nd Diegem\n3rd Ruddervoorde\n3rd Gieten\n3rd Hoogstraten\n3rd National Championships\n2013–2014\n1st Kalmthout\nBpost Bank Trophy\n1st GP Rouwmoer\n2nd Koppenbergcross\n3rd Sluitingsprijs\nUCI World Cup\n2nd Cauberg\n3rd Tábor\nSuperprestige\n2nd Middelkerke\nSoudal Classics\n2nd Leuven\n3rd UCI World Championships\n3rd Overijse\n2014–2015\n1st Overall UCI World Cup\n1st Milton Keynes\n1st Namur\n2nd Cauberg\n2nd Koksijde\n2nd Heusden-Zolder\n1st Otegem\n1st Maldegem\n2nd Oostmalle\n2nd Eeklo\n2nd Sint-Niklaas\n2nd Overall Superprestige\n1st Zonhoven\n1st Spa-Francorchamps\n1st Middelkerke\n2nd Gavere\n2nd Hoogstraten\n3rd Diegem\n2nd Overall Bpost Bank Trophy\n1st Hasselt\n3rd Koppenbergcross\n3rd GP Sven Nys\nSoudal Classics\n3rd Niel\n3rd Leuven\n3rd Mechelen\n2015–2016\nSuperprestige\n1st Ruddervoorde\n2nd Diegem\n3rd Zonhoven\n3rd Gavere\n3rd Spa-Francorchamps\nSoudal Classics\n1st Niel\n2nd Neerpelt\n3rd Hasselt\n1st Oostmalle\n2nd Overall BPost Bank Trophy\n2nd Koppenbergcross\n2nd Ronse\n3rd Flandriencross\n2nd Overijse\n2nd Maldegem\n3rd UCI World Championships\n3rd UEC European Championships\n3rd Otegem\n3rd Overall UCI World Cup\n2nd Heusden-Zolder\n3rd Namur\n3rd Hoogerheide\n2016–2017\n2nd National Championships\n2nd Overall UCI World Cup\n2nd Iowa City\n3rd Namur\n3rd Zeven\n3rd Heusden-Zolder\n2nd Overall DVV Trophy\n2nd Koppenbergcross\n2nd GP Rouwmoer\n3rd Scheldecross\n3rd Azencross\nSoudal Classics\n2nd Niel\n2nd Leuven\n3rd UCI World Championships\n3rd Overijse\nSuperprestige\n3rd Diegem\n3rd Hoogstraten\n2018–2019\n1st Hasselt\n1st Zonnebeke\n1st Oostmalle","title":"Major results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sunweb-Napoleon Games Cycling Team (SUN) – BEL\". UCI Continental Circuits. Union Cycliste Internationale. Retrieved 6 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://62.50.72.82/UCIBWS/(S(qilozwwuewoidxizbt1trfoe))/Teams/detail/en/ROA/4496","url_text":"\"Sunweb-Napoleon Games Cycling Team (SUN) – BEL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Continental_Circuits","url_text":"UCI Continental Circuits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"Union Cycliste Internationale"}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Pauwels neemt afscheid in stijl met solozege in Sluitingsprijs\". 24 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sporza.be/nl/matches/veldrijden/2019-02/oostmalle-cross-mannen/","url_text":"\"Kevin Pauwels neemt afscheid in stijl met solozege in Sluitingsprijs\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Edition Cycling News for September 27, 2004 – Tim Pauwels dies\". cyclingnews.com. 27 September 2004. Retrieved 25 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2004/sep04/sep27news","url_text":"\"First Edition Cycling News for September 27, 2004 – Tim Pauwels dies\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://62.50.72.82/UCIBWS/(S(qilozwwuewoidxizbt1trfoe))/Teams/detail/en/ROA/4496","external_links_name":"\"Sunweb-Napoleon Games Cycling Team (SUN) – BEL\""},{"Link":"https://sporza.be/nl/matches/veldrijden/2019-02/oostmalle-cross-mannen/","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Pauwels neemt afscheid in stijl met solozege in Sluitingsprijs\""},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2004/sep04/sep27news","external_links_name":"\"First Edition Cycling News for September 27, 2004 – Tim Pauwels dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.ktpauwels.be/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/rider-details/27820","external_links_name":"Kevin Pauwels"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718411#P11020"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=3375","external_links_name":"Kevin Pauwels"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718411#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/138082","external_links_name":"Kevin Pauwels"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718411#P1663"},{"Link":"https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/rider.asp?riderid=2629","external_links_name":"Kevin Pauwels"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718411#P1541"},{"Link":"https://www.cyclebase.nl/cb-content/index.php?lang=en&page=renner&id=20122","external_links_name":"Kevin Pauwels"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718411#P4508"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rangel_Silva	Henry Rangel Silva	["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]	Henry Rangel SilvaMinister of DefenseIn officeJanuary 2012 – October 2012Preceded byCarlos José Mata FigueroaSucceeded byDiego Alfredo Molero BellaviaGovernor of TrujilloIncumbentAssumed office 2012Preceded byHugo Cabezas Personal detailsBorn1961 (age 62–63)Trujillo, VenezuelaPolitical partyUnited Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) Henry de Jesús Rangel Silva (born 1961) is the current governor of Trujillo, Venezuela. A military general and former Minister of Defense, Rangel Silva was previously the head of Operational Strategic Command of the Venezuelan Armed Forces, head of the DISIP (from 2005) and Director of CANTV (from 2009). Rangel Silva took part in the coup attempt of February 1992 together with Hugo Chávez. Career In 2008, the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned three current or former Venezuelan government officials, saying there was evidence they had materially helped the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in the illegal drug trade. The order "freezes any assets the designated entities and individuals may have under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibits U.S. persons from conducting financial or commercial transactions involving those assets". Rangel, Hugo Carvajal, former director of Venezuela's military intelligence (DGIM); and Ramón Rodríguez Chacín, former Minister of the Interior, were sanctioned. In November 2010, Rangel declared that the military forces are "married to the political, socialist project" led by Hugo Chávez in Venezuela. Then he added that the arrival of a government different from Chávez would be unacceptable: "The hypothesis (of an opposition government) is difficult, it would mean to sell of the country, people won't accept that, the Armed Forces won't and the people less." Shortly after, Rangel was promoted to General-in-Chief, the highest rank obtainable in the Venezuelan military. In October 2012, Rangel Silva was chosen as the PSUV's candidate in Trujillo state after the then-current governor, Hugo Cabezas, announced he would not seek re-election. In December, he was elected governor of Trujillo state by 82.30% of the vote, in Venezuela's regional elections of 2012. He was re-elected in the 2017 regional elections by 59.75% of the vote. References ^ a b c (in Spanish) noticias24.com, 17 January 2012, Perfil: Henry Rangel Silva, el nuevo ministro de la Defensa Archived 2018-08-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "Treasury targets Venezuelan government officials supporting the FARC" (Press release). U.S. Department of the Treasury. 12 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2019. ^ Military Forces 'married' to Hugo Chávez's socialist project ^ Bloomberg, 12 November 2010, Chávez promotes Venezuelan general criticized for threat against opposition ^ "Chávez le da un espaldarazo a Rangel Silva: Lo asciende a General en Jefe" (in Spanish). Noticias24.com (November 11, 2010). Retrieved on October 11, 2013. ^ 'REGIONAL RELEASE 2012" (in Spanish). National Electoral Council (December 16, 2012). Retrieved October 11, 2013. ^ "En todas las parroquias de Trujillo arrasó Henry Rangel Silva" (in Spanish). Noticias24 (December 18, 2012). Retrieved October 11, 2013. ^ "Divulgación Elecciones Regionales 2017" (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional Electoral. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017. External links US Treasury Department accuses Rangel Silva of helping the FARC in drug dealing vteCurrent governors of states of Venezuela Amazonas: Miguel Rodríguez Anzoátegui: Antonio Barreto Sira Apure: Ramón Carrizales Aragua: Daniela González Barinas: Argenis Chávez Bolívar: Justo Noguera Pietri Carabobo: Rafael Lacava Cojedes: Margaud Godoy Delta Amacuro: Lizeta Hernández Falcón: Víctor Clark Guárico: José Manuel Vásquez Lara: Adolfo Pereira Antique Mérida: Ramón Guevara Miranda: Héctor Rodríguez Monagas: Cosme Arzolay Nueva Esparta: Alfredo Díaz Portuguesa: Rafael Calles Sucre: Edwin Rojas Táchira: Laidy Gómez Trujillo: Henry Rangel Silva Vargas: José Manuel Suárez Yaracuy: Julio León Heredia Zulia: Omar Prieto Capital District: Jacqueline Faría (Head of Government) Territorio Insular Miranda: Félix Plasencia Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trujillo, Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noticias24-1"},{"link_name":"DISIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DISIP"},{"link_name":"CANTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANTV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noticias24-1"},{"link_name":"coup attempt of February 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noticias24-1"}],"text":"Henry de Jesús Rangel Silva (born 1961) is the current governor of Trujillo, Venezuela. A military general and former Minister of Defense,[1] Rangel Silva was previously the head of Operational Strategic Command of the Venezuelan Armed Forces, head of the DISIP (from 2005) and Director of CANTV (from 2009).[1] Rangel Silva took part in the coup attempt of February 1992 together with Hugo Chávez.[1]","title":"Henry Rangel Silva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of Foreign Assets Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control"},{"link_name":"sanctioned three current or former Venezuelan government officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"illegal drug trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasurySept2008-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasurySept2008-2"},{"link_name":"Hugo Carvajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Carvajal"},{"link_name":"Venezuela's military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Militar"},{"link_name":"Ramón Rodríguez Chacín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Chac%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasurySept2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc101118-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"General-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-in-chief#Venezuela"},{"link_name":"highest rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_military_ranks"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"PSUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Trujillo state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Trujillo state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo_(state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Venezuela's regional elections of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_regional_elections#Trujillo"},{"link_name":"2017 regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNE-8"}],"text":"In 2008, the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned three current or former Venezuelan government officials, saying there was evidence they had materially helped the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in the illegal drug trade.[2] The order \"freezes any assets the designated entities and individuals may have under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibits U.S. persons from conducting financial or commercial transactions involving those assets\".[2] Rangel, Hugo Carvajal, former director of Venezuela's military intelligence (DGIM); and Ramón Rodríguez Chacín, former Minister of the Interior, were sanctioned.[2]In November 2010, Rangel declared that the military forces are \"married to the political, socialist project\" led by Hugo Chávez in Venezuela.[3][4] Then he added that the arrival of a government different from Chávez would be unacceptable:\"The hypothesis (of an opposition government) is difficult, it would mean to sell of the country, people won't accept that, the Armed Forces won't and the people less.\"[clarification needed][citation needed]Shortly after, Rangel was promoted to General-in-Chief, the highest rank obtainable in the Venezuelan military.[5]In October 2012, Rangel Silva was chosen as the PSUV's candidate in Trujillo state after the then-current governor, Hugo Cabezas, announced he would not seek re-election. In December, he was elected governor of Trujillo state by 82.30% of the vote,[6][7] in Venezuela's regional elections of 2012. He was re-elected in the 2017 regional elections by 59.75% of the vote.[8]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Treasury targets Venezuelan government officials supporting the FARC\" (Press release). U.S. Department of the Treasury. 12 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121115335/http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1132.htm","url_text":"\"Treasury targets Venezuelan government officials supporting the FARC\""},{"url":"http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1132.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Divulgación Elecciones Regionales 2017\" (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional Electoral. 18 October 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_It_to_My_Heart_(Taylor_Dayne_song)	Tell It to My Heart (Taylor Dayne song)	["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Track listings","4 Cover versions","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References"]	1987 single by Taylor Dayne "Tell It to My Heart"Single by Taylor Daynefrom the album Tell It to My Heart ReleasedJuly 24, 1987 (1987-07-24)StudioCove City Sound (Glen Cove, New York)Genre Dance-pop freestyle hi-NRG Length3:38LabelAristaSongwriter(s) Seth Swirsky Ernie Gold Producer(s)Ric WakeTaylor Dayne singles chronology "Tell It to My Heart" (1987) "Prove Your Love" (1988) Music video"Tell It to My Heart" on YouTube "Tell It to My Heart" is a song performed by American singer, songwriter and actress Taylor Dayne, originally made by Louisa Florio, released in July 24, 1987 as her first single from her first album, Tell It to My Heart (1988). The single was Dayne's first major exposure, and she soon became known for her up-tempo, dance-oriented music. The song was written by Chappell Music staff songwriter Seth Swirsky and Ernie Gold. Swirsky almost did not deliver the song to his publisher after he and his girlfriend decided it was not good enough. The song debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 during the week of October 10, 1987, at position number 92, and entered the top 40 of the chart the week of November 14, 1987, rising to number 39 from number 43. Ten weeks later, during the week of January 23, 1988, the single peaked in the number seven spot. The song was present on the Hot 100 for 25 weeks. In the UK, "Tell It To My Heart" reached number three. It was the 23rd best-selling single of 1988 in the UK. In 1995, "Tell It to My Heart'" was remixed and re-released to promote Dayne's Greatest Hits package. This version climbed to number 23 on the UK Singles Chart. Background "Tell It To My Heart" reached Taylor Dayne when Dayne contacted Chappell Music and asked to be sent some demos which had been overlooked, although the song had been recorded in early 1987 by Louisa Florio for a self-titled Canadian album release. Dayne recalled feeling an immediate affinity with the song: "I thought there was something about the hook – it's a happy hook." The track was recorded at Cove City Sound Studios in Glen Cove, Long Island. Dayne's father loaned her $6,000 to create the demo. The track took off so unexpectedly in the fall of 1987 that Taylor was forced to complete her debut album at Cove City Sound in eight weeks. Swirsky also co-wrote Dayne's follow-up single "Prove Your Love". For almost two months, only the 12-inch record of "Tell It to My Heart" with four mixes was available for purchase, and ended up selling 900,000 copies alone. Dayne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal, Female for her performance on "Tell It to My Heart" in 1988. Producer Ric Wake said in a 1994 interview with Vibe magazine that "Tell It to My Heart" "really blew people away". Commenting on Taylor Dayne's voice he said "They thought she was, like, black or some kind of ethnic...". Critical reception Lysette Cohen from Record Mirror wrote, "The single is one of those unbelievably catchy ones, full of what Taylor calls, "happy hooks". Yet it is more imposing and robust then your average dancefloor ditty. There's real guts in there. A little like the lady herself perhaps?" Another editor, Matthew Collin, felt that the single showed that Dayne "makes a brilliant disco queen". Track listings 7-inch single "Tell It to My Heart" – 3:38 "Tell It to My Heart" (Instrumental) – 3:15 12-inch maxi "Tell It to My Heart" (Club Mix) – 6:46 "Tell It to My Heart" (Percapella Mix) – 3:21 "Tell It to My Heart" (Single Mix) – 3:24 "Tell It to My Heart" (Dub Mix) – 5:47 12-inch maxi – Remix "Tell It to My Heart" (House of Hearts Mix) – 8:43 "Tell It to My Heart" (Radio Edit) – 3:31 "Tell It to My Heart" (Dub of Hearts Mix) – 6:43 2007 "Beautiful" iTunes single & Promo CD single "Beautiful" "Tell It to My Heart" (2008 version) – 3:41 (Released as the b-side of "Beautiful" on U.S. iTunes and promotional CD single) Cover versions A Spanish-language version titled "Díselo a mi corazón" was included on Spanish pop group Amistades Peligrosas's 1993 album, La última tentación. In 2002, English singer Kelly Llorenna released her version of the song as a single. It peaked at number nine in the United Kingdom and number 31 in Ireland. In 2011, American singer Raquela (Burt) released her version of the song as a single. It stayed on the DJ Times Top 40 dance charts for 28 weeks. In 2023, Cash Cash released a remix version of this song with newly re-recorded vocals from Dayne. Charts Weekly charts 1987–1988 weekly chart performance for "Tell It to My Heart" (Taylor Dayne version) Chart (1987–1988) Peakposition Australia (Australian Music Report) 10 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 1 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 2 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 9 Denmark (Tracklisten) 1 Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 1 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 3 France (SNEP) 11 Greece (IFPI) 2 Ireland (IRMA) 2 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 1 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 1 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 7 Norway (VG-lista) 3 Panama (UPI) 9 South Africa (Springbok Radio) 11 Spain (AFYVE) 5 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 3 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Singles (OCC) 3 UK Dance (Music Week) 1 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 4 US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 3 US Cash Box Top 100 9 West Germany (Official German Charts) 1 1996 weekly chart performance for "Tell It to My Heart" (Taylor Dayne version) Chart (1996) Peakposition Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 15 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 10 Weekly chart performance for "Tell It to My Heart" (Kelly Llorenna version) Chart (2002) Peakposition Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) 44 Ireland (IRMA) 31 Ireland Dance (IRMA) 5 Scotland (OCC) 3 UK Singles (OCC) 9 UK Dance (OCC) 7 Chart performance for "Tell It to My Heart" (Cash Cash remix version) Chart (2023) Peakposition Canada Hot AC (Billboard) 34 US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) 32 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "Tell It to My Heart" (Taylor Dayne version) Chart (1988) Position Australia (ARIA) 43 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 17 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 23 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 96 Europe (European Airplay Top 50) 17 Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 4 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 19 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 15 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 50 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 10 UK Singles (OCC) 23 UK Dance (Music Week) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 34 West Germany (Official German Charts) 8 Year-end chart performance for "Tell It to My Heart" (Kelly Llorenna version) Chart (2002) Position UK Singles (OCC) 132 Certifications Certifications for "Tell It to My Heart" Region Certification Certified units/sales Germany (BVMI) Gold 250,000^ Sweden (GLF) Gold 25,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Kelly Llorenna version Silver 200,000‡ United States (RIAA) Gold 1,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ Sheffield, Rob (November 23, 2023). "The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s". Rolling Stone. ^ Molanphy, Chris (July 16, 2022). "Point of No Return Edition". Hit Parade \| Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved March 31, 2024. ^ Breihan, Tom (September 10, 2021). "The Number Ones: Taylor Dayne's "Love Will Lead You Back". Stereogum. Retrieved December 2, 2023. Tell It To My Heart" is a dinky little track, a replacement-level mid-'80s hi-NRG thing... ^ a b "Tell It to My Heart". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 7, 2024. ^ "Tell It To My Heart by Taylor Dayne - Professor of Rock". Professor of Rock. November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Tell it to my Heart". ^ a b Bill Van Parys (April 1994), Great Dane, Vibe, p. 66 ^ Cohen, Lysette (January 16, 1988). "The Great Dayne". Record Mirror. p. 39. Retrieved March 9, 2023. ^ Collin, Matthew (March 5, 1988). "Albums". Record Mirror. p. 14. Retrieved March 9, 2023. ^ a b "Kelly Llorenna: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ a b "Irish-charts.com – Discography Kelly Llorenna". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 28, 2020. ^ Michael Jefferies (2020). "Feel The Beat". Hopmusic. ^ Nicole Pepe (September 20, 2023). "Cash Cash & Taylor Dayne team up for 'Tell It To My Heart': Listen". We Rave You. Retrieved October 27, 2023. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. p. 83. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 100, no. 22. May 28, 1988. p. 74. ISSN 0006-2510 – via World Radio History. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0941." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ a b "Top 3 in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 5, no. 16. April 16, 1988. p. 20. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History. ^ "European Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 5, no. 10. March 5, 1988. p. 16. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History. ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart" (in French). Les classement single. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Tell It to My Heart". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 28, 2020. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Taylor Dayne" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart". Top 40 Singles. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart". VG-lista. ^ "Las canciones más populares en Latinoamérica". La Opinión (Los Angeles) (in Spanish). March 25, 1988. p. 11. Retrieved October 26, 2023. ^ "SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Acts D". The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart". Singles Top 100. ^ "Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart". Swiss Singles Chart. ^ "Taylor Dayne: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ "Top Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. February 13, 1988. p. 28. Retrieved August 28, 2023 – via World Radio History. ^ "Taylor Dayne Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ a b "Taylor Dayne Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2017. ^ "Taylor Dayne Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending January 23, 1988". Cash Box. Retrieved May 8, 2022. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved January 28, 2020. ^ "Taylor Dayne: Tell It to My Heart" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 20, no. 29. July 13, 2002. p. 7. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History. ^ "Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 4 July 2002". GfK Chart-Track. Retrieved June 4, 2019. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 4, 2019. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 4, 2019. ^ "Cash Cash Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved January 1, 2024. ^ "Cash Cash Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2023. ^ "ARIA Top 50 Singles for 1988". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ "Jahreshitparade Singles 1988" (in German). Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1988 – Singles" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ "Top 100 Singles of '88" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 49, no. 10. December 24, 1988. p. 9. ISSN 0033-7064 – via World Radio History. ^ "1988 Year-End Eurocharts - Ariplay Top 50" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 6, no. 52/1. January 1, 1989. p. 29. Retrieved June 11, 2024 – via World Radio History. ^ "1988 Year End Eurocharts – Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 6, no. 52/1. January 1, 1988. p. 30. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History. ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1988" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1988" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1988". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 8, 2016. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1988". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ "Top 100 Singles – Year-End Chart 1988" (PDF). Music Week Awards. Music Week. March 4, 1989. p. 12. ISSN 0265-1548 – via World Radio History. ^ "Year-End Chart 1988 - Top 20 Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week Awards. Music Week. March 4, 1989. p. 24. ISSN 0265-1548. Retrieved August 29, 2023 – via World Radio History. ^ "Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 1988". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ "1988 The Year in Music & Video – Top Dance Sales 12-Inch Singles" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 100, no. 52. December 24, 1988. p. Y-25. ISSN 0006-2510 – via World Radio History. ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 1988" (in German). GfK Entertainmen. Retrieved February 6, 2021. ^ "The Official UK Singles Chart 2002" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. p. 2. Retrieved June 4, 2019. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Taylor Dayne; 'Tell It to My Heart')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved September 19, 2008. ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2008. ^ "British single certifications – Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 26, 2019. ^ "British single certifications – Kelly Llorenna – Tell It to My Heart". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 11, 2021. vteTaylor DayneStudio albums Tell It to My Heart (1988) Can't Fight Fate (1989) Soul Dancing (1993) Naked Without You (1998) Satisfied (2008) Compilations Greatest Hits (1995) Singles "Tell It to My Heart" "Prove Your Love" "I'll Always Love You" "Don't Rush Me" "With Every Beat of My Heart" "Love Will Lead You Back" "I'll Be Your Shelter" "Heart of Stone" "Can't Get Enough of Your Love" "Send Me a Lover" "Original Sin" "Say a Prayer" "Whatever You Want" "Naked Without You" "Planet Love" "How Many" "Beautiful" "Facing a Miracle" Related articles Arista Records Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor Dayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Dayne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-4"},{"link_name":"Tell It to My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_It_to_My_Heart_(album)"},{"link_name":"Seth Swirsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Swirsky"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"remixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Taylor_Dayne_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"\"Tell It to My Heart\" is a song performed by American singer, songwriter and actress Taylor Dayne, originally made by Louisa Florio, released in July 24, 1987[4] as her first single from her first album, Tell It to My Heart (1988). The single was Dayne's first major exposure, and she soon became known for her up-tempo, dance-oriented music. The song was written by Chappell Music staff songwriter Seth Swirsky and Ernie Gold. Swirsky almost did not deliver the song to his publisher after he and his girlfriend decided it was not good enough.The song debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 during the week of October 10, 1987, at position number 92, and entered the top 40 of the chart the week of November 14, 1987, rising to number 39 from number 43. Ten weeks later, during the week of January 23, 1988, the single peaked in the number seven spot. The song was present on the Hot 100 for 25 weeks. In the UK, \"Tell It To My Heart\" reached number three. It was the 23rd best-selling single of 1988 in the UK. In 1995, \"Tell It to My Heart'\" was remixed and re-released to promote Dayne's Greatest Hits package. This version climbed to number 23 on the UK Singles Chart.","title":"Tell It to My Heart (Taylor Dayne song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glen Cove, Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Cove,_Long_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Prove Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prove_Your_Love"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SongFacts-6"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Ric Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Wake"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gd-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gd-7"}],"text":"\"Tell It To My Heart\" reached Taylor Dayne when Dayne contacted Chappell Music and asked to be sent some demos which had been overlooked, although the song had been recorded in early 1987 by Louisa Florio for a self-titled Canadian album release. Dayne recalled feeling an immediate affinity with the song: \"I thought there was something about the hook – it's a happy hook.\" The track was recorded at Cove City Sound Studios in Glen Cove, Long Island. Dayne's father loaned her $6,000 to create the demo.[5] The track took off so unexpectedly in the fall of 1987 that Taylor was forced to complete her debut album at Cove City Sound in eight weeks.Swirsky also co-wrote Dayne's follow-up single \"Prove Your Love\". For almost two months, only the 12-inch record of \"Tell It to My Heart\" with four mixes was available for purchase, and ended up selling 900,000 copies alone.[6]Dayne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal, Female for her performance on \"Tell It to My Heart\" in 1988. Producer Ric Wake said in a 1994 interview with Vibe magazine that \"Tell It to My Heart\" \"really blew people away\".[7] Commenting on Taylor Dayne's voice he said \"They thought she was, like, black or some kind of ethnic...\".[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Record Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Lysette Cohen from Record Mirror wrote, \"The single is one of those unbelievably catchy ones, full of what Taylor calls, \"happy hooks\". Yet it is more imposing and robust then your average dancefloor ditty. There's real guts in there. A little like the lady herself perhaps?\"[8] Another editor, Matthew Collin, felt that the single showed that Dayne \"makes a brilliant disco queen\".[9]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"b-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_(Taylor_Dayne_song)"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"7-inch single\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" – 3:38\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (Instrumental) – 3:15\n12-inch maxi\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (Club Mix) – 6:46\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (Percapella Mix) – 3:21\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (Single Mix) – 3:24\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (Dub Mix) – 5:47\n\n\n12-inch maxi – Remix\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (House of Hearts Mix) – 8:43\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (Radio Edit) – 3:31\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (Dub of Hearts Mix) – 6:43\n2007 \"Beautiful\" iTunes single & Promo CD single\n\"Beautiful\"\n\"Tell It to My Heart\" (2008 version) – 3:41\n(Released as the b-side of \"Beautiful\" on U.S. iTunes and promotional CD single)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Amistades Peligrosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistades_Peligrosas_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Llorenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Llorenna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellyuk-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellyire-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cash Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Cash"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A Spanish-language version titled \"Díselo a mi corazón\" was included on Spanish pop group Amistades Peligrosas's 1993 album, La última tentación. In 2002, English singer Kelly Llorenna released her version of the song as a single. It peaked at number nine in the United Kingdom and number 31 in Ireland.[10][11] In 2011, American singer Raquela (Burt) released her version of the song as a single.[12] It stayed on the DJ Times Top 40 dance charts for 28 weeks. In 2023, Cash Cash released a remix version of this song with newly re-recorded vocals from Dayne.[13]","title":"Cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_It_to_My_Heart_(Taylor_Dayne_song)&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Australian Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Taylor_Dayne-16"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Taylor_Dayne-17"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-18"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracklisten"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M&M-1988-04-16-19"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Taylor_Dayne-22"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M&M-1988-04-16-19"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-23"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Taylor_Dayne-24"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Taylor_Dayne-25"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Taylor_Dayne-26"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Taylor_Dayne-27"},{"link_name":"UPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Springbok Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Taylor_Dayne-31"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Taylor_Dayne-32"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Taylor_Dayne-33"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Taylor_Dayne-35"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Taylor_Dayne-36"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Taylor_Dayne-37"},{"link_name":"Cash Box Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_Top_100_Pop_Singles"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_Taylor_Dayne-39"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Taylor_Dayne-40"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Taylor_Dayne-36"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellyire-11"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-43"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellyuk-10"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_-44"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadahotac_Cash_Cash-45"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceelectronic_Cash_Cash-46"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_It_to_My_Heart_(Taylor_Dayne_song)&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n1987–1988 weekly chart performance for \"Tell It to My Heart\" (Taylor Dayne version)\n\n\nChart (1987–1988)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Australian Music Report)[14][15]\n\n10\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[18]\n\n9\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[19]\n\n1\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[20]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[21]\n\n3\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[22]\n\n11\n\n\nGreece (IFPI)[19]\n\n2\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[23]\n\n2\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[25]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[26]\n\n7\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[27]\n\n3\n\n\nPanama (UPI)[28]\n\n9\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok Radio)[29]\n\n11\n\n\nSpain (AFYVE)[30]\n\n5\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[31]\n\n3\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[32]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[33]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Dance (Music Week)[34]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[35]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[36]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[37]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[38]\n\n9\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[39]\n\n1\n\n\n1996 weekly chart performance for \"Tell It to My Heart\" (Taylor Dayne version)\n\n\nChart (1996)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[40]\n\n15\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[36]\n\n10\n\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Tell It to My Heart\" (Kelly Llorenna version)\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)[41]\n\n44\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[11]\n\n31\n\n\nIreland Dance (IRMA)[42]\n\n5\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[43]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[10]\n\n9\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[44]\n\n7\n\n\nChart performance for \"Tell It to My Heart\" (Cash Cash remix version)\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[45]\n\n34\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[46]\n\n32\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Tell It to My Heart\" (Taylor Dayne version)\n\n\nChart (1988)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[47]\n\n43\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[48]\n\n17\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[49]\n\n23\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[50]\n\n96\n\n\nEurope (European Airplay Top 50)[51]\n\n17\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[52]\n\n4\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[53]\n\n19\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[54]\n\n15\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[55]\n\n50\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[56]\n\n10\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[57]\n\n23\n\n\nUK Dance (Music Week)[58]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[59]\n\n53\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[60]\n\n34\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[61]\n\n8\n\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Tell It to My Heart\" (Kelly Llorenna version)\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[62]\n\n132","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sheffield, Rob (November 23, 2023). \"The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-80s-songs-1234876455/paul-mccartney-here-today-1234877634/","url_text":"\"The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Molanphy, Chris (July 16, 2022). \"Point of No Return Edition\". Hit Parade \| Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved March 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/podcasts/hit-parade/2022/07/freestyle-set-the-tempo-for-mid-80s-dance-music","url_text":"\"Point of No Return Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (September 10, 2021). \"The Number Ones: Taylor Dayne's \"Love Will Lead You Back\". Stereogum. Retrieved December 2, 2023. Tell It To My Heart\" is a dinky little track, a replacement-level mid-'80s hi-NRG thing...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2160070/the-number-ones-taylor-daynes-love-will-lead-you-back/columns/the-number-ones/","url_text":"\"The Number Ones: Taylor Dayne's \"Love Will Lead You Back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"\"Tell It to My Heart\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Taylor+Dayne&format=Single#search_section","url_text":"\"Tell It to My Heart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Tell It To My Heart by Taylor Dayne - Professor of Rock\". Professor of Rock. November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.professorofrock.com/tell-it-to-my-heart-by-taylor-dayne/","url_text":"\"Tell It To My Heart by Taylor Dayne - Professor of Rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tell it to my Heart\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=20532","url_text":"\"Tell it to my Heart\""}]},{"reference":"Bill Van Parys (April 1994), Great Dane, Vibe, p. 66","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)","url_text":"Vibe"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Lysette (January 16, 1988). \"The Great Dayne\". Record Mirror. p. 39. Retrieved March 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/57779449@N02/51758274967/in/album-72177720295403366/","url_text":"\"The Great Dayne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Collin, Matthew (March 5, 1988). \"Albums\". Record Mirror. p. 14. Retrieved March 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/57779449@N02/51759290808/in/album-72177720295403366/","url_text":"\"Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Michael Jefferies (2020). \"Feel The Beat\". Hopmusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hopmusic.org/h.o.p.-raquela.html","url_text":"\"Feel The Beat\""}]},{"reference":"Nicole Pepe (September 20, 2023). \"Cash Cash & Taylor Dayne team up for 'Tell It To My Heart': Listen\". We Rave You. Retrieved October 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://weraveyou.com/2023/09/cash-cash-taylor-dayne-tell-it-to-my-heart/","url_text":"\"Cash Cash & Taylor Dayne team up for 'Tell It To My Heart': Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. p. 83. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Hits of the World\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 100, no. 22. May 28, 1988. p. 74. ISSN 0006-2510 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1988/1988-05-28-Billboard-Page-0092.pdf","url_text":"\"Hits of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 3 in Europe\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 5, no. 16. April 16, 1988. p. 20. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/80s/88/M&M-1988-04-16-OCR-Page-0011.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 3 in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 5, no. 10. March 5, 1988. p. 16. OCLC 29800226 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/80s/88/M&M-1988-03-05-OCR-Page-0009.pdf","url_text":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"Nyman, Jake (2005). 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Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1988","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 1988\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2002.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Official UK Singles Chart 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Tell+It+to+My+Heart&strInterpret=Taylor+Dayne&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","external_links_name":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Taylor Dayne; 'Tell It to My Heart')\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517224028/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/15605-4932-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Taylor Dayne – Tell It to My Heart\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/15605-976-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Kelly Llorenna – Tell It to My Heart\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ec9a235a-8a30-3023-87c7-c10613ef4c35","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/7cf5da2a-ec61-359b-9205-c4691181e50b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-G_training	High-g training	["1 Overview","2 G-suits","3 Human centrifuge training","4 See also","5 References"]	Traning done by aviators and astronauts The 20 g centrifuge at the NASA Ames Research Center High-g training is done by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration ('g'). It is designed to prevent a g-induced loss of consciousness (g-LOC), a situation when the action of g-forces moves the blood away from the brain to the extent that consciousness is lost. Incidents of acceleration-induced loss of consciousness have caused fatal accidents in aircraft capable of sustaining high-g for considerable periods. The value of training has been well established during the decades since the 1970s and has been the subject of much research and literature, and training has contributed to extending pilots' g tolerance in both magnitude and duration. Training includes centrifuge, Anti-g Straining Maneuvers (AGSM), and acceleration physiology. Overview Main article: g-force As g-forces increase, visual effects include loss of colour vision ("greyout"), followed by tunnel vision (where peripheral vision is lost, retaining only the centre vision). If g-forces increase further, complete loss of vision will occur, while consciousness remains. These effects are due to a reduction of blood flow to the eyes before blood flow to the brain is lost, because the extra pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure) counters the blood pressure. The reverse effect is experienced in advanced aerobatic maneuvers under negative g-forces, where excess blood moves towards the brain and eyes ("redout"). The human body has different tolerances for g-forces depending on the acceleration direction. Humans can withstand a positive acceleration forward at higher g-forces than they can withstand a positive acceleration upwards. This is because when the body accelerates up at such high rates the blood rushes from the brain which causes loss of vision. A further increase in g-forces will cause g-LOC where consciousness is lost. This is doubly dangerous because, on recovery as g is reduced, a period of several seconds of disorientation occurs, during which the aircraft can dive into the ground. Dreams are reported to follow g-LOC which are brief and vivid. The g thresholds at which these effects occur depend on the training, age and fitness of the individual. An untrained individual not used to the g-straining maneuver can black out between 4 and 6 g, particularly if this is pulled suddenly. Roller coasters typically do not expose the occupants to much more than about 3 g. A hard slap on the face may impose hundreds of g-s locally but may not produce any obvious damage; a constant 15 g-s for a minute, however, may be deadly. A trained, fit individual wearing a g suit and practising the straining maneuver can, with some difficulty, sustain up to 9 g without loss of consciousness. The human body is considerably more able to survive g-forces that are perpendicular to the spine. This is not true in 0 g when you strafe up; that is an eyeballs-down maneuver, which is the same force as a blackout where blood rushes to the feet, and this force is parallel to the spine. In general, when the g-force pushes the body forwards (colloquially known as 'eyeballs in') a much higher tolerance is shown than when g-force is pushing the body backwards ('eyeballs out') since blood vessels in the retina appear more sensitive to that direction. G-suits Main article: g-suit A g-suit is worn by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration and, hence, increasing positive g. It is designed to prevent a blackout and g-LOC, due to the blood pooling in the lower part of the body when under high-g, thus depriving the brain of blood. Human centrifuge training TsF-18 centrifuge at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center Human centrifuges are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of pilots and astronauts to acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's gravity. In the UK High-G training is provided at the High-G Training and Test Facility, RAF Cranwell using an AMST built human centrifuge. The facility trains Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and international students. KBRwyle at Brooks City-Base in San Antonio, Texas, operates a human centrifuge. The centrifuge at Brooks is used to train USAF and USN aircrew for sustained high-g flight. The use of large centrifuges to simulate a feeling of gravity has been proposed for future long-duration space missions. Exposure to this simulated gravity would prevent or reduce the bone decalcification and muscle atrophy that affect individuals exposed to long periods of free fall. An example of this can be seen aboard the Discovery spacecraft in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. Human-rated centrifuges are made by AMST Systemtechnik in Austria (Austria Metall SystemTechnik), Latécoère in France, Wyle Laboratories and ETC in the US. See also Bárány chair Flight training G-seat Index of aviation articles References ^ "Centrifuge Training". Archived from the original on 2007-08-02. Retrieved 2008-02-04. ^ Forster, Estrella M. (June 20, 1993). A Database to Evaluate Acceleration (+Gz) Induced Loss of Consciousness (G-Loc) in the Human Centrifuge (PDF) (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved December 3, 2022. ^ NASA Physiological Acceleration Systems Archived May 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ NASA Technical note D-337, Centrifuge Study of Pilot Tolerance to Acceleration and the Effects of Acceleration on Pilot Performance, by Brent Y. Creer, Captain Harald A. Smedal, USN (MC), and Rodney C. Wingrove ^ "High G Training and Test Facility". Thales Group. 6 June 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2022. ^ "KBRwyle Provides High-G Centrifuge Flight Training". KBRWyle. March 7, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2022. ^ "The Pull of HyperGravity - A NASA researcher is studying the strange effects of artificial gravity on humans". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012. ^ Hsu, Jeremy (12 May 2010). "New Artificial Gravity Tests in Space Could Help Astronauts". Space.com. Retrieved 11 March 2012. Wikimedia Commons has media related to High-g training.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20G_centrifuge.jpg"},{"link_name":"NASA Ames Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"aviators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_pilot"},{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"g-induced loss of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-LOC"},{"link_name":"the action of g-forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force#Human_g-force_experience"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 20 g centrifuge at the NASA Ames Research CenterHigh-g training is done by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration ('g'). It is designed to prevent a g-induced loss of consciousness (g-LOC), a situation when the action of g-forces moves the blood away from the brain to the extent that consciousness is lost.\nIncidents of acceleration-induced loss of consciousness have caused fatal accidents in aircraft capable of sustaining high-g for considerable periods.The value of training has been well established during the decades since the 1970s and has been the subject of much research and literature, and training has contributed to extending pilots' g tolerance in both magnitude and duration.[1] Training includes centrifuge, Anti-g Straining Maneuvers (AGSM), and acceleration physiology.","title":"High-g training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"greyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyout_(medical)"},{"link_name":"tunnel vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_vision"},{"link_name":"eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes"},{"link_name":"intraocular pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraocular_pressure"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"aerobatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatic"},{"link_name":"redout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redout"},{"link_name":"human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body"},{"link_name":"Humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humans"},{"link_name":"Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing"},{"link_name":"fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness"},{"link_name":"Roller coasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"slap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapping_(strike)"},{"link_name":"face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face"},{"link_name":"perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular"},{"link_name":"spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessels"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As g-forces increase, visual effects include loss of colour vision (\"greyout\"), followed by tunnel vision (where peripheral vision is lost, retaining only the centre vision). If g-forces increase further, complete loss of vision will occur, while consciousness remains. These effects are due to a reduction of blood flow to the eyes before blood flow to the brain is lost, because the extra pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure) counters the blood pressure. The reverse effect is experienced in advanced aerobatic maneuvers under negative g-forces, where excess blood moves towards the brain and eyes (\"redout\").The human body has different tolerances for g-forces depending on the acceleration direction. Humans can withstand a positive acceleration forward at higher g-forces than they can withstand a positive acceleration upwards. This is because when the body accelerates up at such high rates the blood rushes from the brain which causes loss of vision.A further increase in g-forces will cause g-LOC where consciousness is lost. This is doubly dangerous because, on recovery as g is reduced, a period of several seconds of disorientation occurs, during which the aircraft can dive into the ground. Dreams are reported to follow g-LOC which are brief and vivid.[2]The g thresholds at which these effects occur depend on the training, age and fitness of the individual. An untrained individual not used to the g-straining maneuver can black out between 4 and 6 g, particularly if this is pulled suddenly. Roller coasters typically do not expose the occupants to much more than about 3 g. A hard slap on the face may impose hundreds of g-s locally but may not produce any obvious damage; a constant 15 g-s for a minute, however, may be deadly. A trained, fit individual wearing a g suit and practising the straining maneuver can, with some difficulty, sustain up to 9 g without loss of consciousness.The human body is considerably more able to survive g-forces that are perpendicular to the spine. This is not true in 0 g when you strafe up; that is an eyeballs-down maneuver, which is the same force as a blackout where blood rushes to the feet, and this force is parallel to the spine. In general, when the g-force pushes the body forwards (colloquially known as 'eyeballs in'[3]) a much higher tolerance is shown than when g-force is pushing the body backwards ('eyeballs out') since blood vessels in the retina appear more sensitive to that direction.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A g-suit is worn by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration and, hence, increasing positive g. It is designed to prevent a blackout and g-LOC, due to the blood pooling in the lower part of the body when under high-g, thus depriving the brain of blood.","title":"G-suits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RU270484.star_city_centriguge2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonauts_Training_Center"},{"link_name":"centrifuges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge"},{"link_name":"pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"High-G Training and Test Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_High_G_Training_and_Test_Facility"},{"link_name":"RAF Cranwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Cranwell"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brooks City-Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_City-Base"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"USN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USN"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"space missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_mission"},{"link_name":"bone decalcification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_decalcification"},{"link_name":"muscle atrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy"},{"link_name":"free fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hypergravity-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Space-8"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Latécoère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Lat%C3%A9co%C3%A8re"}],"text":"TsF-18 centrifuge at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training CenterHuman centrifuges are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of pilots and astronauts to acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's gravity.In the UK High-G training is provided at the High-G Training and Test Facility, RAF Cranwell using an AMST built human centrifuge. The facility trains Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and international students.[5]KBRwyle at Brooks City-Base in San Antonio, Texas, operates a human centrifuge. The centrifuge at Brooks is used to train USAF and USN aircrew for sustained high-g flight.[6]The use of large centrifuges to simulate a feeling of gravity has been proposed for future long-duration space missions. Exposure to this simulated gravity would prevent or reduce the bone decalcification and muscle atrophy that affect individuals exposed to long periods of free fall.[7][8] An example of this can be seen aboard the Discovery spacecraft in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey.Human-rated centrifuges are made by AMST Systemtechnik in Austria (Austria Metall SystemTechnik), Latécoère in France, Wyle Laboratories and ETC in the US.","title":"Human centrifuge training"}]	[{"image_text":"The 20 g centrifuge at the NASA Ames Research Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/20G_centrifuge.jpg/440px-20G_centrifuge.jpg"},{"image_text":"TsF-18 centrifuge at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/RU270484.star_city_centriguge2.jpg/200px-RU270484.star_city_centriguge2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bárány chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny_chair"},{"title":"Flight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_training"},{"title":"G-seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-seat"},{"title":"Index of aviation articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles"}]	[{"reference":"\"Centrifuge Training\". Archived from the original on 2007-08-02. Retrieved 2008-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070802191447/http://www.amtiusa.com/frst_ed/digpg16.htm","url_text":"\"Centrifuge Training\""},{"url":"http://www.amtiusa.com/frst_ed/digpg16.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Forster, Estrella M. (June 20, 1993). A Database to Evaluate Acceleration (+Gz) Induced Loss of Consciousness (G-Loc) in the Human Centrifuge (PDF) (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved December 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA278769.pdf","url_text":"A Database to Evaluate Acceleration (+Gz) Induced Loss of Consciousness (G-Loc) in the Human Centrifuge"}]},{"reference":"\"High G Training and Test Facility\". Thales Group. 6 June 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/europe/united-kingdom/markets-we-operate/aerospace-uk/training-and-simulation/high-g-training-and","url_text":"\"High G Training and Test Facility\""}]},{"reference":"\"KBRwyle Provides High-G Centrifuge Flight Training\". KBRWyle. March 7, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kbr.com/en/insights-news/stories/kbrwyle-provides-high-g-centrifuge-flight-training","url_text":"\"KBRwyle Provides High-G Centrifuge Flight Training\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pull of HyperGravity - A NASA researcher is studying the strange effects of artificial gravity on humans\". NASA. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316183032/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/07feb_stronggravity/","url_text":"\"The Pull of HyperGravity - A NASA researcher is studying the strange effects of artificial gravity on humans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/07feb_stronggravity/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hsu, Jeremy (12 May 2010). \"New Artificial Gravity Tests in Space Could Help Astronauts\". Space.com. Retrieved 11 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.space.com/8384-artificial-gravity-tests-space-astronauts.html","url_text":"\"New Artificial Gravity Tests in Space Could Help Astronauts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com","url_text":"Space.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070802191447/http://www.amtiusa.com/frst_ed/digpg16.htm","external_links_name":"\"Centrifuge Training\""},{"Link":"http://www.amtiusa.com/frst_ed/digpg16.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA278769.pdf","external_links_name":"A Database to Evaluate Acceleration (+Gz) Induced Loss of Consciousness (G-Loc) in the Human Centrifuge"},{"Link":"http://roland.lerc.nasa.gov/~dglover/dictionary//tables/table11.html","external_links_name":"NASA Physiological Acceleration Systems"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080519185954/http://roland.lerc.nasa.gov/~dglover/dictionary/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19980223621","external_links_name":"NASA Technical note D-337, Centrifuge Study of Pilot Tolerance to Acceleration and the Effects of Acceleration on Pilot Performance"},{"Link":"https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/europe/united-kingdom/markets-we-operate/aerospace-uk/training-and-simulation/high-g-training-and","external_links_name":"\"High G Training and Test Facility\""},{"Link":"https://www.kbr.com/en/insights-news/stories/kbrwyle-provides-high-g-centrifuge-flight-training","external_links_name":"\"KBRwyle Provides High-G Centrifuge Flight Training\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316183032/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/07feb_stronggravity/","external_links_name":"\"The Pull of HyperGravity - A NASA researcher is studying the strange effects of artificial gravity on humans\""},{"Link":"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/07feb_stronggravity/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.space.com/8384-artificial-gravity-tests-space-astronauts.html","external_links_name":"\"New Artificial Gravity Tests in Space Could Help Astronauts\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVHU	WVHU	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°23′35″N 82°28′24″W / 38.39306°N 82.47333°W / 38.39306; -82.47333Radio station in Huntington, West VirginiaWVHUHuntington, West VirginiaBroadcast areaHuntington, West VirginiaFrequency800 kHzBrandingNews Radio 800ProgrammingFormatNews/talkAffiliationsFox News RadioCompass Media NetworksPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWAMX, WBVB, WKEE-FM, WTCR-FM, WZWBHistoryFirst air dateJuly 1947 (1947-07)Former call signsWHTN (1947–1959)WKEE (1959–1979)WHTN (1979–1983)Call sign meaning"West Virginia Huntington"Technical informationFacility ID505ClassDPower5,000 watts day185 watts nightLinksWebcastListen LiveWebsite800wvhu.iheart.com WVHU (800 AM) is a news/talk radio station in the Huntington, West Virginia market. Its offerings are similar to other news talk stations owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., as it is the home for Glenn Beck, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, and Sean Hannity. The station also carries live play-by-play of the Cincinnati Reds. Previously, rival station WRVC, carried the Reds and Rush Limbaugh, until Clear Channel acquired the station and moved the programming. Previously it was also simulcast on WIRO located to the west, but this station was dropped on April 6, 2009, and WZZW, which was dropped in April 2021. In recent years the station has led the market in AM radio listenership. Prior to adapting a news-talk format, WVHU used the call sign WKEE (which is used by an FM station in Huntington) and featured a Top 40 music format. With its daytime signal extending beyond the Tri-State region centered on Huntington-Ashland-Ironton, the former WKEE was the major Top 40 station for Eastern Kentucky, Southern Ohio, and Northern West Virginia. During that era, WKEE used the slogan "The Tri-State's Friendly Giant." Before becoming WKEE, the station was known as WHTN and it was under those call signs that comedian Soupy Sales began his career as a writer and disc jockey. WHTN began broadcasting in July 1947 as a daytime station on 800 kHz with 1 KW power, licensed to the Greater Huntington Radio Corp. References ^ "WHTN Underway" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 4, 1947. Retrieved 5 October 2014. External links WVHU Website WVHU in the FCC AM station database WVHU in Nielsen Audio's AM station database vteRadio stations in the Kyova Tri-State region This region includes the following cities: Huntington, West Virginia Ashland, Kentucky Ironton, Ohio By AM frequency 800 930 1080 1110 1200 1230 1340 1370 1420 1600 By FM frequency 88.1 89.1 89.9 90.3 91.1 91.9 92.3 92.7 93.7 94.9 97.1 97.9 98.3 99.7 100.5 101.5 102.3 103.3 104.1 105.1 105.7 106.3 107.1 107.9 LPFM 104.5 Translators 93.3 94.1 95.3 98.5 100.9 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.55 By call sign KIH39 W227CI W231BS W237ER W253BB W265CH WAMX WASP-LP WBVB WCMI WCMI-FM WDGG WEMM-FM WGNH WGOH WHKQ WHKU WIRO WITO WKAO WKEE-FM WKLC-FM WKSG WLGC-FM WMGA WMKY WMUL WOKT WOUL WPYK WNRJ WRVC WXBW WTCR-FM WUGO WVHU WVWV WWQB WYMW WZWB WZZW Defunct WLGC (1520 AM) WPAY (1400 AM) Nearby regions Charleston Lexington Parkersburg-Marietta Southern Ohio Southwest Virginia See also List of radio stations in West Virginia List of radio stations in Kentucky List of radio stations in Ohio vteNews/Talk radio stations in the state of West Virginia Beckley WWNR Berkeley Springs WCST Bluefield WHIS Buckhannon WBUC Charleston WCHS Dunbar WVTS Fairmont WMMN Huntington WVHU Kingwood WFSP Mannington WGYE Martinsburg WEPM WRNR Morgantown WAJR Moundsville WVLY Parkersburg WVNT Ravenswood WMOV Ronceverte WRON Salem WHTI WKMZ South Charleston WSCW Weirton WEIR White Sulphur Springs WSLW Wheeling WKKX WWVA See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in West Virginia vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers Bob Pittman (Chairman/CEO) Board of directors Lowry Mays Irving Azoff B. J. "Red" McCombs J. C. Watts John H. Williams AM radio stations KABQ KAKC KASI KATZ KBFP KBME KBMR KCBL KCJB KCOL KCQL KCSJ KDFD KEIB KENI KEX KFAB KFAN KFBK KFBX KFI KFIV KFOO KFXR KFYI KFYR KGB KGHM KGME KGMY KHEY KHHO KHOW KHTY KHVH KHVN KIIX KIKI KION KJR KKGM KKSF KKTX KKXL KLAC KLSD KLTC KLVI KMJM KMNS KNEW KNRS KNST KOA KOGA KOGO KOY KPOJ KPRC KPTR KPWK KQNT KRDU KRRZ KRZR KSSK KSTE KTBZ KTKR KTLK KTOK KTRH KTSM KTZN KTZR KUBE KUNO KVET KVNS KWHN KWSL KWSX KWTX KXEW KXIC KXMR KXNO KXYZ KZFS WAAX WAEB WARF WAVZ WBBD WBEX WBGA WBGG WBHP WBIN WBIZ WBZ WBZT WCAO WCCF WCHI WCHO WCKY WCOS WCWA WDAE WDAK WDAS WDFN WDIA WDIZ WDOV WDSC WELI WENE WERC WESC WFLA WFLF WFNN WFXJ WFXN WGIG WGIR WGRB WGST WGVL WGY WHAM WHAS WHEN WHJJ WHLO WHNZ WHO WHOS WHP WHTK WHTY WHUC WHYN WIBA WIHB WILM WIMA WINR WINZ WIOD WISN WIZE WJAS WJBO WJDX WJDY WJET WJIP WJMX WJNO WJYZ WKBN WKBZ WKCY WKDW WKIP WKJK WKMQ WKRC WKRD WLAC WLAN WLAP WLTP WLW WMAN WMEQ WMFN WMGE WMMB WMMV WMRE WMRN WMT WMXF WNCO WNDE WNIO WNTM WOAI WOC WODT WOFX WOKY WONE 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KMAG KMCX-FM KMEL KMFX-FM KMJX KMMA KMOD-FM KMRQ KMXA-FM KMXF KMXG KMXP KMXR KMYI KMYT KNCN KNFX-FM KNIX-FM KNRS-FM KOCN KODA KODJ KOGA-FM KOHT KOKQ (HD2) KOLT-FM (HD2) KOLZ KOSF KOSO KOST KOSY-FM KPAW KPEK KPEZ (HD2) KPHT KPRC-FM KPRR (HD2) KQBT KQDY KQHT KQOD KQQL (HD2) (HD3) KQXT-FM (HD2) (HD3) KQXX-FM KRAB KRBB KRCH KRFX KRPT KRQQ KRRL KRVE KRYS-FM KSAB KSD KSEZ KSFT-FM KSLZ (HD2) KSME (HD2) KSNE-FM KSNR KSOF KSRY KSSK-FM KSSN KSSS KSSX KSWF KTBT KTBZ-FM KTCL KTCZ-FM (HD2) KTEG KTEX KTGX (HD2) KTHR KTLK-FM KTMQ KTOM-FM KTOZ-FM KTRA-FM KTSM-FM KTST KUBT (HD2) KUCD (HD2) KUUL KVDU KVET-FM KVJM KVUU KVVS KWBL KWNR KWNW KWTX-FM KXBG (HD2) KXJM KXKT KXNO-FM (HD2) KXTC KXUS KXXM KXXY-FM KYKR KYLD KYMG KYMT (HD2) KYOT KYRV (HD2) KYSR KYYX KYYY KZBB KZCH KZEP-FM KZHT KZIS KZOK-FM KZPR KZPS KZRR (HD2) KZRX KZSN KZZP WACL WACO-FM WACT WAEB-FM WAEV WAGH WAIO WAKS (HD2) WAKZ WAMX WAMZ WASH-FM WATQ WAVW WAXQ WAYV WAZR WBBG WBBI WBBQ-FM WBBS WBCG WBCT WBFX WBGG-FM WBIG-FM WBIZ-FM WBKS WBNW-FM WBTP WBTT WBUL-FM (HD2) WBUV WBVB WBWL WBWZ WBYL WBZW WBZY WCHD WCHI-FM (HD2) (HD3) WCHO-FM WCIB WCJM-FM WCKT WCKY-FM WCOD-FM WCOL-FM WCOS-FM WCTQ WCTW WCVU WCZR WDAR-FM WDAS-FM WDCG (HD2) WDFM WDMX WDRM WDSD WDVE WDVI WDXB (HD2) WEBG WEBN (HD2) (HD3) WEBZ WEGR WEGW WEGX WEII WEND WERC-FM (HD2) (HD3) WERZ WESC-FM WESE WEZL WFBQ WFFX WFKS WFLA-FM WFLF-FM WFLZ-FM WFMF WFQX WFSY WFUS (HD2) WFXN-FM WGAR-FM WGCI-FM WGEX WGIR-FM WGMY (HD2) (HD3) WGMZ WGSY WGTR WGY-FM WHAL-FM WHBT-FM WHCN WHCY WHEB WHFX WHJY WHKF WHLH WHLK WHLW WHOF (HD2) WHQC WHRK WHTZ WHYI-FM (HD2) WHYN-FM WIBA-FM (HD2) WIBB-FM WIHB-FM WIHT (HD2) WIKX WIMT WIOQ (HD2) WIOT WJBT (HD2) WJDX-FM WJIZ-FM WJJS WJJX WJKX WJLB WJMN WJMX-FM WJQQ WJRR (HD3) WKCI-FM (HD2) WKCY-FM WKDD WKEE-FM WKFS WKGB-FM WKGR WKGS WKKF WKKJ WKKR WKKT WKKV-FM WKNN-FM WKQI WKQQ WKSB WKSC-FM WKSF (HD2) (HD3) WKSI-FM (HD2) WKSJ-FM WKSL WKSP WKSS WKST-FM WKTU WKWK-FM WKZP WLAN-FM WLDI WLIT-FM WLKO WLKT (HD2) WLLK-FM WLLR-FM (HD2) WLLZ (HD2) (HD3) WLQB WLRQ-FM WLTW WLTY WLUB (HD2) WLVH WMAD WMAG WMAN-FM WMAX-FM WMEQ-FM WMGF (HD2) WMGP WMIA-FM (HD2) WMIB (HD3) WMIL-FM WMJI WMJJ (HD2) WMJY WMKS WMLX WMMS (HD2) WMMX WMOV-FM WMRN-FM WMRR WMRZ WMSI-FM WMTX WMUS WMXA WMXC (HD2) WMXD WMXL WMXW WMXY WMYI WMZQ-FM WNBL WNCB WNCD WNCI WNCO-FM WNDH WNIC WNNJ WNOE-FM WNOH WNOK WNRQ (HD2) WNRW WNSL WNUS WOBB WODC WOLL WOLT (HD3) WOLZ WOOD-FM WOVK WOWI WPAP (HD2) WPGB WPKF WPLA WPOC WPRW-FM WPTI WPYX WQBT WQBZ WQEN (HD2) (HD3) WQGA WQHQ WQIK-FM (HD2) WQLX WQMF (HD2) WQNQ WQNS WQOL WQRB WQRV (HD2) (HD3) WQSO WQSR WQUE-FM WQYZ WRBT WRBV WRDG WRDU WRDX WRFF WRFQ WRFX (HD2) WRFY-FM (HD2) WRGV WRIT-FM WRKF-FM WRKH (HD2) WRKT WRLX WRNO-FM (HD2) WRNQ WRNW WRNX WROO WROV-FM (HD2) WRTR WRTS WRUB WRUM (HD2) WRVB WRVE (HD2) WRVF WRVV WRVW WRWB-FM WRWD-FM WRXZ WRZE WSBY-FM WSCC-FM WSDF WSEK-FM WSIX-FM (HD3) WSNE-FM WSNX-FM WSOL-FM WSRS WSRW-FM WSRZ-FM WSSL-FM WSTH-FM WSTV (HD2 WSTZ-FM WSUS WSVO WSWR WSYR-FM WTAK-FM WTBU (HD2) WTCR-FM WTFX-FM WTKK WTKS-FM (HD2) WTKX-FM WTNT-FM WTQR WTRY-FM WTTH WTUE WTUP-FM WTWF WTXT WTZB WUBL (HD2) WUBT WUCS WUMR (HD2) WUSL WUSQ-FM WVAZ WVBZ WVKF WVKS (HD2) WVOR WVRK WVRT WWDC (HD2) WWBB WWFG WWHT WWKZ WWMG WWPR-FM WWPW WWSW-FM (HD2) WWYZ WWXM WWZD-FM WXBB WXBT (HD2) WXDX-FM WXKS-FM WXLY WXSR WXTB WXTK WXXF WXXL (HD2) WXXM WXZX WYHT WYKZ WYLD-FM WYNA WYNK-FM (HD2) WYNR WYNT WYYD WYYY WZBQ WZBZ WZCB (HD2) WZCR WZDA WZEE WZFT WZHT WZJZ WZLD WZLX WZOM WZRL WZRM WZRX-FM WZTF WZTU WZXL WZZO WZZR (HD2) Radio networks Black Information Network Evolution Pride Fox Sports Radio Premiere Networks Premium Choice Total Traffic and Weather Network Miscellaneous Clear Channel Outdoor Clear Channel UK HowStuffWorks iHeartRadio List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia List of radio stations owned by iHeartMedia Mediabase Radio Computing Services Clear Channel memorandum 38°23′35″N 82°28′24″W / 38.39306°N 82.47333°W / 38.39306; -82.47333 This article about a radio station in West Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"news/talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Huntington, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Glenn Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Beck"},{"link_name":"The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clay_Travis_and_Buck_Sexton_Show"},{"link_name":"Sean Hannity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"WRVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRVC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Rush Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"},{"link_name":"WIRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WITO"},{"link_name":"WZZW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZZW"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Soupy Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soupy_Sales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Radio station in Huntington, West VirginiaWVHU (800 AM) is a news/talk radio station in the Huntington, West Virginia market. Its offerings are similar to other news talk stations owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., as it is the home for Glenn Beck, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, and Sean Hannity. The station also carries live play-by-play of the Cincinnati Reds.Previously, rival station WRVC, carried the Reds and Rush Limbaugh, until Clear Channel acquired the station and moved the programming. Previously it was also simulcast on WIRO located to the west, but this station was dropped on April 6, 2009, and WZZW, which was dropped in April 2021.In recent years[when?] the station has led the market in AM radio listenership.Prior to adapting a news-talk format, WVHU used the call sign WKEE (which is used by an FM station in Huntington) and featured a Top 40 music format. With its daytime signal extending beyond the Tri-State region centered on Huntington-Ashland-Ironton, the former WKEE was the major Top 40 station for Eastern Kentucky, Southern Ohio, and Northern West Virginia. During that era, WKEE used the slogan \"The Tri-State's Friendly Giant.\" Before becoming WKEE, the station was known as WHTN and it was under those call signs that comedian Soupy Sales began his career as a writer and disc jockey.WHTN began broadcasting in July 1947 as a daytime station on 800 kHz with 1 KW power, licensed to the Greater Huntington Radio Corp.[1]","title":"WVHU"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"WHTN Underway\" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 4, 1947. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1947/1947-08-04-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"WHTN Underway\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WVHU&params=38_23_35_N_82_28_24_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"38°23′35″N 82°28′24″W / 38.39306°N 82.47333°W / 38.39306; -82.47333"},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/live/news-talk-800-wvhu-2629/","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"http://800wvhu.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"800wvhu.iheart.com"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1947/1947-08-04-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"WHTN Underway\""},{"Link":"http://www.800wvhu.com/","external_links_name":"WVHU Website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WVHU","external_links_name":"WVHU"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WVHU","external_links_name":"WVHU"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WVHU&params=38_23_35_N_82_28_24_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"38°23′35″N 82°28′24″W / 38.39306°N 82.47333°W / 38.39306; -82.47333"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WVHU&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Wanted_(1997_film)	Most Wanted (1997 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Soundtrack","5 References","6 External links"]	1997 American filmMost WantedTheatrical release posterDirected byDavid Glenn HoganWritten byKeenen Ivory WayansProduced byEric L. GoldStarring Keenen Ivory Wayans Jon Voight Jill Hennessy Paul Sorvino Robert Culp Wolfgang Bodison Simon Baker Eric Roberts CinematographyMarc ReshovskyEdited byMichael J. DuthieMark HelfrichMusic byPaul BuckmasterDistributed byNew Line CinemaRelease date October 10, 1997 (1997-10-10) Running time99 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$25 millionBox office$11,838,218 Most Wanted is a 1997 American action thriller film directed by David Glenn Hogan, produced by Eric L. Gold and written by Keenen Ivory Wayans, who also starred in the lead role. The film co-stars Jon Voight, Jill Hennessy and Paul Sorvino. The film was released by New Line Cinema in the United States on October 10, 1997. Plot In March, 1991, Gunnery Sergeant James Dunn (a United States Marine sniper, who served in the Gulf War) is ordered by his commanding officer to kill an Iraqi courier; he refuses to carry out the order (as the courier is a ten-year-old boy) and his commanding officer threatens to shoot him if he doesn't finish the mission. Defending himself, Gunn and the Lieutenant wrestle and the Lieutenant is accidentally killed. Convicted of murder, Gunn is returned to the United States, and sent to the stockade awaiting his death sentence. Five years later, Dunn is being transferred to death row and is rescued and recruited for a top-secret special operations squad led by Lt. Col. Grant Casey. Their mission is to neutralize criminals who had avoided conventional law enforcement methods. On his first mission, Dunn finds that his purpose is to actually be falsely perceived as the man who assassinated the first lady. Soon, a search begins for Dunn and Dr. Victoria Constantini who was a witness to what happened and had videotaped the incident. Dunn finds her and she becomes a reluctant ally to him after he saved her life after she was targeted by the conspirators, who blew up her house. They are pursued by the military, led by General Adam Woodward, who in fact was posing as the deceased Lt. Col and is a part of the conspiracy. During the manhunt, Dunn and Constantini start to put together the pieces of who is behind the assassination which also involves Donald Bickhart, the head of his own powerful pharmaceutical company behind an experimental vaccine called CRC-13 which was used to experiment on soldiers illegally which the first lady was investigating and the reason she was killed. As a smokescreen, Bickhart puts a bounty of 10 million dollars for anyone (both civilian and law enforcement) who can capture Dunn dead or alive. Meanwhile, Dunn finds a trustworthy ally in CIA head Ken Rackmill, who knows that Dunn is innocent and also knows that someone inside his organization is working with the conspirators who framed him in the first place. Dunn must go through Woodward himself and his henchman, Col. Steve Braddock to expose the truth before he and Victoria are killed. Cast Keenen Ivory Wayans as Gunnery Sergeant James Anthony Dunn Jon Voight as General Adam Woodward / Lieutenant Colonel Grant Casey Jill Hennessy as Dr. Victoria Constantini Paul Sorvino as CIA Deputy Director Ken Rackmill Robert Culp as Dr. Donald Bickhart Eric Roberts as CIA Assistant Deputy Director John Spencer Wolfgang Bodison as Captain Steve Braddock Simon Baker as Stephen Barnes Eddie Velez as Sergeant Peyton Donna Cherry as The First Lady John Diehl as SWAT Captain Michael Milhoan as SWAT Leader Tucker Smallwood as Chief William Watson Lee de Broux as Commander Goldstein Dave Oliver as Lieutenant Scruggs Thomas G. Waites as Sergeant David Groh as TV Station Manager Michael D. Roberts as Homeless Man Amanda Kravat as Charlie Casey Lee as Randy Robert Kotecki as Marine Lieutenant L.V. Sanders as Gangbanger #1 Tito Larriva as Gangbanger #2 Martin Clark as Gulf War Colonel (uncredited) John Reidy as Tommy (uncredited) Reception Most Wanted received negative reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 15% of 26 critics' reviews are positive. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale. Jon Voight was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in both this film and U Turn, but lost the trophy to Dennis Rodman for Double Team. Soundtrack Paul Buckmaster wrote the score for the film. Its soundtrack was released by Milan Records on 14 October 1997. References ^ "Most Wanted (1997)". Box Office Mojo. ^ "Most Wanted". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. ^ "Paul Buckmaster - Most Wanted (Soundtrack From The Motion Picture)". Discogs. Retrieved 13 June 2019. External links Most Wanted at IMDb Most Wanted at Box Office Mojo Most Wanted at AllMovie vteWorks by Keenen Ivory WayansFilms directed I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988, also writer) A Low Down Dirty Shame (1994, also writer) Scary Movie (2000) Scary Movie 2 (2001) White Chicks (2004, also produced and writer) Little Man (2006, also produced and writer) Films produced only Eddie Murphy Raw (1987) Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996) Dance Flick (2009, also writer) Films written only Hollywood Shuffle (1987) The Five Heartbeats (1991) Most Wanted (1997) TV series created In Living Color (1990–94)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film#Action-thriller"},{"link_name":"Keenen Ivory Wayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenen_Ivory_Wayans"},{"link_name":"Jon Voight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Voight"},{"link_name":"Jill Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Hennessy"},{"link_name":"Paul Sorvino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sorvino"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"}],"text":"Most Wanted is a 1997 American action thriller film directed by David Glenn Hogan, produced by Eric L. Gold and written by Keenen Ivory Wayans, who also starred in the lead role. The film co-stars Jon Voight, Jill Hennessy and Paul Sorvino. The film was released by New Line Cinema in the United States on October 10, 1997.","title":"Most Wanted (1997 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqis"},{"link_name":"stockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockade"},{"link_name":"death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"first lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lady"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"}],"text":"In March, 1991, Gunnery Sergeant James Dunn (a United States Marine sniper, who served in the Gulf War) is ordered by his commanding officer to kill an Iraqi courier; he refuses to carry out the order (as the courier is a ten-year-old boy) and his commanding officer threatens to shoot him if he doesn't finish the mission. Defending himself, Gunn and the Lieutenant wrestle and the Lieutenant is accidentally killed. Convicted of murder, Gunn is returned to the United States, and sent to the stockade awaiting his death sentence.Five years later, Dunn is being transferred to death row and is rescued and recruited for a top-secret special operations squad led by Lt. Col. Grant Casey. Their mission is to neutralize criminals who had avoided conventional law enforcement methods. On his first mission, Dunn finds that his purpose is to actually be falsely perceived as the man who assassinated the first lady.Soon, a search begins for Dunn and Dr. Victoria Constantini who was a witness to what happened and had videotaped the incident. Dunn finds her and she becomes a reluctant ally to him after he saved her life after she was targeted by the conspirators, who blew up her house. They are pursued by the military, led by General Adam Woodward, who in fact was posing as the deceased Lt. Col and is a part of the conspiracy. During the manhunt, Dunn and Constantini start to put together the pieces of who is behind the assassination which also involves Donald Bickhart, the head of his own powerful pharmaceutical company behind an experimental vaccine called CRC-13 which was used to experiment on soldiers illegally which the first lady was investigating and the reason she was killed.As a smokescreen, Bickhart puts a bounty of 10 million dollars for anyone (both civilian and law enforcement) who can capture Dunn dead or alive. Meanwhile, Dunn finds a trustworthy ally in CIA head Ken Rackmill, who knows that Dunn is innocent and also knows that someone inside his organization is working with the conspirators who framed him in the first place. Dunn must go through Woodward himself and his henchman, Col. Steve Braddock to expose the truth before he and Victoria are killed.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keenen Ivory Wayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenen_Ivory_Wayans"},{"link_name":"Jon Voight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Voight"},{"link_name":"Jill Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Hennessy"},{"link_name":"Paul Sorvino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sorvino"},{"link_name":"Robert Culp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Culp"},{"link_name":"Eric Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Bodison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Bodison"},{"link_name":"Simon Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Baker"},{"link_name":"Eddie Velez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Velez"},{"link_name":"Donna Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Cherry"},{"link_name":"John Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diehl_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Milhoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Milhoan"},{"link_name":"Tucker Smallwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Smallwood"},{"link_name":"Lee de Broux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Broux"},{"link_name":"Thomas G. Waites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G._Waites"},{"link_name":"David Groh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Groh"},{"link_name":"Michael D. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Roberts"},{"link_name":"Tito Larriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Larriva"}],"text":"Keenen Ivory Wayans as Gunnery Sergeant James Anthony Dunn\nJon Voight as General Adam Woodward / Lieutenant Colonel Grant Casey\nJill Hennessy as Dr. Victoria Constantini\nPaul Sorvino as CIA Deputy Director Ken Rackmill\nRobert Culp as Dr. Donald Bickhart\nEric Roberts as CIA Assistant Deputy Director John Spencer\nWolfgang Bodison as Captain Steve Braddock\nSimon Baker as Stephen Barnes\nEddie Velez as Sergeant Peyton\nDonna Cherry as The First Lady\nJohn Diehl as SWAT Captain\nMichael Milhoan as SWAT Leader\nTucker Smallwood as Chief William Watson\nLee de Broux as Commander Goldstein\nDave Oliver as Lieutenant Scruggs\nThomas G. Waites as Sergeant\nDavid Groh as TV Station Manager\nMichael D. Roberts as Homeless Man\nAmanda Kravat as Charlie\nCasey Lee as Randy\nRobert Kotecki as Marine Lieutenant\nL.V. Sanders as Gangbanger #1\nTito Larriva as Gangbanger #2\nMartin Clark as Gulf War Colonel (uncredited)\nJohn Reidy as Tommy (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-2"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CinemaScore-3"},{"link_name":"Jon Voight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Voight"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award"},{"link_name":"U Turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Turn_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rodman"},{"link_name":"Double Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Team_(film)"}],"text":"Most Wanted received negative reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 15% of 26 critics' reviews are positive.[2] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"C+\" on an A+ to F scale.[3]Jon Voight was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in both this film and U Turn, but lost the trophy to Dennis Rodman for Double Team.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Buckmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Buckmaster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Paul Buckmaster wrote the score for the film. Its soundtrack was released by Milan Records on 14 October 1997.[4]","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Most Wanted (1997)\". Box Office Mojo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mostwanted.htm","url_text":"\"Most Wanted (1997)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Wanted\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1079025-most_wanted","url_text":"\"Most Wanted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"CinemaScore\". cinemascore.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinemascore.com/","url_text":"\"CinemaScore\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mostwanted.htm","external_links_name":"\"Most Wanted (1997)\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1079025-most_wanted","external_links_name":"\"Most Wanted\""},{"Link":"https://cinemascore.com/","external_links_name":"\"CinemaScore\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119709/","external_links_name":"Most Wanted"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mostwanted.htm","external_links_name":"Most Wanted"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v158862","external_links_name":"Most Wanted"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Grier	Claude Grier	["1 References","2 External links"]	American baseball player Baseball player Claude GrierPitcherBorn: (1904-03-24)March 24, 1904Catawba County, North CarolinaDied: March 1, 1967(1967-03-01) (aged 62)Newton, North CarolinaBatted: LeftThrew: LeftNegro league baseball debut1924, for the Washington/Wilmington PotomacsLast appearance1928, for the Bacharach Giants Teams Washington/Wilmington Potomacs (1924–1925) Bacharach Giants (1925–1928) Career highlights and awards Pitched a no-hitter on October 3, 1926 Claude Bonds Grier (March 24, 1904 – March 1, 1967), nicknamed "Red", was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1920s. A native of Catawba County, North Carolina, Grier attended North Carolina A&T State University. He made his Negro leagues debut in 1924 for the Washington Potomacs, and split time between Wilmington and the Bacharach Giants the following season. Grier went on to play three more seasons with the Bacharach club, where he spun a historic no-hitter in the 1926 Colored World Series, and finished his career in 1928. He died in Newton, North Carolina in 1967 at age 62. References ^ "Claude Grier". seamheads.com. Retrieved October 7, 2020. ^ "Red Grier". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved October 7, 2020. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference and Seamheads This Negro league baseball pitcher article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Negro league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Catawba County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina A&T State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University"},{"link_name":"Washington Potomacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Potomacs"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Potomacs"},{"link_name":"Bacharach Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacharach_Giants"},{"link_name":"no-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"1926 Colored World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Colored_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Newton, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Baseball playerClaude Bonds Grier (March 24, 1904 – March 1, 1967), nicknamed \"Red\", was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1920s.A native of Catawba County, North Carolina, Grier attended North Carolina A&T State University. He made his Negro leagues debut in 1924 for the Washington Potomacs, and split time between Wilmington and the Bacharach Giants the following season. Grier went on to play three more seasons with the Bacharach club, where he spun a historic no-hitter in the 1926 Colored World Series, and finished his career in 1928.[1][2] He died in Newton, North Carolina in 1967 at age 62.","title":"Claude Grier"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Claude Grier\". seamheads.com. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=grier01cla","url_text":"\"Claude Grier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Grier\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=grier-000red","url_text":"\"Red Grier\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=grier01cla","external_links_name":"\"Claude Grier\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=grier-000red","external_links_name":"\"Red Grier\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/g/griercl01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=grier01cla","external_links_name":"Seamheads"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Grier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_Sharks	Tidewater Sharks	["1 History","2 Notable players","3 Results","4 References"]	American minor league professional ice hockey team (1975–1977) Tidewater SharksCityNorfolk, VirginiaLeagueSouthern Hockey LeagueOperated1975–1977Home arenaNorfolk ScopeColorsRed, white, cyan Owner(s)Dick DavisAffiliatesWHA (1975–77)NHL (1975–76)Franchise history1975–1977Tidewater Sharks The Tidewater Sharks were a minor league professional ice hockey team, based in Norfolk, Virginia, and members of the Southern Hockey League from 1975 to 1977. The Sharks played home games at the Norfolk Scope, and shared the Hampton Roads area with the Hampton Gulls. The ownership group led by Dick Davis, also operated the Tidewater Tides baseball team. The Sharks ceased operations in January on 1977, during the second season of play. History In the 1975–76 season, Tidewater was affiliated with the Cleveland Crusaders, and the Buffalo Sabres. John Hanna was named the team's first coach, and the Sharks featured Scotland-born top scorer Bill Steele, but finished in fifth-place finish, and missed the playoffs. In the 1976–77 season, Tidewater was affiliated with the Calgary Cowboys. Harold Schooley took over the coaching duties, and the team was in second place by early 1977. On January 7, the Tidewater Sharks folded after missing payroll, and the players refused to continue. Notable players Notable Sharks players that also played in the National Hockey League or World Hockey Association: Ron Anderson Yves Archambault Ron Ashton Butch Barber Michel Boudreau Randy Burchell Andre Deschamps Dave Given Bruce Greig Derek Haas Derek Harker Steve Hull Larry Israelson Mike Jakubo Rick Jodzio Ric Jordan Joe Junkin Dave Kryskow Rick Lalonde Camille LaPierre Doug Lindskog Bernie Lukowich Jim Mayer Peter McNamee Eddie Mio George Pesut Tom Serviss Claude St. Sauveur Bill Steele Jean Tetreault Jim Watt Results Season-by-season results: Season GP W L T Pts Pct GF GA PIM Standing Playoffs 1975–76 72 24 34 14 62 0.431 230 260 842 5th, SHL Out of playoffs 1976–77 41 26 13 2 54 0.659 158 131 580 2nd, SHL Folded TOTALS 113 50 47 16 116 0.513 388 391 1422 References ^ a b Crossley, Drew (August 30, 2014). "Southern Hockey League 1973 Archives". Fun While It Lasted. Retrieved February 3, 2018. ^ a b c d "Tidewater Sharks hockey team statistics and history". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018. ^ a b "Tidewater Sharks Parent Team affiliate history". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018. ^ "Southern Hockey League history and statistics". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018. ^ "Tidewater Sharks all-time player list". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018. vteSouthern Hockey League (1973–1977)Teams Baltimore Clippers Charlotte Checkers Fayetteville Arsenal Greensboro Generals Hampton Gulls Macon Whoopees Richmond Wildcats Roanoke Valley Rebels Suncoast Suns Tidewater Sharks Winston-Salem Polar Twins Seasons 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 This American ice hockey team-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a sports team in Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hockey_League_(1973%E2%80%931977)"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Scope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Scope"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Hampton Gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Gulls"},{"link_name":"Dick Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Davis_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Tidewater Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Tides"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fun-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-history-2"}],"text":"The Tidewater Sharks were a minor league professional ice hockey team, based in Norfolk, Virginia, and members of the Southern Hockey League from 1975 to 1977. The Sharks played home games at the Norfolk Scope, and shared the Hampton Roads area with the Hampton Gulls. The ownership group led by Dick Davis, also operated the Tidewater Tides baseball team.[1] The Sharks ceased operations in January on 1977, during the second season of play.[2]","title":"Tidewater Sharks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Crusaders"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-affiliate-3"},{"link_name":"John Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hanna_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Bill Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Steele_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-history-2"},{"link_name":"Calgary Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-affiliate-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-history-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fun-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hockeydb-shl-4"}],"text":"In the 1975–76 season, Tidewater was affiliated with the Cleveland Crusaders, and the Buffalo Sabres.[3] John Hanna was named the team's first coach, and the Sharks featured Scotland-born top scorer Bill Steele, but finished in fifth-place finish, and missed the playoffs.[2]In the 1976–77 season, Tidewater was affiliated with the Calgary Cowboys.[3] Harold Schooley took over the coaching duties, and the team was in second place by early 1977.[2] On January 7, the Tidewater Sharks folded after missing payroll, and the players refused to continue.[1][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"World Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ron Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Anderson_(ice_hockey,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"Yves Archambault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Archambault"},{"link_name":"Ron Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Butch Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Barber"},{"link_name":"Michel Boudreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Boudreau"},{"link_name":"Randy Burchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Burchell"},{"link_name":"Andre Deschamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Deschamps"},{"link_name":"Dave Given","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Given"},{"link_name":"Bruce Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Greig"},{"link_name":"Derek Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Haas_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Derek Harker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Harker"},{"link_name":"Steve Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hull"},{"link_name":"Larry Israelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Israelson"},{"link_name":"Mike Jakubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jakubo_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Rick Jodzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Jodzio"},{"link_name":"Ric Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Joe Junkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Junkin"},{"link_name":"Dave Kryskow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kryskow"},{"link_name":"Rick Lalonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Lalonde"},{"link_name":"Camille LaPierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_LaPierre"},{"link_name":"Doug Lindskog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Lindskog"},{"link_name":"Bernie Lukowich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Lukowich"},{"link_name":"Jim Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mayer_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Peter McNamee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McNamee_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Mio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Mio"},{"link_name":"George Pesut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pesut"},{"link_name":"Tom Serviss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Serviss"},{"link_name":"Claude St. Sauveur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_St._Sauveur"},{"link_name":"Bill Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Steele_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Jean Tetreault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_T%C3%A9treault"},{"link_name":"Jim Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Watt_(ice_hockey)"}],"text":"Notable Sharks players that also played in the National Hockey League or World Hockey Association:[5]Ron Anderson\nYves Archambault\nRon Ashton\nButch Barber\nMichel Boudreau\nRandy Burchell\nAndre Deschamps\nDave Given\nBruce Greig\nDerek Haas\nDerek Harker\nSteve Hull\nLarry Israelson\nMike Jakubo\nRick Jodzio\nRic Jordan\nJoe Junkin\nDave Kryskow\nRick Lalonde\nCamille LaPierre\nDoug Lindskog\nBernie Lukowich\nJim Mayer\nPeter McNamee\nEddie Mio\nGeorge Pesut\nTom Serviss\nClaude St. Sauveur\nBill Steele\nJean Tetreault\nJim Watt","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-history-2"}],"text":"Season-by-season results:[2]","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Crossley, Drew (August 30, 2014). \"Southern Hockey League 1973 Archives\". Fun While It Lasted. Retrieved February 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://funwhileitlasted.net/category/southern-hockey-league-1973/","url_text":"\"Southern Hockey League 1973 Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tidewater Sharks hockey team statistics and history\". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeydb.com/stte/tidewater-sharks-8442.html","url_text":"\"Tidewater Sharks hockey team statistics and history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tidewater Sharks Parent Team affiliate history\". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/display_affiliations_child.php?tmi=8442","url_text":"\"Tidewater Sharks Parent Team affiliate history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Hockey League [1973-1977] history and statistics\". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/229.html","url_text":"\"Southern Hockey League [1973-1977] history and statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tidewater Sharks all-time player list\". hockeydb.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/display_players.php?tmi=8442","url_text":"\"Tidewater Sharks all-time player list\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://funwhileitlasted.net/category/southern-hockey-league-1973/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Hockey League 1973 Archives\""},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/stte/tidewater-sharks-8442.html","external_links_name":"\"Tidewater Sharks hockey team statistics and history\""},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/display_affiliations_child.php?tmi=8442","external_links_name":"\"Tidewater Sharks Parent Team affiliate history\""},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/229.html","external_links_name":"\"Southern Hockey League [1973-1977] history and statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/display_players.php?tmi=8442","external_links_name":"\"Tidewater Sharks all-time player list\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidewater_Sharks&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidewater_Sharks&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_(Blackmail_album)	Science Fiction (Blackmail album)	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep?","3.1 Track listing","4 References","5 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Science Fiction" Blackmail album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Science FictionStudio album by blackmailReleasedJanuary 29, 1999Recorded1998–1999GenreIndie rockProgressive rockLength49:34LabelbluNoise RecordsProducerKurt Ebelhäuser, Guido LucasBlackmail chronology blackmail(1997) Science Fiction(1999) Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep?(2000) Science Fiction is the second album by the German indie rock quartet Blackmail. Following up their debut release in 1997, Science Fiction was more openly accepted and liked. It also accumulated quite a large number of fans, which was a beginning of a more solid career for Blackmail. Track listing "Londerla" – 3:07 "Dull" – 2:33 "Feeble Bee" – 4:52 "Gone Too Soon Too Far" – 2:49 "The Fjords of Zimbabwe" – 4:59 "Mu" – 5:28 "Dental Research '72" – 7:53 "Nostra" – 2:50 "Smoke Gutter" – 4:49 "Iodine" – 2:34 "3, 000, 000 Years From Here" – 3:18 "Soon Too Far Gone Far" – 4:22 Personnel Aydo Abay – vocals Kurt Ebelhäuser – guitars, backing vocals, keyboards Carlos Ebelhäuser – bass Mario Matthias – drums Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep? For the novel, see Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep?Remix album by blackmailReleasedFebruary 4, 2000Recorded1999GenreElectronicaDrum and bassLength73:28LabelNois-O-Lution/EFAProducerblackmailBlackmail chronology Science Fiction(1999) Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep?(2000) Bliss, Please(2001) Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep? is a remixed version of Science Fiction, similar to Linkin Park's Reanimation. It was released on February 4, 2000. The name of the album is a play on the title of Philip K. Dick's science fiction novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Track listing "Londerla" (Killer Loop remix) – 5:06 "Dull" (Darkipher remix) – 4:17 "Feeble Bee" (Peppermint remix) – 3:55 "Gone Too Soon Too Far" (Soon Too Double Far Gone remix) – 4:59 "The Fjords of Zimbabwe" (Evil Fishing remix) – 4:06 "Mu" (Flutes Are No Instruments-version) – 5:04 "Dental Research '72" (The Song Formerly Known as Nostra-mix) – 3:59 "Nostra" (Zipped Close remix) – 5:22 "Smoke Gutter" (G.I.D. is a DJ remix) – 4:35 "Iodine" (Reperformed by Scumbucket) – 5:12 "3, 000, 000 Years From Here" (If Goth Is Around the Corner remix) – 6:15 "When I Met Bon I Changed the Tempi" – 2:11 "Soon Too Far Gone Far" (Slowfuck-version) – 5:08 "3, 000, 000 Years From Here" (Space Madison remix) – 9:59 "Stabilo Pink" (Performed by Der Weltraumbruder) – 3:20 References ^ "Do Robots dream of electric Sheep — Blackmail". Last.fm. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2019-05-16. External links Science Fiction at AllMusic Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep? at AllMusic vteBlackmail Mathias Reetz Kurt Ebelhäuser Carlos Ebelhäuser Mario Matthias Aydo Abay Studio albums Blackmail Science Fiction Bliss, Please Friend or Foe? Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s indie rock album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This progressive rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"Blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail_(band)"},{"link_name":"their debut release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail_(album)"}],"text":"Science Fiction is the second album by the German indie rock quartet Blackmail. Following up their debut release in 1997, Science Fiction was more openly accepted and liked. It also accumulated quite a large number of fans, which was a beginning of a more solid career for Blackmail.","title":"Science Fiction (Blackmail album)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Londerla\" – 3:07\n\"Dull\" – 2:33\n\"Feeble Bee\" – 4:52\n\"Gone Too Soon Too Far\" – 2:49\n\"The Fjords of Zimbabwe\" – 4:59\n\"Mu\" – 5:28\n\"Dental Research '72\" – 7:53\n\"Nostra\" – 2:50\n\"Smoke Gutter\" – 4:49\n\"Iodine\" – 2:34\n\"3, 000, 000 Years From Here\" – 3:18\n\"Soon Too Far Gone Far\" – 4:22","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aydo Abay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydo_Abay"},{"link_name":"Kurt Ebelhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Ebelh%C3%A4user"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ebelhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ebelh%C3%A4user"},{"link_name":"Mario Matthias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Matthias"}],"text":"Aydo Abay – vocals\nKurt Ebelhäuser – guitars, backing vocals, keyboards\nCarlos Ebelhäuser – bass\nMario Matthias – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F"},{"link_name":"Linkin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkin_Park"},{"link_name":"Reanimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reanimation_(Linkin_Park_album)"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick"},{"link_name":"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F"}],"text":"For the novel, see Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep? is a remixed version of Science Fiction, similar to Linkin Park's Reanimation. It was released on February 4, 2000. The name of the album is a play on the title of Philip K. Dick's science fiction novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?","title":"Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"\"Londerla\" (Killer Loop remix) – 5:06\n\"Dull\" (Darkipher remix) – 4:17\n\"Feeble Bee\" (Peppermint remix) – 3:55\n\"Gone Too Soon Too Far\" (Soon Too Double Far Gone remix) – 4:59\n\"The Fjords of Zimbabwe\" (Evil Fishing remix) – 4:06\n\"Mu\" (Flutes Are No Instruments-version) – 5:04\n\"Dental Research '72\" (The Song Formerly Known as Nostra-mix) – 3:59\n\"Nostra\" (Zipped Close remix) – 5:22\n\"Smoke Gutter\" (G.I.D. is a DJ remix) – 4:35\n\"Iodine\" (Reperformed by Scumbucket) – 5:12\n\"3, 000, 000 Years From Here\" (If Goth Is Around the Corner remix) – 6:15\n\"When I Met Bon I Changed the Tempi\" – 2:11\n\"Soon Too Far Gone Far\" (Slowfuck-version) – 5:08\n\"3, 000, 000 Years From Here\" (Space Madison remix) – 9:59\n\"Stabilo Pink\" (Performed by Der Weltraumbruder) – 3:20[1]","title":"Do Robots Dream of Electric Sheep?"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Do Robots dream of electric Sheep — Blackmail\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Moser_(jurist)	Josef Moser (jurist)	["1 References"]	Austrian lawyer and politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (December 2017) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|de\|Josef Moser (Jurist)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Josef MoserMinister of JusticeIn office18 December 2017 – 3 June 2019ChancellorSebastian KurzPreceded byWolfgang BrandstetterSucceeded byClemens Jabloner Personal detailsBorn (1955-10-06) 6 October 1955 (age 68)Lienz, Tyrol, AustriaPolitical partyPeople's Party Josef Moser is an Austrian lawyer and politician. He served as the Minister of Justice of Austria from 18. December 2017 until 3. June 2019. References ^ Justice Ministry of Austria. "Justizminister". Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ Salzburger Nachrichten. "Justizminister Josef Moser will "Österreich neu bauen"". Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ Vienna Online. "Ex-Rechnungshof-Präsident Moser wird Justiz- und Staatsreformminister". Retrieved 21 December 2017. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This article about an Austrian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Josef Moser is an Austrian lawyer and politician. He served as the Minister of Justice of Austria from 18. December 2017 until 3. June 2019.[1][2][3]","title":"Josef Moser (jurist)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Justice Ministry of Austria. \"Justizminister\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_racer	Galapagos racer	["1 Taxonomy and etymology","2 References","3 External links"]	Species of snake Galapagos racer Conservation status Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Colubridae Genus: Pseudalsophis Species: P. biserialis Binomial name Pseudalsophis biserialis(Günther, 1860) The Galápagos racer (Pseudalsophis biserialis) is a colubrid snake in the genus Pseudalsophis that is endemic to the Galápagos Islands. It is a mildly venomous constrictor but it is not considered aggressive or harmful to humans. The two subspecies are the eastern and western racers, the latter being larger, longer, and darker than the former. The western subspecies specializes in hunting fish, while both subspecies eat small reptiles, eggs, rodents, and bird hatchlings. The Galapagos racer is near threatened due to recently introduced species that feed on snake eggs, including pigs, rats, mice, and cats. It is one of only three species of snakes on the Galápagos Islands, and it was first described in 1860. In November 2016, a video clip from the BBC series Planet Earth II showing a group of Galápagos racers hunting marine iguana hatchlings became a viral trend. Taxonomy and etymology Originally classified as Herpetodryas biserialis by Albert Günther in 1860, this species has been renamed numerous times since then. The generic names have included Dromicus, Orpheomorphus, and Oraphis. References ^ a b Márquez, C.; Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.; Yánez-Muñoz, M. (2017). "Pseudalsophis biserialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T190541A56253872. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T190541A56253872.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ "Pseudalsophis biserialis". ^ "Galapagos racer - Galapagos Conservation Trust". ^ Günther,A. 1860. On a new snake from the Galapagos islands. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 6: 78-79 ^ Thomas, Robert A 1997. Galapagos terrestrial snakes: biogeography and systematics. Herpetological Natural History 5 (1): 19-40 ^ Conversation, Rhys Jones, The (11 November 2016). "In Defence of Racer Snakes - The 'Bad Guys' of Snake vs Iguana".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Günther, A. 1860. On a new snake from the Galapagos Islands Herpetodryas biserialis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1860: 97-98. ^ George R. Zug (28 June 2013). Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide. Univ of California Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-520-27495-2. ^ Julian Fitter; Daniel Fitter; David Hosking (5 January 2016). Wildlife of the Galápagos: Second Edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-691-17042-8. ^ Van Denburgh, John (1912). The Snakes of the Galapagos Islands. Vol. 1. California Academy of Science. pp. 325–327. External links Youtube video of Galápagos racers chasing a marine iguana hatchling, BBC Earth Youtube video of Galápagos racers chasing marine iguana hatchlings, longer version, France 2 Taxon identifiersPseudalsophis biserialis Wikidata: Q3409553 Wikispecies: Pseudalsophis biserialis ARKive: pseudalsophis-biserialis CoL: 4NJNC GBIF: 9083402 iNaturalist: 59935 ITIS: 1081521 IUCN: 190541 Open Tree of Life: 4121848 RD: biserialis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colubrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubrid"},{"link_name":"Pseudalsophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudalsophis"},{"link_name":"Galápagos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"near threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_threatened"},{"link_name":"introduced species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Planet Earth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_II"},{"link_name":"marine iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_iguana"},{"link_name":"viral trend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Galápagos racer (Pseudalsophis biserialis) is a colubrid snake in the genus Pseudalsophis that is endemic to the Galápagos Islands. 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The Galapagos racer is near threatened due to recently introduced species that feed on snake eggs, including pigs, rats, mice, and cats.[1][2][3] It is one of only three species of snakes on the Galápagos Islands, and it was first described in 1860.[4][5] In November 2016, a video clip from the BBC series Planet Earth II showing a group of Galápagos racers hunting marine iguana hatchlings became a viral trend.[6]","title":"Galapagos racer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zug2013-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitterFitter2016-9"},{"link_name":"Dromicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromicus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Originally classified as Herpetodryas biserialis by Albert Günther in 1860,[7] this species has been renamed numerous times since then.[8][9] The generic names have included Dromicus, Orpheomorphus, and Oraphis.[10]","title":"Taxonomy and etymology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Márquez, C.; Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.; Yánez-Muñoz, M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitan_Kramer	Eitan Kramer	["1 Vert competitions","2 References","3 External links"]	Eitan KramerPersonal informationBorn (1978-08-23) August 23, 1978 (age 45)New York, NY, United States Medal record Competitions Representing United States 1997 ASA, Milwaukee Vert 1997 ASA, New York City Vert 1997 X Games, Providence Vert 1996 ASA, New York City Vert 1996 Venice Beach Vert 1996 Miami Vert 1996 High Air Vert 1995 Chicago Vert Eitan Kramer was a top American professional Vert Skater who holds a Guinness World Record for "highest air on a vert ramp." Kramer, a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of California Los Angeles, began his professional in-line skating career at age 15. Kramer received the Guinness Record during the 1999 MTV Sports and Music Festival 3D. As an actor, he appeared in Honeymoon With Mom (2006), "Tides of War" (2005) and Rollerball (2002). He is the inventor of MorfBoard, a modular action sports system for kids. Eitan Vert Skating Vert competitions 1999 MTV SMF3D Guinness Record Holder- 14 ft 1997 ASA, Milwaukee, First Place Vert 1997 ASA, NYC, Third Place Vert 1997 X Games, Orlando, FL, Trials Fourth Place Vert 1997 X Games, Providence, Trials First Place Vert 1996 ASA, New York City, First Place 1996 MISS, Venice Beach, Third Place 1996 ASA, Miami, FL, Second Place 1996 Ultimate Ilnline, High Air, First Place 1995 ASA Overall, Third Place 1995 ASA, Chicago, IL, Second Place Vert 1994 NISS Overall Seventh Place References External links Eitan Kramer at IMDb honoluluadvertiser ziplink.net This biographical article related to American sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vert Skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert_Skater"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"vert ramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert_ramp"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"University of California Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Los_Angeles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eitan_Kramer2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vert Skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert_Skating"}],"text":"Eitan Kramer was a top American professional Vert Skater who holds a Guinness World Record for \"highest air on a vert ramp.\" Kramer, a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of California Los Angeles, began his professional in-line skating career at age 15.Kramer received the Guinness Record during the 1999 MTV Sports and Music Festival 3D.As an actor, he appeared in Honeymoon With Mom (2006), \"Tides of War\" (2005) and Rollerball (2002).He is the inventor of MorfBoard, a modular action sports system for kids.Eitan Vert Skating","title":"Eitan Kramer"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1999 MTV SMF3D Guinness Record Holder- 14 ft\n1997 ASA, Milwaukee, First Place Vert\n1997 ASA, NYC, Third Place Vert\n1997 X Games, Orlando, FL, Trials Fourth Place Vert\n1997 X Games, Providence, Trials First Place Vert\n1996 ASA, New York City, First Place\n1996 MISS, Venice Beach, Third Place\n1996 ASA, Miami, FL, Second Place\n1996 Ultimate Ilnline, High Air, First Place\n1995 ASA Overall, Third Place\n1995 ASA, Chicago, IL, Second Place Vert\n1994 NISS Overall Seventh Place","title":"Vert competitions"}]	[{"image_text":"Eitan Vert Skating","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Eitan_Kramer2.jpg/250px-Eitan_Kramer2.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1123848/","external_links_name":"Eitan Kramer"},{"Link":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2004/Nov/05/il/il02a.html","external_links_name":"honoluluadvertiser"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520062135/http://www.ziplink.net/~roces/KRAMER.htm","external_links_name":"ziplink.net"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eitan_Kramer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Ziegler	Dagmar Ziegler	["1 Political career","1.1 Career in state politics","1.2 Member of the German Parliament, 2009–2021","2 Other activities","3 References","4 External links"]	German politician (born 1960) Dagmar ZieglerDagmar Ziegler in 2020Vice President of the Bundestag(on proposal of the SPD-group)In office26 November 2020 – 26 October 2021Preceded byThomas OppermannSucceeded byAydan ÖzoğuzMember of the BundestagIn office2009–2021 Personal detailsBorn (1960-09-28) 28 September 1960 (age 63)Leipzig, East Germany(now Germany)Political partySPD Dagmar Ziegler (born 28 September 1960) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Brandenburg from 2009 until 2021. Political career Career in state politics From 1994 until 2009, Ziegler was a member of the State Parliament of Brandenburg. In the government of Minister-President Matthias Platzeck, she served as State Minister of Finance (2000-2004) and State Minister for Labour, Social Affairs, Health and Families (2004-2009). Member of the German Parliament, 2009–2021 Ziegler became a member of the Bundestag after the 2009 German federal election. From 2009 until 2013, she was Member of the Bundestag FOR Prignitz – Ostprignitz-Ruppin – Havelland I in north-western Brandenburg State, and served as deputy chairwoman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of chairman Frank-Walter Steinmeier. She lost her constituency in 2013 to Sebastian Steineke from the CDU, but was elected on the state list. In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections, Ziegler was part of her party's delegation in the working group on families, women and equality, led by Annette Widmann-Mauz and Manuela Schwesig. From 2014, Ziegler served on the parliament’s Council of Elders, which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation. In 2018, she also joined the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development. Ziegler contested the same constituency in 2017, but failed. She returned to the Bundestag on the list. In December 2019, Ziegler announced that she would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term. In her final year in parliament, she serves as the parliament's vice-president, following the sudden death of Thomas Oppermann. Other activities Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Member of the Board of Trustees References ^ "Dagmar Ziegler \| Abgeordnetenwatch". www.abgeordnetenwatch.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-03-21. ^ "Dagmar Ziegler, MdB". SPD-Bundestagsfraktion (in German). 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2020-03-21. ^ "German Bundestag - Economic Cooperation and Development". German Bundestag. Retrieved 2020-03-21. ^ Benjamin Lassiwe (December 16, 2019), Dagmar Ziegler tritt nicht wieder an: SPD-Bundestagsabgeordnete hört 2021 auf Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten. ^ Board of Trustees Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dagmar Ziegler. Official website (in German) Bundestag biography (in English) Links to related articles vte Members of the 17th Bundestag (2009–2013)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder CDU: Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Baumann Beck Behrens Bellmann Bergner Beyer Bilger Binninger Bleser Böhmer Börnsen Bosbach Brackmann Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Brehmer Brinkhaus Caesar Connemann Dautzenberg de Maizière Dörflinger Dött Feist Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fuchs Fuchtel Funk Gädechens Gebhart Gerig Gienger Götz Granold Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grotelüschen Grübel Grund Grütters Gutting Haibach Harbarth Hardt Heider Heiderich Heil Heinen-Esser Heinrich Henke Hennrich Herrmann Heveling Hintze Hirte Hochbaum Holzenkamp Hörster Hübinger Hüppe Jarzombek Jasper Jung Jung Jüttner Kammer Kampeter Kaster Kauder Kauder Kaufmann Kiesewetter von Klaeden Klamt Klein Klimke Klöckner Knoerig Koeppen Kolbe Koschorrek Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Kruse Kudla Kues Lach Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf von der Leyen Liebing Lietz Linnemann Lips Luczak Luther Maag von der Marwitz Mattfeldt Meister Merkel Michalk Middelberg Mißfelder Monstadt Müller Murmann Neumann Noll Otte Paul Pawelski Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Philipp Pofalla Poland Polenz Pols Puttrich Rachel Rehberg Reiche Riebsamen Rief Riegert Riesenhuber Röring Röttgen Rüddel Schäfer Schäuble Schavan Schiewerling Schindler Schipanski Schirmbeck Schnieder Schockenhoff Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Schuster Seif Selle Sendker Sensburg Siebert Spahn Stauche Steffel Steinbach von Stetten Stier Storjohann Strenz Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tauber Tillmann Vaatz Vogel Vogelsang Voßhoff Wadephul Wanderwitz Wegner Weinberg Weiss Weiß Wellenreuther Wellmann Wichtel Widmann-Mauz Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Zimmer Zylajew CSU: Aigner Aumer Bär Brandl Dobrindt Frankenhauser Friedrich Frieser Gauweiler Geis Glos Göppel Götzer zu Guttenberg Hahn Hasselfeldt Hinsken Holmeier Kalb Karl Koschyk Lange Lehmer Lehrieder Mayer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oswald Raab Ramsauer Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Silberhorn Singhammer Stracke Straubinger Uhl Wöhrl Zöller SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Members: Arndt-Brauer Arnold Barchmann Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartol Bas Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Binding Bollmann Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Burkert Crone Danckert Dörmann Drobinski-Weiß Duin Edathy Egloff Ehrmand Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Ferner Fograscher Franke Freitag Friedrich Gabriel Gerdes Gerster Gleicke Gloser Gottschalck Graf Griese Groneberg Groschek Groß Gunkel Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartmann Heil Hellmich Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Hiller-Ohm Hinz Hofmann Högl Humme Juratović Kaczmarek Kahrs Kastner Kelber Klingbeil Klose Klug Kofler Kolbe Körper Kramme Kressl Krüger-Leißner Kumpf Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lühmann Marks Mast Mattheis Merkel Meßmer Miersch Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Nietan Nink Oppermann Ortel Özoğuz Paula Pflug Poß Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rawert Rebmann Reichenbach Reimann Rix Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rupprecht Sawade Schaaf Schäfer Scheelen Scheer Schieder Schieder Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Scholz Schreiner Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Schwartze Schwarzelühr-Sutter Sieling Steffen Steinbrück Steinmeier Strässer Tack Thierse Thönnes Tiefensee Veit Vogt Volkmer Wicklein Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wolff Zapf Ziegler Zöllmer Zypries FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Birgit Homburger and Rainer Brüderle Members: Ackermann Ahrendt Aschenberg-Dugnus Bahr Bernschneider Blumenthal Bögel Bracht-Bendt Breil Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Buschmann Canel Daub Deutschmann Djir-Sarai Döring Drexler Dyckmans Ehrenberg Erdel van Essen Flach Fricke Friedhoff Geisen Gerhardt Goldmann Golombeck Gruß Günther Happach-Kasan Haustein Höferlin Hoff Homburger Hoyer Kamp Kauch Knopek Kober Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Körber Krestel Kurth Lanfermann Laurischk Leibrecht Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Lindemann Lindner Lindner Link Lotter Luksic Meierhofer Meinhardt Molitor Mücke Müller Müller-Sönksen Neumann Niebel Otto Pieper Piltz von Polheim Ratjen-Damerau Reinemund Reinhold Röhlinger Ruppert Sänger Schäffler Schnurr Schulz Schuster Schweickert Simmling Skudelny Solms Spatz Stadler Staffeldt Stinner Thiele Thomae Todtenhausen Toncar Tören Vogel Volk Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolff LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Alpers Bartsch Behrens Binder Birkwald Bluhm Bockhahn Buchholz Bulling-Schröter Bunge Claus Dağdelen Dehm-Desoi Dittrich Dreibus Enkelmann Ernst Gehrcke-Reymann Gohlke Golze Groth Gysi Hänsel Hein Höger Höll Hunko Jelpke Jochimsen Kipping Koch Korte Krellmann Kunert Lafontaine Lay Leidig Lenkert Leutert Liebich Lötzer Lötzsch Lutze Maurer Menzner Möhring Möller Movassat Naumann Nord Pau Petermann Pitterle Ploetz Remmers Schäfer Schlecht Schui Seifert Senger-Schäfer Sharma Sitte Stüber Süßmair Tackmann Tempel Troost Ulrich van Aken Vogler Voß Wagenknecht Wawzyniak Weinberg Werner Wunderlich Zimmermann GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Renate Künast and Jürgen Trittin Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Bonde Deligöz Dörner Ebner Fell Gambke Gehring Göring-Eckardt Haßelmann Herlitzius Hermann Hinz Höfken-Deipenbrock Hofreiter Höhn Hönlinger Hoppe Kekeritz Keul Kieckbusch Kilic Kindler Klein-Schmeink Koczy Koenigs Kotting-Uhl Krischer Krumwiede Kuhn Kühn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Lindner Maisch Malczak Montag Müller Müller-Gemmeke Nestle Nouripour Ostendorff Ott Paus Pothmer Rößner Roth Sager Sarrazin Scharfenberg Scheel Schick Schmidt Schneider Seiler Steiner Strengmann-Kuhn Ströbele Terpe Tressel Trittin von Cramon-Taubadel von Notz Wagner Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Wieland Wilms Winkler OTHERvteIndependent Members: Nešković List of members of the 17th Bundestag vte Members of the 18th Bundestag (2013–2017)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder CDU: Albani Altmaier Bareiß Barthle Baumann Beermann Behrens Bellmann Benning Berghegger Bergner Bertram Beyer Bilger Binninger Bleser Böhmer Bosbach Brackmann Brähmig Brand Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Brehmer Brinkhaus Caesar Connemann Dinges-Dierig Donth Dörflinger Dött Eckenbach Färber Feiler Feist Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Frei Fuchs Fuchtel Funk Gädechens Gebhart Gerig Gienger Giousouf Grindel Groden-Kranich Gröhe Gröhler Grosse-Brömer Grotelüschen Grübel Grund Grundmann Grütters Gundelach Güntzler Gutting Haase Hajek Harbarth Hardt Hauer Hauptmann Heck Heider Heiderich Heil Heinrich Helfrich Heller Hellmuth Henke Hennrich Herdan Heveling Hintze Hinz Hirte Hirte Hochbaum Hoffmann Holzenkamp Hoppenstedt Horb Höschel Hornhues Huber Hübinger Hüppe Jarzombek Jepsen Jörrißen Jung Jung Jung Jüttner Kammer Kampeter Kanitz Karliczek Kaster Kauder Kaufmann Kemmer Kiesewetter Kippels Klein Klimke Knoerig Koeppen Koob Körber Kovac Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Kruse Kudla Kühne Lach Lagosky Lamers Lämmel Lammert Landgraf Leikert Lengsfeld Leyen Lezius Liebing Lietz Linnemann Lips Lorenz Lücking-Michel Luczak Maag Magwas Mahlberg Maizière Manderla Marschall Marwitz Mattfeldt Meister Merkel Metzler Michalk Middelberg Mißfelder Monstadt Möring Mosblech Motschmann Müller Murmann Nick Noll Nowak Oellers Ostermann Otte Pahlmann Pantel Patzelt Pätzold Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pofalla Pols Rachel Radomski Rehberg Reiche Riebsamen Rief Riesenhuber Ripsam Röring Rösel Röttgen Rüddel Schäfer Schäuble Schavan Schiewerling Schimke Schindler Schipanski Schmelzle Schmidt Schnieder Schockenhoff Schön Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schulze Schummer Schuster Schwarzer Seif Selle Sendker Sensburg Siebert Sorge Spahn Stauche Steffel Stegemann Stein Steineke Steiniger Stetten Stier Stockhofe Storjohann Strenz Stritzl Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Sütterlin-Waack Tauber Tillmann Timmermann-Fechter Uhl Vaatz Veith Viesehon Vietz Vogel Volmering Voßbeck-Kayser Vries Wadephul Wanderwitz Wange Warken Wegner Weiler Weinberg Weiß Weiss Wellenreuther Wellmann Wendt Westermayer Whittaker Wichtel Widmann-Mauz Wiese Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Wittke Woltmann Zertik Zimmer CSU: Albsteiger Auernhammer Bär Brandl Dobrindt Durz Eberl Fabritius Freudenstein Friedrich Frieser Gauweiler Göppel Hahn Hasselfeldt Hoffmann Holmeier Irlstorfer Kalb Karl Koschyk Lange Lanzinger Launert Lehrieder Lenz Lerchenfeld Lindholz Ludwig Mayer Meier Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oßner Radwan Rainer Ramsauer Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Silberhorn Singhammer Stefinger Stracke Straubinger Strebl Uhl Ullrich Weisgerber Wöhrl Zech Zeulner Zollner SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Thomas Oppermann Members: Annen Arndt-Brauer Arnold Baehrens Bahr Bähr-Losse Barchmann Barley Barnett Bartels Barthel Bartke Bartol Bas Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Becker Beckmeyer Binding Blienert Brase Brunner Bulmahn Bülow Burkert Castellucci Coße Crone Daldrup De Ridder Diaby Dittmar Dörmann Drobinski-Weiß Edathy Ehrmann Engelmeier-Heite Erler Ernstberger Esken Evers-Meyer Fechner Felgentreu Ferner Finckh-Krämer Flisek Fograscher Franke Freese Freitag Gabriel Gerdes Gerster Gleicke Glöckner Gottschalck Griese Groneberg Groß Grötsch Gunkel Hagedorn Hagl-Kehl Hakverdi Hampel Hartmann Hartmann Heidenblut Heil Heinrich Held Hellmich Hendricks Henn Herzog Hiller-Ohm Hinz Hitschler Högl Ilgen Jantz Jost Junge Juratovic Jurk Kaczmarek Kahrs Kampmann Kapschack Katzmarek Kelber Kermer Kiziltepe Klare Klingbeil Kofler Kolbe Kömpel Kramme Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kühn-Mengel Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lotze Lühmann Malecha-Nissen Marks Mast Mattheis Miersch Mindrup Mittag Müller Müller Müntefering Mützenich Nahles Nietan Nissen Oppermann Özdemir Özoğuz Paschke Petry Pflugradt Pilger Poschmann Poß Post Post Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Raatz Rabanus Rawert Rebmann Reichenbach Reimann Rimkus Rix Rode-Bosse Rohde Rosemann Röspel Rossmann Roth Rüthrich Rützel Ryglewski Saathoff Sawade Schabedoth Schäfer Scheer Schieder Schiefner Schlegel Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Scho-Antwerpes Schulte Schulz Schurer Schwabe Schwartze Schwarz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Sieling Spiering Spinrath Stadler Stamm-Fibich Steffen Steinbrück Steinmeier Strässer Tack Tausend Thews Thissen Thönnes Tiefensee Träger Veit Vogt Vöpel Weber Westphal Wicklein Wiese Wolff Yüksel Ziegler Zierke Zimmermann Zöllmer Zypries LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi, Dietmar Bartsch, Sahra Wagenknecht Members: Aken Alpers Bartsch Behrens Binder Birkwald Bluhm Buchholz Bulling-Schröter Claus Dağdelen Dehm Ernst Gehrcke Gohlke Golze Groth Gysi Hahn Hänsel Hein Höger Hunko Hupach Jelpke Karawanskij Kassner Kipping Korte Krellmann Kunert Lay Leidig Lenkert Leutert Liebich Lötzsch Lutze Menz Möhring Movassat Müller Neu Nord Pau Petzold Pitterle Renner Schlecht Sitte Steinke Tackmann Tank Tempel Troost Ulrich Vogler Wagenknecht Wawzyniak Weinberg Werner Wöllert Wunderlich Zdebel Zimmermann Zimmermann GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Anton Hofreiter Members: Amtsberg Andreae Baerbock Beck Beck Brantner Brugger Deligöz Dörner Dröge Ebner Gambke Gastel Gehring Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Haßelmann Hinz Hofreiter Höhn Janecek Kekeritz Keul Kindler Klein-Schmeink Koenigs Kotting-Uhl Krischer Kühn Kühn Künast Kurth Lazar Lemke Lindner Maisch Meiwald Mihalic Müller-Gemmeke Mutlu Notz Nouripour Ostendorff Özdemir Paus Pothmer Rößner Roth Rüffer Sarrazin Scharfenberg Schauws Schick Schmidt Schulz-Asche Strengmann-Kuhn Ströbele Terpe Tressel Trittin Verlinden Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Wilms OTHERvteIndependent Members: Steinbach List of members of the 18th Bundestag vte Members of the 20th Bundestag (2021–2025)President Bärbel Bas (SPD)SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Rolf Mützenich Other members: Abdi Ahmetovic Alabali-Radovan Andres Annen Arlt Baehrens Bahr Baldy Baradari Bartol Bartz Bas Becker Berghahn Bergt Blankenburg Breymaier Brunner Budde Cademartori Castellucci Daldrup Demir De Ridder Diaby Diedenhofen Dieren Dilcher Dittmar Döring Droßmann Echeverria Eichwede Engelhardt Esdar Esken Fäscher Fechner Fiedler Franke Funke Gava Gerdes Gerster Glöckner Griese Hagedorn Hagl-Kehl Hakverdi Hartmann Heidenblut Heil Heiligenstadt Heinrich Hellmich Hennig Heselhaus Heubach Hitschler Hohmann Hostert Hubertz Hümpfer Junge Juratovic Kaczmarek Kaiser Karaahmetoǧlu Kasper Kassautzki Katzmarek Kersten Kleebank Klinck Klingbeil Klose Klüssendorf Kofler Koß Kramme Kreiser Kröber Kühnert Lahrkamp Larem Lauterbach Lehmann Leiser Licina-Bode Limbacher Lindh Lugk Lutze Machalet Mackensen-Geis Malottki Mann Martens Marvi Mascheck Mast Mehltretter Mehmet Ali Mende Mesarosch Michel Miersch Mieves Mittag Moll Möller Müller Müller Müller Müntefering Mützenich Nasr Nickholz Nietan Nürnberger Oehl Ortleb Özdemir Özoğuz Pantazis Papenbrock Papendieck Pawlik Peick Petry Plobner Poschmann Post Rabanus Rhie Rimkus Rinkert Rix Rohde Roloff Rosemann Rosenthal Roth Rudolph Rudolph Ruf Rützel Ryglewski Saathoff Schäfer Schäfer Schamber Schätzl Scheer Schieder Schiefner Schierenbeck Schisanowski Schmid Schmid Schmidt Schmidt Schneider Schneider Scholz Schraps Schreider Schrodi Schulze Schwabe Schwartze Schwarz Schwarzelühr-Sutter Seitzl Stadler Stamm-Fibich Stegner Stein Sthamer Stüwe Tausend Thews Töns Träger Troff-Schaffarzyk Türk-Nachbaur Ullrich Völlers Vontz Vöpel Wagner Wallstein Walter Wegge Wegling Weingarten Werner Westphal Wiese Wollmann Yüksel Zierke Zimmermann Zorn Zschau CDU/CSUvte CDU, CSUSpeaker: Friedrich Merz CDU: Abraham Albani Altenkamp Amthor Aumer Bareiß Bernstein Beyer Biadacz Bilger Borchardt Brand Braun Breher Brehmer Breilmann Brinkhaus Brodesser Bröhr Bury Connemann Czaja Damerow Donth Färber Feiler Ferlemann Föhr Frei Gädechens Gebhart Gramling Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grübel Grütters Grund Grundmann Güler Güntzler Gutting Haase Hardt Hauer Heck Heil Heilmann Helfrich Henrichmann Heveling Hirte Hoppenstedt Hoppermann Hüppe Janssen Jarzombek Jung Karliczek Kaufmann Kemmer Kiesewetter Kippels Klein Klein Klöckner Knoerig König Koeppen Körber Koob Krichbaum Krings Kuban Laschet Lehmann Leikert Linnemann Lips Luczak Mack Magwas Mannes Mayer-Lay Meister Merz Metzler Middelberg Mörseburg Monstadt Müller Müller Müller Müller Nacke Nicolaisen Oellers Oppelt Oster Otte Pahlmann Ploß Plum Rachel Radomski Rehbaum Reichel Rief Röttgen Röwekamp Rohwer Rouenhoff Rüddel Firnhaber Schenderlein Schimke Schnieder Schön Schreiner Seif Simon Sorge Spahn Stegemann Steiniger von Stetten Stier Stöcker Stumpp Tebroke Thies Throm Tillmann Timmermann-Fechter Uhl Ullrich Vieregge Vogt Vries Wadephul Wanderwitz Warken Weiss Weiss Whittaker Widmann-Mauz Wiener Wiesmann Willsch Winkelmeier-Becker Wulf Ziemiak Zippelius CSU: Auernhammer Bär Brandl Brehm Dobrindt Durz Edelhäußer Engelhard Englhardt-Kopf Erndl Friedrich Frieser Geissler Hahn Hierl Hoffmann Irlstorfer Kießling Lange Launert Lehrieder Lenz Lindholz Loos Ludwig Mayer Müller Oßner Radwan Rainer Ramsauer Rupprecht Scheuer Silberhorn Staffler Stefinger Stracke Straubinger Weisgerber Winkler Wittmann Zeulner GRÜNEvte GRÜNESpeaker: Claudia Roth Other members: Aeffner Amtsberg Audretsch Außendorf Bacherle Badum Bär Baerbock Banaszak Bayram Beck Benner Brantner Brugger Bsirske Christmann Dahmen Deligöz Detzer Dröge Düring Ebner Eckert Emmerich Fester Gambir Ganserer Gastel Gehring Gelbhaar Gesenhues Göring-Eckardt Grau Grützmacher Grundl Habeck Haßelmann Heitmann Henneberger Herrmann Hönel Hoffmann Hofreiter von Holtz Janecek Kaddor Kappert-Gonther Kellner Keul Khan Kindler Klein-Schmeink Kopf Krämer Kraft Kretz Krischer Krumwiede-Steiner Künast Kurth Lang Lehmann Lemke Liebert Limburg Lindner Loop Lucks Lührmann Mayer Menge Michaelsen Mihalic Mijatovič C. Müller S. Müller Müller-Gemmeke Nanni Nestle Nick von Notz Nouripour Özdemir Otte Pahlke Paus Piechotta Filiz Reinalter Rößner Rottmann Rüffer Sacher Taher Saleh J. Schäfer S. Schäfer Schauws Schmidt Schönberger Schröder Schulz-Asche Sekmen Slawik Spallek Spellerberg Steffen Steinmüller Strengmann-Kuhn Tesfaiesus Trittin Uhlig Verlinden N. Wagener R. Wagener Wagner Walter-Rosenheimer Weishaupt Wenzel Winklmann FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Christian Dürr Other members: Abel Adler Al-Halak Alt Aschenberg-Dugnus Bartelt Bauer Beeck Bodtke Boginski J. Brandenburg M. Brandenburg Bubendorfer-Licht Buschmann Busen Cronenberg Djir-Sarai Dürr Faber Föst Funke-Kaiser Gassner-Herz Gerschau Gründer Hacker Hartewig Harzer Heidt Helling-Plahr Herbrand Herbst Hessel Hocker Höferlin Hoffmann Houben in der Beek Jensen Jurisch Klein Kluckert Kober Köhler Konrad Kruse Kubicki Kuhle Lambsdorff Lechte Lenders Lieb Lindner Link Lütke Luksic Mansmann Merten Meyer Mordhorst Müller Müller-Rosentritt Raffelhüschen Redder Reinhold Reuther Sauter Schäffler Schröder Schulz Seestern-Pauly Seiter Semet Skudelny Stark-Watzinger Stockmeier Strack-Zimmermann Strasser Teuteberg Teutrine Theurer Thomae Tippelt Todtenhausen Toncar Ullmann Ullrich Vogel Wagner Weeser Westig Willkomm Wissing AfDvte AfDSpeaker: Other members: Bachmann Baum Baumann Beckamp Bernhard Blerk Bochmann Boehringer Bollmann Brandes Brandner Braun Bühl Bystron Chrupalla Curio Dietz Ehrhorn Espendiller Felser Friedhoff Frömming Frohnmaier Gauland Glaser Gnauck Gottschalk Harder-Kühnel Haug Hess Hilse Höchst Holm Huy Jacobi Janich Jongen Malte Kaufmann Michael Kaufmann Keuter Kleinwächter König Komning Kotré Kraft Lenk Lucassen Moncsek Moosdorf Münzenmaier Naujok Nolte Otten Peterka Pohl Protschka Reichardt Renner Rinck Rothfuß Schattner Schielke-Ziesing E. Schmidt J. Schmidt Schneider Schulz Seitz Sichert Spaniel Springer Stöber von Storch Weidel Weyel Wiehle Wirth Wundrak Ziegler LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Other members: Akbulut Bartsch Birkwald Bünger Cezanne Domscheit-Berg Ferschl Gohlke Görke Gürpinar Gysi Hahn Hennig-Wellsow Korte Latendorf Lay Lenkert Lötzsch Möhring Nastić Pellmann Perlif Reichinnek Renner Riexinger Sitte Vogler Wissler OTHERvteNon-attached Members: Al-Dailami (BSW) Cotar (Independent) Dağdelen (BSW) Ernst (BSW) Hunko (BSW) Farle (Independent) Helferich (Independent) Huber (Independent) Leye (BSW) Mohamed Ali (BSW) Nastić (BSW) Tatti (BSW) Ulrich (BSW) Seidler (SSW) Wagenknecht (BSW) Witt (Independent) List of members of the 20th Bundestag vteMembers of the German Bundestag from BrandenburgSPD Ulrich Freese Sylvia Lehmann Dagmar Ziegler Stefan Zierke CDU Uwe Feiler Jens Koeppen Saskia Ludwig (from 3 December 2019) Hans-Georg von der Marwitz Martin Patzelt Jana Schimke Klaus-Peter Schulze Sebastian Steineke Michael Stübgen (until 2 December 2019) Dietlind Tiemann Greens Annalena Baerbock FDP Martin Neumann Linda Teuteberg AfD Alexander Gauland Norbert Kleinwächter Steffen Kotré Roman Reusch René Springer The Left Anke Domscheit-Berg Norbert Müller Thomas Nord Kirsten Tackmann Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This biography article about a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Dagmar Ziegler (born 28 September 1960) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Brandenburg from 2009 until 2021.[1]","title":"Dagmar Ziegler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Parliament of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Matthias Platzeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck"}],"sub_title":"Career in state politics","text":"From 1994 until 2009, Ziegler was a member of the State Parliament of Brandenburg. 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In 2018, she also joined the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development.[3]Ziegler contested the same constituency in 2017, but failed. She returned to the Bundestag on the list.In December 2019, Ziegler announced that she would not stand in the 2021 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.[4] In her final year in parliament, she serves as the parliament's vice-president, following the sudden death of Thomas Oppermann.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Member of the Board of Trustees[5]","title":"Other activities"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dagmar Ziegler \| Abgeordnetenwatch\". www.abgeordnetenwatch.de (in German). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaya_Alongkorn	Valaya Alongkorn	["1 Birth","2 Childhood","3 Lifestyle","4 Royal duties","5 Later life","6 Honours","7 Ancestry","8 See also","9 References"]	Princess of Phetchaburi Valaya AlongkornPrincess of PhetchaburiBorn(1884-04-16)16 April 1884Grand Palace, Bangkok, SiamDied15 February 1938(1938-02-15) (aged 53)Kandhavas Palace, Bangkok, SiamNamesValaya Alongkorn Narindorn DebyakumariHouseChakri dynastyFatherChulalongkorn (Rama V)MotherSavang Vadhana Valaya Alongkorn, Princess of Phetchaburi or Valaya Alongkorn, Princess Aunt (Thai: วไลยอลงกรณ์; RTGS: Walai Alongkon; 16 April 1884 – 15 February 1938), was a princess of Siam (later Thailand), and a member of the Chakri dynasty. She was the daughter of King Chulalongkorn and Savang Vadhana. Her older brother Vajirunhis was the first Crown Prince of Siam. She was also the elder sister of Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, and the full aunt of kings Ananda Mahidol and Bhumibol Adulyadej. Birth Princess Valaya Alongkorn was born on 16 April 1884 at Grand Palace. She was the 43rd daughter of King Chulalongkorn, and the 5th child of Savang Vadhana, princess consort and half-sister of King Chulalongkorn, (later Queen Sri Savarindira). Her full given name was Valaya Alongkorn Narindorn Debyakumari (Thai: วไลยอลงกรณ์ นรินทรเทพยกุมารี), given by her father. She had 6 siblings, 3 elder brothers, 1 elder sister, 1 younger sister, and 1 younger brother: Crown Prince Maha Vajirunhis of Siam (27 June 1878 – 4 January 1894) Prince Isariyalongkorn (4 September 1879 – 25 September 1879) Princess Vichitra Chiraprabha (21 April 1881 – 15 August 1881) Prince Sommatiwongse Varodaya, the Prince of Nakhon Si Thammarat (9 June 1882 – 17 June 1899) Princess Sirabhorn Sobhon (19 July 1888 – 24 May 1898) Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, (posthumously The Prince Father of Thailand; 1 January 1891 – 24 September 1929) father of Galyani Vadhana, Ananda Mahidol, and Bhumibol Adulyadej. When she was 3 years old, her mother sent her to live with her own sister Queen Saovabha Phongsri, as an adopted daughter, due to Queen Saovabha having lost her own daughters: Bahurada Manimaya and a princess who died shortly after birth. They lived together at the Suddha Sri Abhiromya residence in the Inner court of the Grand Palace. Childhood The princess was educated at the Kumari Royal School, which was held classes inside the Amarin Winitchai Throne Hall. When her father, King Chulalongkorn visited southern Asia in 1896, she and many of her sisters accompanied him to a visit of Java, Singapore, and Malaya. After her father finished his 1st European tour, he built the Dusit Palace and other residences, including the Vimanmek Palace. At age 17 she moved and began living with her father, her mother, and her step-siblings in these new palaces. When the Four Seasons Garden Villa or Suan Si Ruedu was built she moved into this villa until her father's death on 23 October 1910. She then moved again to live with Queen Saovabha Phongsri at the Phayathai Palace. Lifestyle Princess Valaya Alongkorn was an avid reader. She was fond of books and read in her spare time, day and night, ever since she was a child. Her nanny had to hide her books to make her sleep. But this did not work, as she was able to find other books in her private library to read. In the afternoons once she was finished with her royal duties she always read or write. She also knitted and was an accomplished draughtsman. She was always dressed in European style. She did not like decorations for her dresses except pearl necklaces, which she made herself. When she went anywhere, she had her pearl necklace. Royal duties Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University Princess Alongkorn put a lot of importance on the education of Thai women. She was the patron of Rajini School, and established the other all-girls school, Rajini Bon School. She gave her own money to the Ministry of Education to build Vittayalongkorn Educational College (later Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University, Pathum Thani Province). She was close to her half-brother King Vajiravudh who succeeded to the throne after Chulalongkorn. Because of her excellent command of the English language she played a key role in the welcoming of many foreign guests, including foreign royalty, to the new king's coronation ceremony in 1911. On 11 November 1911, King Vajiravudh gave her the royal title of "The Princess of Bejraburi" (Krom Luang Bejraburi Rajasirindhorn (Thai: กรมหลวงเพชรบุรีราชสิรินธร)). She was given the rank of Krom Luang, the 3rd level of the Krom ranks. When King Vajiravudh died in 1925, his younger brother, Prajadhipok succeeded to the throne. He asked the princess to design the dress of his wife Princess Rambai Barni for the coronation ceremony as the new queen. The dress she designed was in European style and made Queen Rambai Barni the biggest attraction in the ceremony. Later life Princess Valaya Alongkorn with her mother, Queen Sri Savarindira and Prince Mahidol Adulyadej After the death of Saovabha Phongsri on 20 October 1919 she moved from the Phayathai Palace to the Suan Sunandha Royal Villa, in the compound of Dusit Palace. One year later, she contracted a lung disease. She received treatment in Europe, and then moved to live in Srapathum Palace with her birth mother Savang Vadhana. She continued to have treatment for her illness until her death. She finally died on 15 February 1938 from lung cancer, at the age of 53. Her body was laid in the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall, Grand Palace. At the time, the government did not have enough money to build her Royal Crematorium in Sanam Luang. So King Ananda Mahidol (her nephew) and Savang Vadhana had to contribute funds from their own treasuries, supplemented by the government for the crematorium. The Royal Cremation ceremony took place on 14 May 1941. Queen Sri Savarindira was represented by King Ananda Mahidol, who performed all the royal cremation rites with other members of the Royal family. Later, King Anada Mahidol posthumously change her royal status from Somdet Phra Chao Boromwongse Ther to Somdet Phra Ratcha Pitucha (literally: "the Princess Aunt") as a mark of personal distinction. Honours Dame of The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems Dame of The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri: received 7 February 1893 Dame Cross of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao (First class): received 26 November 1893 King Rama V Royal Cypher Medal King Rama VI Royal Cypher Medal King Rama VII Royal Cypher Medal King Rama VIII Royal Cypher Medal Ancestry Ancestors of Valaya Alongkorn 8. (=12.) Rama II 4. (=6.) Mongkut 9. (=13.) Sri Suriyendra 2. Chulalongkorn 10. Prince Siriwong, Prince Mattayaphithak 5. Debsirindra 11. Noi 1. Princess Valaya Alongkorn, Princess of Phetchaburi 12. (=8.) Rama II 6. (=4.) Mongkut 13. (=9.) Sri Suriyendra 3. Savang Vadhana 14. Taeng Sucharitakul, Luang Asasamdaeng 7. Piam Sucharitakul 15. Nak, Thao Sucharitthamrong See also King Ananda Mahidol References Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University Royal command of giving title HRH Princess Valaya Alongkorn, the Princess of Phetchaburi HRH Krom Luang Phetchaburi Rajasirindhorn HRH Princess Valaya Alongkorn - Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University HRH Princess Valaya Alongkorn, the Princess of Phetchaburi - Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University vteThai princessesThe generations are numbered from the establishment of the Chakri dynasty from 1782Rama IDaughters Chanthaburi Nieces Sri Suriyendra Rama IIGreat-great-granddaughters Vibhavadi Rangsit Rama IIIGranddaughters Somanass Waddhanawathy Debsirindra Phannarai Ubolratana Narinaga Saovabhark Nariratana Saisavali Bhiromya Rama IVDaughters Chandrmondol Kannika Kaeo Sunanda Kumariratana Savang Vadhana Saovabha Phongsri Sukhumala Marasri Naphaphon Prapha Phakphimonphan Banchob Benchama Daksinajar Manyaphathon Somawati Sinak Sawat Kanokwan Lekha Khae Khai Duang Phuang Soi Sa-ang Orathai Thepkanya Kanchanakon Arunwadi Wani Rattanakanya Montha Noppharat Nari Rattana Charoenkamon Suksawat Granddaughters Dibyasambandh Abha Barni Chavi Vilaya Gagananga Dhasani Nonglaksana Svastivatana Bimbhaktra Bhani Svastivatana Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana Rambai Barni Barabimalabanna Voravan Vallabha Devi Lakshamilavan Prabhavasit Narimol Rama VDaughters Bahurada Manimaya Kannabhorn Bejaratana Vichitra Chiraprabha Valaya Alongkorn Sirabhorn Sobhon Suddha Dibyaratana Yaovamalaya Narumala Chandra Saradavara Nabhachara Chamrassri Malini Nobhadara Nibha Nobhadol Vimolnaka Nabisi Srivilailaksana Suvabaktra Vilayabanna Bandhavanna Varobhas Adorndibyanibha Suchitra Bharani Oraongka Ankayuba Ajrabarni Rajkanya Orabindu Benyabhak Phongpraphai Yaovabha Bongsanid Praves Vorasamai Bismai Bimalasataya Sasibongse Prabai Prabha Bannabilaya Prabai Bannabilas Vapi Busbakara Komala Saovamala Lavad Voraong Abbhantripaja Dibyalangkarn Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi Charoensri Chanamayu Voralaksanavadi Chudharatana Rajakumari Hemvadi Oraprabandh Rambai Adisaya Suriyabha Granddaughters Galyani Vadhana Induratana Paribatra Vimolchatra Great-granddaughters Marsi Paribatra Rangsinobhadol Yugala* Great-great-granddaughters Soamsawali Rama VIDaughter Bejaratana Rajasuda Rama VII No Children Rama VIII No Children Rama IXDaughters Ubolratana Rajakanya* Sirindhorn Debaratanasuda Chulabhorn Walailak Granddaughters Siribha Chudabhorn Aditayadorn Kitikhun Rama XDaughters Bajrakitiyabha Sirivannavari * relinquished royal titles	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phetchaburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phetchaburi_province"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Chakri dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chulalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn"},{"link_name":"Savang Vadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savang_Vadhana"},{"link_name":"Vajirunhis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajirunhis"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince of Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Mahidol Adulyadej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahidol_Adulyadej"},{"link_name":"Ananda Mahidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol"},{"link_name":"Bhumibol Adulyadej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej"}],"text":"Princess of PhetchaburiValaya Alongkorn, Princess of Phetchaburi or Valaya Alongkorn, Princess Aunt (Thai: วไลยอลงกรณ์; RTGS: Walai Alongkon; 16 April 1884 – 15 February 1938), was a princess of Siam (later Thailand), and a member of the Chakri dynasty. She was the daughter of King Chulalongkorn and Savang Vadhana. Her older brother Vajirunhis was the first Crown Prince of Siam. She was also the elder sister of Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, and the full aunt of kings Ananda Mahidol and Bhumibol Adulyadej.","title":"Valaya Alongkorn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palace"},{"link_name":"Chulalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn"},{"link_name":"Savang Vadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savang_Vadhana"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Maha Vajirunhis of Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajirunhis"},{"link_name":"Prince Isariyalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isariyalongkorn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Princess Vichitra Chiraprabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichitra_Chiraprabha"},{"link_name":"Prince Sommatiwongse Varodaya, the Prince of Nakhon Si Thammarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommatiwongse_Varodaya"},{"link_name":"Princess Sirabhorn Sobhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirabhorn_Sobhon"},{"link_name":"Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahidol_Adulyadej"},{"link_name":"Galyani Vadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyani_Vadhana"},{"link_name":"Ananda Mahidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol"},{"link_name":"Bhumibol Adulyadej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej"},{"link_name":"Saovabha Phongsri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saovabha_Phongsri"},{"link_name":"Bahurada Manimaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahurada_Manimaya"},{"link_name":"Grand Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palace"}],"text":"Princess Valaya Alongkorn was born on 16 April 1884 at Grand Palace. She was the 43rd daughter of King Chulalongkorn, and the 5th child of Savang Vadhana, princess consort and half-sister of King Chulalongkorn, (later Queen Sri Savarindira). Her full given name was Valaya Alongkorn Narindorn Debyakumari (Thai: วไลยอลงกรณ์ นรินทรเทพยกุมารี), given by her father. She had 6 siblings, 3 elder brothers, 1 elder sister, 1 younger sister, and 1 younger brother:Crown Prince Maha Vajirunhis of Siam (27 June 1878 – 4 January 1894)\nPrince Isariyalongkorn (4 September 1879 – 25 September 1879)\nPrincess Vichitra Chiraprabha (21 April 1881 – 15 August 1881)\nPrince Sommatiwongse Varodaya, the Prince of Nakhon Si Thammarat (9 June 1882 – 17 June 1899)\nPrincess Sirabhorn Sobhon (19 July 1888 – 24 May 1898)\nPrince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla, (posthumously The Prince Father of Thailand; 1 January 1891 – 24 September 1929) father of Galyani Vadhana, Ananda Mahidol, and Bhumibol Adulyadej.When she was 3 years old, her mother sent her to live with her own sister Queen Saovabha Phongsri, as an adopted daughter, due to Queen Saovabha having lost her own daughters: Bahurada Manimaya and a princess who died shortly after birth. They lived together at the Suddha Sri Abhiromya residence in the Inner court of the Grand Palace.","title":"Birth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amarin Winitchai Throne Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palace#Middle_Court#"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Dusit Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusit_Palace"},{"link_name":"Vimanmek Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimanmek_Palace"},{"link_name":"Saovabha Phongsri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saovabha_Phongsri"},{"link_name":"Phayathai Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phayathai_Palace"}],"text":"The princess was educated at the Kumari Royal School, which was held classes inside the Amarin Winitchai Throne Hall. When her father, King Chulalongkorn visited southern Asia in 1896, she and many of her sisters accompanied him to a visit of Java, Singapore, and Malaya. After her father finished his 1st European tour, he built the Dusit Palace and other residences, including the Vimanmek Palace. At age 17 she moved and began living with her father, her mother, and her step-siblings in these new palaces.When the Four Seasons Garden Villa or Suan Si Ruedu was built she moved into this villa until her father's death on 23 October 1910. She then moved again to live with Queen Saovabha Phongsri at the Phayathai Palace.","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Princess Valaya Alongkorn was an avid reader. She was fond of books and read in her spare time, day and night, ever since she was a child. Her nanny had to hide her books to make her sleep. But this did not work, as she was able to find other books in her private library to read. In the afternoons once she was finished with her royal duties she always read or write. She also knitted and was an accomplished draughtsman.She was always dressed in European style. She did not like decorations for her dresses except pearl necklaces, which she made herself. When she went anywhere, she had her pearl necklace.","title":"Lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_of_Valaya_Alongkorn_Rajabhat_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valaya_Alongkorn_Rajabhat_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rajini School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajini_School"},{"link_name":"Rajini Bon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajini_Bon_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valaya_Alongkorn_Rajabhat_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pathum Thani Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathum_Thani_Province"},{"link_name":"Vajiravudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh"},{"link_name":"coronation ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch"},{"link_name":"Bejraburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phetchaburi_province"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Prajadhipok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajadhipok"},{"link_name":"Princess Rambai Barni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambai_Barni"}],"text":"Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat UniversityPrincess Alongkorn put a lot of importance on the education of Thai women. She was the patron of Rajini School, and established the other all-girls school, Rajini Bon School. She gave her own money to the Ministry of Education to build Vittayalongkorn Educational College (later Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University, Pathum Thani Province).She was close to her half-brother King Vajiravudh who succeeded to the throne after Chulalongkorn. Because of her excellent command of the English language she played a key role in the welcoming of many foreign guests, including foreign royalty, to the new king's coronation ceremony in 1911.On 11 November 1911, King Vajiravudh gave her the royal title of \"The Princess of Bejraburi\" (Krom Luang Bejraburi Rajasirindhorn (Thai: กรมหลวงเพชรบุรีราชสิรินธร)). She was given the rank of Krom Luang, the 3rd level of the Krom ranks.When King Vajiravudh died in 1925, his younger brother, Prajadhipok succeeded to the throne. He asked the princess to design the dress of his wife Princess Rambai Barni for the coronation ceremony as the new queen. The dress she designed was in European style and made Queen Rambai Barni the biggest attraction in the ceremony.","title":"Royal duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Savang_Vadhana_with_son_and_daughter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saovabha Phongsri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saovabha_Phongsri"},{"link_name":"Phayathai Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phayathai_Palace"},{"link_name":"Dusit Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusit_Palace"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Srapathum Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srapathum_Palace"},{"link_name":"Savang Vadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savang_Vadhana"},{"link_name":"Grand Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palace"},{"link_name":"Sanam Luang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanam_Luang"},{"link_name":"Ananda Mahidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol"},{"link_name":"Savang Vadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savang_Vadhana"}],"text":"Princess Valaya Alongkorn with her mother, Queen Sri Savarindira and Prince Mahidol AdulyadejAfter the death of Saovabha Phongsri on 20 October 1919 she moved from the Phayathai Palace to the Suan Sunandha Royal Villa, in the compound of Dusit Palace. One year later, she contracted a lung disease. She received treatment in Europe, and then moved to live in Srapathum Palace with her birth mother Savang Vadhana. She continued to have treatment for her illness until her death. She finally died on 15 February 1938 from lung cancer, at the age of 53.Her body was laid in the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall, Grand Palace. At the time, the government did not have enough money to build her Royal Crematorium in Sanam Luang. So King Ananda Mahidol (her nephew) and Savang Vadhana had to contribute funds from their own treasuries, supplemented by the government for the crematorium. The Royal Cremation ceremony took place on 14 May 1941. Queen Sri Savarindira was represented by King Ananda Mahidol, who performed all the royal cremation rites with other members of the Royal family.Later, King Anada Mahidol posthumously change her royal status from Somdet Phra Chao Boromwongse Ther to Somdet Phra Ratcha Pitucha (literally: \"the Princess Aunt\") as a mark of personal distinction.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Nine_Gems_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Dame of The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Nine_Gems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Dame of The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao_-_1st_Class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Dame Cross of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao (First class)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Chula_Chom_Klao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Rama_V_Royal_Cypher_Medal_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Rama_VI_Royal_Cypher_Medal_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Rama_VII_Royal_Cypher_Medal_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Rama_VIII_Royal_Cypher_Medal_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg"}],"text":"Dame of The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems\n Dame of The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri: received 7 February 1893\n Dame Cross of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao (First class): received 26 November 1893\n King Rama V Royal Cypher Medal\n King Rama VI Royal Cypher Medal\n King Rama VII Royal Cypher Medal\n King Rama VIII Royal Cypher Medal","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rama II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II"},{"link_name":"Mongkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut"},{"link_name":"Sri Suriyendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Suriyendra"},{"link_name":"Chulalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn"},{"link_name":"Debsirindra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debsirindra"},{"link_name":"Rama II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II"},{"link_name":"Mongkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut"},{"link_name":"Sri Suriyendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Suriyendra"},{"link_name":"Savang Vadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savang_Vadhana"},{"link_name":"Piam Sucharitakul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyamavadi"}],"text":"Ancestors of Valaya Alongkorn 8. (=12.) Rama II 4. (=6.) Mongkut 9. (=13.) Sri Suriyendra 2. Chulalongkorn 10. Prince Siriwong, Prince Mattayaphithak 5. Debsirindra 11. Noi 1. Princess Valaya Alongkorn, Princess of Phetchaburi 12. (=8.) Rama II 6. (=4.) Mongkut 13. (=9.) Sri Suriyendra 3. Savang Vadhana 14. Taeng Sucharitakul, Luang Asasamdaeng 7. Piam Sucharitakul 15. Nak, Thao Sucharitthamrong","title":"Ancestry"}]	[{"image_text":"Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Entrance_of_Valaya_Alongkorn_Rajabhat_University.jpg/220px-Entrance_of_Valaya_Alongkorn_Rajabhat_University.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princess Valaya Alongkorn with her mother, Queen Sri Savarindira and Prince Mahidol Adulyadej","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Savang_Vadhana_with_son_and_daughter.jpg/210px-Savang_Vadhana_with_son_and_daughter.jpg"}]	[{"title":"King Ananda Mahidol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.vru.ac.th/","external_links_name":"Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114014344/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2454/D/1718.PDF","external_links_name":"Royal command of giving title HRH Princess Valaya Alongkorn, the Princess of Phetchaburi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111102170217/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2478/D/1178.PDF","external_links_name":"HRH Krom Luang Phetchaburi Rajasirindhorn"},{"Link":"http://lib.vru.ac.th/menu_lib02/data_queen/mlib02_dataq01.htm","external_links_name":"HRH Princess Valaya Alongkorn - Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University"},{"Link":"http://lib.vru.ac.th/menu_lib02/data_queen/mlib02_dataq02.htm","external_links_name":"HRH Princess Valaya Alongkorn, the Princess of Phetchaburi - Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikson_(urban-type_settlement)	Dikson (urban-type settlement)	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Climate","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 73°30′N 80°31′E / 73.500°N 80.517°E / 73.500; 80.517For other uses, see Dikson. Urban-type settlement in Krasnoyarsk Krai, RussiaDikson ДиксонUrban-type settlementSoviet stamp of 1965, dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the village of Dikson FlagCoat of armsLocation of Dikson DiksonLocation of DiksonShow map of RussiaDiksonDikson (Krasnoyarsk Krai)Show map of Krasnoyarsk KraiCoordinates: 73°30′N 80°31′E / 73.500°N 80.517°E / 73.500; 80.517CountryRussiaFederal subjectKrasnoyarsk KraiAdministrative districtTaymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky DistrictFounded1915Elevation26 m (85 ft)Time zoneUTC+7 (MSK+4 )Postal code(s)647340Dialing code(s)+7 39152OKTMO ID04653155051Websitedikson-taimyr.ru Dikson (Russian: Ди́ксон, IPA: ) (also spelled Dixon) is a port located in northern Russia and is one of the world's northernmost settlements. Dikson is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) situated in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai. It is situated on the Kara Sea, located on a headland at the mouth of the Yenisei Gulf (the Yenisei River estuary), on Russia's Arctic Ocean coast. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 319. It is the world's northernmost settlement on a continental mainland. Geography This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1965 Soviet Union stamp commemorating the 50 year anniversary of the Arctic settlement of Dikson Dikson is the northernmost port in Russia and the northernmost settlement on the Asian continent, and the northernmost settlement on a continental mainland. It is so far north that no civil twilight appears from 8 December to 5 January, but it has 24 hours of civil twilight from 18 April to 26 August. It is one of the world's most isolated settlements. Dikson's inhabitants informally call their settlement "Capital of the Arctic", taken from a popular Soviet song. Dikson and Dikson Island were named after Swedish Arctic pioneer Baron Oscar Dickson. Dickson, along with Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov, was the patron of a number of early Arctic expeditions, including Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's Russian Arctic explorations. Demographics The population crashed following the demise of the Soviet Union, like many other cities in the far north of Russia, as the perceived lack of economic prospects by many of the residents resulted in large-scale emigration from the region. Historical populationYearPop.±%19593,470— 19703,889+12.1%19794,045+4.0%19894,449+10.0%20021,198−73.1%2010676−43.6%2021319−52.8%Source: Census dataChildren under age 12 make up 20% of the population, compared to 15% nationwide. Climate Dikson has a tundra climate (Köppen: ET) where arboreal vegetation is unknown. For a polar climate temperatures are relatively moderate, similar to coastal Antarctica. Its climate is semiarid (below 350 mm annual precipitation) but covered with ice and snow. Pitch precipitation is in dry form. Usually, in these climates in the warmest month, most of the days feature temperatures below 10 °C, however on some occasions the city can have fresh summers instead of cold, with temperatures between 15 and 18 °C. For most of the year, the temperatures are below freezing which results in long and rigorous winters. Liquid precipitation is concentrated between late spring and early fall. Temperatures do not fall below −50 °C (as happens in much lower latitudes) due to marine moderation. The place is known for pronounced climate change, with the highest Arctic temperatures, correlated with permafrost and marine ice pack melting. It has experienced the fastest warming in recent decades. Climate data for Dikson Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) −0.3(31.5) −0.6(30.9) −0.2(31.6) 3.6(38.5) 11.1(52.0) 22.2(72.0) 26.8(80.2) 26.9(80.4) 18.2(64.8) 8.2(46.8) 1.9(35.4) 0.3(32.5) 26.9(80.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −20.5(−4.9) −20.5(−4.9) −16.8(1.8) −11.5(11.3) −4.6(23.7) 3.2(37.8) 8.6(47.5) 8.3(46.9) 4.0(39.2) −4.3(24.3) −13.1(8.4) −18.6(−1.5) −7.1(19.1) Daily mean °C (°F) −24.0(−11.2) −24.1(−11.4) −20.6(−5.1) −15.2(4.6) −7.0(19.4) 1.1(34.0) 5.7(42.3) 6.0(42.8) 2.4(36.3) −6.4(20.5) −16.4(2.5) −21.8(−7.2) −10.0(14.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −27.3(−17.1) −27.5(−17.5) −24.0(−11.2) −18.5(−1.3) −9.2(15.4) −0.5(31.1) 3.6(38.5) 4.2(39.6) 1.0(33.8) −8.6(16.5) −19.6(−3.3) −24.9(−12.8) −12.6(9.3) Record low °C (°F) −46.2(−51.2) −48.1(−54.6) −45.3(−49.5) −38.0(−36.4) −28.8(−19.8) −17.3(0.9) −3.4(25.9) −3.6(25.5) −12.0(10.4) −31.3(−24.3) −42.8(−45.0) −46.6(−51.9) −48.1(−54.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.4(1.47) 27.5(1.08) 23.3(0.92) 18.6(0.73) 19.8(0.78) 29.6(1.17) 38.9(1.53) 43.0(1.69) 43.3(1.70) 30.4(1.20) 22.8(0.90) 31.3(1.23) 365.9(14.4) Average rainy days 0 0 0 1 2 13 20 21 17 5 0.2 0 79.2 Average snowy days 21 19 19 19 24 16 4 3 15 27 23 20 210 Average relative humidity (%) 84 83 84 84 87 90 89 89 88 87 86 84 86 Mean monthly sunshine hours 0.0 22.6 127.1 237.0 189.1 141.0 223.2 139.5 60.0 24.8 0.0 0.0 1,164.3 Source 1: Погода и Климат Source 2: HKO See also Dikson Airport References ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ Barents Observer. "The dogs protect us from polar bears". ^ "Dikson, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved December 19, 2018. ^ "The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved December 19, 2018. ^ "This place on Russia's Arctic coast has most dramatic climate change". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved December 19, 2018. ^ Staalesen, Atle; Observer, The Independent Barents (October 3, 2018). "Arctic coastal town of Dikson is fastest-warming place in Russia". Eye on the Arctic. Retrieved December 19, 2018. ^ Погода и Климат – Климат Острова Диксон (in Russian). Retrieved October 3, 2009. ^ "Climatological Information for Dikson, Russia". Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2011. vteAdministrative divisions of Krasnoyarsk KraiAdministrative center: Krasnoyarsk • Rural localitiesAdministrative districts Abansky Achinsky Balakhtinsky Beryozovsky Birilyussky Bogotolsky Boguchansky Bolshemurtinsky Bolsheuluysky Dzerzhinsky Evenkiysky Idrinsky Ilansky Irbeysky Kansky Karatuzsky Kazachinsky Kezhemsky Kozulsky Krasnoturansky Kuraginsky Mansky Minusinsky Motyginsky Nazarovsky Nizhneingashsky Novosyolovsky Partizansky Pirovsky Rybinsky Sayansky Severo-Yeniseysky Sharypovsky Shushensky Sukhobuzimsky Taseyevsky Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky Turukhansky Tyukhtetsky Uyarsky Uzhursky Yemelyanovsky Yeniseysky Yermakovsky Cities and towns Achinsk Artyomovsk Bogotol Borodino Divnogorsk Dudinka Igarka Ilansky Kansk Kodinsk Krasnoyarsk Lesosibirsk Minusinsk Nazarovo Norilsk Sharypovo Sosnovoborsk Uyar Uzhur Yeniseysk Zaozyorny Zelenogorsk* Zheleznogorsk* Urban-type settlements Balakhta Beryozovka Bolshaya Irba Bolshaya Murta Dikson Dubinino Goryachegorsk Irsha Kedrovy Koshurnikovo Kozulka Krasnokamensk Kuragino Mazulsky Motygino Nizhny Ingash Nizhnyaya Poyma Novochernorechensky Podgorny Podtyosovo Razdolinsk Sayansky Severo-Yeniseysky Shushenskoye Snezhnogorsk Solnechny** Strelka Yemelyanovo Zelyony Bor Closed cities and towns under the federal governance*Closed urban-type settlements under the federal governance Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dikson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[dʲiksən]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"northern Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"northernmost settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northernmost_settlements"},{"link_name":"urban locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymyrsky_Dolgano-Nenetsky_District"},{"link_name":"Krasnoyarsk Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Kara Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Sea"},{"link_name":"Yenisei Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Yenisei River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_River"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Census-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Dikson.Urban-type settlement in Krasnoyarsk Krai, RussiaDikson (Russian: Ди́ксон, IPA: [dʲiksən]) (also spelled Dixon) is a port located in northern Russia and is one of the world's northernmost settlements. Dikson is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) situated in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai. It is situated on the Kara Sea, located on a headland at the mouth of the Yenisei Gulf (the Yenisei River estuary), on Russia's Arctic Ocean coast. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 319.[3] It is the world's northernmost settlement on a continental mainland.","title":"Dikson (urban-type settlement)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.06._50_Years_of_Dikson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"civil twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight#Civil_twilight"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Dikson Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikson_Island"},{"link_name":"Oscar Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Dickson,_1st_Baron_Dickson"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhaylovich_Sibiryakov"},{"link_name":"Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld"}],"text":"1965 Soviet Union stamp commemorating the 50 year anniversary of the Arctic settlement of DiksonDikson is the northernmost port in Russia and the northernmost settlement on the Asian continent, and the northernmost settlement on a continental mainland. It is so far north that no civil twilight appears from 8 December to 5 January, but it has 24 hours of civil twilight from 18 April to 26 August. It is one of the world's most isolated settlements. Dikson's inhabitants informally call their settlement \"Capital of the Arctic\", taken from a popular Soviet song.Dikson and Dikson Island were named after Swedish Arctic pioneer Baron Oscar Dickson. Dickson, along with Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov, was the patron of a number of early Arctic expeditions, including Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's Russian Arctic explorations.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The population crashed following the demise of the Soviet Union, like many other cities in the far north of Russia, as the perceived lack of economic prospects by many of the residents resulted in large-scale emigration from the region.Children under age 12 make up 20% of the population, compared to 15% nationwide.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tundra climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"polar climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"semiarid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"},{"link_name":"melting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pogoda-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong_Kong_Observatory-10"}],"text":"Dikson has a tundra climate (Köppen: ET) where arboreal vegetation is unknown. For a polar climate temperatures are relatively moderate, similar to coastal Antarctica. Its climate is semiarid (below 350 mm annual precipitation) but covered with ice and snow. Pitch precipitation is in dry form. Usually, in these climates in the warmest month, most of the days feature temperatures below 10 °C, however on some occasions the city can have fresh summers instead of cold, with temperatures between 15 and 18 °C. For most of the year, the temperatures are below freezing which results in long and rigorous winters.Liquid precipitation is concentrated between late spring and early fall. Temperatures do not fall below −50 °C (as happens in much lower latitudes) due to marine moderation.[5][6] The place is known for pronounced climate change, with the highest Arctic temperatures, correlated with permafrost and marine ice pack melting.[7] It has experienced the fastest warming in recent decades.[8]Climate data for Dikson\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n0.3(32.5)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−20.5(−4.9)\n\n−20.5(−4.9)\n\n−16.8(1.8)\n\n−11.5(11.3)\n\n−4.6(23.7)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n8.6(47.5)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n−4.3(24.3)\n\n−13.1(8.4)\n\n−18.6(−1.5)\n\n−7.1(19.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−24.0(−11.2)\n\n−24.1(−11.4)\n\n−20.6(−5.1)\n\n−15.2(4.6)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−16.4(2.5)\n\n−21.8(−7.2)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−27.3(−17.1)\n\n−27.5(−17.5)\n\n−24.0(−11.2)\n\n−18.5(−1.3)\n\n−9.2(15.4)\n\n−0.5(31.1)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n−8.6(16.5)\n\n−19.6(−3.3)\n\n−24.9(−12.8)\n\n−12.6(9.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−46.2(−51.2)\n\n−48.1(−54.6)\n\n−45.3(−49.5)\n\n−38.0(−36.4)\n\n−28.8(−19.8)\n\n−17.3(0.9)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n−12.0(10.4)\n\n−31.3(−24.3)\n\n−42.8(−45.0)\n\n−46.6(−51.9)\n\n−48.1(−54.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n37.4(1.47)\n\n27.5(1.08)\n\n23.3(0.92)\n\n18.6(0.73)\n\n19.8(0.78)\n\n29.6(1.17)\n\n38.9(1.53)\n\n43.0(1.69)\n\n43.3(1.70)\n\n30.4(1.20)\n\n22.8(0.90)\n\n31.3(1.23)\n\n365.9(14.4)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\n13\n\n20\n\n21\n\n17\n\n5\n\n0.2\n\n0\n\n79.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n21\n\n19\n\n19\n\n19\n\n24\n\n16\n\n4\n\n3\n\n15\n\n27\n\n23\n\n20\n\n210\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n84\n\n83\n\n84\n\n84\n\n87\n\n90\n\n89\n\n89\n\n88\n\n87\n\n86\n\n84\n\n86\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n0.0\n\n22.6\n\n127.1\n\n237.0\n\n189.1\n\n141.0\n\n223.2\n\n139.5\n\n60.0\n\n24.8\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n1,164.3\n\n\nSource 1: Погода и Климат[9]\n\n\nSource 2: HKO[10]","title":"Climate"}]	[{"image_text":"1965 Soviet Union stamp commemorating the 50 year anniversary of the Arctic settlement of Dikson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.06._50_Years_of_Dikson.jpg/230px-Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.06._50_Years_of_Dikson.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Dikson Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikson_Airport"}]	[{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"Barents Observer. \"The dogs protect us from polar bears\".","urls":[{"url":"http://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2013/08/dogs-protect-us-against-polar-bears-15-08","url_text":"\"The dogs protect us from polar bears\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dikson, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\". Weatherbase. Retrieved December 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=47602&cityname=Dikson,+Krasnoyarskiy,+Russia&units=","url_text":"\"Dikson, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark\". weatherspark.com. Retrieved December 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/110313~142848/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Dikson-and-Yakutsk","url_text":"\"The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark\""}]},{"reference":"\"This place on Russia's Arctic coast has most dramatic climate change\". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved December 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic-ecology/2018/10/place-russias-arctic-coast-has-most-dramatic-climate-change","url_text":"\"This place on Russia's Arctic coast has most dramatic climate change\""}]},{"reference":"Staalesen, Atle; Observer, The Independent Barents (October 3, 2018). \"Arctic coastal town of Dikson is fastest-warming place in Russia\". Eye on the Arctic. Retrieved December 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2018/10/03/dikson-russia-global-warming-climate-change-sea-ice-kara-permafrost/","url_text":"\"Arctic coastal town of Dikson is fastest-warming place in Russia\""}]},{"reference":"Погода и Климат – Климат Острова Диксон (in Russian). Retrieved October 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/20674.htm","url_text":"Погода и Климат – Климат Острова Диксон"}]},{"reference":"\"Climatological Information for Dikson, Russia\". Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180616015130/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/dikson_e.htm","url_text":"\"Climatological Information for Dikson, Russia\""},{"url":"http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/dikson_e.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dikson_(urban-type_settlement)&params=73_30_N_80_31_E_type:city_region:RU-KYA","external_links_name":"73°30′N 80°31′E / 73.500°N 80.517°E / 73.500; 80.517"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dikson_(urban-type_settlement)&params=73_30_N_80_31_E_type:city_region:RU-KYA","external_links_name":"73°30′N 80°31′E / 73.500°N 80.517°E / 73.500; 80.517"},{"Link":"http://dikson-taimyr.ru/","external_links_name":"dikson-taimyr.ru"},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department","external_links_name":"Поиск объектов почтовой связи"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2013/08/dogs-protect-us-against-polar-bears-15-08","external_links_name":"\"The dogs protect us from polar bears\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=47602&cityname=Dikson,+Krasnoyarskiy,+Russia&units=","external_links_name":"\"Dikson, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""},{"Link":"https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/110313~142848/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Dikson-and-Yakutsk","external_links_name":"\"The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark\""},{"Link":"https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic-ecology/2018/10/place-russias-arctic-coast-has-most-dramatic-climate-change","external_links_name":"\"This place on Russia's Arctic coast has most dramatic climate change\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2018/10/03/dikson-russia-global-warming-climate-change-sea-ice-kara-permafrost/","external_links_name":"\"Arctic coastal town of Dikson is fastest-warming place in Russia\""},{"Link":"http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/20674.htm","external_links_name":"Погода и Климат – Климат Острова Диксон"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180616015130/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/dikson_e.htm","external_links_name":"\"Climatological Information for Dikson, Russia\""},{"Link":"http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/dikson_e.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124491489","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531161905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94090772","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Minnesota_Senate_election	1894 Minnesota Senate election	["1 Results","2 See also","3 References"]	1894 Minnesota Senate election ← 1890 November 6, 1894 (1894-11-06) 1898 → All 54 seats in the Minnesota Senate28 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Third party GOP PEO DEM Party Republican Populist Democratic Seats won 46 5 3 Seat change 20 New 12 Popular vote 148,421 46,912 77,418 Percentage 52.0% 16.4% 27.1% Elections in Minnesota General elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Federal elections Presidential elections 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Dem 2004 Dem 2008 Dem Rep 2012 2016 Dem Rep 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep LMN Senate elections Class 1 1858 1863 1869 1875 1881 1886 1892 1899 1901 (sp) 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1978 (sp) 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 Class 2 1858 1865 1871 (sp) 1871 1877 1881 (sp) 1883 1888 1895 1901 1907 1913 1918 1923 (sp) 1924 1930 1936 (sp) 1936 1942 (sp) 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2018 (sp) 2020 2026 House of Representatives 1849 (Terr) 1850 (Terr) 1852 (Terr) 1854 (Terr) 1856 (Terr) 1857 1859 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1929 5th sp 7th sp 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1977 7th sp 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 5th 6th 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 1st sp 2024 State executive elections Gubernatorial elections 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1867 1869 1871 1873 1875 1877 1879 1881 1883 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1970 Secretary of State elections 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Auditor elections 1934 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State legislative elections Senate elections 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1976 1980 1982 1986 1990 1992 1996 2000 2002 2006 2010 2012 2016 2020 2022 2026 House of Representatives elections 1910 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special elections Senate House of Representatives Ballot questions 2012 Amendment 1 Amendment 2 Minneapolis General elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Mayoral elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 City Council elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2023 City ballot questions Question 2 (2021) Saint Paul Mayoral elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 vte The 1894 Minnesota Senate election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 6, 1894, to elect members to the Senate of the 29th and 30th Minnesota Legislatures. The Minnesota Republican Party won a large majority of seats, followed by the new People's Party and the Minnesota Democratic Party. The new Legislature convened on January 8, 1895. Numerous Democratic candidates were also endorsed by the People's Party, and one was also endorsed by the Prohibition Party. However, all planned to caucus with the Democrats in the Senate, and are thus listed as part of their total. Results Summary of the November 6, 1894 Minnesota Senate election results Party Candidates Votes Seats No. % Republican Party 53 148,421 46 52.02 People's Party 36 46,912 5 16.44 Democratic Party 44 77,418 3 27.13 Prohibition Party 11 4036 0 1.41 Independent 12 8,523 0 2.99 Total 285,310 54 100.00 Source: Minnesota Secretary of State *These totals count candidates endorsed by the Democratic and People's Parties in the totals for the Democratic Party. See also Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1894 References ^ 1895 Minnesota Legislative Manual. Minnesota Secretary of State. 1895. pp. 471–479. ^ "Election Results - Minnesota Legislative Reference Library". www.leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved January 7, 2020. vte(1893←) 1894 United States elections (→1895)U.S.Senate Alabama Georgia Georgia (special) Illinois Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Louisiana (special) Mississippi (special) North Carolina North Carolina (special) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Texas Virginia U.S.House Alabama 3rd sp Arizona Territory Arkansas 2nd sp California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky 9th sp 10th sp Louisiana 4th sp Maine Maryland 1st sp 5th sp Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Territory New York 14th sp 15th sp North Carolina North Dakota Ohio 2nd sp 3rd sp Oklahoma Territory Oregon Pennsylvania At-large sp Rhode Island South Carolina 1st sp 4th sp South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia 7th sp Washington West Virginia Wisconsin 7th sp Wyoming Governors Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Georgia Idaho Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Lt. Gov Nevada New Hampshire North Dakota Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Statelegislatures Minnesota Senate Mayors Boston, MA Manchester, NH States andterritories Alabama Arizona Territory Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Territory Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming vte Elections in MinnesotaGeneral elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State electionsExecutive electionsGubernatorial elections 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1867 1869 1871 1873 1875 1877 1879 1881 1883 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1970 Secretary of State elections 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Auditor elections 1934 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Legislative electionsSenate elections 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1976 1980 1982 1986 1990 1992 1996 2000 2002 2006 2010 2012 2016 2020 2022 2026 House of Representatives elections 1910 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot questions 2012 Amendment 1 Amendment 2 Special elections Senate House of Representatives Federal electionsPresidential elections 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 Senate electionsClass 1 1858 1863 1869 1875 1881 1886 1892 1899 1901 (sp) 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1978 (sp) 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 Class 2 1858 1865 1871 (sp) 1871 1877 1881 (sp) 1883 1888 1895 1901 1907 1913 1918 1923 (sp) 1924 1930 1936 (sp) 1936 1942 (sp) 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2018 (sp) 2020 House of Representatives elections 1849 (Terr) 1850 (Terr) 1852 (Terr) 1854 (Terr) 1856 (Terr) 1857 1859 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1929, 5th (sp) 1929, 7th (sp) 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1977, 7th (sp) 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2006 (5th) 2006 (6th) 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Municipal electionsMinneapolisGeneral elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Mayoral elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 City Council elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2023 Saint PaulMayoral elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 This Minnesota elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Senate"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1894 Minnesota Senate election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 6, 1894, to elect members to the Senate of the 29th and 30th Minnesota Legislatures.The Minnesota Republican Party won a large majority of seats, followed by the new People's Party and the Minnesota Democratic Party. The new Legislature convened on January 8, 1895.Numerous Democratic candidates were also endorsed by the People's Party, and one was also endorsed by the Prohibition Party. However, all planned to caucus with the Democrats in the Senate, and are thus listed as part of their total.[1]","title":"1894 Minnesota Senate election"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"*These totals count candidates endorsed by the Democratic and People's Parties in the totals for the Democratic Party.","title":"Results"}]	[]	[{"title":"Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_gubernatorial_election,_1894"}]	[{"reference":"1895 Minnesota Legislative Manual. Minnesota Secretary of State. 1895. pp. 471–479.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Election Results - Minnesota Legislative Reference Library\". www.leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved January 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/mngov/electionresults","url_text":"\"Election Results - Minnesota Legislative Reference Library\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/mngov/electionresults","external_links_name":"\"Election Results - Minnesota Legislative Reference Library\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1894_Minnesota_Senate_election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_M%C3%A1t%C3%A9	László Máté	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References"]	Hungarian politician (1952–2019) László MátéMember of the National AssemblyIn office28 June 1994 – 17 June 1998 Personal detailsBorn(1952-01-24)24 January 1952Budapest, HungaryDied11 August 2019(2019-08-11) (aged 67)Political partyMSZMP (1970–89)MSZP (1989–2019)Other politicalaffiliationsKISZProfessionpolitician The native form of this personal name is Máté László. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. László Máté (24 January 1952 – 11 August 2019) was a Hungarian politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) via the national list of the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) from 1994 to 1998. Career Máté was born in Budapest on 24 January 1952 as the son of Sándor Máté and Anna Tompos. He had two siblings. Máté finished his secondary studies at the Bercsényi Miklós Vocational School. He was a graduate student in the food industry, and worked for various state companies from the 1970s. He joined the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) in 1970. He was also involved in the ruling Communist party's youth branch, the Hungarian Young Communist League (KISZ). He was a founding member of the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) in 1989. He was the inaugural chairman of the party's local branch in Kőbánya (10th district of Budapest), and was appointed party treasurer in May 1990. He served in this capacity until October 1994, when he was replaced by László Boldvai. Máté was elected a Member of Parliament via the national list of the MSZP in the 1994 parliamentary election. He also served as a deputy chairman of the party from 1994 to 1996. Máté retired from politics after the 1998 parliamentary election. Personal life Máté married Julianna Nesztl, who worked for Taurus Hungarian Rubber Works. They had two children, László (b. 1972) and Viktória (b. 1978). László Máté died on 11 August 2019, at the age of 67. References ^ a b c d "Biography". Országgyűlés. ^ "Register". Országgyűlés. ^ "Meghalt Máté László, az MSZP alapító tagja" (in Hungarian). Index.hu. 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2019-08-13.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-1"},{"link_name":"member of the National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register-2"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Máté László. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.László Máté (24 January 1952 – 11 August 2019)[1] was a Hungarian politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) via the national list of the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) from 1994 to 1998.[2]","title":"László Máté"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Young Communist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Young_Communist_League"},{"link_name":"Kőbánya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya"},{"link_name":"László Boldvai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Boldvai"},{"link_name":"1994 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Hungarian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1998 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Hungarian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-1"}],"text":"Máté was born in Budapest on 24 January 1952 as the son of Sándor Máté and Anna Tompos. He had two siblings. Máté finished his secondary studies at the Bercsényi Miklós Vocational School. He was a graduate student in the food industry, and worked for various state companies from the 1970s.[1]He joined the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) in 1970. He was also involved in the ruling Communist party's youth branch, the Hungarian Young Communist League (KISZ). He was a founding member of the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) in 1989. He was the inaugural chairman of the party's local branch in Kőbánya (10th district of Budapest), and was appointed party treasurer in May 1990. He served in this capacity until October 1994, when he was replaced by László Boldvai.Máté was elected a Member of Parliament via the national list of the MSZP in the 1994 parliamentary election. He also served as a deputy chairman of the party from 1994 to 1996. Máté retired from politics after the 1998 parliamentary election.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Máté married Julianna Nesztl, who worked for Taurus Hungarian Rubber Works. They had two children, László (b. 1972) and Viktória (b. 1978).[1]László Máté died on 11 August 2019, at the age of 67.[3]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Biography\". Országgyűlés.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parlament.hu/kepviselo/elet/m274.htm","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Hungary","url_text":"Országgyűlés"}]},{"reference":"\"Register\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Arcangeli	Luigi Arcangeli	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	Italian motorcycle racer and racing driver (1902–1931) Luigi ArcangeliArcangeli (in front, right), with other Alfa Romeo drivers and Enzo Ferrari behind him.Nationality ItalianBorn1894Died1931 (aged 28–29) Motorcycle racing career statistics Isle of Man TT careerTTs contested3 (1926-1928) TT wins0TT podiums1 Luigi Arcangeli (1902 - 23 May 1931) was an Italian motorcycle and car racer. Biography Arcangeli was born at Forlì in 1894. A factory rider for Sarolea, Sunbeam, Bianchi and Moto Guzzi, he turned to four wheels in the wake of his friend Tazio Nuvolari. His first appearance was a win in 1928 at the Circuito di Senigallia with a 2-litre Bugatti. After Bugatti he drove Talbot-Darracqs, winning at Cremona in 1928, continuing with Maserati Tipo 8C-2500, with a first place at the Rome Grand Prix in 1930. Later he moved to Alfa Romeo and joined Enzo Ferrari's scuderia with Nuvolari as team mate. Arcangeli died the following year at Monza, during the tests for the Italian Grand Prix, while driving an Alfa Romeo Tipo A. Arcangeli was killed in Monza while driving Alfa Romeo Tipo A. A Scuderia Luigi Arcangeli was created to honor Luigi Arcangeli name. The Scuderia is active nowadays, building ArcangeliMoto regolarità race bikes in limited numbers. References ^ a b c d "Arcangeli Luigi". Ruoteclassiche. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2013. ^ "The Targa Florio". maserati-alfieri.co.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luigi Arcangeli. Bio page at ruoteclassiche website (in Italian) This biographical article related to Italian auto racing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruotec-1"}],"text":"Luigi Arcangeli (1902[1] - 23 May 1931) was an Italian motorcycle and car racer.","title":"Luigi Arcangeli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forlì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forl%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruotec-1"},{"link_name":"Tazio Nuvolari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazio_Nuvolari"},{"link_name":"Senigallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigallia"},{"link_name":"Bugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti"},{"link_name":"Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maserati-alfieri.co.uk-2"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza"},{"link_name":"Italian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo Tipo A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Tipo_A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruotec-1"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo Tipo A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Tipo_A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruotec-1"}],"text":"Arcangeli was born at Forlì in 1894.[1]A factory rider for Sarolea, Sunbeam, Bianchi and Moto Guzzi, he turned to four wheels in the wake of his friend Tazio Nuvolari. His first appearance was a win in 1928 at the Circuito di Senigallia with a 2-litre Bugatti. After Bugatti he drove Talbot-Darracqs, winning at Cremona in 1928, continuing with Maserati Tipo 8C-2500,[2] with a first place at the Rome Grand Prix in 1930. Later he moved to Alfa Romeo and joined Enzo Ferrari's scuderia with Nuvolari as team mate. Arcangeli died the following year at Monza, during the tests for the Italian Grand Prix, while driving an Alfa Romeo Tipo A.[1]Arcangeli was killed in Monza while driving Alfa Romeo Tipo A. A Scuderia Luigi Arcangeli was created to honor Luigi Arcangeli name. The Scuderia is active nowadays, building ArcangeliMoto regolarità race bikes in limited numbers.[1]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arcangeli Luigi\". Ruoteclassiche. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111107223616/http://www.quattroruote.it/autoclassiche/sport/visualizza_articolo.cfm?codice=11185&visualizzasezione=si","url_text":"\"Arcangeli Luigi\""},{"url":"http://www.quattroruote.it/autoclassiche/sport/visualizza_articolo.cfm?codice=11185&visualizzasezione=si","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Targa Florio\". maserati-alfieri.co.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maserati-alfieri.co.uk/alfieri25.htm","url_text":"\"The Targa Florio\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111107223616/http://www.quattroruote.it/autoclassiche/sport/visualizza_articolo.cfm?codice=11185&visualizzasezione=si","external_links_name":"\"Arcangeli Luigi\""},{"Link":"http://www.quattroruote.it/autoclassiche/sport/visualizza_articolo.cfm?codice=11185&visualizzasezione=si","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.maserati-alfieri.co.uk/alfieri25.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Targa Florio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210100858/http://www.quattroruote.it/autoclassiche/sport/visualizza_articolo.cfm?codice=11185&visualizzasezione=si","external_links_name":"Bio page at ruoteclassiche website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Arcangeli&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Langbroek	Kate Langbroek	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Australian broadcaster (born 1965) Kate LangbroekLangbroek in 2012BornKatherine Langbroek (1965-08-08) 8 August 1965 (age 58)Brisbane, QueenslandNationalityAustralianOccupationsTelevision presenterradio presentercomedianEmployerNetwork 10TelevisionThe ProjectChildren4 Katherine Langbroek (born 8 August 1965) is an Australian comedian, radio and television presenter. Langbroek currently hosts Nine Network's reality program My Mum Your Dad, and is a regular presenter on The Project and co-hosts the show on Tuesday nights alongside Waleed Aly, Sarah Harris and Sam Taunton. She has previously hosted Hughesy & Kate with Dave Hughes on the HIT Network. Career Langbroek has a degree in journalism and has appeared on The Panel, Thank God You're Here, The Project, All Star Family Feud, Have You Been Paying Attention?, and Hughesy, We Have a Problem. From the start of 2018, Langbroek co-hosts Hughesy & Kate on the Australian HIT Network, with Dave Hughes and anchor Jack Laurence. It is an afternoon drive time program. The program was on the KIIS Network until the end of 2017. A previous segment of the program was 'Katie Cracks It' in which she talked about whatever has made her angry over the past few days. She was a radio announcer on the 3RRR programme Breakfasters. Langbroek previously worked as an actress (appearing in soap opera Chances and in a Transport Accident Commission Community Service Announcement); and as a script writer for Neighbours. Langbroek was a competitor in Dancing with the Stars in 2006. She was the sixth celebrity eliminated in Episode 8. She also competed in, and won, the weekly Thank God You're Here challenge on Network Ten on Wednesday, 18 July 2007. Kate was also a guest on, and won, the quiz show Out of the Question, for the episode airing on Thursday 28 February 2008. Her name was engraved on the 'Out of the Question' trophy, alongside the likes of Ed Kavalee and Tony Moclair. Langbroek has also been a guest co-host on Network Ten's morning show The Circle. In November 2020, it was announced that Langbroek would replace Rebecca Judd as the co-host of the 3pm Pick-up in 2021. In October 2022, it was announced that Langbroek and her co-hosts Monty Dimond and Yumi Stynes would be leaving the show and the KIIS Network. In November 2022, it was announced that Langbroek would be joining the Nine Network as the host of the brand new love and dating show titled My Mum Your Dad. Personal life Her mother, Anne, is part Jamaican and American, and her father, Jan Langbroek, is Dutch, and they both worked as missionaries in Papua New Guinea. She was raised as a Jehovah's Witness and was bullied for her religion and appearance during her attendance at Salisbury High School (Queensland). She married engineer and multimillionaire bar owner, Peter Allan Lewis in 2003, and is the mother of four children. She breast-fed live on The Panel shortly after the birth of her first son. Her brother is John-Paul Langbroek, a Queensland state politician and former leader of the Liberal National Party. On 8 August 2013, Langbroek revealed that in March 2013, her eldest child had received the "all clear" after a three and a half year battle with leukaemia. The family had chosen not to share on the radio his battle with cancer. In 2015, Langbroek was appointed Ambassador of the Children's Cancer Foundation and shared her story at the Foundation's annual fundraiser, The Million Dollar Lunch. In January 2019, Langbroek and her family relocated to Bologna, Italy initially for the period of 1 year. References ^ a b c Tuohy, Wendy (8 October 2011). "Kate says it as she sees it". Herald Sun. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ Lallo, Michael (4 August 2010). "Misfires and memories as FM turns 30". The Age. Retrieved 9 August 2010. ^ Lallo, Michael (18 January 2007). "The making of an honest woman". The Age. Retrieved 22 July 2018. ^ "Kate Langbroek reunites with KIIS FM for new-look 3PM Pick Up". Radio Today. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020. ^ "KIIS Axes 3PM Pick Up Program". Newmedia. 30 October 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ "Everything you need to know about the heartfelt new dating show My Mum Your Dad". 9now.nine.com.au. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ Gracie, Elizabeth. "Meet the cast of My Mum, Your Dad!". Now To Love. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ "Kate's work of Art". Advertiser. 11 February 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2010. ^ Dasey, Daniel (19 September 2003). "Sure fire way to milk a reaction". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 August 2010. ^ "Kate Langbroek discusses Lewis' leukaemia". Nova 969. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2018. ^ "The Million Dollar Lunch". Retrieved 26 February 2021. ^ Wilmoth, Peter (12 September 2013). "Media star Kate Langbroek on family and fame". Weekly Review. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2018. ^ "Kate Langbroek Is Moving to Italy with Her Family!". Hit Network. Retrieved 23 November 2020. Further reading Phillips, Mark 2006. Radio City. Melbourne: Vulgar Press (history of RRR). External links Kate Langbroek's Official Biography Nova 100 – Hughesy & Kate website Kate Langbroek at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Project_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Waleed Aly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleed_Aly"},{"link_name":"Sarah Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Harris_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Hughesy & Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughesy_%26_Kate"},{"link_name":"Dave Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hughes"},{"link_name":"HIT Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Network"}],"text":"Katherine Langbroek (born 8 August 1965) is an Australian comedian, radio and television presenter. Langbroek currently hosts Nine Network's reality program My Mum Your Dad, and is a regular presenter on The Project and co-hosts the show on Tuesday nights alongside Waleed Aly, Sarah Harris and Sam Taunton. She has previously hosted Hughesy & Kate with Dave Hughes on the HIT Network.","title":"Kate Langbroek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"The Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Panel_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thank God You're Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_You%27re_Here"},{"link_name":"The Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Project_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"All Star Family Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Star_Family_Feud"},{"link_name":"Have You Been Paying Attention?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_You_Been_Paying_Attention%3F"},{"link_name":"Hughesy, We Have a Problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughesy,_We_Have_a_Problem"},{"link_name":"Hughesy & Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughesy_%26_Kate"},{"link_name":"HIT Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Network"},{"link_name":"Dave Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hughes"},{"link_name":"KIIS Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIIS_Network"},{"link_name":"3RRR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3RRR"},{"link_name":"Breakfasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfasters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chances_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Transport Accident Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Accident_Commission"},{"link_name":"Neighbours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbours"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dancing with the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Australian_season_4)"},{"link_name":"Thank God You're Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_You%27re_Here"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Out of the Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Question_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Ed Kavalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Kavalee"},{"link_name":"Tony Moclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Moclair"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"The Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circle_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Judd"},{"link_name":"3pm Pick-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3PM_Pick-Up"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yumi Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi_Stynes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Langbroek has a degree in journalism[1] and has appeared on The Panel, Thank God You're Here, The Project, All Star Family Feud, Have You Been Paying Attention?, and Hughesy, We Have a Problem.From the start of 2018, Langbroek co-hosts Hughesy & Kate on the Australian HIT Network, with Dave Hughes and anchor Jack Laurence. It is an afternoon drive time program. The program was on the KIIS Network until the end of 2017. A previous segment of the program was 'Katie Cracks It' in which she talked about whatever has made her angry over the past few days. \nShe was a radio announcer on the 3RRR programme Breakfasters.[2] Langbroek previously worked as an actress (appearing in soap opera Chances and in a Transport Accident Commission Community Service Announcement); and as a script writer for Neighbours.[3] Langbroek was a competitor in Dancing with the Stars in 2006. She was the sixth celebrity eliminated in Episode 8. She also competed in, and won, the weekly Thank God You're Here challenge on Network Ten on Wednesday, 18 July 2007.Kate was also a guest on, and won, the quiz show Out of the Question, for the episode airing on Thursday 28 February 2008. Her name was engraved on the 'Out of the Question' trophy, alongside the likes of Ed Kavalee and Tony Moclair. Langbroek has also been a guest co-host on Network Ten's morning show The Circle. In November 2020, it was announced that Langbroek would replace Rebecca Judd as the co-host of the 3pm Pick-up in 2021.[4] In October 2022, it was announced that Langbroek and her co-hosts Monty Dimond and Yumi Stynes would be leaving the show and the KIIS Network.[5]In November 2022, it was announced that Langbroek would be joining the Nine Network as the host of the brand new love and dating show titled My Mum Your Dad.[6][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"breast-fed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"The Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Panel_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John-Paul Langbroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Paul_Langbroek"},{"link_name":"Liberal National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Children's Cancer Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Cancer_Foundation_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bologna, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Her mother, Anne, is part Jamaican and American, and her father, Jan Langbroek, is Dutch, and they both worked as missionaries in Papua New Guinea.[1] She was raised as a Jehovah's Witness and was bullied for her religion and appearance during her attendance at Salisbury High School (Queensland).[1] She married engineer and multimillionaire bar owner, Peter Allan Lewis in 2003, and is the mother of four children.[8] She breast-fed live on The Panel shortly after the birth of her first son.[9] Her brother is John-Paul Langbroek, a Queensland state politician and former leader of the Liberal National Party.On 8 August 2013, Langbroek revealed that in March 2013, her eldest child had received the \"all clear\" after a three and a half year battle with leukaemia. The family had chosen not to share on the radio his battle with cancer.[10] In 2015, Langbroek was appointed Ambassador of the Children's Cancer Foundation and shared her story at the Foundation's annual fundraiser, The Million Dollar Lunch.[11][12] In January 2019, Langbroek and her family relocated to Bologna, Italy initially for the period of 1 year.[13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060820210332/http://vulgar.com.au/phillips.html"}],"text":"Phillips, Mark 2006. Radio City. Melbourne: Vulgar Press (history of RRR).","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tuohy, Wendy (8 October 2011). \"Kate says it as she sees it\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/kate-says-it-as-she-sees-it/news-story/886f1232525cb565ed923218b3cd4e03?sv=9fc8cae7683ef87140fec93bbe35b930","url_text":"\"Kate says it as she sees it\""}]},{"reference":"Lallo, Michael (4 August 2010). \"Misfires and memories as FM turns 30\". The Age. Retrieved 9 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/misfires-and-memories-as-fm-turns-30-20100804-11epf.html","url_text":"\"Misfires and memories as FM turns 30\""}]},{"reference":"Lallo, Michael (18 January 2007). \"The making of an honest woman\". The Age. Retrieved 22 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/01/17/1168709762758.html","url_text":"\"The making of an honest woman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kate Langbroek reunites with KIIS FM for new-look 3PM Pick Up\". Radio Today. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://radiotoday.com.au/kate-langbroek-3pm-pickup-kiis/","url_text":"\"Kate Langbroek reunites with KIIS FM for new-look 3PM Pick Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"KIIS Axes 3PM Pick Up Program\". Newmedia. 30 October 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newmedia.com.au/kiis-axes-3pm-pick-up-program/","url_text":"\"KIIS Axes 3PM Pick Up Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything you need to know about the heartfelt new dating show My Mum Your Dad\". 9now.nine.com.au. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://9now.nine.com.au/my-mum-your-dad/2022-everything-we-know-cast-mums-dads-host-kate-langbroek-premiere-date-how-to-watch-explainer/b4a7a7c0-fcaf-4c0a-b552-ac0639af7f14","url_text":"\"Everything you need to know about the heartfelt new dating show My Mum Your Dad\""}]},{"reference":"Gracie, Elizabeth. \"Meet the cast of My Mum, Your Dad!\". Now To Love. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/celebrity/tv/my-mum-your-dad-cast-75534","url_text":"\"Meet the cast of My Mum, Your Dad!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kate's work of Art\". Advertiser. 11 February 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/entertainment/confidential/kates-work-of-art/story-e6fredq3-1111112978017","url_text":"\"Kate's work of Art\""}]},{"reference":"Dasey, Daniel (19 September 2003). \"Sure fire way to milk a reaction\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/18/1063625153238.html","url_text":"\"Sure fire way to milk a reaction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kate Langbroek discusses Lewis' leukaemia\". Nova 969. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131124160624/http://www.novafm.com.au/station/national/show/hughesy-and-kate/video/kate-langbroek-discusses-son-lewis-recovery-leukaemia","url_text":"\"Kate Langbroek discusses Lewis' leukaemia\""},{"url":"http://www.novafm.com.au/station/national/show/hughesy-and-kate/video/kate-langbroek-discusses-son-lewis-recovery-leukaemia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Million Dollar Lunch\". Retrieved 26 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.childrenscancerfoundation.com.au/events/the-million-dollar-lunch/","url_text":"\"The Million Dollar Lunch\""}]},{"reference":"Wilmoth, Peter (12 September 2013). \"Media star Kate Langbroek on family and fame\". Weekly Review. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117120005/http://www.theweeklyreview.com.au/meet/kate-langbroek-the-real-deal/","url_text":"\"Media star Kate Langbroek on family and fame\""},{"url":"http://www.theweeklyreview.com.au/meet/kate-langbroek-the-real-deal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kate Langbroek Is Moving to Italy with Her Family!\". Hit Network. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hit.com.au/story/kate-langbroek-is-moving-to-italy-with-her-family-120245","url_text":"\"Kate Langbroek Is Moving to Italy with Her Family!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/kate-says-it-as-she-sees-it/news-story/886f1232525cb565ed923218b3cd4e03?sv=9fc8cae7683ef87140fec93bbe35b930","external_links_name":"\"Kate says it as she sees it\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/misfires-and-memories-as-fm-turns-30-20100804-11epf.html","external_links_name":"\"Misfires and memories as FM turns 30\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/01/17/1168709762758.html","external_links_name":"\"The making of an honest woman\""},{"Link":"https://radiotoday.com.au/kate-langbroek-3pm-pickup-kiis/","external_links_name":"\"Kate Langbroek reunites with KIIS FM for new-look 3PM Pick Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.newmedia.com.au/kiis-axes-3pm-pick-up-program/","external_links_name":"\"KIIS Axes 3PM Pick Up Program\""},{"Link":"https://9now.nine.com.au/my-mum-your-dad/2022-everything-we-know-cast-mums-dads-host-kate-langbroek-premiere-date-how-to-watch-explainer/b4a7a7c0-fcaf-4c0a-b552-ac0639af7f14","external_links_name":"\"Everything you need to know about the heartfelt new dating show My Mum Your Dad\""},{"Link":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/celebrity/tv/my-mum-your-dad-cast-75534","external_links_name":"\"Meet the cast of My Mum, Your Dad!\""},{"Link":"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/entertainment/confidential/kates-work-of-art/story-e6fredq3-1111112978017","external_links_name":"\"Kate's work of Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/18/1063625153238.html","external_links_name":"\"Sure fire way to milk a reaction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131124160624/http://www.novafm.com.au/station/national/show/hughesy-and-kate/video/kate-langbroek-discusses-son-lewis-recovery-leukaemia","external_links_name":"\"Kate Langbroek discusses Lewis' leukaemia\""},{"Link":"http://www.novafm.com.au/station/national/show/hughesy-and-kate/video/kate-langbroek-discusses-son-lewis-recovery-leukaemia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.childrenscancerfoundation.com.au/events/the-million-dollar-lunch/","external_links_name":"\"The Million Dollar Lunch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117120005/http://www.theweeklyreview.com.au/meet/kate-langbroek-the-real-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Media star Kate Langbroek on family and fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.theweeklyreview.com.au/meet/kate-langbroek-the-real-deal/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hit.com.au/story/kate-langbroek-is-moving-to-italy-with-her-family-120245","external_links_name":"\"Kate Langbroek Is Moving to Italy with Her Family!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060820210332/http://vulgar.com.au/phillips.html","external_links_name":"Radio City"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206113921/http://www.adamsmanagement.com.au/","external_links_name":"Kate Langbroek's Official Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609194341/http://www.nova100.com.au/site/shows/hughesy_and_kate.aspx","external_links_name":"Nova 100 – Hughesy & Kate website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0486006/","external_links_name":"Kate Langbroek"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigd%C3%ADs_Finnbogad%C3%B3ttir	Vigdís Finnbogadóttir	["1 Early life and career","2 Presidency (1980–1996)","3 Post-presidency","4 Honours","4.1 National honours","4.2 Foreign honours","4.3 Honorary degrees","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	President of Iceland from 1980 to 1996 This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Vigdís. Her ExcellencyVigdís FinnbogadóttirVigdís in 19854th President of IcelandIn office1 August 1980 – 1 August 1996Prime MinisterGunnar ThoroddsenSteingrímur HermannssonÞorsteinn PálssonDavíð OddssonPreceded byKristján EldjárnSucceeded byÓlafur Ragnar Grímsson Personal detailsBorn (1930-04-15) 15 April 1930 (age 94)Reykjavík, IcelandAlma materUniversity of ParisUniversity of GrenobleUniversity of CopenhagenUniversity of Iceland Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (Icelandic: ⓘ; born 15 April 1930) is an Icelandic politician who served as the fourth president of Iceland from 1980 to 1996. Vigdís is the first woman in the world to be democratically elected as president. Having served as president of Iceland for 16 years, she is the longest-serving elected female head of state in history. She is the only female president in Icelandic history, until the inauguration of the current president-elect, Halla Tómasdóttir. Vigdís is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and a member of the Club of Madrid. Early life and career Vigdís was born on 15 April 1930 in Reykjavík. Her father was a civil engineer, and her mother was a nurse who headed the national nurses association.: 41 The following year, her younger brother Þorvaldur was born; he did not survive to adulthood, as he drowned in Hreðavatn. Vigdís enrolled at the University of Grenoble in 1949, later switching to the Sorbonne. She studied English and French literature, giving special emphasis to plays,: 41 and she graduated in 1953. Vigdís was married in 1954. The same year, she began acting, co-founding a theatre group. She also worked on the translation of several French plays. She enrolled at the University of Copenhagen in 1957, where she studied theatre history until the following year. She was divorced in 1963. Vigdís participated in the anti-military rallies that took place in the 1960s and 1970s, protesting the United States military presence in Iceland.: 41 Vigdís adopted a daughter in 1972,: 42 making her the first single woman in Iceland to adopt a child. Vigdís taught French lessons on television for RÚV beginning in 1972, making her a well known figure throughout the nation.: 41 In the same year, she was appointed the artistic director of the Reykjavík Theatre Company. She became a member of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Affairs in the Nordic Countries in 1976, and she became the organisation's chair in 1978.: 41 She continued in all of these positions until she became President of Iceland in 1980.: 41 Other jobs she held early in life included her work as a French teacher at several colleges, including at the University of Iceland, and her work as a tour guide with the Icelandic Tourist Bureau in the summers. She eventually became the head of the Icelandic Tourist Bureau. Presidency (1980–1996) Presidential styles ofVigdís FinnbogadóttirReference styleVirðulegi forseti Íslands Her ExcellencySpoken styleYðar Hátign Your ExcellencyAlternative styleFrú Forseti Madam PresidentVigdís ran in the 1980 presidential election. During her campaign, her anti-military position and her opposition to a United States presence in Iceland led to allegations that she was sympathetic to communism. Vigdís ran for president to prove that women were able to lead political campaigns, and she did not expect to win. Despite this, Vigdís won the election on 29 June 1980. The vote was split between four candidates, and she prevailed with 33.6% of the vote.: 42 Vigdís took office on 1 August 1980. She is the fourth president of Iceland and the first woman to ever be democratically elected as a head of state in any country.: 39 Shortly after she took office, the number of women in the Althing saw a significant increase. Vigdís was re-elected without opposition in the 1984 presidential election.: 36 She oversaw the Reykjavík Summit on 11–12 October 1986 between American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, which is credited with improving relations between the countries and bringing the Cold War closer to an end. In the 1988 presidential election, Vigdís became the first incumbent president of Iceland to face a challenger in the presidential election. The challenger fared poorly, and Vigdís won with 92.7% of the vote.: 42 She was again re-elected without opposition in 1992.: 36 Though the presidency is mostly ceremonial, Vigdís became an active president, using the role to represent the nation and to inform the national identity through cultural initiatives.: 42 Vigdís is an environmentalist, and she used her presidency as a platform to advocate for environmental issues. She led a campaign for reforestation in Iceland, and she called for the prevention of topsoil loss. Vigdís is also a pacifist,: 42 and she describes herself as a "peace person". She was also an advocate for gay rights as president.: 43 The decision Vigdís considered "the most difficult episode" of her career took place in 1994 during the debate on joining the European Economic Area. A strong opposition existed against European integration in Iceland, but Vigdís supported the European Union and European integration, and she refused to use her presidential veto to block Iceland's association with the European Economic Area. Vigdís decided not to run for a fifth term as president, and her tenure ended in August 1996.: 42 She served for 16 years. As of 2016, she remained the longest-serving female elected head of state in recorded history.: 43 During the Reykjavík Summit, President Ronald Reagan walks with Vigdis at Bessastaðir Post-presidency Vigdís became the founding chair of the Council of Women World Leaders in 1996, and she was first chair of the World Commission on the Ethics in Scientific Knowledge and Technology from 1997 to 2001.: 36–37 Since 1998, Vigdís has served as UNESCO's Goodwill Ambassador for languages. She is also a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee. Vigdís continued her peace advocacy after her tenure as president ended. In 2016, she expressed her desire for the United States and Russia to visit Iceland to resolve their differences through discussion as they did during the Reykjavík Summit. She has described the relations between the two countries as a new Cold War. Vigdís is a member of the Club of Madrid. Honours National honours Iceland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (1 August 1980) Foreign honours Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose (1982) Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (18 September 1985) Spain: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Charles III (11 September 1985) United Kingdom: Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (25 June 1990) Honorary degrees Université Bordeaux Montaigne, (former Université Bordeaux 3), France (1987) University of Trondheim, Norway (1993) See also List of the first women holders of political offices References ^ Isabel Perón was the first woman in the world who served as president (1974) but she was not elected. Khertek Anchimaa-Toka in 1940 was the first non-royal female head of state in the modern era. The first head of government in an election was Sirimavo Bandaranaike, who became the prime minister of Ceylon in 1960. ^ a b "Former President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Turns 90 Today". Iceland Monitor. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Snaebjornsson, Inga Minelgaite (2016). ""President Vigdís": The End and the Beginning of Women's Agenda in Iceland". In Erçetin, Şefika Şule (ed.). Women Leaders in Chaotic Environments: Examinations of Leadership Using Complexity Theory. Lecture Notes in Social Networks. Springer. pp. 35–47. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44758-2. ISBN 978-3-319-44758-2. S2CID 1414678. ^ Einarsdóttir, Júlía Margrét (19 April 2020). ""Ég missti þann förunaut sem hefði fylgt mér alla ævi"". RÚV. ^ a b c d e f g h i "First female head of state, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, elected 35 years ago today". Icelandmag. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ a b c d e "Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the world's first elected female president". France 24. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ a b c Topping, Alexandra (7 December 2017). "There's proof: electing women radically improves life for mothers and families". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ a b c d ""What now happens in the world is utterly awful," Vigdís Finnbogadóttir". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ "History: The world's first democratically elected female president". Iceland Monitor. 8 November 2016. ^ "H.E. Vigdís Finnbogadottir". UNESCO. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ "Honor Committee". Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ "Club of Madrid: Full Members". Club of Madrid. 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019. ^ "Icelandic Presidency Website". Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ "Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunnan suurristin ketjuineen ulkomaalaiset saajat" (in Finnish). Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ja Suomen Leijonan ritarikunnat. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2023. ^ State visit, 1994, Photo Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine of Beatrix, Claus and Icelandese President ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF). boe.es. 14 September 1985. ^ "Queen Iceland". gettyimages.fi. 25 June 1990. Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ Université Bordeaux Montaigne IG ^ "President Vigdis blir æresdoktor ved UNIT". Aftenposten. 1993. Retrieved 2 August 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vigdís Finnbogadóttir. Official CV Video interview by the Nordic Culture Fund (in Danish) Video interview by the School of Humanities of the University of Iceland (in Icelandic) Video message for the Women in Parliaments Global Forum (in English) Political offices Preceded byKristján Eldjárn President of Iceland 1980–1996 Succeeded byÓlafur Ragnar Grímsson Diplomatic posts New office Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders 1996–1999 Succeeded byKim Campbell vtePresidents of Iceland Sveinn Björnsson (1944–1952) Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (1952–1968) Kristján Eldjárn (1968–1980) Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (1980–1996) Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016) Guðni Th. Jóhannesson (2016–2024) Halla Tómasdóttir (President-elect) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[ˈvɪɣtis ˈfɪnpɔɣaˌtouʰtɪr̥]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Is-Vigdis_finnbogadottir.oga/Is-Vigdis_finnbogadottir.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Is-Vigdis_finnbogadottir.oga"},{"link_name":"president of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Goodwill_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Club of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_of_Madrid"}],"text":"This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Vigdís.Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (Icelandic: [ˈvɪɣtis ˈfɪnpɔɣaˌtouʰtɪr̥] ⓘ; born 15 April 1930) is an Icelandic politician who served as the fourth president of Iceland from 1980 to 1996. Vigdís is the first woman in the world to be democratically elected as president.[a] Having served as president of Iceland for 16 years, she is the longest-serving elected female head of state in history. She is the only female president in Icelandic history, until the inauguration of the current president-elect, Halla Tómasdóttir. Vigdís is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and a member of the Club of Madrid.","title":"Vigdís Finnbogadóttir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmonitor-2"},{"link_name":"civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"Hreðavatn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hre%C3%B0avatn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Grenoble"},{"link_name":"the Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmonitor-2"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"RÚV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"President of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-6"},{"link_name":"University of Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"}],"text":"Vigdís was born on 15 April 1930 in Reykjavík.[1] Her father was a civil engineer, and her mother was a nurse who headed the national nurses association.[2]: 41 The following year, her younger brother Þorvaldur was born; he did not survive to adulthood, as he drowned in Hreðavatn.[3] Vigdís enrolled at the University of Grenoble in 1949, later switching to the Sorbonne.[4] She studied English and French literature, giving special emphasis to plays,[2]: 41 and she graduated in 1953.[4]Vigdís was married in 1954.[4] The same year, she began acting,[5] co-founding a theatre group. She also worked on the translation of several French plays.[1] She enrolled at the University of Copenhagen in 1957, where she studied theatre history until the following year.[4] She was divorced in 1963.[4] Vigdís participated in the anti-military rallies that took place in the 1960s and 1970s, protesting the United States military presence in Iceland.[2]: 41 Vigdís adopted a daughter in 1972,[2]: 42 making her the first single woman in Iceland to adopt a child.[4]Vigdís taught French lessons on television for RÚV beginning in 1972, making her a well known figure throughout the nation.[2]: 41 In the same year, she was appointed the artistic director of the Reykjavík Theatre Company.[5] She became a member of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Affairs in the Nordic Countries in 1976, and she became the organisation's chair in 1978.[2]: 41 She continued in all of these positions until she became President of Iceland in 1980.[2]: 41 [5] Other jobs she held early in life included her work as a French teacher at several colleges, including at the University of Iceland, and her work as a tour guide with the Icelandic Tourist Bureau in the summers. She eventually became the head of the Icelandic Tourist Bureau.[4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Icelandic_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topping-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topping-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-6"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Althing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topping-7"},{"link_name":"1984 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Icelandic_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"1988 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Icelandic_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"environmentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist"},{"link_name":"reforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation"},{"link_name":"topsoil loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil_loss"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icelandmag-5"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"European Economic Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_walks_with_President_Vigdis_Finnbogadottir_of_Iceland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Bessastaðir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessasta%C3%B0ir"}],"text":"Vigdís ran in the 1980 presidential election.[6] During her campaign, her anti-military position and her opposition to a United States presence in Iceland led to allegations that she was sympathetic to communism.[7] Vigdís ran for president to prove that women were able to lead political campaigns, and she did not expect to win.[6] Despite this, Vigdís won the election on 29 June 1980.[4] The vote was split between four candidates, and she prevailed with 33.6% of the vote.[2]: 42 Vigdís took office on 1 August 1980.[5] She is the fourth president of Iceland and the first woman to ever be democratically elected as a head of state in any country.[2]: 39 [8] Shortly after she took office, the number of women in the Althing saw a significant increase.[6]Vigdís was re-elected without opposition in the 1984 presidential election.[2]: 36 She oversaw the Reykjavík Summit on 11–12 October 1986 between American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, which is credited with improving relations between the countries and bringing the Cold War closer to an end.[7] In the 1988 presidential election, Vigdís became the first incumbent president of Iceland to face a challenger in the presidential election. The challenger fared poorly, and Vigdís won with 92.7% of the vote.[2]: 42 She was again re-elected without opposition in 1992.[2]: 36Though the presidency is mostly ceremonial, Vigdís became an active president, using the role to represent the nation and to inform the national identity through cultural initiatives.[2]: 42 Vigdís is an environmentalist, and she used her presidency as a platform to advocate for environmental issues. She led a campaign for reforestation in Iceland, and she called for the prevention of topsoil loss.[4] Vigdís is also a pacifist,[2]: 42 and she describes herself as a \"peace person\".[7] She was also an advocate for gay rights as president.[2]: 43The decision Vigdís considered \"the most difficult episode\" of her career took place in 1994 during the debate on joining the European Economic Area. A strong opposition existed against European integration in Iceland, but Vigdís supported the European Union and European integration, and she refused to use her presidential veto to block Iceland's association with the European Economic Area.[5] Vigdís decided not to run for a fifth term as president, and her tenure ended in August 1996.[2]: 42 She served for 16 years. As of 2016, she remained the longest-serving female elected head of state in recorded history.[2]: 43During the Reykjavík Summit, President Ronald Reagan walks with Vigdis at Bessastaðir","title":"Presidency (1980–1996)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Women World Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inga-3"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Goodwill Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fondation Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac_Foundation_for_Sustainable_Development_and_Cultural_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"Club of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Vigdís became the founding chair of the Council of Women World Leaders in 1996, and she was first chair of the World Commission on the Ethics in Scientific Knowledge and Technology from 1997 to 2001.[2]: 36–37 Since 1998, Vigdís has served as UNESCO's Goodwill Ambassador for languages.[9] She is also a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee.[10]Vigdís continued her peace advocacy after her tenure as president ended. In 2016, she expressed her desire for the United States and Russia to visit Iceland to resolve their differences through discussion as they did during the Reykjavík Summit. She has described the relations between the two countries as a new Cold War.[7]Vigdís is a member of the Club of Madrid.[11]","title":"Post-presidency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of the Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"National honours","text":"Iceland:\n Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (1 August 1980)[12]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NLD_Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of the Netherlands Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honours","text":"Finland:\n Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose (1982)[13]\n Netherlands:\n Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (18 September 1985)[14]\n Spain:\n Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Charles III (11 September 1985)[15]\n United Kingdom:\n Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (25 June 1990)[16]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Université Bordeaux Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_Montaigne_University"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Honorary degrees","text":"Université Bordeaux Montaigne, (former Université Bordeaux 3), France (1987) [17]\nUniversity of Trondheim, Norway (1993)[18]","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"During the Reykjavík Summit, President Ronald Reagan walks with Vigdis at Bessastaðir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/President_Ronald_Reagan_walks_with_President_Vigdis_Finnbogadottir_of_Iceland.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_walks_with_President_Vigdis_Finnbogadottir_of_Iceland.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of the first women holders of political offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_first_women_holders_of_political_offices"}]	[{"reference":"\"Former President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Turns 90 Today\". 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RÚV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ruv.is/frettir/menning-og-daegurmal/2020-04-19-eg-missti-thann-forunaut-sem-hefdi-fylgt-mer-alla-aevi/","url_text":"\"\"Ég missti þann förunaut sem hefði fylgt mér alla ævi\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"First female head of state, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, elected 35 years ago today\". Icelandmag. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://icelandmag.is/article/first-female-head-state-vigdis-finnbogadottir-elected-35-years-ago-today","url_text":"\"First female head of state, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, elected 35 years ago today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the world's first elected female president\". France 24. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20200731-vigdis-finnbogadottir-the-world-s-first-elected-female-president","url_text":"\"Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the world's first elected female president\""}]},{"reference":"Topping, Alexandra (7 December 2017). \"There's proof: electing women radically improves life for mothers and families\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/06/iceland-women-government-better-for-mothers-america-lessons","url_text":"\"There's proof: electing women radically improves life for mothers and families\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"\"What now happens in the world is utterly awful,\" Vigdís Finnbogadóttir\". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2016/10/what-now-happens-world-utterly-awful-vigdis-finnbogadottir","url_text":"\"\"What now happens in the world is utterly awful,\" Vigdís Finnbogadóttir\""}]},{"reference":"\"History: The world's first democratically elected female president\". Iceland Monitor. 8 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/11/08/history_the_world_s_first_democratically_elected_fe/","url_text":"\"History: The world's first democratically elected female president\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.E. Vigdís Finnbogadottir\". UNESCO. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/goodwill-ambassadors/vigdis-finnbogadottir","url_text":"\"H.E. Vigdís Finnbogadottir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honor Committee\". Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/foundation/honour-committee/","url_text":"\"Honor Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club of Madrid: Full Members\". Club of Madrid. 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clubmadrid.org/miembro/vigdis-finnbogadottir/","url_text":"\"Club of Madrid: Full Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_of_Madrid","url_text":"Club of Madrid"}]},{"reference":"\"Icelandic Presidency Website\". Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20160827074419/http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Vigd%EDs+Finnbogad%F3ttir&sub=Leita","url_text":"\"Icelandic Presidency Website\""},{"url":"http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Vigd%EDs+Finnbogad%F3ttir&sub=Leita","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunnan suurristin ketjuineen ulkomaalaiset saajat\" (in Finnish). Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ja Suomen Leijonan ritarikunnat. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ritarikunnat.fi/ritarikunnat/palkitut/suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-ulkomaalaiset-saajat/","url_text":"\"Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunnan suurristin ketjuineen ulkomaalaiset saajat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boletín Oficial del Estado\" (PDF). boe.es. 14 September 1985.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1985/09/14/pdfs/A29024-29024.pdf","url_text":"\"Boletín Oficial del Estado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Iceland\". gettyimages.fi. 25 June 1990. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gettyimages.fi/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-and-prince-philip-with-president-vigdis-news-photo/52105346","url_text":"\"Queen Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Vigdis blir æresdoktor ved UNIT\". Aftenposten. 1993. Retrieved 2 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://eavis.aftenposten.no/aftenposten/71156/archive/demo/?page=10&query=vigdis+finnbogadottir+trondheim","url_text":"\"President Vigdis blir æresdoktor ved UNIT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten","url_text":"Aftenposten"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2020/04/15/former_president_vigdis_finnbogadottir_turns_90_tod/","external_links_name":"\"Former President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Turns 90 Today\""},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-44758-2","external_links_name":"Women Leaders in Chaotic Environments: Examinations of Leadership Using Complexity Theory"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-44758-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-44758-2"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1414678","external_links_name":"1414678"},{"Link":"https://www.ruv.is/frettir/menning-og-daegurmal/2020-04-19-eg-missti-thann-forunaut-sem-hefdi-fylgt-mer-alla-aevi/","external_links_name":"\"\"Ég missti þann förunaut sem hefði fylgt mér alla ævi\"\""},{"Link":"https://icelandmag.is/article/first-female-head-state-vigdis-finnbogadottir-elected-35-years-ago-today","external_links_name":"\"First female head of state, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, elected 35 years ago today\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/20200731-vigdis-finnbogadottir-the-world-s-first-elected-female-president","external_links_name":"\"Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the world's first elected female president\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/06/iceland-women-government-better-for-mothers-america-lessons","external_links_name":"\"There's proof: electing women radically improves life for mothers and families\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2016/10/what-now-happens-world-utterly-awful-vigdis-finnbogadottir","external_links_name":"\"\"What now happens in the world is utterly awful,\" Vigdís Finnbogadóttir\""},{"Link":"https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/11/08/history_the_world_s_first_democratically_elected_fe/","external_links_name":"\"History: The world's first democratically elected female president\""},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/goodwill-ambassadors/vigdis-finnbogadottir","external_links_name":"\"H.E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_A-22_Maryland	Martin Maryland	["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","2.1 French service","2.2 British service","3 Operators","4 Specifications (Maryland Mk I)","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]	1939 bomber aircraft family by the Glenn L. Martin Company Model 167 Maryland RAF Marylands c. 1941 Role Light bomberType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Martin First flight 14 March 1939 Introduction 1940 Retired 1945 Primary users Royal Air ForceSouth African Air ForceFrench Air ForceFrench Navy Number built 450 Developed into Martin Baltimore The Martin Model 167 Maryland was an American light bomber that first flew in 1939. It saw action in World War II with France and the United Kingdom. Design and development In response to a December 1937 United States Army Air Corps requirement for an attack aircraft capable of carrying a bombload of 1,200 lb (540 kg) over a range of 1,200 mi (1,000 nmi; 1,900 km) at a speed of 200 mph (170 kn; 320 km/h), the Glenn L. Martin Company produced its Model 167, which was given the official designation XA-22, competing with designs from Bell Aircraft (the Model 9), Douglas (the Douglas DB-7), North American (the NA-40) and Stearman (the Stearman XA-21). Martin's design was a twin-engine all-metal monoplane, capable of around 310 mph (500 km/h) with a crew of three. The XA-22 was not adopted for operational service in the U.S., because the contract was won by the Douglas DB-7, which became the A-20 Havoc, but Martin received foreign orders, and about 450 of the fast, twin-engined bombers were built. The prototype Model 167W was powered by twin-row Pratt & Whitney R-1830-37 Twin Wasp engines, which were replaced in French production aircraft by single-row nine-cylinder Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines, although the Twin Wasps were then restored for the British Maryland. All versions of the Model 167 were armed with six machine guns, four fixed guns in the wings (mainly for ground-attack), one dorsal gun and one ventral gun. In the prototype, these guns were all 0.30 in Browning machine guns. The dorsal gun was mounted in a fully retractable turret. The French aircraft used license-built Belgian Fabrique Nationale FN-Brownings, and used a lighter semi-retractable dorsal turret. The weight saved helped to increase the top speed to 288 mph (463 km/h). Martin XA-22, 13 April 1939 The Model 167 was a fairly typical twin-engined bomber of the period. The most unusual feature of the Model 167 was the very narrow fuselage, although it was shared with a number of late prewar contemporaries. The crew of three was carried in two isolated compartments: the bombardier sat in the nose below the pilot and the gunner was in the mid-upper twin-machine gun turret in a separate rear compartment, isolated by a bulkhead. Glenn L. Martin doubled the size of the Baltimore factory, and built all 115 aircraft in six months, but they were prevented from delivering them by a US government arms embargo. Despite that, the French placed an order for an additional 100 aircraft. The embargo was lifted in October 1939, and the 115 aircraft from the first order were delivered by late November 1939. Deliveries then slowed, and only 25 of the second batch reached France before the French surrender to the Germans. Operational history French service A captured French Martin 167F at Aleppo, Syria, in 1941. Facing a massive German arms buildup and desperate for modern aircraft, the French Air Force purchased U.S. aircraft of numerous types in the late 1930s. Martin received an order for more than 200 167 Fs which incorporated French equipment such as metric instruments. French officials expected deliveries to begin in January 1939 but the type, locally called the Glenn Martin 167 A-3 entered service only in early 1940. Because of the U.S. embargo on arms exports after the beginning of the war, many aircraft were impounded for two months before being shipped to Europe. When the Battle of France began, there were only four Groupes de bombardement (bomber squadrons) equipped. The Glenns were quickly sent to the front lines where they performed well with their adequate speed and excellent manoeuvrability for an aircraft in this class. In about 400 sorties, they suffered a 4 per cent loss rate, much better than the 16 per cent endured by LeO 451 crews against similar targets. Immediately before the June 1940 Armistice, units flying the Glenn Martin 167 were evacuated to French North Africa to avoid capture by the Germans. One of them landed in Spain and was interned, being tested by the Spanish Air Force. Some examples were transferred to the Aéronautique Navale. During Vichy rule of the French empire, French Martins bombed British Commonwealth forces, most notably during the Syria–Lebanon campaign of 1941. Following Operation Torch in 1943, M.167s were replaced with more modern Allied types, including the Martin B-26 Marauder. Approximately 215 Martin 167s were delivered to France. British service Martin Maryland bombers fly past in formation, North Africa 1941 Just before the Franco-German Armistice, the remaining 75 aircraft on the French order were signed over to the United Kingdom; 32 Marylands had been completed to French specifications and were converted to British requirements in the UK. Engines were changed from the Cyclone 9 to the Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp and various weapons and instruments were replaced. The last 43 of the order were completed as required by Glenn Martin. All these aircraft became the Maryland Mk.I. A further 150 aircraft had been ordered directly by Britain with two-speed superchargers on their Twin Wasps as the Maryland Mk.II. Many of the aircraft were shipped to Egypt and Malta in time for the 1941 fighting there. The RAF used the aircraft mainly for photo-reconnaissance operations in North and East Africa, it being faster than the Bristol Blenheim. A Maryland bomber photographed the Italian fleet before and after the Battle of Taranto on 11 November 1940. The pilot, Adrian Warburton, scored his five confirmed kills with the Maryland's forward-firing guns. Seven Maryland Mk.Is were transferred to the British Fleet Air Arm and were mainly used for target towing duties. On 22 May 1941, a Maryland of 771 Naval Air Squadron based at Hatston in the Orkney Islands, reported that the German battleship Bismarck had left Bergen, confirming that she was breaking out into the Atlantic. Operators France Armée de l'Air Aéronavale Free French Air Force Vichy France Vichy French Air Force South Africa South African Air Force No. 12 Squadron SAAF No. 16 Squadron SAAF No. 21 Squadron SAAF No. 24 Squadron SAAF United Kingdom Royal Air Force No. 39 Squadron RAF No. 69 Squadron RAF No. 203 Squadron RAF No. 223 Squadron RAF Fleet Air Arm 771 Naval Air Squadron Specifications (Maryland Mk I) Data from General characteristics Crew: three (pilot, navigator/bomb aimer/gunner, and radio operator/gunner) Length: 46 ft 8 in (14.2 m) Wingspan: 61 ft 4 in (18.7 m) Height: 16 ft 3 in (5.0 m) Wing area: 537 sq ft (49.9 m2) Empty weight: 10,586 lb (4,802 kg) Gross weight: 15,297 lb (6,939 kg) Max takeoff weight: 16,809 lb (7,624 kg) Fuel capacity: 514 imperial gallons (2,336 litres) Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S1C3-G "Twin Wasp" radial engine, 1,050 hp (783 kW) each Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard 3T50 constant-speed metal propellers, 10 ft 11 in (3.3 m) diameter Performance Maximum speed: 304 mph (489 km/h, 264 kn) at 13,000 ft (3,962 m) Cruise speed: 248 mph (399 km/h, 216 kn) Range: 1,300 mi (2,100 km, 1,100 nmi) Service ceiling: 29,500 ft (8,991 m) Rate of climb: 2,400 ft/min (12 m/s) Wing loading: 28.5 lb/sq ft (139.1 kg/m2) Power/mass: 0.157 hp/lb (259 W/kg) Armament Guns: 4 x .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning Mk II machine guns in outer wings with 750 rpg 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun in a dorsal step position with 5 x 97-round magazines 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun in a ventral step position with 5 x 97-round magazines Bombs: 2,000 lb (907 kg) internally; (usually 4 x 500 lb (227 kg) bombs) See also Related development Martin Baltimore Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Bristol Blenheim Dornier Do 17 Kawasaki Ki-48 PZL.37 Łoś Tupolev SB Related lists List of aircraft of World War II List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II List of military aircraft of the United States Notes ^ in fact all the competitors for the requirement were much faster, with speeds ranging from 260 mph (230 kn; 420 km/h) to 310 mph (270 kn; 500 km/h). ^ a b c Martin Maryland Military History Encyclopedia on the Web ^ a b Francillon 1982, p. 7. ^ Dorr 1996, p. 124. ^ "The Martin Maryland goes to war, 23 October 1941." :Fr Archived 5 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Maryland Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 2 July 2012/ ^ Documented in the memoirs of Roald Dahl and John Masters (The Road Past Mandalay) (1961.) ^ Bishop 2004, pp. 90–91. ^ Sturtivant & Burrow 1995, p. 311. ^ Mondey 2006, p. 175. ^ Shores 1971, p. 220. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, pp. 89, 362. Bibliography Bishop, Chris. The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare. London: Amber Books Ltd, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-26-1. Cuny, Jean. "Glenn Martin 167 in French Service". Journal of American Aviation Historical Society. Volume 10, No. 1, Spring 1965. Cuny, Jean & Danel, Raymond (May 1983). "Les "Glenn" de la Marine nationale: Le Glenn Martin 167" . Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (162): 30–37. ISSN 0757-4169. Dorr, Robert F (1996). "North American B-25 Variant Briefing". Wings of Fame. Vol. 3. London: Aerospace Publishing. pp. 118–141. ISBN 1-874023-70-0. ISSN 1361-2034. Francillon, René J (December 1982). "Le Martin XA-22: La Genese des "Glenn"". Le fanatique de l'Aviation (in French). No. 157. pp. 4–11. ISSN 0337-8861. Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. Mondey, David. American Aircraft of World War II (Hamlyn Concise Guide). London: Bounty Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7537-1461-4. Munson, Kenneth. Fighters and Bombers of World War II: 1939–45. London: Blandford Press Ltd, 1969. ISBN 0-9637110-4-0. Shores, Christopher F. (1971). Martin Maryland and Baltimore Variants. Aircraft in Profile. Vol. XI. Windsor: Profile Publications. pp. 217–230. OCLC 223756773. Sturtivant, Ray; Ballance, Theo (1994). The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-223-8. Sturtivant, Ray; Burrow, Mick (1995). Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945. Tunbridge Wells, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-232-7. Wagner, Ray. "American Combat Planes, Third Enlarged Edition". New York: Doubleday & Company, 1982, pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-3851-3120-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martin Maryland. Fleet Air Arm Archive article "The French Martin" a 1940 Flight article vteMartin and Martin Marietta aircraftModel numbers 57 60 63 66 67 70 71 73 74 75 77 83 85 117 118 119 120 122 123 125 127 129 130 133 139 145 146 156 158 162 166 167 170 179 182 187 189 190 193 202 205 210 219 223 234 237 247 259 270 271 272 274 275 290 303 307 313 316 317 321 327 Airliners M-130 Clipper M-156 Russian Clipper 2-0-2 3-0-3 4-0-4 Attack aircraft A-15 A-22 A-23 A-30 A-45 AM Bombers B-10 B-12 XB-13 XB-14 XB-16 B-26 XB-27 B-33 B-48 XB-51 B-57 XB-68 BM MB-1 NBS-1 Maritime patrol PBM XP2M P3M P4M P5M P6M P7M Military transports C-3 JRM RM Military trainers T/TT N2M Scout/Torpedo bombers S TM T2M T3M T4M T5M T6M Reconnaissance aircraft MO-1 M2O-1 MS-1 RB-57D RB-57F Observation aircraft XO-4 Martin Marietta 845 SV-5J X-23 X-24A/B vteUnited States attack aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsArmy/Air Force sequence(1925–1962) A-11 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20 A-21 A-22 A-23 A-24 A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28 A-29 A-30 A-31 A-32 A-33 A-34 A-35 A-36 A-372 A-38 A-39 A-40 A-41 A-42 A-43 A-44 A-45 Tri-service sequence(1962–present)Main sequence A-13 A-1 OA-1K A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 EA-6B A-7 A-7F A-7P A-82 A-9 A-10 A-111 A-12 A-131 A-14 Non-sequential A-16 F/A-16 F/A-18 F/A-18E/F EA-18G F/A-22 A-26 A-29 A-373 A-37 EA-37 Related designations AC-47 AC-119 AC-130 AT-6 AU-23 AU-24 AV-8 AV-8B AV-162 1 Not assigned • 2 Unofficial designation • 3 Assigned to multiple typesNot to be confused with the Aerial target or Amphibious aircraft sequences.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bomber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Martin Model 167 Maryland was an American light bomber[1] that first flew in 1939. It saw action in World War II with France and the United Kingdom.","title":"Martin Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Glenn L. Martin Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company"},{"link_name":"Bell Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Douglas DB-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation"},{"link_name":"NA-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_NA-40"},{"link_name":"Stearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearman_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Stearman XA-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearman_XA-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon19827-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorr1996124-4"},{"link_name":"Douglas DB-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney"},{"link_name":"R-1830-37 Twin Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-1830"},{"link_name":"Wright R-1820 Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-1820_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning_Model_1919_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Fabrique Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrique_Nationale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_XA-22_13_April_1939.jpg"},{"link_name":"bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_(air_force)"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Glenn L. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin"},{"link_name":"arms embargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_embargo"},{"link_name":"French surrender to the Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940"}],"text":"In response to a December 1937 United States Army Air Corps requirement for an attack aircraft capable of carrying a bombload of 1,200 lb (540 kg) over a range of 1,200 mi (1,000 nmi; 1,900 km) at a speed of 200 mph (170 kn; 320 km/h)[a], the Glenn L. Martin Company produced its Model 167, which was given the official designation XA-22, competing with designs from Bell Aircraft (the Model 9), Douglas (the Douglas DB-7), North American (the NA-40) and Stearman (the Stearman XA-21).[2][3] Martin's design was a twin-engine all-metal monoplane, capable of around 310 mph (500 km/h) with a crew of three. The XA-22 was not adopted for operational service in the U.S., because the contract was won by the Douglas DB-7, which became the A-20 Havoc, but Martin received foreign orders, and about 450 of the fast, twin-engined bombers were built.The prototype Model 167W was powered by twin-row Pratt & Whitney R-1830-37 Twin Wasp engines, which were replaced in French production aircraft by single-row nine-cylinder Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines, although the Twin Wasps were then restored for the British Maryland. All versions of the Model 167 were armed with six machine guns, four fixed guns in the wings (mainly for ground-attack), one dorsal gun and one ventral gun. In the prototype, these guns were all 0.30 in Browning machine guns. The dorsal gun was mounted in a fully retractable turret. The French aircraft used license-built Belgian Fabrique Nationale FN-Brownings, and used a lighter semi-retractable dorsal turret. The weight saved helped to increase the top speed to 288 mph (463 km/h).Martin XA-22, 13 April 1939The Model 167 was a fairly typical twin-engined bomber of the period. The most unusual feature of the Model 167 was the very narrow fuselage, although it was shared with a number of late prewar contemporaries. The crew of three was carried in two isolated compartments: the bombardier sat in the nose below the pilot and the gunner was in the mid-upper twin-machine gun turret in a separate rear compartment, isolated by a bulkhead.Glenn L. Martin doubled the size of the Baltimore factory, and built all 115 aircraft in six months, but they were prevented from delivering them by a US government arms embargo. Despite that, the French placed an order for an additional 100 aircraft. The embargo was lifted in October 1939, and the 115 aircraft from the first order were delivered by late November 1939. Deliveries then slowed, and only 25 of the second batch reached France before the French surrender to the Germans.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"LeO 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeO_451"},{"link_name":"June 1940 Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)"},{"link_name":"French North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Spanish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aéronautique Navale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Navale"},{"link_name":"Vichy rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"French empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empires"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Syria–Lebanon campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Operation Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"Martin B-26 Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder"}],"sub_title":"French service","text":"A captured French Martin 167F at Aleppo, Syria, in 1941.Facing a massive German arms buildup and desperate for modern aircraft, the French Air Force purchased U.S. aircraft of numerous types in the late 1930s. Martin received an order for more than 200 167 Fs which incorporated French equipment such as metric instruments. French officials expected deliveries to begin in January 1939 but the type, locally called the Glenn Martin 167 A-3 entered service only in early 1940.Because of the U.S. embargo on arms exports after the beginning of the war, many aircraft were impounded for two months before being shipped to Europe. When the Battle of France began, there were only four Groupes de bombardement (bomber squadrons) equipped. The Glenns were quickly sent to the front lines where they performed well with their adequate speed and excellent manoeuvrability for an aircraft in this class.[4] In about 400 sorties, they suffered a 4 per cent loss rate, much better than the 16 per cent endured by LeO 451 crews against similar targets.Immediately before the June 1940 Armistice, units flying the Glenn Martin 167 were evacuated to French North Africa to avoid capture by the Germans. One of them landed in Spain and was interned, being tested by the Spanish Air Force. [citation needed] Some examples were transferred to the Aéronautique Navale. During Vichy rule of the French empire, French Martins bombed British Commonwealth forces, most notably during the Syria–Lebanon campaign of 1941.[5] Following Operation Torch in 1943, M.167s were replaced with more modern Allied types, including the Martin B-26 Marauder. Approximately 215 Martin 167s were delivered to France.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Maryland_bombers_in_NAfrica_1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franco-German Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"Cyclone 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-1820"},{"link_name":"Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_and_Whitney_Twin_Wasp"},{"link_name":"superchargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bristol Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Battle of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Adrian Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Warburton"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBurrow1995311-8"},{"link_name":"target towing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_tug"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"771 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/771_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Hatston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatston"},{"link_name":"Orkney Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_Islands"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShores1971220-10"}],"sub_title":"British service","text":"Martin Maryland bombers fly past in formation, North Africa 1941Just before the Franco-German Armistice, the remaining 75 aircraft on the French order were signed over to the United Kingdom; 32 Marylands had been completed to French specifications and were converted to British requirements in the UK. Engines were changed from the Cyclone 9 to the Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp and various weapons and instruments were replaced. The last 43 of the order were completed as required by Glenn Martin. All these aircraft became the Maryland Mk.I. A further 150 aircraft had been ordered directly by Britain with two-speed superchargers on their Twin Wasps as the Maryland Mk.II.[1]Many of the aircraft were shipped to Egypt and Malta in time for the 1941 fighting there. The RAF used the aircraft mainly for photo-reconnaissance operations in North and East Africa, it being faster than the Bristol Blenheim. A Maryland bomber photographed the Italian fleet before and after the Battle of Taranto on 11 November 1940.[6] The pilot, Adrian Warburton, scored his five confirmed kills with the Maryland's forward-firing guns.Seven Maryland Mk.Is were transferred to the British Fleet Air Arm[7] and were mainly used for target towing duties.[8] On 22 May 1941, a Maryland of 771 Naval Air Squadron based at Hatston in the Orkney Islands, reported that the German battleship Bismarck had left Bergen, confirming that she was breaking out into the Atlantic.[9]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Armée de l'Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air"},{"link_name":"Aéronavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ronavale"},{"link_name":"Free French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Vichy French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South African Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 12 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._12_Squadron_SAAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"No. 16 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._16_Squadron_SAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 21 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._21_Squadron_SAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 24 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._24_Squadron_SAAF"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 39 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._39_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 69 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._69_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 203 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._203_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 223 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._223_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"771 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/771_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance199489,_362-11"}],"text":"FranceArmée de l'Air\nAéronavale\nFree French Air ForceVichy FranceVichy French Air ForceSouth AfricaSouth African Air Force\nNo. 12 Squadron SAAF\nNo. 16 Squadron SAAF\nNo. 21 Squadron SAAF\nNo. 24 Squadron SAAFUnited KingdomRoyal Air Force\nNo. 39 Squadron RAF\nNo. 69 Squadron RAF\nNo. 203 Squadron RAF\nNo. 223 Squadron RAF\nFleet Air Arm\n771 Naval Air Squadron[10]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney R-1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-1830"},{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Standard"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"Browning Mk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning_Model_1919_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Vickers K machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_K_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Vickers K machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_K_machine_gun"}],"text":"Data from [citation needed]General characteristicsCrew: three (pilot, navigator/bomb aimer/gunner, and radio operator/gunner)\nLength: 46 ft 8 in (14.2 m)\nWingspan: 61 ft 4 in (18.7 m)\nHeight: 16 ft 3 in (5.0 m)\nWing area: 537 sq ft (49.9 m2)\nEmpty weight: 10,586 lb (4,802 kg)\nGross weight: 15,297 lb (6,939 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 16,809 lb (7,624 kg)\nFuel capacity: 514 imperial gallons (2,336 litres)\nPowerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S1C3-G \"Twin Wasp\" radial engine, 1,050 hp (783 kW) each\nPropellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard 3T50 constant-speed metal propellers, 10 ft 11 in (3.3 m) diameterPerformanceMaximum speed: 304 mph (489 km/h, 264 kn) at 13,000 ft (3,962 m)\nCruise speed: 248 mph (399 km/h, 216 kn)\nRange: 1,300 mi (2,100 km, 1,100 nmi)\nService ceiling: 29,500 ft (8,991 m)\nRate of climb: 2,400 ft/min (12 m/s)\nWing loading: 28.5 lb/sq ft (139.1 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 0.157 hp/lb (259 W/kg)ArmamentGuns: \n4 x .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning Mk II machine guns in outer wings with 750 rpg\n1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun in a dorsal step position with 5 x 97-round magazines\n1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun in a ventral step position with 5 x 97-round magazinesBombs: 2,000 lb (907 kg) internally; (usually 4 x 500 lb (227 kg) bombs)","title":"Specifications (Maryland Mk I)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancillon19827-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history_1-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_martin_maryland.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancillon19827_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancillon19827_2-1"},{"link_name":"Francillon 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrancillon1982"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorr1996124_4-0"},{"link_name":"Dorr 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDorr1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Martin Maryland goes to war, 23 October 1941.\" :Fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121005010233/http://www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Roald Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Dahl"},{"link_name":"John Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Masters"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturtivantBurrow1995311_8-0"},{"link_name":"Sturtivant & Burrow 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturtivantBurrow1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShores1971220_10-0"},{"link_name":"Shores 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShores1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturtivantBallance199489,_362_11-0"},{"link_name":"Sturtivant & Ballance 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturtivantBallance1994"}],"text":"^ in fact all the competitors for the requirement were much faster, with speeds ranging from 260 mph (230 kn; 420 km/h) to 310 mph (270 kn; 500 km/h).[2]^ a b c Martin Maryland Military History Encyclopedia on the Web\n\n^ a b Francillon 1982, p. 7.\n\n^ Dorr 1996, p. 124.\n\n^ \"The Martin Maryland goes to war, 23 October 1941.\" :Fr Archived 5 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Maryland Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 2 July 2012/\n\n^ Documented in the memoirs of Roald Dahl and John Masters (The Road Past Mandalay) (1961.)\n\n^ Bishop 2004, pp. 90–91.\n\n^ Sturtivant & Burrow 1995, p. 311.\n\n^ Mondey 2006, p. 175.\n\n^ Shores 1971, p. 220.\n\n^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, pp. 89, 362.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-904687-26-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904687-26-1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0757-4169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-874023-70-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-70-0"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1361-2034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1361-2034"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0337-8861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0337-8861"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7537-1461-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-1461-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9637110-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9637110-4-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"223756773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/223756773"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85130-223-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-223-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85130-232-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-232-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-3851-3120-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3851-3120-9"}],"text":"Bishop, Chris. The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare. London: Amber Books Ltd, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-26-1.\nCuny, Jean. \"Glenn Martin 167 in French Service\". Journal of American Aviation Historical Society. Volume 10, No. 1, Spring 1965.\nCuny, Jean & Danel, Raymond (May 1983). \"Les \"Glenn\" de la Marine nationale: Le Glenn Martin 167\" [The \"Glenns\" of the French Navy: The Glenn Martin 167]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (162): 30–37. ISSN 0757-4169.\nDorr, Robert F (1996). \"North American B-25 Variant Briefing\". Wings of Fame. Vol. 3. London: Aerospace Publishing. pp. 118–141. ISBN 1-874023-70-0. ISSN 1361-2034.\nFrancillon, René J (December 1982). \"Le Martin XA-22: La Genese des \"Glenn\"\". Le fanatique de l'Aviation (in French). No. 157. pp. 4–11. ISSN 0337-8861.\nLawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.\nMondey, David. American Aircraft of World War II (Hamlyn Concise Guide). London: Bounty Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7537-1461-4.\nMunson, Kenneth. Fighters and Bombers of World War II: 1939–45. London: Blandford Press Ltd, 1969. ISBN 0-9637110-4-0.\nShores, Christopher F. (1971). Martin Maryland and Baltimore Variants. Aircraft in Profile. Vol. XI. Windsor: Profile Publications. pp. 217–230. OCLC 223756773.\nSturtivant, Ray; Ballance, Theo (1994). The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-223-8.\nSturtivant, Ray; Burrow, Mick (1995). Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945. Tunbridge Wells, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-232-7.\nWagner, Ray. \"American Combat Planes, Third Enlarged Edition\". New York: Doubleday & Company, 1982, pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-3851-3120-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Martin XA-22, 13 April 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Martin_XA-22_13_April_1939.jpg/220px-Martin_XA-22_13_April_1939.jpg"},{"image_text":"A captured French Martin 167F at Aleppo, Syria, in 1941.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg/220px-Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martin Maryland bombers fly past in formation, North Africa 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Martin_Maryland_bombers_in_NAfrica_1941.jpg/220px-Martin_Maryland_bombers_in_NAfrica_1941.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Martin Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Baltimore"},{"title":"Bristol Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim"},{"title":"Dornier Do 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_17"},{"title":"Kawasaki Ki-48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48"},{"title":"PZL.37 Łoś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.37_%C5%81o%C5%9B"},{"title":"Tupolev SB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_SB"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_French_Air_Force_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Cuny, Jean & Danel, Raymond (May 1983). \"Les \"Glenn\" de la Marine nationale: Le Glenn Martin 167\" [The \"Glenns\" of the French Navy: The Glenn Martin 167]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (162): 30–37. ISSN 0757-4169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","url_text":"0757-4169"}]},{"reference":"Dorr, Robert F (1996). \"North American B-25 Variant Briefing\". Wings of Fame. Vol. 3. London: Aerospace Publishing. pp. 118–141. ISBN 1-874023-70-0. ISSN 1361-2034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-70-0","url_text":"1-874023-70-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1361-2034","url_text":"1361-2034"}]},{"reference":"Francillon, René J (December 1982). \"Le Martin XA-22: La Genese des \"Glenn\"\". Le fanatique de l'Aviation (in French). No. 157. pp. 4–11. ISSN 0337-8861.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0337-8861","url_text":"0337-8861"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shores, Christopher F. (1971). Martin Maryland and Baltimore Variants. Aircraft in Profile. Vol. XI. Windsor: Profile Publications. pp. 217–230. OCLC 223756773.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223756773","url_text":"223756773"}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, Ray; Ballance, Theo (1994). The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-223-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-223-8","url_text":"0-85130-223-8"}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, Ray; Burrow, Mick (1995). Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945. Tunbridge Wells, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-232-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-232-7","url_text":"0-85130-232-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_martin_maryland.html","external_links_name":"Martin Maryland"},{"Link":"http://www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html","external_links_name":"\"The Martin Maryland goes to war, 23 October 1941.\" :Fr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121005010233/http://www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","external_links_name":"0757-4169"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1361-2034","external_links_name":"1361-2034"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0337-8861","external_links_name":"0337-8861"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223756773","external_links_name":"223756773"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223092248/http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/Aircraft/Maryland.htm","external_links_name":"Fleet Air Arm Archive article"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1940/1940%20-%201575.html","external_links_name":"\"The French Martin\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election	2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election	["1 Candidates","2 Registration","3 Results","3.1 President","3.2 National Assembly","4 Aftermath","5 References"]	2011 DR Congo general election ← 2006 28 November 2011 2018 → Presidential electionTurnout59.05% Nominee Joseph Kabila Étienne Tshisekedi Party Independent UDPS Popular vote 8,880,944 5,864,775 Percentage 48.95% 32.33% Results by provinceResults by territory/city President before election Joseph Kabila Independent Elected President Joseph Kabila Independent Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Constitution Human rights Government President (list) Félix Tshisekedi Government Prime Minister (list) Judith Suminwa Cabinet (current cabinet) Parliament Senate President National Assembly President Judiciary Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Council of State Administrative divisions Provinces (governors) TerritoriesCities SectorsChiefdomsCommunes Elections Recent and upcoming elections General: 20182023 Senate: 200720192024 Gubernatorial: 201620172024 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of State for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister: Christophe Lutundula Diplomatic missions of / in Democratic Republic of the Congo Passport Visa requirements Visa policy United Nations Mission Democratic Republic of the Congo portal Other countries vte General elections were held in Democratic Republic of the Congo on 28 November 2011; a facultative run-off on 26 February 2012 was shelved with a change in election laws. The government passed laws to abolish the second round of the presidential election and tried to change the legislative electoral system from proportional to majority representation, which was strongly criticized by the opposition. International organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union raised concerns about the transparency of the elections. On 8 November 2011 opposition leader Étienne Tshisekedi declared himself president saying the majority of people turned against President Kabila. On 28 November 2011 the elections were held under difficult conditions. Voting was characterized by incidents of violence throughout the country. Because of violence and delays in the delivery of ballot boxes elections were extended by a second day. Candidates Jean Andeka (ANCC) Adam Bombolé (independent) Joseph Kabila (independent) François Nicéphore Kakese (URDC) Vital Kamerhe (UNC) Oscar Kashala (UREC) Léon Kengo (UFC) Antipas Mbusa (independent) Nzanga Mobutu (Udemo) Josué Alex Mukendi (independent) Étienne Tshisekedi (UDPS) Registration DR Congo's National Independent Electoral Commission has registered 32 million voters for the November elections. Province Registered voters Kinshasa 3,287,745 Bas-Congo 1,502,939 Bandundu 3,553,322 Equateur 3,960,643 Orientale 3,886,524 North Kivu 3,003,246 South Kivu 2,022,960 Maniema 874,809 Katanga 4,627,302 Kasai Oriental 2,643,905 Kasai Occidental 2,661,245 Total 32,024,640 Results Voters standing in line in Walikale. Electoral campaign posters in Ndjili, Kinshasa Voting cards for the 2011 election President The first results released on 2 December 2011, with 15% of the vote counted (mostly in areas considered Kabila strongholds), gave Kabila only a narrow lead of 940,000 votes against 912,000 votes for UPDS leader Tshisekedi. With half the precincts counted, Kabila was leading with 4.9 million votes, or nearly 49%. His opponent Etienne Tshisekedi was trailing with 3.4 million votes, about 34%. However, this count did not include much of Kinshasa, where Tshisekedi was expected to have strong results. Kabila ceased all email and SMS services nationwide. It has been also said that over 5,000,000 of ballot papers were pre-ticked for the number 3 candidate (Kabila), but no formal actions were taken by the CENI. Some witnesses said that young men had beaten election officials who tried to bring in fraudulent ballots, which were subsequently burned. The announcement of final results was postponed to 8 December 2011; with over two thirds of the vote counted, Kabila led with 46% to Tshisekedi's 36%. The Independent National Electoral Commission declared Kabila as the winner on December 9. The result was put into question by the Carter Center as well as the archbishop of Kinshasa, Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya, claiming too many irregularities occurred to assure that the results reflected the will of the people. The Carter Center indicated that ballots had been missing in some areas while in others Kabila achieved unrealistic results. Observers from the Carter Center noted that in some districts voter turnout was reported to be 100 percent, which is extremely unlikely. MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission of the United Nations, also voiced concern about the results. While Kabila admitted that some mistakes had been made in the process, he rejected concerns about the outcome. The result was confirmed by the Supreme Court of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Jerome Kitoko, President of the Supreme Court, announcing the official results proclaimed Kabila to be the winner of the presidential election. CandidatePartyVotes%Joseph KabilaIndependent8,880,94448.95Étienne TshisekediUnion for Democracy and Social Progress5,864,77532.33Vital KamerheUnion for the Congolese Nation1,403,3727.74Léon KengoUnion of Forces for Change898,3624.95Antipas MbusaIndependent311,7871.72Nzanga MobutuUnion of Mobutist Democrats285,2731.57Jean AndekaAlliance of Congolese Nationalist Believers128,8200.71Adam BomboléIndependent126,6230.70François Nicéphore KakeseUnion for the Revival and the Development of Congo92,7370.51Josué Alex MukendiIndependent78,1510.43Oscar KashalaUnion for the Rebuilding of Congo72,2600.40Total18,143,104100.00Valid votes18,143,10495.94Invalid/blank votes768,4684.06Total votes18,911,572100.00Registered voters/turnout32,024,64059.05Source: African Elections Database National Assembly PartySeatsPeople's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy69UDPS–Tshisekedi42People's Party for Peace and Democracy30Social Movement for Renewal28Movement for the Liberation of the Congo21Alliance of Congo Democratic Forces17Unified Lumumbist Party17Union for the Congolese Nation16Alliance for the Renewal of Congo15Rally for the Reconstruction of Congo12Christian Democratic Party9Congo Future8Awakening Conscience for Labor and Development8Movement for the Integrity of People8Union of Federalist Nationalists of Congo8RCD–Kisangani-Movement for Liberation7Congolese Union for Progress6Union for the Development of Congo6United Congolese Convention5Convention of Progressives for the Republic5New Alliance of Democrats5National Union of Federalist Democrats5Congolese Labor Alliance for Development4Convention of Christian Democrats4Convention for the Republic and Democracy4Congolese Movement for Renaissance4Congolese Party for Development4Union of Federalist Christian Democrats4Union of Forces for Change4Alliance of Humanist Democrats3Congress of Allies for Action in Congo3DCF–CFDC3Federalist Christian Democracy-Nyamwisi3League for the Defense of Citizens' Interests3Support for Étienne Tshisekedi3Alliance of Builders of Kongo2Christian Alliance for Democracy and Development2Alliance for Development and the Republic2Build a United and Prosperous Congo2Party for Peace in Congo2Commitment to Citizenship and Development2Foundation of Congo2Congolese People's Movement for the Republic2Movement of Solidarity for Change2National Party for Democracy and the Republic2Reformist Party2Regrouping of Democrats for Progress2Party for the Renaissance of Congo2Solidarity for National Development2Union of Mobutist Democrats2Union of Congolese Patriots2Agreement with the Allies Alliance1Congolese Alliance of Christian Democrats1Alliance for Humanism and Democracy1Alliance for Justice, Development, and Solidarity1Christian Convention for Democracy1Current Future1Congolese National Congress1Convention for Democracy and Liberty1Convention for Renaissance and Progress1Christian Democracy1Dynamics for Democracy in Congo1Volunteers Together for Development Party of the Democratic Republic of the Congo1Independent Front for Christian Democracy1Nationalist and Integrationist Front1Innovative Forces for Union and Solidarity1Force of the People1Front of Social Democrats for Development1Social Front of Independent Republicans1Generation for Solidarity and the Development of Congo1Christian Movement for Solidarity and Democracy1Movement of Independent Reformists1Lumumbist Progressive Movement1Solidarity Movement for Democracy and Development1Our Beautiful Country1Autonomous Organization of the People for Renewal1Party for Action1Party of Nationalists for Integral Development1National Alliance Party for Unity1Renewal Party1Christian Republican Party1Coalition of Congolese Resistance Patriots1Congolese Party for Good Governance1Christian Democrat Party for the Development of the Congolese1Congolese Ecologist Party1National Party for Reform1National Party of Renewal for Development1Labor Party1Liberal Labor Party1National Unity Party1Rally for Economic and Social Development1Rally of Congolese Democrats and Nationalists1Rally for the Defense of Congolese People1Rally of Democrats for the Republic1Rally for Unity, Development, and the Environment of Congo1Congolese Solidarity for Democracy1Congolese Union for Liberty1Union for the Development of the Nation1Union for Democracy and Progress-Kibassa1Liberal Christian Democrats Union1Union for Liberty, Peace, and Development1Union for the Nation1National Union of Christian Democrats1Union for the Republic1Congolese Socialist Union1Independents13Vacant8Total500Source: African Elections Database Aftermath The rebels in the 2012 East D.R. Congo conflict said Kabila was not the legal winner of the election and must resign. References Democratic Republic of the Congo portalPolitics portal ^ Kavanagh, Michael J. (2011-04-30). "Congo Electoral Commission Says Presidential Elections to Be Held Nov. 28". Bloomberg. ^ "DR Congo to hold presidential elections on Nov. 27, 2011 - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2021-07-27. ^ "DR Congo opposition anger over electoral changes". BBC News. 2011-01-10. ^ "DR Congo's Electoral Law for 2011: Choosing Continuity - International Crisis Group". Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2012-03-06. ^ "The Critical Role of Observers". freefairdrc.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-16. ^ "Congo: The Electoral Process Seen from the East - International Crisis Group". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-26. ^ "Congolese candidate Tshisekedi declares himself president". Christian Science Monitor. 2011-11-08. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2021-07-27. ^ "Voting chaos and pockets of violence mar DRC elections". 28 November 2011. ^ Rukmini Callimachi (2011-11-29). "Congo Elections 2011: Vote Extended To Second Day". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2011-11-29. ^ "DR Congo election: Kabila guards 'shot UDPS supporters'". BBC News. 2011-12-02. ^ Dread permeates Congo ahead of election results ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (November 29, 2011). "In Whirlwind of an Election in Congo, Votes May Become Victims, Too". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2021. ^ "DR Congo election results delayed by 48 hours". BBC News. 2011-12-07. ^ a b Adam Nossiter (December 12, 2011). "Congo President Kabila Denies Reports of Election Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2011. ^ a b "Criticism grows over Congo election results". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 2011-12-12. Archived from the original on 2011-12-14. Retrieved 2011-12-16. ^ a b "DR Congo election: Joseph Kabila confirmed as winner". BBC News Africa. 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2012-12-16. ^ Congo News Agency (2011-12-16). "Supreme Court Rules Joseph Kabila Won Presidential Election". Congo Planet. Retrieved 2011-12-17. vte Elections and referendums in the Democratic Republic of the CongoPresidential elections 1970 1977 1984 2006 2011 2018 2023 Parliamentary elections 1960 1965 1970 1975 1977 1982 1987 2006 2011 2018 2023 Provincial elections 1960 1965 2006 2018 2023 Local elections 1957 1959 1982 1987 1989 2023 Referendums 1964 1967 2005	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Étienne Tshisekedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"General elections were held in Democratic Republic of the Congo on 28 November 2011; a facultative run-off on 26 February 2012 was shelved with a change in election laws.[1][2]The government passed laws to abolish the second round of the presidential election and tried to change the legislative electoral system from proportional to majority representation, which was strongly criticized by the opposition.[3][4]International organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union raised concerns about the transparency of the elections.[5][6]On 8 November 2011 opposition leader Étienne Tshisekedi declared himself president saying the majority of people turned against President Kabila.[7]On 28 November 2011 the elections were held under difficult conditions. Voting was characterized by incidents of violence throughout the country.[8] Because of violence and delays in the delivery of ballot boxes elections were extended by a second day.[9]","title":"2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Andeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Andeka"},{"link_name":"Adam Bombolé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bombol%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kabila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila"},{"link_name":"François Nicéphore Kakese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Nic%C3%A9phore_Kakese"},{"link_name":"Vital Kamerhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_Kamerhe"},{"link_name":"Oscar Kashala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Kashala"},{"link_name":"Léon Kengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Kengo"},{"link_name":"Antipas Mbusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipas_Mbusa"},{"link_name":"Nzanga Mobutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzanga_Mobutu"},{"link_name":"Josué Alex Mukendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josu%C3%A9_Alex_Mukendi"},{"link_name":"Étienne Tshisekedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi"}],"text":"Jean Andeka (ANCC)\nAdam Bombolé (independent)\nJoseph Kabila (independent)\nFrançois Nicéphore Kakese (URDC)\nVital Kamerhe (UNC)\nOscar Kashala (UREC)\nLéon Kengo (UFC)\nAntipas Mbusa (independent)\nNzanga Mobutu (Udemo)\nJosué Alex Mukendi (independent)\nÉtienne Tshisekedi (UDPS)","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Electoral_Commission_(DRC)"}],"text":"DR Congo's National Independent Electoral Commission has registered 32 million voters for the November elections.","title":"Registration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011DRC-Elections07_(6466801999).jpg"},{"link_name":"Walikale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walikale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campagne_%C3%A9lectorale_Ndjili_IMG_9055_(6347167231).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ndjili, Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndjili,_Kinshasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buletins_de_vote_(6325365325).jpg"}],"text":"Voters standing in line in Walikale.Electoral campaign posters in Ndjili, KinshasaVoting cards for the 2011 election","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Carter Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center"},{"link_name":"Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Monsengwo_Pasinya"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nossiter-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nossiter-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap1212-15"},{"link_name":"MONUSCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap1212-15"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcafrica-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcafrica-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"President","text":"The first results released on 2 December 2011, with 15% of the vote counted (mostly in areas considered Kabila strongholds), gave Kabila only a narrow lead of 940,000 votes against 912,000 votes for UPDS leader Tshisekedi.[10]With half the precincts counted, Kabila was leading with 4.9 million votes, or nearly 49%. His opponent Etienne Tshisekedi was trailing with 3.4 million votes, about 34%.[11] However, this count did not include much of Kinshasa, where Tshisekedi was expected to have strong results.[citation needed] Kabila ceased all email and SMS services nationwide. It has been also said[by whom?] that over 5,000,000 of ballot papers were pre-ticked for the number 3 candidate (Kabila), but no formal actions were taken by the CENI.[citation needed] Some witnesses said that young men had beaten election officials who tried to bring in fraudulent ballots, which were subsequently burned.[12]The announcement of final results was postponed to 8 December 2011; with over two thirds of the vote counted, Kabila led with 46% to Tshisekedi's 36%.[13]The Independent National Electoral Commission declared Kabila as the winner on December 9. The result was put into question by the Carter Center as well as the archbishop of Kinshasa, Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya, claiming too many irregularities occurred to assure that the results reflected the will of the people.[14] The Carter Center indicated that ballots had been missing in some areas while in others Kabila achieved unrealistic results.[14] Observers from the Carter Center noted that in some districts voter turnout was reported to be 100 percent, which is extremely unlikely.[15] MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission of the United Nations, also voiced concern about the results.[15]While Kabila admitted that some mistakes had been made in the process, he rejected concerns about the outcome. The result was confirmed by the Supreme Court of the Democratic Republic of Congo.[16]Jerome Kitoko, President of the Supreme Court, announcing the official results proclaimed Kabila to be the winner of the presidential election.[16][17]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National Assembly","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 East D.R. Congo conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_East_D.R._Congo_conflict"}],"text":"The rebels in the 2012 East D.R. Congo conflict said Kabila was not the legal winner of the election and must resign.","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"Voters standing in line in Walikale.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2011DRC-Elections07_%286466801999%29.jpg/220px-2011DRC-Elections07_%286466801999%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electoral campaign posters in Ndjili, Kinshasa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Campagne_%C3%A9lectorale_Ndjili_IMG_9055_%286347167231%29.jpg/220px-Campagne_%C3%A9lectorale_Ndjili_IMG_9055_%286347167231%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Voting cards for the 2011 election","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Buletins_de_vote_%286325365325%29.jpg/220px-Buletins_de_vote_%286325365325%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kavanagh, Michael J. (2011-04-30). \"Congo Electoral Commission Says Presidential Elections to Be Held Nov. 28\". Bloomberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-30/congo-electoral-commission-says-presidential-elections-to-be-held-nov-28.html","url_text":"\"Congo Electoral Commission Says Presidential Elections to Be Held Nov. 28\""}]},{"reference":"\"DR Congo to hold presidential elections on Nov. 27, 2011 - People's Daily Online\". en.people.cn. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2021-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014224048/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7099927.html","url_text":"\"DR Congo to hold presidential elections on Nov. 27, 2011 - People's Daily Online\""},{"url":"http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7099927.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DR Congo opposition anger over electoral changes\". BBC News. 2011-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12152913","url_text":"\"DR Congo opposition anger over electoral changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"DR Congo's Electoral Law for 2011: Choosing Continuity - International Crisis Group\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2012-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111230/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/drc-electoral-law-for-2011-choosing-continuity.aspx","url_text":"\"DR Congo's Electoral Law for 2011: Choosing Continuity - International Crisis Group\""},{"url":"http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/drc-electoral-law-for-2011-choosing-continuity.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Critical Role of Observers\". freefairdrc.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111116230433/http://freefairdrc.com/en/about/role-of-observers","url_text":"\"The Critical Role of Observers\""},{"url":"http://freefairdrc.com/en/about/role-of-observers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Congo: The Electoral Process Seen from the East - International Crisis Group\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927034842/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/B80-congo-the-electoral-process-seen-from-the-east.aspx","url_text":"\"Congo: The Electoral Process Seen from the East - International Crisis Group\""},{"url":"http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/B80-congo-the-electoral-process-seen-from-the-east.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Congolese candidate Tshisekedi declares himself president\". Christian Science Monitor. 2011-11-08. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2021-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/1108/Congolese-candidate-Tshisekedi-declares-himself-president","url_text":"\"Congolese candidate Tshisekedi declares himself president\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729","url_text":"0882-7729"}]},{"reference":"\"Voting chaos and pockets of violence mar DRC elections\". 28 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20111128-day-chaotic-voting-drc-elections","url_text":"\"Voting chaos and pockets of violence mar DRC elections\""}]},{"reference":"Rukmini Callimachi (2011-11-29). \"Congo Elections 2011: Vote Extended To Second Day\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2011-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/29/congo-elections-2011-extended-_n_1118175.html","url_text":"\"Congo Elections 2011: Vote Extended To Second Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"DR Congo election: Kabila guards 'shot UDPS supporters'\". BBC News. 2011-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16010727","url_text":"\"DR Congo election: Kabila guards 'shot UDPS supporters'\""}]},{"reference":"Gettleman, Jeffrey (November 29, 2011). \"In Whirlwind of an Election in Congo, Votes May Become Victims, Too\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/30/world/africa/congo-election-board-may-annul-tens-of-thousands-of-votes.html","url_text":"\"In Whirlwind of an Election in Congo, Votes May Become Victims, Too\""}]},{"reference":"\"DR Congo election results delayed by 48 hours\". BBC News. 2011-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16059154","url_text":"\"DR Congo election results delayed by 48 hours\""}]},{"reference":"Adam Nossiter (December 12, 2011). \"Congo President Kabila Denies Reports of Election Fraud\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/world/africa/congo-president-kabila-denies-reports-of-election-fraud.html?_r=1&ref=world","url_text":"\"Congo President Kabila Denies Reports of Election Fraud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Criticism grows over Congo election results\". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 2011-12-12. Archived from the original on 2011-12-14. 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Retrieved 2011-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.congoplanet.com/news/1929/dr-congo-supreme-court-rules-joseph-kabila-winner-of-presidential-election.jsp","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Rules Joseph Kabila Won Presidential Election\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://africanelections.tripod.com/cd.html#2011_Presidential_Election","external_links_name":"African Elections Database"},{"Link":"http://africanelections.tripod.com/cd.html#2011_National_Assembly_Election","external_links_name":"African Elections Database"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-30/congo-electoral-commission-says-presidential-elections-to-be-held-nov-28.html","external_links_name":"\"Congo Electoral Commission Says Presidential Elections to Be Held Nov. 28\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014224048/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7099927.html","external_links_name":"\"DR Congo to hold presidential elections on Nov. 27, 2011 - People's Daily Online\""},{"Link":"http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7099927.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12152913","external_links_name":"\"DR Congo opposition anger over electoral changes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111230/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/drc-electoral-law-for-2011-choosing-continuity.aspx","external_links_name":"\"DR Congo's Electoral Law for 2011: Choosing Continuity - International Crisis Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/drc-electoral-law-for-2011-choosing-continuity.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111116230433/http://freefairdrc.com/en/about/role-of-observers","external_links_name":"\"The Critical Role of Observers\""},{"Link":"http://freefairdrc.com/en/about/role-of-observers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927034842/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/B80-congo-the-electoral-process-seen-from-the-east.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Congo: The Electoral Process Seen from the East - International Crisis Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/B80-congo-the-electoral-process-seen-from-the-east.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/1108/Congolese-candidate-Tshisekedi-declares-himself-president","external_links_name":"\"Congolese candidate Tshisekedi declares himself president\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729","external_links_name":"0882-7729"},{"Link":"http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20111128-day-chaotic-voting-drc-elections","external_links_name":"\"Voting chaos and pockets of violence mar DRC elections\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/29/congo-elections-2011-extended-_n_1118175.html","external_links_name":"\"Congo Elections 2011: Vote Extended To Second Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16010727","external_links_name":"\"DR Congo election: Kabila guards 'shot UDPS supporters'\""},{"Link":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/1779206","external_links_name":"Dread permeates Congo ahead of election results"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/30/world/africa/congo-election-board-may-annul-tens-of-thousands-of-votes.html","external_links_name":"\"In Whirlwind of an Election in Congo, Votes May Become Victims, Too\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16059154","external_links_name":"\"DR Congo election results delayed by 48 hours\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/world/africa/congo-president-kabila-denies-reports-of-election-fraud.html?_r=1&ref=world","external_links_name":"\"Congo President Kabila Denies Reports of Election Fraud\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111214173108/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/congos-incumbent-president-denies-allegations-of-election-fraud-in-1st-postelection-comments/2011/12/12/gIQAiiUSpO_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Criticism grows over Congo election results\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/congos-incumbent-president-denies-allegations-of-election-fraud-in-1st-postelection-comments/2011/12/12/gIQAiiUSpO_story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16228315","external_links_name":"\"DR Congo election: Joseph Kabila confirmed as winner\""},{"Link":"http://www.congoplanet.com/news/1929/dr-congo-supreme-court-rules-joseph-kabila-winner-of-presidential-election.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Rules Joseph Kabila Won Presidential Election\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philokalia	Philokalia	["1 History","2 Teachings","3 Timeline of editions and translations","4 Contents","4.1 Volume 1","4.2 Volume 2","4.3 Volume 3","4.4 Volume 4","4.5 Volume 5","5 Translations","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Eastern Orthodox book of spiritual writings For other uses, see Philocalia. Part of a series on theEastern Orthodox ChurchMosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia Overview Structure Theology (History of theology) Liturgy Church history Holy Mysteries View of salvation View of Mary View of icons Background Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascensionof Jesus Christianity Christian Church Apostolic succession Four Marks of the Church Orthodoxy Organization Autonomy Autocephaly Patriarchate Ecumenical Patriarch Episcopal polity Canon law Clergy Bishops Priests Deacons Monasticism Degrees Bratstvo Autocephalous jurisdictionsAutocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: Constantinople Alexandria Antioch Jerusalem Russia Serbia Romania Bulgaria Georgia Cyprus Greece Poland Albania Czech Lands and Slovakia North Macedonia Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure: America Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Ukraine (OCU) Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Ukraine (UOC) Autonomous jurisdictions Sinai Finland Estonia (EP) Japan (MP) China (MP) Americas (RP) Bessarabia (RP) Moldova (MP) Semi-Autonomous: Crete (EP) Estonia (MP) ROCOR (MP) Episcopal assemblies Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania Austria Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg Canada France Germany Great Britain and Ireland Italy and Malta Latin America Scandinavia Spain and Portugal Switzerland and Liechtenstein United States of America Noncanonical jurisdictions Old Believers Spiritual Christianity True Orthodoxy Catacomb Church Old Calendarists American Orthodox Catholic Church American World Patriarchs National churches: Abkhazia Belarus Italy Latvia Montenegro Turkey UOC–KP Evangelical Orthodox Ecumenical councils First Seven Ecumenical Councils: First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Other possible ecumenical councils: Eighth Ninth Other important councils: Quinisext Council Jassy Moscow Jerusalem Constantinople (1872) History Church Fathers Pentarchy Byzantine Empire Christianization of Georgia Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus' Great Schism Russia Ottoman Empire North America Moscow–Constantinople schism 15th–16th c. 1996 2018 Theology History of Eastern Orthodox theology (20th century (Neo-Palamism)) Apophaticism Chrismation Contemplative prayer Essence vs. Energies Hesychasm Holy Trinity Hypostatic union Icons Metousiosis Mystical theology Nicene Creed Nepsis Oikonomia vs Akribeia Ousia Palamism Philokalia Phronema Sin Theosis Theotokos Differences from the Catholic Church Opposition to the Filioque Opposition to papal supremacy Liturgy and worship Divine Liturgy Divine Services Akathist Apolytikion Artos Ectenia Euchologion Holy Water Iconostasis Jesus Prayer Kontakion Liturgical entrances Liturgical fans Lity Memorial service Memory Eternal Omophorion Eastern Orthodox bowing Eastern Orthodox marriage Praxis Paraklesis Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal troparion Prayer rope Prosphora Russian bell ringing Semantron Sign of the cross Sticheron Troparion Vestments Use of incense Liturgical calendar Paschal cycle 12 Great Feasts Other feasts: Feast of Orthodoxy Intercession of the Theotokos The four fasting periods: Nativity Fast Great Lent Apostles' Fast Dormition Fast Major figures Athanasius of Alexandria Ephrem the Syrian Basil of Caesarea Cyril of Jerusalem Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa John Chrysostom Cyril of Alexandria John Climacus Maximus the Confessor John of Damascus Theodore the Studite Kassiani Cyril and Methodius Photios I of Constantinople Gregory Palamas Other topics Architecture Folk Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs Eastern Orthodox cross Saint titles Statistics by country vte Part of a series onChristian mysticism Theology and philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Invoking of Mystic Saints Active asceticism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus Prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Hesychia Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Religious ecstasy Passive asceticism Abstinence Esoteric Charismatic Esoteric People (by era or century) Antiquity Ancient African Origen Thomasines Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th · 12th Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Symeon the New Theologian 13th · 14th Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Beatrice of Nazareth Lutgardis Hadewijch John van Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena Mechthild of Magdeburg Marguerite Porete 15th · 16th Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th · 18th French Margaret Mary Alacoque Pierre de Bérulle Jean-Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson Others Mary of Jesus of Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Edvige Carboni Elena Aiello Contemporary papal viewsAspects of meditation(Orationis Formas, 1989) Reflection on the New Age (2003) Literature and media Lingua ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna Fatima in Lucia's Own Words Calls from the Message of Fatima The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing On the Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso Fatima vte The Philokalia (Ancient Greek: φιλοκαλία, lit. 'love of the beautiful', from φιλία philia "love" and κάλλος kallos "beauty") is "a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters" of the mystical hesychast tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church. They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in "the practice of the contemplative life". The collection was compiled in the 18th century by Nicodemus the Hagiorite and Macarius of Corinth based on the codices 472 (12th century), 605 (13th century), 476 (14th century), 628 (14th century) and 629 (15th century) from the library of the monastery of Vatopedi, Mount Athos. Although these works were individually known in the monastic culture of Greek Orthodox Christianity before their inclusion in the Philokalia, their presence in this collection resulted in a much wider readership due to its translation into several languages. The earliest translations included a Church Slavonic language translation of selected texts by Paisius Velichkovsky (Dobrotolublye, Добротолю́бїе) in 1793, a Russian translation by Ignatius Bryanchaninov in 1857, and a five-volume translation into Russian (Dobrotolyubie) by Theophan the Recluse in 1877. There were subsequent Romanian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Finnish and Arabic translations. The book is the "principal spiritual text" for all the Eastern Orthodox churches. The publishers of the current English translation state that "the Philokalia has exercised an influence far greater than that of any book other than the Bible in the recent history of the Orthodox Church." Philokalia (sometimes Philocalia) is also the name given to an anthology of the writings of Origen compiled by Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus. Other works on monastic spirituality have also used the same title over the years. History Nikodemos and Makarios were monks at Mount Athos, a mountainous peninsula in northern Greece, historically considered the geographical center of Orthodox spirituality and home to 20 monasteries. The first edition, in Greek, was published in Venice in 1782, with a second Greek edition published in Athens in 1893. All the original texts were in Greek—two of them were first written in Latin and translated into Greek in the Byzantine era. Paisius Velichkovsky's translation into Church Slavonic, Dobrotolublye (published in Moscow in 1793), included selected portions of the Philokalia and was the version that the pilgrim in The Way of a Pilgrim carried on his journey. That book about a Russian pilgrim who is seeking advice on interior prayer helped popularize the Philokalia and its teachings in Russia. Velichkovsky's translation was the first to become widely read by the public, away from the monasteries—helped by the popularity of The Way of a Pilgrim, and the public influence of the startsy at Optina Monastery known as the Optina Elders. Two Russian language translations appeared in the 19th century, one by Ignatius Brianchaninov (1857) and another by Theophan the Recluse's Dobrotolubiye (1877). The latter was published in five volumes and included texts that were not in the original Greek edition. Velichkovsky was initially hesitant to share his translation outside of the Optina Monastery walls. He was concerned that people living in the world would not have the adequate supervision and guidance of the startsy in the monastery, nor would they have the support of the liturgical life of the monks. He was finally persuaded by the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg to publish the book in 1793. Brianchanivov expressed the same concerns in his work, warning his readers that regular practice of the Jesus Prayer, without adequate guidance, could cause spiritual delusion and pride, even among monks. Their concerns were contrary to the original compiler of the Philokalia, Nicodemos, who wrote that the Jesus Prayer could be used to good effect by anyone, whether monastic or layperson. All agreed that the teachings on constant inner prayer should be practiced under the guidance of a spiritual teacher, or starets. The first partial English and French translations in the 1950s were an indirect result of the Bolshevik revolution, which brought many Russian intellectuals into Western Europe. T. S. Eliot persuaded his fellow directors of the publishing house Faber and Faber to publish a partial translation into English from the Theophan Russian version, which met with surprising success in 1951. A more complete English translation, from the original Greek, began in 1979 with a collaboration between G. E. H. Palmer, Kallistos Ware, and Philip Sherrard. They released four of the five volumes of the Philokalia between 1979 and 1995. In 1946, the first installment of a ten volume Romanian translation by Father Dumitru Stăniloae appeared. In addition to the original Greek text, Stăniloae added "lengthy original footnotes of his own" as well as substantially expanding the coverage of texts by Saint John of the Ladder, Saint Dorotheos of Gaza, Maximus the Confessor, Symeon the New Theologian, and Gregory Palamas. This work is 4,650 pages in length. Writings by the Trappist monk Thomas Merton on hesychasm also helped spread the popularity of the Philokalia, along with the indirect influence of J. D. Salinger's Franny and Zooey, which featured The Way of a Pilgrim as a main plot element. Teachings The collection's title is The Philokalia of the Niptic Fathers, or more fully The Philokalia of the Neptic Saints gathered from our Holy Theophoric Father, through which, by means of the philosophy of ascetic practice and contemplation, the intellect is purified, illumined, and made perfect. Niptic is an adjective derived from the Greek Nipsis (or Nepsis) referring to contemplative prayer and meaning "watchfulness". Watchfulness in this context includes close attention to one's thoughts, intentions, and emotions, with the aim of resisting temptations and vain and egoistic thoughts, and trying to maintain a constant state of remembrance of God. There are similarities between this ancient practice and the concept of mindfulness as practiced in Buddhism and other spiritual traditions. The Philokalia teachings have also influenced the revival of interior prayer in modern times through the centering prayer practices taught by Thomas Keating and Thomas Merton. Philokalia is defined as the "love of the beautiful, the exalted, the excellent, understood as the transcendent source of life and the revelation of Truth." In contemplative prayer the mind becomes absorbed in the awareness of God as a living presence as the source of being of all creatures and sensible forms. According to the authors of the English translation, Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard, the writings of the Philokalia have been chosen above others because they: ...show the way to awaken and develop attention and consciousness, to attain that state of watchfulness which is the hallmark of sanctity. They describe the conditions most effective for learning what their authors call the art of arts and the science of sciences, a learning which is not a matter of information or agility of mind but of a radical change of will and heart leading man towards the highest possibilities open to him, shaping and nourishing the unseen part of his being, and helping him to spiritual fulfilment and union with God." The Philokalia is the foundational text on hesychasm ("quietness" or "stillness"), an inner spiritual tradition with a long history dating back to the Desert Fathers. The practices include contemplative prayer, quiet sitting, and recitation of the Jesus Prayer. While traditionally taught and practiced in monasteries, hesychasm teachings have spread over the years to include laymen. Nikodemos, in his introduction, described the collected texts as "a mystical school of inward prayer" which could be used to cultivate the inner life and to "attain the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ." While the monastic life makes this easier, Nikodemos himself stressed that "unceasing prayer" should be practiced by all. The hesychast teachings in the Philokalia are viewed by Orthodox Christians as inseparable from the sacraments and liturgy of the Orthodox Church, and are given by and for those who are already living within the framework of the Church. A common theme is the need for a spiritual father or guide. Timeline of editions and translations This section needs expansion with: timeline of French, German, Spanish, and Arabic translations of Philokalia. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018) 4th-15th centuries The original texts are written by various spiritual masters. Most are written in Greek, two are written in Latin and translated into Greek during Byzantine times. 1782 First edition, Greek, published in Venice, compiled by Nikodemos and Makarios. 1793 Church Slavonic translation of selected texts, Dobrotolublye, by Paisius Velichkovsky, published in Moscow. This translation was carried by the pilgrim in The Way of a Pilgrim. First to be read outside of monasteries, with a strong influence on the two following Russian translations. 1857 Russian language translation, by Ignatius Brianchaninov. 1877 Russian language translation, by Theophan the Recluse, included several texts not in the Greek original, and omitted or paraphrased some passages. 1893 Second Greek edition, published in Athens, included additional texts by Patriarch Kallistos. 1946-1976 In 1946, the first installment of a twelve volume Romanian translation by Father Dumitru Stăniloae appeared. 1951, 1954 First partial English translations by E. Kadloubovsky and G. E. H. Palmer in two volumes: Writings from the Philokalia on Prayer of the Heart and Early Fathers from the Philokalia. These were translated from Theophane's Russian version, and published by Faber and Faber. 1953 "Small Philokalia" is published in French: Petite Philocalie de la prière du cœur (ed. Jean Gouillard, Points / Sagesses) 1957-1963 Third Greek edition, published in Athens by Astir Publishing Company in five volumes. Modern English translation based on this edition. 1963 Parts of the Philokalia is published in Italian for the first time (La filocalia. Testi di ascetica e mistica della Chiesa orientale, Giovanni Vannucci, Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, Firenze) 1965 First translation of selected texts from Philokalia is published in Finnish by name Sisäinen kauneus. Rukousta koskevia poimintoja Filokaliasta. (Inner Beauty. Selected texts from the Philokalia on Prayer.) from German translation of Kleine Philokalie. The translation was made by Irinja Nikkanen and it was published by Pyhäin Sergein ja Hermanin veljeskunta (Brotherhood of sts. Sergius and Herman). 1979-1995 English translation by Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard, of the first four of the five Greek volumes, from the Third Greek edition. This was published by Faber and Faber. 1981-1993 A Finnish translation was made from the original Byzantine Greek text by Valamon ystävät ry (Friends of Valamo monastery registered association) in four volumes. Translation was made by nun Kristoduli, Irinja Nikkanen and Matti Jeskanen. An appendix (fifth volume) by nun Kristoduli was published at 1998. 1982-1987 An Italian translation by M. Benedetta Artioli and M. Francesca Lovato of the Community of Monteveglio and P. Gribaudi is published in Turin in four volumes. 1988 Little Philokalia on prayer of heart (Piccola filocalia della preghiera del cuore) in Italian is translated by Jean Gouillard and published in Milan. 1998 A Polish translation of Philokalia by Józef Naumowicz is published in Kraków. 2020 An English translation by Anna Skoubourdis of the fifth volume of the Philokalia is published by Virgin Mary of Australia and Oceania. Contents This listing of texts is based on the English translation of four volumes by Bishop Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard. Some works in the Philokalia are also found in the Patrologia Graeca and Patrologia Latina of J. P. Migne. Volume 1 St. Isaiah the Solitary On Guarding the Intellect: 27 Texts Evagrius the Solitary Outline Teaching on Asceticism and Stillness in the Solitary Texts on Discrimination in respect of Passions and Thoughts Extracts from the Texts on Watchfulness On Prayer: 153 Texts St. John Cassian On the Eight Vices: Written for Bishop Kastor On Control of the Stomach On the Demon of Unchastity and the Desire of the Flesh On Avarice On Anger On Dejection On Listlessness On Self-Esteem On Pride On the Holy Fathers of Sketis and on Discrimination: Written for Abba Leontios St. Mark the Ascetic On the Spiritual Law: 200 Texts On Those who Think that They are Made Righteous by Works: 226 Texts Letter to Nicolas the Solitary St. Hesychios the Priest On Watchfulness and Holiness: Written for Theodoulos St. Neilos the Ascetic Ascetic Discourse St. Diadochos of Photiki On Spiritual Knowledge and Discrimination: 100 Texts St. John of Karpathos For the Encouragement of the Monks in India who had Written to Him: 100 Texts Ascetic Discourse Sent at the Request of the Same Monks in India: A Supplement to the 100 Texts St. Antony the Great On the Character of Men and on the Virtuous Life: 170 Texts This piece by Anthony was changed to an appendix in the English translation by Palmer, Sherrard, and Ware (1979, p. 327), because of their view that the language and the general idea is not explicitly Christian and may not have been written by Antony. Volume 2 St. Theodoros the Great Ascetic (Theodore of Edessa ) A Century of Spiritual Texts Theoretikon St. Maximos the Confessor Four Hundred Texts on Love, with a foreword to Elpidios the Presbyter Two Hundred Texts on Theology and the Incarnate Dispensation of the Son of God (written for Thalassios) Various Texts on Theology, the Divine Economy, and Virtue and Vice On the Lord's Prayer Thalassios the Libyan On Love, Self Control, and Life in accordance with the Intellect (written for Paul the Presbyter) St. John of Damascus On the Virtues and the Vices A Discourse on Abba Philemon St. Theognostos On the Practice of the Virtues, Contemplation and the Priesthood Volume 3 St. Philotheos of Sinai Forty Texts on Watchfulness Ilias the Presbyter A Gnomic Anthology: Part I A Gnomic Anthology: Part II A Gnomic Anthology: Part III A Gnomic Anthology: Part IV Theophanis the Monk The Ladder of Divine Graces St. Peter of Damascus Book I: A Treasury of Divine Knowledge Introduction The Seven Forms of Bodily Discipline The Seven Commandments The Four Virtues of the Soul Active Spiritual Knowledge The Bodily Virtues as Tools for the Acquisition of the Virtues of the Soul The Guarding of the Intellect Obedience and Stillness The Eight Stages of Contemplation The First Stage of Contemplation The Second Stage of Contemplation The Third Stage of Contemplation The Fourth Stage of Contemplation The Fifth Stage of Contemplation The Sixth Stage of Contemplation The Seventh Stage of Contemplation The Eighth Stage of Contemplation That there are No Contradictions in Holy Scripture The Classification of Prayer according to the Eight Stages of Contemplation Humility Dispassion A Further Analysis of the Seven Forms of Bodily Discipline Discrimination Spiritual Reading True Discrimination That we should not Despair even if we Sin Many Times Short Discourse on the Acquisition of the Virtues and on Abstinence from the Passions How to Acquire True Faith That Stillness is of Great Benefit to those Subject to Passion The Great Benefit ofTrue Repentance God's Universal and Particular Gifts How God has done All Things for our Benefit How God's Speech is not Loose Chatter How it is Impossible to be Saved without Humility On Building up the Soul through the Virtues The Great Value of Love and of Advice given with Humility That the Frequent Repetition found in Divine Scripture is not Verbosity Spurious Knowledge A List of the Virtues A List of the Passions The Difference between Thoughts and Provocations Book II: Twenty-Four Discourses Spiritual Wisdom The Two Kinds of Faith The Two Kinds of Fear True Piety and Self-Control Patient Endurance Hope Detachment Mortification of the Passions The Remembrance of Christ's Sufferings Humility Discrimination Contemplation of the Sensible World Knowledge of the Angelic Orders Dispassion Love Knowledge of God Moral Judgment Self-Restraint Courage Justice Peace Joy Holy Scripture Conscious Awareness in the Heart St. Symeon the Metaphrast: Paraphrases of the Homilies of St. Macarius of Egypt Spiritual Perfection Prayer Patient Endurance and Discrimination The Raising of the Intellect Love The Freedom of the Intellect Volume 4 St. Symeon the New Theologian On Faith 153 Practical and Theological Texts The Three Methods of Prayer Nikitas Stithatos On the Practice of the Virtues: One Hundred Texts On the Inner Nature of Things and on the Purification of the Intellect: One Hundred Texts On Spiritual Knowledge, Love and the Perfection of Living: One Hundred Texts Theoliptos, Metropolitan of Philadelphia On Inner Work in Christ and the Monastic Profession Texts Nikiphoros the Monk On Watchfulness and the Guarding of the Heart From the Life of Our Holy Father Antony From the Life of St Theodosios the Cenobiarch From the Life of St Arsenios From the Life of St Paul of Mount Latros From the Life of St Savvas From the Life of Abba Agathon From Abba Mark's Letter to Nicolas From St John Klimakos From St Isaiah the Solitary From St Makarios the Great From St Diadochos From The Ascetical Homilies by St Isaac the Syrian From St John of Karpathos From St Symeon the New Theologian From Nikiphoros Himself St. Gregory of Sinai On Commandments and Doctrines, Warnings and Promises; on Thoughts, Passions and Virtues, and also on Stillness and Prayer: 137 Texts Further Texts On Passion-Imbued Change On Beneficent Change On Morbid Defluxions On the Signs of Grace and Delusion, Written for the Confessor Longinos: Ten Texts On How to Discover the Energy of the Holy Spirit On the Different Kinds of Energy On Divine Energy On Delusion On Stillness: Fifteen Texts Two Ways of Prayer the Beginning of Watchfulness Different Ways of Psalmodizing On Prayer: Seven Texts How the Hesychast Should Sit for Prayer and Not Rise Again Too Quickly How to Say the Prayer How to Master the Intellect in Prayer How to Expel Thoughts How to Psalmodize How to Partake of Food On Delusion and Other Subjects St. Gregory Palamas To the Most Reverend Nun Xenia A New Testament Decalogue In Defence of Those who Devoutly Practise a Life of Stillness Three Texts on Prayer and Purity of Heart Topics of Natural and Theological Science and on the Moral and Ascetic Life: 150 Texts The Declaration of the Holy Mountain in Defence of Those who Devoutly Practice a Life of Stillness Volume 5 This volume was published in English translation in 2020. These are the contents of the modern Greek translation. Kallistos and Ignatios Xanthopoulos Method and precise canon for those who choose the hesychastic and monastic life: 100 chapters Kallistos Angelikoudis Kefalaia (Chapters): 81 chapters Kallistos Tilikoudis (presumed the same as Kallistos Angelikoudis) On Hesychastic Practice Kallistos Katafygiotis (presumed the same as Kallistos Angelikoudis) On union with God, and Life of Theoria Saint Simeon, Archbishop of Thessaloniki Chapters on the Sacred and Deifying prayer Saint Mark the Gentle On the Words that are Contained in the Sacred Prayer Anonymous Interpretation of "Kyrie Eleison" (Lord Have Mercy) Saint Simeon the New Theologian Discourse on Faith and teaching for those who say that it is not possible for those who find themselves in the worries of the world to reach the perfection of the virtues, and narration that is beneficial at the beginning. On the Three Ways of Prayer St. Gregory of Sinai Excerpts from the life of St. Maximos Kapsokalivis All Christians Must Pray Uninterruptedly Indices Translations Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1979). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 1. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-11377-X. Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1982). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 2. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-15466-2. Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1986). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 3. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17525-2. Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1999). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 4. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19382-X. Skoubourdis, Anna (2020). The Philokalia of the Holy Neptic Fathers, Volume 5: compiled by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth. Virgin Mary of Australia and Oceania. ISBN 979-8-7096-9499-6. OCLC 1291631709. Cavarnos, Constantine (2007). The Philokalia: Love of the Beautiful. Institute for Byzantine & Modern Greek Studies. ISBN 978-1-884729-79-9. Cavarnos, Constantine (2009). The Philokalia: A Second Volume of Selected Readings (Selected Readings from the Philokalia, Volume 2). Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. ISBN 978-1-884729-91-1. Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos. "The Philokalia: Complete Text". Retrieved 9 June 2014. See also Lovingkindness (Biblical Hebrew: חסד‎) Nous Poustinia References ^ Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip, eds. (1979). The Philokalia: the complete text. London: Faber. p. 10. ISBN 0-571-13013-5. ^ a b Ware (1979), pp. 14-15. ^ "Philokalia: Definition, History, and Source". The Ascetic Experience. 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-01-28. ^ "Orthodox Thought". orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ware (1979), pp. 11–12. ^ a b c Johnson, Christopher D. L. (2010). The Globalization of Hesychasm and the Jesus Prayer. Continuum Advances in Religious Studies. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4411-2547-7. ^ Cook (2011), pp. 10. ^ a b c d Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Allyne Smith; Sherrard, Philip (2006). The Philokalia: The Eastern Christian Spiritual Texts—selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations). Skylight Paths Publishing. pp. vii–xiv. ISBN 1-59473-103-9. ^ Ware (1979), Publisher's blurb from back cover. ^ English translation online here ^ a b Witte, John F.; Alexander, Frank S. (2007). The teachings of modern Orthodox Christianity on law, politics, and human nature. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-231-14265-6. ^ Johnson (2010), p. 38. ^ Ware, Kallistos (2008). René Gothóni, Graham Speake (ed.). The Monastic Magnet: Roads to and from Mount Athos. Peter Lang. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-3-03911-337-8. ^ Binns, John. An Introduction to the Orthodox Christian Churches (2002). Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-93. ISBN 0521661404 ^ Johnson (2010), pp. 41-42. ^ Ware (1979) pp. 367-368 ^ Dowd, E. Thomas; Stevan Lars Nielsen (2006). The Psychologies in Religion. Springer Publishing Company. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8261-2856-0. ^ Braud, William; Anderson, Rosemarie (1998). Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: honoring human experience. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 243. ISBN 0-7619-1013-1. ^ Palmer, G. E. H.; Allyne Smith (2006). Philokalia: the Eastern Christian spiritual texts. SkyLight Paths Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59473-103-7. ^ a b Ware (1979), p. 13. ^ Ware (1979), p. 16. ^ Binns, John. An Introduction to the Orthodox Christian Churches (2002). Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-93. ISBN 0-521-661404 ^ a b sisar Kristoduli; Matti Jeskanen; Irinja Nikkanen ja Maria Peltonen, eds. (2003). Filokalia - V osa. Valamon Ystävät r.y. pp. 5–7. ISBN 951-96833-5-6. ^ Φιλοκαλία των Ιερών Νυπτικκών (translated into modern Greek by Antonios G. Galitis) (in Greek) (3 ed.). Thessaloniki: Perivoli tis Panagias publishers. 2002. ^ "On Union With God and Life of Theoria, part translated into English". Retrieved 2010-06-02.. Further reading Paschalis M. Kitromilides, "Philokalia's first journey?" in Idem, An Orthodox Commonwealth: Symbolic Legacies and Cultural Encounters in Southeastern Europe (Aldershot, 2007) (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS891). Bingaman B & Nassif B (eds) (2012) The Philokalia. A Classic Text of Orthodox Spirituality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Philokalia. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philokalia. Quotes from the Philokalia at Orthodox Church Quotes (in Greek) The Philokalia digitized (PDF) An historical survey of the Philokalia by Rev Prof Andrew Louth Volume 3 at archive.org vtePhilokaliaAuthors Isaiah the Solitary Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Mark the Ascetic Hesychius of Sinai Nilus of Sinai Diadochos of Photiki John of Karpathos Anthony the Great Theodore of Edessa Maximus the Confessor Thalassios the Libyan John of Damascus Theognostos Philotheus of Sinai Ilias the Presbyter Theophanes the Monk Peter of Damascus Symeon the Metaphrast Symeon the New Theologian Nikitas Stithatos Theoleptos of Philadelphia Nikephoros the Monk Gregory of Sinai Gregory Palamas Callistus Ignatios Xanthopoulos Kallistos Angelikoudis Symeon of Thessalonica Mark the Gentle Compilers Nicodemus the Hagiorite Macarius of Corinth Translators Paisius Velichkovsky Ignatius Brianchaninov Theophan the Recluse Dumitru Stăniloae Gerald Palmer Philip Sherrard Kallistos (Ware) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philocalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philocalia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"φιλία","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1"},{"link_name":"philia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/philia"},{"link_name":"κάλλος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware10-1"},{"link_name":"mystical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism"},{"link_name":"hesychast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychast"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware14-2"},{"link_name":"Nicodemus the Hagiorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemus_the_Hagiorite"},{"link_name":"Macarius of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarius_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"codices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Vatopedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatopedi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language"},{"link_name":"Paisius Velichkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisius_Velichkovsky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Bryanchaninov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Bryanchaninov"},{"link_name":"Theophan the Recluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophan_the_Recluse"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson39-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook10-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer2006-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Origen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen"},{"link_name":"Basil of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Nazianzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer2006-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"For other uses, see Philocalia.The Philokalia (Ancient Greek: φιλοκαλία, lit. 'love of the beautiful', from φιλία philia \"love\" and κάλλος kallos \"beauty\") is \"a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters\"[1] of the mystical hesychast tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church. They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in \"the practice of the contemplative life\".[2] The collection was compiled in the 18th century by Nicodemus the Hagiorite and Macarius of Corinth based on the codices 472 (12th century), 605 (13th century), 476 (14th century), 628 (14th century) and 629 (15th century) from the library of the monastery of Vatopedi, Mount Athos.[3]Although these works were individually known in the monastic culture of Greek Orthodox Christianity before their inclusion in the Philokalia, their presence in this collection resulted in a much wider readership due to its translation into several languages. The earliest translations included a Church Slavonic language translation of selected texts by Paisius Velichkovsky (Dobrotolublye, Добротолю́бїе) in 1793, a Russian translation[4] by Ignatius Bryanchaninov in 1857, and a five-volume translation into Russian (Dobrotolyubie) by Theophan the Recluse in 1877. There were subsequent Romanian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Finnish and Arabic translations.[5][6][7]The book is the \"principal spiritual text\" for all the Eastern Orthodox churches.[8] The publishers of the current English translation state that \"the Philokalia has exercised an influence far greater than that of any book other than the Bible in the recent history of the Orthodox Church.\"[9]Philokalia (sometimes Philocalia) is also the name given to an anthology of the writings of Origen compiled by Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus. Other works on monastic spirituality have also used the same title over the years.[8][10]","title":"Philokalia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikodemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemus_the_Hagiorite"},{"link_name":"Makarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarius_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"first edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editio_princeps"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"Paisius Velichkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisius_Velichkovsky"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"The Way of a Pilgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_a_Pilgrim"},{"link_name":"startsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startsy"},{"link_name":"Optina Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optina_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Brianchaninov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Brianchaninov"},{"link_name":"Theophan the Recluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophan_the_Recluse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson39-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witte-11"},{"link_name":"Jesus Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Prayer"},{"link_name":"spiritual delusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelest"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson38-12"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_revolution"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"G. E. H. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Kallistos Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"Philip Sherrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-13"},{"link_name":"Dumitru Stăniloae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumitru_St%C4%83niloae"},{"link_name":"Saint John of the Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Climacus"},{"link_name":"Saint Dorotheos of Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorotheus_of_Gaza"},{"link_name":"Maximus the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Symeon the New Theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian"},{"link_name":"Gregory Palamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Palamas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Thomas Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Merton"},{"link_name":"J. D. Salinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Salinger"},{"link_name":"Franny and Zooey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franny_and_Zooey"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson41-42-15"}],"text":"Nikodemos and Makarios were monks at Mount Athos, a mountainous peninsula in northern Greece, historically considered the geographical center of Orthodox spirituality and home to 20 monasteries. The first edition, in Greek, was published in Venice in 1782, with a second Greek edition published in Athens in 1893. All the original texts were in Greek—two of them were first written in Latin and translated into Greek in the Byzantine era.[5]Paisius Velichkovsky's translation into Church Slavonic, Dobrotolublye (published in Moscow in 1793), included selected portions of the Philokalia and was the version that the pilgrim in The Way of a Pilgrim carried on his journey. That book about a Russian pilgrim who is seeking advice on interior prayer helped popularize the Philokalia and its teachings in Russia. Velichkovsky's translation was the first to become widely read by the public, away from the monasteries—helped by the popularity of The Way of a Pilgrim, and the public influence of the startsy at Optina Monastery known as the Optina Elders. Two Russian language translations appeared in the 19th century, one by Ignatius Brianchaninov (1857) and another by Theophan the Recluse's Dobrotolubiye (1877). The latter was published in five volumes and included texts that were not in the original Greek edition.[5][6][11]Velichkovsky was initially hesitant to share his translation outside of the Optina Monastery walls. He was concerned that people living in the world would not have the adequate supervision and guidance of the startsy in the monastery, nor would they have the support of the liturgical life of the monks. He was finally persuaded by the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg to publish the book in 1793. Brianchanivov expressed the same concerns in his work, warning his readers that regular practice of the Jesus Prayer, without adequate guidance, could cause spiritual delusion and pride, even among monks. Their concerns were contrary to the original compiler of the Philokalia, Nicodemos, who wrote that the Jesus Prayer could be used to good effect by anyone, whether monastic or layperson. All agreed that the teachings on constant inner prayer should be practiced under the guidance of a spiritual teacher, or starets.[12]The first partial English and French translations in the 1950s were an indirect result of the Bolshevik revolution, which brought many Russian intellectuals into Western Europe. T. S. Eliot persuaded his fellow directors of the publishing house Faber and Faber to publish a partial translation into English from the Theophan Russian version, which met with surprising success in 1951. A more complete English translation, from the original Greek, began in 1979 with a collaboration between G. E. H. Palmer, Kallistos Ware, and Philip Sherrard. They released four of the five volumes of the Philokalia between 1979 and 1995.[13] In 1946, the first installment of a ten volume Romanian translation by Father Dumitru Stăniloae appeared. In addition to the original Greek text, Stăniloae added \"lengthy original footnotes of his own\" as well as substantially expanding the coverage of texts by Saint John of the Ladder, Saint Dorotheos of Gaza, Maximus the Confessor, Symeon the New Theologian, and Gregory Palamas. This work is 4,650 pages in length.[14] Writings by the Trappist monk Thomas Merton on hesychasm also helped spread the popularity of the Philokalia, along with the indirect influence of J. D. Salinger's Franny and Zooey, which featured The Way of a Pilgrim as a main plot element.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer2006-8"},{"link_name":"Nepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepsis"},{"link_name":"contemplative prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria"},{"link_name":"mindfulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"centering prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centering_prayer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Keating"},{"link_name":"Thomas Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Merton"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centering-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware13-20"},{"link_name":"Kallistos Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"G. E. H. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._H._Palmer"},{"link_name":"Philip Sherrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"union with God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware13-20"},{"link_name":"hesychasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychasm"},{"link_name":"Desert Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Fathers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer2006-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Witte-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware14-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The collection's title is The Philokalia of the Niptic Fathers,[16] or more fully The Philokalia of the Neptic Saints gathered from our Holy Theophoric Father, through which, by means of the philosophy of ascetic practice and contemplation, the intellect is purified, illumined, and made perfect.[8] Niptic is an adjective derived from the Greek Nipsis (or Nepsis) referring to contemplative prayer and meaning \"watchfulness\". Watchfulness in this context includes close attention to one's thoughts, intentions, and emotions, with the aim of resisting temptations and vain and egoistic thoughts, and trying to maintain a constant state of remembrance of God. There are similarities between this ancient practice and the concept of mindfulness as practiced in Buddhism and other spiritual traditions.[17][18] The Philokalia teachings have also influenced the revival of interior prayer in modern times through the centering prayer practices taught by Thomas Keating and Thomas Merton.[19]Philokalia is defined as the \"love of the beautiful, the exalted, the excellent, understood as the transcendent source of life and the revelation of Truth.\"[20] In contemplative prayer the mind becomes absorbed in the awareness of God as a living presence as the source of being of all creatures and sensible forms. According to the authors of the English translation, Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard, the writings of the Philokalia have been chosen above others because they:...show the way to awaken and develop attention and consciousness, to attain that state of watchfulness which is the hallmark of sanctity. They describe the conditions most effective for learning what their authors call the art of arts and the science of sciences, a learning which is not a matter of information or agility of mind but of a radical change of will and heart leading man towards the highest possibilities open to him, shaping and nourishing the unseen part of his being, and helping him to spiritual fulfilment and union with God.\"[20]The Philokalia is the foundational text on hesychasm (\"quietness\" or \"stillness\"), an inner spiritual tradition with a long history dating back to the Desert Fathers.[8] The practices include contemplative prayer, quiet sitting, and recitation of the Jesus Prayer. While traditionally taught and practiced in monasteries, hesychasm teachings have spread over the years to include laymen.[11] Nikodemos, in his introduction, described the collected texts as \"a mystical school of inward prayer\" which could be used to cultivate the inner life and to \"attain the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ.\" While the monastic life makes this easier, Nikodemos himself stressed that \"unceasing prayer\" should be practiced by all.[2]The hesychast teachings in the Philokalia are viewed by Orthodox Christians as inseparable from the sacraments and liturgy of the Orthodox Church, and are given by and for those who are already living within the framework of the Church. A common theme is the need for a spiritual father or guide.[21]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"Nikodemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemus_the_Hagiorite"},{"link_name":"Makarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarius_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"Paisius Velichkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisius_Velichkovsky"},{"link_name":"The Way of a Pilgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_a_Pilgrim"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson39-6"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Brianchaninov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Brianchaninov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"Theophan the Recluse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophan_the_Recluse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"Dumitru Stăniloae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumitru_St%C4%83niloae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finnish_Philokalia_-_volume_5-23"},{"link_name":"Kallistos Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"G. E. H. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._H._Palmer"},{"link_name":"Philip Sherrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ware11-5"},{"link_name":"Valamo monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Valamo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finnish_Philokalia_-_volume_5-23"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Józef Naumowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Naumowicz&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"4th-15th centuries The original texts are written by various spiritual masters. Most are written in Greek, two are written in Latin and translated into Greek during Byzantine times.[5]\n1782 First edition, Greek, published in Venice, compiled by Nikodemos and Makarios.[5]\n1793 Church Slavonic translation of selected texts, Dobrotolublye, by Paisius Velichkovsky, published in Moscow. This translation was carried by the pilgrim in The Way of a Pilgrim. First to be read outside of monasteries, with a strong influence on the two following Russian translations.[5][6]\n1857 Russian language translation, by Ignatius Brianchaninov.[5]\n1877 Russian language translation, by Theophan the Recluse, included several texts not in the Greek original, and omitted or paraphrased some passages.[5]\n1893 Second Greek edition, published in Athens, included additional texts by Patriarch Kallistos.[5]\n1946-1976 In 1946, the first installment of a twelve volume Romanian translation by Father Dumitru Stăniloae appeared.[5][22]\n1951, 1954 First partial English translations by E. Kadloubovsky and G. E. H. Palmer in two volumes: Writings from the Philokalia on Prayer of the Heart and Early Fathers from the Philokalia. These were translated from Theophane's Russian version, and published by Faber and Faber.[5]\n1953 \"Small Philokalia\" is published in French: Petite Philocalie de la prière du cœur (ed. Jean Gouillard, Points / Sagesses)\n1957-1963 Third Greek edition, published in Athens by Astir Publishing Company in five volumes. Modern English translation based on this edition.[5]\n1963 Parts of the Philokalia is published in Italian for the first time (La filocalia. Testi di ascetica e mistica della Chiesa orientale, Giovanni Vannucci, Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, Firenze)\n1965 First translation of selected texts from Philokalia is published in Finnish by name Sisäinen kauneus. Rukousta koskevia poimintoja Filokaliasta. (Inner Beauty. Selected texts from the Philokalia on Prayer.) from German translation of Kleine Philokalie. The translation was made by Irinja Nikkanen and it was published by Pyhäin Sergein ja Hermanin veljeskunta (Brotherhood of sts. Sergius and Herman).[23]\n1979-1995 English translation by Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard, of the first four of the five Greek volumes, from the Third Greek edition. This was published by Faber and Faber.[5]\n1981-1993 A Finnish translation was made from the original Byzantine Greek text by Valamon ystävät ry (Friends of Valamo monastery registered association) in four volumes. Translation was made by nun Kristoduli, Irinja Nikkanen and Matti Jeskanen. An appendix (fifth volume) by nun Kristoduli was published at 1998.[23]\n1982-1987 An Italian translation by M. Benedetta Artioli and M. Francesca Lovato of the Community of Monteveglio and P. Gribaudi is published in Turin in four volumes.\n1988 Little Philokalia on prayer of heart (Piccola filocalia della preghiera del cuore) in Italian is translated by Jean Gouillard and published in Milan.\n1998 A Polish translation of Philokalia by Józef Naumowicz is published in Kraków.\n2020 An English translation by Anna Skoubourdis of the fifth volume of the Philokalia is published by Virgin Mary of Australia and Oceania.","title":"Timeline of editions and translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kallistos Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"G. E. H. Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._H._Palmer"},{"link_name":"Philip Sherrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"Patrologia Graeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca"},{"link_name":"Patrologia Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Latina"},{"link_name":"J. P. Migne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Migne"}],"text":"This listing of texts is based on the English translation of four volumes by Bishop Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard. Some works in the Philokalia are also found in the Patrologia Graeca and Patrologia Latina of J. P. Migne.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaiah the Solitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_the_Solitary"},{"link_name":"Evagrius the Solitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus"},{"link_name":"John Cassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassian"},{"link_name":"Mark the Ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Ascetic"},{"link_name":"Hesychios the Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychius_of_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Neilos the Ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Diadochos of Photiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadochos_of_Photiki"},{"link_name":"John of Karpathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Karpathos"},{"link_name":"St. Antony the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Great"}],"sub_title":"Volume 1","text":"St. Isaiah the SolitaryOn Guarding the Intellect: 27 TextsEvagrius the SolitaryOutline Teaching on Asceticism and Stillness in the Solitary\nTexts on Discrimination in respect of Passions and Thoughts\nExtracts from the Texts on Watchfulness\nOn Prayer: 153 TextsSt. John CassianOn the Eight Vices: Written for Bishop Kastor\nOn Control of the Stomach\nOn the Demon of Unchastity and the Desire of the Flesh\nOn Avarice\nOn Anger\nOn Dejection\nOn Listlessness\nOn Self-Esteem\nOn Pride\nOn the Holy Fathers of Sketis and on Discrimination: Written for Abba LeontiosSt. Mark the AsceticOn the Spiritual Law: 200 Texts\nOn Those who Think that They are Made Righteous by Works: 226 Texts\nLetter to Nicolas the SolitarySt. Hesychios the PriestOn Watchfulness and Holiness: Written for TheodoulosSt. Neilos the AsceticAscetic DiscourseSt. Diadochos of PhotikiOn Spiritual Knowledge and Discrimination: 100 TextsSt. John of KarpathosFor the Encouragement of the Monks in India who had Written to Him: 100 Texts\nAscetic Discourse Sent at the Request of the Same Monks in India: A Supplement to the 100 TextsSt. Antony the GreatOn the Character of Men and on the Virtuous Life: 170 TextsThis piece by Anthony was changed to an appendix in the English translation by Palmer, Sherrard, and Ware (1979, p. 327), because of their view that the language and the general idea is not explicitly Christian and may not have been written by Antony.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodoros the Great Ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodoros_the_Great_Ascetic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodore of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_of_Edessa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_d%27%C3%89desse"},{"link_name":"Maximos the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximos_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Lord's Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Thalassios the Libyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalassios_the_Libyan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassios_le_Libyen"},{"link_name":"John of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Abba Philemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philemon_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theognostos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theognostos&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Volume 2","text":"St. Theodoros the Great Ascetic (Theodore of Edessa [fr])A Century of Spiritual Texts\nTheoretikonSt. Maximos the ConfessorFour Hundred Texts on Love, with a foreword to Elpidios the Presbyter\nTwo Hundred Texts on Theology and the Incarnate Dispensation of the Son of God (written for Thalassios)\nVarious Texts on Theology, the Divine Economy, and Virtue and Vice\nOn the Lord's PrayerThalassios the Libyan [fr]On Love, Self Control, and Life in accordance with the Intellect (written for Paul the Presbyter)St. John of DamascusOn the Virtues and the VicesA Discourse on Abba Philemon\nSt. TheognostosOn the Practice of the Virtues, Contemplation and the Priesthood","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philotheos of Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotheos_of_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Ilias the Presbyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias_the_Presbyter"},{"link_name":"Theophanis the Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theophanis_the_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Symeon the Metaphrast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_the_Metaphrast"},{"link_name":"Macarius of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt"}],"sub_title":"Volume 3","text":"St. Philotheos of SinaiForty Texts on WatchfulnessIlias the PresbyterA Gnomic Anthology: Part I\nA Gnomic Anthology: Part II\nA Gnomic Anthology: Part III\nA Gnomic Anthology: Part IVTheophanis the MonkThe Ladder of Divine GracesSt. Peter of DamascusBook I: A Treasury of Divine Knowledge\nIntroduction\nThe Seven Forms of Bodily Discipline\nThe Seven Commandments\nThe Four Virtues of the Soul\nActive Spiritual Knowledge\nThe Bodily Virtues as Tools for the Acquisition of the Virtues of the Soul\nThe Guarding of the Intellect\nObedience and Stillness\nThe Eight Stages of Contemplation\nThe First Stage of Contemplation\nThe Second Stage of Contemplation\nThe Third Stage of Contemplation\nThe Fourth Stage of Contemplation\nThe Fifth Stage of Contemplation\nThe Sixth Stage of Contemplation\nThe Seventh Stage of Contemplation\nThe Eighth Stage of Contemplation\nThat there are No Contradictions in Holy Scripture\nThe Classification of Prayer according to the Eight Stages of Contemplation\nHumility\nDispassion\nA Further Analysis of the Seven Forms of Bodily Discipline\nDiscrimination\nSpiritual Reading\nTrue Discrimination\nThat we should not Despair even if we Sin Many Times\nShort Discourse on the Acquisition of the Virtues and on Abstinence from the Passions\nHow to Acquire True Faith\nThat Stillness is of Great Benefit to those Subject to Passion\nThe Great Benefit ofTrue Repentance\nGod's Universal and Particular Gifts\nHow God has done All Things for our Benefit\nHow God's Speech is not Loose Chatter\nHow it is Impossible to be Saved without Humility\nOn Building up the Soul through the Virtues\nThe Great Value of Love and of Advice given with Humility\nThat the Frequent Repetition found in Divine Scripture is not Verbosity\nSpurious Knowledge\nA List of the Virtues\nA List of the Passions\nThe Difference between Thoughts and Provocations\nBook II: Twenty-Four Discourses\nSpiritual Wisdom\nThe Two Kinds of Faith\nThe Two Kinds of Fear\nTrue Piety and Self-Control\nPatient Endurance\nHope\nDetachment\nMortification of the Passions\nThe Remembrance of Christ's Sufferings\nHumility\nDiscrimination\nContemplation of the Sensible World\nKnowledge of the Angelic Orders\nDispassion\nLove\nKnowledge of God\nMoral Judgment\nSelf-Restraint\nCourage\nJustice\nPeace\nJoy\nHoly Scripture\nConscious Awareness in the HeartSt. Symeon the Metaphrast: Paraphrases of the Homilies of St. Macarius of EgyptSpiritual Perfection\nPrayer\nPatient Endurance and Discrimination\nThe Raising of the Intellect\nLove\nThe Freedom of the Intellect","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symeon the New Theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian"},{"link_name":"Nikitas Stithatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikitas_Stithatos"},{"link_name":"Theoliptos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoleptos_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Nikiphoros the Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikiphoros_the_Monk"},{"link_name":"Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Theodosios the Cenobiarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosios_the_Cenobiarch"},{"link_name":"Arsenios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenius_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Paul of Mount Latros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Mount_Latros"},{"link_name":"Savvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbas_the_Sanctified"},{"link_name":"Agathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathon_of_Scetis"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Ascetic"},{"link_name":"Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_the_Solitary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Klimakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Klimakos"},{"link_name":"Isaiah the Solitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_the_Solitary"},{"link_name":"Makarios the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarios_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Diadochos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadochos_of_Photiki"},{"link_name":"The Ascetical Homilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ascetical_Homilies_of_Isaac_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"Isaac the Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"John of Karpathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Karpathos"},{"link_name":"Symeon the New Theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian"},{"link_name":"Nikiphoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikiphoros_the_Monk"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Gregory Palamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Palamas"}],"sub_title":"Volume 4","text":"St. Symeon the New TheologianOn Faith\n153 Practical and Theological Texts\nThe Three Methods of Prayer [attributed to him]Nikitas StithatosOn the Practice of the Virtues: One Hundred Texts\nOn the Inner Nature of Things and on the Purification of the Intellect: One Hundred Texts\nOn Spiritual Knowledge, Love and the Perfection of Living: One Hundred TextsTheoliptos, Metropolitan of PhiladelphiaOn Inner Work in Christ and the Monastic Profession\nTextsNikiphoros the MonkOn Watchfulness and the Guarding of the Heart\nFrom the Life of Our Holy Father Antony\nFrom the Life of St Theodosios the Cenobiarch\nFrom the Life of St Arsenios\nFrom the Life of St Paul of Mount Latros\nFrom the Life of St Savvas\nFrom the Life of Abba Agathon\nFrom Abba Mark's Letter to Nicolas\nFrom St John Klimakos\nFrom St Isaiah the Solitary\nFrom St Makarios the Great\nFrom St Diadochos\nFrom The Ascetical Homilies by St Isaac the Syrian\nFrom St John of Karpathos\nFrom St Symeon the New Theologian\nFrom Nikiphoros HimselfSt. Gregory of SinaiOn Commandments and Doctrines, Warnings and Promises; on Thoughts, Passions and Virtues, and also on Stillness and Prayer: 137 Texts\nFurther Texts\nOn Passion-Imbued Change\nOn Beneficent Change\nOn Morbid Defluxions\nOn the Signs of Grace and Delusion, Written for the Confessor Longinos: Ten Texts\nOn How to Discover the Energy of the Holy Spirit\nOn the Different Kinds of Energy\nOn Divine Energy\nOn Delusion\nOn Stillness: Fifteen Texts\nTwo Ways of Prayer\nthe Beginning of Watchfulness\nDifferent Ways of Psalmodizing\nOn Prayer: Seven Texts\nHow the Hesychast Should Sit for Prayer and Not Rise Again Too Quickly\nHow to Say the Prayer\nHow to Master the Intellect in Prayer\nHow to Expel Thoughts\nHow to Psalmodize\nHow to Partake of Food\nOn Delusion and Other SubjectsSt. Gregory PalamasTo the Most Reverend Nun Xenia\nA New Testament Decalogue\nIn Defence of Those who Devoutly Practise a Life of Stillness\nThree Texts on Prayer and Purity of Heart\nTopics of Natural and Theological Science and on the Moral and Ascetic Life: 150 Texts\nThe Declaration of the Holy Mountain in Defence of Those who Devoutly Practice a Life of Stillness","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kallistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistus_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ignatios Xanthopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatios_Xanthopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kallistos Angelikoudis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kallistos_Angelikoudis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4"},{"link_name":"Kallistos Tilikoudis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kallistos_Tilikoudis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kallistos Katafygiotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kallistos_Katafygiotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Simeon, Archbishop of Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon,_Archbishop_of_Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Mark the Gentle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_the_Gentle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simeon the New Theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_the_New_Theologian"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Maximos Kapsokalivis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximos_Kausokalybites"}],"sub_title":"Volume 5","text":"This volume was published in English translation in 2020. These are the contents of the modern Greek translation.[24]Kallistos and Ignatios XanthopoulosMethod and precise canon for those who choose the hesychastic and monastic life: 100 chaptersKallistos Angelikoudis [ru]Kefalaia (Chapters): 81 chaptersKallistos Tilikoudis (presumed the same as Kallistos Angelikoudis)On Hesychastic PracticeKallistos Katafygiotis (presumed the same as Kallistos Angelikoudis)On union with God, and Life of Theoria[25]Saint Simeon, Archbishop of ThessalonikiChapters on the Sacred and Deifying prayerSaint Mark the GentleOn the Words that are Contained in the Sacred PrayerAnonymousInterpretation of \"Kyrie Eleison\" (Lord Have Mercy)Saint Simeon the New TheologianDiscourse on Faith and teaching for those who say that it is not possible for those who find themselves in the worries of the world to reach the perfection of the virtues, and narration that is beneficial at the beginning.\nOn the Three Ways of PrayerSt. Gregory of Sinai\nExcerpts from the life of St. Maximos Kapsokalivis\nAll Christians Must Pray Uninterruptedly\nIndices","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palmer, G. E. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)"},{"link_name":"Ware, Kallistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"Sherrard, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-11377-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11377-X"},{"link_name":"Palmer, G. E. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)"},{"link_name":"Ware, Kallistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"Sherrard, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-15466-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-15466-2"},{"link_name":"Palmer, G. E. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)"},{"link_name":"Ware, Kallistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"Sherrard, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-17525-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17525-2"},{"link_name":"Palmer, G. E. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)"},{"link_name":"Ware, Kallistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware"},{"link_name":"Sherrard, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-19382-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19382-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979-8-7096-9499-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-7096-9499-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1291631709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1291631709"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-884729-79-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884729-79-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-884729-91-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884729-91-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Philokalia: Complete Text\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/Philokalia-TheCompleteText"}],"text":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1979). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 1. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-11377-X.\nPalmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1982). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 2. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-15466-2.\nPalmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1986). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 3. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17525-2.\nPalmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1999). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 4. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19382-X.\nSkoubourdis, Anna (2020). The Philokalia of the Holy Neptic Fathers, Volume 5: compiled by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth. Virgin Mary of Australia and Oceania. ISBN 979-8-7096-9499-6. OCLC 1291631709.\nCavarnos, Constantine (2007). The Philokalia: Love of the Beautiful. Institute for Byzantine & Modern Greek Studies. ISBN 978-1-884729-79-9.\nCavarnos, Constantine (2009). The Philokalia: A Second Volume of Selected Readings (Selected Readings from the Philokalia, Volume 2). Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. ISBN 978-1-884729-91-1.\nPalmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos. \"The Philokalia: Complete Text\". Retrieved 9 June 2014.","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Paschalis M. Kitromilides, \"Philokalia's first journey?\" in Idem, An Orthodox Commonwealth: Symbolic Legacies and Cultural Encounters in Southeastern Europe (Aldershot, 2007) (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS891).\nBingaman B & Nassif B (eds) (2012) The Philokalia. A Classic Text of Orthodox Spirituality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lovingkindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovingkindness"},{"title":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language"},{"title":"Nous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous"},{"title":"Poustinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poustinia"}]	[{"reference":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1979). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 1. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-11377-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)","url_text":"Palmer, G. E. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware","url_text":"Ware, Kallistos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard","url_text":"Sherrard, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11377-X","url_text":"0-571-11377-X"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1982). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 2. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-15466-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)","url_text":"Palmer, G. E. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware","url_text":"Ware, Kallistos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard","url_text":"Sherrard, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-15466-2","url_text":"0-571-15466-2"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1986). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 3. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17525-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)","url_text":"Palmer, G. E. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware","url_text":"Ware, Kallistos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard","url_text":"Sherrard, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-17525-2","url_text":"0-571-17525-2"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip (1999). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Vol. 4. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19382-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)","url_text":"Palmer, G. E. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware","url_text":"Ware, Kallistos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherrard","url_text":"Sherrard, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19382-X","url_text":"0-571-19382-X"}]},{"reference":"Skoubourdis, Anna (2020). The Philokalia of the Holy Neptic Fathers, Volume 5: compiled by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth. Virgin Mary of Australia and Oceania. ISBN 979-8-7096-9499-6. OCLC 1291631709.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-7096-9499-6","url_text":"979-8-7096-9499-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1291631709","url_text":"1291631709"}]},{"reference":"Cavarnos, Constantine (2007). The Philokalia: Love of the Beautiful. Institute for Byzantine & Modern Greek Studies. ISBN 978-1-884729-79-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884729-79-9","url_text":"978-1-884729-79-9"}]},{"reference":"Cavarnos, Constantine (2009). The Philokalia: A Second Volume of Selected Readings (Selected Readings from the Philokalia, Volume 2). Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. ISBN 978-1-884729-91-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884729-91-1","url_text":"978-1-884729-91-1"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos. \"The Philokalia: Complete Text\". Retrieved 9 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Philokalia-TheCompleteText","url_text":"\"The Philokalia: Complete Text\""}]},{"reference":"Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip, eds. (1979). The Philokalia: the complete text. London: Faber. p. 10. ISBN 0-571-13013-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallistos_Ware","url_text":"Ware, Kallistos"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA10","url_text":"The Philokalia: the complete text"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13013-5","url_text":"0-571-13013-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Philokalia: Definition, History, and Source\". The Ascetic Experience. 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://asceticexperience.com/2020/01/philokalia-definition-history-and-source/","url_text":"\"Philokalia: Definition, History, and Source\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orthodox Thought\". orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com/","url_text":"\"Orthodox Thought\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Christopher D. L. (2010). The Globalization of Hesychasm and the Jesus Prayer. Continuum Advances in Religious Studies. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4411-2547-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2vBZdGXwAC&pg=PA39","url_text":"The Globalization of Hesychasm and the Jesus Prayer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2547-7","url_text":"978-1-4411-2547-7"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Allyne Smith; Sherrard, Philip (2006). The Philokalia: The Eastern Christian Spiritual Texts—selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations). Skylight Paths Publishing. pp. vii–xiv. ISBN 1-59473-103-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k9e_9dXUqpQC&pg=PR7","url_text":"The Philokalia: The Eastern Christian Spiritual Texts—selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59473-103-9","url_text":"1-59473-103-9"}]},{"reference":"Witte, John F.; Alexander, Frank S. (2007). The teachings of modern Orthodox Christianity on law, politics, and human nature. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-231-14265-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=THpyJ0jBeH0C&pg=PA6","url_text":"The teachings of modern Orthodox Christianity on law, politics, and human nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14265-6","url_text":"978-0-231-14265-6"}]},{"reference":"Ware, Kallistos (2008). René Gothóni, Graham Speake (ed.). The Monastic Magnet: Roads to and from Mount Athos. Peter Lang. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-3-03911-337-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xKsL6gpDJwEC&pg=PA148","url_text":"The Monastic Magnet: Roads to and from Mount Athos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-337-8","url_text":"978-3-03911-337-8"}]},{"reference":"Dowd, E. Thomas; Stevan Lars Nielsen (2006). The Psychologies in Religion. Springer Publishing Company. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8261-2856-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gXQHUAn_GpcC&pg=PA55","url_text":"The Psychologies in Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-2856-0","url_text":"978-0-8261-2856-0"}]},{"reference":"Braud, William; Anderson, Rosemarie (1998). Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: honoring human experience. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 243. ISBN 0-7619-1013-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xJpOxsLRXcC&pg=PA243","url_text":"Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: honoring human experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-1013-1","url_text":"0-7619-1013-1"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, G. E. H.; Allyne Smith (2006). Philokalia: the Eastern Christian spiritual texts. SkyLight Paths Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59473-103-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k9e_9dXUqpQC&pg=PR14","url_text":"Philokalia: the Eastern Christian spiritual texts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59473-103-7","url_text":"978-1-59473-103-7"}]},{"reference":"sisar Kristoduli; Matti Jeskanen; Irinja Nikkanen ja Maria Peltonen, eds. (2003). Filokalia - V osa. Valamon Ystävät r.y. pp. 5–7. ISBN 951-96833-5-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-96833-5-6","url_text":"951-96833-5-6"}]},{"reference":"Φιλοκαλία των Ιερών Νυπτικκών (translated into modern Greek by Antonios G. Galitis) (in Greek) (3 ed.). Thessaloniki: Perivoli tis Panagias publishers. 2002.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"On Union With God and Life of Theoria, part translated into English\". Retrieved 2010-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/union_with_god_kallistos_katafytiotis_angelikoudis.html","url_text":"\"On Union With God and Life of Theoria, part translated into English\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philokalia&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1291631709","external_links_name":"1291631709"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Philokalia-TheCompleteText","external_links_name":"\"The Philokalia: Complete Text\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"The Philokalia: the complete text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"Ware (1979), pp. 14-15."},{"Link":"https://asceticexperience.com/2020/01/philokalia-definition-history-and-source/","external_links_name":"\"Philokalia: Definition, History, and Source\""},{"Link":"http://orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com/","external_links_name":"\"Orthodox Thought\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA11","external_links_name":"Ware (1979), pp. 11–12."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2vBZdGXwAC&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"The Globalization of Hesychasm and the Jesus Prayer"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FpwABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"Cook (2011), pp. 10."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k9e_9dXUqpQC&pg=PR7","external_links_name":"The Philokalia: The Eastern Christian Spiritual Texts—selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations)"},{"Link":"http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/origen_philocalia_02_text.htm","external_links_name":"English translation online here"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=THpyJ0jBeH0C&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"The teachings of modern Orthodox Christianity on law, politics, and human nature"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2vBZdGXwAC&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"Johnson (2010), p. 38."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xKsL6gpDJwEC&pg=PA148","external_links_name":"The Monastic Magnet: Roads to and from Mount Athos"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2vBZdGXwAC&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"Johnson (2010), pp. 41-42."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA367","external_links_name":"Ware (1979) pp. 367-368"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gXQHUAn_GpcC&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"The Psychologies in Religion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xJpOxsLRXcC&pg=PA243","external_links_name":"Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: honoring human experience"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k9e_9dXUqpQC&pg=PR14","external_links_name":"Philokalia: the Eastern Christian spiritual texts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Ware (1979), p. 13."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"Ware (1979), p. 16"},{"Link":"http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/union_with_god_kallistos_katafytiotis_angelikoudis.html","external_links_name":"\"On Union With God and Life of Theoria, part translated into English\""},{"Link":"http://orthodoxchurchquotes.com/tag/quotes-from-the-philokalia/","external_links_name":"Quotes from the Philokalia"},{"Link":"https://greekphilokalia.wordpress.com/2018/09/25/philokalia-pdf/","external_links_name":"The Philokalia"},{"Link":"https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2011/06/philokalia_pilgrim/","external_links_name":"An historical survey of the Philokalia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/philokaliacompl00gehp","external_links_name":"Volume 3 at archive.org"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/175786394","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15680578v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15680578v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304620505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065077","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2009504669&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughrea_GAA	Loughrea GAA	["1 Achievements","2 Notable players","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°27′20.16″N 7°13′27.91″W / 52.4556000°N 7.2244194°W / 52.4556000; -7.2244194Gaelic sports club in County Galway, Ireland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Loughrea GAA" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) LoughreaBaile Locha RiachFounded:1884County:GalwayNickname:The TownColours:Blue and GoldGrounds:St. Brendan's Park, LoughreaCoordinates:52°27′20.16″N 7°13′27.91″W / 52.4556000°N 7.2244194°W / 52.4556000; -7.2244194Playing kits Standard colours Senior Club Championships All Ireland Connachtchampions Galwaychampions Hurling: 0 1 2 Loughrea Hurling is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the town of Loughrea, County Galway, Ireland. The club was founded in 1884 by Dillon Mannion and is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling. Pat O Connor and Mike Kelly were in charge of the 2006 Galway Senior Hurling Championship were the team reached The All Ireland Club Final were they were defeated by Kilkenny’s Ballyhale Shamrocks ending a great campaign. Achievements Galway Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1941, 2006 Connacht Senior Club Hurling Championship (1) 2006-07 Galway Minor Hurling Championship (6) 1942, 1950, 1953, 1971, 1979, 2009 Notable players Johnny Coen Jamie Ryan Paul Hoban Johnny Maher Tiernan Killeen References ^ "Johnny Coen". Loughrea GAA. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ "Galway Hurling Club All- Stars 2019 - Galway GAA". galwaygaa.ie. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ Harrington, John. "Hoban hoping for Galway call-up". www.gaa.ie. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ Fallon, John (6 December 2012). "YouTube 'star' Maher given eight-week ban". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 28 December 2021. External links Loughrea Hurling Club vteGalway GAA clubsFootballSenior Football Championship Annaghdown Barna Caherlistrane Corofin Claregalway Dunmore McHales Killanin Milltown Mountbellew–Moylough Moycullen Naomh Anna, Leitir Móir Oughterard An Spidéal St Michael's Salthill-Knocknacarra St James' Tuam Stars Intermediate Football Championship Aran Islands Caltra Carna-Caiseal An Cheathrú Rua Cortoon Shamrocks Glenamaddy Headford Kilconly Kilkerrin-Clonberne Killererin Menlough Mícheál Breathnach Monivea-Abbey Oranmore-Maree St Brendan's, Ballygar St Gabriel's Williamstown Junior Football Championship Athenry Clifden Clonbur Ballinasloe Father Griffins Gaeil na Gaillimhe Na Piarsaigh Renvyle Southern Gaels HurlingSenior Hurling Championship Ahascragh-Fohenagh Ardrahan Athenry Beagh Cappataggle Castlegar Clarinbridge Craughwell Gort Kilconieron Killimor Killimordaly Kilnadeema-Leitrim Liam Mellows Loughrea Mullagh Moycullen Oranmore-Maree Pádraig Pearse's Portumna Sarsfields St. Thomas' Tommy Larkin's Turloughmore Intermediate Hurling Championship Abbeyknockmoy Annaghdown Ballinderreen Carnmore Kilbeacanty Kiltormer Kinvara Meelick-Eyrecourt Rahoon-Newcastle An Spideal Sylane Tynagh-Abbey/Duniry Junior Hurling Championship Ballinasloe Ballygar Bearna/Na Forbacha Menlo Emmetts Mícheál Breathnach Salthill-Knocknacarra Skehana This Connacht GAA club related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Loughrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughrea"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"hurling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurling"}],"text":"Gaelic sports club in County Galway, IrelandLoughrea Hurling is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the town of Loughrea, County Galway, Ireland. The club was founded in 1884 by Dillon Mannion and is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling. Pat O Connor and Mike Kelly were in charge of the 2006 Galway Senior Hurling Championship were the team reached The All Ireland Club Final were they were defeated by Kilkenny’s Ballyhale Shamrocks ending a great campaign.","title":"Loughrea GAA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galway Senior Hurling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_Senior_Hurling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Connacht Senior Club Hurling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship"}],"text":"Galway Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1941, 2006\nConnacht Senior Club Hurling Championship (1) 2006-07\nGalway Minor Hurling Championship (6) 1942, 1950, 1953, 1971, 1979, 2009","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Coen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Coen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paul Hoban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hoban"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tiernan Killeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiernan_Killeen"}],"text":"Johnny Coen[1]\nJamie Ryan[2]\nPaul Hoban[3]\nJohnny Maher[4]\nTiernan Killeen","title":"Notable players"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Johnny Coen\". Loughrea GAA. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loughreagaa.ie/profile/johnny-coen/","url_text":"\"Johnny Coen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galway Hurling Club All- Stars 2019 - Galway GAA\". galwaygaa.ie. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://galwaygaa.ie/news/2239-galway-hurling-club-all-stars-2019","url_text":"\"Galway Hurling Club All- Stars 2019 - Galway GAA\""}]},{"reference":"Harrington, John. \"Hoban hoping for Galway call-up\". www.gaa.ie. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gaa.ie/hurling/news/hoban-hoping-for-galway-call-up/","url_text":"\"Hoban hoping for Galway call-up\""}]},{"reference":"Fallon, John (6 December 2012). \"YouTube 'star' Maher given eight-week ban\". Irish Examiner. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith_(rugby_league)	Ian Smith (rugby league)	["1 Background","2 Domestic career","2.1 Super League","2.2 Co-operative Championship","3 International career","4 References","5 External links"]	English rugby league referee Ian SmithPersonal informationBorn (1965-12-07) 7 December 1965 (age 58)Oldham, Lancashire, EnglandRefereeing information Years Competition Apps 1999–10 Super League 2007–10 Challenge Cup Source: As of 8 May 2010 Ian Smith (born 7 December 1965) is a former Super League referee. He was one of the Full Time Match Officials' coaches. Background Smith was born in Oldham, Lancashire, England. Domestic career Smith officiated in the Super League competition. His first pro game was Blackpool v Bramley in 1998. His first Super League game was the London Broncos versus the Salford City Reds on 7 August 1999. Super League In 2008, Ian Smith famously sent off Gareth Hock for manhandling him. Hock was suspended 5 matches and missed the rest of 2008's Super League XIII season. Co-operative Championship He was Co-operative Championship's referee of the year in 1999 & 2000. International career Ian Smith was the video referee for England VS France on 24 October 2009 in the 4 Nations. He is the video referee for Scotland VS Lebanon on 1 November 2009 in the Rugby League European Cup. He is the video referee for France VS Australia on 7 November 2009 in the 4 Nations. References ^ Ian Smith on RL project ^ Ian Smith on the RFL ^ http://www.rfl.uk.com/about/page.php?id=189&areaid=54 ^ The Independent External links Ian Smith on the RFL Manhandling incident Ian Smith Stats Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Full Time Match Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ian Smith (born 7 December 1965) is a former Super League referee. He was one of the Full Time Match Officials' coaches.[2]","title":"Ian Smith (rugby league)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Smith was born in Oldham, Lancashire, England.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Bramley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley_RLFC"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"London Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Broncos#1994%E2%80%932005:_Broncos_and_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Salford City Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"}],"text":"Smith officiated in the Super League competition.[3]His first pro game was Blackpool v Bramley in 1998.\nHis first Super League game was the London Broncos versus the Salford City Reds on 7 August 1999.","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gareth Hock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Hock"},{"link_name":"Super League XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_XIII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Super League","text":"In 2008, Ian Smith famously sent off Gareth Hock for manhandling him. Hock was suspended 5 matches and missed the rest of 2008's Super League XIII season.[4]","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Co-operative Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Co-operative Championship","text":"He was Co-operative Championship's referee of the year in 1999 & 2000.","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"4 Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Four_Nations"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Rugby League European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"4 Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Four_Nations"}],"text":"Ian Smith was the video referee for England VS France on 24 October 2009 in the 4 Nations.\nHe is the video referee for Scotland VS Lebanon on 1 November 2009 in the Rugby League European Cup.\nHe is the video referee for France VS Australia on 7 November 2009 in the 4 Nations.","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/referees/Ian_Smith.html","external_links_name":"Ian Smith on RL project"},{"Link":"http://www.rfl.uk.com/about/page.php?id=189&areaid=54","external_links_name":"Ian Smith on the RFL"},{"Link":"http://www.rfl.uk.com/about/page.php?id=189&areaid=54","external_links_name":"http://www.rfl.uk.com/about/page.php?id=189&areaid=54"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/hock-out-for-season-after-grabbing-the-referee-880191.html","external_links_name":"The Independent"},{"Link":"http://www.rfl.uk.com/about/page.php?id=189&areaid=54","external_links_name":"Ian Smith on the RFL"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/hock-out-for-season-after-grabbing-the-referee-880191.html","external_links_name":"Manhandling incident"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706082317/http://www.slstats.org/Referees/6/Ian%20Smith/Points_Games.html","external_links_name":"Ian Smith Stats"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000038281494","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38714993","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymvFBW4vhyJ4PqhQKTpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001002756","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemarsvik	Valdemarsvik	["1 History","2 Tourism and entertainment","3 References"]	Coordinates: 58°12′N 16°36′E / 58.200°N 16.600°E / 58.200; 16.600Place in SwedenValdemarsvikValdemarsvikShow map of ÖstergötlandValdemarsvikShow map of SwedenCoordinates: 58°12′N 16°36′E / 58.200°N 16.600°E / 58.200; 16.600CountrySwedenProvinceÖstergötlandand SmålandCountyÖstergötland CountyMunicipalityValdemarsvik MunicipalityArea • Total2.89 km2 (1.12 sq mi)Population (31 December 2020) • Total2,751 • Density950/km2 (2,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Valdemarsvik is a locality, situated alongside the bay of Valdemarsviken which connects to the Baltic Sea. It is the seat of Valdemarsvik Municipality which is located in Östergötland County, Sweden. The coastal area is a popular summer destination, particularly with Swedish tourists. History A 1913 postcard of Valdemarsvik Valdemarsvik is surrounded by water. However, after the end of the last glacial period, it lay beneath the sea level. As a result of post-glacial rebound, the water withdrew as the land rose. The resulting appearance of fertile soil drew settlers in the Bronze Age, around 1500 BC. The surrounding archipelago has had a bloody history: remains of shipwrecks at the bottom of the sea and Viking Age remnants witness of battles from that time. Industrialization occurred during the 1630s, when Valdemarsvik became a trade port for copper and leather; one of Sweden's largest tanneries was located in Valdemarsvik. The town's name was first mentioned in 1664. Tourism and entertainment Sailing to the Tjust archipelago to swim and fish is a popular summertime activity. Boat excursions and jetski rentals are also available. No one I know who has experienced Gryt's archipelago disagrees with me saying: It has been—and is—a blessing to experience this archipelago, this living porch, stretching out into the endless ocean.— Henning Mankell, author and seasonal resident of the archipelago of Gryt Other recreational activities include bicycle rentals, golf, cinemas, canoeing, and horse riding. There are museums in the locality that can be visited. The glass artist, sculptor and painter Milan Wobruba has a studio, where visitors have the opportunity to be involved in glass blowing and the manufacture of glass. An "October Market", held every 4 October, is both a market, with a range of goods to be sold, and a fair, featuring acrobats, cotton candy, live music and various amusement rides. Many of Valdemarsvik's restaurants and cafés are open all year round; other are open during the tourist season. Also, each year there is exists a special "food competition". Dishes are to be made, the ingredients should, as far as possible, be locally produced and which a jury then assesses. The winning dish is then served at most restaurants in the municipality. The football club Valdemarsviks IF is located in Valdemarsvik. References Media related to Valdemarsvik at Wikimedia Commons ^ "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012. ^ "Statistiska tätorter 2020, befolkning, landareal, befolkningstäthet". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2024. ^ a b "Historik – Valdemarsviks kommun" (in Swedish). Valdemarsvik Municipality. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2024. ^ "Turist i Valdemarsviks kommun – Valdemarsviks kommun". Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. ^ "Allmän turistinformation – Valdemarsviks kommun". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ^ "Se och göra – Valdemarsviks kommun". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. ^ "Äta – Valdemarsviks kommun". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. vteLocalities in Valdemarsvik Municipality, Östergötland County, SwedenLocalities Fyrudden Gryt Gusum Harstena Ringarum Valdemarsvik (seat) vteMunicipalities and seats of Östergötland CountyMunicipalities Åtvidaberg Boxholm Finspång Kinda Linköping Mjölby Motala Norrköping Ödeshög Söderköping Vadstena Valdemarsvik Ydre Municipal seats Åtvidaberg Boxholm Finspång Kisa Linköping Mjölby Motala Norrköping Ödeshög Österbymo Söderköping Vadstena Valdemarsvik Counties of Sweden Sweden	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valdemarsviken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tjust_archipelago&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjusts_sk%C3%A4rg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Valdemarsvik Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemarsvik_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Östergötland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_County"}],"text":"Place in SwedenValdemarsvik is a locality, situated alongside the bay of Valdemarsviken [sv] which connects to the Baltic Sea. It is the seat of Valdemarsvik Municipality which is located in Östergötland County, Sweden. The coastal area is a popular summer destination, particularly with Swedish tourists.","title":"Valdemarsvik"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valdemarsvik_postcard_1913.jpg"},{"link_name":"last glacial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"post-glacial rebound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Val1-3"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"tanneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Val1-3"}],"text":"A 1913 postcard of ValdemarsvikValdemarsvik is surrounded by water. However, after the end of the last glacial period, it lay beneath the sea level. As a result of post-glacial rebound, the water withdrew as the land rose. The resulting appearance of fertile soil drew settlers in the Bronze Age, around 1500 BC.[3]The surrounding archipelago has had a bloody history: remains of shipwrecks at the bottom of the sea and Viking Age remnants witness of battles from that time. Industrialization occurred during the 1630s, when Valdemarsvik became a trade port for copper and leather; one of Sweden's largest tanneries was located in Valdemarsvik. The town's name was first mentioned in 1664.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"Tjust archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tjust_archipelago&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjusts_sk%C3%A4rg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"jetski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetski"},{"link_name":"Henning Mankell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Mankell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"glass artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_glass"},{"link_name":"sculptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor"},{"link_name":"Milan Wobruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Wobruba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Wobruba"},{"link_name":"studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio"},{"link_name":"glass blowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_blowing"},{"link_name":"acrobats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatics"},{"link_name":"cotton candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_candy"},{"link_name":"live music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_music"},{"link_name":"amusement rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Valdemarsviks IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemarsviks_IF"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sailing to the Tjust archipelago [sv] to swim and fish is a popular summertime activity. Boat excursions and jetski rentals are also available.No one I know who has experienced Gryt's archipelago disagrees with me saying: It has been—and is—a blessing to experience this archipelago, this living porch, stretching out into the endless ocean.— Henning Mankell, author and seasonal resident of the archipelago of Gryt[4][5][6]Other recreational activities include bicycle rentals, golf, cinemas, canoeing, and horse riding. There are museums in the locality that can be visited. The glass artist, sculptor and painter Milan Wobruba [sv] has a studio, where visitors have the opportunity to be involved in glass blowing and the manufacture of glass. An \"October Market\", held every 4 October, is both a market, with a range of goods to be sold, and a fair, featuring acrobats, cotton candy, live music and various amusement rides.[citation needed]Many of Valdemarsvik's restaurants and cafés are open all year round; other are open during the tourist season. Also, each year there is exists a special \"food competition\". Dishes are to be made, the ingredients should, as far as possible, be locally produced and which a jury then assesses. The winning dish is then served at most restaurants in the municipality.[7]The football club Valdemarsviks IF is located in Valdemarsvik.[citation needed]","title":"Tourism and entertainment"}]	[{"image_text":"A 1913 postcard of Valdemarsvik","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Valdemarsvik_postcard_1913.jpg/220px-Valdemarsvik_postcard_1913.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistiska tätorter 2020, befolkning, landareal, befolkningstäthet\". Statistics Sweden. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scb.se/MI0810","url_text":"\"Statistiska tätorter 2020, befolkning, landareal, befolkningstäthet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"}]},{"reference":"\"Historik – Valdemarsviks kommun\" (in Swedish). Valdemarsvik Municipality. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. 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Retrieved 17 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514181400/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Information/","url_text":"\"Allmän turistinformation – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"url":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Information/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Se och göra – Valdemarsviks kommun\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514185850/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Se-och-gora/","url_text":"\"Se och göra – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"url":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Se-och-gora/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Äta – Valdemarsviks kommun\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175944/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Ata/","url_text":"\"Äta – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"url":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Ata/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valdemarsvik&params=58_12_N_16_36_E_region:SE_type:city(2751)","external_links_name":"58°12′N 16°36′E / 58.200°N 16.600°E / 58.200; 16.600"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valdemarsvik&params=58_12_N_16_36_E_region:SE_type:city(2751)","external_links_name":"58°12′N 16°36′E / 58.200°N 16.600°E / 58.200; 16.600"},{"Link":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scb.se/MI0810","external_links_name":"\"Statistiska tätorter 2020, befolkning, landareal, befolkningstäthet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514184645/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Om-kommunen/Historik/","external_links_name":"\"Historik – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"Link":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Om-kommunen/Historik/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100126000144/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/","external_links_name":"\"Turist i Valdemarsviks kommun – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"Link":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514181400/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Information/","external_links_name":"\"Allmän turistinformation – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"Link":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Information/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514185850/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Se-och-gora/","external_links_name":"\"Se och göra – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"Link":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Se-och-gora/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175944/http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Ata/","external_links_name":"\"Äta – Valdemarsviks kommun\""},{"Link":"http://www.valdemarsvik.se/sv/Publik/Turism/Ata/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_Curve_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)	Learning Curve (Star Trek: Voyager)	["1 Background and summary","2 Plot","3 Production","4 Casting","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]	16th episode of the 1st season of Star Trek: Voyager "Learning Curve"Star Trek: Voyager episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 16Directed byDavid LivingstonWritten byRonald WilkersonJean Louise MatthiasFeatured musicJay ChattawayProduction code116Original air dateMay 22, 1995 (1995-05-22)Guest appearances Armand Schultz - Kenneth Dalby Derek McGrath - Chell Kenny Morrison - Gerron Catherine MacNeal - Mariah Henley Thomas Alexander Dekker - Henry Burleigh Lindsey Haun - Beatrice Burleigh Episode chronology ← Previous"Jetrel" Next →"The 37's" Star Trek: Voyager season 1List of episodes "Learning Curve" is the 16th episode of Star Trek: Voyager and final episode of the first season. In this episode Tuvok forces some of the Maquis crew into a Starfleet training program and systems malfunction throughout the ship as the bio-neural gel packs begin to fail. It was seen by 8.3 million in the U.S. at its debut in May 1995. This episode has several guest stars including Derek McGrath as Chell, Kenny Morrison as Gerron, and Catherine McNeal as Henley. Tuvok is part of the regular cast and is played by Tim Russ. This was written by Ronald Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias, and directed by David Livingston. The episode aired on UPN on May 22, 1995. Background and summary This was the last episode of the first season, and contributes to the Maquis narrative thread, a story arc that spanned three Star Trek franchise television shows including The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, and Voyager. In the Voyager opening pilot episode "Caretaker", two opposing ships (U.S.S. Voyager of Starfleet, and Val Jean of the Maquis) are pulled from the Badlands in the Alpha quadrant 70,000 light-years away into the Delta quadrant by an extra-galactic alien who abducts the crews of Voyager and Val Jean. The crew of the Val Jean are then conscripted into the Voyager crew after the destruction of their own vessel while fending off an attack by a Kazon warship. Subsequent episodes establish the continued friction between Starfleet and Maquis crew-members, despite their common goal of returning home to the Alpha quadrant. The episode sheds some light on Maquis motivations in general, and in particular, the struggle of one crew-member who continues to suffer after the crimes committed against his wife by the Cardassians. The Cardassian race was introduced in The Next Generation season four episode "The Wounded" wherein a Federation-Cardassian peace treaty has ceded control of some Federation planets to the Cardassians, who then proceed to brutalize the Federation colonists, giving rise to an underground Maquis resistance group that feels they need to fight both the Cardassians and the Federation in order to survive and maintain their own colonies within Cardassian-occupied territory. As a result of having to adapt to rebel/guerrilla tactics, Maquis crew-members have a less ridid set of rules of conduct, and a less structured chain-of-command and operational style. This provides a genesis for the episode's main concepts, and a resolution to the tension between these two organizational styles. Security Chief Tuvok is assigned to train four of the most problematic Maquis crew-members to better operate aboard their new ship, according to Starfleet rules and regulations. Also, Neelix nearly destroys Voyager trying to make his own cheese, which is resolved by giving the ship "a fever", curing its biological systems. Plot After Crewman Dalby is insubordinate towards security chief Tuvok, the Vulcan discusses the situation with Captain Janeway. Janeway understands Tuvok's frustration but points out that the Maquis have never been trained in Starfleet procedures or philosophies. A class is organized to teach several Maquis crew members Starfleet protocol, taught by Tuvok, a former academy instructor. At first, his efforts are unsuccessful; the trainees walk out of their first lesson despite Tuvok's orders to stay. Later in the mess hall, Dalby makes it clear to Chakotay that he wants to do things the Maquis way. Chakotay punches Dalby, saying that if Dalby wants to do things the Maquis way then so will he, by using violence to enforce discipline. With his point made, the students return to Tuvok's training sessions. When Tuvok shares with Neelix that he is frustrated with the Maquis's unwillingness to adapt to Starfleet protocol, Neelix indicates that perhaps it is Tuvok who is being inflexible in his strict adherence to procedure, and that perhaps if he were to "bend the rules" a little bit, the trainees would respect him more. Tuvok attempts to get to know Dalby socially, but makes little progress. "Get the cheese to sickbay" Roxann Biggs-Dawson (in the role of B'Elanna Torres) delivered a line that "summed up exactly what thought of the new show". Meanwhile, it is discovered that the bioneural circuitry that runs many of the crucial systems on the ship has become infected with disease. Tuvok and the Doctor trace the infection to a batch of homemade cheese that Neelix has prepared. The Doctor discovers that the only way to kill the microbe is to heat the bioneural gel packs. The crew runs the warp core at 80% without going to warp, which produces enough heat to kill the virus; however, it also initiates a pulse surge, causing many power conduits to be blown out. At that moment, another class is in progress in a cargo bay when a power conduit blows and the room begins to fill with noxious gas. One of the trainees is unconscious but Tuvok orders the rest to leave him behind and save themselves. The trainees are angered at his apparent disregard for their friend's life, and initially refuse, but Tuvok forces them out. He then contradicts his own order, going back to save the injured crewman, and in the process succumbs to the gas and passes out. The other trainees work together to rescue Tuvok and their friend. Afterwards, Dalby tells Tuvok that if he is willing to bend Starfleet protocol to save one of them, perhaps they can bend to accept the Starfleet rules after all. Production The episode's principal plotline, dealing with Tuvok and his trainees, was originally devised as a subplot for another episode, until the writers decided that they liked it enough to make it the focus of an episode. The producers of the show were disappointed that "Learning Curve" became the default season finale due to scheduling issues with the season, describing it as "a run-of-the-mill episode...it wasn't a cliffhanger. It wasn't a season-ender. It had no bang. We just sort of disappeared." Four other episodes had already been produced, but they were held back until the start of the second season. Schematics used to construct the sets for this episode were among the items sold off in the It's a Wrap! online auction of Star Trek items. Casting The episode includes several guest and co-stars including Armand Schultz, Derek McGrath, Kenny Morrison, Catherine MacNeal, Thomas Dekker, Lindsey Haun, and Majel Barret. Reception Trek Navigator's Mark A. Altman gave the episode two and a half stars stating the episode "plays like a lightweight version of the same writers' "Lower Decks"." Doux Reviews notes the reluctant trainees must choose between "..confinement in the brig or being punched.." but called the end "obvious but satisfying", giving it a rating of "one out of four recruits". TV.com lists "Learning Curve" with a rating of 8.1 points out of 10 on 201 User reviews as of 2018. This episode was noted for using the holodeck as a training simulator aboard the spacecraft. Within the holodeck, special effects visual a Romulan spacecraft is shown. A reviewer that wrote an article on the website "Doux Reviews" had a negative review for the episode but wrote that the ending was obvious but well done. In 2020, Gizmodo listed this episode as one of the "must watch" episodes from season one of the show. References ^ Ruditis, Paul (1 June 2019). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743417518 – via Google Books. ^ a b Juliette. "Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve". ^ " Season 1". TrekNation. Archived from the original on February 8, 2001. ^ a b "Star Trek: Voyager - TV Guide". TVGuide.com. ^ Farghaly, Nadine; Bacon, Simon (8 June 2017). To Boldly Go: Essays on Gender and Identity in the Star Trek Universe. McFarland. ISBN 9781476668536 – via Google Books. ^ a b Ruditis, Paul (2003). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-1751-8. ^ DeCandido, Keith R. A. (2020-03-12). "Star Trek: Voyager Rewatch: "Learning Curve"". Tor.com. Retrieved 2021-02-16. ^ "Star Trek: Voyager". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2021-02-25. ^ " Jammer's Review: "Learning Curve"". www.jammersreviews.com. ^ "Learning Curve". StarTrek.com. ^ a b Jones, Mark; Parkin, Lance (2003). Beyond the Final Frontier: An Unauthorised Review of the Trek Universe on Television and Film. London: Contender Books. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-1-84357-080-6. ^ Altman, Mark (November 1996) Captains' Logs Supplemental: The Unauthorized Guide to the New Trek Voyages-Entire Deep Space Nine & Voyager History, Little Brown & Co, ISBN 9780316329200, p 147 ^ Cinefantastique Vol. 28, No. 4/5, p. 75 ^ "Star Trek Auction Listings Archive - Item 9449". startrekpropcollector.com. ^ Altman, Mark A.; Gross, Edward (1998). "The Episodes". Trek Navigator: The Ultimate Guide to the Entire Trek Saga. Little, Brown and Company. p. 125. ISBN 0-316-03812-1. ^ TV.com. "Star Trek: Voyager: Learning Curve". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-05-05. ^ a b Ruditis, Paul (2003). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743417518. ^ "Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve". ^ "Star Trek: Voyager's Must-Watch Episodes". io9. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-13. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Learning Curve. "Learning Curve" at IMDb Learning Curve at Memory Alpha "Learning Curve" at Wayback Machine (archived from the original at StarTrek.com) vteStar Trek: Voyager episodes Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Season 1 "Caretaker, Part I" "Caretaker, Part II" "Parallax" "Time and Again" "Phage" "The Cloud" "Eye of the Needle" "Ex Post Facto" "Emanations" "Prime Factors" "State of Flux" "Heroes and Demons" "Cathexis" "Faces" "Jetrel" "Learning Curve"	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Trek: Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager"},{"link_name":"final episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_finale"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager_season_1"},{"link_name":"Tuvok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvok"},{"link_name":"Maquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juliette-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treknation1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star_Trek:_Voyager_-_TV_Guide-4"},{"link_name":"Tim Russ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Russ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star_Trek:_Voyager_-_TV_Guide-4"},{"link_name":"David Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruditis_2003-6"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"Learning Curve\" is the 16th episode of Star Trek: Voyager and final episode of the first season. In this episode Tuvok forces some of the Maquis crew into a Starfleet training program[1] and systems malfunction throughout the ship as the bio-neural gel packs begin to fail.[2] It was seen by 8.3 million in the U.S. at its debut in May 1995.[3] This episode has several guest stars including Derek McGrath as Chell, Kenny Morrison as Gerron, and Catherine McNeal as Henley.[4] Tuvok is part of the regular cast and is played by Tim Russ.[4]This was written by Ronald Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias, and directed by David Livingston.[5][6]The episode aired on UPN on May 22, 1995.[7][8]","title":"Learning Curve (Star Trek: Voyager)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"narrative thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_thread"},{"link_name":"story arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_arc"},{"link_name":"Star Trek franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Caretaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Badlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_regions_of_space#Badlands"},{"link_name":"Alpha quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_regions_of_space#Alpha_and_Beta_Quadrants"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"Delta quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_regions_of_space#Delta_Quadrant"},{"link_name":"Kazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_aliens#K"},{"link_name":"Cardassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardassians"},{"link_name":"The Wounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wounded_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"underground Maquis resistance group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"rebel/guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"rules of conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_conduct"},{"link_name":"chain-of-command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"Tuvok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvok"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"This was the last episode of the first season, and contributes to the Maquis narrative thread, a story arc that spanned three Star Trek franchise television shows including The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, and Voyager.In the Voyager opening pilot episode \"Caretaker\", two opposing ships (U.S.S. 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The Cardassian race was introduced in The Next Generation season four episode \"The Wounded\" wherein a Federation-Cardassian peace treaty has ceded control of some Federation planets to the Cardassians, who then proceed to brutalize the Federation colonists, giving rise to an underground Maquis resistance group that feels they need to fight both the Cardassians and the Federation in order to survive and maintain their own colonies within Cardassian-occupied territory.As a result of having to adapt to rebel/guerrilla tactics, Maquis crew-members have a less ridid set of rules of conduct, and a less structured chain-of-command and operational style. This provides a genesis for the episode's main concepts, and a resolution to the tension between these two organizational styles. Security Chief Tuvok is assigned to train four of the most problematic Maquis crew-members to better operate aboard their new ship, according to Starfleet rules and regulations.Also, Neelix nearly destroys Voyager trying to make his own cheese, which is resolved by giving the ship \"a fever\", curing its biological systems.[9][10]","title":"Background and summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuvok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvok"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Captain Janeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Janeway"},{"link_name":"Maquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquis_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"Chakotay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakotay"},{"link_name":"Neelix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelix"},{"link_name":"Roxann Biggs-Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxann_Biggs-Dawson"},{"link_name":"B'Elanna Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27Elanna_Torres"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lance&parkin281-11"},{"link_name":"the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_(Star_Trek)"}],"text":"After Crewman Dalby is insubordinate towards security chief Tuvok, the Vulcan discusses the situation with Captain Janeway. Janeway understands Tuvok's frustration but points out that the Maquis have never been trained in Starfleet procedures or philosophies. A class is organized to teach several Maquis crew members Starfleet protocol, taught by Tuvok, a former academy instructor. At first, his efforts are unsuccessful; the trainees walk out of their first lesson despite Tuvok's orders to stay. Later in the mess hall, Dalby makes it clear to Chakotay that he wants to do things the Maquis way. Chakotay punches Dalby, saying that if Dalby wants to do things the Maquis way then so will he, by using violence to enforce discipline. With his point made, the students return to Tuvok's training sessions.When Tuvok shares with Neelix that he is frustrated with the Maquis's unwillingness to adapt to Starfleet protocol, Neelix indicates that perhaps it is Tuvok who is being inflexible in his strict adherence to procedure, and that perhaps if he were to \"bend the rules\" a little bit, the trainees would respect him more. Tuvok attempts to get to know Dalby socially, but makes little progress.\"Get the cheese to sickbay\"\n\n\nRoxann Biggs-Dawson (in the role of B'Elanna Torres) delivered a line that \"summed up exactly what [fans] thought of the new show\".[11]Meanwhile, it is discovered that the bioneural circuitry that runs many of the crucial systems on the ship has become infected with disease. Tuvok and the Doctor trace the infection to a batch of homemade cheese that Neelix has prepared. The Doctor discovers that the only way to kill the microbe is to heat the bioneural gel packs. The crew runs the warp core at 80% without going to warp, which produces enough heat to kill the virus; however, it also initiates a pulse surge, causing many power conduits to be blown out.At that moment, another class is in progress in a cargo bay when a power conduit blows and the room begins to fill with noxious gas. One of the trainees is unconscious but Tuvok orders the rest to leave him behind and save themselves. The trainees are angered at his apparent disregard for their friend's life, and initially refuse, but Tuvok forces them out. He then contradicts his own order, going back to save the injured crewman, and in the process succumbs to the gas and passes out. The other trainees work together to rescue Tuvok and their friend. Afterwards, Dalby tells Tuvok that if he is willing to bend Starfleet protocol to save one of them, perhaps they can bend to accept the Starfleet rules after all.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lance&parkin281-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The episode's principal plotline, dealing with Tuvok and his trainees, was originally devised as a subplot for another episode, until the writers decided that they liked it enough to make it the focus of an episode.[12] The producers of the show were disappointed that \"Learning Curve\" became the default season finale due to scheduling issues with the season, describing it as \"a run-of-the-mill episode...it wasn't a cliffhanger. It wasn't a season-ender. It had no bang. We just sort of disappeared.\"[13] Four other episodes had already been produced, but they were held back until the start of the second season.[11] Schematics used to construct the sets for this episode were among the items sold off in the It's a Wrap! online auction of Star Trek items.[14]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruditis_2003-6"}],"text":"The episode includes several guest and co-stars including Armand Schultz, Derek McGrath, Kenny Morrison, Catherine MacNeal, Thomas Dekker, Lindsey Haun, and Majel Barret.[6]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark A. Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A._Altman"},{"link_name":"Lower Decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Decks_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altman_1998-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juliette-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"holodeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodeck"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Gizmodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Trek Navigator's Mark A. Altman gave the episode two and a half stars stating the episode \"plays like a lightweight version of the same writers' \"Lower Decks\".\"[15] Doux Reviews notes the reluctant trainees must choose between \"..confinement in the brig or being punched..\" but called the end \"obvious but satisfying\", giving it a rating of \"one out of four recruits\".[2] TV.com lists \"Learning Curve\" with a rating of 8.1 points out of 10 on 201 User reviews as of 2018.[16]This episode was noted for using the holodeck as a training simulator aboard the spacecraft.[17] Within the holodeck, special effects visual a Romulan spacecraft is shown.[17]A reviewer that wrote an article on the website \"Doux Reviews\" had a negative review for the episode but wrote that the ending was obvious but well done.[18]In 2020, Gizmodo listed this episode as one of the \"must watch\" episodes from season one of the show.[19]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ruditis, Paul (1 June 2019). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743417518 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEPl84FQpxgC&dq=Learning+Curve+%28Star+Trek%3A+Voyager%29&pg=PA25","url_text":"Star Trek Voyager Companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743417518","url_text":"9780743417518"}]},{"reference":"Juliette. \"Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douxreviews.com/2012/12/star-trek-voyager-learning-curve.html","url_text":"\"Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve\""}]},{"reference":"\"[VOY] Season 1\". TrekNation. Archived from the original on February 8, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010208200956/http://www.treknation.com/nielsens/voy/season1.shtml","url_text":"\"[VOY] Season 1\""},{"url":"http://www.treknation.com/nielsens/voy/season1.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: Voyager - TV Guide\". TVGuide.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/star-trek-voyager/episode-16-season-1/learning-curve/100412","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Voyager - TV Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Farghaly, Nadine; Bacon, Simon (8 June 2017). To Boldly Go: Essays on Gender and Identity in the Star Trek Universe. McFarland. ISBN 9781476668536 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8GQoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Learning+Curve+%28Star+Trek%3A+Voyager%29&pg=PT160","url_text":"To Boldly Go: Essays on Gender and Identity in the Star Trek Universe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476668536","url_text":"9781476668536"}]},{"reference":"Ruditis, Paul (2003). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-1751-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEPl84FQpxgC&q=learning+curve","url_text":"Star Trek Voyager Companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-1751-8","url_text":"978-0-7434-1751-8"}]},{"reference":"DeCandido, Keith R. A. (2020-03-12). \"Star Trek: Voyager Rewatch: \"Learning Curve\"\". Tor.com. Retrieved 2021-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tor.com/2020/03/12/star-trek-voyager-rewatch-learning-curve/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Voyager Rewatch: \"Learning Curve\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: Voyager\". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2021-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/star-trek-voyager/episodes-season-1/1000266610/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Voyager\""}]},{"reference":"\"[VOY] Jammer's Review: \"Learning Curve\"\". www.jammersreviews.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jammersreviews.com/st-voy/s1/learning.php","url_text":"\"[VOY] Jammer's Review: \"Learning Curve\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Learning Curve\". StarTrek.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startrek.com/database_article/learning-curve","url_text":"\"Learning Curve\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Mark; Parkin, Lance (2003). Beyond the Final Frontier: An Unauthorised Review of the Trek Universe on Television and Film. London: Contender Books. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-1-84357-080-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84357-080-6","url_text":"978-1-84357-080-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek Auction Listings Archive - Item 9449\". startrekpropcollector.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://startrekpropcollector.com/trekauctions/item.pl?i=9449","url_text":"\"Star Trek Auction Listings Archive - Item 9449\""}]},{"reference":"Altman, Mark A.; Gross, Edward (1998). \"The Episodes\". Trek Navigator: The Ultimate Guide to the Entire Trek Saga. Little, Brown and Company. p. 125. ISBN 0-316-03812-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/treknavigatorult00altm/page/125","url_text":"\"The Episodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/treknavigatorult00altm/page/125","url_text":"125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-03812-1","url_text":"0-316-03812-1"}]},{"reference":"TV.com. \"Star Trek: Voyager: Learning Curve\". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180908072536/http://www.tv.com/shows/star-trek-voyager/learning-curve-10655/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Voyager: Learning Curve\""},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/star-trek-voyager/learning-curve-10655/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ruditis, Paul (2003). Star Trek Voyager Companion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743417518.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEPl84FQpxgC&dq=learning+curve+star+trek+voyager&pg=PA25","url_text":"Star Trek Voyager Companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743417518","url_text":"9780743417518"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.douxreviews.com/2012/12/star-trek-voyager-learning-curve.html","url_text":"\"Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: Voyager's Must-Watch Episodes\". io9. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/star-trek-voyagers-must-watch-episodes-1843052360","url_text":"\"Star Trek: Voyager's Must-Watch Episodes\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEPl84FQpxgC&dq=Learning+Curve+%28Star+Trek%3A+Voyager%29&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"Star Trek Voyager Companion"},{"Link":"http://www.douxreviews.com/2012/12/star-trek-voyager-learning-curve.html","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010208200956/http://www.treknation.com/nielsens/voy/season1.shtml","external_links_name":"\"[VOY] Season 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.treknation.com/nielsens/voy/season1.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/star-trek-voyager/episode-16-season-1/learning-curve/100412","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: Voyager - TV Guide\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8GQoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Learning+Curve+%28Star+Trek%3A+Voyager%29&pg=PT160","external_links_name":"To Boldly Go: Essays on Gender and Identity in the Star Trek Universe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEPl84FQpxgC&q=learning+curve","external_links_name":"Star Trek Voyager Companion"},{"Link":"https://www.tor.com/2020/03/12/star-trek-voyager-rewatch-learning-curve/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: Voyager Rewatch: \"Learning Curve\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/star-trek-voyager/episodes-season-1/1000266610/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: Voyager\""},{"Link":"https://www.jammersreviews.com/st-voy/s1/learning.php","external_links_name":"\"[VOY] Jammer's Review: \"Learning Curve\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.startrek.com/database_article/learning-curve","external_links_name":"\"Learning Curve\""},{"Link":"http://startrekpropcollector.com/trekauctions/item.pl?i=9449","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek Auction Listings Archive - Item 9449\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/treknavigatorult00altm/page/125","external_links_name":"\"The Episodes\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/treknavigatorult00altm/page/125","external_links_name":"125"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180908072536/http://www.tv.com/shows/star-trek-voyager/learning-curve-10655/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: Voyager: Learning Curve\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/shows/star-trek-voyager/learning-curve-10655/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEPl84FQpxgC&dq=learning+curve+star+trek+voyager&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"Star Trek Voyager Companion"},{"Link":"https://www.douxreviews.com/2012/12/star-trek-voyager-learning-curve.html","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek Voyager: Learning Curve\""},{"Link":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/star-trek-voyagers-must-watch-episodes-1843052360","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: Voyager's Must-Watch Episodes\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708921/","external_links_name":"\"Learning Curve\""},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Learning_Curve","external_links_name":"Learning Curve"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20230301234458/https://www.startrek.com/database_article/learning-curve","external_links_name":"\"Learning Curve\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_vs._Cobra	Komodo vs. Cobra	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Home Media","4 Reception","5 Analysis","6 References","7 External links"]	2005 film directed by Jim Wynorski Komodo vs. CobraDVD CoverWritten byJim WynorskiDirected byJim Wynorski (as Jay Andrews)StarringMichelle BorthJerri MantheyGlori-Anne GilbertRyan McTavishTed MonteChris NevilleMichael ParéMusic byChuck CirinoCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersDaniel GilboyMichael ParéProducerPaul HertzbergCinematographyAndrea RossottoEditorRandy CarterRunning time94 minutesProduction companyCineTel FilmsOriginal releaseReleaseAugust 19, 2005 (2005-08-19) Komodo vs. Cobra, also referred to as KVC, is a 2005 American television film directed by Jim Wynorski. It is Wynorski's sequel to his 2004 film Curse of the Komodo. Wynroski says the first film "all turned out rather fun; so much so that they asked me to do a sequel. I said I would do it provided they sent myself and the entire cast to Hawaii to film it…which they did." Plot A team of environmentalists, including a reporter, her camera man, and an environmentalist's famous girlfriend charter a boat and with the captain, sail to a military island. They suspect the island is hosting to illegal activities. Upon arrival, however, they find no one. They finally reach a deserted house, where they are confronted Dr. Susan Richardson, who tells them that everyone on the island is dead, including her father. Richardson's team were working on a compound that could make edible plants grow to super size, however the military intervened with plans of their own. They wanted to test the compound's effects on animals, and proceeded to feed it to several Komodo dragons and cobras. As a result, both species grows to an enormous size and begins to devour everything on the island, including the humans. The group, the doctor, and the boat captain must escape the island, while avoiding Cobra and Komodo. The military finds out that some problems are happening on the island, so they send in troops. One by one the troops are killed by Komodo. Meanwhile, the group try to escape to the lab, barely escaping both Cobra and Komodo. One environmentalist is killed, and the camera man. In the lab, Richardson tells her flashback of how the military messed things up. Now just wanting to escape the island alive, the group try to get back to the beach. On the beach they try to get to the yacht, but the military drop a bomb on it. Then a cobra comes out the water and eats two more men. The remainder of the group decide to head for a helicopter that was left behind on a mountain by the doctor's father and team. While trying to cross a river to the mountain, one environmentalist is bitten by huge leeches. That is when Dr. Richardson announces that anything that comes into contact with the animal DNA (like saliva) can turn into a huge version of its kind. On the mountaintop, the remaining five run into Komodo, who is blocking the helicopter, the Komodo notices them and begins to attack. Soon, Cobra arrives. The man who was attacked by the leeches weakly makes himself bait. With bullets not penetrating Cobra's skin, only making the giant monster he is devoured. The military sees footage of the demonic Komodo dragons and the yacht (meaning trespassers) decides to bomb the island, with the Americans still on it. Soon, Komodo and Cobra begin to fight each other. The boat driver, a retired pilot in air force, flies the three remaining women away. Both Komodo and Cobra are killed in a military bombing on the island, still in mid-battle. At the end of the film, a scientist, Dr. Michaels, who has escaped the Komodo, reawakens from the dead with reptilian characteristics, such as glowing green eyes and a forked tongue, revealing he is transforming into a Komodo dragon. Cast Michael Paré as Mike A. Stoddard Michelle Borth as Dr. Susan Richardson Ryan McTavish as Jerry Ryan Renee Talbert as Carrie Evans Jerri Manthey as Sandra Crescent Ted Monte as Ted Marks Glori-Anne Gilbert as Darla Marks René Rivera as Dirk Preston Jay Richardson as Dr. William Richardson Rod McCary as General Bradley Roark Critchlow as Major Garber Paul Logan as Major Frank Damian T. Raven as Weeks Chris Neville as Lerner Del Wills as Marsden Mark Mahon as Patterson Paul Green as Monroe Jordon Krain as Dr. Rhodes Dan Golden as Dr. Michaels Home Media The film was released on DVD on July 25, 2006, by Lionsgate. Reception The film received rather negative retrospective reviews. Analysis This sequel contains various elements that were part of the first film: experimentation gone awry, father-daughter team, government attempt to bomb things, the ending, Komodo's behaviors, for example. References ^ "Dall'altra parte del cult – Interview with Jim Wynorski". Cine Walk of Shame. ^ "DeVilDead : Critique du film KOMODO VS. COBRA (2005) et du DVD Zone 2". www.devildead.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15. ^ "Critique KVC: Komodo vs Cobra ". Scifiuniverse. ^ Eunice (2014-08-02). "Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)". Mutant Reviewers. Retrieved 2023-08-15. ^ Foywonder (2006-07-24). "KvC: Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)". Dread Central. Retrieved 2023-08-15. External links Komodo vs. Cobra at IMDb vteFilms directed by Jim Wynorski The Lost Empire (1984) Chopping Mall (1986) Deathstalker II (1987) Big Bad Mama II (1987) Not of This Earth (1988) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Transylvania Twist (1989) The Haunting of Morella (1990) Sorority House Massacre II (1990) Hard to Die (1990) 976-Evil II (1992) Munchie (1992) Sins of Desire (1993) Little Miss Millions (1993) Munchie Strikes Back (1994) Dinosaur Island (1994) Point of Seduction: Body Chemistry III (1994) Ghoulies IV (1994) Sorceress (1995) Victim of Desire (1995) Body Chemistry 4 (1995) Virtual Desire (1995) Hard Bounty (1995) The Wasp Woman (1995) Demolition High (1996) Vampirella (1996) Against the Law (1997) The Pandora Project (1998) Desert Thunder (1999) Final Voyage (1999) Rangers (2000) Ablaze (2001) Thy Neighbor's Wife (2001) Raptor (2001) Project Viper (2002) Gale Force (2002) Treasure Hunt (2003) Cheerleader Massacre (2003) Curse of the Komodo (2004) Gargoyle (2004) The Thing Below (2004) Crash Landing (2005) Lust Connection (2005) Sub Zero (2005) The Witches of Breastwick (2005) Komodo vs. Cobra (2005) The Witches of Breastwick 2 (2005) Cry of the Winged Serpent (2005) Bone Eater (2008) Dinocroc vs. Supergator (2010) Camel Spiders (2011) Piranhaconda (2012) Sharkansas Women's Prison Massacre (2015) Nessie & Me (2016) A Doggone Christmas (2016) A Doggone Hollywood (2017) CobraGator (2024, filmed 2014)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Wynorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wynorski"},{"link_name":"Curse of the Komodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Komodo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Komodo vs. Cobra, also referred to as KVC, is a 2005 American television film directed by Jim Wynorski. It is Wynorski's sequel to his 2004 film Curse of the Komodo.Wynroski says the first film \"all turned out rather fun; so much so that they asked me to do a sequel. I said I would do it provided they sent myself and the entire cast to Hawaii to film it…which they did.\"[1]","title":"Komodo vs. Cobra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komodo dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon"},{"link_name":"cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra"}],"text":"A team of environmentalists, including a reporter, her camera man, and an environmentalist's famous girlfriend charter a boat and with the captain, sail to a military island. They suspect the island is hosting to illegal activities. Upon arrival, however, they find no one. They finally reach a deserted house, where they are confronted Dr. Susan Richardson, who tells them that everyone on the island is dead, including her father. Richardson's team were working on a compound that could make edible plants grow to super size, however the military intervened with plans of their own. They wanted to test the compound's effects on animals, and proceeded to feed it to several Komodo dragons and cobras.As a result, both species grows to an enormous size and begins to devour everything on the island, including the humans. The group, the doctor, and the boat captain must escape the island, while avoiding Cobra and Komodo. The military finds out that some problems are happening on the island, so they send in troops. One by one the troops are killed by Komodo.Meanwhile, the group try to escape to the lab, barely escaping both Cobra and Komodo. One environmentalist is killed, and the camera man. In the lab, Richardson tells her flashback of how the military messed things up. Now just wanting to escape the island alive, the group try to get back to the beach. On the beach they try to get to the yacht, but the military drop a bomb on it. Then a cobra comes out the water and eats two more men. The remainder of the group decide to head for a helicopter that was left behind on a mountain by the doctor's father and team. While trying to cross a river to the mountain, one environmentalist is bitten by huge leeches. That is when Dr. Richardson announces that anything that comes into contact with the animal DNA (like saliva) can turn into a huge version of its kind. On the mountaintop, the remaining five run into Komodo, who is blocking the helicopter, the Komodo notices them and begins to attack. Soon, Cobra arrives. The man who was attacked by the leeches weakly makes himself bait. With bullets not penetrating Cobra's skin, only making the giant monster he is devoured.The military sees footage of the demonic Komodo dragons and the yacht (meaning trespassers) decides to bomb the island, with the Americans still on it.Soon, Komodo and Cobra begin to fight each other. The boat driver, a retired pilot in air force, flies the three remaining women away. Both Komodo and Cobra are killed in a military bombing on the island, still in mid-battle.At the end of the film, a scientist, Dr. Michaels, who has escaped the Komodo, reawakens from the dead with reptilian characteristics, such as glowing green eyes and a forked tongue, revealing he is transforming into a Komodo dragon.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Paré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Par%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Michelle Borth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Borth"},{"link_name":"Jerri Manthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerri_Manthey"},{"link_name":"Roark Critchlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roark_Critchlow"},{"link_name":"Paul Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Logan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chris Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Neville"}],"text":"Michael Paré as Mike A. Stoddard\nMichelle Borth as Dr. Susan Richardson\nRyan McTavish as Jerry Ryan\nRenee Talbert as Carrie Evans\nJerri Manthey as Sandra Crescent\nTed Monte as Ted Marks\nGlori-Anne Gilbert as Darla Marks\nRené Rivera as Dirk Preston\nJay Richardson as Dr. William Richardson\nRod McCary as General Bradley\nRoark Critchlow as Major Garber\nPaul Logan as Major Frank\nDamian T. Raven as Weeks\nChris Neville as Lerner\nDel Wills as Marsden\nMark Mahon as Patterson\nPaul Green as Monroe\nJordon Krain as Dr. Rhodes\nDan Golden as Dr. Michaels","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate"}],"text":"The film was released on DVD on July 25, 2006, by Lionsgate.","title":"Home Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film received rather negative retrospective reviews.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This sequel contains various elements that were part of the first film: experimentation gone awry, father-daughter team, government attempt to bomb things, the ending, Komodo's behaviors, for example.[citation needed]","title":"Analysis"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dall'altra parte del cult – Interview with Jim Wynorski\". Cine Walk of Shame.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinewalkofshame.wordpress.com/tag/jim-wynorski-interview/","url_text":"\"Dall'altra parte del cult – Interview with Jim Wynorski\""}]},{"reference":"\"DeVilDead : Critique du film KOMODO VS. COBRA (2005) et du DVD Zone 2\". www.devildead.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.devildead.com/review/1481/komodo-vs-cobra","url_text":"\"DeVilDead : Critique du film KOMODO VS. COBRA (2005) et du DVD Zone 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Critique KVC: Komodo vs Cobra [2007]\". Scifiuniverse.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scifi-universe.com/critiques/3660/kvc-komodo-vs-cobra","url_text":"\"Critique KVC: Komodo vs Cobra [2007]\""}]},{"reference":"Eunice (2014-08-02). \"Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)\". Mutant Reviewers. Retrieved 2023-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://mutantreviewersmovies.com/2014/08/01/komodo-vs-cobra/","url_text":"\"Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)\""}]},{"reference":"Foywonder (2006-07-24). \"KvC: Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)\". Dread Central. Retrieved 2023-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/4279/kvc-komodo-vs-cobra-2005/","url_text":"\"KvC: Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cinewalkofshame.wordpress.com/tag/jim-wynorski-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Dall'altra parte del cult – Interview with Jim Wynorski\""},{"Link":"https://www.devildead.com/review/1481/komodo-vs-cobra","external_links_name":"\"DeVilDead : Critique du film KOMODO VS. COBRA (2005) et du DVD Zone 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.scifi-universe.com/critiques/3660/kvc-komodo-vs-cobra","external_links_name":"\"Critique KVC: Komodo vs Cobra [2007]\""},{"Link":"https://mutantreviewersmovies.com/2014/08/01/komodo-vs-cobra/","external_links_name":"\"Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/4279/kvc-komodo-vs-cobra-2005/","external_links_name":"\"KvC: Komodo vs. Cobra (2005)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455583/","external_links_name":"Komodo vs. Cobra"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisakovsk	Lisakovsk	["1 History","2 Demography","3 Economy","4 Archeology","5 Blazon","6 Schools","7 References"]	Coordinates: 52°32′N 62°30′E / 52.533°N 62.500°E / 52.533; 62.500Lisakovsk Lisakovsk (Kazakh: Лисаковск) is a city in Kostanay Region of northwestern Kazakhstan. It is located about 105 km SW of the regional capital city Kostanay on the right bank of the Tobol River (a tributary of the Irtysh River). Population: 36,622 (2009 Census results); 35,161 (1999 Census results). History The city owes its existence to a high-phosphorus, 1.72 billion-ton iron ore deposit discovered in 1949; development did not begin until the 1960s. The government began to create a village in the wilderness to house miners. In 1971 the village became a city. 1991 ore production was 6.2 million tons, but it began falling after independence; 1994 production was 2.6 MT. In the mid-eighties construction of a chemical plant was begun, but construction was interrupted after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the early 1990s mining in Lisakovsk was in a critical situation due to a sharp fall in demand for iron concentrate in the metallurgical industry in Kazakhstan and Russia. City authorities had to take extraordinary steps to maintain the economy and to develop new industries. By decision of the Kazakhi Parliament, the city became a free economic zone in 1992. It began searching for new kinds of employment in a market economy. Demography Representatives of 51 different nationalities live in the city. Economy During January–May 2010, industrial enterprises of all kinds produced goods worth 8,289.3 million tenge, 148.5% more than it produced in January–May 2009. The mining industry during this period produced goods worth 6292.7 million tenge, which is 175% higher than the corresponding level last year. In comparison with January–May 2009 iron ore (in kind) increased by 0.8%, bauxite by 9.5%, and zinc ore extraction increased 4.5 times. The share of mining citywide was 75.9%. The manufacturing industry in January–May 2010 produced products to 1307 million tenge, which is lower than the corresponding period last year by 4.6%. 80.1% of manufacture by volume is the production of food (including beverages and tobacco): food products produced 1046.7 million tenge. In the machinery industry in January–May of this year 4 agricultural harvesters. Assembling the reapers made when receiving the order. The garment industry produced 1,716 units. amounting to 4.5 million tenge. The production of polyethylene film (139.1%), corrugated cardboard (104.1%), furniture and wood products-on 2.2% (in monetary terms). In the area of distribution of electricity, gas and water production volume amounted to 689.6 million tenge. Archeology In 1984 settlements and cemeteries of the Bronze Age were found. The Andronovo culture complex dates from the 15th-18th centuries BC. Over the years research has revealed more than two thousand square meters of settlements and excavated more than a hundred and fifty burial structures in the form of burial mounds and stone walls. These findings characterize the basic life-support systems and religious ideas of Indo-Iranian tribes that lived in the steppe zone of the Upper Pritobolya in the mid-second millennium BC. The collection of the Lisakovsk city museum, which houses the bulk of the finds, includes more than 200 ceramic vessels, 30 pieces of gold jewelry in the form of rings, more than 40 bronze ornaments (rings, bracelets, ornaments of the braid), stone, bone and bronze tools. In 2011 it was announced that Kazakh archeologists had found a 3000-year-old burial site during excavation of a mound. Three Bronze Age stone vaults were found; one contained a 2-meter skeleton thought to belong to a chieftain. More than a hundred funerary structures have been studied. Items of funeral rites have been found as well as the remains of wooden structures, fragments of textiles, and evidence of weaving and felt making. One of the rare finds is an idol of anthropomorphic form. The excavations of a Kurgan leader "demonstrate the complex cosmogonic idea, inherent in the architectural design of the mound. The city administration supports research archeologists around the city. As a logical extension of this work it is considering the establishment of a "Tumar" eco-cultural center as the pilot complex of tourist, educational, and ethnographic objects. According to the Journal of Archaeological Science, in July 2020, scientists from South Ural State University studied two Late Bronze Age horses with the aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery. Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the stallion was nearly 20 years old and the mare was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with the person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding. "It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within the collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age" said Igor Chechushkov. Blazon The coat-of-arms of Lisakovsk was adopted in 1995. The emblem depicts a blue sky with the sun. Beneath it runs a fox - the symbol of the city. Under the fox is a dark brown stripe, blended with the frame. The emblem symbolizes the ground, fertile, rich in various minerals. Zip code - 111200 Schools Schools of the city Lisakovsk constantly working 7 schools. GUSSH No. 1 (with a sporty bias) GUSSH No. 2 (with in-depth study of English language) GUSSH No. 3 (for the Kazakh-speaking children) GUSSH No. 4 Research School Gymnasium (with in-depth study of mathematics) GUSSH No. 6 PG Boarding city Lisakovsk References ^ a b "Население Республики Казахстан" (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013. ^ Peck, Anne E. (2003). Economic Development in Kazakhstan: The Role of Large Enterprises and Foreign Investment. Routledge. pp. 110–112. ^ Tengri News: "Two-meter skeleton of Bronze Age chieftain found near Lisakovsk". April 8, 2011. ^ Chechushkov, Igor V.; Usmanova, Emma R.; Kosintsev, Pavel A. (2020-08-01). "Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 32: 102420. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420. ISSN 2352-409X. S2CID 225452095. ^ "Russian Scientists Have Discovered the Most Ancient Evidence of Horsemanship in the Bronze Age - South Ural State University". www.susu.ru. Retrieved 2020-07-18. ^ "The most ancient evidence of horsemanship in the bronze age". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-07-18. vteKostanay RegionCapital: KostanayDistricts Altynsarin Amangeldi Auliekol Denisov Fyodorov Kamysty Karabalyk Karasu Kostanay Mendykara Nauyrzym Sarykol Taran Uzunkol Zhangeldi Zhetikara Major cities Arkalyk Kostanay Lisakovsk Rudny Zhetikara Authority control databases VIAF 52°32′N 62°30′E / 52.533°N 62.500°E / 52.533; 62.500	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lisakovsk_baiterek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Kostanay Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostanay_Region"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kostanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostanay"},{"link_name":"Tobol River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobol_River"},{"link_name":"Irtysh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtysh_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kz2009Census-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kz2009Census-1"}],"text":"LisakovskLisakovsk (Kazakh: Лисаковск) is a city in Kostanay Region of northwestern Kazakhstan. It is located about 105 km SW of the regional capital city Kostanay on the right bank of the Tobol River (a tributary of the Irtysh River). Population: 36,622 (2009 Census results);[1] 35,161 (1999 Census results).[1]","title":"Lisakovsk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peck2003-2"},{"link_name":"chemical plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"free economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"market economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy"}],"text":"The city owes its existence to a high-phosphorus, 1.72 billion-ton iron ore deposit discovered in 1949; development did not begin until the 1960s. The government began to create a village in the wilderness to house miners. In 1971 the village became a city. 1991 ore production was 6.2 million tons, but it began falling after independence; 1994 production was 2.6 MT.[2]In the mid-eighties construction of a chemical plant was begun, but construction was interrupted after the collapse of the Soviet Union.In the early 1990s mining in Lisakovsk was in a critical situation due to a sharp fall in demand for iron concentrate in the metallurgical industry in Kazakhstan and Russia. City authorities had to take extraordinary steps to maintain the economy and to develop new industries.By decision of the Kazakhi Parliament, the city became a free economic zone in 1992. It began searching for new kinds of employment in a market economy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Representatives of 51 different nationalities live in the city.","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge"},{"link_name":"bauxite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite"},{"link_name":"zinc ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc_ore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"polyethylene film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyethylene_film&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"During January–May 2010, industrial enterprises of all kinds produced goods worth 8,289.3 million tenge, 148.5% more than it produced in January–May 2009.The mining industry during this period produced goods worth 6292.7 million tenge, which is 175% higher than the corresponding level last year. In comparison with January–May 2009 iron ore (in kind) increased by 0.8%, bauxite by 9.5%, and zinc ore extraction increased 4.5 times. The share of mining citywide was 75.9%. The manufacturing industry in January–May 2010 produced products to 1307 million tenge, which is lower than the corresponding period last year by 4.6%. 80.1% of manufacture by volume is the production of food (including beverages and tobacco): food products produced 1046.7 million tenge. In the machinery industry in January–May of this year 4 agricultural harvesters. Assembling the reapers made when receiving the order. The garment industry produced 1,716 units. amounting to 4.5 million tenge. The production of polyethylene film (139.1%), corrugated cardboard (104.1%), furniture and wood products-on 2.2% (in monetary terms). In the area of distribution of electricity, gas and water production volume amounted to 689.6 million tenge.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Andronovo culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_culture"},{"link_name":"burial mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_mound"},{"link_name":"Indo-Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians"},{"link_name":"Upper Pritobolya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Pritobolya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"funeral rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_rite"},{"link_name":"cosmogonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogonic"},{"link_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science"},{"link_name":"South Ural State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ural_State_University"},{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion"},{"link_name":"mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1984 settlements and cemeteries of the Bronze Age were found. The Andronovo culture complex dates from the 15th-18th centuries BC. Over the years research has revealed more than two thousand square meters of settlements and excavated more than a hundred and fifty burial structures in the form of burial mounds and stone walls. These findings characterize the basic life-support systems and religious ideas of Indo-Iranian tribes that lived in the steppe zone of the Upper Pritobolya in the mid-second millennium BC. The collection of the Lisakovsk city museum, which houses the bulk of the finds, includes more than 200 ceramic vessels, 30 pieces of gold jewelry in the form of rings, more than 40 bronze ornaments (rings, bracelets, ornaments of the braid), stone, bone and bronze tools.In 2011 it was announced that Kazakh archeologists had found a 3000-year-old burial site during excavation of a mound. Three Bronze Age stone vaults were found; one contained a 2-meter skeleton thought to belong to a chieftain.[3] More than a hundred funerary structures have been studied. Items of funeral rites have been found as well as the remains of wooden structures, fragments of textiles, and evidence of weaving and felt making. One of the rare finds is an idol of anthropomorphic form. The excavations of a Kurgan leader \"demonstrate the complex cosmogonic idea, inherent in the architectural design of the mound.The city administration supports research archeologists around the city. As a logical extension of this work it is considering the establishment of a \"Tumar\" eco-cultural center as the pilot complex of tourist, educational, and ethnographic objects.According to the Journal of Archaeological Science, in July 2020, scientists from South Ural State University studied two Late Bronze Age horses with the aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery. Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the stallion was nearly 20 years old and the mare was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with the person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding.[4][5]\"It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within the collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age\" said Igor Chechushkov.[6]","title":"Archeology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The coat-of-arms of Lisakovsk was adopted in 1995. The emblem depicts a blue sky with the sun. Beneath it runs a fox - the symbol of the city. Under the fox is a dark brown stripe, blended with the frame. The emblem symbolizes the ground, fertile, rich in various minerals.\nZip code - 111200","title":"Blazon"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Schools of the city Lisakovsk constantly working 7 schools.GUSSH No. 1 (with a sporty bias)\nGUSSH No. 2 (with in-depth study of English language)\nGUSSH No. 3 (for the Kazakh-speaking children)\nGUSSH No. 4\nResearch School Gymnasium (with in-depth study of mathematics)\nGUSSH No. 6\nPG Boarding city Lisakovsk","title":"Schools"}]	[{"image_text":"Lisakovsk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lisakovsk_baiterek.jpg/250px-Lisakovsk_baiterek.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Население Республики Казахстан\" [Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_College_Football_Awards_Association	National College Football Awards Association	["1 Members of the NCFAA","2 References","3 External links"]	College football award association The National College Football Awards Association (NCFAA) was founded in 1997 as a coalition of major United States college football awards. The stated purpose of the NCFAA is to protect, preserve and enhance the integrity, influence and prestige of college football's various awards. The NCFAA also encourages professionalism and the highest standards possible for the administration of college football awards and the selection of their winners. The 25 awards are considered among the most prestigious in college football. Members of the NCFAA Bednarik Award (defensive player) Biletnikoff Award (receiver) Bronko Nagurski Trophy (defensive player) Broyles Award (assistant coach) Burlsworth Trophy (player who began his career as a walk-on) Butkus Award (linebacker) Davey O'Brien Award (quarterback) Disney Spirit Award (inspirational player, team or figure) Doak Walker Award (running back) Eddie Robinson Award (national coach of the year ) George Munger Award (head coach) Heisman Trophy (outstanding player) John Mackey Award (tight end) Lou Groza Award (place-kicker) Maxwell Award (best player) Outland Trophy presented by NFID (interior lineman) Paul Hornung Award (most versatile) Paycom Jim Thorpe Award (defensive back) Ray Guy Award (punter) Rimington Trophy (center) Stallings Award (humanitarian coach) Uplifting Athletes (player impacting rare disease research) Walter Camp Award (player of the year) William V. Campbell Trophy (scholar-athlete, "academic Heisman") Wuerffel Trophy (exemplary community service with athletic and academic achievement) Source: References ^ "College football: 2016 Outland Trophy watch list announced". NCAA.com. July 8, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2017. ^ "National College Football Awards Association". National College Football Awards Association. Retrieved 31 October 2019. External links Official site vteCollege football awardsOverall trophies Heisman Trophy (winners) (Most outstanding) Maxwell Award (Player of the year) Walter Camp Award (Player of the year) Defunct: Archie Griffin Award (Most valuable) Chic Harley Award (Best player) Overall media awards AP Player of the Year (1998) Sporting News Player of the Year (1942) Defunct: UPI Player of the Year Positional awards Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive player) Chuck Bednarik Award (Defensive player) Lott Trophy (Defensive player) Outland Trophy (Interior lineman) Manning Award (Quarterback) Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) Doak Walker Award (Running back) Fred Biletnikoff Award (Receiver) John Mackey Award (Tight end) Joe Moore Award (Offensive line) Rimington Trophy (Center) Ted Hendricks Award (Defensive end) Butkus Award (Linebacker) Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive back) Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) Ray Guy Award (Punter) Patrick Mannelly Award (Long snapper) Jet Award (Return specialist) Peter Mortell (Holder) Other national player awards Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior quarterback) Paul Hornung Award (Most versatile) Lombardi Award (Best performance) Jacobs Blocking Trophy (Best blocker) Polynesian Football Player of the Year Award (Best player of Polynesian descent) Deacon Jones Trophy (HBCU's most outstanding player) All-Americans College Football All-America Team (Unanimous All-Americans) Little All-America team Head coaching awards AFCA Coach of the Year Award (1935) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award (1957) Sporting News Coach of the Year (1963) Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award (1967) Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year (1976) Paul "Bear" Bryant Award (1986) George Munger Award (1989) Home Depot Coach of the Year (1994) AP Coach of the Year (1998) Defunct: Joseph V. Paterno Award (2010) Bobby Bowden Coach of the Year Award (2009) Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award (2006) Woody Hayes Trophy (1977) Assistant coaching awards Broyles Award (Assistant Coach of the Year) AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year Conference awards ACC awards American awards Big 12 awards Big Ten awards (MVP) MAC awards Pac-12 awards SEC awards Defunct: Big East awards SWC awards Division I FCS awards Walter Payton Award (Div. I FCS offensive player) Buck Buchanan Award (Div. I FCS defensive player) Jerry Rice Award (Div. I FCS freshman) Eddie Robinson Award (Div. I FCS coach) Defunct: Mickey Charles Award (Div. I FCS student-athlete) STATS FCS Offensive Player of the Year (Div. I FCS offensive player) STATS FCS Defensive Player of the Year (Div. I FCS defensive player) STATS FCS Freshman Player of the Year (Div. I FCS freshman) STATS FCS Coach of the Year (Div. I FCS coach) Other divisions/associations Harlon Hill Trophy (Div. II) Gagliardi Trophy (Div. III) Rawlings Award (NAIA) Hec Crighton Trophy (U Sports) Fred Mitchell Award (non-Div. I FBS placekicker) Defunct: Melberger Award (Div. III) Academic, inspirational,and versatility awards Academic All-America of the Year (Student-athlete) Disney's Wide World of Sports Spirit Award William V. Campbell Trophy (Student-athlete) Wuerffel Trophy (Humanitarian-athlete) Senior CLASS Award (Div. I FBS student-athlete) Burlsworth Trophy (Walk-on) Rudy Award (inspirational/motivational) Service awards Amos Alonzo Stagg Award Walter Camp Alumni of the Year Walter Camp Man of the Year National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners Theodore Roosevelt Award Regional awards Champ Pickens Cup (1923–1926; Southern Conference champion) Conerly Trophy (Mississippi) Jon Cornish Trophy (top Canadian NCAA player) Dudley Award (Virginia) Norris Cup (North Carolina, school's best athlete) Porter Cup (South, school's best athlete) Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award (Texas-related offensive player) Kent Hull Trophy (Mississippi; offensive lineman) Nils V. "Swede" Nelson Award (New England sportsmanship) Awards organizations Maxwell Football Club National Football Foundation Touchdown Club of Columbus (defunct) Walter Camp Football Foundation Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Halls of fame College Football Hall of Fame	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The National College Football Awards Association (NCFAA) was founded in 1997 as a coalition of major United States college football awards. The stated purpose of the NCFAA is to protect, preserve and enhance the integrity, influence and prestige of college football's various awards. The NCFAA also encourages professionalism and the highest standards possible for the administration of college football awards and the selection of their winners. The 25 awards are considered among the most prestigious in college football.[1]","title":"National College Football Awards Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bednarik Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik_Award"},{"link_name":"Biletnikoff Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biletnikoff_Award"},{"link_name":"Bronko Nagurski Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronko_Nagurski_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Broyles Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broyles_Award"},{"link_name":"Burlsworth Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlsworth_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Butkus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butkus_Award"},{"link_name":"Davey O'Brien Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_O%27Brien_Award"},{"link_name":"Disney Spirit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Spirit_Award"},{"link_name":"Doak Walker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doak_Walker_Award"},{"link_name":"Eddie Robinson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Robinson_Coach_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"George Munger Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Munger_Award"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"John Mackey Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackey_Award"},{"link_name":"Lou Groza Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Groza_Award"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Award"},{"link_name":"Outland Trophy presented by NFID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outland_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Paul Hornung Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hornung_Award"},{"link_name":"Paycom Jim Thorpe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe_Award"},{"link_name":"Ray Guy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Guy_Award"},{"link_name":"Rimington Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Rimington_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Uplifting Athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uplifting_Athletes"},{"link_name":"Walter Camp Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp_Award"},{"link_name":"William V. Campbell Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_V._Campbell_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Wuerffel Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuerffel_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bednarik Award (defensive player)\nBiletnikoff Award (receiver)\nBronko Nagurski Trophy (defensive player)\nBroyles Award (assistant coach)\nBurlsworth Trophy (player who began his career as a walk-on)\nButkus Award (linebacker)\nDavey O'Brien Award (quarterback)\nDisney Spirit Award (inspirational player, team or figure)\nDoak Walker Award (running back)\nEddie Robinson Award (national coach of the year )\nGeorge Munger Award (head coach)\nHeisman Trophy (outstanding player)\nJohn Mackey Award (tight end)\nLou Groza Award (place-kicker)\nMaxwell Award (best player)\nOutland Trophy presented by NFID (interior lineman)\nPaul Hornung Award (most versatile)\nPaycom Jim Thorpe Award (defensive back)\nRay Guy Award (punter)\nRimington Trophy (center)\nStallings Award (humanitarian coach)\nUplifting Athletes (player impacting rare disease research)\nWalter Camp Award (player of the year)\nWilliam V. Campbell Trophy (scholar-athlete, \"academic Heisman\")\nWuerffel Trophy (exemplary community service with athletic and academic achievement)Source:[2]","title":"Members of the NCFAA"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"College football: 2016 Outland Trophy watch list announced\". NCAA.com. July 8, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2016-07-08/college-football-2016-outland-trophy-watch-list-announced","url_text":"\"College football: 2016 Outland Trophy watch list announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"National College Football Awards Association\". National College Football Awards Association. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncfaa.org/index.html","url_text":"\"National College Football Awards Association\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2016-07-08/college-football-2016-outland-trophy-watch-list-announced","external_links_name":"\"College football: 2016 Outland Trophy watch list announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncfaa.org/index.html","external_links_name":"\"National College Football Awards Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncfaa.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri_c	55 Cancri c	["1 Discovery","2 Orbit and mass","3 Characteristics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 08h 52m 35.8s, +28° 19′ 51″Extrasolar planet in the constellation Cancer 55 Cancri c / BraheThe planet 55 Cnc c (min mass ~0.17 MJ) in MPL3DDiscoveryDiscovered byMarcy et al.Discovery siteCalifornia, USADiscovery dateJune 13, 2002Detection methodRadial velocityOrbital characteristicsApastron0.260 AU (38,900,000 km)Periastron0.219 AU (32,800,000 km)Semi-major axis0.240 ± 0.00005 AU (35,903,500 ± 7,500 km)Eccentricity0.086 ± 0.052Orbital period (sidereal)44.3446 ± 0.007 d0.121407 yTime of periastron2,449,989.3385 ± 3.3Argument of periastron77.9 ± 29Semi-amplitude10.18 ± 0.43Star55 Cancri A Radial velocity changes over time of 55 Cancri caused by the orbit of 55 Cancri c. 55 Cancri c (abbreviated 55 Cnc c), formally named Brahe (pronounced /ˈbrɑːhiː/ or /ˈbrɑː/), is an extrasolar planet in an eccentric orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A, making one revolution every 44.34 days. It is the third known planet in order of distance from its star. 55 Cancri c was discovered on June 13, 2002, and has a mass roughly half of Saturn. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Brahe for this planet. The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands. It honors the astronomer Tycho Brahe. Discovery Like the majority of known extrasolar planets, 55 Cancri c was detected by observing changes in its star's radial velocity. This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the star's spectrum. At the time of discovery, 55 Cancri A was already known to possess one planet (55 Cancri b); however, there was still a drift in the radial velocity measurements which was unaccounted for. In 2002, further measurements revealed the presence of a long-period planet in an orbit at around 5 AU from the star. Even when both of the two planets were accounted for, there was still a periodicity at around 43 days. However, this period is close to the rotation period of 55 Cancri A, which led to the possibility that the 43-day period was caused by stellar rotation rather than a planet. Both the 43-day planet (designated 55 Cancri c) and the 5 AU planet (designated 55 Cancri d) were announced in the same paper, labeled in order of increasing distance from the star. Further measurements which led to the discovery of the inner planet 55 Cancri e in 2004 lent support to the planet hypothesis. Photometric measurements of the star over 11 years show no activity with the same period as 55 Cancri c's radial velocity variations, and furthermore the period is stable over long timescales, which is inconsistent with the hypothesis of stellar activity causing the radial velocity variations. The amplitude of the radial velocity signal is inconsistent with stellar variations on stars with 55 Cancri A's low level of chromospheric activity. Orbit and mass In the 5-planet solution for the 55 Cancri system, the orbit of 55 Cancri c is mildly eccentric: at apoastron the planet is about 19% further from the star than it is at periastron. It is located closer to 55 Cancri A than Mercury is to the Sun, though it has a longer orbital period than the hot Jupiters. The planet is located close to a 3:1 resonance with the inner planet 55 Cancri b; however, simulations indicate that the two planets are not actually in this resonance. A limitation of the radial velocity method used to discover the planet is that only a lower limit on the mass can be obtained. Further astrometric observations with the Hubble Space Telescope on the outer planet 55 Cancri d suggest that planet is inclined at 53° to the plane of the sky; but innermost b and e are inclined at 85°. Planet c's inclination is unknown. Characteristics Since the planet was detected indirectly through observations of its star, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown. With a mass similar to that of Saturn, 55 Cancri c is likely to be a gas giant without a solid surface. See also Appearance of extrasolar planets Cancer (Chinese astronomy) Lists of exoplanets Gliese 1132 b, Rocky exoplanet with a confirmed atmosphere. Mu Arae c, At constellation Ara Planetary system References ^ a b c d e f g h Fischer, D.A.; et al. (March 2008). "Five Planets Orbiting 55 Cancri". Astrophysical Journal. 675 (675): 790–801. arXiv:0712.3917. Bibcode:2008ApJ...675..790F. doi:10.1086/525512. S2CID 17083836. ^ NameExoWorlds: An IAU Worldwide Contest to Name Exoplanets and their Host Stars. IAU.org. 9 July 2014 ^ "NameExoWorlds The Process". Archived from the original on 2015-08-15. Retrieved 2015-09-05. ^ Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released, International Astronomical Union, 15 December 2015. ^ "NameExoWorlds The Approved Names". Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ Butler; et al. (1997). "Three New 51 Pegasi-Type Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 474 (2): L115–L118. Bibcode:1997ApJ...474L.115B. doi:10.1086/310444. ^ Marcy, G.; et al. (2002). "A planet at 5 AU Around 55 Cancri". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 1375–1388. arXiv:astro-ph/0207294. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581.1375M. doi:10.1086/344298. S2CID 16170184. ^ a b McArthur, B.; et al. (2004). "Detection of a NEPTUNE-mass planet in the ρ1 Cnc system using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope". The Astrophysical Journal. 614 (1): L81–L84. arXiv:astro-ph/0408585. Bibcode:2004ApJ...614L..81M. doi:10.1086/425561. S2CID 119085463. External links Jean Schneider (2011). "Notes for Planet 55 Cnc c". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 8 October 2011. vteThe 55 Cancri system Copernicus 55 Cancri B Janssen Galileo Brahe Harriot Lipperhey See also binary stars extrasolar planets vteConstellation of Cancer Cancer in Chinese astronomy List of stars in Cancer StarsBayer α (Acubens) β (Tarf) γ (Asellus Borealis) δ (Asellus Australis) ε (Meleph) ζ1 (Tegmine) ζ2 η θ ι κ λ (Piautos) μ1 μ2 ν ξ (Nahn) ο1 ο2 π1 π2 ρ1 (Copernicus) ρ2 σ1 σ2 σ3 τ υ1 υ2 φ1 φ2 χ ψ1 ψ2 ω1 ω2 Flamsteed 1 3 5 7 8 11 12 15 20 (d1) 21 24 25 (d2) 27 28 (CX) 29 34 35 36 (c) 37 38 39 40 42 44 45 (A1) 46 49 (b) 50 (A2) 53 54 57 60 61 66 67 68 70 71 75 78 79 80 83 Variable R X RS VZ AZ DX EI HM HD 72945 72946 Gakyid 79498 Other Kaewkosin HIP 41378 K2-187 LHS 2090 Pr0211 WD J0914+1914 YBP 1194 Exoplanets Galieo Brahe Lipperhey Janssen Harriot β Cancri b Phailinsiam Drukyul HIP 41378 b c d e f Pr0201 b Star clusters Beehive Cluster Messier 67 GalaxiesNGC 2503 2535 2536 2608 2623 2775 2812 Other 3C 191 3C 212 3C 215 DLA0817g IC 2431 OJ 287 QSO B0839+187 UGC 4457 4C +29.30 Galaxy clusters Abell 671 Musket Ball Cluster Category Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"08h 52m 35.8s, +28° 19′ 51″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=8.8766111111111&de=28.330833333333&zoom=6&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:55_Cnc_c_rv.pdf"},{"link_name":"/ˈbrɑːhiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ˈbrɑː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"extrasolar planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet"},{"link_name":"eccentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_(orbit)"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"55 Cancri A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri"},{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_revolution"},{"link_name":"days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"NameExoWorlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NameExoWorlds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Tycho Brahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Coordinates: 08h 52m 35.8s, +28° 19′ 51″Extrasolar planet in the constellation CancerRadial velocity changes over time of 55 Cancri caused by the orbit of 55 Cancri c.55 Cancri c (abbreviated 55 Cnc c), formally named Brahe (pronounced /ˈbrɑːhiː/ or /ˈbrɑː/), is an extrasolar planet in an eccentric orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A, making one revolution every 44.34 days. It is the third known planet in order of distance from its star. 55 Cancri c was discovered on June 13, 2002, and has a mass roughly half of Saturn.In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars.[2] The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names.[3] In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Brahe for this planet.[4] The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands. It honors the astronomer Tycho Brahe.[5]","title":"55 Cancri c"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"Doppler shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shift"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum"},{"link_name":"55 Cancri b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri_b"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"55 Cancri d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri_d"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"55 Cancri e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri_e"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcarthur-8"},{"link_name":"Photometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"chromospheric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosphere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fischer-1"}],"text":"Like the majority of known extrasolar planets, 55 Cancri c was detected by observing changes in its star's radial velocity. This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the star's spectrum. At the time of discovery, 55 Cancri A was already known to possess one planet (55 Cancri b); however, there was still a drift in the radial velocity measurements which was unaccounted for.[6]In 2002, further measurements revealed the presence of a long-period planet in an orbit at around 5 AU from the star. Even when both of the two planets were accounted for, there was still a periodicity at around 43 days. However, this period is close to the rotation period of 55 Cancri A, which led to the possibility that the 43-day period was caused by stellar rotation rather than a planet. Both the 43-day planet (designated 55 Cancri c) and the 5 AU planet (designated 55 Cancri d) were announced in the same paper, labeled in order of increasing distance from the star.[7]Further measurements which led to the discovery of the inner planet 55 Cancri e in 2004 lent support to the planet hypothesis.[8] Photometric measurements of the star over 11 years show no activity with the same period as 55 Cancri c's radial velocity variations, and furthermore the period is stable over long timescales, which is inconsistent with the hypothesis of stellar activity causing the radial velocity variations. The amplitude of the radial velocity signal is inconsistent with stellar variations on stars with 55 Cancri A's low level of chromospheric activity.[1]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apoastron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoastron"},{"link_name":"periastron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periastron"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"hot Jupiters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_resonance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fischer-1"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcarthur-8"}],"text":"In the 5-planet solution for the 55 Cancri system, the orbit of 55 Cancri c is mildly eccentric: at apoastron the planet is about 19% further from the star than it is at periastron. It is located closer to 55 Cancri A than Mercury is to the Sun, though it has a longer orbital period than the hot Jupiters. The planet is located close to a 3:1 resonance with the inner planet 55 Cancri b; however, simulations indicate that the two planets are not actually in this resonance.[1]A limitation of the radial velocity method used to discover the planet is that only a lower limit on the mass can be obtained. Further astrometric observations with the Hubble Space Telescope on the outer planet 55 Cancri d suggest that planet is inclined at 53° to the plane of the sky;[8] but innermost b and e are inclined at 85°. Planet c's inclination is unknown.","title":"Orbit and mass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"gas giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant"}],"text":"Since the planet was detected indirectly through observations of its star, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown. With a mass similar to that of Saturn, 55 Cancri c is likely to be a gas giant without a solid surface.","title":"Characteristics"}]	[{"image_text":"Radial velocity changes over time of 55 Cancri caused by the orbit of 55 Cancri c.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/55_Cnc_c_rv.pdf/page1-220px-55_Cnc_c_rv.pdf.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/55_Cancri.png"}]	[{"title":"Appearance of extrasolar planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appearance_of_extrasolar_planets"},{"title":"Cancer (Chinese astronomy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(Chinese_astronomy)"},{"title":"Lists of exoplanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets"},{"title":"Gliese 1132 b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_1132_b"},{"title":"Mu Arae c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Arae_c"},{"title":"Planetary system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_system"}]	[{"reference":"Fischer, D.A.; et al. (March 2008). \"Five Planets Orbiting 55 Cancri\". Astrophysical Journal. 675 (675): 790–801. arXiv:0712.3917. Bibcode:2008ApJ...675..790F. doi:10.1086/525512. S2CID 17083836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3917","url_text":"0712.3917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...675..790F","url_text":"2008ApJ...675..790F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F525512","url_text":"10.1086/525512"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17083836","url_text":"17083836"}]},{"reference":"\"NameExoWorlds The Process\". Archived from the original on 2015-08-15. Retrieved 2015-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150815025117/http://www.nameexoworlds.iau.org/process","url_text":"\"NameExoWorlds The Process\""},{"url":"http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/process","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NameExoWorlds The Approved Names\". Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201043609/http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/names","url_text":"\"NameExoWorlds The Approved Names\""},{"url":"http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/names","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butler; et al. (1997). \"Three New 51 Pegasi-Type Planets\". The Astrophysical Journal. 474 (2): L115–L118. Bibcode:1997ApJ...474L.115B. doi:10.1086/310444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L.115B","url_text":"1997ApJ...474L.115B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310444","url_text":"10.1086/310444"}]},{"reference":"Marcy, G.; et al. (2002). \"A planet at 5 AU Around 55 Cancri\". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): 1375–1388. arXiv:astro-ph/0207294. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581.1375M. doi:10.1086/344298. S2CID 16170184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal","url_text":"The Astrophysical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0207294","url_text":"astro-ph/0207294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...581.1375M","url_text":"2002ApJ...581.1375M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F344298","url_text":"10.1086/344298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16170184","url_text":"16170184"}]},{"reference":"McArthur, B.; et al. (2004). \"Detection of a NEPTUNE-mass planet in the ρ1 Cnc system using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope\". The Astrophysical Journal. 614 (1): L81–L84. arXiv:astro-ph/0408585. Bibcode:2004ApJ...614L..81M. doi:10.1086/425561. S2CID 119085463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal","url_text":"The Astrophysical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408585","url_text":"astro-ph/0408585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...614L..81M","url_text":"2004ApJ...614L..81M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F425561","url_text":"10.1086/425561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119085463","url_text":"119085463"}]},{"reference":"Jean Schneider (2011). \"Notes for Planet 55 Cnc c\". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/55_cnc_c--26/","url_text":"\"Notes for Planet 55 Cnc c\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia","url_text":"Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=8.8766111111111&de=28.330833333333&zoom=6&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all","external_links_name":"08h 52m 35.8s, +28° 19′ 51″"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3917","external_links_name":"0712.3917"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...675..790F","external_links_name":"2008ApJ...675..790F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F525512","external_links_name":"10.1086/525512"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17083836","external_links_name":"17083836"},{"Link":"http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1404/","external_links_name":"NameExoWorlds: An IAU Worldwide Contest to Name Exoplanets and their Host Stars"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150815025117/http://www.nameexoworlds.iau.org/process","external_links_name":"\"NameExoWorlds The Process\""},{"Link":"http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/process","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1514/","external_links_name":"Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201043609/http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/names","external_links_name":"\"NameExoWorlds The Approved Names\""},{"Link":"http://nameexoworlds.iau.org/names","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L.115B","external_links_name":"1997ApJ...474L.115B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F310444","external_links_name":"10.1086/310444"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0207294","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0207294"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...581.1375M","external_links_name":"2002ApJ...581.1375M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F344298","external_links_name":"10.1086/344298"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16170184","external_links_name":"16170184"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408585","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0408585"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...614L..81M","external_links_name":"2004ApJ...614L..81M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F425561","external_links_name":"10.1086/425561"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119085463","external_links_name":"119085463"},{"Link":"https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/55_cnc_c--26/","external_links_name":"\"Notes for Planet 55 Cnc c\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpex_Games	Torpex Games	["1 Games","2 References","3 External links"]	Game development studio in Washington, US Torpex Games, LLC.Company typeVideo game developerIndustryVideo gamesFounded2005Defunct2012HeadquartersBellevue, Washington, United StatesKey peopleBill Dugan, Jamie FristromWebsitewww.torpexgames.com Torpex Games was a game development studio located in Bellevue, Washington, United States. The studio was notable because their video game Schizoid was the first Xbox Live Arcade title to utilize the Microsoft framework, XNA Game Studio Express. Torpex Games was founded by industry veterans Bill Dugan and Jamie Fristrom. Games Schizoid (2008) Bejeweled Blitz LIVE (2011) References ^ "Developer Interview - Torpex Games (Schizoid)". The Xbox Domain. April 6, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-04-22. Retrieved April 6, 2007. External links Torpex Games Website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game development studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Bellevue, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Schizoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoid_(game)"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"XNA Game Studio Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNA_Game_Studio_Express"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Torpex Games was a game development studio located in Bellevue, Washington, United States.The studio was notable because their video game Schizoid was the first Xbox Live Arcade title to utilize the Microsoft framework, XNA Game Studio Express.[1]Torpex Games was founded by industry veterans Bill Dugan and Jamie Fristrom.","title":"Torpex Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schizoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoid_(game)"},{"link_name":"Bejeweled Blitz LIVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejeweled_Blitz"}],"text":"Schizoid (2008)\nBejeweled Blitz LIVE (2011)","title":"Games"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Developer Interview - Torpex Games (Schizoid)\". The Xbox Domain. April 6, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-04-22. Retrieved April 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070422022518/http://thexboxdomain.net/2007/04/06/developer-interview-torpex-gamesschizoid/","url_text":"\"Developer Interview - Torpex Games (Schizoid)\""},{"url":"http://thexboxdomain.net/2007/04/06/developer-interview-torpex-gamesschizoid/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.torpexgames.com/","external_links_name":"www.torpexgames.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070422022518/http://thexboxdomain.net/2007/04/06/developer-interview-torpex-gamesschizoid/","external_links_name":"\"Developer Interview - Torpex Games (Schizoid)\""},{"Link":"http://thexboxdomain.net/2007/04/06/developer-interview-torpex-gamesschizoid/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.torpexgames.com/","external_links_name":"Torpex Games Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Stern	Ernst Stern	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later life","4 Gallery","5 Selected filmography","6 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ernst Stern" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ernst Stern (1 April 1876 – 28 August 1954) was a Romanian-German scenic designer who, through his collaborations with most of the prominent German directors of the early 20th century, helped define the aesthetic of expressionism in both the theatre and the cinema. Early life Born in Bucharest, Romania, to Jewish parents of Russian, German and Hungarian origin, Stern studied under Nikolaos Gyzis and Franz Stuck at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich beginning in 1894. Career Drawing by Ernst Stern for the scene "Before the harem" in Sumurûn from Friedrich Freksa to Kammerspiele in 1910 Stern moved to Berlin in 1905, where Max Reinhardt hired him the next year as a set designer for the Deutsches Theater. He remained Max Reinhardt's main design collaborator until the director's departure in 1921 and designed roughly ninety shows during that time, with notable works including adaptations of William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (1907), Hamlet (1909), and A Midsummer Night's Dream (1913), Karl Vollmöller's The Miracle (1911), Reinhard Sorge's The Beggar (1917), and Henrik Ibsen's John Gabriel Borkman (1917). Under Reinhardt, the Deutsches Theater became a center of German Expressionist Theater, so Stern designed many sets in that style. As Stern's design aesthetics tended towards serenity and realism, however, this pairing was not always successful. Perhaps his most noteworthy expressionist work was Paul Leni's 1924 silent film Waxworks (1924), for which he designed the costumes. Stern collaborated at some point with nearly all the important German film directors of the period, including F.W. Murnau, Ernst Lubitsch, Richard Oswald, Carl Froelich, and William Dieterle. In 1924, Stern moved on to the Großes Schauspielhaus, where he designed for a number of musical revues and the popular musical The White Horse Inn (1930). In the late 1920s, Stern also began spending considerable time in London, where he designed the sets for Noël Coward's Bitter Sweet (1929) and Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart's Ever Green (1930). His submitted designs to Rupert D'Oyly Carte for new settings for "The Gondoliers" and "The Yeomen of the Guard" (c.1920s, dates unknown), which contain many traditional qualities at variance with his reputation for expressionism, but they were never put into production (the paintings still survive). When the Nazi Party seized power in Germany in 1933, Stern was in Paris attending a performance of The White Horse Inn. He remained in the city for a time and then settled permanently in London in 1934. For the rest of his life he primarily collaborated with British writers at the Savoy Theatre, Aldwych Theatre, and Adelphi Theatre. He also designed the displays for Selfridges for the coronation of King George VI and collaborated with Donald Wolfit on several Shakespeare productions during World War II. Later life Stern was awarded a pension by George VI and died in London. Gallery Ariadne Auf Naxos.jpg Selected filmography Colomba (1918) Europe, General Delivery (1918) The Dancer Barberina (1920) Countess Walewska (1920) The World Wants To Be Deceived (1926) Sword and Shield (1926) The Imaginary Baron (1927) A Serious Case (1927) Behind the Altar (1927) Tragedy of a Marriage (1927) The Lady with the Tiger Skin (1927) Rustle of Spring (1929) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Latvia Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef References ^ Stern, Ernest (1951). My Life, My Stage. Translated by Fitzgerald, Edward. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 49. My grandfather had come to Roumania from Russia as a young married man with two growing daughters. Ernst Stern (1951). My life, my stage. Gollancz. Retrieved 20 July 2015. Lothar Georgi (1971). Der Bühnenbilder Ernst Stern. Retrieved 20 July 2015.	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Murnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.W._Murnau"},{"link_name":"Ernst Lubitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch"},{"link_name":"Richard Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oswald"},{"link_name":"Carl Froelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Froelich"},{"link_name":"William Dieterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle"},{"link_name":"Großes Schauspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_Schauspielhaus"},{"link_name":"The White Horse Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Horse_Inn"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Bitter Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(operetta)"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Hart"},{"link_name":"Ever Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_Green"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Savoy Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Aldwych Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Adelphi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Selfridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridges"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI"},{"link_name":"Donald Wolfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wolfit"}],"text":"Drawing by Ernst Stern for the scene \"Before the harem\" in Sumurûn from Friedrich Freksa to Kammerspiele in 1910Stern moved to Berlin in 1905, where Max Reinhardt hired him the next year as a set designer for the Deutsches Theater. He remained Max Reinhardt's main design collaborator until the director's departure in 1921 and designed roughly ninety shows during that time, with notable works including adaptations of William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (1907), Hamlet (1909), and A Midsummer Night's Dream (1913), Karl Vollmöller's The Miracle (1911), Reinhard Sorge's The Beggar (1917), and Henrik Ibsen's John Gabriel Borkman (1917).Under Reinhardt, the Deutsches Theater became a center of German Expressionist Theater, so Stern designed many sets in that style. As Stern's design aesthetics tended towards serenity and realism, however, this pairing was not always successful. Perhaps his most noteworthy expressionist work was Paul Leni's 1924 silent film Waxworks (1924), for which he designed the costumes. Stern collaborated at some point with nearly all the important German film directors of the period, including F.W. Murnau, Ernst Lubitsch, Richard Oswald, Carl Froelich, and William Dieterle.In 1924, Stern moved on to the Großes Schauspielhaus, where he designed for a number of musical revues and the popular musical The White Horse Inn (1930). In the late 1920s, Stern also began spending considerable time in London, where he designed the sets for Noël Coward's Bitter Sweet (1929) and Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart's Ever Green (1930). His submitted designs to Rupert D'Oyly Carte for new settings for \"The Gondoliers\" and \"The Yeomen of the Guard\" (c.1920s, dates unknown), which contain many traditional qualities at variance with his reputation for expressionism, but they were never put into production (the paintings still survive).When the Nazi Party seized power in Germany in 1933, Stern was in Paris attending a performance of The White Horse Inn. He remained in the city for a time and then settled permanently in London in 1934. For the rest of his life he primarily collaborated with British writers at the Savoy Theatre, Aldwych Theatre, and Adelphi Theatre. He also designed the displays for Selfridges for the coronation of King George VI and collaborated with Donald Wolfit on several Shakespeare productions during World War II.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Stern was awarded a pension by George VI and died in London.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariadne_Auf_Naxos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ariadne Auf Naxos.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariadne_Auf_Naxos.jpg"}],"text":"Ariadne Auf Naxos.jpg","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomba_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"Europe, General Delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe,_General_Delivery"},{"link_name":"The Dancer Barberina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dancer_Barberina"},{"link_name":"Countess Walewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Walewska_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"The World Wants To Be 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Expressway	Great Smoky Mountains Expressway	["1 Route description","1.1 Truck routes","2 History","2.1 Pre-designation","2.2 Post-designation","3 Junction list","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: Highway in North Carolina, United States Not to be confused with Great Smoky Mountains Parkway. Great Smoky Mountains ExpresswayRoute informationMaintained by NCDOTLength43.0 mi (69.2 km)ExistedSeptember 16, 1983 (1983-09-16)–presentComponenthighways US 19, Lake Junaluska–Clyde US 23, Dillsboro–Clyde US 74, Bryson City–Clyde US 441, Cherokee–Dillsboro Major junctionsWest end US 19 / US 74 near Bryson CityMajor intersections US 441 near Cherokee US 23 / US 441 near Dillsboro US 276 in Waynesville US 19 in Lake Junaluska US 19 / US 23 in Clyde East end I-40 / US 74 near Clyde LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNorth CarolinaCountiesSwain, Jackson, Haywood Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided North Carolina Highway System Interstate US State Scenic The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway is a four-lane divided highway that serves as the main east–west corridor through Southwestern North Carolina; connecting the towns of Bryson City, Sylva and Waynesville to Interstate 40. Its establishment and funding was made possible by the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), designed to generate economic development in previously isolated areas, supplement the interstate system and provide access to areas within the region as well as to markets in the rest of the nation. Route description The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway is a 43-mile (69 km) section of US 74; from US 19 (Alarka Road), near Bryson City, to I-40, near Clyde. The expressway also shares concurrences with three other major highways in the region: US 19, US 23 and US 441. The Expressway is broken into five segments: three freeway segments, where all major interchanges occur with 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) speed limit, and two expressway grade segments that links the freeway gaps along the route at 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) speed limit. The western freeway segment begins at the US 19 (Alarka Road) interchange, south of Bryson City, and ends after the US 441 interchange, south of Cherokee. This 10-mile (16 km) segment serves as a bypass south of Bryson City, Ela, Whittier and Cherokee. All five exits in this segment provide direct or indirect link to nearby US 19, which is the older highway that follows more closely to the banks of the Tuckasegee River. The Expressway itself is routed along the north slopes of the Alarka Mountains and briefly through the Qualla Boundary before crossing the Tuckasegee River, at the Swain-Jackson county line. A 7-mile (11 km) expressway grade segment separates western and central freeway segments; curving along the north banks of the Tuckasegee River, the route's main feature is short cement median or cement wall that separate the lanes of traffic. The 4.5-mile (7.2 km) central freeway segment serves as a bypass north of both Dillsboro and Sylva. Routed along the south slopes of the Plott Balsams, the Expressway features the major interchange with US 23/US 441, where travelers can go south to Franklin and on to Atlanta, Georgia. A 12.5-mile (20.1 km) expressway grade segment separates the western and eastern freeway segments; featuring a short cement median to separate the lanes of the traffic, it crosses the Jackson-Haywood county line at Balsam Gap, where it also connects to the Blue Ridge Parkway. The eastern freeway segment begins at the US 23 Business (Balsam Road) interchange, southwest of Waynesville, and ends at the I-40 interchange, north of Clyde. This 9-mile (14 km) segment serves as a bypass west of Waynesville, while also serving Lake Junaluska and Clyde. Having been built in the mid-1960s, it is the oldest segment of the Expressway and features a short grassy median with guardrails separating traffic lanes. There is also a quirk where westbound travelers can utilize Exit 107 and then re-emerge back onto the Expressway at the Exit 106 on-ramps. Some travelers may see this as a short-cut and will typically drive faster exiting off and then back onto the Expressway. Traffic congestion is also more common in this segment of the Expressway. The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway also makes up part of Corridor K and Corridor A in the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS). Corridor K connects I-75, in Cleveland, Tennessee, with US 23, in Dillsboro, North Carolina, overlapping 17 miles (27 km) of the Expressway. Corridor A connects I-285, in Sandy Springs, Georgia, to I-40, near Clyde, North Carolina, overlapping 26 miles (42 km) of the Expressway. ADHS provides additional funds, as authorized by the U.S. Congress, which has enabled the Expressway to be built and successive improvements along its route. The white-on-blue banner "Appalachian Highway" is used to mark the ADHS corridor. Truck routes The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway has two overlapping truck routes. US 19 Truck traverses the former US 19A route, between Bryson City and Lake Junaluska; signage appears only at the end points, with no reassurance signs along route. US 64 Truck overlaps between Dillsboro and Clyde; it is well signed throughout the route. Though US 441 has no truck route, commercial traffic is not allowed through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park; recommended instead to traverse east on US 74 and then west I-40 into Tennessee. History The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway through Waynesville Pre-designation The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway roughly follows the route of the historic Murphy Branch of the Western North Carolina Railroad, established in the late 19th century, now owned by the Blue Ridge Southern Railroad and the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad. In 1921, wagon roads that roughly paralleled the tracks were integrated as part of the new highway system in North Carolina; designated as NC 10, its routing through the southwestern North Carolina mountains connected it with the rest of the state, going as far east as to Beaufort. In 1927, US 19 was established along NC 10, west of Asheville; by 1934, NC 10 was eliminated from the route. In 1948, US 19 was rerouted between Ela and Lake Junaluska, via Soco Gap; its old alignment became US 19A. In 1965, Congress authorized the construction of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) in the Appalachian Development Act of 1965. The ADHS was designed to generate economic development in previously isolated areas, supplement the interstate system, and provide access to areas within the region as well as to markets in the rest of the nation. US 19A benefited from the ADHS by being designated as part of Corridor K (Ela-Dillsboro) and Corridor A (Dillsboro-Clyde). The first freeway section opened in 1967, bypassing west of Waynesville and continuing northeast to I-40. The second freeway section opened in 1974, bypassing north of Dillsboro and Sylva. The third and final section of freeway opened in 1976, bypassing east of Bryson City to US 441. By 1979, the two gap sections were widened and improved to expressway grade, completing a four-lane highway from Bryson City to I-40. To make the highway more consistent, in 1982, NCDOT submitted a request to AASHTO to swap US 19 and US 19A between Bryson City and Lake Junaluska; but was later withdrawn before the vote, in thanks to opposition by businesses in the resort town of Maggie Valley, who opposed losing US 19. In 1984, NCDOT made a new request to redesignate US 19A into US 19 Bypass; it was so approved. Post-designation The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway through Balsam Gap, viewed from the Blue Ridge Parkway overpass Established on September 16, 1983, the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway was designated along US 19, US 19 Bypass and the I-40 Connector, between Alarka Road and Interstate 40. Unofficially, US 19A was still designated along most of the route between Bryson City and Lake Junaluska, despite the official redesignation; this would continue to persist till the mid-1990s. In 1986, US 74 was extended west from Asheville to Chattanooga, Tennessee, which overlapped nearly all of the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway, via US 19 and US 19 Bypass; the following year, US 19 Bypass was decommissioned in favor of US 74. In late 1997, US 74 was rerouted onto the I-40 Connector, in Clyde, clinching all of Great Smoky Mountains Expressway. Over the years, expressway sections of the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway have been improved by adding Superstreet designs, designating u-turns and eliminating traffic signal along the route. Junction list CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes Swain64.0103.064 US 19 (Alarka Road) / US 74 west – Bryson City, Cherokee, MurphyBegin of Great Smoky Mountains Expressway Bryson City66.9107.767 US 19 Conn. north (Veterans Boulevard) – Bryson City, Great Smoky Mts National Park 69.5111.869Hyatt Creek Road – Ela JacksonWhittier71.9115.772Whittier Road – Whittier 73.6118.474 US 441 north – Great Smoky Mts National Park, CherokeeNorth end of US 441 overlap; to Blue Ridge Parkway. East end of freeway section. 81.1130.581 US 441 / US 23 south – Dillsboro, Franklin, AtlantaSouth end of US 23/US 441 overlap; eastbound listed as exit 81AEastbound exit 81B has no signage, goes to Rufus Robinson Road. West end of freeway section. Sylva83.2133.983Grindstaff Cove Road – Sylva 85.2137.185 US 23 Bus. to NC 107 – East Sylva, CullowheeTo Western Carolina University. east end of freeway section. HaywoodBalsam94.1151.4Blue Ridge Parkway Waynesville98.4158.498 US 23 Bus. (Balsam Road) – West Waynesville 99.5160.1100Hazelwood AvenueWest end of freeway section. 101.7163.7102 US 276 – Waynesville, Brevard, Maggie ValleySigned eastbound as exits 102A (south) and 102B (north) Lake Junaluska103.3166.2103 US 19 south – Maggie Valley, CherokeeSouth end of US 19 overlap; eastbound entrance and westbound exit 104.0167.4104 US 23 Bus. / NC 209 – Lake Junaluska, East Waynesville, Hot Springs 105.2169.3105West Jones Cove Road Clyde106.0170.6106 US 19 / US 23 north – Clyde, CantonNorth end of US 19 and US 23 overlap 106.1170.8107East Jones Cove RoadWestbound exit only, integrated with exit 106 107.0172.2 I-40 / US 74 east – Knoxville, AshevilleEnd of Great Smoky Mountains Expressway 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also United States portal North Carolina Bicycle Route 2 References ^ a b Google (October 22, 2014). "Great Smoky Mountains Expressway" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ "North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. July 15, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ "Status of Corridors in North Carolina" (PDF). Appalachian Regional Commission. September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2014. ^ "Route Change (1967-08-04)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. August 4, 1967. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ "Route Change (1974-09-01)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. September 1, 1974. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ "Route Change (1976-10-01)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. October 1, 1976. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 28, 1982). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 4. Retrieved October 22, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ Burrell, Doris (January 20, 1984). "Expressway: State Makes It Official". The Mountaineer. p. 1A. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 20, 1983). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 2. Retrieved October 22, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ "US Route Change (1986-06-09)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. June 9, 1986. Retrieved August 31, 2014. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 9, 1986). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3. Retrieved August 31, 2014 – via Wikisource. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (November 8, 1986). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 4. Retrieved August 31, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (May 25, 1987). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3. Retrieved October 22, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ "Route Change (1987-06-15)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. June 15, 1987. Retrieved October 22, 2014. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (April 27, 1997). "Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2014. ^ "US 74 Route Change (1998-01-30)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. January 30, 1998. Retrieved August 31, 2014. External links Media related to Great Smoky Mountains Expressway at Wikimedia Commons KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Great Smoky Mountains ExpresswayKML is from Wikidata	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Parkway"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"Southwestern North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Bryson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_City,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Sylva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Waynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Development Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Development_Highway_System"}],"text":"Highway in North Carolina, United StatesNot to be confused with Great Smoky Mountains Parkway.The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway is a four-lane divided highway that serves as the main east–west corridor through Southwestern North Carolina; connecting the towns of Bryson City, Sylva and Waynesville to Interstate 40. Its establishment and funding was made possible by the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), designed to generate economic development in previously isolated areas, supplement the interstate system and provide access to areas within the region as well as to markets in the rest of the nation.","title":"Great Smoky Mountains Expressway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_74_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Bryson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_City,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ela,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tuckasegee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckasegee_River"},{"link_name":"Alarka Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alarka_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qualla Boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualla_Boundary"},{"link_name":"Swain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dillsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Sylva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Plott Balsams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plott_Balsams"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Haywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywood_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Balsam Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsam_Gap"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Waynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lake Junaluska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Junaluska,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Corridor K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_K"},{"link_name":"Corridor A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_A"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Development Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Development_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Dillsboro, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Springs, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clyde, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway is a 43-mile (69 km) section of US 74; from US 19 (Alarka Road), near Bryson City, to I-40, near Clyde. The expressway also shares concurrences with three other major highways in the region: US 19, US 23 and US 441. The Expressway is broken into five segments: three freeway segments, where all major interchanges occur with 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) speed limit, and two expressway grade segments that links the freeway gaps along the route at 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) speed limit.The western freeway segment begins at the US 19 (Alarka Road) interchange, south of Bryson City, and ends after the US 441 interchange, south of Cherokee. This 10-mile (16 km) segment serves as a bypass south of Bryson City, Ela, Whittier and Cherokee. All five exits in this segment provide direct or indirect link to nearby US 19, which is the older highway that follows more closely to the banks of the Tuckasegee River. The Expressway itself is routed along the north slopes of the Alarka Mountains and briefly through the Qualla Boundary before crossing the Tuckasegee River, at the Swain-Jackson county line. A 7-mile (11 km) expressway grade segment separates western and central freeway segments; curving along the north banks of the Tuckasegee River, the route's main feature is short cement median or cement wall that separate the lanes of traffic.The 4.5-mile (7.2 km) central freeway segment serves as a bypass north of both Dillsboro and Sylva. Routed along the south slopes of the Plott Balsams, the Expressway features the major interchange with US 23/US 441, where travelers can go south to Franklin and on to Atlanta, Georgia. A 12.5-mile (20.1 km) expressway grade segment separates the western and eastern freeway segments; featuring a short cement median to separate the lanes of the traffic, it crosses the Jackson-Haywood county line at Balsam Gap, where it also connects to the Blue Ridge Parkway.The eastern freeway segment begins at the US 23 Business (Balsam Road) interchange, southwest of Waynesville, and ends at the I-40 interchange, north of Clyde. This 9-mile (14 km) segment serves as a bypass west of Waynesville, while also serving Lake Junaluska and Clyde. Having been built in the mid-1960s, it is the oldest segment of the Expressway and features a short grassy median with guardrails separating traffic lanes. There is also a quirk where westbound travelers can utilize Exit 107 and then re-emerge back onto the Expressway at the Exit 106 on-ramps. Some travelers may see this as a short-cut and will typically drive faster exiting off and then back onto the Expressway. Traffic congestion is also more common in this segment of the Expressway.The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway also makes up part of Corridor K and Corridor A in the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS). Corridor K connects I-75, in Cleveland, Tennessee, with US 23, in Dillsboro, North Carolina, overlapping 17 miles (27 km) of the Expressway. Corridor A connects I-285, in Sandy Springs, Georgia, to I-40, near Clyde, North Carolina, overlapping 26 miles (42 km) of the Expressway. ADHS provides additional funds, as authorized by the U.S. Congress, which has enabled the Expressway to be built and successive improvements along its route. The white-on-blue banner \"Appalachian Highway\" is used to mark the ADHS corridor.[3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 19 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Truck_(Bryson_City%E2%80%93Lake_Junaluska,_North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"US 64 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_Truck_(Franklin%E2%80%93Hendersonville,_North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"Truck routes","text":"The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway has two overlapping truck routes. US 19 Truck traverses the former US 19A route, between Bryson City and Lake Junaluska; signage appears only at the end points, with no reassurance signs along route. US 64 Truck overlaps between Dillsboro and Clyde; it is well signed throughout the route. Though US 441 has no truck route, commercial traffic is not allowed through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park; recommended instead to traverse east on US 74 and then west I-40 into Tennessee.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GSMEthroughWaynesville.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesville,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway through Waynesville","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murphy Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Branch"},{"link_name":"Western North Carolina Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolina_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Southern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Southern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Railroad"},{"link_name":"NC 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_10"},{"link_name":"Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Asheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ela,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lake Junaluska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Junaluska,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Soco Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soco_Gap"},{"link_name":"US 19A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Alternate_(Bryson_City-Lake_Junaluska)"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Development Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Development_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Corridor K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_K"},{"link_name":"Dillsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Corridor A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_A"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"Waynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sylva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylva,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bryson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_City,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"NCDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"AASHTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AASHTO"},{"link_name":"Maggie Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Valley,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"US 19 Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Bypass_(Bryson_City%E2%80%93Lake_Junaluska,_North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Pre-designation","text":"The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway roughly follows the route of the historic Murphy Branch of the Western North Carolina Railroad, established in the late 19th century, now owned by the Blue Ridge Southern Railroad and the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad. In 1921, wagon roads that roughly paralleled the tracks were integrated as part of the new highway system in North Carolina; designated as NC 10, its routing through the southwestern North Carolina mountains connected it with the rest of the state, going as far east as to Beaufort. In 1927, US 19 was established along NC 10, west of Asheville; by 1934, NC 10 was eliminated from the route. In 1948, US 19 was rerouted between Ela and Lake Junaluska, via Soco Gap; its old alignment became US 19A.In 1965, Congress authorized the construction of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) in the Appalachian Development Act of 1965. The ADHS was designed to generate economic development in previously isolated areas, supplement the interstate system, and provide access to areas within the region as well as to markets in the rest of the nation. US 19A benefited from the ADHS by being designated as part of Corridor K (Ela-Dillsboro) and Corridor A (Dillsboro-Clyde). The first freeway section opened in 1967, bypassing west of Waynesville and continuing northeast to I-40.[4] The second freeway section opened in 1974, bypassing north of Dillsboro and Sylva.[5] The third and final section of freeway opened in 1976, bypassing east of Bryson City to US 441.[6] By 1979, the two gap sections were widened and improved to expressway grade, completing a four-lane highway from Bryson City to I-40.To make the highway more consistent, in 1982, NCDOT submitted a request to AASHTO to swap US 19 and US 19A between Bryson City and Lake Junaluska; but was later withdrawn before the vote, in thanks to opposition by businesses in the resort town of Maggie Valley, who opposed losing US 19.[7][8] In 1984, NCDOT made a new request to redesignate US 19A into US 19 Bypass; it was so approved.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Smoky_Mountains_Expressway_beneath_BRP_through_Balsam_Gap.jpg"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 19 Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Bypass_(Bryson_City%E2%80%93Lake_Junaluska,_North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_74_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Asheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Superstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstreet"},{"link_name":"u-turns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnaround_(road)"},{"link_name":"traffic signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signal"}],"sub_title":"Post-designation","text":"The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway through Balsam Gap, viewed from the Blue Ridge Parkway overpassEstablished on September 16, 1983, the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway was designated along US 19, US 19 Bypass and the I-40 Connector, between Alarka Road and Interstate 40. Unofficially, US 19A was still designated along most of the route between Bryson City and Lake Junaluska, despite the official redesignation; this would continue to persist till the mid-1990s. In 1986, US 74 was extended west from Asheville to Chattanooga, Tennessee, which overlapped nearly all of the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway, via US 19 and US 19 Bypass; the following year, US 19 Bypass was decommissioned in favor of US 74.[10][11][12][13][14] In late 1997, US 74 was rerouted onto the I-40 Connector, in Clyde, clinching all of Great Smoky Mountains Expressway.[15][16]Over the years, expressway sections of the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway have been improved by adding Superstreet designs, designating u-turns and eliminating traffic signal along the route.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junction list"}]	[{"image_text":"The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway through Waynesville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GSMEthroughWaynesville.jpg/220px-GSMEthroughWaynesville.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Great Smoky Mountains Expressway through Balsam Gap, viewed from the Blue Ridge Parkway overpass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Expressway_beneath_BRP_through_Balsam_Gap.jpg/220px-Great_Smoky_Mountains_Expressway_beneath_BRP_through_Balsam_Gap.jpg"}]	[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"North Carolina Bicycle Route 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Bicycle_Route_2"}]	[{"reference":"Google (October 22, 2014). \"Great Smoky Mountains Expressway\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=US-74+E&daddr=Unknown+road&hl=en&ll=35.448924,-83.154144&spn=0.482171,0.891953&sll=35.392059,-83.473778&sspn=0.015079,0.027874&geocode=FeIOHAId6EEG-w%3BFb1SHgIdnMUO-w&t=p&mra=dme&mrsp=0&sz=16&z=11","url_text":"\"Great Smoky Mountains Expressway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. July 15, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121229090753/https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Teppl/TEPPL%20All%20Documents%20Library/Sorted%20by%20County.pdf","url_text":"\"North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"North Carolina Department of Transportation"},{"url":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Teppl/TEPPL%20All%20Documents%20Library/Sorted%20by%20County.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Status of Corridors in North Carolina\" (PDF). Appalachian Regional Commission. September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arc.gov/noindex/programs/transp/adhs_status_report_2013/ADHSFY2013StatusReportNorthCarolina.pdf","url_text":"\"Status of Corridors in North Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route Change (1967-08-04)\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. August 4, 1967. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1967_08_04.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Change (1967-08-04)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route Change (1974-09-01)\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. September 1, 1974. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1974_09_01.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Change (1974-09-01)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route Change (1976-10-01)\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. October 1, 1976. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1976_10_01.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Change (1976-10-01)\""}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 28, 1982). \"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 4. Retrieved October 22, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1982-06-28.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""}]},{"reference":"Burrell, Doris (January 20, 1984). \"Expressway: State Makes It Official\". The Mountaineer. p. 1A.","urls":[{"url":"http://haywoodlibrary.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&by=1984&bdd=1980&d=01011886-12312020&fn=the_waynesville_mountaineer_usa_north_carolina_waynesville_19840120_english_1&df=441&dt=450&cid=2850","url_text":"\"Expressway: State Makes It Official\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountaineer","url_text":"The Mountaineer"}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 20, 1983). \"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 2. Retrieved October 22, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1983-06-20.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Route Change (1986-06-09)\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. June 9, 1986. Retrieved August 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/AASHTO_USRN_1986-06-09.pdf","url_text":"\"US Route Change (1986-06-09)\""}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 9, 1986). \"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\" (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3. Retrieved August 31, 2014 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Route_Numbering_Committee_Agenda_1986-06-09","url_text":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials"}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (November 8, 1986). \"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 4. Retrieved August 31, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1986-11-08.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials"}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (May 25, 1987). \"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3. Retrieved October 22, 2014 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1987-05-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route Change (1987-06-15)\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. June 15, 1987. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1987_06_15.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Change (1987-06-15)\""}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (April 27, 1997). \"Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways\" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016215352/http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1997-USRN_Cmte.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials"},{"url":"http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1997-USRN_Cmte.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US 74 Route Change (1998-01-30)\" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. January 30, 1998. Retrieved August 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/Route%20Changes/US74_19980130B.pdf","url_text":"\"US 74 Route Change (1998-01-30)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=US-74+E&daddr=Unknown+road&hl=en&ll=35.448924,-83.154144&spn=0.482171,0.891953&sll=35.392059,-83.473778&sspn=0.015079,0.027874&geocode=FeIOHAId6EEG-w%3BFb1SHgIdnMUO-w&t=p&mra=dme&mrsp=0&sz=16&z=11","external_links_name":"\"Great Smoky Mountains Expressway\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121229090753/https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Teppl/TEPPL%20All%20Documents%20Library/Sorted%20by%20County.pdf","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities\""},{"Link":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Teppl/TEPPL%20All%20Documents%20Library/Sorted%20by%20County.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arc.gov/noindex/programs/transp/adhs_status_report_2013/ADHSFY2013StatusReportNorthCarolina.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Status of Corridors in North Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1967_08_04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Change (1967-08-04)\""},{"Link":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1974_09_01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Change (1974-09-01)\""},{"Link":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1976_10_01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Change (1976-10-01)\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1982-06-28.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""},{"Link":"http://haywoodlibrary.advantage-preservation.com/viewer/?i=f&by=1984&bdd=1980&d=01011886-12312020&fn=the_waynesville_mountaineer_usa_north_carolina_waynesville_19840120_english_1&df=441&dt=450&cid=2850","external_links_name":"\"Expressway: State Makes It Official\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1983-06-20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""},{"Link":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/AASHTO_USRN_1986-06-09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"US Route Change (1986-06-09)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Route_Numbering_Committee_Agenda_1986-06-09","external_links_name":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1986-11-08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AASHTO_USRN_1987-05-25.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Numbering Committee Agenda\""},{"Link":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/1987_06_15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Route Change (1987-06-15)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016215352/http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1997-USRN_Cmte.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering to the Standing Committee on Highways\""},{"Link":"http://sp.route.transportation.org/Documents/1997-USRN_Cmte.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/safety/Route%20Changes/Route%20Changes/US74_19980130B.pdf","external_links_name":"\"US 74 Route Change (1998-01-30)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Expressway&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Expressway&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Goddess_(1930_film)	The Green Goddess (1930 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Adaptations to radio","5 Preservation status","6 References","7 External links"]	1930 film The Green GoddessposterDirected byAlfred E. GreenWritten byJulien JosephsonBased onThe Green Goddess1921 playby William ArcherProduced byWalter MoroscoStarringGeorge ArlissRalph ForbesH.B. WarnerAlice JoyceCinematographyJames Van TreesEdited byJames GibbonMusic byLouis SilversDistributed byWarner Bros. Pictures, Inc.Release date February 13, 1930 (1930-02-13) Running time73 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Pamphlet for promoting the film The Green Goddess is a 1930 American pre-Code film directed by Alfred E. Green. It was a remake of the 1923 silent film, which was in turn based on the play of the same name by William Archer. It was produced by Warner Bros. using their new Vitaphone sound system, and adapted by Julien Josephson. It stars George Arliss, Alice Joyce (in her final film role), Ralph Forbes and H.B. Warner. Arliss and Ivan F. Simpson played the same parts in all three productions, while Joyce reprised her role from the earlier film. Arliss was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance. Plot A small plane carrying three British citizens — Major Crespin (H.B. Warner), his estranged wife Lucilla (Alice Joyce), and pilot Dr. Traherne (Ralph Forbes) — becomes lost and is forced to crash land in the tiny realm of Rukh, somewhere near the Himalaya Mountains. The Raja (George Arliss) who rules the land welcomes them. As it happens, the Raja's three brothers are soon to be executed for murder by the British. When the three plane-crash survivors appear, the Raja's subjects become convinced that their Green Goddess has delivered three victims into their hands for revenge. The three are to be killed once the Raja's three brothers are dead. The Raja professes no great love for his brothers, as they had posed a danger to the succession of his own children, but he sees no reason to anger his people by protecting his British guests. When he becomes attracted to Lucilla, however, he offers to spare her life if she will become his wife. She refuses. The prisoners become aware that the Raja has a telegraph, operated by the Raja's renegade British exile and chief assistant, Watkins (Ivan F. Simpson). Hoping to send for help, they try to bribe Watkins, but when they realize he is only leading them on, they throw him off the balcony to his death. Major Crespin manages to send a message before the Raja's men break into the room. The Raja personally shoots Crespin in the back, killing him in mid-transmission. The next day, Traherne and Lucilla are taken to the temple of the Green Goddess. Once more, the Raja renews his offer to Lucilla, but is again turned down. Given a moment alone, Traherne and Lucilla confess their love for each other. Then, in the nick of time, six British biplanes appear in the skies over Rukh. Lt. Cardew (Reginald Sheffield) lands and demands the release of the couple. The Raja gives in. Cast George Arliss as The Raja Ralph Forbes as Dr. Traherne H.B. Warner as Major Crespin Alice Joyce as Lucilla Ivan F. Simpson as Watkins Reginald Sheffield as Lieutenant Cardew Betty Boyd as An Ayah Nigel De Brulier as Temple Priest Production The Green Goddess was filmed in 1929 and completed before Disraeli (1929) but was held out of release until later at the request of George Arliss because he felt that Disraeli was a better vehicle for his sound debut. The Green Goddess first was adapted for cinema in 1923. Produced by Distinctive Productions, it was directed by Sidney Olcott and played by George Arliss, Alice Joyce and Jetta Goudal. Adaptations to radio The Green Goddess was adapted as a one-hour radio play on the January 6, 1935 broadcast of Lux Radio Theater, starring Claude Rains. It was adapted to radio again by Orson Welles on The Campbell Playhouse on February 10, 1939 with Welles as The Rajah and Madeleine Carroll as Lucille. Preservation status The film survives with copies at the Library of Congress and Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. References ^ "Green Goddess · Orson Welles on the Air, 1938-1946". ^ Catalog of Holdings The American Film Institute Collection and The United Artists Collection at The Library of Congress, (<-book title) p.72 c.1978 by The American Film Institute ^ Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research, Feature Film Database:The Green Goddess External links The Green Goddess at IMDb The Green Goddess at the TCM Movie Database The Green Goddess at AllMovie The Green Goddess at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Review at pre-code.com Streaming audio The Green Goddess on The Campbell Playhouse: February 2, 1939 The Green Goddess on Theater Guild on the Air: October 20, 1946 vteFilms directed by Alfred E. GreenSilent films The Princess of Patches (1917) Silk Husbands and Calico Wives (1920) A Double-Dyed Deceiver (1920) Through the Back Door (1921) Little Lord Fauntleroy (1921) The Bachelor Daddy (1922) Our Leading Citizen (1922) The Ghost Breaker (1922) The Man Who Saw Tomorrow (1922) Back Home and Broke (1922) The Ne'er-Do-Well (1923) Woman-Proof (1923) Pied Piper Malone (1924) In Hollywood With Potash and Perlmutter (1924) Inez from Hollywood (1924) The Talker (1925) Sally (1925) The Man Who Found Himself (1925) The Girl from Montmartre (1926) Ladies at Play (1926) Irene (1926) It Must Be Love (1926) Ella Cinders (1926) Two Girls Wanted (1927) Is Zat So? (1927) The Auctioneer (1927) Come to My House (1927) Honor Bound (1928) Sound films Disraeli (1929) Making the Grade (1929) The Green Goddess (1930) The Man From Blankley's (1930) Sweet Kitty Bellairs (1930) Old English (1930) Men of the Sky (1931) The Road to Singapore (1931) Smart Money (1931) Union Depot (1932) It's Tough to Be Famous (1932) The Rich Are Always With Us (1932) The Dark Horse (1932) Silver Dollar (1932) Parachute Jumper (1933) Grand Slam (1933) Baby Face (1933) Central Airport (1933) I Loved a Woman (1933) The Narrow Corner (1933) Dark Hazard (1934) Side Streets (1934) Housewife (1934) The Merry Frinks (1934) As the Earth Turns (1934) A Lost Lady (1934) Gentlemen Are Born (1934) Sweet Music (1935) Here's to Romance (1935) The Girl From 10th Avenue (1935) The Goose and the Gander (1935) Dangerous (1935) Colleen (1936) They Met in a Taxi (1936) The Golden Arrow (1936) Two in a Crowd (1936) More Than a Secretary (1936) The League of Frightened Men (1937) Mr. Dodd Takes the Air (1937) Thoroughbreds Don't Cry (1937) Let's Get Married (1937) Ride a Crooked Mile (1938) The Duke of West Point (1938) The Gracie Allen Murder Case (1939) King of the Turf (1939) 20,000 Men a Year (1939) Flowing Gold (1940) Shooting High (1940) South of Pago Pago (1940) East of the River (1940) Adventure in Washington (1941) Badlands of Dakota (1941) The Mayor of 44th Street (1942) Meet the Stewarts (1942) Appointment in Berlin (1943) There's Something About a Soldier (1943) Mr. Winkle Goes to War (1944) Strange Affair (1944) A Thousand and One Nights (1945) The Jolson Story (1946) Tars and Spars (1946) The Fabulous Dorseys (1947) Copacabana (1947) Four Faces West (1948) The Girl from Manhattan (1948) Cover Up (1949) Sierra (1949) The Jackie Robinson Story (1950) Two Gals and a Guy (1951) Invasion U.S.A. (1952) The Eddie Cantor Story (1953) Paris Model (1953) Top Banana (1954)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screening_at_a_country_town,_1931_(6297430030).jpg"},{"link_name":"pre-Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Code_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Alfred E. Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Green"},{"link_name":"1923 silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Goddess_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"play of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Goddess_(stage_play)"},{"link_name":"William Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Archer_(critic)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Vitaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaphone"},{"link_name":"Julien Josephson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Josephson"},{"link_name":"George Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arliss"},{"link_name":"Alice Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ralph Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Forbes"},{"link_name":"H.B. Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.B._Warner"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"}],"text":"Pamphlet for promoting the filmThe Green Goddess is a 1930 American pre-Code film directed by Alfred E. Green. It was a remake of the 1923 silent film, which was in turn based on the play of the same name by William Archer. It was produced by Warner Bros. using their new Vitaphone sound system, and adapted by Julien Josephson.It stars George Arliss, Alice Joyce (in her final film role), Ralph Forbes and H.B. Warner. Arliss and Ivan F. Simpson played the same parts in all three productions, while Joyce reprised her role from the earlier film. Arliss was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance.","title":"The Green Goddess (1930 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.B. Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.B._Warner"},{"link_name":"Alice Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ralph Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Himalaya Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_Mountains"},{"link_name":"George Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arliss"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Ivan F. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_F._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Reginald Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Sheffield"}],"text":"A small plane carrying three British citizens — Major Crespin (H.B. Warner), his estranged wife Lucilla (Alice Joyce), and pilot Dr. Traherne (Ralph Forbes) — becomes lost and is forced to crash land in the tiny realm of Rukh, somewhere near the Himalaya Mountains. The Raja (George Arliss) who rules the land welcomes them.As it happens, the Raja's three brothers are soon to be executed for murder by the British. When the three plane-crash survivors appear, the Raja's subjects become convinced that their Green Goddess has delivered three victims into their hands for revenge. The three are to be killed once the Raja's three brothers are dead. The Raja professes no great love for his brothers, as they had posed a danger to the succession of his own children, but he sees no reason to anger his people by protecting his British guests. When he becomes attracted to Lucilla, however, he offers to spare her life if she will become his wife. She refuses.The prisoners become aware that the Raja has a telegraph, operated by the Raja's renegade British exile and chief assistant, Watkins (Ivan F. Simpson). Hoping to send for help, they try to bribe Watkins, but when they realize he is only leading them on, they throw him off the balcony to his death. Major Crespin manages to send a message before the Raja's men break into the room. The Raja personally shoots Crespin in the back, killing him in mid-transmission.The next day, Traherne and Lucilla are taken to the temple of the Green Goddess. Once more, the Raja renews his offer to Lucilla, but is again turned down. Given a moment alone, Traherne and Lucilla confess their love for each other. Then, in the nick of time, six British biplanes appear in the skies over Rukh. Lt. Cardew (Reginald Sheffield) lands and demands the release of the couple. The Raja gives in.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arliss"},{"link_name":"Ralph Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Forbes"},{"link_name":"H.B. Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.B._Warner"},{"link_name":"Alice Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ivan F. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_F._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Reginald Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Betty Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Nigel De Brulier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_De_Brulier"}],"text":"George Arliss as The Raja\nRalph Forbes as Dr. Traherne\nH.B. Warner as Major Crespin\nAlice Joyce as Lucilla\nIvan F. Simpson as Watkins\nReginald Sheffield as Lieutenant Cardew\nBetty Boyd as An Ayah\nNigel De Brulier as Temple Priest","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disraeli_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"The Green Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Goddess_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Sidney Olcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Olcott"},{"link_name":"George Arliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Arliss"},{"link_name":"Alice Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Jetta Goudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetta_Goudal"}],"text":"The Green Goddess was filmed in 1929 and completed before Disraeli (1929) but was held out of release until later at the request of George Arliss because he felt that Disraeli was a better vehicle for his sound debut.The Green Goddess first was adapted for cinema in 1923. Produced by Distinctive Productions, it was directed by Sidney Olcott and played by George Arliss, Alice Joyce and Jetta Goudal.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lux Radio Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theater"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Green Goddess was adapted as a one-hour radio play on the January 6, 1935 broadcast of Lux Radio Theater, starring Claude Rains.It was adapted to radio again by Orson Welles on The Campbell Playhouse on February 10, 1939 with Welles as The Rajah and Madeleine Carroll as Lucille.[1]","title":"Adaptations to radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The film survives with copies at the Library of Congress and Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research.[2][3]","title":"Preservation status"}]	[{"image_text":"Pamphlet for promoting the film","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Screening_at_a_country_town%2C_1931_%286297430030%29.jpg/250px-Screening_at_a_country_town%2C_1931_%286297430030%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Green Goddess · Orson Welles on the Air, 1938-1946\".","urls":[{"url":"https://orsonwelles.indiana.edu/items/show/1980#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&xywh=-1148%2C-1%2C4935%2C3413","url_text":"\"Green Goddess · Orson Welles on the Air, 1938-1946\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://orsonwelles.indiana.edu/items/show/1980#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&xywh=-1148%2C-1%2C4935%2C3413","external_links_name":"\"Green Goddess · Orson Welles on the Air, 1938-1946\""},{"Link":"https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/wcftr/title.asp?film_id=33637","external_links_name":"Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research, Feature Film Database:The Green Goddess"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020938/","external_links_name":"The Green Goddess"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/13666/enwp","external_links_name":"The Green Goddess"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v93884","external_links_name":"The Green Goddess"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/9509","external_links_name":"The Green Goddess"},{"Link":"http://pre-code.com/the-green-goddess-1930-review-with-george-arliss-and-ralph-forbes/","external_links_name":"Review at pre-code.com"},{"Link":"https://orsonwelles.indiana.edu/items/show/1980","external_links_name":"The Green Goddess"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/TheaterGuildontheAir/Tgoa_46-10-20_ep046-Green_Goddess.mp3","external_links_name":"The Green Goddess"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Milstein	Adam Milstein	["1 Early life & education","2 Career","3 Activism","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]	Israeli-American real estate investor Adam MilsteinBorn1952 (age 71–72)Haifa, IsraelCitizenshipAmerican, IsraeliEducationTechnion (BSc)USC (MBA)OccupationReal estate investorTitleChairman of the Israeli-American CouncilManaging Partner of Hager Pacific PropertiesCriminal chargesTax fraud (2009)Criminal statusConvictedSpouseGila MilsteinChildren3Military careerAllegianceIsraelService/branchIsrael Defense ForcesYears of service1971–1974Battles/warsYom Kippur War Adam Milstein (Hebrew: אדם מילשטיין; born 1952) is an Israeli-American investor and philanthropist. He is a managing partner at Hager Pacific Properties. In 2000, Milstein and his wife Gila founded the Adam and Gila Milstein Family Foundation. He is a co-founder of the Israeli-American Council, where he currently serves as chairman emeritus and board member. He was Chairman of the Board of IAC from 2015 to 2019. Early life & education Milstein was born in Haifa, Israel, the eldest child of Eva (née Temkin), a homemaker, and Hillel Milstein, a real estate developer. In 1971, Milstein was conscripted into the Israel Defense Forces and served during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Afterwards he enrolled in the Technion, where he graduated in 1978 with a Bachelor of Science degree in business and economics. While in college, he worked with his father to expand their real estate construction and development business. In 1974, Milstein married Gila Elgrably in Haifa. In 1981, the family moved to the United States. In 1983, Milstein received an MBA from the University of Southern California. He started working in commercial real estate as a sales agent. Career Milstein is a managing partner of Hager Pacific Properties, overseeing the firm's financing, disposition and accounting. The firm specializes in acquiring, rehabilitating and repositioning industrial, retail, office and multi-family properties. In 2007, Milstein co-founded the Israeli-American Council (IAC). Activism In 2000, Milstein and his wife Gila founded the Adam and Gila Milstein Family Foundation (MFF). The organization sponsors education of students and young professionals to identify with their Jewish roots, and gain knowledge to advocate for the State of Israel and the Jewish people. Milstein is a co-founder of the Israeli-American Council. In 2015, he was named chairman of the group. Milstein also sits on the boards of StandWithUs, Hasbara Fellowships, and PragerU. He previously served on the boards of Israel on Campus Coalition, Jewish Funders Network, and the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) National Council. In June 2015, Milstein joined with Sheldon Adelson and Haim Saban to organize the inaugural Campus Maccabees summit, which opposes anti-Semitic groups and activities on college campuses in the United States. Milstein strongly opposes the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, and has had several op-ed pieces published on this subject. Milstein and his wife Gila are co-founders of Sifriyat Pijama B'America, which provides free monthly books in Hebrew to Israeli-Jewish American families in the United States. In 2016, they started "The Impact Forum," an initiative which “fights antisemitism, strengthens the state of Israel, and protects American democracy.” In 2016, The Jerusalem Post selected Milstein for its list of the world's 50 most influential Jews. In 2015 and 2016, Algemeiner Journal named Milstein to its list, "The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life." Gil Troy identifies Milstein as a contemporary leader of cultural Zionism in his book The Zionist Ideas; Visions for the Jewish Homeland — Then, Now, Tomorrow (2018). The section on Milstein presents his "vision of Israeliness to invigorate Zionism and Jewish identity—in Israel and abroad." In 2019, Milstein withdrew from speaking at that year's AIPAC conference, amidst controversy over remarks he made on Twitter about Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib. Personal life Milstein and his wife Gila live in Encino, California. They have three daughters and three grandchildren. In 2009, Milstein pleaded guilty to tax evasion involving his donations to the Spinka Hasidic sect. Milstein served three months in prison, 600 hours of community service, and paid a $30,000 fine. References ^ a b "Jerusalem Post 50 Most Influential Jews: Number 39 - Adam Milstein Orthodox Jew". The Jerusalem Post. September 29, 2016. ^ David Fournier (May 14, 2020). "Meet Adam Milstein: Real Estate Investor and Active Philanthropist elected as one of Top 50 Zionist Influencers of 2020". TMC. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ a b c "Bio". AdamMilstein.com. ^ "IAC Board of Directors". Israeli-American Council. Archived from the original on 2015-01-07. ^ "How to Succeed as an Entrepreneur: Lessons from a Millionaire". Huffington Post. ^ "Adam Milstein Bio". Hager Pacific. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2015-07-10. ^ "Hager Pacific". Hager Pacific. Archived from the original on 2013-09-25. ^ a b Jacob Kamaras (February 5, 2015). "Active' philanthropist Adam Milstein a growing connector in the Jewish world". JNS. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ a b "Who We Are". Milstein Family Foundation. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. ^ "The Israeli-Americans: Who they are, what they want, where they're headed, why they matter". Jewish Journal. May 14, 2015. ^ "Adam Milstein: Leading by example". Jewish Journal. November 18, 2015. ^ "Why we set up the Israeli-American Council". Times of Israel. ^ "Israeli-American group names new leaders ahead of national conference". JNS. September 17, 2015. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. ^ "Ascending Israeli-American group seeks to be the 'glue,' not the 'wedge,' for US Jewry". JNS. November 20, 2017. ^ "Israelis will power the future of American Jewry, IAC chair says". JTA. October 31, 2017. ^ "ADAM MILSTEIN". Israeli American. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "'Active' philanthropist Adam Milstein a growing connector in the Jewish world". JNS. February 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. ^ "We Will Boycott the Boycotters and Make them Illegal". Arutz7. 9 June 2015. ^ "The Israeli-American connector". The Jerusalem Post. April 25, 2016. ^ "IAC head Milstein urges: Boycott the boycotters". The Jerusalem Post. May 22, 2016. ^ "It's Not Just About Israel. BDS Threatens Us All". Huffington Post. 22 December 2015. ^ "Israel to invest to track potential terrorists on social media". The Jerusalem Post. 27 January 2016. ^ "Food, money and Jews". Jewish Journal. August 3, 2017. ^ Alan Rosenbaum (April 8, 2024). "'Our mission is to fight antisemitism, strengthen the state of Israel, protect American democracy'". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "The Jerusalem Post's 50 Most Influential Jews". The Jerusalem Post. October 2, 2016. ^ "The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life, 2015". Algemeiner. March 20, 2016. ^ "Jewish 100, 2015: Adam Milstein – Community". Algemeiner. March 30, 2016. ^ Troy, Gil (2018). The Zionist Ideas Visions for the Jewish Homeland—Then, Now, Tomorrow. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 469–471. ^ Ron Kampeas (2019-03-19). "Prominent pro-Israel donor pulls out of AIPAC conference after saying two Muslim lawmakers 'clash' with American values". JTA. ^ "Adam Milstein". Hager Pacific. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. ^ Right-wing donor Adam Milstein has spent millions of dollars to stifle the BDS movement and attack critics of Israeli policy, Alex Kane, March 25, 2019, The Intercept ^ "Active Philanthropist Adam Milstein – a Growing Connector in the Jewish World". JNS. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Israeli-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Americans"},{"link_name":"investor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor"},{"link_name":"philanthropist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist"},{"link_name":"Adam and Gila Milstein Family Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Gila_Milstein_Family_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Israeli-American Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-American_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Adam Milstein (Hebrew: אדם מילשטיין; born 1952) is an Israeli-American investor and philanthropist. He is a managing partner at Hager Pacific Properties.In 2000, Milstein and his wife Gila founded the Adam and Gila Milstein Family Foundation. He is a co-founder of the Israeli-American Council, where he currently serves as chairman emeritus and board member. He was Chairman of the Board of IAC from 2015 to 2019.[2]","title":"Adam Milstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"Technion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Milstein was born in Haifa, Israel, the eldest child of Eva (née Temkin), a homemaker, and Hillel Milstein, a real estate developer.[3]In 1971, Milstein was conscripted into the Israel Defense Forces and served during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Afterwards he enrolled in the Technion, where he graduated in 1978 with a Bachelor of Science degree in business and economics. While in college, he worked with his father to expand their real estate construction and development business.[3]In 1974, Milstein married Gila Elgrably in Haifa.[3] In 1981, the family moved to the United States. In 1983, Milstein received an MBA from the University of Southern California.[4] He started working in commercial real estate as a sales agent.[5]","title":"Early life & education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JNS-8"}],"text":"Milstein is a managing partner of Hager Pacific Properties, overseeing the firm's financing, disposition and accounting.[6] The firm specializes in acquiring, rehabilitating and repositioning industrial, retail, office and multi-family properties.[7] In 2007, Milstein co-founded the Israeli-American Council (IAC).[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JNS-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"StandWithUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StandWithUs"},{"link_name":"Hasbara Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbara_Fellowships"},{"link_name":"PragerU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PragerU"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Israel on Campus Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_on_Campus_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Jewish Funders Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Spokoiny"},{"link_name":"American Israel Public Affairs Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Adelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Adelson"},{"link_name":"Haim Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Saban"},{"link_name":"Campus Maccabees summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabee_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Jerusalem Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost39-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Algemeiner Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Gil Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Troy"},{"link_name":"cultural Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Zionism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Ilhan Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhan_Omar"},{"link_name":"Rashida Tlaib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 2000, Milstein and his wife Gila founded the Adam and Gila Milstein Family Foundation (MFF). The organization sponsors education of students and young professionals to identify with their Jewish roots, and gain knowledge to advocate for the State of Israel and the Jewish people.[9]Milstein is a co-founder of the Israeli-American Council.[8][10][11][12] In 2015, he was named chairman of the group.[13][14][15]Milstein also sits on the boards of StandWithUs, Hasbara Fellowships, and PragerU.[16] He previously served on the boards of Israel on Campus Coalition, Jewish Funders Network, and the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) National Council.[17]In June 2015, Milstein joined with Sheldon Adelson and Haim Saban to organize the inaugural Campus Maccabees summit, which opposes anti-Semitic groups and activities on college campuses in the United States.[18] Milstein strongly opposes the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement,[19][20] and has had several op-ed pieces published on this subject.[21][22]Milstein and his wife Gila are co-founders of Sifriyat Pijama B'America, which provides free monthly books in Hebrew to Israeli-Jewish American families in the United States.[9] In 2016, they started \"The Impact Forum,\" an initiative which “fights antisemitism, strengthens the state of Israel, and protects American democracy.”[23][24]In 2016, The Jerusalem Post selected Milstein for its list of the world's 50 most influential Jews.[1][25] In 2015 and 2016, Algemeiner Journal named Milstein to its list, \"The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life.\"[26][27]Gil Troy identifies Milstein as a contemporary leader of cultural Zionism in his book The Zionist Ideas; Visions for the Jewish Homeland — Then, Now, Tomorrow (2018). The section on Milstein presents his \"vision of Israeliness to invigorate Zionism and Jewish identity—in Israel and abroad.\"[28]In 2019, Milstein withdrew from speaking at that year's AIPAC conference, amidst controversy over remarks he made on Twitter about Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib.[29]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Spinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinka_financial_controversy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Milstein and his wife Gila live in Encino, California. They have three daughters and three grandchildren.[30]In 2009, Milstein pleaded guilty to tax evasion involving his donations to the Spinka Hasidic sect. Milstein served three months in prison, 600 hours of community service, and paid a $30,000 fine.[31][32]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jerusalem Post 50 Most Influential Jews: Number 39 - Adam Milstein Orthodox Jew\". The Jerusalem Post. September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Not-Just-News/Jerusalem-Post-50-Most-Influential-Jews-Number-39-Adam-Milstein-469072","url_text":"\"Jerusalem Post 50 Most Influential Jews: Number 39 - Adam Milstein Orthodox Jew\""}]},{"reference":"David Fournier (May 14, 2020). \"Meet Adam Milstein: Real Estate Investor and Active Philanthropist elected as one of Top 50 Zionist Influencers of 2020\". TMC. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2020/05/14/445411-meet-adam-milstein-real-estate-investor-active-philanthropist.htm","url_text":"\"Meet Adam Milstein: Real Estate Investor and Active Philanthropist elected as one of Top 50 Zionist Influencers of 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bio\". AdamMilstein.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adammilstein.org/bio/","url_text":"\"Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAC Board of Directors\". Israeli-American Council. Archived from the original on 2015-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150107002459/http://www.israeliamerican.org/board-of-directors/","url_text":"\"IAC Board of Directors\""},{"url":"http://www.israeliamerican.org/board-of-directors","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How to Succeed as an Entrepreneur: Lessons from a Millionaire\". Huffington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonha-revesencio/how-to-succeed-as-an-entr_b_8964668.html","url_text":"\"How to Succeed as an Entrepreneur: Lessons from a Millionaire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adam Milstein Bio\". Hager Pacific. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2015-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711163435/http://hagerpacific.com/why-hager-pacific/executive-bios/adam-milstein/","url_text":"\"Adam Milstein Bio\""},{"url":"http://hagerpacific.com/why-hager-pacific/executive-bios/adam-milstein/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hager Pacific\". Hager Pacific. Archived from the original on 2013-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925203529/http://hagerpacific.com/about_hager_pacific_properties.html","url_text":"\"Hager Pacific\""},{"url":"http://www.hagerpacific.com/about_hager_pacific_properties.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jacob Kamaras (February 5, 2015). \"Active' philanthropist Adam Milstein a growing connector in the Jewish world\". JNS. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jns.org/active-philanthropist-adam-milstein-a-growing-connector-in-the-jewish-world/","url_text":"\"Active' philanthropist Adam Milstein a growing connector in the Jewish world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are\". Milstein Family Foundation. 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Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/why-we-created-the-israeli-american-council/","url_text":"\"Why we set up the Israeli-American Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli-American group names new leaders ahead of national conference\". JNS. September 17, 2015. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417033033/https://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2015/9/17/israeli-american-group-names-new-leaders-ahead-of-national-conference#.WsQJQojwZPY=","url_text":"\"Israeli-American group names new leaders ahead of national conference\""},{"url":"https://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2015/9/17/israeli-american-group-names-new-leaders-ahead-of-national-conference","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ascending Israeli-American group seeks to be the 'glue,' not the 'wedge,' for US Jewry\". JNS. November 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jns.org/ascending-israeli-american-group-seeks-to-be-the-glue-not-the-wedge-for-us-jewry/","url_text":"\"Ascending Israeli-American group seeks to be the 'glue,' not the 'wedge,' for US Jewry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israelis will power the future of American Jewry, IAC chair says\". JTA. October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2017/10/31/news-opinion/united-states/israelis-will-power-the-future-of-american-jewry-iac-chair-says","url_text":"\"Israelis will power the future of American Jewry, IAC chair says\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADAM MILSTEIN\". Israeli American. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.israeliamerican.org/national/team-member/adam-milstein","url_text":"\"ADAM MILSTEIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Active' philanthropist Adam Milstein a growing connector in the Jewish world\". JNS. February 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202085624/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2015/2/6/active-philanthropist-adam-milstein-a-growing-connector-in-the-jewish-world/#.WsQIIIjwZPY=","url_text":"\"'Active' philanthropist Adam Milstein a growing connector in the Jewish world\""},{"url":"https://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2015/2/6/active-philanthropist-adam-milstein-a-growing-connector-in-the-jewish-world/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We Will Boycott the Boycotters and Make them Illegal\". Arutz7. 9 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/196465#.VZtjehNVikp","url_text":"\"We Will Boycott the Boycotters and Make them Illegal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Israeli-American connector\". The Jerusalem Post. April 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/The-Israeli-American-connector-452215","url_text":"\"The Israeli-American connector\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAC head Milstein urges: Boycott the boycotters\". The Jerusalem Post. May 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Annual-Conference/Israel-should-fight-fire-with-fire-when-it-comes-to-BDS-454676","url_text":"\"IAC head Milstein urges: Boycott the boycotters\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's Not Just About Israel. BDS Threatens Us All\". Huffington Post. 22 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-milstein/its-not-just-about-israel_b_8861508.html","url_text":"\"It's Not Just About Israel. BDS Threatens Us All\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel to invest to track potential terrorists on social media\". The Jerusalem Post. 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech/Israel-to-invest-to-track-potential-terrorists-on-social-media-442942","url_text":"\"Israel to invest to track potential terrorists on social media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food, money and Jews\". Jewish Journal. August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishjournal.com/opinion/david_suissa/222545/food-money-jews/","url_text":"\"Food, money and Jews\""}]},{"reference":"Alan Rosenbaum (April 8, 2024). \"'Our mission is to fight antisemitism, strengthen the state of Israel, protect American democracy'\". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-795764","url_text":"\"'Our mission is to fight antisemitism, strengthen the state of Israel, protect American democracy'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jerusalem Post's 50 Most Influential Jews\". The Jerusalem Post. October 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/50-Influencers-2016","url_text":"\"The Jerusalem Post's 50 Most Influential Jews\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life, 2015\". Algemeiner. March 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.algemeiner.com/2016/03/30/the-top-100-people-positively-influencing-jewish-life-2015/","url_text":"\"The Top 100 People Positively Influencing Jewish Life, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish 100, 2015: Adam Milstein – Community\". Algemeiner. March 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.algemeiner.com/2016/03/30/jewish-100-2015-adam-milstein-community/","url_text":"\"Jewish 100, 2015: Adam Milstein – Community\""}]},{"reference":"Troy, Gil (2018). The Zionist Ideas Visions for the Jewish Homeland—Then, Now, Tomorrow. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 469–471.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Troy","url_text":"Troy, Gil"}]},{"reference":"Ron Kampeas (2019-03-19). \"Prominent pro-Israel donor pulls out of AIPAC conference after saying two Muslim lawmakers 'clash' with American values\". JTA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2019/03/19/israel/prominent-pro-israel-donor-pulls-out-of-aipac-conference-after-saying-muslim-lawmakers-clash-with-american-values","url_text":"\"Prominent pro-Israel donor pulls out of AIPAC conference after saying two Muslim lawmakers 'clash' with American values\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adam Milstein\". Hager Pacific. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130727191656/http://www.hagerpacific.com/adam_milstein.html","url_text":"\"Adam Milstein\""},{"url":"http://www.hagerpacific.com/adam_milstein.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Active Philanthropist Adam Milstein – a Growing Connector in the Jewish World\". JNS. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206191212/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2015/2/6/active-philanthropist-adam-milstein-a-growing-connector-in-the-jewish-world","url_text":"\"Active Philanthropist Adam Milstein – a Growing Connector in the Jewish World\""},{"url":"https://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2015/2/6/active-philanthropist-adam-milstein-a-growing-connector-in-the-jewish-world","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Not-Just-News/Jerusalem-Post-50-Most-Influential-Jews-Number-39-Adam-Milstein-469072","external_links_name":"\"Jerusalem Post 50 Most Influential Jews: Number 39 - Adam Milstein Orthodox Jew\""},{"Link":"https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2020/05/14/445411-meet-adam-milstein-real-estate-investor-active-philanthropist.htm","external_links_name":"\"Meet Adam Milstein: Real Estate Investor and Active Philanthropist elected as one of Top 50 Zionist Influencers of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Forest	Peak Forest	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 53°18′36″N 1°49′52″W / 53.310°N 1.831°W / 53.310; -1.831 Human settlement in EnglandPeak ForestThe churchPeak ForestLocation within DerbyshirePopulation335 (2011)OS grid referenceSK113793DistrictHigh PeakShire countyDerbyshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBUXTONPostcode districtSK17Dialling code01298PoliceDerbyshireFireDerbyshireAmbulanceEast Midlands UK ParliamentHigh Peak List of places UK England Derbyshire 53°18′36″N 1°49′52″W / 53.310°N 1.831°W / 53.310; -1.831 Peak Forest is a small village and civil parish on the main road the (A623) from Chapel-en-le-Frith to Chesterfield in Derbyshire. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 335. The village grew from the earlier settlement of Dam (still inhabited, with a number of houses and farms) at the conjunction of Perrydale and Damdale. There is an inn, a church and a primary school. Its name probably derives from the Forest of High Peak. The village is at the heart of the old royal forest and was formerly known as Chamber of Campana. The nearby Chamber Farm or Chamber Knoll may have been the exact location of the residence and meeting place of local forest officials. Its church is dedicated to 'Charles, King & Martyr' (King Charles I of England, executed in 1649). First erected in 1657, it was replaced in 1878 as a gift from the Duke of Devonshire. Until an Act of Parliament was passed in 1754 its minister was able to perform marriages without the need for reading the banns, and the village was known as the Gretna Green of Derbyshire. The Peak Forest Canal, although originally aiming for the limestone quarries in Great Rocks Dale just to the south of the village, never reached nearer than Buxworth, seven miles away, where it terminates at Bugsworth Basin. Instead, a horse-drawn tramway, the Peak Forest Tramway, was constructed in the late 18th century to connect the canal with the quarries between Dove Holes and Peak Forest. The original limestone-carrying purpose of the canal was replaced long ago by the Great Rocks mineral railway line serving the quarries around Buxton and joining the Manchester–Sheffield line, via the diverging Chapel Milton Viaduct over the Black Brook valley at Chapel Milton (between Chapel-en-le-Frith and Chinley). Its railway station (now closed) was built by the Midland Railway, two miles away at Small Dale. This was on its extension of the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway, part of the main Midland Line from Manchester to London. It was also the northern junction for the line from Buxton. Stage 1 of the Peak District Boundary Walk runs from Buxton to Peak Forest. See also Listed buildings in Peak Forest References ^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ Peak Forest CofE Primary School ^ Hadfield, Roger (1985). "An outline history of Peak Forest and Dove Holes". Rootsweb. Retrieved 12 April 2020. ^ Peak Forest, Genuki, accessed 1 January 2009 ^ Henderson, Mark (15 November 2017). "Derbyshire's "Gretna Green"". Wonders of the Peak. Derbyshire County Council. Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ McCloy, Andrew (2017). Peak District Boundary Walk: 190 Miles Around the Edge of the National Park. Friends of the Peak District. ISBN 978-1909461536. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peak Forest. vteBorough of High PeakMajor settlements Buxton Chapel-en-le-Frith Glossop Hadfield New Mills Whaley Bridge Villages Ashopton Bamford Birch Vale Brough and Shatton Buxworth Castleton Charlesworth Chinley Chisworth Crowden Derwent Dove Holes Edale Furness Vale Gamesley Hague Bar Hayfield Hope Padfield Peak Forest Peak Dale Rowarth Sparrowpit Tintwistle Woodhead WaterwaysCanals Peak Forest Canal Rivers Alport Ashop Dane Derwent Dove Etherow Goyt Kinder Peakshole Water Noe Sett Westend Wye TransportRail Buxton railway station Chapel-en-le-Frith railway station Glossop railway station Hadfield railway station New Mills Central railway station Whaley Bridge railway station Road A6 A57 (Snake Pass) A624 Culture, leisureand tourism Buxton Crescent Buxton Opera House Devonshire Dome High Peak Trail Kinder Scout Pennine Way Peveril Castle Mam Tor Melandra Millennium Walkway, New Mills Speedwell Cavern Solomon's Temple Related articles Education Schools University of Buxton Governance High Peak (constituency) Historic Mass trespass of Kinder Scout Well dressing Woodhead Tunnel Sport Buxton F.C. Chapel Town F.C. Glossop North End A.F.C. New Mills A.F.C. Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"A623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A623_road"},{"link_name":"Chapel-en-le-Frith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel-en-le-Frith"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Forest of High Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_High_Peak"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"banns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banns"},{"link_name":"Gretna Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_Green"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peak Forest Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Forest_Canal"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Great Rocks Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rocks_Dale"},{"link_name":"Buxworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxworth"},{"link_name":"Bugsworth Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsworth_Basin"},{"link_name":"Peak Forest Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Forest_Tramway"},{"link_name":"Dove Holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_Holes"},{"link_name":"Great Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rocks_Line"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Chapel Milton Viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Milton_Viaduct"},{"link_name":"Chapel Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Milton"},{"link_name":"Chinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinley"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Buxton,_Matlock_and_Midlands_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Peak District Boundary Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District_Boundary_Walk"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandPeak Forest is a small village and civil parish on the main road the (A623) from Chapel-en-le-Frith to Chesterfield in Derbyshire. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 335.[1]The village grew from the earlier settlement of Dam (still inhabited, with a number of houses and farms) at the conjunction of Perrydale and Damdale. There is an inn, a church and a primary school.[2] Its name probably derives from the Forest of High Peak. The village is at the heart of the old royal forest and was formerly known as Chamber of Campana. The nearby Chamber Farm or Chamber Knoll may have been the exact location of the residence and meeting place of local forest officials.[3]Its church is dedicated to 'Charles, King & Martyr' (King Charles I of England, executed in 1649).[4] First erected in 1657, it was replaced in 1878 as a gift from the Duke of Devonshire. Until an Act of Parliament was passed in 1754 its minister was able to perform marriages without the need for reading the banns, and the village was known as the Gretna Green of Derbyshire.[5]The Peak Forest Canal, although originally aiming for the limestone quarries in Great Rocks Dale just to the south of the village, never reached nearer than Buxworth, seven miles away, where it terminates at Bugsworth Basin. Instead, a horse-drawn tramway, the Peak Forest Tramway, was constructed in the late 18th century to connect the canal with the quarries between Dove Holes and Peak Forest.The original limestone-carrying purpose of the canal was replaced long ago by the Great Rocks mineral railway line serving the quarries around Buxton and joining the Manchester–Sheffield line, via the diverging Chapel Milton Viaduct over the Black Brook valley at Chapel Milton (between Chapel-en-le-Frith and Chinley). Its railway station (now closed) was built by the Midland Railway, two miles away at Small Dale. This was on its extension of the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway, part of the main Midland Line from Manchester to London. It was also the northern junction for the line from Buxton.Stage 1 of the Peak District Boundary Walk runs from Buxton to Peak Forest.[6]","title":"Peak Forest"}]	[]	[{"title":"Listed buildings in Peak Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Peak_Forest"}]	[{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127436&c=Peak+Forest&d=16&e=62&g=6414307&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1459329304971&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Roger (1985). \"An outline history of Peak Forest and Dove Holes\". 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ISBN 978-1909461536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909461536","url_text":"978-1909461536"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peak_Forest&params=53.31_N_1.831_W_region:GB_type:city(335)","external_links_name":"53°18′36″N 1°49′52″W / 53.310°N 1.831°W / 53.310; -1.831"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peak_Forest&params=53.310521_N_1.831867_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Peak+Forest","external_links_name":"SK113793"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peak_Forest&params=53.31_N_1.831_W_region:GB_type:city(335)","external_links_name":"53°18′36″N 1°49′52″W / 53.310°N 1.831°W / 53.310; -1.831"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127436&c=Peak+Forest&d=16&e=62&g=6414307&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1459329304971&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakforest.derbyshire.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"Peak Forest CofE Primary School"},{"Link":"https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~hadfield/genealogy/acornerof.htm","external_links_name":"\"An outline history of Peak Forest and Dove Holes\""},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/DBY/PeakForest/index.html","external_links_name":"Peak Forest"},{"Link":"https://www.wondersofthepeak.org.uk/facts/derbyshires-gretna-green/","external_links_name":"\"Derbyshire's \"Gretna Green\"\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/156187042","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007473714005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2004304784","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codename_Icarus	Codename Icarus	["1 In other media","1.1 Novelisation","1.2 VHS","1.3 DVD","2 Reference","3 External links"]	British children's television serial This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Codename Icarus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cover of the BBC/Knight Books novelisation of the serial. Codename Icarus is a five-part British children's television drama serial written by Richard Cooper, which was produced by the BBC in 1981. The serial combined elements of teenage drama and conspiracy thriller, and involved child prodigies being manipulated as the basis for a complex scheme involving nuclear missiles and the mysterious Icarus Foundation's plot to take over the world. It starred Barry Angel as child prodigy Martin Smith and Philip Locke as John Doll. Cooper also novelised the serial, which was published by the BBC and Knight Books in 1981. The serial was released on VHS in compilation form by BBC Video in 1985 in the UK, and in 2006 it was made available in its original, unedited episodic format on Region 1 DVD by Home Vision Entertainment in the United States. The location for the scenes when the children were at school was the Redrice, just outside Andover, Hampshire, UK. This school has since been renamed as the Farleigh School. All the child extras came from the Harrow Way Community School in Andover. The credits for all five episodes of the serial bore the captions 'Scientific Advice – Professor John Taylor' and 'BBC wishes to thank: Imperial War Museum, Duxford'. The title music was Koschei's Infernal Dance from The Firebird by Igor Stravinsky. Episode 3 'Harlequin' was nominated for 'Best Drama/Light Entertainment' at the 1982 BAFTA Awards. The serial was broadcast twice-weekly, on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, with the original transmission dates being as follows: Part One – 8 December 1981 Part Two – 9 December 1981 Part Three – 15 December 1981 Part Four – 16 December 1981 Part Five – 22 December 1981 In other media Novelisation Publisher: BBC/Knight Books Year: 1981 Author: Richard Cooper Original Price: £1.25 ISBN №: 0-340-27535-9 Availability: Out of print The novelisation was published to tie-in with the broadcast of the serial. The book's content is fairly faithful to the televised version, although Richard Cooper has rearranged some scenes and added some extra material not seen on-screen, as well as omitting the character of Frank Broadhurst (played on-screen by Gorden Kaye) entirely. The front cover featured a specially posed publicity photograph by Chris Ridley showing Barry Angel as Martin Smith holding a pair of binoculars, with Philip Locke as John Doll standing in the background. VHS Label: BBC Video Release Date: 1985 Catalogue №: BBCV 9023 Availability: Deleted Presented as a 106-minute compilation. BBFC "U" certificate. The opening titles of Part One were edited to remove the episode number caption. The opening titles were missing from Parts Two, Three, Four and Five. The closing titles were missing from Parts One, Two, Three and Four, with a compilation version of the closing credits – i.e. featuring the cast and production crew of the entire serial – at the end of Part Five. The compilation is also strangely missing some scenes that are present in the episodic version of the serial available on Region 1 DVD in the United States, but why these cuts were made (bearing in mind that the omitted sequences are hardly offensive) remains unclear. The BBC Video presentation was by Katrina Murray. DVD Label: Home Vision Entertainment Release Date: 24 January 2006 Catalogue №: HVE2964DVD Availability: Out now DVD Features Digitally restored versions of all episodes Trailer for The Chronicles of Narnia Captions for the hearing-impaired Presented in original, unedited episodic format, with a running time of 146 minutes. MPAA Unrated. To date, Codename Icarus has only been released on Region 1 DVD in the United States. There are currently no plans for a Region 2 release for the UK. Reference ^ Selway, Jennifer (6 December 1981). "The Week in View". The Observer. p. 44. External links Codename Icarus at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codename-Icarus.jpg"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Richard Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cooper_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"conspiracy thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_thriller"},{"link_name":"child prodigies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy"},{"link_name":"nuclear missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_missile"},{"link_name":"Barry Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_Angel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Locke"},{"link_name":"novelised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelisation"},{"link_name":"Knight Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight_Books&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#1"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Redrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rice,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Harrow Way Community School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_Way_Community_School"},{"link_name":"The Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firebird"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"}],"text":"Cover of the BBC/Knight Books novelisation of the serial.Codename Icarus is a five-part British children's television drama serial written by Richard Cooper, which was produced by the BBC in 1981.[1]The serial combined elements of teenage drama and conspiracy thriller, and involved child prodigies being manipulated as the basis for a complex scheme involving nuclear missiles and the mysterious Icarus Foundation's plot to take over the world.It starred Barry Angel as child prodigy Martin Smith and Philip Locke as John Doll. Cooper also novelised the serial, which was published by the BBC and Knight Books in 1981.The serial was released on VHS in compilation form by BBC Video in 1985 in the UK, and in 2006 it was made available in its original, unedited episodic format on Region 1 DVD by Home Vision Entertainment in the United States.The location for the scenes when the children were at school was the Redrice, just outside Andover, Hampshire, UK. This school has since been renamed as the Farleigh School. All the child extras came from the Harrow Way Community School in Andover.The credits for all five episodes of the serial bore the captions 'Scientific Advice – Professor John Taylor' and 'BBC wishes to thank: Imperial War Museum, Duxford'.The title music was Koschei's Infernal Dance from The Firebird by Igor Stravinsky.Episode 3 'Harlequin' was nominated for 'Best Drama/Light Entertainment' at the 1982 BAFTA Awards.The serial was broadcast twice-weekly, on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, with the original transmission dates being as follows:Part One – 8 December 1981\nPart Two – 9 December 1981\nPart Three – 15 December 1981\nPart Four – 16 December 1981\nPart Five – 22 December 1981","title":"Codename Icarus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gorden Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorden_Kaye"},{"link_name":"binoculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars"}],"sub_title":"Novelisation","text":"Publisher: BBC/Knight Books\nYear: 1981\nAuthor: Richard Cooper\nOriginal Price: £1.25\nISBN №: 0-340-27535-9\nAvailability: Out of printThe novelisation was published to tie-in with the broadcast of the serial. The book's content is fairly faithful to the televised version, although Richard Cooper has rearranged some scenes and added some extra material not seen on-screen, as well as omitting the character of Frank Broadhurst (played on-screen by Gorden Kaye) entirely. The front cover featured a specially posed publicity photograph by Chris Ridley showing Barry Angel as Martin Smith holding a pair of binoculars, with Philip Locke as John Doll standing in the background.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification"}],"sub_title":"VHS","text":"Label: BBC Video\nRelease Date: 1985\nCatalogue №: BBCV 9023\nAvailability: DeletedPresented as a 106-minute compilation. BBFC \"U\" certificate. The opening titles of Part One were edited to remove the episode number caption. The opening titles were missing from Parts Two, Three, Four and Five. The closing titles were missing from Parts One, Two, Three and Four, with a compilation version of the closing credits – i.e. featuring the cast and production crew of the entire serial – at the end of Part Five. The compilation is also strangely missing some scenes that are present in the episodic version of the serial available on Region 1 DVD in the United States, but why these cuts were made (bearing in mind that the omitted sequences are hardly offensive) remains unclear. The BBC Video presentation was by Katrina Murray.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"MPAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Region 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#2"}],"sub_title":"DVD","text":"Label: Home Vision Entertainment\nRelease Date: 24 January 2006\nCatalogue №: HVE2964DVD\nAvailability: Out nowDVD FeaturesDigitally restored versions of all episodes\nTrailer for The Chronicles of Narnia\nCaptions for the hearing-impairedPresented in original, unedited episodic format, with a running time of 146 minutes. MPAA Unrated.To date, Codename Icarus has only been released on Region 1 DVD in the United States. There are currently no plans for a Region 2 release for the UK.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"}],"text":"^ Selway, Jennifer (6 December 1981). \"The Week in View\". The Observer. p. 44.","title":"Reference"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of the BBC/Knight Books novelisation of the serial.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Codename-Icarus.jpg/200px-Codename-Icarus.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Selway, Jennifer (6 December 1981). \"The Week in View\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Souster	Tim Souster	["1 Biography","1.1 Education","1.2 Foray into electronic music","1.3 Later years","2 Compositions","3 Writings","4 References","5 Cited sources","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	British composer and writer Tim SousterBackground informationBorn(1943-01-29)29 January 1943Bletchley, BuckinghamshireDied1 March 1994(1994-03-01) (aged 51)Occupation(s)ComposerMusical artist Tim Souster (29 January 1943 – 1 March 1994) was a British composer and writer on music, best known for his electronic music output. Biography Education Born Timothy Andrew James Souster in Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, Souster was educated at Bedford Modern School (from 1952 through 1961) and New College, Oxford (from 1961 through 1964). His teachers included Bernard Rose, Sir David Lumsden and Egon Wellesz. In 1964, he attended summer courses at Darmstadt taught by Karlheinz Stockhausen, and took composition lessons with Richard Rodney Bennett the following year. Before the end of 1965, Souster was a producer with the BBC Third Programme, and put on many performances of contemporary music by composers such as Boulez, Berio, Barraqué, Cardew, Feldman, Henze and Stockhausen. After leaving the BBC in 1967, he began to devote more time to composing and songwriting. Foray into electronic music In the late 1960s, Souster began experimenting with electronics. His first acknowledged composition involving electronic techniques was Titus Groan Music (1969) for wind quintet, ring modulator, amplifiers and tape. In August of the same year he moved to King's College, Cambridge and formed a live-electronic group with Roger Smalley, Andrew Powell and Robin Thompson called Intermodulation. As well as compositions by Souster and Smalley, the group performed contemporary music by Cardew, Riley, Rzewski, Stockhausen and Wolff. Later years In 1971, Souster became a teaching assistant to Stockhausen in Cologne, and in 1973 he moved to Berlin where he remained for two years. In 1975, Souster returned to England to take up a research fellowship at Keele University. He remained in England for the rest of his life, except for a six-month stint in California in 1978. He died after a brief, sudden illness on 1 March 1994. Compositions His concert pieces included Triple Music II for three orchestras, given at the Proms in 1970 and revised in 1974, Song of an Average City for small orchestra and tape, conducted by Pierre Boulez at the Roundhouse in 1974, and a Trumpet Concerto (1988) for John Wallace and the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. In the 1980s and 1990s Souster wrote music for film and television, including music for The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, for which he also arranged the main theme, a version of "Journey of the Sorcerer" by The Eagles. His music for the BBC drama miniseries The Green Man, adapted from the Kingsley Amis novel and starring Albert Finney, won the BAFTA award for best TV music of 1990. During this period, Souster composed a large amount of concert music. He wrote a number of important works for brass and electronics including Equalisation (1980) for Equale Brass and Echoes (1990). His last completed work was La marche (1993), a brass quintet. Writings In addition to his activities as a composer and performer, Souster published a large number of articles about music (Anon. 2005). References ^ a b c d e f g h Jack 1994. ^ a b c d e f g Anon. 2005. ^ a b c d e f Griffiths 2001. Cited sources Anon. 2005. "Spectral (1972): Tim Souster". Cut and Splice 2005, BBC Radio 3 (accessed 8 February 2016). Griffiths, Paul. 2001. "Souster, Tim". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. Jack, Adrian. 1994. Obituary: Tim Souster. The Independent (7 March). Further reading Anon. 1994. "Tim Souster". The Times (18 March). Doran, Mark. 2002. "Cambridge, Anglia Polytechnic University: Tim Souster's 'World Music'". Tempo, no. 219 (January): 41–42. Nyman, Michael. 1970. "Tim Souster's Night Out at the Proms". Tempo, no. 94 (Autumn): 20–24. Rupprecht, Philip. 'Vernaculars: Bedford and Souster as pop musicians', Chapter 7 of British Musical Modernism, Cambridge, 2015 Thompson, Robin. 1969. "Tim Souster's Titus Groan Music". Tempo, no. 89 (Summer): 21–22. Wallace, John. 1994. "Obituary: Tim Souster: An Eclectic Experimenter". The Guardian (5 March): 30. External links Official Tim Souster Web Site Tim Souster Published Works at Composers Edition The Tim Souster Archive Tim Souster at AllMusic Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"}],"text":"Musical artistTim Souster (29 January 1943 – 1 March 1994) was a British composer and writer on music, best known for his electronic music output.[1]","title":"Tim Souster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bletchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"},{"link_name":"Bedford Modern School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Modern_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2005-2"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Bernard Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Rose_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sir David Lumsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_David_Lumsden"},{"link_name":"Egon Wellesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Wellesz"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodney Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodney_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2005-2"},{"link_name":"BBC Third Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Third_Programme"},{"link_name":"contemporary music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"Barraqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Cardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Cardew"},{"link_name":"Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Born Timothy Andrew James Souster in Bletchley, Buckinghamshire,[1] Souster was educated at Bedford Modern School (from 1952 through 1961)[2] and New College, Oxford (from 1961 through 1964). His teachers included Bernard Rose, Sir David Lumsden and Egon Wellesz. In 1964, he attended summer courses at Darmstadt taught by Karlheinz Stockhausen, and took composition lessons with Richard Rodney Bennett the following year.[3][2]Before the end of 1965, Souster was a producer with the BBC Third Programme, and put on many performances of contemporary music by composers such as Boulez, Berio, Barraqué, Cardew, Feldman, Henze and Stockhausen.[3][1] After leaving the BBC in 1967, he began to devote more time to composing and songwriting.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wind quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_quintet"},{"link_name":"ring modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_modulator"},{"link_name":"amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Roger Smalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Smalley"},{"link_name":"Andrew Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Powell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001-3"},{"link_name":"Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Riley"},{"link_name":"Rzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Rzewski"},{"link_name":"Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2005-2"}],"sub_title":"Foray into electronic music","text":"In the late 1960s, Souster began experimenting with electronics. His first acknowledged composition involving electronic techniques was Titus Groan Music (1969) for wind quintet, ring modulator, amplifiers and tape. In August of the same year he moved to King's College, Cambridge and formed a live-electronic group with Roger Smalley, Andrew Powell and Robin Thompson called Intermodulation.[3] As well as compositions by Souster and Smalley, the group performed contemporary music by Cardew, Riley, Rzewski, Stockhausen and Wolff.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2005-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"In 1971, Souster became a teaching assistant to Stockhausen in Cologne, and in 1973 he moved to Berlin where he remained for two years. In 1975, Souster returned to England to take up a research fellowship at Keele University.[2] He remained in England for the rest of his life, except for a six-month stint in California in 1978.[3][2]He died after a brief, sudden illness on 1 March 1994.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"},{"link_name":"The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhikers_Guide_to_the_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Journey of the Sorcerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_of_the_Sorcerer"},{"link_name":"The Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"},{"link_name":"The Green Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Man_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Amis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Amis"},{"link_name":"Albert Finney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Finney"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2005-2"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instruments"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2005-2"}],"text":"His concert pieces included Triple Music II for three orchestras, given at the Proms in 1970 and revised in 1974, Song of an Average City for small orchestra and tape, conducted by Pierre Boulez at the Roundhouse in 1974, and a Trumpet Concerto (1988) for John Wallace and the BBC National Orchestra of Wales.[1]In the 1980s and 1990s Souster wrote music for film and television, including music for The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, for which he also arranged the main theme, a version of \"Journey of the Sorcerer\" by The Eagles.[1] His music for the BBC drama miniseries The Green Man, adapted from the Kingsley Amis novel and starring Albert Finney, won the BAFTA award for best TV music of 1990.[3] During this period, Souster composed a large amount of concert music.[1]He wrote a number of important works for brass and electronics including Equalisation (1980) for Equale Brass and Echoes (1990).[2] His last completed work was La marche (1993), a brass quintet.[3][2]","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anon. 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnon.2005"}],"text":"In addition to his activities as a composer and performer, Souster published a large number of articles about music (Anon. 2005).","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spectral (1972): Tim Souster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/cutandsplice/spectral.shtml"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"John Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"Obituary: Tim Souster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-tim-souster-1427552.html"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"}],"text":"Anon. 2005. \"Spectral (1972): Tim Souster\". Cut and Splice 2005, BBC Radio 3 (accessed 8 February 2016).\nGriffiths, Paul. 2001. \"Souster, Tim\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.\nJack, Adrian. 1994. Obituary: Tim Souster. The Independent (7 March).","title":"Cited sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vernaculars: Bedford and Souster as pop musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/books/british-musical-modernism/39720D6D49CB9A92FD4FDD0850209770"}],"text":"Anon. 1994. \"Tim Souster\". The Times (18 March).\nDoran, Mark. 2002. \"Cambridge, Anglia Polytechnic University: Tim Souster's 'World Music'\". Tempo, no. 219 (January): 41–42.\nNyman, Michael. 1970. \"Tim Souster's Night Out at the Proms\". Tempo, no. 94 (Autumn): 20–24.\nRupprecht, Philip. 'Vernaculars: Bedford and Souster as pop musicians', Chapter 7 of British Musical Modernism, Cambridge, 2015\nThompson, Robin. 1969. \"Tim Souster's Titus Groan Music\". Tempo, no. 89 (Summer): 21–22.\nWallace, John. 1994. \"Obituary: Tim Souster: An Eclectic Experimenter\". The Guardian (5 March): 30.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Anon. 2005. \"Spectral (1972): Tim Souster\". Cut and Splice 2005, BBC Radio 3 (accessed 8 February 2016).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/cutandsplice/spectral.shtml","url_text":"Spectral (1972): Tim Souster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Paul. 2001. \"Souster, Tim\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. 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The Independent (7 March).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-tim-souster-1427552.html","url_text":"Obituary: Tim Souster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/cutandsplice/spectral.shtml","external_links_name":"Spectral (1972): Tim Souster"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-tim-souster-1427552.html","external_links_name":"Obituary: Tim Souster"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/british-musical-modernism/39720D6D49CB9A92FD4FDD0850209770","external_links_name":"Vernaculars: Bedford and Souster as pop musicians"},{"Link":"http://timsouster.com/","external_links_name":"Official Tim Souster Web Site"},{"Link":"https://composersedition.com/composers/timsouster","external_links_name":"Tim Souster Published Works at Composers Edition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060518151330/http://www.sara.uea.ac.uk/souster/index2.html","external_links_name":"The Tim Souster Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/q63021","external_links_name":"Tim Souster"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/117669/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078404727","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37124569","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxdpvfrBdPm4rvvH4wmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14138437w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14138437w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133675831","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007342236505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83172256","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/21c493e3-ccce-4877-aa5a-aaf716772e66","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd133675831.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gg2wvq","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimelaena	Dimelaena	["1 Species","2 References"]	Genus of lichens Dimelaena Dimelaena oreina Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Caliciales Family: Caliciaceae Genus: DimelaenaNorman (1852) Type species Dimelaena oreina(Ach.) Norman (1853) Synonyms Dimelaena sect. Dimelaena Norman (1852) Beltraminia Trevis. (1857) Dimelaena is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae.: 260 Members of the genus are commonly called mountain lichens, or moonglow lichens.: 260 They are placodioid crustose lichens, ranging in form from rimose to areolate. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains eight species. Species Dimelaena australiensis H.Mayrhofer & Sheard (1984) Dimelaena elevata Elix, Kalb & Wippel (1996) Dimelaena ewersii Elix (2017) Dimelaena lichenicola K.Knudsen, Sheard, Kocourk. & H.Mayrhofer (2013) Dimelaena mayrhoferiana Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2018) Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman (1852) Dimelaena radiata (Tuck.) Müll.Arg. (1884 Dimelaena subsquamulosa Giralt, H.Mayrhofer, van den Boom & Elix (2014) Dimelaena tenuis (Müll.Arg.) H.Mayrhofer & Wippel (1996) Dimelaena triseptata Aptroot (2008) References ^ a b c Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2 ^ Name Search Results for Scientific Name Dimelaena, USDA ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. Taxon identifiersDimelaena Wikidata: Q5277239 Wikispecies: Dimelaena AusLichen: 30017423 CoL: 45JT EoL: 22453 FloraBase: 27453 Fungorum: 1573 GBIF: 2609290 iNaturalist: 175859 IRMNG: 1306927 ITIS: 190981 MycoBank: 1573 NCBI: 116792 NZOR: e9cd56d9-04a6-41ae-830d-0ff2929f3287 Open Tree of Life: 730643 PLANTS: DIMEL This Caliciales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"lichenized fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenized_fungi"},{"link_name":"Caliciaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliciaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSFGCL-1"},{"link_name":"commonly called","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_names_of_lichen_genera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSFGCL-1"},{"link_name":"placodioid crustose lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodioid_lichen"},{"link_name":"rimose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimose"},{"link_name":"areolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSFGCL-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk2008-3"}],"text":"Dimelaena is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae.[1]: 260 Members of the genus are commonly called mountain lichens,[2] or moonglow lichens.[1]: 260 They are placodioid crustose lichens, ranging in form from rimose to areolate.[1] The genus has a widespread distribution and contains eight species.[3]","title":"Dimelaena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimelaena australiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_australiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena elevata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_elevata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena ewersii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_ewersii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena lichenicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_lichenicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena mayrhoferiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_mayrhoferiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena oreina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimelaena_oreina"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena radiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_radiata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena subsquamulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_subsquamulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena tenuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_tenuis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dimelaena triseptata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena_triseptata&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Dimelaena australiensis H.Mayrhofer & Sheard (1984)\nDimelaena elevata Elix, Kalb & Wippel (1996)\nDimelaena ewersii Elix (2017)\nDimelaena lichenicola K.Knudsen, Sheard, Kocourk. & H.Mayrhofer (2013)\nDimelaena mayrhoferiana Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2018)\nDimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman (1852)\nDimelaena radiata (Tuck.) Müll.Arg. (1884\nDimelaena subsquamulosa Giralt, H.Mayrhofer, van den Boom & Elix (2014)\nDimelaena tenuis (Müll.Arg.) H.Mayrhofer & Wippel (1996)\nDimelaena triseptata Aptroot (2008)","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk","url_text":"Dictionary of the Fungi"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk/page/n219","url_text":"209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8","url_text":"978-0-85199-826-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch","external_links_name":"Name Search Results for Scientific Name Dimelaena, USDA"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk","external_links_name":"Dictionary of the Fungi"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk/page/n219","external_links_name":"209"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/lichen/30017423","external_links_name":"30017423"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/45JT","external_links_name":"45JT"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/22453","external_links_name":"22453"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/27453","external_links_name":"27453"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=1573","external_links_name":"1573"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2609290","external_links_name":"2609290"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/175859","external_links_name":"175859"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1306927","external_links_name":"1306927"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=190981","external_links_name":"190981"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/1573","external_links_name":"1573"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=116792","external_links_name":"116792"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e9cd56d9-04a6-41ae-830d-0ff2929f3287","external_links_name":"e9cd56d9-04a6-41ae-830d-0ff2929f3287"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=730643","external_links_name":"730643"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=DIMEL","external_links_name":"DIMEL"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimelaena&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klundert	Klundert	["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References"]	Coordinates: 51°39′46″N 4°31′44″E / 51.66278°N 4.52889°E / 51.66278; 4.52889For other uses, see Klundert (disambiguation). City in North Brabant, NetherlandsKlundertCityFormer town hall of Klundert FlagCoat of armsKlundertLocation in the province of North Brabant in the NetherlandsShow map of North BrabantKlundertKlundert (Netherlands)Show map of NetherlandsCoordinates: 51°39′46″N 4°31′44″E / 51.66278°N 4.52889°E / 51.66278; 4.52889CountryNetherlandsProvinceNorth BrabantMunicipalityMoerdijkArea • Total36.13 km2 (13.95 sq mi)Elevation2.2 m (7.2 ft)Population (2021) • Total5,885 • Density160/km2 (420/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code4790-4791Dialing code0168 Klundert is a city in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located close to the Hollands Diep, about 3 km northwest of Zevenbergen. It received city rights in 1357. History The current name was first mentioned in 1537 as "die clunder", and means piece of clay. The settlement started around 1250 as Die Overdraghe. In 1357, it received city rights as the capital of the heerlijkheid Niervaert. The city was destroyed in 1421 by the St. Elizabeth's flood. A new settlement appeared around 1558. Klundert was fortified in 1581. In 1793, Klundert was conquered by the French. Klundert was home to 1,180 people in 1840. The city was severely damaged during World War II. The Catholic St John, the Baptist church was built between 1889 and 1890. It was damaged in 1944, and during the restoration of 1946/1947, it was decided not to rebuild the tower. The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1952 to replace the medieval church which was destroyed in 1944. During the North Sea flood of 1953, 90% of the buildings were under water, and 17 citizens died. Klundert was a separate municipality until 1997, when it became a part of Moerdijk. Gallery Klundert, church Former bath house Botte Kreek Aerial view Houses in Klundert References ^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "Postcodetool for 4791AA". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "Klundert - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ a b c "Klundert". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ a b "Klundert". Canon van Moerdijk (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ a b c Chris Kolman & Ronald Stenvert (1997). Klundert (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9945 6. Retrieved 16 April 2022. ^ Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten, KNAW, 2011. vtePopulated places in the municipality of MoerdijkTowns Klundert Willemstad Zevenbergen Villages Fijnaart Heijningen Helwijk Langeweg Moerdijk Noordhoek Standdaarbuiten Zevenbergschen Hoek Hamlets Achterdijk Oudemolen List of cities, towns and villages in North Brabant Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klundert (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klundert_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Hollands Diep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollands_Diep"},{"link_name":"Zevenbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevenbergen"},{"link_name":"city rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Netherlands"}],"text":"For other uses, see Klundert (disambiguation).City in North Brabant, NetherlandsKlundert is a city in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located close to the Hollands Diep, about 3 km northwest of Zevenbergen. It received city rights in 1357.","title":"Klundert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-4"},{"link_name":"heerlijkheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerlijkheid"},{"link_name":"St. Elizabeth's flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_flood_(1421)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canon-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canon-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-6"},{"link_name":"North Sea flood of 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-4"},{"link_name":"Moerdijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerdijk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The current name was first mentioned in 1537 as \"die clunder\", and means piece of clay.[3] The settlement started around 1250 as Die Overdraghe.[4] In 1357, it received city rights as the capital of the heerlijkheid Niervaert. The city was destroyed in 1421 by the St. Elizabeth's flood.[5] A new settlement appeared around 1558. Klundert was fortified in 1581.[6][5]In 1793, Klundert was conquered by the French. Klundert was home to 1,180 people in 1840.[4] The city was severely damaged during World War II. The Catholic St John, the Baptist church was built between 1889 and 1890. It was damaged in 1944, and during the restoration of 1946/1947, it was decided not to rebuild the tower.[6] The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1952 to replace the medieval church which was destroyed in 1944.[6] During the North Sea flood of 1953, 90% of the buildings were under water, and 17 citizens died.[4] Klundert was a separate municipality until 1997, when it became a part of Moerdijk.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klundert,_de_Johannes_de_Doperkerk_foto6_2015-05-24_18.10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botte_Kreek_P1170391.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klundert_vesting_20040517.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerkring,_Klundert_P1170466.jpg"}],"text":"Klundert, church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer bath house Botte Kreek\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHouses in Klundert","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 4791AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 4791AA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klundert - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/klundert","url_text":"\"Klundert - (geografische naam)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klundert\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://plaatsengids.nl/klundert","url_text":"\"Klundert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klundert\". Canon van Moerdijk (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://canonvanmoerdijk.nl/klundert/","url_text":"\"Klundert\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Kolman & Ronald Stenvert (1997). Klundert (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9945 6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sculptures_in_Central_Park	Public art in Central Park	["1 List of public art in Central Park","1.1 Public art in Central Park now removed","1.2 Temporary installations of public art","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	The gilded bronze statue of the Sherman Monument (dedicated in 1903), sculpted by Augustus Saint-Gaudens on a pedestal designed by Charles Follen McKim. New York City's 843-acre (3.41 km2) Central Park is the home of many works of public art in various media, such as bronze, stone, and tile. Many are sculptures in the form of busts, statues, equestrian statues, and panels carved or cast in low relief. Others are two-dimensional bronze or tile plaques. Some artworks do double-duty as fountains, or as part of fountains; some serve as memorials dedicated to a cause, to notable individuals, and in one case, to a notable animal. Most were donated by individuals or civic organizations; only a few were funded by the city. Examples of public art in the park include memorials dedicated to notable individuals such as the poet William Shakespeare and the statesman Daniel Webster; depictions of archetypical characters such as The Pilgrim, Indian Hunter, and The Falconer; depictions of literary characters such as Alice in Wonderland; numerous depictions of imaginary animals, and at least one of a real one (the statue of Balto). The only artifact from the ancient world is the Egyptian obelisk known as "Cleopatra's Needle", the oldest and tallest artwork in the park. The bronze statue Angel of the Waters at Bethesda Terrace, by Emma Stebbins, atop a stone basin by Jacob Wrey Mould and Central Park's co-designer Calvert Vaux. Traditionally, depictions of real (as opposed to imaginary) humans were men, whereas depictions of women have been either mythological characters (angels or goddesses) or characters from literature. The installation in 2020 of the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument, depicting three female activists, was a first step in addressing this oversight. In recent years, park administrators have provided a forum for temporary exhibitions of artwork at the Doris Freedman Plaza, just outside the park's southeast entrance. List of public art in Central Park Name Location / GPS Coordinates Date & Designers Notes 107th Infantry Memorial (World War One) Fifth Ave., opp. 67th St.40°46′09″N 73°58′10″W / 40.76927°N 73.96937°W / 40.76927; -73.96937 (107th Infantry Memorial) Commissioned in 1920; dedicated in 1927; Karl Illava, sculptor;Rogers & Haneman, architects;Fonderia G. Vignali, founder. A bronze sculpture atop a North Jay granite base, in honor of the 7th Regiment New York, 107th United States Infantry. IAS Number: 76003536 Alice in Wonderland North side of Central Park's Conservatory Pond.40°46′30″N 73°58′00″W / 40.77504°N 73.966543°W / 40.77504; -73.966543 (Alice in Wonderland Statue) Unveiled in 1959; Ferando Texidor, designer;José de Creeft, sculptor;Hideo Sasaki, landscape architect;cast by the Modern Art Foundry. A bronze sculpture atop a base of Chelmsford granite depicting characters from Lewis Carroll's 1865 classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: Alice, seated on a giant mushroom, the White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat, the Dormouse, and Mad Hatter. Donated by publisher George Delacorte in memory of his wife Margarita, the sculpture is embellished with quotations from her favorite poem, "Jabberwocky". IAS Number: 87870163 Statue of Hans Christian Andersen West side of Central Park's Conservatory Pond.40°46′28″N 73°58′04″W / 40.7744306°N 73.9677972°W / 40.7744306; -73.9677972 (Hans Christian Andersen) Unveiled in 1956; Georg J. Lober, sculptor;cast by the Modern Art Foundry;Otto Frederick Langman, designer of bench. A bronze statue depicting the Danish fairytale author Hans Christian Andersen, seated on a Stony Creek granite bench, feeding a duck (his most notable work being The Ugly Duckling). Funded with contributions from Danish and American schoolchildren. IAS Number: \|87870162 Ballplayers House Frieze North side of Heckscher Ballfields.40°46′13″N 73°58′33″W / 40.7703°N 73.975917°W / 40.7703; -73.975917 (Ballplayers House frieze) Completed in 1990;Buttrick White & Burtis, architects. An encaustic tile frieze wrapping the building, symbolizing a ball bouncing across a baseball field. Statue of Balto Between the East 67th St. park entrance and Central Park East Drive.40°46′12″N 73°58′16″W / 40.769959°N 73.971022°W / 40.769959; -73.971022 (Balto Statue) Unveiled in 1925; Frederick G.R. Roth, sculptor;Roman Bronze Works. A bronze statue mounted on natural rock, portraying one of over 200 sled-dogs that delivered diphtheria serum through a blizzard to Nome, Alaska in January 1925. Balto attended the dedication of his statue (a rarity among Central Park statuary subjects) and died in 1933. IAS Number: 87870159 Bust of Ludwig van Beethoven West side of The Mall.40°46′22″N 73°58′19″W / 40.772866°N 73.971872°W / 40.772866; -73.971872 (Beethoven Memorial) Installed in 1884; Henry Baerer, sculptor;George Fischer & Brother Bronze Works. A bronze bust atop a polished Barre granite plinth created in memory of the German composer. IAS Number: 76003467 Belvedere Castle Cockatrice Belvedere Castle.40°46′46″N 73°58′09″W / 40.779447°N 73.96906°W / 40.779447; -73.96906 (Belvedere Castle) Completed in 1869; Jacob Wrey Mould, designer of the cockatrice;Calvert Vaux, architect of the castle. A decorative bronze transom panel in the facade of the Belvedere Castle. Bethesda Fountain Bethesda Terrace.40°46′27″N 73°58′16″W / 40.774111°N 73.971139°W / 40.774111; -73.971139 (Bethesda Fountain) Unveiled in 1873; Emma Stebbins, sculptor of the angel & four cherubs;Royal Foundry (Munich, Germany);Jacob Wrey Mould, designer of architectural ornament;Calvert Vaux, architect. A bronze statue known as the Angel of the Waters atop a reeded bronze basin, supported by four cherubs atop a polychrome stone basin, which in turn sits in a 90 foot diameter basin. Emma Stebbins is said to have been the first woman to receive a public sculptural commission in New York City. IAS Number: 76002831 Bethesda Terrace Balustrade Bethesda Terrace and Terrace Drive.40°46′26″N 73°58′16″W / 40.773949°N 73.9711001°W / 40.773949; -73.9711001 (Bethesda Terrace) Jacob Wrey Mould, architectural sculpture and ornament;Calvert Vaux, architect. A variety of architectural sculpture and ornament carved in New Brunswick sandstone at the terrace balustrades and piers. Bethesda Terrace Arcade Beneath Terrace Drive.40°46′26″N 73°58′16″W / 40.773949°N 73.9711001°W / 40.773949; -73.9711001 (Bethesda Terrace) Installed in 1869; Jacob Wrey Mould, designer of ornamental tiles;Calvert Vaux, architect of arcade;Mintons, tile fabricator. Forty-nine encaustic tile panels framed in cast iron, suspended from the roadway above. Each panel is made from 324 individual tiles. Equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar Bolívar Plaza,Central Park South, opp. Ave. of the Americas.40°45′56″N 73°58′33″W / 40.765689°N 73.975792°W / 40.765689; -73.975792 (Simón Bolívar Statue) Dedicated in 1921; Sally James Farnham, sculptor;Roman Bronze Works;relocated in 1951. A bronze equestrian statue atop a polished black granite plinth, originally sited between 82nd and 83rd Streets overlooking Central Park West. In 1951, after Sixth Avenue was renamed Avenue of the Americas, the sculpture was relocated adjacent fellow Latin American revolutionary leaders José de San Martín and José Martí. IAS Number: 76003468 Arthur Brisbane Memorial Fifth Ave. opp. 101st St.40°47′28″N 73°57′13″W / 40.791183°N 73.953557°W / 40.791183; -73.953557 (Arthur Brisbane Bench) Installed in 1939; Richmond Barthé, sculptor;Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, architects. A bench with a relief portrait of journalist Arthur Brisbane (1864-1936), sculpted in Swensons pink granite. IAS Number: 76003469 Conservatory GardenBurnett Memorial Fountain Fifth Ave. opp. 105th St.40°47′35″N 73°57′10″W / 40.793056°N 73.952778°W / 40.793056; -73.952778 (Burnett Memorial Fountain) Dedicated in 1937; Bessie Potter Vonnoh, sculptor;Aymar Embury II, architect;Roman Bronze Works. A bronze sculpture atop a pink granite plinth sitting in a small basin, created in memory of children's author Frances Hodgson Burnett. The work illustrates Mary and Dickon, characters from her book The Secret Garden (1910). IAS Number: 76003471 Statue of Robert Burns Literary Walk, south end of The Mall.40°46′12″N 73°58′21″W / 40.770108°N 73.972570°W / 40.770108; -73.972570 (Robert Burns Memorial) Dedicated in 1880; Sir John Steell, sculptor. A bronze statue of Burns atop a pink granite base, created in memory of the Scots poet. IAS Number: 76003469 Cherry Hill Fountain Cherry Hill, south of The Lake.40°46′29″N 73°58′22″W / 40.774698°N 73.972712°W / 40.774698; -73.972712 (Cherry Hill Fountain) Jacob Wrey Mould, architectural ornament; Calvert Vaux, architect. City Employees Memorial Flagpole West side of The Mall.40°46′23″N 73°58′19″W / 40.773056°N 73.971944°W / 40.773056; -73.971944 (City Employees Memorial Flagpole) Installed in 1928; Georg J. Lober, sculptor;Otto Frederick Langman, architect. An iron flagstaff supported by a bronze mounting embellished with four medallions and four eagles, sitting atop a Deer Isle granite pedestal with inscriptions. The memorial is dedicated to city employees who are, or were, veterans of American wars. Lober and Langman collaborated on the statue of George M. Cohan, installed at Duffy Square in 1959. IAS Number: 76003476 Cleopatra's Needle West of the Metropolitan Museum.40°46′47″N 73°57′56″W / 40.779638°N 73.965451°W / 40.779638; -73.965451 (Cleopatra's Needle) Erected by Thutmose III at the Temple of Tum at Heliopolis ca 1500–1600 B.C.;gifted to US in 1869;dedicated in Central Park in 1881. An ancient Egyptian obelisk, a gift of Egypt to the United States. ISA Number: 87870165 Statue of Christopher Columbus East Drive, south of The Mall40°46′12″N 73°58′22″W / 40.769899°N 73.972791°W / 40.769899; -73.972791 (Christopher Columbus Statue) Jeronimo Suñol, sculptor;Napoleon LeBrun, architect;Federico Masriera, foundry in Barcelona. A bronze statue atop a Rockport granite plinth. Cast in Barcelona in 1892, the statue was donated to Central Park by the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s arrival in the Americas. The statue replicates one made by Jeronimo Suñol in 1886, now in Madrid. The New York version was placed in the park in 1894 at the foot of the Mall. ISA Number: 87870160 Conservatory Garden Central Fountain Fifth Ave. opp. 105th St.40°47′38″N 73°57′10″W / 40.793892°N 73.952824°W / 40.793892; -73.952824 (Conservatory Garden Center Fountain) Installed in 1937 when the garden was created. A single column of water that collects in a circular basin. A display fountain. Dana Discovery Center Donor's Plaque North shore of Harlem Meer.40°47′49″N 73°57′05″W / 40.7970821°N 73.95147°W / 40.7970821; -73.95147 (Dana Center donor's plaque) Dedicated in 1993; Buttrick White & Burtis, architects. Dana Discovery Center Plaque North shore of Harlem Meer.40°47′49″N 73°57′05″W / 40.7970821°N 73.95147°W / 40.7970821; -73.95147 (Fish and fowl plaque) Dedicated in 1993; Buttrick White & Burtis, architects. An encaustic tile panel depicting fish and fowl, the name of the building and the date of its construction. A chevron band symbolizes the water of Harlem Meer which the building overlooks. Dancing Goat Central Park Zoo, north of the Sea Lion Pool.40°46′05″N 73°58′18″W / 40.768185°N 73.971568°W / 40.768185; -73.971568 (Dancing Goat Fountain) Installed in 1935; Frederick Roth, sculptor;cast by the Roman Bronze Works;relocated in 1988. A bronze statue on a granite platform, functioning as a fountain, set into an arched niche. IAS Number: 76003481 Decorative Zoological Panels Central Park Zoo. Installed ca 1934; Frederick Roth, sculptor. Fifteen limestone panels of animals carved in low relief. IAS Number: 76003538 Delacorte Clock Children's Zoo.40°46′05″N 73°58′16″W / 40.768056°N 73.971111°W / 40.768056; -73.971111 (Delacorte Musical Clock) Installed in 1964; Andrea Spadini, sculptor;Edward Coe Embury, architect;Fernando Texidor, designer. The monkeys atop the tower ring the bell on the hour. The lower 6 animals twirl and parade around the tower on the hour and half-hour. Two monkeys (ringing the bell) Penguin (with drum) Hippopotamus (with violin) Bear (with tambourine) Elephant (with concertina) Goat (with Pan pipes) Kangaroo (with horn) Baby Kangaroo (with small clarinet) IAS Number: 87870158 Frederick Douglass Memorial Frederick Douglass Circle,Central Park North & Frederick Douglass Boulevard.40°48′02″N 73°57′29″W / 40.800583°N 73.958167°W / 40.800583; -73.958167 (Frederick Douglass Circle) Dedicated in 2011; Gabriel Koren, sculptor;Algernon Miller and Quennell Rothschild & Partners, plaza and fountain design;Polich-Tallix, foundry. A larger-than-life bronze statue on a bronze base on a granite platform, set in the middle of a memorial plaza dedicated to Douglass, a 19th-century abolitionist, activist, and author. Daniel Draper Plaque Belvedere Castle.40°46′46″N 73°58′09″W / 40.779447°N 73.96906°W / 40.779447; -73.96906 (Belvedere Castle) Installed in 1035; Anton Brandts Subiesky, sculptor. IAS Number:76003487 S. Rankin Drew Memorial Tree Marker 72nd St., west of The Mall.40°46′25″N 73°58′20″W / 40.773632°N 73.972120°W / 40.773632; -73.972120 (S. Rankin Drew Marker) Installed in 1928; unknown designer. Drew was a silent movie actor/director who died in World War I. The American Legion planted an oak tree in his memory in 1920, and installed the marker in 1928. IAS Number: 76003488 Granite Eagles Central Park Zoo. Installed on the First Avenue Bridge in 1912; Rochette and Parzini, sculptors.Relocated to Central Park in 1941. Eight statues salvaged from an overpass built in 1912 to span the Shore Parkway in Brooklyn, NY, but demolished in 1941. IAS Number: 76003491 Eagles and Prey Center Drive, opp. Lilac Walk.40°46′21″N 73°58′21″W / 40.772474°N 73.972484°W / 40.772474; -73.972484 (Eagles and Prey) Cast in Paris in 1850;installed in Central Park in 1863; Christophe Fratin, sculptor; Gordon Webster Burnham, donor. A bronze sculpture on a Quincy granite pedestal depicting a goat captured by two eagles. Said to be the earliest sculpture installed in a New York City park. IAS Number: 76003492 Duke Ellington Memorial Duke Ellington Circle,Fifth Ave. & 110th St.40°47′48″N 73°56′57″W / 40.79675°N 73.949028°W / 40.79675; -73.949028 (Duke Ellington (Graham)) Dedicated in 1997;Robert Graham, sculptor. A bronze statue of the musician and composer astride a piano on a platform supported by nine bronze caryatids standing on a red granite platform. The Falconer West 72nd St.40°46′27″N 73°58′26″W / 40.774111°N 73.973806°W / 40.774111; -73.973806 (The Falconer) Cast in 1871;installed in 1875;George Blackall Simonds, sculptor;Clemente Papi, foundry. A bronze statue on a Barre granite pedestal. IAS Number: 76003496 Fort Clinton Memorial McGowan's Pass, Between Fifth Ave. & East Drive, opp. 107th St.40°47′43″N 73°57′11″W / 40.7951434°N 73.9529624°W / 40.7951434; -73.9529624 (Fort Clinton (Central Park)) Installed in 1906;William Welles Bosworth, designer. A pedestal for a mortar unearthed at the long ago demolished Fort Clinton. IAS Number: 76002752 Friedel Memorial Drinking Fountain Runners Gate,Fifth Ave. opp. 90th St. Dedicated in 1992;Mark Rabinowitz, sculptor. Andrew Haswell Green Memorial Bench East Drive, east of The Ravine40°47′42″N 73°57′15″W / 40.795126°N 73.954291°W / 40.795126; -73.954291 (Andrew Haswell Green Bench) Dedicated in 1929;John Vredenburgh Van Pelt, architect. A Tennessee pink marble bench dedicated to a key member of the park's Board of Commissioners during the park's construction. Group of Bears Pat Hoffman Friedman Playground,79th St. & Fifth Ave.40°46′39″N 73°57′50″W / 40.7775°N 73.963967°W / 40.7775; -73.963967 (Group of Bears) Paul Manship, sculptor;Bruce Kelly and David Varnell, landscape architects for 1989 installation;cast by Paul King Foundry. A bronze sculpture depicting three bears, on a bronze base atop a granite step-stone, first cast in 1932 for the Bronx Zoo. This version was cast in 1989. IAS Number: NY000142 Statue of Fitz-Greene Halleck The Mall40°46′15″N 73°58′20″W / 40.770740°N 73.972117°W / 40.770740; -73.972117 (Fitz-Greene Halleck Memorial) Cast in 1876;dedicated in 1877;James Wilson Alexander MacDonald, sculptor. A bronze statue atop a Westerly granite pedestal, dedicated to a poet and literary critic. IAS Number: 76003506 Statue of Alexander Hamilton East Drive, west of the Metropolitan Museum.40°46′51″N 73°57′54″W / 40.780807°N 73.964946°W / 40.780807; -73.964946 (Alexander Hamilton (Conrads)) Dedicated in 1880;Carl Conrads, sculptor;New England Granite Works.Donated by John Church Hamilton, a son of the subject. A statue of a Founding Father sculpted in Westerly granite atop a pedestal of the same material, standing in a grove of apple trees. IAS Number: 76002763 Bust of Victor Herbert The Mall, opp. the bandstand.40°46′22″N 73°58′19″W / 40.772847°N 73.972061°W / 40.772847; -73.972061 (Victor Herbert Memorial) Installed in 1927;Edmond Thomas Quinn, sculptor. A bronze sculpture atop a Stony Creek granite pedestal, dedicated to the Irish-American composer. IAS Number: 76003508 Honey Bear Central Park Zoo, north of the Delacorte Musical Clock.40°46′06″N 73°58′16″W / 40.768248°N 73.971139°W / 40.768248; -73.971139 (Honey Bear) Installed in 1937;Frederick Roth, sculptor;Roman Bronze Works, foundry. Relocated in 1988. A bronze statue in the Central Park zoo, set into a niche, functioning as a fountain. IAS Number: 76003480 Bust of Alexander von Humboldt Explorers Gate,Central Park West opp. 77th St.40°46′46″N 73°58′24″W / 40.779476°N 73.973285°W / 40.779476; -73.973285 (Alexander von Humboldt) Dedicated on September 14, 1869. Gustav Blaeser, sculptor; cast by Georg Ferdinand Howaldt, Braunschweig. Relocated in 1981. A bronze sculpture atop a Westerly granite plinth, donated by an association of German-Americans. It originally stood at Fifth Ave. near 59th St. IAS Number: 76008978 Richard Morris Hunt Memorial Fifth Ave. opp. 70th St.40°46′17″N 73°58′04″W / 40.7715°N 73.9679°W / 40.7715; -73.9679 (Richard Morris Hunt Memorial) Commissioned in 1896;dedicated on October 31, 1898;allegorical figures added 1901. Daniel Chester French, sculptor;Bruce Price, architect;Henry-Bonnard Bronze Co., foundry. A bronze bust of the architect in a granite exedra with marble columns. Two bronze allegorical statues represent (right) Architecture and (left) Painting and Sculpture. IAS Number: 76006062 Waldo Hutchins Memorial Bench Fifth Ave. opp. 72nd St. 40°46′22″N 73°58′02″W / 40.772778°N 73.967222°W / 40.772778; -73.967222 (Waldo Hutchins Bench) Installed in 1932;Eric Gugler, architect;Paul Manship, sculptor. There is a small sundial at the center of the bench. IAS Number: 76003511 Indian Hunter 66th St., west of The Mall.40°46′14″N 73°58′23″W / 40.770417°N 73.973133°W / 40.770417; -73.973133 (Indian Hunter (Ward)) Cast in 1866;dedicated in 1869. John Quincy Adams Ward, sculptor;L. A. Amouroux, foundry. A bronze sculpture of a Native American man and his dog, atop a granite pedestal — the first work of an American sculptor to be installed in Central Park. IAS Number: 76003513 King Jagiello Monument 79th St., east of Turtle Pond40°46′44″N 73°58′00″W / 40.778889°N 73.966667°W / 40.778889; -73.966667 (King Jagiello Monument) Modeled in 1908–09;cast in 1939;Stanislaw Kazimierz Ostrowski, sculptor.Installed in Central Park in 1945;Aymar Embury II, architect. A bronze equestrian statue of a Polish king, set atop a granite pedestal, cast for the Polish Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and said to be the largest sculpture in Central Park. IAS Number: 87870164 Kilmer Memorial Plaque West of the Mall40°46′17″N 73°58′22″W / 40.7714117°N 73.9727411°W / 40.7714117; -73.9727411 (Kilmer Memorial Plaque) Designer and date of installation unknown. A bronze plaque in memory of the poet Joyce Kilmer, set into a cast-stone plinth. Knights of Pythias Memorial(World War I memorial) Memorial Grove. A 42" high, 48" wide Barre light gray granite monument. Statue of Fred Lebow Onassis Reservoir Jogging Track,East Drive opp. 90th St.40°47′03″N 73°57′33″W / 40.784064°N 73.959127°W / 40.784064; -73.959127 (Fred Lebow Statue) Unveiled in 1994;Jesus Ygnacio Dominguez, sculptor;relocated in 2001. A bronze statue on a granite base, dedicated to a founder of the New York City Marathon, placed each November near the marathon finish line. Lehman Gates Children's Zoo, 72nd Street Entrance40°46′07″N 73°58′15″W / 40.768611°N 73.970972°W / 40.768611; -73.970972 (Lehman Gates) Dedicated in 1961;Edward Coe Embury, architect;Paul Manship, sculptor;Roman Bronze Works, foundry. A bronze sculptural fantasia depicting children and animals set atop three Swensons green granite piers. Three bronze commemorative plaques are mounted on the piers. IAS Number: 76007112 Levy Gate Pat Hoffman Friedman Playgroundnear Fifth Ave. & 79th St. Cast ca 1957;dedicated in 1958;John Wilson, architect; Walter Beretta, sculptor. Relocated in 1989. A bronze gate embellished with sculptures of monkeys, owls, and squirrels. IAS Number: 87870242 Sophie Irene Loeb Memorial Fountain Fifth Ave., bet. 76th & 77th Streets40°46′33″N 73°57′54″W / 40.775781°N 73.965113°W / 40.775781; -73.965113 (Loeb Memorial Fountain) Unveiled in 1936;Frederick Roth, sculptor;C. Dale Badgeley, architect. A granite pier in a cast concrete basin, embellished with characters from Alice in Wonderland. Funded by August Heckscher. IAS Number: 76003525 Lombard Lamp East Drive & 60th Street Carl Borner, sculptor.Original created in 1869;This version cast ca 1979;dedicated on March 1, 1979. A cast-iron and aluminum street light, a gift from the City of Hamburg, Germany. Equestrian statue of José Martí At Central Park South opp. Avenue of the Americas.40°45′58″N 73°58′34″W / 40.766043°N 73.976156°W / 40.766043; -73.976156 (José Martí Statue) Anna Hyatt Huntington, sculptor;Domico Scoma Bronze Works, foundryCast in 1959;dedicated in 1965. A bronze equestrian statue atop a Barre granite pedestal. IAS Number: 87870168 Martin Memorial Birdbath Central Park Zoo Oronzio Maldarelli, sculptor; dedicated in 1942. A bird bath sculpted with Colorado black marble and Colorado white marble, in memory of Edith Deacon Martin. Bust of Giuseppe Mazzini Sheep Meadow,West Drive, near 67th Street40°46′22″N 73°58′36″W / 40.772867°N 73.976667°W / 40.772867; -73.976667 (Bust of Giuseppe Mazzini) Giovanni Turini, sculptor;F. Matriati, architect;George Fischer & Brother, foundry.Unveiled in 1878. A bronze bust atop a Westerly granite pedestal. The poet William Cullen Bryant delivered an address at the sculpture's unveiling. IAS Number: 87870169 John Purroy Mitchel Memorial Engineers Gate,Fifth Ave., opp. 90th St.40°47′04″N 73°57′33″W / 40.784367°N 73.959167°W / 40.784367; -73.959167 (John Purroy Mitchel Memorial) Adolph A. Weinman, sculptor;Thomas Hastings, architect;Donn Barber, architect.Proposed in 1918;commissioned in 1921;dedicated November 14, 1928;bust repaired in 1966. A gilded bronze bust, mounted on a black slate panel, set within a North Jay granite aedicula. Mitchel was the youngest mayor in New York City history, serving from 1914 to 1917. After losing re-election, and after America entered World War I, he enlisted the US Army aviation service but died in a training accident in Louisiana. IAS Number: 76003532 Bust of Thomas Moore East Drive, bet. 60th & 61st Streets40°45′56″N 73°58′24″W / 40.765556°N 73.973333°W / 40.765556; -73.973333 (Thomas Moore Memorial) Dennis B. Sheahan, sculptor;George Fischer & Bros., foundry.Dedicated in 1879. A bronze bust atop a Conway green granite pedestal, in memory of the Irish poet Thomas Moore (1779–1852). IAS Number: 76002891 Statue of Samuel Finley Breese Morse Fifth Ave. opp. 72nd St.40°46′21″N 73°58′02″W / 40.7725°N 73.967306°W / 40.7725; -73.967306 (Samuel Morse Memorial) Byron M. Pickett, sculptor;cast by Maurice J. Power, National Fine Art Foundry.Commissioned in 1870;dedicated in 1871. A bronze statue on a Quincy granite pedestal, created in honor of Morse and his contribution to telegraphic communication. IAS Number: 76003533 Mother Goose Entrance to Rumsey Play Field40°46′21″N 73°58′10″W / 40.772439°N 73.969504°W / 40.772439; -73.969504 (Mother Goose) Frederick Roth, sculptor.Installed in 1938. A granite sculpture, portraying the famous story-book character atop a flying goose, with bas relief panels illustrating Humpty Dumpty and Old King Cole, among others. IAS Number: 76003534 William Church Osborn Gates Entrance to Ancient Playground,Fifth Ave., bet. 84th & 85th Streets40°46′51″N 73°57′40″W / 40.780728°N 73.961146°W / 40.780728; -73.961146 (Osborn Memorial Gates) Paul Manship, sculptor;Aymar Embury II, architect.Cast in 1952;dedicated in 1953. Bronze gates embellished with plants and animals, mounted onto Minnesota Mahogany granite piers. Two sculptures, one of bears, the other of elk, mounted on Cold Spring granite bases, sit atop each pier. The gates were dedicated to Osborn, a civic leader and 8th president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. IAS Number: 76007113 The Pilgrim(aka Pilgrim Fathers Monument) Pilgrim Hill,72nd Street40°46′23″N 73°58′07″W / 40.77315°N 73.968553°W / 40.77315; -73.968553 (The Pilgrim (Ward)) John Quincy Adams Ward, sculptor;Richard Morris Hunt, architect;Henry Bonnard Bronze Company, foundry;cast in 1884;dedicated in 1885. IAS Number: 87870161 Pomona Pulitzer Fountain, Grand Army PlazaFifth Ave. at 59th St.40°45′51″N 73°58′25″W / 40.76403°N 73.97361°W / 40.76403; -73.97361 (Pulitzer Fountain) Karl Bitter, sculptor of Pomona;Thomas Hastings, architect of the fountain and plaza;Karl Gruppe, sculptor;Orazio Piccirilli, sculptor (horns of plenty);Isidore Konti, carver of final model.Commissioned in 1898;dedicated in 1916. Following Bitter's death in 1915, Gruppe and Konti completed the statue of Pomona. IAS Number: 76003537 Romeo and Juliet Delacorte Theater40°46′50″N 73°58′08″W / 40.78056°N 73.968754°W / 40.78056; -73.968754 (Romeo and Juliet (Hebald)) Cast in 1978;installed in 1978:Milton Hebald, sculptor;Spartaco Dionesi Foundry. IAS Number: 87870172 The Rowers Central Park Boathouse40°46′31″N 73°58′08″W / 40.775278°N 73.96875°W / 40.775278; -73.96875 (Central Park Boathouse) Irwin Glusker, sculptor;commissioned in 1968;dedicated in 1971. A bronze sculpture dedicated to the memory of Carl and Adeline Loeb, who funded the Central Park Boathouse. IAS Number: 87870241 Rumsey Tablet Gateway to Mary Harriman Rumsey Playground 40°46′21″N 73°58′11″W / 40.772435°N 73.969588°W / 40.772435; -73.969588 (Rumsey Tablet) Installed in 1937;unknown sculptor. IAS Number: 76003539. Equestrian statue of José de San Martín Central Park South, opp. Ave. of the Americas.40°45′58″N 73°58′36″W / 40.7660146°N 73.9765739°W / 40.7660146; -73.9765739 (José de San Martín Statue) Original dedicated in Buenos Aires in 1862;Louis Joseph Daumas, sculptor.This version dedicated in 1951;Clarke, Rapuano & Holleran, architect of pedestal. A bronze sculpture atop a black granite pedestal, a copy of Louis Joseph Daumas's 1862 sculpture. IAS Number: 87870167 Bust of Friedrich von Schiller Poets Walk, along The Mall.40°46′23″N 73°58′19″W / 40.773194°N 73.971831°W / 40.773194; -73.971831 (Friedrich von Schiller Memorial) Charles Ludwig Richter, sculptor; dedicated in 1859; relocated in 1955. A bronze bust atop a Saguenan granite pedestal, it was the first sculpture to be installed in Central Park. IAS Number: 76003543 Statue of Sir Walter Scott Literary Walk, south end of The Mall.40°46′12″N 73°58′21″W / 40.770071°N 73.972422°W / 40.770071; -73.972422 (Sir Walter Scott Memorial) Sir John Steell, sculptor; original ca 1845; cast in 1871; dedicated in 1872. IAS Number: 76003545 Seventh Regiment Memorial(Civil War memorial) West Drive, opp. the Sheep Meadow.40°46′26″N 73°58′35″W / 40.773757°N 73.976403°W / 40.773757; -73.976403 (7th Regiment Memorial) Commissioned in 1869;dedicated in 1874.John Quincy Adams Ward, sculptor;Richard Morris Hunt, architect;Robert Wood & Company, foundry. A bronze statue atop a Barre granite base. IAS Number: 87870170 Statue of William Shakespeare The Mall, near 67th St.40°46′12″N 73°58′21″W / 40.769862°N 73.972474°W / 40.769862; -73.972474 (William Shakespeare (Ward)) Proposed in 1864, the 300th anniversary of the poet’s birth;commissioned in 1870;cast in 1871;dedicated in 1872. John Quincy Adams Ward, sculptor;Robert Wood & Company, foundry;Jacob Wrey Mould, architect of base;Henry Parry, carver of base. A bronze statue on a granite pedestal, funded by a benefit performance of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar on November 25, 1864 at The Winter Garden Theatre starring Edwin Booth, Junius Brutus Booth, Jr., and John Wilkes Booth. The statue is the second of Ward’s four in Central Park. IAS Number: 65700009 Sherman Memorial aka William Tecumseh Sherman Grand Army Plaza, Fifth Ave. & Central Park South.40°45′53″N 73°58′24″W / 40.76472°N 73.97322°W / 40.76472; -73.97322 (Sherman Monument) Commissioned in 1892;dedicated on May 30, 1903;gilded in 1903;Augustus Saint-Gaudens, sculptor;A. Phimister Proctor, sculptor (horse);Charles Follen McKim, architect of pedestal;Norcross Brothers, contractor;gilded in 1903;relocated fifteen feet west in 1913;regilded in 1989 and 2013. IAS Number: 76003547 Sisters of Charity Plaque West of the Conservatory Garden, on axis of 106th St.40°47′40″N 73°57′09″W / 40.7944936°N 73.952375°W / 40.7944936; -73.952375 (Plaque, Sisters of Charity) Plaque dedicated in 1995. The plaque memorializes Mount St. Vincent Academy, a convent and school run by the Sisters of Charity of New York. The building was converted into a military hospital during the Civil War, and demolished in 1917. Snowbabies Gateway to Mary Harriman Rumsey Playground40°46′21″N 73°58′11″W / 40.772435°N 73.969588°W / 40.772435; -73.969588 (Snowbabies) Installed in 1938;Victor Frisch, sculptor Cast stone sculptures atop gate piers. IAS Number: 76003550 William T. Stead Memorial Fifth Ave., opp. 91st St.40°47′05″N 73°57′29″W / 40.784753°N 73.958117°W / 40.784753; -73.958117 (William T. Stead Memorial) George Frampton, sculptor;Thomas Hastings, architect;original dedicated in London in 1913;this second version dedicated in 1920. A bronze plaque mounted on Indiana limestone, a copy of the 1913 Stead Memorial in London. Stead was a British journalist who died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. IAS Number: 76003551 Still Hunt East Drive.40°46′36″N 73°58′02″W / 40.776741°N 73.967304°W / 40.776741; -73.967304 (Still Hunt Statue) Edward Kerneys, sculptor;M. J. Power Bronze, foundry;commissioned in 1881;installed in 1883. A bronze statue of an American panther on a bronze base, mounted on a rock ledge in a realistic mode. IAS Number: 76003552 Charles B. Stover Memorial Bench aka Whisper Bench Shakespeare Garden.40°46′48″N 73°58′10″W / 40.780022°N 73.969337°W / 40.780022; -73.969337 (Charles B. Stover Bench) Unknown sculptor;installed in 1935;dedicated on November 5, 1936. A curved, twenty-foot long exedra of Deer Isle granite. Stover was Parks Commissioner from 1910 to 1913. IAS Number: 76003553 Strawberry Fields West 72nd St. & Terrace Drive.40°46′33″N 73°58′31″W / 40.775735°N 73.975205°W / 40.775735; -73.975205 (Strawberry Fields (memorial)) Dedicated in 1985;designed by Bruce R. Kelly, landscape architect. A five-acre landscape designed as a memorial to John Lennon, the member of the musical group The Beatles. The memorial’s centerpiece "Imagine" mosaic was created by masons in Naples, Italy, who donated it to Central Park. Sundial Shakespeare Garden. Installed in 1945;Walter Beretta, sculptor. A bronze sundial mounted on a cast-stone pedestal. The Tempest or Prospero and Miranda The sculpture is at left. Delacorte Theater.40°46′50″N 73°58′07″W / 40.780531°N 73.968626°W / 40.780531; -73.968626 (The Tempest (Hebald)) Milton Hebald, sculptor;A. Ottavino Corp., foundry.Commissioned in 1966;dedicated in 1973. A companion piece to Romeo and Juliet. IAS Number: 87870171 Statue of Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen East side, between 96th & 97th Streets.40°47′19″N 73°57′22″W / 40.788608°N 73.956005°W / 40.788608; -73.956005 (Thorvaldsen Memorial) Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen, sculptor;Lauritz Rasmussen, Copenhagen, foundry.Cast in 1892;dedicated in 1894. A bronze copy after the Danish sculptor's 1839 marble self-portrait (Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen). Commissioned by the United Danes, Norwegians and Swedes of New York and Brooklyn to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Thorvaldsen’s death, it is the only statue of an artist displayed in any New York City park. IAS Number: 76003556 Tigress and Cubs Central Park Zoo.40°46′03″N 73°58′21″W / 40.767389°N 73.972448°W / 40.767389; -73.972448 (Tigress and Cubs Statue) Auguste Cain, sculptor;F. Barbedienne, foundry.Cast in 1866;dedicated in 1867. IAS number: 76003557 Untermyer Fountain aka Fountain of the Three Dancing Maidens Conservatory Garden.40°47′39″N 73°57′07″W / 40.79426°N 73.95195°W / 40.79426; -73.95195 (Untermyer Fountain) Walter Schott, sculptor;H. Gladenbeck & Son, foundry.Cast ca 1910;dedicated in 1947. One of three castings donated by the family of Samuel Untermyer. The first cast was made in Germany about 1910 and won a Gold Medal at the Brussels World's Fair. Subsequently, two more full-size casts were made, including this one. IAS Number: 87870166 USS Maine National Monument Columbia Triumphant At Columbus Circle.40°46′06″N 73°58′52″W / 40.768242°N 73.981012°W / 40.768242; -73.981012 (USS Maine National Monument) Attilio Piccirilli, sculptor;Harold Van Buren Magonigle, architect.Commissioned in 1901;dedicated in 1913. IAS Number: 76003528 USS Maine Memorial Tablet USS Maine National Monument Charles Keck, sculptor.Cast in 1913;installed in 1936. Cast of metal from the destroyed battleship. IAS Number: 76003527 Vanderbilt Gate Fifth Ave., between 104th and 105th Steets.40°47′37″N 73°57′07″W / 40.793511°N 73.951882°W / 40.793511; -73.951882 (Vanderbilt Gate) Designed by George B. Post, architect; fabricator unknown. One of a pair of 16 foot-tall gates that once opened into the entrance court of the Cornelius Vanderbilt II residence. Fabricated in Paris of wrought iron with cast bronze scrollwork and ornamentation. Installed on 58th Street at Fifth Avenue in 1893;removed and stored in 1928;installation in Central Park completed on May 13, 1939. IAS Number: 76003559 Statue of Daniel Webster West 72nd Street & West Drive40°46′29″N 73°58′27″W / 40.77475°N 73.97412°W / 40.77475; -73.97412 (Daniel Webster (Ball))] Thomas Ball, sculptor; statue cast in Munich in 1876;dedicated in 1876. A larger-than-life bronze statue on a Quincy granite pedestal depicting a 19th-century American statesman, donated to the city in 1876 by Gordon W. Burnham. The plinth is inscribed with some of Webster's famous quotes: LIBERTY AND UNION, NOW AND FOREVER, ONE AND INSEPARABLE. IAS Number: 76004876 Women's Rights Pioneers Monument Literary Walk. Sculpted by Meredith Bergmann.Dedicated on August 26, 2020. A bronze sculpture portraying suffragists Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner Truth; the first in Central Park to depict real women. Public art in Central Park now removed Name Location / GPS Coordinates Dates & Designers Notes Auld Lang Syneaka"Tam O'Shanter and Souter Johnnie" 5th Avenue, by the Casino. Robert Thomson , sculptor;carved in 1862;dedicated in 1866;moved to storage;damaged in a fire 1881. Equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar Central Park West & 83rd Street Installed in 1884;R. de la Cora , sculptor. The statue was removed by the 1890s. A proposed replacement by Giovanni Turini, to be placed on the same base, was rejected in 1897. The current statue, by Sally James Farnham, was installed in 1921. Bust of Miguel de Cervantes Fernando Miranda y Casellas, sculptor. Modeled ca 1878;installed by 1892;removed after 1918. Sketch of the unexecuted Cervantes Monument (1878). Commerce 8th Avenue, near 59th Street Installed 1865. Shepard Fountain (destroyed) East Drive, opposite 78th Street Olin Levi Warner, sculptor;Unknown carver.Dedicated in 1891 (Union Square)Moved to Central Park ca 1898;destroyed in 1953. The marble drinking fountain was first installed in Union Square, where it was vandalized. It was moved to Central Park about 1898, but deteriorated, and was removed in 1953. IAS Number: 88100201 Dr. J. Marion Sims Memorial On Fifth Avenue opp. 103rd St.40°47′33″N 73°57′10″W / 40.792489°N 73.952641°W / 40.792489; -73.952641 (Dr. J. Marion Sims) Ferdinand von Miller II, sculptor;Aymar Embury II, architect.Cast in 1892;dedicated in 1894;removed in 2018. Sims used enslaved women for his gynecological research. The memorial became controversial in the 2000s when this became widely publicized. The statue was removed on April 17, 2018, and will be relocated to Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, where Sims is buried. IAS Number: 76003548 Swan and CygnetakaBoy with Swan "near 5th Avenue entrance" Theodor Kalide, sculptor;original 1834 (Germany);donated in 1863. Kalide's Boy with Swan was placed in the Charlottenburg Palace Gardens in Berlin in 1849.1863 Annual Report: "Feb. 28. One Bronze Fountain—Boy and Swan—presented by Thomas Richardson, Esq." Temporary installations of public art Name Location / GPS Coordinates Dates & Designers Notes Volatile PresenceValley MarkerInterrupted MessengerMeasured Presence Central Park Plaza Beverly Pepper, sculptor, 1983. IAS Numbers: 87480101 87480102 87480103 87480104 The Gates 7,503 "gates" on 23 miles (37 km) of pathways, throughout the park. Christo and Jeanne-Claude, artists.Proposed in 1979;installed February 12–27, 2005. The Gates was meant to evoke the procession of Japanese gateways leading to Shinto shrines. IAS Number: 71500738 V W X Yellow Elephant Underwear /H I J Kiddy Elephant Underwear Doris Freedman Plaza5th Avenue & 60th Street Chinatsu Ban, sculptor, April 8 – July 24, 2005. Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads Pulitzer Fountain5th Avenue & 59th Street40°45′51″N 73°58′25″W / 40.76403°N 73.97361°W / 40.76403; -73.97361 (Pulitzer Fountain) Ai Weiwei, sculptor, May 4 – July 15, 2011. How I Roll Doris Freedman Plaza5th Avenue & 60th Street Paola Pivi, artist, June 20 – July 18, 2012. The Piper Seneca would slowly rotate head-over-tail. YouTube video.The sculpture was scheduled to be exhibited until August 26, but mechanical problems caused it to be removed in July. Notes References ^ Kahn, Eve (October 2021). "The Woman who was Victory". The Magazine Antiques. Retrieved February 14, 2023. ^ "Emma Stebbins, who sculpted a New York angel," The New York Times, May 29, 2019. ^ "Hans Christian Andersen". Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Susanne Stephens. “Snack stand for Central Park Ball Field,” The New York Times, July 12, 1990, Section C, page 3. According to the article, the frieze was designed by William Braham, an architect at Buttrick White & Burtis, and fabricated by Brenda Bertin. ^ "Balto, (sculpture)". Shahbaz Akhtar. Save Outdoor Sculpture, New York, New York survey. 1993. Retrieved February 7, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Central Park’s version of the sculpture is signed "J. SUÑOL"; it bears the foundry mark of Federico Masriera, Barcelona, 1892. ^ Arcidi, Philip (December 1993). "Learning by the Rules" (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Retrieved May 1, 2020. ^ "The Arts and Crafts in Architecture Today," Classicist No. 3 (1996–97): 90–96. According to the article, the plaque was designed by Michael Dwyer, an architect at Buttrick White & Burtis, and fabricated by Brenda Bertin. ^ Arcidi, Philip (December 1993). "Learning by the Rules" (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Retrieved May 1, 2020. ^ "Duke Ellington Memorial dedicated in Harlem," from ArtNet. ^ "Tablet is unveiled at old Fort Clinton," The New York Times, November 25, 1906. ^ Andreas W. Daum, "Nation, Naturforschung und Monument: Humboldt-Denkmäler in Deutschland und den USA" . Die Kunst der Geschichte: Historiographie, Ästhetik, Erzählung, ed. Martin Baumeister et al. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009, 113‒15. ^ Central Park 2000: Alexander von Humboldt; NYC Dept of Parks & Recreation: Alexander von Humboldt Monument ^ ""Sculpture"". Architects and Builders Magazine. 2 (8): 350. May 1901. Retrieved November 21, 2022. ^ Daniec, Jadwiga Irena (1982). "In the Footsteps of Stanislaw K. Ostrowski, 1879–1947". The Polish Review. 27 (1/2): 77–91. JSTOR 25777864. ^ Mazzini address ^ "The Untermyer Fountain". Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ "Daniel Webster". Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Kolodny, Sarah (July 24, 2018). "First Statue of Real Women to Debut in Central Park in 2020". NBC New York. Retrieved April 21, 2019. ^ Halle, Howard (July 24, 2018). "Central Park's first-ever female statue is coming in 2020". Time Out New York. Retrieved April 21, 2019. ^ "The Lost Auld Lang Syne Sculpture in Central Park," Daytonian in Manhattan, June 18, 2012. ^ Michael Reed, "The Equestrian Monument of Simon Bolivar." ^ Theodore Dreiser, "The Sculpture of Fernanado Miranda," Ainslee's Magazine 2 (September 1898), pp. 113–18. ^ The Sun's Guide to New York (1892), p. 122 ^ "Cervantes. A Monument to be erected in Central Park to the memory of the famed Spanish Writer," The New York Herald, May 18, 1878. ^ Illustrated in A Description of the New York Central Park. With illustrations by Albert Finch Bellows (1869), p. 92. ^ Shepard Fountain, from SIRIS. ^ Rebecca Savransky, "Central Park statue of controversial doctor who conducted research on women removed," The Hill, April 18, 2018. ^ The Boy with Swan, from Christies London. ^ Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Central Park for the Year Ending with December 31, 1863. New York. Wm. C. Bryant & Co. 1864. page 56. ^ Carol Vogel, "The Murakami Influence," The New York Times, April 6, 2005. ^ Rich Calder, "Shoddy work cut short Central Park art exhibit: suit," The New York Post, October 18, 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sculptures in Central Park. O Ryan's Roughnecks – History of the 7th Regiment, National Guard New York The Central Park Conservancy NYC Dept. of Parks & Recreation – Eagles and Prey statue Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide Essays on the Sherman Monument, Simón Bolívar, José Martí, Maine Monument, Columbus Monument, Columbus by Sunol, Shakespeare, Richard Morris Hunt Memorial, King Jagiello, Alexander Hamilton ALICE IN CENTRAL PARK — STATUES IN WONDERLAND by G.A. Mudge, visual reference of the statues in central park, with historical comments. vteCentral ParkManhattan, New York CityGeographical features Cedar Hill Conservatory Garden Conservatory Water Great Lawn and Turtle Pond Harlem Meer Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir McGowan's Pass North Woods and North Meadow The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary The Ramble and Lake Rat Rock Sawkill (historical) Seneca Village (historical) Sheep Meadow Strawberry Fields Sculptures and public art 107th Infantry Memorial Alice in Wonderland sculpture Angel of the Waters Balto Simón Bolívar Burnett Memorial Fountain Robert Burns Christopher Columbus Cleopatra's Needle Delacorte Clock Duke Ellington Memorial Frederick Douglass Memorial Eagles and Prey The Falconer Fitz-Greene Halleck Alexander Hamilton Victor Herbert Indian Hunter King Jagiello Monument José Martí Giuseppe Mazzini Samuel Finley Breese Morse Romeo and Juliet José de San Martín Sir Walter Scott Seventh Regiment Memorial William Shakespeare J. Marion Sims (moved 2018) The Gates (temporary, 2005) The Tempest Untermyer Fountain Three Dancing Maidens USS Maine National Monument Daniel Webster Women's Rights Pioneers Monument Other features Arsenal Ballplayers House Belvedere Castle Bethesda Terrace and Fountain Blockhouse Bridges Bow Carousel Central Park Casino (demolished) Cherry Hill Fountain The Dairy Delacorte Theater Diana Ross Playground Fort Clinton Heckscher Playground Lasker Rink Mall Marionette Theatre McGown's Pass Tavern (demolished) Richard Morris Hunt Memorial Rumsey Playfield Tarr Family Playground Tavern on the Green Victorian Gardens Wollman Rink Zoo Zoo York Wall Zoo York Events Be-Ins The Concert UAE Healthy Kidney 10K New York Mini 10K Concerto: One Night in Central Park Shakespeare in the Park SummerStage TransportBorder roads Frederick Douglass Circle 110th Street Duke Ellington Circle Eighth Avenue Central Park Fifth Avenue Columbus Circle 59th Street Grand Army Plaza Transverses 66th 79th 85th 97th Subway stations Fifth Avenue–59th Street 59th Street–Columbus Circle 72nd Street 81st Street 86th Street 96th Street 103rd Street Cathedral Parkway–110th Street Central Park North–110th Street Notable figures Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Andrew Haswell Green Jacob Wrey Mould Frederick Law Olmsted Ignaz Anton Pilat Starr Saphir Calvert Vaux Egbert Ludovicus Viele George E. Waring Jr. Notable animals Barry Flaco Gus Mandarin Patinkin Pale Male Pattycake Miscellaneous Birdwatching incident Conservancy Jogger case Medical Unit Popular culture See also: New York City Department of Parks and Recreation vtePublic art and memorials in ManhattanPortrait sculpture José Bonifácio de Andrada Chester A. Arthur Balto Simón Bolívar Robert Burns William Cullen Bryant El Cid George M. Cohan Christopher Columbus Central Park Columbus Circle Roscoe Conkling William E. Dodge Frederick Douglass Francis P. Duffy Duke Ellington David Farragut Mahatma Gandhi Giuseppe Garibaldi Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Horace Greeley City Hall Park Herald Square Fitz-Greene Halleck Alexander Hamilton Central Park Columbia University Victor Herbert Alexander Lyman Holley Richard Morris Hunt Władysław II Jagiełło Thomas Jefferson Joan of Arc Benito Juárez Marquis de Lafayette Fiorello H. La Guardia Abraham Lincoln José Martí Giuseppe Mazzini Golda Meir Samuel Morse Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Eleanor Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt José de San Martín Walter Scott William H. Seward William Shakespeare Philip Sheridan William Tecumseh Sherman Gertrude Stein Sun Yat-sen Harriet Tubman John Howard Van Amringe Giuseppe Verdi George Washington Union Square Wall Street John Watts Daniel Webster Women's Rights Pioneers Monument Other monuments 9/11 America's Response British and Commonwealth African Burial Ground AIDS Amiable Child Monument Civil War Seventh Regiment Soldiers and Sailors Cleopatra's Needle Gay Liberation Holocaust Independence Irish Hunger John Lennon Franklin D. Roosevelt Six Million Jews Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade U.S. Nobel Laureates USS Maine Vietnam Veterans Washington Square Arch World War I 107th Infantry William Jenkins Worth Fountains Bethesda Fountain Burnett Memorial Fountain Josephine Shaw Lowell Memorial Fountain Madison Square Park Fountain Peace Fountain Pulitzer Fountain Triumph of the Human Spirit Union Square Drinking Fountain Untermyer Fountain Other works 5 in 1 Alamo Alice in Wonderland sculpture Alma Mater Atlas The Baayfalls Bellerophon Taming Pegasus Charging Bull Columbus Circle globe Delacorte Clock Double Check Eagles and Prey The Emperor Has No Balls† Event Horizon Eye of Fashion The Family Fearless Girl Four Continents The Gates The Great God Pan Group of Bears Indian Hunter Joie de Vivre Letters and Science Life Force Le Marteleur Metronome Prometheus Reclining Figure (Lincoln Center) La Rivière Romeo and Juliet Saurien Silent Agitator Spirit of Communication Tau (1/3) The Tempest Three Dancing Maidens Three Way Piece No.1: Points Throwback (1/3) Tightrope Walker Tilted Arc† Times Square Hum Times Square Mural Venus Vessel The Wall Damaged/destroyed in 9/11 Bent Propeller† Ideogram† Sky Gate, New York† The Sphere World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture† Related Grand Central Terminal art Public art in Central Park West Harlem Art Fund Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan, NYC Key: † No longer extant or on public display vtePublic art in the United StatesBy city Ashland, Oregon Atlanta Augusta, Georgia Austin, Texas Baltimore Beaverton, Oregon Bend, Oregon Birmingham, Alabama Bloomington, Indiana Boston Cambridge, Massachusetts Charleston, South Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus, Ohio Dallas Denver Detroit Eugene, Oregon Evansville, Indiana Fort Wayne, Indiana Gresham, Oregon Hartford, Connecticut Hillsboro, Oregon Houston Indianapolis Jasper, Indiana Jersey City, New Jersey Kirkland, Washington Lake Oswego, Oregon Las Vegas Lexington, Kentucky Los Angeles Louisville, Kentucky Madison, Wisconsin Milwaukee Minneapolis Muncie, Indiana Nashville, Tennessee New Harmony, Indiana New Orleans Newark, New Jersey Newport, Rhode Island Oklahoma City Olympia, Washington Omaha, Nebraska Palm Desert Philadelphia Portland, Maine Portland, Oregon Roswell, Georgia Salem, Oregon Salt Lake City San Diego San Francisco Santa Monica, California Savannah, Georgia Seattle Springfield, Massachusetts St. Louis Tacoma, Washington Tampa, Florida Terre Haute, Indiana Vancouver, Washington Worcester, Massachusetts New York City Brooklyn Manhattan Central Park Queens Washington, D.C. Artworks commemorating African Americans National Statuary Hall Collection list by ward 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Related Roadside attractions Sculpture parks Tallest statues	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherman_GAP_statue_golden_sun_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sherman Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman_(Saint-Gaudens)"},{"link_name":"Augustus Saint-Gaudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens"},{"link_name":"Charles Follen McKim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Follen_McKim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Daniel Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"statue of Balto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Balto"},{"link_name":"obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra's Needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_(New_York_City)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angel_of_the_Waters,_Bethesda_Terrace,_Central_Park,_NYC_2a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emma Stebbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Stebbins"},{"link_name":"Jacob Wrey Mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Wrey_Mould"},{"link_name":"Calvert Vaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_Vaux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Women's Rights Pioneers Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument"}],"text":"The gilded bronze statue of the Sherman Monument (dedicated in 1903), sculpted by Augustus Saint-Gaudens on a pedestal designed by Charles Follen McKim.[1]New York City's 843-acre (3.41 km2) Central Park is the home of many works of public art in various media, such as bronze, stone, and tile. Many are sculptures in the form of busts, statues, equestrian statues, and panels carved or cast in low relief. Others are two-dimensional bronze or tile plaques. Some artworks do double-duty as fountains, or as part of fountains; some serve as memorials dedicated to a cause, to notable individuals, and in one case, to a notable animal. Most were donated by individuals or civic organizations; only a few were funded by the city.Examples of public art in the park include memorials dedicated to notable individuals such as the poet William Shakespeare and the statesman Daniel Webster; depictions of archetypical characters such as The Pilgrim, Indian Hunter, and The Falconer; depictions of literary characters such as Alice in Wonderland; numerous depictions of imaginary animals, and at least one of a real one (the statue of Balto). The only artifact from the ancient world is the Egyptian obelisk known as \"Cleopatra's Needle\", the oldest and tallest artwork in the park.The bronze statue Angel of the Waters at Bethesda Terrace, by Emma Stebbins, atop a stone basin by Jacob Wrey Mould and Central Park's co-designer Calvert Vaux.[2]Traditionally, depictions of real (as opposed to imaginary) humans were men, whereas depictions of women have been either mythological characters (angels or goddesses) or characters from literature. The installation in 2020 of the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument, depicting three female activists, was a first step in addressing this oversight.In recent years, park administrators have provided a forum for temporary exhibitions of artwork at the Doris Freedman Plaza, just outside the park's southeast entrance.","title":"Public art in Central Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of public art in Central Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public art in Central Park now removed","title":"List of public art in Central Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Temporary installations of public art","title":"List of public art in Central Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The gilded bronze statue of the Sherman Monument (dedicated in 1903), sculpted by Augustus Saint-Gaudens on a pedestal designed by Charles Follen McKim.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sherman_GAP_statue_golden_sun_jeh.jpg/250px-Sherman_GAP_statue_golden_sun_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"The bronze statue Angel of the Waters at Bethesda Terrace, by Emma Stebbins, atop a stone basin by Jacob Wrey Mould and Central Park's co-designer Calvert Vaux.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Angel_of_the_Waters%2C_Bethesda_Terrace%2C_Central_Park%2C_NYC_2a.jpg/250px-Angel_of_the_Waters%2C_Bethesda_Terrace%2C_Central_Park%2C_NYC_2a.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kahn, Eve (October 2021). \"The Woman who was Victory\". The Magazine Antiques. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/the-woman-who-was-victory/","url_text":"\"The Woman who was Victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hans Christian Andersen\". Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/hans-christian-andersen.html","url_text":"\"Hans Christian Andersen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balto, (sculpture)\". Shahbaz Akhtar. Save Outdoor Sculpture, New York, New York survey. 1993. Retrieved February 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1328P5B46174F.49234&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!302803~!7&ri=3&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=balto+new+york&index=.GzW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=3","url_text":"\"Balto, (sculpture)\""}]},{"reference":"Arcidi, Philip (December 1993). \"Learning by the Rules\" (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1993-12.PDF#page=46","url_text":"\"Learning by the Rules\""}]},{"reference":"Arcidi, Philip (December 1993). \"Learning by the Rules\" (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1993-12.PDF#page=46","url_text":"\"Learning by the Rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Sculpture\"\". Architects and Builders Magazine. 2 (8): 350. May 1901. Retrieved November 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kMQ7AQAAMAAJ&dq=chester+french+%22richard+morris+hunt%22&pg=PA350","url_text":"\"\"Sculpture\"\""}]},{"reference":"Daniec, Jadwiga Irena (1982). \"In the Footsteps of Stanislaw K. Ostrowski, 1879–1947\". The Polish Review. 27 (1/2): 77–91. JSTOR 25777864.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25777864","url_text":"25777864"}]},{"reference":"\"The Untermyer Fountain\". Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/untermyer-fountain.html","url_text":"\"The Untermyer Fountain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Webster\". Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/daniel-webster.html","url_text":"\"Daniel Webster\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310224247/http://www.centralparknyc.org/things-to-see-and-do/attractions/daniel-webster.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kolodny, Sarah (July 24, 2018). \"First Statue of Real Women to Debut in Central Park in 2020\". NBC New York. Retrieved April 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/First-Ever-Statue-Depicting-Real-Women-Coming-to-Central-Park-in-2020-489028501.html","url_text":"\"First Statue of Real Women to Debut in Central Park in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Halle, Howard (July 24, 2018). \"Central Park's first-ever female statue is coming in 2020\". Time Out New York. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Grant	Bernard Grant	["1 References","2 External links"]	American actor (1920–2004) Bernard GrantBernard Grant (left) as Steve Burke in One Life to Live, c. 1973BornOctober 10, 1920The Bronx, New York City, U.S.DiedJune 30, 2004(2004-06-30) (aged 83)Manhattan, New York City, U.S.Other namesBernie GrantOccupationActorYears active1960–1996SpouseJoyce GordonChildren1 son, 1 daughter Bernard Grant (October 10, 1920 – June 30, 2004) was an American actor. Grant was born in New York City, New York, in The Bronx. He served in the United States Army during World War II. Grant also went to the City College of New York. Active in soap operas such as The Guiding Light and One Life to Live, he was the regular English voice of Marcello Mastroianni and Gian Maria Volonté (dubbing over him in A Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More, Bandits in Milan and A Bullet for the General). He also dubbed Captain Clinton (Aldo Giuffré) in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Valmont (Adolfo Celi) in Danger: Diabolik. References ^ Martin, Douglas (July 2, 2004). "Bernard Grant, 83, Soap Star And a Voice in Dubbed Films". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2020. ^ Lucas, Tim. Danger: Diabolik (Blu-ray). Imprint Films. Event occurs at 29:20. External links Bernard Grant at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States This article about an American voice actor born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimesobit-1"},{"link_name":"soap operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"The Guiding Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guiding_Light"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Marcello Mastroianni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni"},{"link_name":"Gian Maria Volonté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Maria_Volont%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"A Fistful of Dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fistful_of_Dollars"},{"link_name":"For a Few Dollars More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_a_Few_Dollars_More"},{"link_name":"Bandits in Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandits_in_Milan"},{"link_name":"A Bullet for the General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bullet_for_the_General"},{"link_name":"Aldo Giuffré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Giuffr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Celi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Celi"},{"link_name":"Danger: Diabolik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger:_Diabolik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bernard Grant (October 10, 1920 – June 30, 2004) was an American actor.Grant was born in New York City, New York, in The Bronx. He served in the United States Army during World War II. Grant also went to the City College of New York.[1] Active in soap operas such as The Guiding Light and One Life to Live, he was the regular English voice of Marcello Mastroianni and Gian Maria Volonté (dubbing over him in A Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More, Bandits in Milan and A Bullet for the General). He also dubbed Captain Clinton (Aldo Giuffré) in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Valmont (Adolfo Celi) in Danger: Diabolik.[2]","title":"Bernard Grant"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (July 2, 2004). \"Bernard Grant, 83, Soap Star And a Voice in Dubbed Films\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/02/arts/bernard-grant-83-soap-star-and-a-voice-in-dubbed-films.html","url_text":"\"Bernard Grant, 83, Soap Star And a Voice in Dubbed Films\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/02/arts/bernard-grant-83-soap-star-and-a-voice-in-dubbed-films.html","external_links_name":"\"Bernard Grant, 83, Soap Star And a Voice in Dubbed Films\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0335274/","external_links_name":"Bernard Grant"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/19506661","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX8w8Gr8MgVyQVxryGHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008159713","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Grant&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byce	John Byce	["1 Career","1.1 Collegiate career","1.2 Professional career","1.3 International career","2 Personal life","3 Awards and achievements","4 Career Statistics","4.1 Regular season and playoffs","4.2 International","5 References","6 External links"]	American retired ice hockey winger Ice hockey player John ByceBorn (1967-08-09) August 9, 1967 (age 56)Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.Height 6 ft 1 in (185 cm)Weight 181 lb (82 kg; 12 st 13 lb)Position Right wingShot RightPlayed for Boston BruinsNational team United StatesNHL draft 220th overall, 1985Boston BruinsPlaying career 1990–2000 John Arthur Byce (born August 9, 1967) is a retired American ice hockey player. He played in 21 regular season games and in 8 playoff games in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins between 1990 and 1992. The rest of his career, which ended in 2000, was spent in various minor leagues. Internationally Byce played for the American national team at the 1992 World Championships Career Collegiate career Having been drafted 220th overall by the Boston Bruins in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft directly out of Madison Memorial High School, Byce walked-on to the Wisconsin Badgers team, where he was redshirted for his freshman season. After a largely unproductive sophomore season, Byce played well in his third year at Madison, scoring 34 points in 41 games as the Badgers claimed the WCHA Championship. In his fourth year on campus Byce was named as an alternate captain for the team and further increased his scoring; tallying 55 points in 42 games. The Badgers lost in the play-off semi finals, however Byce was named as a Second all-team wcha all-star. Byce would continue as an alternate captain during his final year in Madison, and would again increase his scoring, totalling 71 points in 46 games. Wisconsin would again win the WCHA championship, and Byce would again be named as a Second All-Team WCHA All-Star. The Badgers would go on to win the NCAA Championship, which Byce scoring a hat-trick in the championship final. For his efforts, he would be named to the All Tournament Team. In addition to hockey, Byce was also a talented baseball player, playing as an outfielder. During the 1987 season, he set a school record for 9 consecutive hits, and also earned first-team all-Big Ten honors as a designated hitter. Professional career Upon the culmination of his collegiate career, Byce was signed by the Boston Bruins and played in the Stanley Cup Finals. Thus he became the first player to have won an NCAA Championship and compete for the Stanley Cup in the same season. His first taste of regular season play was during the 1990–91 season, where he played 18 games for the Bruins, registering 4 points. The majority of his season was spent with the Bruins AHL affiliate team, the Maine Mariners, for whom Byce registered 48 points in 53 games. Byce would again spend most of his time in the AHL for the 1991–92 season, featuring in only 3 Bruins games. In February 1992, Byce and Mariners teammate Dennis Smith were traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for Brent Hughes. As a result, Byce finished the season with the Capitals AHL affiliate Baltimore Skipjacks. Byce would return to the Skipjacks for the 1992–93 season, tallying 79 points in 62 games. The 1993–94 season saw Byce move to Europe, playing for the Jönköping-based HV71 of the SEL, playing 33 games, registering 12 points. Mid-way through the season, Byce returned to North America and joined the Milwaukee Admirals in the IHL. Byce would play for three teams during the 1994–95 season, the Admirals, the San Diego Gulls also of the IHL and the AHL's Portland Pirates. Byce would remain in the IHL for the 1995–96 season, playing for the Los Angeles Ice Dogs where he had a career best season, registering 85 points in 82 games. The team would then relocate to Long Beach, under the name Long Beach Ice Dogs, where Byce would put up 58 points in 80 games. The Ice Dogs would go on to win the Turner Cup, defeating the Detroit Vipers 4 games to 2. Byce would return to Long Beach for the 1997–98 season, playing only 17 regular season games. Byce would return to Long Beach for the 1998–99 season, playing 31 games and scoring 17 points. In January 1999 Byce, along with defenceman Andy Roach were traded to the Utah Grizzlies in exchange for Rene Chapdelaine and Chris Kenady. During his stint in Utah, Byce scored 31 points in 35 games. Following his time in Utah, Byce, along with former Ice Dog team-mate Rob Kenny, would move to the United Kingdom in order to play for the London Knights in the BISL. His season in London would be a successful one, with the team leading the league for much of the season, before finishing 4th, as well making the finals of the Benson & Hedges Cup. The team would then go on to win the Play-off final, beating the Newcastle Riverkings 7–3. Following his season in London, Byce retired. International career Byce was named to the US National Team for the 1992 IIHF World Championships. Byce played 6 games, registering 2 points, as Team USA finished 7th overall. Personal life Byce graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a degree in Business Administration, and subsequently completed an MBA at the same institution. Since retiring from professional ice hockey he works for RBC Wealth Management. His son, Ty Pelton-Byce, also play hockey and as of June 2020, plays for the Wisconsin Badgers, having transferred from Harvard. Awards and achievements WCHA Champion (1988, 1990) NCAA (WCHA) Second All-Star Team (1989, 1990) NCAA Champion (1990) NCAA All championship team (1990) Big Ten Medal of Honor (1990) BISL Playoff Champion (2000) Career Statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1984-85 James Madison Memorial High School HS-WI 24 39 47 86 32 — — — — — 1986-87 University of Wisconsin WCHA 40 1 4 5 12 — — — — — 1987-88 University of Wisconsin WCHA 41 22 12 34 18 — — — — — 1988-89 University of Wisconsin WCHA 42 27 28 55 16 — — — — — 1989-90 University of Wisconsin WCHA 46 27 44 71 20 6 2 5 7 2 1989–90 Boston Bruins NHL — — — — — 8 2 0 2 2 1990–91 Boston Bruins NHL 18 1 3 4 6 — — — — — 1990–91 Maine Mariners AHL 53 19 29 48 20 — — — — — 1991–92 Boston Bruins NHL 3 1 0 1 0 — — — — — 1991–92 Maine Mariners AHL 55 29 21 50 41 4 0 1 1 2 1991–92 Baltimore Skipjacks AHL 20 9 5 14 4 — — — — — 1992–93 Baltimore Skipjacks AHL 62 35 44 79 26 7 4 5 9 4 1993–94 HV71 SEL 33 8 4 12 8 — — — — — 1993–94 Milwaukee Admirals IHL 28 7 4 11 10 3 2 1 3 0 1994–95 Milwaukee Admirals IHL 30 9 11 20 10 15 4 5 9 4 1994–95 San Diego Gulls IHL 5 2 3 5 2 — — — — — 1994–95 Portland Pirates AHL 6 1 1 2 2 — — — — — 1995–96 Los Angeles Ice Dogs IHL 82 39 46 85 40 — — — — — 1996–97 Long Beach Ice Dogs IHL 80 29 29 58 14 18 6 7 13 4 1997–98 Long Beach Ice Dogs IHL 17 9 8 17 10 12 4 1 5 4 1998–99 Long Beach Ice Dogs IHL 37 8 11 19 8 — — — — — 1998–99 Utah Grizzlies IHL 35 11 20 31 18 — — — — — 1999–00 London Knights BISL 29 11 18 29 6 6 1 4 5 4 IHL totals 314 114 132 246 112 48 16 14 30 12 NHL totals 21 2 3 5 6 8 2 0 2 2 International Year Team Event GP G A Pts PIM 1992 USA WC 8 0 2 2 2 Senior totals 8 0 2 2 2 References ^ "1985 NHL Entry Draft". HockeyDB.com. Retrieved June 28, 2020. ^ a b c "2020 UW Athletic Hall of Fame: John Byce". Wisconsin Badgers. June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020. ^ "Andy Baggot: UW's 1990 NCAA hockey championship team was as close-knit as they come". Wisconsin State Journal. January 29, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2020. ^ a b c d "John Byce - EliteProspects". EliteProspects.com. Retrieved June 29, 2020. ^ "Drive for five is complete". Wisconsin Badgers. May 7, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2020. ^ "Baseball History.pdf" (PDF). Wisconsin Badgers. c. 1989. p. 30. Retrieved June 29, 2020. ^ "Skipjacks speed up salvaging season by firing Laird, promoting Trotz". The Baltimore Sun. February 25, 1992. Retrieved June 29, 2020. ^ "Sports briefs". Deseret News. January 8, 1999. Retrieved June 30, 2020. ^ "Knights Clinch First Superleague Title". London Knights. April 3, 2000. Archived from the original on May 10, 2000. Retrieved June 30, 2020. ^ "1992 Roster". Team USA. Retrieved June 29, 2020. ^ "Nickel: If these Badgers hockey players look familiar, it's probably in their DNA". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. January 30, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2020. ^ "John Byce (2020) - UW Hall of Fame". Wisconsin Badgers. June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"American national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1992 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerJohn Arthur Byce (born August 9, 1967) is a retired American ice hockey player. He played in 21 regular season games and in 8 playoff games in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins between 1990 and 1992. The rest of his career, which ended in 2000, was spent in various minor leagues. Internationally Byce played for the American national team at the 1992 World Championships","title":"John Byce"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"1985 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Madison Memorial High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"walked-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-on_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UW-2"},{"link_name":"redshirted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madison-3"},{"link_name":"WCHA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_WCHA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-4"},{"link_name":"alternate captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(ice_hockey)#Alternate_captains"},{"link_name":"Second all-team wcha all-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_All-WCHA_Hockey_Teams#Second_Team"},{"link_name":"NCAA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick#Hockey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"All Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_All-Tournament_Teams#1990s"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"1987 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Big_Ten_Baseball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_Hitter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseball-6"}],"sub_title":"Collegiate career","text":"Having been drafted 220th overall by the Boston Bruins in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft directly out of Madison Memorial High School,[1] Byce walked-on to the Wisconsin Badgers team,[2] where he was redshirted for his freshman season.[3] After a largely unproductive sophomore season, Byce played well in his third year at Madison, scoring 34 points in 41 games as the Badgers claimed the WCHA Championship.[4] In his fourth year on campus Byce was named as an alternate captain for the team and further increased his scoring; tallying 55 points in 42 games. The Badgers lost in the play-off semi finals, however Byce was named as a Second all-team wcha all-star. Byce would continue as an alternate captain during his final year in Madison, and would again increase his scoring, totalling 71 points in 46 games. Wisconsin would again win the WCHA championship, and Byce would again be named as a Second All-Team WCHA All-Star. The Badgers would go on to win the NCAA Championship, which Byce scoring a hat-trick in the championship final.[5] For his efforts, he would be named to the All Tournament Team.In addition to hockey, Byce was also a talented baseball player, playing as an outfielder. During the 1987 season, he set a school record for 9 consecutive hits, and also earned first-team all-Big Ten honors as a designated hitter.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UW-2"},{"link_name":"AHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Maine Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Mariners_(AHL)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-4"},{"link_name":"Dennis Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Smith_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Brent Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Hughes_(ice_hockey,_born_1966)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Skipjacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Skipjacks"},{"link_name":"HV71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HV71"},{"link_name":"SEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Admirals"},{"link_name":"IHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Gulls_(1990%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"Portland Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Ice Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Ice_Dogs"},{"link_name":"Turner Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Cup"},{"link_name":"Detroit Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Vipers"},{"link_name":"Andy Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Roach"},{"link_name":"Utah Grizzlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Grizzlies_(1995%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"Rene Chapdelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Chapdelaine"},{"link_name":"Chris Kenady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kenady"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rob Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Kenny"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Knights_(UK)"},{"link_name":"BISL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_Superleague"},{"link_name":"Benson & Hedges Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Cup"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Riverkings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Jesters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Professional career","text":"Upon the culmination of his collegiate career, Byce was signed by the Boston Bruins and played in the Stanley Cup Finals. Thus he became the first player to have won an NCAA Championship and compete for the Stanley Cup in the same season.[2] His first taste of regular season play was during the 1990–91 season, where he played 18 games for the Bruins, registering 4 points. The majority of his season was spent with the Bruins AHL affiliate team, the Maine Mariners, for whom Byce registered 48 points in 53 games.[4] Byce would again spend most of his time in the AHL for the 1991–92 season, featuring in only 3 Bruins games. In February 1992, Byce and Mariners teammate Dennis Smith were traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for Brent Hughes.[7] As a result, Byce finished the season with the Capitals AHL affiliate Baltimore Skipjacks. Byce would return to the Skipjacks for the 1992–93 season, tallying 79 points in 62 games.The 1993–94 season saw Byce move to Europe, playing for the Jönköping-based HV71 of the SEL, playing 33 games, registering 12 points. Mid-way through the season, Byce returned to North America and joined the Milwaukee Admirals in the IHL. Byce would play for three teams during the 1994–95 season, the Admirals, the San Diego Gulls also of the IHL and the AHL's Portland Pirates.[4]Byce would remain in the IHL for the 1995–96 season, playing for the Los Angeles Ice Dogs where he had a career best season, registering 85 points in 82 games. The team would then relocate to Long Beach, under the name Long Beach Ice Dogs, where Byce would put up 58 points in 80 games. The Ice Dogs would go on to win the Turner Cup, defeating the Detroit Vipers 4 games to 2. Byce would return to Long Beach for the 1997–98 season, playing only 17 regular season games. Byce would return to Long Beach for the 1998–99 season, playing 31 games and scoring 17 points. In January 1999 Byce, along with defenceman Andy Roach were traded to the Utah Grizzlies in exchange for Rene Chapdelaine and Chris Kenady. During his stint in Utah, Byce scored 31 points in 35 games.[8]Following his time in Utah, Byce, along with former Ice Dog team-mate Rob Kenny, would move to the United Kingdom in order to play for the London Knights in the BISL. His season in London would be a successful one, with the team leading the league for much of the season, before finishing 4th, as well making the finals of the Benson & Hedges Cup. The team would then go on to win the Play-off final, beating the Newcastle Riverkings 7–3.[9] Following his season in London, Byce retired.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US National Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1992 IIHF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"International career","text":"Byce was named to the US National Team for the 1992 IIHF World Championships.[10] Byce played 6 games, registering 2 points, as Team USA finished 7th overall.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"RBC Wealth Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UW-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Byce graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a degree in Business Administration, and subsequently completed an MBA at the same institution. Since retiring from professional ice hockey he works for RBC Wealth Management.[2] His son, Ty Pelton-Byce, also play hockey and as of June 2020, plays for the Wisconsin Badgers, having transferred from Harvard.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WCHA Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_WCHA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"NCAA (WCHA) Second All-Star Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_All-WCHA_Hockey_Teams#1990s_2"},{"link_name":"NCAA Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"NCAA All championship team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament#All-Tournament_Team"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"BISL Playoff Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_ISL_season#Playoffs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-4"}],"text":"WCHA Champion (1988, 1990)\nNCAA (WCHA) Second All-Star Team (1989, 1990)\nNCAA Champion (1990)\nNCAA All championship team (1990)\nBig Ten Medal of Honor (1990)\nBISL Playoff Champion (2000)[12][4]","title":"Awards and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career Statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"1985 NHL Entry Draft\". HockeyDB.com. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/draft/nhl1985e.html","url_text":"\"1985 NHL Entry Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 UW Athletic Hall of Fame: John Byce\". Wisconsin Badgers. June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uwbadgers.com/news/2020/6/20/athletics-general-news-events-baggot-2020-uw-athletic-hall-of-fame-john-byce.aspx","url_text":"\"2020 UW Athletic Hall of Fame: John Byce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers","url_text":"Wisconsin Badgers"}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Baggot: UW's 1990 NCAA hockey championship team was as close-knit as they come\". Wisconsin State Journal. January 29, 2015. 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Retrieved June 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uwbadgers.com/news/2012/5/7/Drive_for_five_is_complete.aspx","url_text":"\"Drive for five is complete\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers","url_text":"Wisconsin Badgers"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball History.pdf\" (PDF). Wisconsin Badgers. c. 1989. p. 30. Retrieved June 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/uwbadgers.com/documents/2015/8/21/baseball-history.pdf","url_text":"\"Baseball History.pdf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers","url_text":"Wisconsin Badgers"}]},{"reference":"\"Skipjacks speed up salvaging season by firing Laird, promoting Trotz\". The Baltimore Sun. February 25, 1992. Retrieved June 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-02-25-1992056052-story.html","url_text":"\"Skipjacks speed up salvaging season by firing Laird, promoting Trotz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Sports briefs\". Deseret News. January 8, 1999. Retrieved June 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/1999/1/8/19425693/sports-briefs","url_text":"\"Sports briefs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights Clinch First Superleague Title\". London Knights. April 3, 2000. Archived from the original on May 10, 2000. Retrieved June 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000510140427/http://www.knightice.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Knights Clinch First Superleague Title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Knights_(UK)","url_text":"London Knights"},{"url":"http://www.knightice.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1992 Roster\". Team USA. Retrieved June 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/2673852-1992-roster","url_text":"\"1992 Roster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team","url_text":"Team USA"}]},{"reference":"\"Nickel: If these Badgers hockey players look familiar, it's probably in their DNA\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. January 30, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bonafede	Carl Bonafede	["1 Present day","2 Discography","2.1 The Daughters of Eve","3 References","4 External links"]	American musician Carl BonafedeCarl Bonafede at The Embassy Ballroom in ChicagoBackground informationBirth nameCarlo Bonafede Jr.Also known asThe Screaming WildmanBorn (1940-10-16) October 16, 1940 (age 83)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Genrespop and rockOccupation(s) singer-songwriter musician booking agent band manager producer InstrumentsaccordionYears active1950–presentLabelsUSA Records, Delaware Records, Chi Town Records, Tek Records, Mercury Records, Impala Records, Spectra-Sound Records, Cadet records, Calendar records Carl Bonafede was the original manager of the Chicago-based rock band The Buckinghams, who charted in Billboard's Hot 100 in February 1967 with "Kind of a Drag".Musical artist Carl Bonafede was born in the Little Italy Chicago community on October 16, 1940. He appeared as a young boy on local television on Morris B. Sach's Amateur Hour singing and playing the accordion. He appeared on an interview show, Ernie Simon's Curbstone Cut-up. He sang his hit record "Were Wolf" on disc-jockey Jim Lounsbury's TV show in Chicago. He went on to promote local bands with his weekly dances at local ballrooms including the Aragon Ballroom, Madura's Danceland and The Holiday Ballroom with owner and collaborator Dan Belloc of big band fame (Billy May Orchestra). He recorded and produced over 200 records with various recording artists. He fronted a local group, The Gem-tones, whose saxophone player, Harry Manfredini, became a movie musical score arranger for the "Friday the 13th" movies. He then turned to managing and promoting local teen bands (garage-bands in the early 60s). His most famous clients were The Buckinghams and the all-girl group The Daughters of Eve. He also managed Thee Prophets, from Wisconsin and Mickey & Larry and the Exciters from Boston. He managed The Delights, in Chicago. He worked for the Willard Alexander Booking Agency with agent Herb Gronauer, who now promotes celebrities in Palm Springs, California. He also worked for the CASK Attractions agency. As a young band manager Bonafede promoted many young teens in a new phenomenon – the garage band. One of these groups included The Fabulous Centuries. The Centuries consisted of Nick Fortuna, Curtis Bachman, Carl Giammarese and Jerry Elarde. Carl Bonafede first crossed paths with Phil Orsi in 1964 when Phil was fronting Phil Orsi and the Little Kings at the Vogue Ballroom in Chicago. Another group with great vocal harmonies was known as The Pulsations. John Poulos, Dennis Miccolis, George LeGros and Dennis Tufano were members of The Pulsations. These two groups merged to form The Buckinghams. One day, Sheldon Cooper, an executive at WGN-TV, witnessed a promotion of Carl's outside Lane Tech High School across the street from WGN-TV's studios. Carl's discussion with Cooper led to The Pulsations entering and winning a competition to appear for 13 weeks on The All-Time Hits, Chicago's first locally produced TV program broadcast in color, featuring a variety of musical guests. By the end of the 13-week run, the Pulsations/Fabulous Centuries became The Buckinghams. He was on hand at the Chess Records studios in Chicago, Illinois to record "Kind of a Drag" with the Buckinghams co-producer 'Dan Belloc and arranger Frank Tesinsky. Jim Holvay of the local Chicago group The Mob was the composer of "Kind of a Drag". Present day As of 2017, Carl Bonafede aka "The Screaming Wildman" (a nickname given to him by a priest who witnessed Carl running a local parish teenage dance) still lives and works in Chicago in the Lincoln Park area, close to the lakefront. Discography The Daughters of Eve USA 1779, 1966. "Hey Lover" Originally a modest hit for Debbie Dovale in 1963. "Stand by Me" Produced by Carl Bonafede and Ron Malo. USA 891, 1967. "Symphony of My Soul" Penned by Chicago songwriter James Butler (with a little help from Tchaikovsky). "Help Me Boy" As "Help Me Girl", a hit for Eric Burdon and The Animals earlier in 1967. Produced by Carl Bonafede and James Butler. Spectra Sound 920, 1967. "Don't Waste My Time" Written by John Serafini. "He Cried" As popularised by The Shangri-Las, and previously a hit, as "She Cried", for Jay and the Americans in 1962. Produced by Carl Bonafede, engineered by Ron Malo. Cadet 5600, 1968. "Social Tragedy" Written by James Butler, and subsequently recorded, as "Don't Let It Slip Away", by Ral Donner. "A Thousand Stars" Introduced by The Rivileers in 1954, but popularised by Kathy Young and The Innocents in 1960. Produced by Carl Bonafede, engineered by Gary Knipper and Ed Cody. References ^ Bonafede, Carl (22 October 2016). Screaming Wildman: Carl Bonafede, Joel Bierig: 9781539420965: Amazon.com: Books. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1539420965. ^ "Biography for The Buckinghams". The Buckinghams. Retrieved November 14, 2009. ^ "Close Encounters of the Pop Culture Kind". Confessions of a Pop Culture Addict. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2009. ^ Screaming Wildman: Carl Bonafede, Joel Bierig: 9781539420965: Amazon.com: Books". www.amazon.com.page 108 Retrieved 2017-09-14 ^ "Carl Bonafede". Retrieved November 14, 2009. External links The Buckinghams official web site The story of The Daughters of Eve by Debi Pomeroy and Mick Patrick The Screaming Wildman Blogspot Carl Bonafede Blogspot Carl Bonafede Official Web site Discogs.com Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Italy Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Jim Lounsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lounsbury"},{"link_name":"Aragon Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon_Ballroom_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Harry Manfredini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Manfredini"},{"link_name":"Friday the 13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"The Buckinghams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buckinghams"},{"link_name":"The Daughters of Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughters_of_Eve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"garage band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_band"},{"link_name":"Nick Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fortuna"},{"link_name":"Carl Giammarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Giammarese"},{"link_name":"Phil Orsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Orsi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Poulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Poulos"},{"link_name":"Dennis Tufano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Tufano"},{"link_name":"The Buckinghams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buckinghams"},{"link_name":"WGN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN-TV"},{"link_name":"Lane Tech High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Technical_College_Prep_High_School"},{"link_name":"Chess Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Records"},{"link_name":"Kind of a Drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_of_a_Drag"},{"link_name":"Jim Holvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Holvay"},{"link_name":"The Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mob_(Chicago_band)"},{"link_name":"Kind of a Drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_of_a_Drag"}],"text":"Musical artistCarl Bonafede was born in the Little Italy Chicago community on October 16, 1940. He appeared as a young boy on local television on Morris B. Sach's Amateur Hour singing and playing the accordion. He appeared on an interview show, Ernie Simon's Curbstone Cut-up. He sang his hit record \"Were Wolf\" on disc-jockey Jim Lounsbury's TV show in Chicago. He went on to promote local bands with his weekly dances at local ballrooms including the Aragon Ballroom, Madura's Danceland and The Holiday Ballroom with owner and collaborator Dan Belloc of big band fame (Billy May Orchestra). He recorded and produced over 200 records with various recording artists. He fronted a local group, The Gem-tones, whose saxophone player, Harry Manfredini, became a movie musical score arranger for the \"Friday the 13th\" movies. He then turned to managing and promoting local teen bands (garage-bands in the early 60s). His most famous clients were The Buckinghams and the all-girl group The Daughters of Eve. He also managed Thee Prophets, from Wisconsin and Mickey & Larry and the Exciters from Boston. He managed The Delights, in Chicago.[3] He worked for the Willard Alexander Booking Agency with agent Herb Gronauer, who now promotes celebrities in Palm Springs, California. He also worked for the CASK Attractions agency.As a young band manager Bonafede promoted many young teens in a new phenomenon – the garage band. One of these groups included The Fabulous Centuries. The Centuries consisted of Nick Fortuna, Curtis Bachman, Carl Giammarese and Jerry Elarde. Carl Bonafede first crossed paths with Phil Orsi in 1964 when Phil was fronting Phil Orsi and the Little Kings at the Vogue Ballroom in Chicago.[4] Another group with great vocal harmonies was known as The Pulsations. John Poulos, Dennis Miccolis, George LeGros and Dennis Tufano were members of The Pulsations. These two groups merged to form The Buckinghams. One day, Sheldon Cooper, an executive at WGN-TV, witnessed a promotion of Carl's outside Lane Tech High School across the street from WGN-TV's studios. Carl's discussion with Cooper led to The Pulsations entering and winning a competition to appear for 13 weeks on The All-Time Hits, Chicago's first locally produced TV program broadcast in color, featuring a variety of musical guests. By the end of the 13-week run, the Pulsations/Fabulous Centuries became The Buckinghams. He was on hand at the Chess Records studios in Chicago, Illinois to record \"Kind of a Drag\" with the Buckinghams co-producer 'Dan Belloc and arranger Frank Tesinsky. Jim Holvay of the local Chicago group The Mob was the composer of \"Kind of a Drag\".","title":"Carl Bonafede"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As of 2017, Carl Bonafede aka \"The Screaming Wildman\" (a nickname given to him by a priest who witnessed Carl running a local parish teenage dance) still lives and works in Chicago in the Lincoln Park area, close to the lakefront.[5]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stand by Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(Ben_E._King_song)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Help Me Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Me_Girl"},{"link_name":"Eric Burdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Burdon"},{"link_name":"The Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals"},{"link_name":"The Shangri-Las","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shangri-Las"},{"link_name":"She Cried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Cried"},{"link_name":"Jay and the Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_and_the_Americans"},{"link_name":"Ron Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Malo"},{"link_name":"Ral Donner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ral_Donner"},{"link_name":"A Thousand Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thousand_Stars"},{"link_name":"Kathy Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Young"},{"link_name":"The Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Innocents_(US_band)"}],"sub_title":"The Daughters of Eve","text":"USA 1779, 1966.\"Hey Lover\"\nOriginally a modest hit for Debbie Dovale in 1963.\n\"Stand by Me\"\nProduced by Carl Bonafede and Ron Malo.USA 891, 1967.\"Symphony of My Soul\"\nPenned by Chicago songwriter James Butler (with a little help from Tchaikovsky).[clarification needed]\n\"Help Me Boy\"\nAs \"Help Me Girl\", a hit for Eric Burdon and The Animals earlier in 1967.\nProduced by Carl Bonafede and James Butler.Spectra Sound 920, 1967.\"Don't Waste My Time\"\nWritten by John Serafini.\n\"He Cried\"\nAs popularised by The Shangri-Las, and previously a hit, as \"She Cried\", for Jay and the Americans in 1962.\nProduced by Carl Bonafede, engineered by Ron Malo.Cadet 5600, 1968.\"Social Tragedy\"\nWritten by James Butler, and subsequently recorded, as \"Don't Let It Slip Away\", by Ral Donner.\n\"A Thousand Stars\"\nIntroduced by The Rivileers in 1954, but popularised by Kathy Young and The Innocents in 1960.\nProduced by Carl Bonafede, engineered by Gary Knipper and Ed Cody.","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bonafede, Carl (22 October 2016). Screaming Wildman: Carl Bonafede, Joel Bierig: 9781539420965: Amazon.com: Books. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1539420965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1539420965","url_text":"978-1539420965"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography for The Buckinghams\". The Buckinghams. Retrieved November 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebuckinghams.com/bio_band.html","url_text":"\"Biography for The Buckinghams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Close Encounters of the Pop Culture Kind\". Confessions of a Pop Culture Addict. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021133808/http://www.popcultureaddict.com/close/norbert.htm","url_text":"\"Close Encounters of the Pop Culture Kind\""},{"url":"http://www.popcultureaddict.com/close/norbert.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Bonafede\". Retrieved November 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://carlbonafede.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Carl Bonafede\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thebuckinghams.com/bio_band.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography for The Buckinghams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021133808/http://www.popcultureaddict.com/close/norbert.htm","external_links_name":"\"Close Encounters of the Pop Culture Kind\""},{"Link":"http://www.popcultureaddict.com/close/norbert.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://carlbonafede.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Carl Bonafede\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebuckinghams.com/","external_links_name":"The Buckinghams official web site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100526043957/http://www.spectropop.com/DaughtersOfEve/index.htm","external_links_name":"The story of The Daughters of Eve by Debi Pomeroy and Mick Patrick"},{"Link":"http://thescreamingwildman.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"The Screaming Wildman Blogspot"},{"Link":"http://carlbonafede.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Carl Bonafede Blogspot"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100112114111/http://www.carlbonafede.com/","external_links_name":"Carl Bonafede Official Web site"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/816582-Carl-Bonafede?filter_anv=1&anv=C.+Bonafede","external_links_name":"Discogs.com"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a00b0594-c779-4fe4-bb00-083ea1c7ffba","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon_(Rubicon_album)	Rubicon (Rubicon album)	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Production","4 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rubicon" Rubicon album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1978 studio album by RubiconRubiconStudio album by RubiconReleased1978Recorded1977–1978GenreFunk rockLabel20th Century FoxProducerRichard PodolorRubicon chronology Rubicon(1978) America Dreams(1979) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicNot rated link Rubicon is the eponymous debut album from the late-1970s funk rock band Rubicon (formed by Jerry Martini from Sly & the Family Stone and featuring future Night Ranger members Jack Blades on bass and Brad Gillis on guitars). Released on 20th Century Fox in 1978, it featured the band's one and only hit single (leading them to be categorized as a one-hit wonder), the Max Haskett-penned "I'm Gonna Take Care of Everything" (highest Billboard peak: 28 in 1978). In 2009, it was reissued as part of a combo pack with their next (and final) album, America Dreams by Renaissance Records. Track listing All songs arranged by Rubicon & published by Fox Fanfare Music, Inc./Nocibur Music-BMI. "And the Moon's Out Tonight" (Gerald Martini) 3:28 "Far Away" (Max Haskett) 4:59 "Closely" (Dennis Marcellino) 5:30 "Vanilla Gorilla" (Martini, Haskett) 5:06 "I'm Gonna Take Care of Everything" (Haskett) 3:38 "I Want to Love You" (Jack Blades) 3:11 "Cheatin'" (Gregory Eckler, James Pugh) 3:46 "It's All for the Show" (Eckler) 3:50 "That's the Way Things Are" (Martini, Lynn Medeiros) 5:41 Personnel Max Haskett - lead vocals, trumpet Dennis Marcellino - saxophone, lead vocal, acoustic guitar Jerry Martini - saxophone Brad Gillis - lead, rhythm guitar Jim Pugh - keyboards Jack Blades - bass Gregory Eckler - drums, percussion, lead vocals Production Produced by Richard Polodor Recorded, engineered & mixed by Bill Cooper External links "Rubicon/American (sic) Dreams" at allmusic Retrieved September 24, 2010. "Rubicon" at discogs Retrieved September 24, 2010.	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Released on 20th Century Fox in 1978, it featured the band's one and only hit single (leading them to be categorized as a one-hit wonder), the Max Haskett-penned \"I'm Gonna Take Care of Everything\" (highest Billboard peak: 28 in 1978).In 2009, it was reissued as part of a combo pack with their next (and final) album, America Dreams by Renaissance Records.","title":"Rubicon (Rubicon album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated"}],"text":"All songs arranged by Rubicon & published by Fox Fanfare Music, Inc./Nocibur Music-BMI.\"And the Moon's Out Tonight\" (Gerald Martini) 3:28\n\"Far Away\" (Max Haskett) 4:59\n\"Closely\" (Dennis Marcellino) 5:30\n\"Vanilla Gorilla\" (Martini, Haskett) 5:06\n\"I'm Gonna Take Care of Everything\" (Haskett) 3:38\n\"I Want to Love You\" (Jack Blades) 3:11\n\"Cheatin'\" (Gregory Eckler, James Pugh) 3:46\n\"It's All for the Show\" (Eckler) 3:50\n\"That's the Way Things Are\" (Martini, Lynn Medeiros) 5:41","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Marcellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Marcellino"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"Jerry Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Martini"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"}],"text":"Max Haskett - lead vocals, trumpet\nDennis Marcellino - saxophone, lead vocal, acoustic guitar\nJerry Martini - saxophone\nBrad Gillis - lead, rhythm guitar\nJim Pugh - keyboards\nJack Blades - bass\nGregory Eckler - drums, percussion, lead vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Produced by Richard Polodor\nRecorded, engineered & mixed by Bill Cooper","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rubicon%22+Rubicon+album","external_links_name":"\"Rubicon\" Rubicon album"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rubicon%22+Rubicon+album+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rubicon%22+Rubicon+album&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rubicon%22+Rubicon+album+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rubicon%22+Rubicon+album","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rubicon%22+Rubicon+album&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1621123","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1621123","external_links_name":"\"Rubicon/American (sic) Dreams\" at allmusic"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Rubicon-Rubicon/release/996484","external_links_name":"\"Rubicon\" at discogs"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_horse	Groninger	["1 History","1.1 Foundation","1.2 Decline","1.3 Preservation","2 Characteristics","3 Uses","4 Medical issues","5 References","6 External links"]	Dutch horse breed For the surname, see Groninger (surname). Groninger1898 lithographOther namesGroningenGroningse paardCountry of originThe NetherlandsTraitsDistinguishing featuresCalm, substantial farm and carriage horse with a plain head, powerful, high-set neck, and level topline.Breed standardsHet Groninger Paard (1982-)Equus ferus caballus The Groninger or Groningen is a Dutch horse breed developed for light draft and agricultural work. It is closely related to heavy warmblood breeds like the East Friesian and Alt-Oldenburger. The breed was nearly lost in the mid-20th century because a significant number of mares were used for crossbreeding to create the Dutch Warmblood, leaving few purebreds. History Foundation The Groninger shares much of its initial foundation with the Friesian, East Friesian and Alt-Oldenburger, and Holsteiner: small native farm horses and medieval destriers were influenced by popular Spanish, Neapolitan, and Arabian horses in the 17th and 18th centuries. Horses like England's Cleveland Bay were also utilized, producing a horse that was tall by the standards of the day, as well as reasonably elegant with deep, wide haunches and a thick, high-set neck. Although selection procedures had been in use for many years, the first Dutch horse registries weren't founded until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The North-Netherlands Warmblood Horse Studbook, or NWP, regulated horse breeding in Groningen, Friesland, and Drenthe, while the NSTg did the same for the southern regions, including Gelderland. The goals of the registries were characterized by distinct differences in the soil composition: Groningen had heavy, wet, clay soil and needed a particularly stout horse to till it, while the soil in Gelderland was sandier. Nevertheless, both studbooks aimed to produce a horse that could perform farm work, retaining as much elegance as possible to make them attractive carriage horses. This goal echoed that of neighboring East Frisia and Oldenburg, regions with which breeding stock were freely exchanged. The NWP also utilized Holsteiners, which were rumored to have been influenced by the horses of Dutch immigrants. In reality, all parts of the region known as Frisia have ties beyond the similarity of their soil and weather. The result of these exchanges was that at the turn of the century, the Groninger, East Friesian, Oldenburger, and Holsteiner were calm, substantial farm and carriage horses with primarily dark coats. Inspection of stallions, 1920 In the 1920s and 30's, horses were bred to be rather heavier, fulfilling the roles of tractor horse and artillery horse, though the lighter Karossier type was still present in all populations. Decline Following the wars, the breeding of heavy agricultural horses collapsed, and the breeders had to adapt. In 1964, the southern studbook opened a "Sportregister" with the aim of producing riding horses, and in 1969 the NWP and southern studbook merged to form the KWPN, the Royal Warmblood Horse Studbook of the Netherlands. There was a studbook for riding horses, a studbook for driving horses, and a studbook for Gelderlanders. All of the Groninger stallions lost their breeding approval, and mare owners were encouraged to breed them to foreign stallions. The breed was sure to disappear. Preservation In 1978, the last remaining NWP Groninger stallion, Baldewijn, was saved from the butcher. A small group of interested breeders pooled their genetic resources – 20 mares and Baldewijn – and in 1982 formed a private association. In 1985 this association, called simply "The Groningen Horse", was recognized by Royal Decree and by the European Union 10 years later. Alt-Oldenburg/East Friesian, Silesian, East-German, and Holsteiner horses of the appropriate type were used to re-establish the Groninger, as well as one Cleveland Bay stallion. Today there are 25 approved stallions and over 400 mares. A foal, showing characteristic traits including powerful build, lively gaits and a discretely-marked, dark coat. Characteristics The breed standard calls for a correct horse; heavy, with the legs about half the horse's height, and a rectangular frame, with the body from point-of-shoulder to point-of-buttock about 10% greater than the height of the horse at the withers. The topline is level, muscular neck set on fairly high, and the loins and haunches are broad and powerful. The head is workman-like and the hooves large and sound. Ideal height is between 15.3 and 16.1 hands high at the withers. In motion, the walk is diligent with a long stride, the trot is brisk and economical with some action, and the canter is of sufficient quality. The canter was not of great importance to the breeders, who did not have need for a heavy galloping horse, and so this gait is not as strong or expressive as the trot. The horses are known for their even temperaments, though they are seldom spiritless. They are described as "sober" with a tremendous work ethic. Dark colors predominate: almost 90% are black or some shade of bay. A small percentage are chestnut or grey, and there are strains known for the sabino or tobiano pattern though minimally-marked horses are favored. Photographs and records show that silver dapple coloring was present as well, though it is not known if any examples of this color have survived to modern day. The Groninger is typically shown in a white bridle without a cavesson, traditionally braided with contrasting white and green ribbons. Fillies are named as the breeder desires, while colts are named patrilineally (e.g. Batavier by Bazalt). Uses The Groninger is, above all "a family horse". Their calm nature and low-maintenance constitutions make them ideal horses for leisure. They are quick to mature, sound, long-lived and easy keepers, and do not need to be worked every day to be enjoyed. Some, including approved stallions, compete in dressage at the Dutch national Z-level (about USDF 4th level) or higher, and some compete in show jumping above 4 feet as well, though this is less common. They have found their modern niche as combined driving horses, a sport in which many, including the stallion Meinhold, compete internationally. Medical issues The greatest concern for the breed is inbreeding. As in other warmblood registries, stallions must undergo a veterinary examination before they are allowed to breed. In consequence, the breed is sound, long-lived, and thrifty. References ^ "Information: Terms and Abbreviations". North American Warmbloed Paardenstamboek Nederlands. Retrieved January 6, 2008. ^ a b c Dr. Guy Vanstraelen (2005-10-17). "History of the Dutch Breed: The Stars Hidden Behind 'Horses of the Dutch'". Sporthorse Breeder. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2008. ^ "Evaluation Horsebreeding KWPN". KWPN Paarden Horses Pferde. Retrieved January 6, 2008. ^ a b c d "Information". The Groningen Horse Association. Retrieved January 5, 2008. ^ den Boer, Henk (June 2006). "De kleuren bij het Groninger paard" (PDF). Het Groninger Paard (in Dutch): 26–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2011-01-13. External links (in Dutch)The Groningen Horse Association dkimages gallery Video, Groninger horses in a driving class Videos (flash, under "K"), modern Groninger in motion	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Groninger (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninger_(surname)"},{"link_name":"heavy warmblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_warmblood"},{"link_name":"East Friesian and Alt-Oldenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfriesen_and_Alt-Oldenburger"},{"link_name":"crossbreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbreeding"},{"link_name":"Dutch Warmblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Warmblood"}],"text":"For the surname, see Groninger (surname).The Groninger or Groningen is a Dutch horse breed developed for light draft and agricultural work. It is closely related to heavy warmblood breeds like the East Friesian and Alt-Oldenburger. The breed was nearly lost in the mid-20th century because a significant number of mares were used for crossbreeding to create the Dutch Warmblood, leaving few purebreds.","title":"Groninger"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesian_horse"},{"link_name":"East Friesian and Alt-Oldenburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfriesen_and_Alt-Oldenburger"},{"link_name":"Holsteiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_(horse)"},{"link_name":"destriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrier"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horse"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_horse"},{"link_name":"Arabian horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Bay"},{"link_name":"selection procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studbook_selection"},{"link_name":"registries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_registry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAWPN-1"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(province)"},{"link_name":"Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland"},{"link_name":"Drenthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drenthe"},{"link_name":"Gelderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelderland"},{"link_name":"till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough"},{"link_name":"carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage"},{"link_name":"East Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(district)"},{"link_name":"Holsteiners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stars-2"},{"link_name":"Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia"},{"link_name":"dark coats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_color"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groningenkeuring.jpg"},{"link_name":"artillery horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_artillery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stars-2"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"The Groninger shares much of its initial foundation with the Friesian, East Friesian and Alt-Oldenburger, and Holsteiner: small native farm horses and medieval destriers were influenced by popular Spanish, Neapolitan, and Arabian horses in the 17th and 18th centuries. Horses like England's Cleveland Bay were also utilized, producing a horse that was tall by the standards of the day, as well as reasonably elegant with deep, wide haunches and a thick, high-set neck.Although selection procedures had been in use for many years, the first Dutch horse registries weren't founded until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The North-Netherlands Warmblood Horse Studbook,[1] or NWP, regulated horse breeding in Groningen, Friesland, and Drenthe, while the NSTg did the same for the southern regions, including Gelderland. The goals of the registries were characterized by distinct differences in the soil composition: Groningen had heavy, wet, clay soil and needed a particularly stout horse to till it, while the soil in Gelderland was sandier.Nevertheless, both studbooks aimed to produce a horse that could perform farm work, retaining as much elegance as possible to make them attractive carriage horses. This goal echoed that of neighboring East Frisia and Oldenburg, regions with which breeding stock were freely exchanged. The NWP also utilized Holsteiners, which were rumored to have been influenced by the horses of Dutch immigrants.[2] In reality, all parts of the region known as Frisia have ties beyond the similarity of their soil and weather.The result of these exchanges was that at the turn of the century, the Groninger, East Friesian, Oldenburger, and Holsteiner were calm, substantial farm and carriage horses with primarily dark coats.Inspection of stallions, 1920In the 1920s and 30's, horses were bred to be rather heavier, fulfilling the roles of tractor horse and artillery horse, though the lighter Karossier type was still present in all populations.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvKWPN-3"},{"link_name":"riding horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_horse"},{"link_name":"riding horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Warmblood"},{"link_name":"driving horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Harness_Horse"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"Following the wars, the breeding of heavy agricultural horses collapsed, and the breeders had to adapt. In 1964, the southern studbook opened a \"Sportregister\"[3] with the aim of producing riding horses, and in 1969 the NWP and southern studbook merged to form the KWPN, the Royal Warmblood Horse Studbook of the Netherlands. There was a studbook for riding horses, a studbook for driving horses, and a studbook for Gelderlanders. All of the Groninger stallions lost their breeding approval, and mare owners were encouraged to breed them to foreign stallions. The breed was sure to disappear.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Association-4"},{"link_name":"genetic resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_resources"},{"link_name":"mares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Alt-Oldenburg/East Friesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostfriesen_and_Alt-Oldenburger"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_horse"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Bay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stars-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santana.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Preservation","text":"In 1978, the last remaining NWP Groninger stallion, Baldewijn, was saved from the butcher.[4] A small group of interested breeders pooled their genetic resources – 20 mares and Baldewijn – and in 1982 formed a private association. In 1985 this association, called simply \"The Groningen Horse\", was recognized by Royal Decree and by the European Union 10 years later.Alt-Oldenburg/East Friesian, Silesian, East-German, and Holsteiner horses of the appropriate type were used to re-establish the Groninger, as well as one Cleveland Bay stallion.[2]\nToday there are 25 approved stallions and over 400 mares.A foal, showing characteristic traits including powerful build, lively gaits and a discretely-marked, dark coat.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"correct horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_conformation"},{"link_name":"withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withers"},{"link_name":"hooves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooves"},{"link_name":"hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(length)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Association-4"},{"link_name":"motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_gait"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Association-4"},{"link_name":"Dark colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_color"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(horse)"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-color-5"},{"link_name":"chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_(coat)"},{"link_name":"grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(horse)"},{"link_name":"sabino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabino_horse"},{"link_name":"tobiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobiano"},{"link_name":"minimally-marked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markings"},{"link_name":"silver dapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_dapple_gene"},{"link_name":"bridle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridle"},{"link_name":"cavesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavesson"},{"link_name":"Fillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillies"}],"text":"The breed standard calls for a correct horse; heavy, with the legs about half the horse's height, and a rectangular frame, with the body from point-of-shoulder to point-of-buttock about 10% greater than the height of the horse at the withers. The topline is level, muscular neck set on fairly high, and the loins and haunches are broad and powerful. The head is workman-like and the hooves large and sound. Ideal height is between 15.3 and 16.1 hands high at the withers.[4]In motion, the walk is diligent with a long stride, the trot is brisk and economical with some action, and the canter is of sufficient quality. The canter was not of great importance to the breeders, who did not have need for a heavy galloping horse, and so this gait is not as strong or expressive as the trot.The horses are known for their even temperaments, though they are seldom spiritless. They are described as \"sober\" with a tremendous work ethic.[4]\nDark colors predominate: almost 90% are black or some shade of bay.[5] A small percentage are chestnut or grey, and there are strains known for the sabino or tobiano pattern though minimally-marked horses are favored. Photographs and records show that silver dapple coloring was present as well, though it is not known if any examples of this color have survived to modern day.The Groninger is typically shown in a white bridle without a cavesson, traditionally braided with contrasting white and green ribbons. Fillies are named as the breeder desires, while colts are named patrilineally (e.g. Batavier by Bazalt).","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Association-4"},{"link_name":"approved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studbook_inspection"},{"link_name":"stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallions"},{"link_name":"dressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage"},{"link_name":"show jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_jumping"},{"link_name":"combined driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_driving"},{"link_name":"internationally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports"}],"text":"The Groninger is, above all \"a family horse\".[4] Their calm nature and low-maintenance constitutions make them ideal horses for leisure. They are quick to mature, sound, long-lived and easy keepers, and do not need to be worked every day to be enjoyed.Some, including approved stallions, compete in dressage at the Dutch national Z-level (about USDF 4th level) or higher, and some compete in show jumping above 4 feet as well, though this is less common.\nThey have found their modern niche as combined driving horses, a sport in which many, including the stallion Meinhold, compete internationally.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inbreeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding"}],"text":"The greatest concern for the breed is inbreeding. As in other warmblood registries, stallions must undergo a veterinary examination before they are allowed to breed. In consequence, the breed is sound, long-lived, and thrifty.","title":"Medical issues"}]	[{"image_text":"Inspection of stallions, 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Groningenkeuring.jpg/220px-Groningenkeuring.jpg"},{"image_text":"A foal, showing characteristic traits including powerful build, lively gaits and a discretely-marked, dark coat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Santana.JPG/220px-Santana.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Information: Terms and Abbreviations\". North American Warmbloed Paardenstamboek Nederlands. Retrieved January 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nawpn.org/","url_text":"\"Information: Terms and Abbreviations\""}]},{"reference":"Dr. Guy Vanstraelen (2005-10-17). \"History of the Dutch Breed: The Stars Hidden Behind 'Horses of the Dutch'\". Sporthorse Breeder. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011223221/http://www.sporthorse-breeder.com/cgi-bin/csArticles/articles/000007/000768.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Dutch Breed: The Stars Hidden Behind 'Horses of the Dutch'\""},{"url":"http://www.sporthorse-breeder.com/cgi-bin/csArticles/articles/000007/000768.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evaluation Horsebreeding KWPN\". KWPN Paarden Horses Pferde. Retrieved January 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.iae.nl/users/lijssel/english/evalkwpn.htm","url_text":"\"Evaluation Horsebreeding KWPN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Information\". The Groningen Horse Association. Retrieved January 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hetgroningerpaard.nl/","url_text":"\"Information\""}]},{"reference":"den Boer, Henk (June 2006). \"De kleuren bij het Groninger paard\" (PDF). Het Groninger Paard (in Dutch): 26–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-08. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_Island	Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands	["1 History","2 Former islands","2.1 Wanzai","2.2 Small Hengqin","2.3 Great Hengqin","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 22°06′N 113°31′E / 22.100°N 113.517°E / 22.100; 113.517This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in ChinaWanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands 灣仔、小橫琴島和大橫琴島Wānzăi、Xiăohéngqín Dǎo Hé Dàhéngqín DǎoLapa, Dom João e MontanhaCoordinates: 22°06′N 113°31′E / 22.100°N 113.517°E / 22.100; 113.517RegionZhuhai / Macau (leased lands)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard / Macau Standard)Postal code519031 Current map of the Macau Special Administrative Region. To the west are the island of Hengqin and the peninsula of Wanzai. Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin (Portuguese names: Lapa, Dom João and Montanha) are three islands located to the west of the Macau Peninsula and the Macau islands of Taipa and Coloane that were under Portuguese influence. They were inhabited by a very small Chinese population in its early history. Two of them have since been combined via land reclamation to form the current Hengqin island. The water channels between Small Hengqin, Great Hengqin, Taipa, and Coloane used to be known as Shizimen Channel (literally "cross gate") in Chinese, due to the plus sign-shaped arrangement of water channels between the four islands. A number of maritime battle occurred over the area in the past, but the water channel now disappeared due to land reclamation connecting Small Hengqin with Great Hengqin and connecting Taipa with Coloane. However the name "Shizimen" is still retained as a district name on the merged Hengqin island. History In some historical registers, the Portuguese presence on the islands dates back to the end of the 17th century when a group of missionaries established themselves on this island. According to historical records, the Portuguese presence on the island of Lapa dates back to 1645, when a mandarin from Canton (Guangzhou) authorised the burial of the Jesuit priest João Rodrigues in recognition of his service. Augustinian and Dominican missionaries also settled on this island, which appears in some ancient maps under the name of Patera Island, whose etymology is "Island of the priests" (D. João was called "Macarira", as seen in the 1912 map above). The exact date of abandonment of these facilities is not clear, but they were mentioned in a letter addressed to the government of Goa, dated 1764. During the 19th century, Portuguese missionaries also began to populate and evangelise the other two islands. The Macau government also began to collect taxes from the populations of these three islands in exchange for protection as these islands were not protected by Chinese soldiers. The Portuguese built a leper colony on the island of Dom João and some schools to educate the few Chinese residents on the islands. Followed by the Japanese invasion of China in 1938, the Portuguese officially occupied these three islands, with an excuse to better protect Portuguese missionaries residing there. In 1941, the Japanese Army threatened the Portuguese troops to force abandonment of these sparsely populated islands. Consequently, these islands were occupied by Japan. At the end of World War II, China was able to reoccupy the three islands. Today, they are an incorporation of the Special Economic Zone of Zhuhai in Guangdong. The islands of Dom João and Montanha are now connected by an embankment that joins the two islands. This island was given the Chinese name, Hengqin. The Lotus Bridge makes the connection between Hengqin of Guangdong province and Cotai of Macau Special Administrative Region. The island of Lapa, established from land reclamation became a peninsula connected to the "mainland". There are proposals to develop sparsely populated Hengqin into a tourist area with many hotels and luxury resorts. Hengqin has recently begun to experience major development with new residential areas. Macau, due to lack of land, expressed their desire to annex the island of Hengqin to the Chinese Central Government, which was subsequently denied by Beijing. However, on September 1, 2005, the Central Government allowed entrepreneurs from Macau and Hong Kong to be exempt from the payment of some taxes and fees. The CPG also allowed greater flexibility in controlling migration to the island to promote investment. Former islands Wanzai Wanzai (traditional Chinese: 灣仔; simplified Chinese: 湾仔; Jyutping: waan1 zai2; pinyin: Wān Zǎi) was an island in the Xiangzhou District of the city of Zhuhai in Guangdong, China. It is adjacent to the Macau Peninsula of Macau. The Portuguese called the island Lapa . Wanzai area in the east side of Ilha de Lapa was under Portuguese control from 1849 to 1887. It was located across the "Inner Harbour" (Qianshan Waterway) from Macau. In a 1700 map, the island has a defensive battery and manufacturing facility. Small Hengqin Small Hengqin (小橫琴島; 小横琴岛; siu2 waang4 kam4 dou2; Xiǎo Héngqín Dǎo) was a Chinese island adjacent to Taipa of Macau that has since and has become the northern part of Hengqin in Zhuhai, Guangdong. After land reclamation, only a swampy creek called "Central Creek(中心溝)" separates Small Hengqin from Great Hengqin. The Portuguese called it Dom João . Great Hengqin Great Hengqin (大橫琴島; 大横琴岛; daai6 waang4 kam4 dou2; Dà Héngqín Dǎo) was a Chinese island adjacent to Coloane of Macau that has since has become the southern part of the combined Hengqin island. The Portuguese called it Montanha. See also Macau History of Macau Hengqin Portuguese Empire References ^ Ljungstedt, Anders (1836). An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China; and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China. Boston: James Munroe & Co. pp. 135–144 – via Biblioteca Nacional Digital. ^ Lee, Richard (2020-11-24). "The Legendary Interpreter". Macao Magazine. Retrieved 2022-04-13. ^ "China Builds New Global Tourist Magnet on Hengqin Island". Daily Sabah. Reuters. 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2019-06-16. ^ "Macao in 1700's". history-map.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2011-04-15. vteParishes of MacauParishesMacau Peninsula Santo António São Lázaro São Lourenço Sé Nossa Senhora de Fátima Islands District Nossa Senhora do Carmo São Francisco Xavier Other zones Zona do Aterro de Cotai Macau New Urban Zone University of Macau Ilha de Montanha Defunct subdivisions Municipality of Macau Municipality of das Ilhas Defunct territories Lapa, Dom João, and Montanha Note: The civil parishes are purely symbolic. There are currently no political administrative subdivisions in Macau, and instead, the Municipal Affairs Bureau handles some of the functions formerly handled by the abolished municipalities, the former had replaced the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau that was formed in 2002. vteZhuhai TopicsDistricts Xinhui Doumen Jinwan Gaoxin Hengqin Wanshan Archipelago Gaolan Port Economic Zone Zhuhai Free Trade Zone Economy Gree Electric Huafa Industrial Share Co. Meizu China Resource Bank Company Kingsoft Zhuhai City Bus Company Zhuhai Aviation Company Zhuhai Airport Management Company Special Economic Zone Hi-Tech Industrial Zone Colleges and Universities Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai Campus Jinan University Zhuhai Campus Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus UIC BITZH ZCST Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology Zhuhai Campus ZAC ZCP ZHGPT Geography List of Islands in Zhuhai Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands Guangdong Province Transport Port of Zhuhai Trams in Zhuhai Guangzhou–Zhuhai Intercity Railway Zhuhai Jinwan Airport Hengqin Port Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Culture Chimelong International Ocean Tourist Resort China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition Beishan Music Festiva Zhuhai Television vte China – Macau border crossings China Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Port Fuyong Port Gongbei Port Hengqin Port Humen Port Zhuhai-Macau Cross Border Industrial Zone Port Jiuzhou Port Posto Fronteiriço de Qingmao Shekou Port Wanzai Port Macau Border Gate Checkpoint Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Checkpoint Coloane Pier Checkpoint Cotai Checkpoint Zhuhai-Macau Cross-border Industrial Zone Checkpoint Inner Harbour Checkpoint Outer Harbour Checkpoint Edifício Posto Fronteiriço de Macau do Posto Fronteiriço Qingmao Taipa Ferry Terminal Checkpoint See also: Portas do Cerco Ponte Flor de Lótus	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macau-CIA_WFB_Map.png"},{"link_name":"Macau Special Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Special_Administrative_Region"},{"link_name":"Hengqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin"},{"link_name":"Macau Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Taipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipa"},{"link_name":"Coloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloane"},{"link_name":"land reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation"},{"link_name":"Hengqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin"}],"text":"Place in ChinaCurrent map of the Macau Special Administrative Region. To the west are the island of Hengqin and the peninsula of Wanzai.Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin (Portuguese names: Lapa, Dom João and Montanha) are three islands located to the west of the Macau Peninsula and the Macau islands of Taipa and Coloane that were under Portuguese influence. They were inhabited by a very small Chinese population in its early history.Two of them have since been combined via land reclamation to form the current Hengqin island.The water channels between Small Hengqin, Great Hengqin, Taipa, and Coloane used to be known as Shizimen Channel (literally \"cross gate\") in Chinese, due to the plus sign-shaped arrangement of water channels between the four islands. A number of maritime battle occurred over the area in the past, but the water channel now disappeared due to land reclamation connecting Small Hengqin with Great Hengqin and connecting Taipa with Coloane. However the name \"Shizimen\" is still retained as a district name on the merged Hengqin island.","title":"Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)"},{"link_name":"João Rodrigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_T%C3%A7uzu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"evangelise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelise"},{"link_name":"leper colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper_colony"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Zhuhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuhai"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Hengqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin"},{"link_name":"Lotus Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3tus_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Cotai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotai"},{"link_name":"land reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In some historical registers,[which?] the Portuguese presence on the islands dates back to the end of the 17th century when a group of missionaries established themselves on this island.[which?]According to historical records, the Portuguese presence on the island of Lapa dates back to 1645, when a mandarin from Canton (Guangzhou) authorised the burial of the Jesuit priest João Rodrigues in recognition of his service. Augustinian and Dominican missionaries also settled on this island, which appears in some ancient maps under the name of Patera Island, whose etymology is \"Island of the priests\" (D. João was called \"Macarira\", as seen in the 1912 map above). The exact date of abandonment of these facilities is not clear, but they were mentioned in a letter addressed to the government of Goa, dated 1764.[1][2]During the 19th century, Portuguese missionaries also began to populate and evangelise the other two islands. The Macau government also began to collect taxes from the populations of these three islands in exchange for protection as these islands were not protected by Chinese soldiers. The Portuguese built a leper colony on the island of Dom João and some schools to educate the few Chinese residents on the islands.Followed by the Japanese invasion of China in 1938, the Portuguese officially occupied these three islands, with an excuse to better protect Portuguese missionaries residing there. In 1941, the Japanese Army threatened the Portuguese troops to force abandonment of these sparsely populated islands. Consequently, these islands were occupied by Japan. At the end of World War II, China was able to reoccupy the three islands.Today, they are an incorporation of the Special Economic Zone of Zhuhai in Guangdong. The islands of Dom João and Montanha are now connected by an embankment that joins the two islands. This island was given the Chinese name, Hengqin. The Lotus Bridge makes the connection between Hengqin of Guangdong province and Cotai of Macau Special Administrative Region. The island of Lapa, established from land reclamation became a peninsula connected to the \"mainland\".There are proposals to develop sparsely populated Hengqin into a tourist area with many hotels and luxury resorts. Hengqin has recently begun to experience major development with new residential areas.Macau, due to lack of land, expressed their desire to annex the island of Hengqin to the Chinese Central Government, which was subsequently denied by Beijing. However, on September 1, 2005, the Central Government allowed entrepreneurs from Macau and Hong Kong to be exempt from the payment of some taxes and fees. The CPG also allowed greater flexibility in controlling migration to the island to promote investment.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Macau Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Wanzai","text":"Wanzai (traditional Chinese: 灣仔; simplified Chinese: 湾仔; Jyutping: waan1 zai2; pinyin: Wān Zǎi) was an island in the Xiangzhou District of the city of Zhuhai in Guangdong, China. It is adjacent to the Macau Peninsula of Macau. The Portuguese called the island Lapa .Wanzai area in the east side of Ilha de Lapa was under Portuguese control from 1849 to 1887. It was located across the \"Inner Harbour\" (Qianshan Waterway) from Macau. In a 1700 map, the island has a defensive battery and manufacturing facility.[4]","title":"Former islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipa"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Hengqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin"},{"link_name":"Zhuhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuhai"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"}],"sub_title":"Small Hengqin","text":"Small Hengqin (小橫琴島; 小横琴岛; siu2 waang4 kam4 dou2; Xiǎo Héngqín Dǎo) was a Chinese island adjacent to Taipa of Macau that has since and has become the northern part of Hengqin in Zhuhai, Guangdong. After land reclamation, only a swampy creek called \"Central Creek(中心溝)\" separates Small Hengqin from Great Hengqin.The Portuguese called it Dom João .","title":"Former islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloane"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Hengqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin"}],"sub_title":"Great Hengqin","text":"Great Hengqin (大橫琴島; 大横琴岛; daai6 waang4 kam4 dou2; Dà Héngqín Dǎo) was a Chinese island adjacent to Coloane of Macau that has since has become the southern part of the combined Hengqin island.The Portuguese called it Montanha.","title":"Former islands"}]	[{"image_text":"Current map of the Macau Special Administrative Region. To the west are the island of Hengqin and the peninsula of Wanzai.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Macau-CIA_WFB_Map.png/250px-Macau-CIA_WFB_Map.png"}]	[{"title":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"title":"History of Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Macau"},{"title":"Hengqin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin"},{"title":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"}]	[{"reference":"Ljungstedt, Anders (1836). An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China; and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China. Boston: James Munroe & Co. pp. 135–144 – via Biblioteca Nacional Digital.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Ljungstedt","url_text":"Ljungstedt, Anders"},{"url":"https://purl.pt/17116","url_text":"An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China; and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Richard (2020-11-24). \"The Legendary Interpreter\". Macao Magazine. Retrieved 2022-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://macaomagazine.net/the-legendary-interpreter/","url_text":"\"The Legendary Interpreter\""}]},{"reference":"\"China Builds New Global Tourist Magnet on Hengqin Island\". Daily Sabah. Reuters. 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2019-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2017/09/18/china-builds-new-global-tourist-magnet-on-hengqin-island","url_text":"\"China Builds New Global Tourist Magnet on Hengqin Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macao in 1700's\". history-map.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2011-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122122407/http://www.history-map.com/picture/002/Macao-1700s-in.htm","url_text":"\"Macao in 1700's\""},{"url":"http://www.history-map.com/picture/002/Macao-1700s-in.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wanzai,_Small_Hengqin_and_Great_Hengqin_islands&params=22_06_N_113_31_E_region:CN_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"22°06′N 113°31′E / 22.100°N 113.517°E / 22.100; 113.517"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wanzai%2C+Small+Hengqin+and+Great+Hengqin+islands%22","external_links_name":"\"Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wanzai%2C+Small+Hengqin+and+Great+Hengqin+islands%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wanzai%2C+Small+Hengqin+and+Great+Hengqin+islands%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wanzai%2C+Small+Hengqin+and+Great+Hengqin+islands%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wanzai%2C+Small+Hengqin+and+Great+Hengqin+islands%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wanzai%2C+Small+Hengqin+and+Great+Hengqin+islands%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wanzai,_Small_Hengqin_and_Great_Hengqin_islands&params=22_06_N_113_31_E_region:CN_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"22°06′N 113°31′E / 22.100°N 113.517°E / 22.100; 113.517"},{"Link":"https://purl.pt/17116","external_links_name":"An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China; and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China"},{"Link":"https://macaomagazine.net/the-legendary-interpreter/","external_links_name":"\"The Legendary Interpreter\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2017/09/18/china-builds-new-global-tourist-magnet-on-hengqin-island","external_links_name":"\"China Builds New Global Tourist Magnet on Hengqin Island\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122122407/http://www.history-map.com/picture/002/Macao-1700s-in.htm","external_links_name":"\"Macao in 1700's\""},{"Link":"http://www.history-map.com/picture/002/Macao-1700s-in.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fothergill_(innkeeper)	John Fothergill (innkeeper)	["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References"]	John Fothergill in the 1920s John Rowland Fothergill (1876–1957) was an English innkeeper and entrepreneur, described as a "pioneer amateur innkeeper" in Who's Who. Biography John Rowland Fothergill was born in Kent in 1876, his family originating from Westmorland and Caerleon. He studied at St John's College, Oxford, the Slade School of Fine Art and the London School of Architecture. His contemporaries at the Slade included Augustus John and William Rothenstein. In 1898, Fothergill and Rothenstein opened the Carfax Gallery on 24 Bury Street, St James's with managerial assistance from Arthur Clifton and Robert Sickert (brother of Walter Sickert) and financial support from Edward Perry Warren. The gallery became Walter Sickert's chief dealer in England. William Bruce Ellis Ranken held his first exhibition at the gallery. Fothergill subsequently became one of Warren's biographers. Lewes House, 2017 Fothergill bought a large Tudor oak table for £25 that was installed in the dining room at Warren's home, Lewes House. Upon Warren's death, it sold for £2,100 (£159,819 in 2023). Fothergill was left £20,000 (£1,522,086 in 2023) by Warren. His book, Confessions of an Innkeeper was dedicated to Warren's partner and main beneficiary. The Spread Eagle Hotel, managed by Fothergill in the 1920s In 1922, Fothergill bought the Spread Eagle Hotel in Thame and turned it into a success through the decade before it closed in 1931. The pub was regularly visited by Evelyn Waugh and associates, and is mentioned in Brideshead Revisited. Waugh gave Fothergill a copy of his first novel, Decline and Fall, in which he wrote, "John Fothergill, Oxford's only civilizing influence." Fothergill hid the copy in the inn's toilet to avoid theft. Harold Acton also visited the inn and namechecked Fothergill in his memoirs, Memoirs of an Aesthete. Fothergill praised Acton's novel, Humdrum, saying that it "might have been written by the young Wilde." Fothergill's book, My Three Inns recommends Acton's autobiography at the end. Under Fothergill's and his wife Kate's management, the Spread Eagle because a destination restaurant, attracting patrons from Oxford, London, and beyond, unusual in England in the 1920s and 1930s. Following the Spread Eagle, Fothergill managed the Royal Ascot Hotel and the Three Swans at Market Harborough. He gravitated around the Bright Young Things group, in the meaning that this crowd attended the venues managed by Fothergill. He was praised for his cooking and innkeeping skills that helped to improve overall dining standards in Britain. Although written during World War Two and the height of rationing, John Fothergill's Cookery Book (1943) is a treasure trove of creative recipes grounded in his understanding and appreciation of English culinary heritage. Two highly regarded desserts at Fothergill's establishments were the Mavrodaphne Trifle and the Thame Tart. Of the Mavrodaphne Trifle, Fothergill wrote, "When I first started innkeeping, thinking round for all the good things I'd had abroad, I sent for a load of Mavrodaphne wine that was so delicious in Greece because, I suppose, the only other wine, Rezinata, tasted of violin strings. . . . Split a sponge sandwich into three. Spread each slice with raspberry jam, custard and Mavrodaphne. Cover with whipped cream." The Thame Tart's headnote read, "Neither I nor Thame nor the late Lady Jekyll (in her delightful Kitchen Essays) invented this tart, but since tens of thousands of people have eaten it with me as 'Thame Tart', it would seem to have earned the title." The recipe involved spreading a short-crust pastry with raspberry jam, a layer of lemon curd, and a topping of whipped cream. Fothergill, in his 1931 An Innkeeper's Diary, credited his wife, Kate, with making the trifle on a regular basis and one summer making up nine hundred pounds of jam. Fothergill was a close friend of Robbie Ross and Reginald Turner, and met Oscar Wilde aged 19. Wilde grew fond of him, and presented Fothergill with an inscribed copy of The Ballad of Reading Gaol, following Wilde's release from prison in 1897. Publications The Fothergill Omnibus (1931) An Innkeeper's Diary (1931) Confessions of an Innkeeper (1938) John Fothergill's Cookery Book (1943) My Three Inns (1949) References ^ a b c Burnett, John (2016). England Eats Out: A Social History of Eating Out in England from 1830 to the Present. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 9781317873730. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ Fothergill, John (1931). An Innkeeper's Diary. Faber. ISBN 9780571150144. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ a b c d Green, Martin Burgess (1989). The Mount Vernon Street Warrens : a Boston story, 1860-1910. Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 4 January 2018. ^ a b c Baron, Wendy; Sickert, Walter (2006). Sickert: Paintings and Drawings. Yale University Press. p. 136. ISBN 0300111290. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ Sox, David (1991). Bachelors of art: Edward Perry Warren & the Lewes House brotherhood. Fourth Estate. p. 92. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey (7 November 2013). The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and His Friends. Faber & Faber. Kindle Edition. p. 493. ISBN 9780571309283. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ a b Fothergill, John (1943). John Fothergill's Cookery Book. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Fothergill, John (1931). An Innkeeper's Diary. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Who's Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnett-1"}],"text":"John Rowland Fothergill (1876–1957) was an English innkeeper and entrepreneur, described as a \"pioneer amateur innkeeper\" in Who's Who.[1]","title":"John Fothergill (innkeeper)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westmorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland"},{"link_name":"Caerleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerleon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Slade School of Fine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art"},{"link_name":"London School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnett-1"},{"link_name":"Augustus John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_John"},{"link_name":"William Rothenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rothenstein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pad-4"},{"link_name":"Bury Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Street"},{"link_name":"St James's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s"},{"link_name":"Robert Sickert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sickert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Sickert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sickert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pad-4"},{"link_name":"Edward Perry Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Perry_Warren"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Bruce Ellis Ranken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bruce_Ellis_Ranken"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pad-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewes_House,_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewes House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewes_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Spread_Eagle_Hotel,_Thame_-_geograph.org.uk_-_247563.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnett-1"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Brideshead Revisited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited"},{"link_name":"Decline and Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_Fall"},{"link_name":"Harold Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton"},{"link_name":"Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Ascot_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Market Harborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Harborough"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bright Young Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Young_Things"},{"link_name":"Mavrodaphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavrodafni"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Robbie Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Ross"},{"link_name":"Reginald Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Turner_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-3"}],"text":"John Rowland Fothergill was born in Kent in 1876, his family originating from Westmorland and Caerleon.[2] He studied at St John's College, Oxford, the Slade School of Fine Art and the London School of Architecture.[3][1] His contemporaries at the Slade included Augustus John and William Rothenstein.[4]In 1898, Fothergill and Rothenstein opened the Carfax Gallery on 24 Bury Street, St James's with managerial assistance from Arthur Clifton and Robert Sickert (brother of Walter Sickert)[4] and financial support from Edward Perry Warren.[5] The gallery became Walter Sickert's chief dealer in England. William Bruce Ellis Ranken held his first exhibition at the gallery.[4] Fothergill subsequently became one of Warren's biographers.Lewes House, 2017Fothergill bought a large Tudor oak table for £25 that was installed in the dining room at Warren's home, Lewes House. Upon Warren's death, it sold for £2,100 (£159,819 in 2023). Fothergill was left £20,000 (£1,522,086 in 2023) by Warren. His book, Confessions of an Innkeeper was dedicated to Warren's partner and main beneficiary.[3]The Spread Eagle Hotel, managed by Fothergill in the 1920sIn 1922, Fothergill bought the Spread Eagle Hotel in Thame and turned it into a success through the decade before it closed in 1931.[1] The pub was regularly visited by Evelyn Waugh and associates, and is mentioned in Brideshead Revisited. Waugh gave Fothergill a copy of his first novel, Decline and Fall, in which he wrote, \"John Fothergill, Oxford's only civilizing influence.\" Fothergill hid the copy in the inn's toilet to avoid theft. Harold Acton also visited the inn and namechecked Fothergill in his memoirs, Memoirs of an Aesthete. Fothergill praised Acton's novel, Humdrum, saying that it \"might have been written by the young Wilde.\" Fothergill's book, My Three Inns recommends Acton's autobiography at the end.[3]Under Fothergill's and his wife Kate's management, the Spread Eagle because a destination restaurant, attracting patrons from Oxford, London, and beyond, unusual in England in the 1920s and 1930s.Following the Spread Eagle, Fothergill managed the Royal Ascot Hotel and the Three Swans at Market Harborough.[6] He gravitated around the Bright Young Things group, in the meaning that this crowd attended the venues managed by Fothergill. He was praised for his cooking and innkeeping skills that helped to improve overall dining standards in Britain. Although written during World War Two and the height of rationing, John Fothergill's Cookery Book (1943) is a treasure trove of creative recipes grounded in his understanding and appreciation of English culinary heritage. Two highly regarded desserts at Fothergill's establishments were the Mavrodaphne Trifle and the Thame Tart. Of the Mavrodaphne Trifle, Fothergill wrote, \"When I first started innkeeping, thinking round for all the good things I'd had abroad, I sent for a load of Mavrodaphne wine that was so delicious in Greece because, I suppose, the only other wine, Rezinata, tasted of violin strings. . . . Split a sponge sandwich into three. Spread each slice with raspberry jam, custard and Mavrodaphne. Cover with whipped cream.\"[7] The Thame Tart's headnote read, \"Neither I nor Thame nor the late Lady Jekyll (in her delightful Kitchen Essays) invented this tart, but since tens of thousands of people have eaten it with me as 'Thame Tart', it would seem to have earned the title.\" The recipe involved spreading a short-crust pastry with raspberry jam, a layer of lemon curd, and a topping of whipped cream.[7] Fothergill, in his 1931 An Innkeeper's Diary, credited his wife, Kate, with making the trifle on a regular basis and one summer making up nine hundred pounds of jam.[8]Fothergill was a close friend of Robbie Ross and Reginald Turner, and met Oscar Wilde aged 19. Wilde grew fond of him, and presented Fothergill with an inscribed copy of The Ballad of Reading Gaol, following Wilde's release from prison in 1897.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Fothergill Omnibus (1931)\nAn Innkeeper's Diary (1931)\nConfessions of an Innkeeper (1938)\nJohn Fothergill's Cookery Book (1943)\nMy Three Inns (1949)","title":"Publications"}]	[{"image_text":"John Fothergill in the 1920s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Fothergill_%28innkeeper%29.jpg/220px-John_Fothergill_%28innkeeper%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lewes House, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lewes_House%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Lewes_House%2C_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Spread Eagle Hotel, managed by Fothergill in the 1920s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Spread_Eagle_Hotel%2C_Thame_-_geograph.org.uk_-_247563.jpg/220px-The_Spread_Eagle_Hotel%2C_Thame_-_geograph.org.uk_-_247563.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Burnett, John (2016). England Eats Out: A Social History of Eating Out in England from 1830 to the Present. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 9781317873730. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=69oYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT243","url_text":"England Eats Out: A Social History of Eating Out in England from 1830 to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317873730","url_text":"9781317873730"}]},{"reference":"Fothergill, John (1931). An Innkeeper's Diary. Faber. ISBN 9780571150144. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mp0CHQAACAAJ","url_text":"An Innkeeper's Diary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571150144","url_text":"9780571150144"}]},{"reference":"Green, Martin Burgess (1989). The Mount Vernon Street Warrens : a Boston story, 1860-1910. Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mountvernonstre00greegoog","url_text":"The Mount Vernon Street Warrens : a Boston story, 1860-1910"}]},{"reference":"Baron, Wendy; Sickert, Walter (2006). Sickert: Paintings and Drawings. Yale University Press. p. 136. ISBN 0300111290. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4S5K_DSH4hgC&pg=PA136","url_text":"Sickert: Paintings and Drawings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300111290","url_text":"0300111290"}]},{"reference":"Sox, David (1991). Bachelors of art: Edward Perry Warren & the Lewes House brotherhood. Fourth Estate. p. 92. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bachelorsofarted0000soxd","url_text":"Bachelors of art: Edward Perry Warren & the Lewes House brotherhood"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bachelorsofarted0000soxd/page/92","url_text":"92"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Humphrey (7 November 2013). The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and His Friends. Faber & Faber. Kindle Edition. p. 493. ISBN 9780571309283. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QUhlAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and His Friends"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571309283","url_text":"9780571309283"}]},{"reference":"Fothergill, John (1943). John Fothergill's Cookery Book. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 53.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fothergill, John (1931). An Innkeeper's Diary. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kleczkowski	Adam Kleczkowski	["1 Works","2 References"]	Adam Marian Kleczkowski (born 25 March 1883 in Kraków, died 17 November 1949 in Kraków) was a Polish philologist and Professor of Linguistics at the Jagiellonian University. He was a member of the Polish Academy of Learning. He was a specialist in German linguistics. Works Dialekty niemieckie na ziemiach polskich (1915) Neuentdeckte Altsaechsische Psalmenfragmente aus der Karolingerzeit (1923-1926, 2 vols.) Wyrazy niemieckie w staroczeskim i staropolskim (1927-1928) Polski język żeglarski (1928) Ein neues Fragment von Willirams Paraphase des Hoches Liedes (1930) Wpływ języka polskiego na dialekty prusko-niemieckie (1931) Niemiecko-polskie stosunki językowe i literackie (1935) Trudności w etymologiach słowiańsko-niemieckich języka Wenedów Lueneburskich (1946) Germanistyka, anglistyka i skandynawistyka w Polsce (1948) Słowiańskie wpływy językowe w Szlezwigu i Holsztynie (1948) Stary marsz berneński (1949) Dialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Fonetyka i fleksja. Dialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Składnia (szyk wyrazów) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam Kleczkowski. ^ Biogramy uczonych polskich, Część I: Nauki społeczne, zeszyt 2: K-O (eds. Andrzeja Śródki and Pawła Szczawińskiego), Ossolineum, Wrocław 1984 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican Other IdRef This article on a Polish linguist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adam Kleczkowski"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dialekty niemieckie na ziemiach polskich (1915)\nNeuentdeckte Altsaechsische Psalmenfragmente aus der Karolingerzeit (1923-1926, 2 vols.)\nWyrazy niemieckie w staroczeskim i staropolskim (1927-1928)\nPolski język żeglarski (1928)\nEin neues Fragment von Willirams Paraphase des Hoches Liedes (1930)\nWpływ języka polskiego na dialekty prusko-niemieckie (1931)\nNiemiecko-polskie stosunki językowe i literackie (1935)\nTrudności w etymologiach słowiańsko-niemieckich języka Wenedów Lueneburskich (1946)\nGermanistyka, anglistyka i skandynawistyka w Polsce (1948)\nSłowiańskie wpływy językowe w Szlezwigu i Holsztynie (1948)\nStary marsz berneński (1949)\nDialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Fonetyka i fleksja.\nDialekt Wilamowic w zachodniej Galicji. Składnia (szyk wyrazów)","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050195417","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76694404","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrY6mCRQdRDXPyGW4Xh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/46826","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11115033v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11115033v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/115752494X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007394776805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98012906","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2011635704&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p080231888","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810612554405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/198545","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/167010360","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Kleczkowski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Regiment_RLC	7 Regiment RLC	["1 History","2 Structure","3 References"]	7 Regiment RLCActive1961 – presentCountry United KingdomBranch British ArmyRoleLogisticsSizeRegiment599 personnelPart of102 Logistic BrigadeGarrison/HQKendrew Barracks, CottesmoreEngagementsOperation BannerOperation GranbyOperation TelicOperation ShaderWebsite7 Regiment RLCMilitary unit 7 Regiment RLC is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. History 7 Tank Transporter Column of the Royal Army Service Corps, was established in 1961, following the expansion of the transportation element of the British Army of the Rhine. In 1965, upon the creation of the Royal Corps of Transport, the unit was re-designated as the 7 Tank Transporter Regiment of the new corps. Upon transferring to the new corps, the regiment consisted of 16 Tank Transporter Squadron, 3 Tank Transporter Squadron, 612 Tank Transporter Unit, 617 Tank Transporter Unit, 607 Mobile Civilian Transport Group, and 625 Mobile Civilian Transport Group; however by 1972, the regiment had been reduced to 3, 16, & 617 Tank Transporter Squadrons. Over the next 30 years, the regiment deployed sub-units on Operation Banner, providing logistical support for the troops on deployment. In 1993, the regiment transferred to the newly created Royal Logistic Corps, as 7 Transport Regiment at Antwerp Barracks in Sennelager. The regiment continued to send sub-units on operations in Northern Ireland and Iraq over the coming years, before being renamed 7 Regiment in 2008. Upon the British Army's return from Germany, the regiment moved from Catterick Barracks in Bielefeld to Kendrew Barracks in Cottesmore, England. Structure The regiment's current structure is as follows: 617 Headquarters Squadron 9 Transport Squadron 68 Supply Squadron 17 Squadron Light Aid Detachment from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers The regiment is paired with 158 Regiment RLC and 159 Regiment RLC for training and mobilisation. References ^ "Army – Question for Ministry of Defence". p. 4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-15. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "7 Regiment Awarded the German Honour of the Fahnenband". Royal Logistic Corps. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ a b "RCT Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "RLC Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "7 Regiment RLC". Retrieved 1 February 2021. vteRoyal Logistic CorpsClose Support Logistics 1 Regiment RLC 4 Regiment RLC Theatre Logistics 6 Regiment RLC 9 Regiment RLC 10 Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment RLC 27 Regiment RLC Transport 7 Regiment RLC 150 Regiment RLC 151 Regiment RLC 154 Regiment RLC 157 Regiment RLC 158 Regiment RLC Supply 156 Regiment RLC 159 Regiment RLC Explosive Ordnance Disposal 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC Air Assault 13 Air Assault Support Regiment RLC Port & Maritime 17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC 165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC Postal Courier & Movement 29 Regiment RLC 162 Regiment RLC Fuel Transport & Storage 152 (North Irish) Regiment RLC Catering 167 Catering Support Regiment RLC Training 25 Training Regiment RLC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Logistic Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps"}],"text":"Military unit7 Regiment RLC is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.","title":"7 Regiment RLC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"British Army of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Corps of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Transport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCT-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCT-3"},{"link_name":"Operation Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Banner"},{"link_name":"Royal Logistic Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps"},{"link_name":"Sennelager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennelager"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bielefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld"},{"link_name":"Kendrew Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrew_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Cottesmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottesmore,_Rutland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"7 Tank Transporter Column of the Royal Army Service Corps, was established in 1961, following the expansion of the transportation element of the British Army of the Rhine.[2] In 1965, upon the creation of the Royal Corps of Transport, the unit was re-designated as the 7 Tank Transporter Regiment of the new corps.[3] Upon transferring to the new corps, the regiment consisted of 16 Tank Transporter Squadron, 3 Tank Transporter Squadron, 612 Tank Transporter Unit, 617 Tank Transporter Unit, 607 Mobile Civilian Transport Group, and 625 Mobile Civilian Transport Group; however by 1972, the regiment had been reduced to 3, 16, & 617 Tank Transporter Squadrons.[3] Over the next 30 years, the regiment deployed sub-units on Operation Banner, providing logistical support for the troops on deployment. In 1993, the regiment transferred to the newly created Royal Logistic Corps, as 7 Transport Regiment at Antwerp Barracks in Sennelager.[4] The regiment continued to send sub-units on operations in Northern Ireland and Iraq over the coming years, before being renamed 7 Regiment in 2008. Upon the British Army's return from Germany, the regiment moved from Catterick Barracks in Bielefeld to Kendrew Barracks in Cottesmore, England.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"158 Regiment RLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/158_Regiment_RLC"},{"link_name":"159 Regiment RLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/159_Regiment_RLC"}],"text":"The regiment's current structure is as follows:[5]617 Headquarters Squadron\n9 Transport Squadron\n68 Supply Squadron\n17 Squadron\nLight Aid Detachment from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical EngineersThe regiment is paired with 158 Regiment RLC and 159 Regiment RLC for training and mobilisation.","title":"Structure"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Army – Question for Ministry of Defence\". p. 4. Archived from the original on 2020-09-15. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200915161827/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-11-22/194616","url_text":"\"Army – Question for Ministry of Defence\""},{"url":"https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-11-22/194616","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"7 Regiment Awarded the German Honour of the Fahnenband\". Royal Logistic Corps. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royallogisticcorps.co.uk/7-regiment-awarded-the-german-honour-of-the-fahnenband/","url_text":"\"7 Regiment Awarded the German Honour of the Fahnenband\""}]},{"reference":"\"RCT Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on\". Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-corps-of-transport/regiments-1-to-10.html","url_text":"\"RCT Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on\""}]},{"reference":"\"RLC Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on\". Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-logistics-corps/regiments-1-to-10-2.html","url_text":"\"RLC Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 Regiment RLC\". Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-logistic-corps/rlc-regular-units/7-regiment-rlc/","url_text":"\"7 Regiment RLC\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-logistic-corps/rlc-regular-units/7-regiment-rlc/","external_links_name":"7 Regiment RLC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200915161827/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-11-22/194616","external_links_name":"\"Army – Question for Ministry of Defence\""},{"Link":"https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-11-22/194616","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.royallogisticcorps.co.uk/7-regiment-awarded-the-german-honour-of-the-fahnenband/","external_links_name":"\"7 Regiment Awarded the German Honour of the Fahnenband\""},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-corps-of-transport/regiments-1-to-10.html","external_links_name":"\"RCT Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on\""},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-logistics-corps/regiments-1-to-10-2.html","external_links_name":"\"RLC Regiments 1 to 10 - British Army units from 1945 on\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-logistic-corps/rlc-regular-units/7-regiment-rlc/","external_links_name":"\"7 Regiment RLC\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_cervical_veins	Transverse cervical veins	["1 References"]	Transverse cervical veinsSuperficial and deep branches from the transverse cervical artery (picture is of artery, not vein. However, vein is in similar location.)The veins of the neck, viewed from in front (transverse cervical veins not labeled, but region is visible)DetailsDrains toExternal jugular veinArteryTransverse cervical arteryIdentifiersLatinvenae transversae cervicisTA98A12.3.05.050TA24962FMA70856Anatomical terminology The transverse cervical veins are veins that cross the neck. References This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) vteVeins of the head and neckExternal jugularRetromandibular maxillary pterygoid plexus superficial temporal anterior auricular Direct posterior auricular transverse cervical suprascapular anterior jugular jugular venous arch Internal jugularDiploic/brainCerebralSuperficial: superior superficial middle inferior inferior anastomotic (Labbé) superior anastomotic (Trolard) Deep: great internal basal deep middle superior thalamostriate choroid septal Cerebellar superior inferior SinusesTo COS superior sagittal straight inferior sagittal occipital To CS sphenoparietal intercavernous superior ophthalmic ethmoidal central retinal nasofrontal vorticose veins inferior ophthalmic To IJV sigmoid: transverse petrosquamous superior petrosal inferior petrosal basilar plexus internal auditory veins condylar Facial/common facial frontal supraorbital angular superior labial inferior labial deep facial Direct lingual dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual pharyngeal superior thyroid superior laryngeal middle thyroid BrachiocephalicVertebral occipital occipital emissary suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical Direct inferior thyroid inferior laryngeal thymic Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The transverse cervical veins are veins that cross the neck.","title":"Transverse cervical veins"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.3.05.050%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A12.3.05.050"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=4962","external_links_name":"4962"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma70856","external_links_name":"70856"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A12.3.05.050","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transverse_cervical_veins&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun_Park	Lu Xun Park	["1 Features","2 History","2.1 Japanese occupation","2.2 Bombing incident","2.3 Dedication to Lu Xun","3 Transportation","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]	Coordinates: 31°16′22.21″N 121°28′42.33″E / 31.2728361°N 121.4784250°E / 31.2728361; 121.4784250Park in Shanghai, China This article is about the park in Shanghai. For the park in Qingdao, see Lu Xun Park (Qingdao). Lu Xun ParkLocationShanghaiPublic transit accessHongkou Football Stadium Station Lu Xun ParkSimplified Chinese鲁迅公园Traditional Chinese魯迅公園TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLǔ Xùn GōngyuánWuShanghaineseRomanizationLu Sin KonyoeHongkou ParkSimplified Chinese虹口公园Traditional Chinese虹口公園TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHóngkǒu gōngyuánWuShanghaineseRomanizationGhonkheu Konyoe Lu Xun Park, formerly Hongkou (Hongkew) Park, is a municipal park in Hongkou District of Shanghai, China. It is located on 146 East Jiangwan Road, right behind Hongkou Football Stadium. It is bounded by Guangzhong Road to the north, Ouyang Road to the northeast, Tian'ai Road to the southeast, Tian'ai Branch Road to the south, and East Jiangwan Road to the west. The park is named after the Chinese writer Lu Xun, who lived nearby in the last years of his life, and is the location of the tomb of Lu Xun and the Lu Xun Museum. In 1932, Korean nationalist Yun Bong-gil detonated a bomb at the park, killing or injuring several high-ranking figures of the Imperial Japanese military during a celebration of Emperor Hirohito's birthday. Lu Xun Park is just north of Duolun Road, a historic street that is now a car-free zone. It is also located near Lu Xun's former residence, a three-story Japanese-style home where the author lived from 1933 until his death in 1936. Features Lu Xun Park contains the tomb of Lu Xun, with an inscription by Mao Zedong. On either side of the tomb are trees planted by Zhou Enlai and Lu Xun's widow, Xu Guangping. Near the tomb is a bronze statue of Lu Xun. The center of the park consists of a small artificial lake where boat rides are offered. Locals often use the park for exercise, and can be seen practicing tai chi and ballroom dancing. The Te Li Ming Teahouse is located on the west side of the lake. In the southeast corner of the park is the Lu Xun Memorial Hall, which contains a collection of his personal belongings, papers, and publications. The park also contains a plum garden, a memorial hall dedicated to Yun Bong-gil, and a bust of the Hungarian revolutionary poet Sándor Petőfi, some of whose works Lu Xun translated into Chinese. The bust was unveiled by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány in 2007 as part of the preparations for the Shanghai Expo. Lu Xun Park is home to several hundred cherry trees, some of which are Yoshino trees transplanted from Ueno Park in Tokyo. History Early 20th-century postcard depicting Hongkou Park In 1896, the Bureau of Construction of the Shanghai International Settlement purchased 39 acres of land in Hongkou (formerly romanized as Hongkew) just outside its boundary to use as a shooting range for the Shanghai Volunteer Corps. The field was redesigned by Donald MacGregor as the Hongkew Sports Games Park and Shooting Field in 1905, and completed in 1909. The new design was based on that of a park in Glasgow, and included a golf course, tennis courts, swimming pool, and bowling green. The park was expanded in 1917, and renamed again as Hongkew Park in 1922. It was the second largest park in Shanghai, next to Jessfield Park (now called Zhongshan Park). Both parks, despite lying in Chinese territory outside of the International Settlement, were administered by the Shanghai Municipal Council, the organization that governed the Settlement on behalf of the foreign community. The Shanghai Municipal Band, the predecessor of the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, performed summer concerts at Hongkou Park and the Public Garden (now Huangpu Park). These were attended by the foreign residents of the International Settlement, as Chinese residents were not permitted to enter either park. Hongkou Park, along with the other parks administered by the Shanghai Municipal Council, was opened to Chinese visitors for the first time in 1928. The pre-1928 prohibition against Chinese visitors in foreign-administered Shanghai parks was the subject of much debate among Chinese intellectuals. The park regulations stated that the facilities were exclusively for the use of the foreign community, and also that dogs, horses, and bicycles were prohibited. Critics later paraphrased these regulations into various fictitious versions such as "Dogs and Chinese not admitted", juxtaposing the low status of Chinese citizens in their own country with that of dogs. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Republic of China, denounced the restrictions in effect at the Garden and at Hongkou Park in a speech in 1924. Most famously, Bruce Lee's film Fist of Fury depicted Lee's character being barred from entry into the Public Garden, resulting in him kicking and breaking the sign displaying the regulations. The second and fifth Far Eastern Championship Games were held at Hongkou Park in 1915 and 1921, respectively. The 1915 games were a major priority for the Beiyang government under Yuan Shikai, as well as for Chinese media covering the event. Yuan had agreed to Japan's Twenty-One Demands just prior to the games, leaving the Chinese crowds in attendance eager for victory against their Japanese opponents on the field. The 1915 games were among the earliest international sporting competitions to be held in China. They attracted a large number of spectators to the new stadium built near the Hongkou shooting range. The 1921 games were notable for being the first to include female athletes, though their participation was limited to performing group calisthenics demonstrations with movements mimicking those of modern sports. The closing ceremony was disrupted by six Hunanese anarchists who fired a gun outside Hongkou Park and distributed anti-capitalist pamphlets. Japanese occupation Japanese settlement in Shanghai was predominantly concentrated in the Hongkou area. During the January 28 Incident of 1932, the Japanese military occupied much of Hongkou, and constructed a fortified base for the Imperial Japanese Navy near Hongkou Park. When Japan invaded China in 1937, much of the fighting during the opening Battle of Shanghai centered around the Japanese marine headquarters there, and around nearby North Sichuan Road. Hongkou remained under Japanese control until the end of World War II. Bombing incident Japanese VIPs at Hongkou Park shortly before the bombing Yun Bong-gil Yun Bong-gil Memorial Hall Main article: Hongkou Park Incident On April 29, 1932, the Japanese military held a celebration of the birthday of Emperor Hirohito in Hongkou Park. Among the attendees were General Yoshinori Shirakawa, commander in chief of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army; Kawabata Teiji , government chancellor of Japanese residents in Shanghai; Kenkichi Ueda, commander of the 9th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army; Vice Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura of the Imperial Japanese Navy; and Mamoru Shigemitsu, diplomat. Yun Bong-gil, a Korean independence activist opposed to Japanese rule over Korea, entered the park carrying two bombs hidden in a lunchbox and a water bottle. After the Japanese national anthem had finished playing, Yun threw the water bottle bomb at the dais where the Japanese officials were gathered, and detonated it. Shirakawa and Kawabata were killed in the explosion. Nomura, who later served as ambassador to the United States at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, was blinded in his right eye. Mamoru lost a leg; in 1945, as Japan's Minister for Foreign Affairs, he signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender that marked the end of World War II, walking on the deck of the USS Missouri with an artificial leg and cane. Yun Bong-gil was arrested at the scene, taken to Japan, and executed. In 2003, a two-story memorial hall dedicated to Yun Bong-gil was opened in the park with the support of the Chinese and South Korean governments. After a renovation, it was reopened in 2015 at a ceremony marking the 83rd anniversary of the bombing. The incident is also commemorated on a stone tablet featuring a bilingual inscription in Chinese and Korean. Dedication to Lu Xun Lu Xun Memorial Hall Lu Xun lived in Hongkou near the park in the last years of his life, having moved from Guangzhou to Shanghai's International Settlement to find refuge after the Kuomintang government initiated a purge of leftist intellectuals and communist party members in several Chinese cities under their control in 1927. He co-founded the League of Left-Wing Writers in 1930 at the Chinese Arts University on nearby Duolun Road. After his death in 1936, Lu Xun was originally buried in the International Cemetery (Wanguo Cemetery). By this point, his reputation as a popular intellectual was already well-established. His coffin was draped in a white flag with the words "The Soul of the Nation" written on it. Lu Xun remained a potent political symbol of the left after his death, particularly after the establishment of the People's Republic of China under the Communist Party in 1949. The party canonized him as a heroic figure, praising his works and quoting him selectively for its own purposes. The Lu Xun Memorial Hall (or Museum) was constructed inside Hongkou Park in 1951, and in 1956, Lu Xun's remains were reinterred in the park to mark the 20th anniversary of his death. The new tomb's inscription ("鲁迅先生之墓", "The Tomb of Mr. Lu Xun") was written in the calligraphy of Mao Zedong. The Beijing Lu Xun Museum was also established that year, at the site of Lu Xun's former home in Beijing. Lu Xun's tomb is one of the historical and cultural sites protected at the national level in Shanghai. The park was renamed Lu Xun Park in 1988. Transportation The park can be reached by taking Shanghai Metro Line 3 or 8 to Hongkou Football Stadium Station. Gallery Lu Xun's tomb Te Li Ming Teahouse Stone commemorating the bombing incident See also Former Residence of Lu Xun (Shanghai) Lu Xun Park (Qingdao) Notes 31°16′22.21″N 121°28′42.33″E / 31.2728361°N 121.4784250°E / 31.2728361; 121.4784250 ^ a b DK Eyewitness 2007, p. 138. ^ a b "General Survey". Shanghai Tong. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved May 10, 2015. ^ a b Forbes 2007, pp. 144–145. ^ a b Harper & Dai 2015. ^ "Hungary catches Expo fever". Eastday. June 9, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2015. ^ Shen, Chunchen. "Cherry Blossom Season in Lu Xun Park". Hongkou Shanghai. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved May 12, 2015. ^ a b French 2010, p. 118. ^ Denison & Ren 2013. ^ Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995, p. 461. ^ Melvin & Cai 2004, p. 26. ^ Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995, p. 444. ^ a b Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995, p. 453. ^ Morris 2004, p. 25-30. ^ a b Morris 2004, p. 89. ^ Morris 2004, pp. 25–30. ^ Morris 2004, p. 97. ^ Ristaino 2003, p. 65. ^ Harmsen 2013, p. 49. ^ a b Morris-Suzuki et al. 2013, p. 169. ^ Polmar & Allen 2012, p. 584. ^ Oh, Grace (April 29, 2015). "S. Korea honors independence fighter against Japan's colonization". Retrieved May 10, 2015. ^ Pollard 2002, pp. 115–119. ^ Wong 1991, p. 59. ^ Pollard 2002, pp. 199–207. References Bickers, Robert A.; Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. (1995). "Shanghai's "Dogs and Chinese Not Admitted" Sign: Legend, History and Contemporary Symbol*" (PDF). The China Quarterly. 142 (142): 444–466. doi:10.1017/S0305741000035001. S2CID 153322481. Denison, Edward; Ren, Guang Yu (2013). Building Shanghai: The Story of China's Gateway. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-86754-9. DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Beijing and Shanghai. Penguin Books. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-4860-2. Forbes, Andrew (2007). "Shanghai". National Geographic Traveler. National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-1-4262-0148-6. French, Paul (2010). The Old Shanghai A-Z. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8028-89-4. Harmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-167-8. Harper, Damian; Dai, Min (2015). Lonely Planet Shanghai. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74360-530-1. Melvin, Sheila; Cai, Jindong (2004). Rhapsody in Red: How Western Classical Music Became Chinese. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-186-9. Morris, Andrew D. (2004). Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24084-1. Morris-Suzuki, Tessa; Low, Morris; Petrov, Leonid; Tsu, Timothy Y. (2013). East Asia Beyond the History Wars: Confronting the Ghosts of Violence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-19226-5. Pollard, David E. (2002). The True Story of Lu Xun. The Chinese University Press. ISBN 978-962-996-060-5. Polmar, Norman; Allen, Thomas B. (2012). World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941-1945. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-47962-0. Ristaino, Marcia Reynders (2003). Port of Last Resort: The Diaspora Communities of Shanghai. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5023-3. Wong, Wang-Chi (1991). Politics and Literature in Shanghai: The Chinese League of Left-Wing Writers, 1930-1936. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2924-0.	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For the park in Qingdao, see Lu Xun Park (Qingdao).Lu Xun Park, formerly Hongkou (Hongkew) Park, is a municipal park in Hongkou District of Shanghai, China. It is located on 146 East Jiangwan Road, right behind Hongkou Football Stadium. It is bounded by Guangzhong Road to the north, Ouyang Road to the northeast, Tian'ai Road to the southeast, Tian'ai Branch Road to the south, and East Jiangwan Road to the west. The park is named after the Chinese writer Lu Xun, who lived nearby in the last years of his life, and is the location of the tomb of Lu Xun and the Lu Xun Museum. In 1932, Korean nationalist Yun Bong-gil detonated a bomb at the park, killing or injuring several high-ranking figures of the Imperial Japanese military during a celebration of Emperor Hirohito's birthday.Lu Xun Park is just north of Duolun Road, a historic street that is now a car-free zone. It is also located near Lu Xun's former residence, a three-story Japanese-style home where the author lived from 1933 until his death in 1936.[1]","title":"Lu Xun Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shtong-2"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2007144%E2%80%93145-3"},{"link_name":"tai chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_chi"},{"link_name":"ballroom dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom_dancing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperDai2015-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2007144%E2%80%93145-3"},{"link_name":"Sándor Petőfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Gyurcsány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Gyurcs%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2010"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastday-5"},{"link_name":"Yoshino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_%C3%97_yedoensis"},{"link_name":"Ueno Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno_Park"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hkq-6"}],"text":"Lu Xun Park contains the tomb of Lu Xun, with an inscription by Mao Zedong.[2] On either side of the tomb are trees planted by Zhou Enlai and Lu Xun's widow, Xu Guangping. Near the tomb is a bronze statue of Lu Xun.[3] The center of the park consists of a small artificial lake where boat rides are offered. Locals often use the park for exercise, and can be seen practicing tai chi and ballroom dancing.[4] The Te Li Ming Teahouse is located on the west side of the lake. In the southeast corner of the park is the Lu Xun Memorial Hall, which contains a collection of his personal belongings, papers, and publications.[3]The park also contains a plum garden, a memorial hall dedicated to Yun Bong-gil, and a bust of the Hungarian revolutionary poet Sándor Petőfi, some of whose works Lu Xun translated into Chinese. The bust was unveiled by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány in 2007 as part of the preparations for the Shanghai Expo.[5] Lu Xun Park is home to several hundred cherry trees, some of which are Yoshino trees transplanted from Ueno Park in Tokyo.[6]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hongkew_Park_Shanghai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shanghai International Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Volunteer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Volunteer_Corps"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2010118-7"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Zhongshan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenisonRen2013-8"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Municipal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995461-9"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Huangpu Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvinCai200426-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995444-11"},{"link_name":"Sun Yat-sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995453-12"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Fist of Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_of_Fury"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995453-12"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Championship Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Championship_Games"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200425-30-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200489-14"},{"link_name":"Beiyang government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_government"},{"link_name":"Yuan Shikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai"},{"link_name":"Twenty-One Demands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200425%E2%80%9330-15"},{"link_name":"calisthenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisthenics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200489-14"},{"link_name":"Hunanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"anarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200497-16"}],"text":"Early 20th-century postcard depicting Hongkou ParkIn 1896, the Bureau of Construction of the Shanghai International Settlement purchased 39 acres of land in Hongkou (formerly romanized as Hongkew) just outside its boundary to use as a shooting range for the Shanghai Volunteer Corps.[7] The field was redesigned by Donald MacGregor as the Hongkew Sports Games Park and Shooting Field in 1905, and completed in 1909. The new design was based on that of a park in Glasgow, and included a golf course, tennis courts, swimming pool, and bowling green. The park was expanded in 1917, and renamed again as Hongkew Park in 1922. It was the second largest park in Shanghai, next to Jessfield Park (now called Zhongshan Park).[8] Both parks, despite lying in Chinese territory outside of the International Settlement, were administered by the Shanghai Municipal Council, the organization that governed the Settlement on behalf of the foreign community.[9]The Shanghai Municipal Band, the predecessor of the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, performed summer concerts at Hongkou Park and the Public Garden (now Huangpu Park). These were attended by the foreign residents of the International Settlement, as Chinese residents were not permitted to enter either park.[10] Hongkou Park, along with the other parks administered by the Shanghai Municipal Council, was opened to Chinese visitors for the first time in 1928.[11]The pre-1928 prohibition against Chinese visitors in foreign-administered Shanghai parks was the subject of much debate among Chinese intellectuals. The park regulations stated that the facilities were exclusively for the use of the foreign community, and also that dogs, horses, and bicycles were prohibited. Critics later paraphrased these regulations into various fictitious versions such as \"Dogs and Chinese not admitted\", juxtaposing the low status of Chinese citizens in their own country with that of dogs. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Republic of China, denounced the restrictions in effect at the Garden and at Hongkou Park in a speech in 1924.[12] Most famously, Bruce Lee's film Fist of Fury depicted Lee's character being barred from entry into the Public Garden, resulting in him kicking and breaking the sign displaying the regulations.[12]The second and fifth Far Eastern Championship Games were held at Hongkou Park in 1915[13] and 1921, respectively.[14] The 1915 games were a major priority for the Beiyang government under Yuan Shikai, as well as for Chinese media covering the event. Yuan had agreed to Japan's Twenty-One Demands just prior to the games, leaving the Chinese crowds in attendance eager for victory against their Japanese opponents on the field. The 1915 games were among the earliest international sporting competitions to be held in China. They attracted a large number of spectators to the new stadium built near the Hongkou shooting range.[15]The 1921 games were notable for being the first to include female athletes, though their participation was limited to performing group calisthenics demonstrations with movements mimicking those of modern sports.[14] The closing ceremony was disrupted by six Hunanese anarchists who fired a gun outside Hongkou Park and distributed anti-capitalist pamphlets.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 28 Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28_Incident"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERistaino200365-17"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"North Sichuan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sichuan_Road"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmsen201349-18"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Japanese occupation","text":"Japanese settlement in Shanghai was predominantly concentrated in the Hongkou area. During the January 28 Incident of 1932, the Japanese military occupied much of Hongkou, and constructed a fortified base for the Imperial Japanese Navy near Hongkou Park.[17] When Japan invaded China in 1937, much of the fighting during the opening Battle of Shanghai centered around the Japanese marine headquarters there, and around nearby North Sichuan Road.[18] Hongkou remained under Japanese control until the end of World War II.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_VIP_before_Hongkew_Park_Bombing_Incident.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%841(%EC%9C%A4%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B8_%EC%84%A0%EC%84%9C%EC%9E%A5%EB%A9%B4).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoon_Bong-Gil_in_Lu_Xun_Park_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yoshinori Shirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Shirakawa"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Expeditionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Expeditionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Kawabata Teiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawabata_Teiji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E7%AB%AF%E8%B2%9E%E6%AC%A1"},{"link_name":"Kenkichi Ueda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenkichi_Ueda"},{"link_name":"9th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Kichisaburō Nomura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichisabur%C5%8D_Nomura"},{"link_name":"Mamoru Shigemitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu"},{"link_name":"Yun Bong-gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun_Bong-gil"},{"link_name":"Japanese rule over Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris-SuzukiLowPetrovTsu2013169-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2010118-7"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen2012584-20"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japanese Instrument of Surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender"},{"link_name":"USS Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris-SuzukiLowPetrovTsu2013169-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Bombing incident","text":"Japanese VIPs at Hongkou Park shortly before the bombingYun Bong-gilYun Bong-gil Memorial HallOn April 29, 1932, the Japanese military held a celebration of the birthday of Emperor Hirohito in Hongkou Park. Among the attendees were General Yoshinori Shirakawa, commander in chief of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army; Kawabata Teiji [ja], government chancellor of Japanese residents in Shanghai; Kenkichi Ueda, commander of the 9th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army; Vice Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura of the Imperial Japanese Navy; and Mamoru Shigemitsu, diplomat. Yun Bong-gil, a Korean independence activist opposed to Japanese rule over Korea, entered the park carrying two bombs hidden in a lunchbox and a water bottle. After the Japanese national anthem had finished playing, Yun threw the water bottle bomb at the dais where the Japanese officials were gathered, and detonated it.[19]Shirakawa and Kawabata were killed in the explosion.[7] Nomura, who later served as ambassador to the United States at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, was blinded in his right eye.[20] Mamoru lost a leg; in 1945, as Japan's Minister for Foreign Affairs, he signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender that marked the end of World War II, walking on the deck of the USS Missouri with an artificial leg and cane. Yun Bong-gil was arrested at the scene, taken to Japan, and executed.[19]In 2003, a two-story memorial hall dedicated to Yun Bong-gil was opened in the park with the support of the Chinese and South Korean governments. After a renovation, it was reopened in 2015 at a ceremony marking the 83rd anniversary of the bombing.[21] The incident is also commemorated on a stone tablet featuring a bilingual inscription in Chinese and Korean.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%A6%86.jpg"},{"link_name":"lived in Hongkou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Lu_Xun_(Shanghai)"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"purge of leftist intellectuals and communist party members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2002115%E2%80%93119-22"},{"link_name":"League of Left-Wing Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Left-Wing_Writers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong199159-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperDai2015-4"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2002199%E2%80%93207-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK_Eyewitness2007138-1"},{"link_name":"Beijing Lu Xun Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Lu_Xun_Museum"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"protected at the national level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_(Shanghai)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shtong-2"}],"sub_title":"Dedication to Lu Xun","text":"Lu Xun Memorial HallLu Xun lived in Hongkou near the park in the last years of his life, having moved from Guangzhou to Shanghai's International Settlement to find refuge after the Kuomintang government initiated a purge of leftist intellectuals and communist party members in several Chinese cities under their control in 1927.[22] He co-founded the League of Left-Wing Writers in 1930 at the Chinese Arts University on nearby Duolun Road.[23]After his death in 1936, Lu Xun was originally buried in the International Cemetery (Wanguo Cemetery).[4] By this point, his reputation as a popular intellectual was already well-established. His coffin was draped in a white flag with the words \"The Soul of the Nation\" written on it. Lu Xun remained a potent political symbol of the left after his death, particularly after the establishment of the People's Republic of China under the Communist Party in 1949. The party canonized him as a heroic figure, praising his works and quoting him selectively for its own purposes.[24]The Lu Xun Memorial Hall (or Museum) was constructed inside Hongkou Park in 1951, and in 1956, Lu Xun's remains were reinterred in the park to mark the 20th anniversary of his death.[1] The new tomb's inscription (\"鲁迅先生之墓\", \"The Tomb of Mr. Lu Xun\") was written in the calligraphy of Mao Zedong. The Beijing Lu Xun Museum was also established that year, at the site of Lu Xun's former home in Beijing. Lu Xun's tomb is one of the historical and cultural sites protected at the national level in Shanghai. The park was renamed Lu Xun Park in 1988.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanghai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3,_Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_8,_Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Hongkou Football Stadium Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkou_Football_Stadium_Station"}],"text":"The park can be reached by taking Shanghai Metro Line 3 or 8 to Hongkou Football Stadium Station.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_-_Luxun_Park_-_1172.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lu_Xun_Park.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_-_Lu_Xun%27s_tomb_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai%27s_Luxun_Park.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lu_Xun_Park_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoon_Bong-Gil_in_Lu_Xun_Park_01.JPG"}],"text":"Lu Xun's tomb\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTe Li Ming Teahouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStone commemorating the bombing incident","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"31°16′22.21″N 121°28′42.33″E / 31.2728361°N 121.4784250°E / 31.2728361; 121.4784250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lu_Xun_Park&params=31_16_22.21_N_121_28_42.33_E_"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK_Eyewitness2007138_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK_Eyewitness2007138_1-1"},{"link_name":"DK Eyewitness 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDK_Eyewitness2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shtong_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shtong_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"General Survey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node4/node2249/node4418/node20192/index.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes2007144%E2%80%93145_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes2007144%E2%80%93145_3-1"},{"link_name":"Forbes 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFForbes2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperDai2015_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperDai2015_4-1"},{"link_name":"Harper & Dai 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarperDai2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eastday_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hungary catches Expo fever\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/node20665/node20667/node22808/node214203/node214205/userobject1ai3091431.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hkq_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Cherry Blossom Season in Lu Xun Park\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hkq.sh.gov.cn/shhk/English/20150325/006002001_8867114c-fa93-42e1-9f4c-8b8b20dc13e3.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2010118_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2010118_7-1"},{"link_name":"French 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrench2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenisonRen2013_8-0"},{"link_name":"Denison & Ren 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDenisonRen2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995461_9-0"},{"link_name":"Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBickersWasserstrom1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelvinCai200426_10-0"},{"link_name":"Melvin & Cai 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMelvinCai2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995444_11-0"},{"link_name":"Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBickersWasserstrom1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995453_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickersWasserstrom1995453_12-1"},{"link_name":"Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBickersWasserstrom1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200425-30_13-0"},{"link_name":"Morris 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorris2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200489_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200489_14-1"},{"link_name":"Morris 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorris2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200425%E2%80%9330_15-0"},{"link_name":"Morris 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorris2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200497_16-0"},{"link_name":"Morris 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorris2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERistaino200365_17-0"},{"link_name":"Ristaino 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRistaino2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmsen201349_18-0"},{"link_name":"Harmsen 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarmsen2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris-SuzukiLowPetrovTsu2013169_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris-SuzukiLowPetrovTsu2013169_19-1"},{"link_name":"Morris-Suzuki et al. 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorris-SuzukiLowPetrovTsu2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen2012584_20-0"},{"link_name":"Polmar & Allen 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPolmarAllen2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"S. Korea honors independence fighter against Japan's colonization\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//english.yonhapnews.co.kr/full/2015/04/29/3/1200000000AEN20150429003100315F.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2002115%E2%80%93119_22-0"},{"link_name":"Pollard 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPollard2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong199159_23-0"},{"link_name":"Wong 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWong1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard2002199%E2%80%93207_24-0"},{"link_name":"Pollard 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPollard2002"}],"text":"31°16′22.21″N 121°28′42.33″E / 31.2728361°N 121.4784250°E / 31.2728361; 121.4784250^ a b DK Eyewitness 2007, p. 138.\n\n^ a b \"General Survey\". Shanghai Tong. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved May 10, 2015.\n\n^ a b Forbes 2007, pp. 144–145.\n\n^ a b Harper & Dai 2015.\n\n^ \"Hungary catches Expo fever\". Eastday. June 9, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2015.\n\n^ Shen, Chunchen. \"Cherry Blossom Season in Lu Xun Park\". Hongkou Shanghai. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved May 12, 2015.\n\n^ a b French 2010, p. 118.\n\n^ Denison & Ren 2013.\n\n^ Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995, p. 461.\n\n^ Melvin & Cai 2004, p. 26.\n\n^ Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995, p. 444.\n\n^ a b Bickers & Wasserstrom 1995, p. 453.\n\n^ Morris 2004, p. 25-30.\n\n^ a b Morris 2004, p. 89.\n\n^ Morris 2004, pp. 25–30.\n\n^ Morris 2004, p. 97.\n\n^ Ristaino 2003, p. 65.\n\n^ Harmsen 2013, p. 49.\n\n^ a b Morris-Suzuki et al. 2013, p. 169.\n\n^ Polmar & Allen 2012, p. 584.\n\n^ Oh, Grace (April 29, 2015). \"S. Korea honors independence fighter against Japan's colonization\". Retrieved May 10, 2015.\n\n^ Pollard 2002, pp. 115–119.\n\n^ Wong 1991, p. 59.\n\n^ Pollard 2002, pp. 199–207.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Early 20th-century postcard depicting Hongkou Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hongkew_Park_Shanghai.jpg/220px-Hongkew_Park_Shanghai.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese VIPs at Hongkou Park shortly before the bombing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Japanese_VIP_before_Hongkew_Park_Bombing_Incident.JPG/220px-Japanese_VIP_before_Hongkew_Park_Bombing_Incident.JPG"},{"image_text":"Yun Bong-gil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%841%28%EC%9C%A4%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B8_%EC%84%A0%EC%84%9C%EC%9E%A5%EB%A9%B4%29.jpg/220px-%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%841%28%EC%9C%A4%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B8_%EC%84%A0%EC%84%9C%EC%9E%A5%EB%A9%B4%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yun Bong-gil Memorial Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yoon_Bong-Gil_in_Lu_Xun_Park_02.JPG/220px-Yoon_Bong-Gil_in_Lu_Xun_Park_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lu Xun Memorial Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%A6%86.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E9%B2%81%E8%BF%85%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%A6%86.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Former Residence of Lu Xun (Shanghai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Lu_Xun_(Shanghai)"},{"title":"Lu Xun Park (Qingdao)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xun_Park_(Qingdao)"}]	[{"reference":"\"General Survey\". Shanghai Tong. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved May 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node4/node2249/node4418/node20192/index.html","url_text":"\"General Survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hungary catches Expo fever\". Eastday. June 9, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/node20665/node20667/node22808/node214203/node214205/userobject1ai3091431.html","url_text":"\"Hungary catches Expo fever\""}]},{"reference":"Shen, Chunchen. \"Cherry Blossom Season in Lu Xun Park\". Hongkou Shanghai. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved May 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hkq.sh.gov.cn/shhk/English/20150325/006002001_8867114c-fa93-42e1-9f4c-8b8b20dc13e3.htm","url_text":"\"Cherry Blossom Season in Lu Xun Park\""}]},{"reference":"Oh, Grace (April 29, 2015). \"S. Korea honors independence fighter against Japan's colonization\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_allegations_of_childhood_sexual_abuse	False allegation of child sexual abuse	["1 Types","1.1 Facilitated communication","2 Prevalence","2.1 False retractions","3 Effect of changes to legal tests (UK)","4 Effect on the child and the accused","5 Support groups","6 Media","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	A false allegation of child sexual abuse is an accusation against one or more individuals claiming that they committed child sexual abuse when no abuse has been committed by the accused. Such accusations can be brought by the alleged victim, or by another person on the alleged victim’s behalf. Studies on the rate of recorded child abuse allegations in the 1990s suggested that the overall rate of false accusations at that time was approximately 10%. Of the allegations determined to be false, only a small portion originated with the child, the studies showed; most false allegations originated with an adult bringing the accusations on behalf of a child, and of those, a large majority occurred in the context of divorce and child-custody battles. Types When there is insufficient supporting evidence to determine whether an accusation is true or false, it is described as “unsubstantiated” or “unfounded.” Accusations that are determined to be false based on corroborating evidence can be divided into three categories: An allegation that is completely false in that the events that were alleged did not occur; for example: it could be done to retaliate against a teacher who denied them a grade for coursework, or an employer who withheld a pay raise or promotion. It could also be done for the purposes of extortion or blackmail. An allegation that describes events that did occur, but were perpetrated by an individual who is not accused, and in which the accused person is innocent. When a child makes this type of allegation, it is termed “perpetrator substitution.” An allegation that is partially true and partially false, in that it mixes descriptions of events that actually happened with other events that did not occur. A false allegation can occur as the result of intentional lying on the part of the accuser; or unintentionally, due to a confabulation, either arising spontaneously due to mental illness, or resulting from deliberate or accidental suggestive questioning, coaching of the child, or faulty interviewing techniques. In 1997, researchers Poole and Lindsay suggested applying separate labels to the two concepts, proposing the term “false allegations” be used specifically when the accuser is aware they are lying, and “false suspicions” for the wider range of false accusations in which suggestive questioning may have been involved. False accusations can be prompted, aggravated, or perpetuated by law enforcement, child protection, or prosecution officials who become convinced of the guilt of the accused. See also: False allegations when interviewing children Disconfirming evidence can lead to cognitive dissonance on the part of these individuals, and lead them to deliberately or unconsciously attempt to resolve dissonance by ignoring, discounting, or even destroying the evidence. Once any steps are taken to justify the decision that the accused is guilty, it becomes very difficult for the official to accept disconfirming evidence, and this can continue during appeals, retrials, or any other effort to revisit a verdict. Facilitated communication Facilitated communication (FC) is a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other communication disabilities who are non-verbal. The facilitator guides the disabled person’s arm or hand, and attempts to help them type on a keyboard or other device. Research proves that the facilitator is the sole source of the messages obtained through FC, rather than the disabled person. However, the facilitator may believe they are not the source of the messages due to the ideomotor effect, which is the same effect that guides a Ouija board. There have been a number of accusations of sexual abuse made through facilitated communication, with many of the alleged victims being children. As of 1995, there were sixty known cases, with an unknown numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility. Prevalence Denial of child sexual abuse by the accused, or by others, is common, and its reality is not easily accepted (though such a denial should never be interpreted as evidence of guilt). Reporting rates may also be substantially below actual rates of abuse, as many victims do not disclose their abuse, which may result in an overrepresentation of false allegations due to the inaccurate estimation of actual cases of abuse. Of the millions of reports of child sexual abuse each year to state protective agencies in the US (including both substantiated and unsubstantiated reports), there is no formal determination as to what portion of those represent false allegations. Findings of multiple studies performed between 1987 and 1995 suggested that the rate of false allegations ranged from a low of 6% to a high of 35% of reported child sexual abuse cases. Experts have argued that the reason for the wide range of differences in the rates resulted from varying criteria used in various studies. In particular, a lower rate was found in studies that considered false allegations to be based on intentional lying, whereas the higher rates were reported in studies that also added unintentional false allegations resulting from suggestive questioning. A 1992 meta-analysis suggested that false allegations represented between 2% and 10% of all allegations. False reports are more common in custody disputes. Children appear to rarely make up false allegations of their own accord, but will make false allegations if coercively questioned by individuals who believe abuse has occurred, but refuse to accept children’s statements that they were not abused (as was common practice during the satanic ritual abuse moral panic). False allegations can also arise as a consequence of false memories, sometimes implanted by questionable therapeutic practices. False retractions False retractions of accusations by children who have been abused are suggested to occur for one or more of several reasons: out of shame or embarrassment; fear of being sent to a foster home; due to the reaction of adults leading them to feel their behavior was “wrong” or “bad”; a desire to protect the perpetrator, who may be a close family member; fear of destroying the family; coaching by an adult family member insisting the child withdraws the accusation; and more. False retractions are less common when the child receives timely and appropriate support following the statement of the allegation. Effect of changes to legal tests (UK) In 2000, according to support group Falsely Accused Carers and Teachers (FACT), there was a 90% conviction rate for alleged child sex abusers, as compared to just 9% for cases of adult rape. In the UK, all the post-1970 court cases that are recognized as authorities on evidence of disposition “concern charges of sexual abuse of minors.” In 1991, the House of Lords judgment in Director of Public Prosecutions versus P (D.P.P v P 2 A.C. 447) significantly lowered the barrier to admission of similar fact evidence of disposition to commit a crime. This, combined with the police practice of “trawling” for child abuse victims using door-to-door interviews and the potential for monetary compensation, has created opportunities and incentive for false allegations to occur: Normally, an allegation of a criminal offense has to stand or fall on its own merits; if a witness accusing someone of sexual abuse was sufficiently credible, or could adduce supporting evidence, then an abuser would be convicted. Until 1991, multiple allegations against the same person could only be held to be mutually corroborating if there were “striking similarities” between the alleged crimes, indicating a criminal’s “signature,” a distinct modus operandi. But the judgment removed this protection. In effect, the courts have accepted the idea of “corroboration by volume.” In 2002, the Home Affairs Select Committee (Fourth report, 2001/2), which dealt with police trawling practices and referred to the “enormous difficulties” faced by those accused of child sexual abuse, recommended that the requirement for similar fact evidence to be linked by “striking similarities” be restored in cases involving allegations of historical child abuse. However, this recommendation contradicted the Government White Paper Justice for All (2002), which proposed lowering the threshold for the admission of similar fact evidence still further. The UK Government rejected the recommendation. Effect on the child and the accused Allegations of sexual abuse can be inherently traumatic to the child when false. People falsely charged with sexual abuse often face numerous problems of their own. The nature of the crime leveled at them often evokes an overwhelming sense of betrayal. In highly publicized cases, the general public has a strong tendency to summarily assume the accused is guilty, leading to very serious social stigma. The accused, even if acquitted, risks being fired from their job, losing their friends and other relationships, having their property vandalized or even confiscated (via civil forfeiture), and being harassed by those believing them to be guilty despite no evidence proving their guilt. Support groups In 2001, there were 18 support and lobby groups extant in the UK “set up to redress the injustice suffered by those who, they claim, have been wrongly convicted in abuse cases.” Groups currently active in the UK include: False Allegations Against Carers and Teachers (FACT), False Allegations Support Organization (FASO), People Against False Allegations of Abuse (PAFAA with SOFAP), and SAFARI. Media Take Me to the River (2015) ― An American drama film about a teenager who plans to come out to his family at a reunion, but runs into trouble when he is falsely accused of sexually abusing his younger female cousin. The Hunt (Danish: Jagten) ― A 2012 Danish drama film by Thomas Vinterberg about a man (Mads Mikkelsen) who becomes the target of mass hysteria after being wrongly accused of sexually assaulting a child. Capturing the Friedmans (Dir. Andrew Jarecki) ―A 2003 HBO documentary about Arnold and Jesse Friedman, who both pleaded guilty to child abuse, but claimed the charges were false and the guilty pleas coerced. A Map of the World (1994) ― A novel that was turned into a film (1999), about a school nurse falsely accused of molesting a student. Serious Charge (1959) ― A film starring Anthony Quayle as an English vicar who was falsely accused of sexually assaulting a teenage boy. The youth’s story is supported by a woman whose affections the vicar had spurned. See also Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome Cleveland child abuse scandal Day-care sex-abuse hysteria False accusations False accusation of rape Kern County child abuse cases McMartin preschool trial Operation Midland Orkney child abuse scandal Outreau trial Think of the children Thurston County ritual abuse case Treva Throneberry Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial Peter Ellis References ^ a b c Ney, T (1995). True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management. Psychology Press. pp. 23–33. ISBN 0-87630-758-6. ^ Hobbs, CJ; Hanks HGI; Wynne JM (1999). Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 197. ISBN 0-443-05896-2. ^ Schetky, DH; Green AH (1988). Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals. Psychology Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-87630-495-1. ^ Bolen, RM (2001). Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 0-306-46576-0. ^ Robin, M (1991). Assessing Child Maltreatment Reports: The Problem of False Allegations. Haworth Press. pp. 21–24. ISBN 0-86656-931-6. ^ a b c Mikkelsen EJ, Gutheil TG, Emens M (October 1992). "False sexual-abuse allegations by children and adolescents: contextual factors and clinical subtypes". Am J Psychother. 46 (4): 556–70. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556. PMID 1443285. ^ a b Maggie Bruck; Ceci, Stephen J (1995). Jeopardy in the Courtroom. Amer Psychological Assn. ISBN 1-55798-282-1. ^ a b c Irving B. Weiner; Donald K. Freedheim (2003). Handbook of Psychology Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology. John Wiley and Sons. p. 438. ISBN 0-471-17669-9. ^ Aronson E; Tavris C (2007). Mistakes were made (but not by me): why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts. San Diego: Harcourt. pp. 127–57. ISBN 978-0-15-603390-9. ^ Auerbach, David (12 November 2015). "Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die". Slate. Retrieved 30 November 2015. ^ Green, Gina (Fall 1995). "An ecobehavioral interpretation of the facilitated communication phenomenon". Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. 21 (2): 1–8. ^ Riggott, Julie (Spring–Summer 2005). "Pseudoscience in Autism Treatment: Are the News and Entertainment Media Helping or Hurting?". Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 4 (1): 58–60. ^ Shane, Howard C.; Kearns, Kevin (September 1994). "An Examination of the Role of the Facilitator in "Facilitated Communication"". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 3 (3): 48–54. doi:10.1044/1058-0360.0303.48. ^ Lilienfeld; et al. (26 February 2015). "Why debunked autism treatment fads persist". Science Daily. Emory University. Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ Ganz, Jennifer B.; Katsiyannis, Antonis; Morin, Kristi L. (February 2017). "Facilitated Communication: The Resurgence of a Disproven Treatment for Individuals With Autism". Intervention in School and Clinic. 54: 52–56. doi:10.1177/1053451217692564. ^ Spake, Amanda (31 May 1992). "Skeptics and Believers; The Facilitated Communication Debate". The Washington Post. p. W22. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015. ^ Margolin, K.N. (1994). "How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System". In Shane, Howard C. (ed.). Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing. pp. 227–257. ISBN 978-1-565-93341-5. ^ Lilienfeld, SO (March 2007). "Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (1): 53–70. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.531.9405. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x. PMID 26151919. S2CID 26512757. ^ Summit RC (1998). "Hidden victims, hidden pain, societal avoidance of child sexual abuse". In Wyatt GE, Powell GJ (eds.). Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse. SAGE Publications. ISBN 0-8039-3257-X. ^ Bentovim, A (July 17, 1993). "Why do adults sexually abuse children?". British Medical Journal. 307 (6897): 144–45. doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6897.144. PMC 1678329. PMID 8343739. ^ Finkelhor, D; Araji S (1986). A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. SAGE Publications. p. 18; 280. ISBN 0-8039-1935-2. ^ Kendall-Tacket, K; Meyer WL; Finkelhor D (1993). "Impact of child sexual abuse: a review". Psychological Bulletin. 113 (1): 164–80. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.897.3994. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164. PMID 8426874. ^ Adshead, G (1994). "Looking for clues - A review of the literature on false allegations of sexual abuse in childhood". In Sinason V (ed.). Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse. New York: Routledge. pp. 57–65. ISBN 0-415-10542-0. ^ Benedek, E. P.; Schetky, D. H. (1987). "Problems in Validating Allegations of Sexual Abuse. Part 1" (PDF). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 26 (6): 912–15. doi:10.1097/00004583-198726060-00016. PMID 3429411. S2CID 10744072. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-29. ^ a b Green, A. (1986). "True and false allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes". Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 25 (4): 449–56. doi:10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60001-5. PMID 3745724. Retrieved 2008-01-01. ^ a b Green, A. (1991). "Factors Contributing to False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse in Custody Disputes". Child & Youth Services. 15 (2): 177–89. doi:10.1300/J024v15n02_11. ^ Faller, K. C. (1984). "Is the child victim of sexual abuse telling the truth?" (PDF). Child Abuse & Neglect. 8 (4): 473–81. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(84)90029-2. hdl:2027.42/25009. PMID 6542819. ^ McElroy, S.; Keck, P. (1995). "Recovered memory therapy – False Memory Syndrome and other complications". Psychiatric Annals. 25 (12): 731–35. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-09. ^ Faller, KC (1989). Child Sexual Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Manual for Diagnosis, Case Management and Treatment. Columbia University Press. pp. 130–31. ISBN 0-231-06471-3. ^ a b Schetky & Green, 1988, p. 66. ^ a b "Abuse: Crusade or Witch-Hunt?". BBC News. 2000-12-07. Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-05-25. ^ "Evidence of disposition". Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2011-05-24. ^ Exton, Julie (20 November 2003). "A matter of similar fact". The Law Society Gazette. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022. ^ Keane, Adrian (February 2002). "MEMORANDUM 32". UK Parliament. Select Committee on Home Affairs Memoranda. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 – via Parliamentary business. ^ "Bad Character Evidence". The Crown Prosecution Service. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022. ^ David Rose; Gary Horne (November 26, 2000). "Abuse witch-hunt traps innocent in a net of lies". The Observer. Retrieved 2011-05-24. ^ Richard Webster (2002). "Similar Fact Evidence". Archived from the original on September 8, 2002. Retrieved 2011-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Stahl, PM (1999). Complex Issues in Child Custody Evaluations. SAGE Publications. p. 47. ISBN 0-7619-1909-0. Allegations of sexual abuse are always serious and can be traumatic, even when they are false. The lasting effects that such accusations have on families and children can be devastating. There is an increased risk that a child will be alienated from the other parent. ^ "' 'Take Me to the River" ', information". IMDb. Retrieved 2015-12-17. ^ "The Hunt, review". The Telegraph. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-30. ^ "Jesse Friedman's Website". freejesse.net. Retrieved 22 January 2022. External links False allegations of abuse against men at Curlie vteSexual abuseForms Bride kidnapping Child Child-on-child Child exploitation Child pornography Child prostitution Child sex tourism Cybersex trafficking Forced prostitution Genital modification and mutilation Money marriage Rape Campus Date Gray Marital Prison By proxy Statutory Of males Raptio Revenge porn Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual bullying Sexual grooming Sexual harassment in education in education in the United States in the military Sexual misconduct Sexual predator Sexual slavery Sexual violence War Sociologicaltheories Aggression Causes of sexual violence Effects and aftermath of rape Misandry Misogyny Rape culture Rape trauma syndrome Sociobiological theories of rape Victim blaming Laws Laws regarding child sexual abuse Laws regarding rape Sexually violent predator laws Related topics Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome False allegation of child sexual abuse Law portal vteMiscarriage of justiceTypes of misconduct Prosecutorial misconduct Police misconduct Police corruption Selective prosecution Malicious prosecution Selective enforcement Abuse of process Attorney misconduct Bad apples Abuse of discretion Entrapment False arrest Gaming the system Legal malpractice Kangaroo court Show trial Sharp practice Jury tampering Witness tampering Brady disclosure Spoliation of evidence Civil wrong False evidence False confession Forced confession False accusation Rape Child sexual abuse Police perjury Mistaken identity Eyewitness memory Eyewitness identification Cross-race effect Misinformation effect Tampering with evidence Frameup Wrongful convictions List of wrongful convictions in the United States List of exonerated death row inmates List of miscarriage of justice cases Overturned convictions in the United States Wrongful execution Advocacy Innocence Project National Registry of Exonerations Investigating Innocence Contributing factors Race in the United States criminal justice system Innocent prisoner's dilemma Blue wall of silence Racial profiling Loophole Ineffective assistance of counsel Prosecutor's fallacy Norms and remedies Legal ethics Exculpatory evidence Right to a fair trial Actual innocence Equal Protection Clause Innocence Protection Act Related concepts Capital punishment in the United States Batson v. Kentucky List of death row inmates in the United States Law portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"child-custody battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custody_and_access_disputes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ney-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robin21-5"}],"text":"Of the allegations determined to be false, only a small portion originated with the child, the studies showed; most false allegations originated with an adult bringing the accusations on behalf of a child, and of those, a large majority occurred in the context of divorce and child-custody battles.[1][5]","title":"False allegation of child sexual abuse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ney-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mikkel-6"},{"link_name":"confabulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confabulation"},{"link_name":"mental illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mikkel-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceci-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weiner438-8"},{"link_name":"False allegations when interviewing children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_care_sex_abuse_hysteria#False_allegations_when_interviewing_children"},{"link_name":"cognitive dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance"},{"link_name":"appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"retrials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_trial"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"When there is insufficient supporting evidence to determine whether an accusation is true or false, it is described as “unsubstantiated” or “unfounded.” Accusations that are determined to be false based on corroborating evidence can be divided into three categories:[1]An allegation that is completely false in that the events that were alleged did not occur; for example: it could be done to retaliate against a teacher who denied them a grade for coursework, or an employer who withheld a pay raise or promotion. It could also be done for the purposes of extortion or blackmail.\nAn allegation that describes events that did occur, but were perpetrated by an individual who is not accused, and in which the accused person is innocent. When a child makes this type of allegation, it is termed “perpetrator substitution.”\nAn allegation that is partially true and partially false, in that it mixes descriptions of events that actually happened with other events that did not occur.A false allegation can occur as the result of intentional lying on the part of the accuser;[6] or unintentionally, due to a confabulation, either arising spontaneously due to mental illness,[6] or resulting from deliberate or accidental suggestive questioning, coaching of the child, or faulty interviewing techniques.[7] In 1997, researchers Poole and Lindsay suggested applying separate labels to the two concepts, proposing the term “false allegations” be used specifically when the accuser is aware they are lying, and “false suspicions” for the wider range of false accusations in which suggestive questioning may have been involved.[8]False accusations can be prompted, aggravated, or perpetuated by law enforcement, child protection, or prosecution officials who become convinced of the guilt of the accused.See also: False allegations when interviewing childrenDisconfirming evidence can lead to cognitive dissonance on the part of these individuals, and lead them to deliberately or unconsciously attempt to resolve dissonance by ignoring, discounting, or even destroying the evidence. Once any steps are taken to justify the decision that the accused is guilty, it becomes very difficult for the official to accept disconfirming evidence, and this can continue during appeals, retrials, or any other effort to revisit a verdict.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Facilitated communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated_communication"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"},{"link_name":"non-verbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_autism"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facilitated_Communication_Is_a_Cult_That_Won%E2%80%99t_Die-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shane,_Kearns_(1994)-13"},{"link_name":"ideomotor effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideomotor_effect"},{"link_name":"Ouija board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija_board"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Why_debunked_autism_treatment_fads_persist-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganz/Katsiyannis/Morin-15"},{"link_name":"accusations of sexual abuse made through facilitated communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spake,_Amanda_(1992)-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margolin,_K.N._(1994)-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Facilitated communication","text":"Facilitated communication (FC) is a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other communication disabilities who are non-verbal. The facilitator guides the disabled person’s arm or hand, and attempts to help them type on a keyboard or other device.[10] Research proves that the facilitator is the sole source of the messages obtained through FC, rather than the disabled person.[11][12][13] However, the facilitator may believe they are not the source of the messages due to the ideomotor effect, which is the same effect that guides a Ouija board.[14][15] There have been a number of accusations of sexual abuse made through facilitated communication, with many of the alleged victims being children.[16] As of 1995, there were sixty known cases, with an unknown numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility.[17][18]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"such a denial should never be interpreted as evidence of guilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem#Circumstantial"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"child sexual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weiner438-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weiner438-8"},{"link_name":"meta-analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analysis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mikkel-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green1986-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green1991-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green1986-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green1991-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"satanic ritual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse"},{"link_name":"moral panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceci-7"},{"link_name":"false memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memory"},{"link_name":"therapeutic practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memory#Therapy-induced_memory_recovery"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Denial of child sexual abuse by the accused, or by others, is common, and its reality is not easily accepted (though such a denial should never be interpreted as evidence of guilt).[19][20] Reporting rates may also be substantially below actual rates of abuse, as many victims do not disclose their abuse,[21][22] which may result in an overrepresentation of false allegations due to the inaccurate estimation of actual cases of abuse.[23] Of the millions of reports of child sexual abuse each year to state protective agencies in the US (including both substantiated and unsubstantiated reports), there is no formal determination as to what portion of those represent false allegations.Findings of multiple studies performed between 1987 and 1995 suggested that the rate of false allegations ranged from a low of 6% to a high of 35% of reported child sexual abuse cases.[8] Experts have argued that the reason for the wide range of differences in the rates resulted from varying criteria used in various studies. In particular, a lower rate was found in studies that considered false allegations to be based on intentional lying, whereas the higher rates were reported in studies that also added unintentional false allegations resulting from suggestive questioning.[8] A 1992 meta-analysis suggested that false allegations represented between 2% and 10% of all allegations.[6]False reports are more common in custody disputes.[24][25][26] Children appear to rarely make up false allegations of their own accord,[25][26][27] but will make false allegations if coercively questioned by individuals who believe abuse has occurred, but refuse to accept children’s statements that they were not abused (as was common practice during the satanic ritual abuse moral panic).[7] False allegations can also arise as a consequence of false memories, sometimes implanted by questionable therapeutic practices.[28]","title":"Prevalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faller130-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schetky66-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schetky66-30"}],"sub_title":"False retractions","text":"False retractions of accusations by children who have been abused are suggested to occur for one or more of several reasons: out of shame or embarrassment; fear of being sent to a foster home; due to the reaction of adults leading them to feel their behavior was “wrong” or “bad”; a desire to protect the perpetrator, who may be a close family member; fear of destroying the family; coaching by an adult family member insisting the child withdraws the accusation; and more.[29][30] False retractions are less common when the child receives timely and appropriate support following the statement of the allegation.[30]","title":"Prevalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falsely Accused Carers and Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsely_Accused_Carers_and_Teachers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abuse:_Crusade_or_Witch-Hunt-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"similar fact evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similar_fact_evidence"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"Home Affairs Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Affairs_Committee"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In 2000, according to support group Falsely Accused Carers and Teachers (FACT), there was a 90% conviction rate for alleged child sex abusers, as compared to just 9% for cases of adult rape.[31]\nIn the UK, all the post-1970 court cases that are recognized as authorities on evidence of disposition “concern charges of sexual abuse of minors.”[32] In 1991, the House of Lords judgment in Director of Public Prosecutions versus P (D.P.P v P [1991] 2 A.C. 447) significantly lowered the barrier to admission of similar fact evidence of disposition to commit a crime.[33][34][35]This, combined with the police practice of “trawling” for child abuse victims using door-to-door interviews and the potential for monetary compensation, has created opportunities and incentive for false allegations to occur:[36]Normally, an allegation of a criminal offense has to stand or fall on its own merits; if a witness accusing someone of sexual abuse was sufficiently credible, or could adduce supporting evidence, then an abuser would be convicted. Until 1991, multiple allegations against the same person could only be held to be mutually corroborating if there were “striking similarities” between the alleged crimes, indicating a criminal’s “signature,” a distinct modus operandi. But the judgment removed this protection. In effect, the courts have accepted the idea of “corroboration by volume.”In 2002, the Home Affairs Select Committee (Fourth report, 2001/2), which dealt with police trawling practices and referred to the “enormous difficulties” faced by those accused of child sexual abuse, recommended that the requirement for similar fact evidence to be linked by “striking similarities” be restored in cases involving allegations of historical child abuse. However, this recommendation contradicted the Government White Paper Justice for All (2002), which proposed lowering the threshold for the admission of similar fact evidence still further. The UK Government rejected the recommendation.[clarification needed][37]","title":"Effect of changes to legal tests (UK)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Allegations of sexual abuse can be inherently traumatic to the child when false.[38] People falsely charged with sexual abuse often face numerous problems of their own. The nature of the crime leveled at them often evokes an overwhelming sense of betrayal. In highly publicized cases, the general public has a strong tendency to summarily assume the accused is guilty, leading to very serious social stigma. The accused, even if acquitted, risks being fired from their job, losing their friends and other relationships, having their property vandalized or even confiscated (via civil forfeiture), and being harassed by those believing them to be guilty despite no evidence proving their guilt.","title":"Effect on the child and the accused"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abuse:_Crusade_or_Witch-Hunt-31"}],"text":"In 2001, there were 18 support and lobby groups extant in the UK “set up to redress the injustice suffered by those who, they claim, have been wrongly convicted in abuse cases.”[31] Groups currently active in the UK include: False Allegations Against Carers and Teachers (FACT), False Allegations Support Organization (FASO), People Against False Allegations of Abuse (PAFAA with SOFAP), and SAFARI.","title":"Support groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Take Me to the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_to_the_River_(film)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunt_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Thomas Vinterberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vinterberg"},{"link_name":"Mads Mikkelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Capturing the Friedmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capturing_the_Friedmans"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jarecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jarecki"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"A Map of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Map_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"a film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Map_of_the_World_(film)"},{"link_name":"Serious Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Charge"},{"link_name":"Anthony Quayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Quayle"}],"text":"Take Me to the River (2015) ― An American drama film about a teenager who plans to come out to his family at a reunion, but runs into trouble when he is falsely accused of sexually abusing his younger female cousin.[39]\nThe Hunt (Danish: Jagten) ― A 2012 Danish drama film by Thomas Vinterberg about a man (Mads Mikkelsen) who becomes the target of mass hysteria after being wrongly accused of sexually assaulting a child.[40]\nCapturing the Friedmans (Dir. Andrew Jarecki) ―A 2003 HBO documentary about Arnold and Jesse Friedman,[41] who both pleaded guilty to child abuse, but claimed the charges were false and the guilty pleas coerced.\nA Map of the World (1994) ― A novel that was turned into a film (1999), about a school nurse falsely accused of molesting a student.\nSerious Charge (1959) ― A film starring Anthony Quayle as an English vicar who was falsely accused of sexually assaulting a teenage boy. The youth’s story is supported by a woman whose affections the vicar had spurned.","title":"Media"}]	[]	[{"title":"Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome"},{"title":"Cleveland child abuse scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_child_abuse_scandal"},{"title":"Day-care sex-abuse hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-care_sex-abuse_hysteria"},{"title":"False accusations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_accusation"},{"title":"False accusation of rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape"},{"title":"Kern County child abuse cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County_child_abuse_cases"},{"title":"McMartin preschool trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMartin_preschool_trial"},{"title":"Operation Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Midland"},{"title":"Orkney child abuse scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_child_abuse_scandal"},{"title":"Outreau trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outreau_trial"},{"title":"Think of the children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_of_the_children"},{"title":"Thurston County ritual abuse case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_County_ritual_abuse_case"},{"title":"Treva Throneberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treva_Throneberry"},{"title":"Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Care_Nursery_School_abuse_trial"},{"title":"Peter Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ellis_(childcare_worker)"}]	[{"reference":"Ney, T (1995). True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management. Psychology Press. pp. 23–33. ISBN 0-87630-758-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BggJjhbBJzwC&pg=PA23","url_text":"23–33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87630-758-6","url_text":"0-87630-758-6"}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, CJ; Hanks HGI; Wynne JM (1999). Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 197. ISBN 0-443-05896-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier Health Sciences"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_j-n1tLGcC&pg=PA197","url_text":"197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-05896-2","url_text":"0-443-05896-2"}]},{"reference":"Schetky, DH; Green AH (1988). Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals. Psychology Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-87630-495-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QYyzGgZbllYC&pg=PA105","url_text":"105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87630-495-1","url_text":"0-87630-495-1"}]},{"reference":"Bolen, RM (2001). Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 0-306-46576-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzd1ytm7nvoC&pg=PA109","url_text":"109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46576-0","url_text":"0-306-46576-0"}]},{"reference":"Robin, M (1991). Assessing Child Maltreatment Reports: The Problem of False Allegations. Haworth Press. pp. 21–24. ISBN 0-86656-931-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haworth_Press","url_text":"Haworth Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tqBVMUlMPLIC&pg=PA21","url_text":"21–24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86656-931-6","url_text":"0-86656-931-6"}]},{"reference":"Mikkelsen EJ, Gutheil TG, Emens M (October 1992). \"False sexual-abuse allegations by children and adolescents: contextual factors and clinical subtypes\". Am J Psychother. 46 (4): 556–70. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556. PMID 1443285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556","url_text":"10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1443285","url_text":"1443285"}]},{"reference":"Maggie Bruck; Ceci, Stephen J (1995). Jeopardy in the Courtroom. Amer Psychological Assn. ISBN 1-55798-282-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jeopardyincourtr0000ceci","url_text":"Jeopardy in the Courtroom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55798-282-1","url_text":"1-55798-282-1"}]},{"reference":"Irving B. Weiner; Donald K. Freedheim (2003). Handbook of Psychology Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology. John Wiley and Sons. p. 438. ISBN 0-471-17669-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_B._Weiner","url_text":"Irving B. Weiner"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lBXf1slZBDwC&pg=PA438","url_text":"438"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-17669-9","url_text":"0-471-17669-9"}]},{"reference":"Aronson E; Tavris C (2007). Mistakes were made (but not by me): why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts. San Diego: Harcourt. pp. 127–57. ISBN 978-0-15-603390-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Aronson","url_text":"Aronson E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Tavris","url_text":"Tavris C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistakes_were_made_(but_not_by_me)","url_text":"Mistakes were made (but not by me): why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XreRBrXxMC&pg=PA127","url_text":"127–57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603390-9","url_text":"978-0-15-603390-9"}]},{"reference":"Auerbach, David (12 November 2015). \"Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die\". Slate. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/11/facilitated_communication_pseudoscience_harms_people_with_disabilities.html","url_text":"\"Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Gina (Fall 1995). \"An ecobehavioral interpretation of the facilitated communication phenomenon\". Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. 21 (2): 1–8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Riggott, Julie (Spring–Summer 2005). \"Pseudoscience in Autism Treatment: Are the News and Entertainment Media Helping or Hurting?\". Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 4 (1): 58–60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shane, Howard C.; Kearns, Kevin (September 1994). \"An Examination of the Role of the Facilitator in \"Facilitated Communication\"\". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 3 (3): 48–54. doi:10.1044/1058-0360.0303.48.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1044%2F1058-0360.0303.48","url_text":"10.1044/1058-0360.0303.48"}]},{"reference":"Lilienfeld; et al. (26 February 2015). \"Why debunked autism treatment fads persist\". Science Daily. Emory University. Retrieved 10 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150226154644.htm","url_text":"\"Why debunked autism treatment fads persist\""}]},{"reference":"Ganz, Jennifer B.; Katsiyannis, Antonis; Morin, Kristi L. (February 2017). \"Facilitated Communication: The Resurgence of a Disproven Treatment for Individuals With Autism\". Intervention in School and Clinic. 54: 52–56. doi:10.1177/1053451217692564.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053451217692564","url_text":"\"Facilitated Communication: The Resurgence of a Disproven Treatment for Individuals With Autism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053451217692564","url_text":"10.1177/1053451217692564"}]},{"reference":"Spake, Amanda (31 May 1992). \"Skeptics and Believers; The Facilitated Communication Debate\". The Washington Post. p. W22. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141032/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1008445.html","url_text":"\"Skeptics and Believers; The Facilitated Communication Debate\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1008445.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Margolin, K.N. (1994). \"How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System\". In Shane, Howard C. (ed.). Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing. pp. 227–257. ISBN 978-1-565-93341-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/facilitatedcommu0000unse/page/227","url_text":"\"How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/facilitatedcommu0000unse/page/227","url_text":"227–257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-565-93341-5","url_text":"978-1-565-93341-5"}]},{"reference":"Lilienfeld, SO (March 2007). \"Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm\". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (1): 53–70. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.531.9405. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x. PMID 26151919. S2CID 26512757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.531.9405","url_text":"10.1.1.531.9405"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2007.00029.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151919","url_text":"26151919"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26512757","url_text":"26512757"}]},{"reference":"Summit RC (1998). \"Hidden victims, hidden pain, societal avoidance of child sexual abuse\". In Wyatt GE, Powell GJ (eds.). Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse. SAGE Publications. ISBN 0-8039-3257-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_E._Wyatt","url_text":"Wyatt GE"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lastingeffectsof0000wyat","url_text":"Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications","url_text":"SAGE Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-3257-X","url_text":"0-8039-3257-X"}]},{"reference":"Bentovim, A (July 17, 1993). \"Why do adults sexually abuse children?\". British Medical Journal. 307 (6897): 144–45. doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6897.144. PMC 1678329. PMID 8343739.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1678329","url_text":"\"Why do adults sexually abuse children?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.307.6897.144","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.307.6897.144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1678329","url_text":"1678329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8343739","url_text":"8343739"}]},{"reference":"Finkelhor, D; Araji S (1986). A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. SAGE Publications. p. 18; 280. ISBN 0-8039-1935-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Finkelhor","url_text":"Finkelhor, D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications","url_text":"SAGE Publications"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxpyL10fOoC&pg=PA18","url_text":"18"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxpyL10fOoC&pg=PA280","url_text":"280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-1935-2","url_text":"0-8039-1935-2"}]},{"reference":"Kendall-Tacket, K; Meyer WL; Finkelhor D (1993). \"Impact of child sexual abuse: a review\". Psychological Bulletin. 113 (1): 164–80. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.897.3994. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164. PMID 8426874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Finkelhor","url_text":"Finkelhor D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin","url_text":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.897.3994","url_text":"10.1.1.897.3994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.113.1.164","url_text":"10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8426874","url_text":"8426874"}]},{"reference":"Adshead, G (1994). \"Looking for clues - A review of the literature on false allegations of sexual abuse in childhood\". In Sinason V (ed.). Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse. New York: Routledge. pp. 57–65. ISBN 0-415-10542-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10542-0","url_text":"0-415-10542-0"}]},{"reference":"Benedek, E. P.; Schetky, D. H. (1987). \"Problems in Validating Allegations of Sexual Abuse. Part 1\" (PDF). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 26 (6): 912–15. doi:10.1097/00004583-198726060-00016. PMID 3429411. S2CID 10744072. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229013833/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee04/11fd24056a320c1c31f6b6297cead648e3db.pdf","url_text":"\"Problems in Validating Allegations of Sexual Abuse. Part 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-198726060-00016","url_text":"10.1097/00004583-198726060-00016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3429411","url_text":"3429411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10744072","url_text":"10744072"},{"url":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee04/11fd24056a320c1c31f6b6297cead648e3db.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Green, A. (1986). \"True and false allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes\". Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 25 (4): 449–56. doi:10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60001-5. PMID 3745724. Retrieved 2008-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0002-7138(10)60001-5/pdf","url_text":"\"True and false allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-7138%2810%2960001-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60001-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3745724","url_text":"3745724"}]},{"reference":"Green, A. (1991). \"Factors Contributing to False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse in Custody Disputes\". Child & Youth Services. 15 (2): 177–89. doi:10.1300/J024v15n02_11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ024v15n02_11","url_text":"10.1300/J024v15n02_11"}]},{"reference":"Faller, K. C. (1984). \"Is the child victim of sexual abuse telling the truth?\" (PDF). Child Abuse & Neglect. 8 (4): 473–81. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(84)90029-2. hdl:2027.42/25009. PMID 6542819.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25009/1/0000436.pdf","url_text":"\"Is the child victim of sexual abuse telling the truth?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0145-2134%2884%2990029-2","url_text":"10.1016/0145-2134(84)90029-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F25009","url_text":"2027.42/25009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6542819","url_text":"6542819"}]},{"reference":"McElroy, S.; Keck, P. (1995). \"Recovered memory therapy – False Memory Syndrome and other complications\". Psychiatric Annals. 25 (12): 731–35. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3928%2F0048-5713-19951201-09","url_text":"10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-09"}]},{"reference":"Faller, KC (1989). Child Sexual Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Manual for Diagnosis, Case Management and Treatment. Columbia University Press. pp. 130–31. ISBN 0-231-06471-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/childsexualabuse00fall","url_text":"Child Sexual Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Manual for Diagnosis, Case Management and Treatment"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/childsexualabuse00fall/page/130","url_text":"130–31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06471-3","url_text":"0-231-06471-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Abuse: Crusade or Witch-Hunt?\". BBC News. 2000-12-07. Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110905013149/http://www.innocent.org.uk/misc/carers.html","url_text":"\"Abuse: Crusade or Witch-Hunt?\""},{"url":"http://www.innocent.org.uk/misc/carers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evidence of disposition\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2011-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110819212046/http://lawiki.org/index.php?title=Evidence_of_disposition","url_text":"\"Evidence of disposition\""},{"url":"http://lawiki.org/index.php?title=Evidence_of_disposition","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Exton, Julie (20 November 2003). \"A matter of similar fact\". The Law Society Gazette. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/a-matter-of-similar-fact/40773.article","url_text":"\"A matter of similar fact\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207035841/https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/a-matter-of-similar-fact/40773.article","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Keane, Adrian (February 2002). \"MEMORANDUM 32\". UK Parliament. Select Committee on Home Affairs Memoranda. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 – via Parliamentary business.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmhaff/836/836m33.htm","url_text":"\"MEMORANDUM 32\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207042258/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmhaff/836/836m33.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad Character Evidence\". The Crown Prosecution Service. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/bad-character-evidence","url_text":"\"Bad Character Evidence\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207044156/https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/bad-character-evidence","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"David Rose; Gary Horne (November 26, 2000). \"Abuse witch-hunt traps innocent in a net of lies\". The Observer. Retrieved 2011-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2000/nov/26/socialcare.childrensservices","url_text":"\"Abuse witch-hunt traps innocent in a net of lies\""}]},{"reference":"Richard Webster (2002). \"Similar Fact Evidence\". Archived from the original on September 8, 2002. Retrieved 2011-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Webster_(British_author)","url_text":"Richard Webster"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020908142417/http://www.richardwebster.net/similarfactevidence.html","url_text":"\"Similar Fact Evidence\""}]},{"reference":"Stahl, PM (1999). Complex Issues in Child Custody Evaluations. SAGE Publications. p. 47. ISBN 0-7619-1909-0. Allegations of sexual abuse are always serious and can be traumatic, even when they are false. The lasting effects that such accusations have on families and children can be devastating. There is an increased risk that a child will be alienated from the other parent.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications","url_text":"SAGE Publications"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz7nVD1WcFwC&pg=PA47","url_text":"47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-1909-0","url_text":"0-7619-1909-0"}]},{"reference":"\"' 'Take Me to the River\" ', information\". IMDb. Retrieved 2015-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3142366/?ref_=nv_wl_img_2","url_text":"\"' 'Take Me to the River\" ', information\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hunt, review\". The Telegraph. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/9711873/The-Hunt-review.html","url_text":"\"The Hunt, review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jesse Friedman's Website\". freejesse.net. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaantju	Kaantju	["1 Language","2 Ecology","3 Social relations","4 History","5 Totem system and ceremonial sites","6 Notes","6.1 Citations","7 Sources"]	Aboriginal Australian people of Queensland The Kaantyu people are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland. They live in the area around the present-day town of Coen. Most of their traditional tribal land has been taken over for cattle stations. Kaantju refers to the hook of the yuli, their word for woomera. Language The Kaantyu language is a dialect, with northern and southern varieties, of Umpila. Ecology The Kantyu live in the foothills of the Great Dividing Range along and around the upper tributaries of the Archer River, and the Watson river to the north, and the Edward southwards, from the junction of the Coen and Archer rivers to the mouth of the Archer and the junction of the Kendall and Holroyd extending over approximately 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2). To their west they were separated from the coastal waters of the gulf of Carpentaria by the Wik-Natera and Wik-Kalkan tribes. To their south, along the Coleman River were the Bakanu and the Kunjen speaking Olkola. Social relations The Kaantju intermarried with the Wik Ayabadhu people who lived on the upper reaches of the Holroyd, and traditionally held ceremonial gatherings with them, and the Wik-Mungkan, at the site where Pretender river meets the Holroyd at the junction of the Pretender and Holroyd. History The laying of the Queensland Cape York telegraph line ran through the hunting grounds of both the Kaantju and Kokiala tribes, and had a large impact on their survival. While the Kokiala died off, the Kaantju set up camps along the line, near cattle stations, or retreated to those parts of the range where one could hunt or fish in peace. Totem system and ceremonial sites The rudiments of the Kaantyu ceremonial system were first picked up by Ursula McConnel who gathered scraps of information from two elders of the tribe whom she described as being in their 'dotage', a remnant of the tribe whose traditional social organization had already largely disintegrated due to the pressure of white colonization of their lands and their transformation into cattle stations. McConnel considered their totem system not markedly different from that of the Wik-Mungkan. He believed that it had extended into the Torres Strait where, however, it had been undermined by the growth of New Guinean hero cults. The mainland systems were based on ceremonies for the ritual incentivation of increase, that is, to ensure nature would renew its nourishing sources, something that, on the Torres Strait, had been weakened by the spread of native gardens and fishing. The elders interviewed by McConnel referred to two ceremonial sites (auwa) close to Coen. One was situated on the Emily Creek six miles from the town centre, the other a half a mile from the police station. The at Emily Creek ritual centre was based on the red kangaroo totem, and consisted on a long parade of upright stones varying from a few centimetres to some as high as 2 to 3 feet. The order appear, to McConnel, to parallel that of the ant-beds at the bream and cuscus auwa of the Wik-Mungkan, the difference being explained as due to the lack of suitable stone-ware in the territory of the latter. By maintaining such increase rituals, for example that of the rock-cod, it was thought that they would spread through all the creeks and rivers, and thereby guarantee to the tribe in the area an abundance of this fish species. Notes Citations ^ Thomson 1933, p. 458. ^ Dixon 2002, p. 660. ^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 97. ^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 98. ^ McConnel 1932, pp. 292–293. ^ a b Greer, McIntyre-Tamwoy & Henry 2011, pp. 6–7. Sources Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1. Greer, Shelley; McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan; Henry, Rosita (2011). "Sentinel Sites in a cosmo-political seascape" (PDF). pp. 2–10. McConnel, Ursula (April 1930a). "The Wik-Munkan Tribe of Cape York Peninsula". Oceania. 1 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x. JSTOR 40373036. McConnel, Ursula (July 1930b). "The Wik-Munkan Tribe. Part II. Totemism". Oceania. 1 (2): 181–205. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x. JSTOR 40327320. McConnel, Ursula (March 1932). "Totem stones of the Kantyu tribe, Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland". Oceania. 2 (3): 292–295. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1932.tb00030.x. JSTOR 27976149. Thomson, Donald F. (1933). "The Hero Cult, Initiation and Totemism on Cape York". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 63: 453–537. doi:10.2307/2843801. JSTOR 2843801. vteIndigenous Australian peoples in QueenslandAboriginal Ankamuti Araba Atjinuri Ayabakan Ayapathu Badjiri Bakanambia Barada Barna Baruŋgam Barungguan Bidia Bigambul Bindal Birri Gubba Bidjara (Bulloo River) Bidjara (Warrego River) Biyaygiri Bugulmara Buluwai Butchulla Bwgcolman Dalla Darumbal Djabugay/Tjapukai Djagaraga Djakunda Djankun Djindubari Dyirbal Djiru Ewamin Garrwa Geynyon Gia Giabal Girramay Goeng Goreng goreng Gubbi Gubbi Kutjala/Gudjal Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun Gugu Rarmul Gulngai Gumakudin Gungganyji/Kongkandji Gunggari/Kunggari Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji Iningai Injilarija Injinoo Ithu Jarowair Julaolinja Jupangati Juru Kaantju Kabalbara Kaiabara Kaiadilt Kairi Kalali Kalibamu Kalkadoon Kambuwal Kangulu Kanolu Karanja Kareldi Karendala Karingbal Karuwali Kaurareg Kawadji Koa Koamu Koinjmal Kokangol Kokobididji Kokobujundji Kokokulunggur Kokomini Kokonyekodi Kokopera Kokowalandja Kokowara Kongabula Kooma Kugu Nganhcara Kukatja Kuku Nyungkal Kuku Yalanji Kulumali Kungadutji Kunggara Kungkalenja Kunja Kutjal Kuungkari Laia Lama Lama Lanima Lardil Lotiga Madjandji Maiawali Maijabi Maikulan Maithakari Malintji Mamu Manbarra Mandandanji Maranganji Marrago Marulta Mayi-Kutuna Mbabaram Mbara Mbewum Mimungkum Mingin/Mingginda Mitaka Miyan Muluridji Muragan Murri Mutumui Ngajanji Ngandangara Ngaro Ngathokudi Ngaun Ngaygungu Nggamadi Nguburinji Ngulungbara Ngundjan Ngurawola Nguri Nyawagyi Nyuwathai Olkola Otati Pakadji Pitapita Pontunj Punthamara Quandamooka Hordes: Ngugi, Nunukul, Goenpul Rakkaia Ringaringa Rungarungawa Tagalag Taribelang Tepiti Thaayorre Thereila Tjongkandji Totj Tulua Turrbal Umpila Umpithamu Undanbi Unduyamo Unjadi Uw Oykangand/Kwantari Waanyi Wadja Wadjabangai Wadjalang Wakabunga Wakaman Wakara Wakka Wakka Walangama Walmbaria Waluwara Wanamara Wangan Wanjuru Warakamai Warrongo Wik Wikampama Wikapatja Wikatinda Wikepa Wikianji Wikmean Wik-Mungkan Wiknatanja Winduwinda Wiri Wongkadjera Wongkumara Woppaburra Wulgurukaba Wulili Wulpura Wuthathi Yadhaykenu Yagalingu Yambina Yanda Yanga Yangga Yanggal Yalarnnga Yetimarala Yetteneru Yidiny Yilba Yiman Yintyingka Yinwum Yirandhali Yirrganydji Yir-Yoront Yugambeh Clans: Gugingin, Wanggeriburra, Kombumerri, Mununjali, Tulgigin Yugara Yuibera Yukulta Yungkurara Yurlayurlanya Torres Strait Islanders Badu Kaurareg‎ Mabuiag Meriam Mua By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"Cape York Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"north Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Coen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coen,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"cattle stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_station"},{"link_name":"woomera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1933458-1"}],"text":"The Kaantyu people are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland. They live in the area around the present-day town of Coen. Most of their traditional tribal land has been taken over for cattle stations. Kaantju refers to the hook of the yuli, their word for woomera.[1]","title":"Kaantju"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaantyu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaantyu_language"},{"link_name":"Umpila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpila_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon2002660-2"}],"text":"The Kaantyu language is a dialect, with northern and southern varieties, of Umpila.[2]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Dividing Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range"},{"link_name":"Archer River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_River"},{"link_name":"Watson river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Holroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holroyd_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97-3"},{"link_name":"Coleman River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_River_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Kunjen speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunjen_language"},{"link_name":"Olkola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkola"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a98-4"}],"text":"The Kantyu live in the foothills of the Great Dividing Range along and around the upper tributaries of the Archer River, and the Watson river to the north, and the Edward southwards, from the junction of the Coen and Archer rivers to the mouth of the Archer and the junction of the Kendall and Holroyd extending over approximately 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2). To their west they were separated from the coastal waters of the gulf of Carpentaria by the Wik-Natera and Wik-Kalkan tribes.[3] To their south, along the Coleman River were the Bakanu and the Kunjen speaking Olkola.[4]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holroyd_River"},{"link_name":"Wik-Mungkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik-Mungkan_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a98-4"}],"text":"The Kaantju intermarried with the Wik Ayabadhu people who lived on the upper reaches of the Holroyd, and traditionally held ceremonial gatherings with them, and the Wik-Mungkan, at the site where Pretender river meets the Holroyd at the junction of the Pretender and Holroyd.[4]","title":"Social relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The laying of the Queensland Cape York telegraph line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telegraphy_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97-3"}],"text":"The laying of the Queensland Cape York telegraph line ran through the hunting grounds of both the Kaantju and Kokiala tribes, and had a large impact on their survival. While the Kokiala died off, the Kaantju set up camps along the line, near cattle stations, or retreated to those parts of the range where one could hunt or fish in peace.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1932292%E2%80%93293-5"},{"link_name":"Wik-Mungkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik-Mungkan"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20116%E2%80%937-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20116%E2%80%937-6"}],"text":"The rudiments of the Kaantyu ceremonial system were first picked up by Ursula McConnel who gathered scraps of information from two elders of the tribe whom she described as being in their 'dotage', a remnant of the tribe whose traditional social organization had already largely disintegrated due to the pressure of white colonization of their lands and their transformation into cattle stations.[5] McConnel considered their totem system not markedly different from that of the Wik-Mungkan.\nHe believed that it had extended into the Torres Strait where, however, it had been undermined by the growth of New Guinean hero cults. The mainland systems were based on ceremonies for the ritual incentivation of increase, that is, to ensure nature would renew its nourishing sources, something that, on the Torres Strait, had been weakened by the spread of native gardens and fishing.[6]The elders interviewed by McConnel referred to two ceremonial sites (auwa) close to Coen. One was situated on the Emily Creek six miles from the town centre, the other a half a mile from the police station. The at Emily Creek ritual centre was based on the red kangaroo totem, and consisted on a long parade of upright stones varying from a few centimetres to some as high as 2 to 3 feet. The order appear, to McConnel, to parallel that of the ant-beds at the bream and cuscus auwa of the Wik-Mungkan, the difference being explained as due to the lack of suitable stone-ware in the territory of the latter. By maintaining such increase rituals, for example that of the rock-cod, it was thought that they would spread through all the creeks and rivers, and thereby guarantee to the tribe in the area an abundance of this fish species.[6]","title":"Totem system and ceremonial sites"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1933458_1-0"},{"link_name":"Thomson 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomson1933"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon2002660_2-0"},{"link_name":"Dixon 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDixon2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a97_3-1"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a98_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1930a98_4-1"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1930a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1930a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnel1932292%E2%80%93293_5-0"},{"link_name":"McConnel 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcConnel1932"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20116%E2%80%937_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20116%E2%80%937_6-1"},{"link_name":"Greer, McIntyre-Tamwoy & Henry 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry2011"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Thomson 1933, p. 458.\n\n^ Dixon 2002, p. 660.\n\n^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 97.\n\n^ a b McConnel 1930a, p. 98.\n\n^ McConnel 1932, pp. 292–293.\n\n^ a b Greer, McIntyre-Tamwoy & Henry 2011, pp. 6–7.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dixon, Robert M. W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon"},{"link_name":"Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR31"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-47378-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47378-1"},{"link_name":"\"Sentinel Sites in a cosmo-political seascape\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sicri-network.org/ISIC7/d.%20ISIC7P%20Greer%20et%20al.pdf"},{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40373036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40373036"},{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40327320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40327320"},{"link_name":"McConnel, Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_McConnel"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1834-4461.1932.tb00030.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1932.tb00030.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27976149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27976149"},{"link_name":"Thomson, Donald F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Thomson"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2843801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2843801"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2843801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2843801"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Ankamuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankamuti"},{"link_name":"Araba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_people"},{"link_name":"Atjinuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atjinuri"},{"link_name":"Ayabakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayabakan"},{"link_name":"Ayapathu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayapathu"},{"link_name":"Badjiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjiri"},{"link_name":"Bakanambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakanambia"},{"link_name":"Barada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barada_people"},{"link_name":"Barna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna_people"},{"link_name":"Baruŋgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baru%C5%8Bgam"},{"link_name":"Barungguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barungguan"},{"link_name":"Bidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidia_people"},{"link_name":"Bigambul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigambul"},{"link_name":"Bindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindal_people"},{"link_name":"Birri Gubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birri_Gubba"},{"link_name":"Bidjara (Bulloo River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidjara_(Bulloo_River)"},{"link_name":"Bidjara (Warrego River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidjara_(Warrego_River)"},{"link_name":"Biyaygiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaygiri"},{"link_name":"Bugulmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugulmara"},{"link_name":"Buluwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buluwai"},{"link_name":"Butchulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchulla"},{"link_name":"Bwgcolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwgcolman"},{"link_name":"Dalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalla_people"},{"link_name":"Darumbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darumbal"},{"link_name":"Djabugay/Tjapukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djabugay"},{"link_name":"Djagaraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djagaraga"},{"link_name":"Djakunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djakunda"},{"link_name":"Djankun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djankun"},{"link_name":"Djindubari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djindubari"},{"link_name":"Dyirbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyirbal_people"},{"link_name":"Djiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiru_people"},{"link_name":"Ewamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewamin"},{"link_name":"Garrwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrwa_people"},{"link_name":"Geynyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geynyon"},{"link_name":"Gia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_tribe"},{"link_name":"Giabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giabal"},{"link_name":"Girramay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girramay"},{"link_name":"Goeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeng"},{"link_name":"Goreng goreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goreng_goreng"},{"link_name":"Gubbi Gubbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_people"},{"link_name":"Kutjala/Gudjal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudjal"},{"link_name":"Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugu-Badhun"},{"link_name":"Gugu Rarmul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugu_Rarmul"},{"link_name":"Gulngai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulngai"},{"link_name":"Gumakudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumakudin"},{"link_name":"Gungganyji/Kongkandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungganyji"},{"link_name":"Gunggari/Kunggari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunggari_people"},{"link_name":"Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_people"},{"link_name":"Iningai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iningai"},{"link_name":"Injilarija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injilarija"},{"link_name":"Injinoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injinoo"},{"link_name":"Ithu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithu"},{"link_name":"Jarowair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarowair"},{"link_name":"Julaolinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julaolinja"},{"link_name":"Jupangati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupangati"},{"link_name":"Juru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juru_people"},{"link_name":"Kaantju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kabalbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalbara"},{"link_name":"Kaiabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiabara"},{"link_name":"Kaiadilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiadilt"},{"link_name":"Kairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairi_people"},{"link_name":"Kalali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalali_people"},{"link_name":"Kalibamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibamu"},{"link_name":"Kalkadoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkatungu"},{"link_name":"Kambuwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambuwal"},{"link_name":"Kangulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangulu"},{"link_name":"Kanolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanolu"},{"link_name":"Karanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanja_people"},{"link_name":"Kareldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareldi"},{"link_name":"Karendala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karendala"},{"link_name":"Karingbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karingbal"},{"link_name":"Karuwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuwali"},{"link_name":"Kaurareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurareg"},{"link_name":"Kawadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawadji"},{"link_name":"Koa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa_people"},{"link_name":"Koamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koamu"},{"link_name":"Koinjmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinjmal_tribe"},{"link_name":"Kokangol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokangol"},{"link_name":"Kokobididji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokobididji"},{"link_name":"Kokobujundji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokobujundji"},{"link_name":"Kokokulunggur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokokulunggur"},{"link_name":"Kokomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomini"},{"link_name":"Kokonyekodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokonyekodi"},{"link_name":"Kokopera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokopera"},{"link_name":"Kokowalandja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokowalandja"},{"link_name":"Kokowara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokowara"},{"link_name":"Kongabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongabula"},{"link_name":"Kooma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooma"},{"link_name":"Kugu Nganhcara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara"},{"link_name":"Kukatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukatja_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Kuku Nyungkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuku_Nyungkal"},{"link_name":"Kuku Yalanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuku_Yalanji"},{"link_name":"Kulumali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulumali"},{"link_name":"Kungadutji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungadutji"},{"link_name":"Kunggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunggara"},{"link_name":"Kungkalenja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungkalenja"},{"link_name":"Kunja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunja_people"},{"link_name":"Kutjal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutjal"},{"link_name":"Kuungkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuungkari"},{"link_name":"Laia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laia_people"},{"link_name":"Lama Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama_Lama_people"},{"link_name":"Lanima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanima_people"},{"link_name":"Lardil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lardil_people"},{"link_name":"Lotiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotiga"},{"link_name":"Madjandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madjandji"},{"link_name":"Maiawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiawali"},{"link_name":"Maijabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maijabi"},{"link_name":"Maikulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikulan"},{"link_name":"Maithakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithakari"},{"link_name":"Malintji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malintji"},{"link_name":"Mamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamu_people"},{"link_name":"Manbarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manbarra"},{"link_name":"Mandandanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandandanji"},{"link_name":"Maranganji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranganji"},{"link_name":"Marrago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrago"},{"link_name":"Marulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marulta"},{"link_name":"Mayi-Kutuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna"},{"link_name":"Mbabaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbabaram_people"},{"link_name":"Mbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbara_people"},{"link_name":"Mbewum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbewum"},{"link_name":"Mimungkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimungkum"},{"link_name":"Mingin/Mingginda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingin_people"},{"link_name":"Mitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitaka_people"},{"link_name":"Miyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyan_people"},{"link_name":"Muluridji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muluridji"},{"link_name":"Muragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muragan"},{"link_name":"Murri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murri_people"},{"link_name":"Mutumui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutumui"},{"link_name":"Ngajanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngajanji"},{"link_name":"Ngandangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngandangara"},{"link_name":"Ngaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaro_people"},{"link_name":"Ngathokudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngathokudi"},{"link_name":"Ngaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaun"},{"link_name":"Ngaygungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaygungu_people"},{"link_name":"Nggamadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggamadi"},{"link_name":"Nguburinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguburinji"},{"link_name":"Ngulungbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngulungbara"},{"link_name":"Ngundjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngundjan"},{"link_name":"Ngurawola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurawola"},{"link_name":"Nguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguri_people"},{"link_name":"Nyawagyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyawagyi"},{"link_name":"Nyuwathai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuwathai"},{"link_name":"Olkola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkola"},{"link_name":"Otati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otati"},{"link_name":"Pakadji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakadji"},{"link_name":"Pitapita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitapita"},{"link_name":"Pontunj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontunj"},{"link_name":"Punthamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punthamara"},{"link_name":"Quandamooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quandamooka_people"},{"link_name":"Ngugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngugi_people"},{"link_name":"Nunukul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunukul"},{"link_name":"Goenpul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goenpul"},{"link_name":"Rakkaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakkaia"},{"link_name":"Ringaringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringaringa"},{"link_name":"Rungarungawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungarungawa"},{"link_name":"Tagalag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalag_people"},{"link_name":"Taribelang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taribelang"},{"link_name":"Tepiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepiti"},{"link_name":"Thaayorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaayorre"},{"link_name":"Thereila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thereila"},{"link_name":"Tjongkandji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjongkandji"},{"link_name":"Totj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totj"},{"link_name":"Tulua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulua_people"},{"link_name":"Turrbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turrbal"},{"link_name":"Umpila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpila"},{"link_name":"Umpithamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpithamu"},{"link_name":"Undanbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undanbi"},{"link_name":"Unduyamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unduyamo"},{"link_name":"Unjadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjadi"},{"link_name":"Uw Oykangand/Kwantari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uw_Oykangand"},{"link_name":"Waanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waanyi"},{"link_name":"Wadja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadja_people"},{"link_name":"Wadjabangai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjabangai"},{"link_name":"Wadjalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjalang"},{"link_name":"Wakabunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakabunga"},{"link_name":"Wakaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakaman"},{"link_name":"Wakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakara_people"},{"link_name":"Wakka Wakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakka_Wakka"},{"link_name":"Walangama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walangama"},{"link_name":"Walmbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmbaria"},{"link_name":"Waluwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waluwara"},{"link_name":"Wanamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanamara"},{"link_name":"Wangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangan_people"},{"link_name":"Wanjuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanjuru"},{"link_name":"Warakamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warakamai"},{"link_name":"Warrongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrongo_people"},{"link_name":"Wik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik_peoples"},{"link_name":"Wikampama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikampama"},{"link_name":"Wikapatja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikapatja"},{"link_name":"Wikatinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikatinda"},{"link_name":"Wikepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikepa"},{"link_name":"Wikianji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikianji"},{"link_name":"Wikmean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikmean"},{"link_name":"Wik-Mungkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik-Mungkan_people"},{"link_name":"Wiknatanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiknatanja"},{"link_name":"Winduwinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winduwinda"},{"link_name":"Wiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiri_people"},{"link_name":"Wongkadjera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongkadjera"},{"link_name":"Wongkumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongkumara"},{"link_name":"Woppaburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woppaburra"},{"link_name":"Wulgurukaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulgurukaba"},{"link_name":"Wulili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulili"},{"link_name":"Wulpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulpura"},{"link_name":"Wuthathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthathi"},{"link_name":"Yadhaykenu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadhaykenu"},{"link_name":"Yagalingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagalingu"},{"link_name":"Yambina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambina"},{"link_name":"Yanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanda_people"},{"link_name":"Yanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanga_people"},{"link_name":"Yangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangga"},{"link_name":"Yanggal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanggal"},{"link_name":"Yalarnnga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalarnnga"},{"link_name":"Yetimarala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetimarala"},{"link_name":"Yetteneru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetteneru"},{"link_name":"Yidiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidiny_people"},{"link_name":"Yilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilba"},{"link_name":"Yiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiman_people"},{"link_name":"Yintyingka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yintyingka"},{"link_name":"Yinwum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinwum"},{"link_name":"Yirandhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirandhali"},{"link_name":"Yirrganydji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirrganydji"},{"link_name":"Yir-Yoront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yir-Yoront"},{"link_name":"Yugambeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugambeh_people"},{"link_name":"Gugingin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugingin_clan"},{"link_name":"Wanggeriburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanggeriburra_clan"},{"link_name":"Kombumerri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombumerri_clan"},{"link_name":"Mununjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mununjali_clan"},{"link_name":"Tulgigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulgigin_clan"},{"link_name":"Yugara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugara"},{"link_name":"Yuibera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuibera"},{"link_name":"Yukulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukulta"},{"link_name":"Yungkurara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungkurara"},{"link_name":"Yurlayurlanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurlayurlanya"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Badu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badu_people"},{"link_name":"Kaurareg‎","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurareg"},{"link_name":"Mabuiag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuiag"},{"link_name":"Meriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam_people"},{"link_name":"Mua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mua_people"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.\nGreer, Shelley; McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan; Henry, Rosita (2011). \"Sentinel Sites in a cosmo-political seascape\" (PDF). pp. 2–10.\nMcConnel, Ursula (April 1930a). \"The Wik-Munkan Tribe of Cape York Peninsula\". Oceania. 1 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb00005.x. JSTOR 40373036.\nMcConnel, Ursula (July 1930b). \"The Wik-Munkan Tribe. Part II. Totemism\". Oceania. 1 (2): 181–205. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01644.x. JSTOR 40327320.\nMcConnel, Ursula (March 1932). \"Totem stones of the Kantyu tribe, Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland\". Oceania. 2 (3): 292–295. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1932.tb00030.x. JSTOR 27976149.\nThomson, Donald F. (1933). \"The Hero Cult, Initiation and Totemism on Cape York\". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 63: 453–537. doi:10.2307/2843801. JSTOR 2843801.vteIndigenous Australian peoples in QueenslandAboriginal\nAnkamuti\nAraba\nAtjinuri\nAyabakan\nAyapathu\nBadjiri\nBakanambia\nBarada\nBarna\nBaruŋgam\nBarungguan\nBidia\nBigambul\nBindal\nBirri Gubba\nBidjara (Bulloo River)\nBidjara (Warrego River)\nBiyaygiri\nBugulmara\nBuluwai\nButchulla\nBwgcolman\nDalla\nDarumbal\nDjabugay/Tjapukai\nDjagaraga\nDjakunda\nDjankun\nDjindubari\nDyirbal\nDjiru\nEwamin\nGarrwa\nGeynyon\nGia\nGiabal\nGirramay\nGoeng\nGoreng goreng\nGubbi Gubbi\nKutjala/Gudjal\nGugu-Badhun/Kokopatun\nGugu Rarmul\nGulngai\nGumakudin\nGungganyji/Kongkandji\nGunggari/Kunggari\nGuugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji\nIningai\nInjilarija\nInjinoo\nIthu\nJarowair\nJulaolinja\nJupangati\nJuru\nKaantju\nKabalbara\nKaiabara\nKaiadilt\nKairi\nKalali\nKalibamu \nKalkadoon\nKambuwal\nKangulu\nKanolu\nKaranja\nKareldi\nKarendala\nKaringbal\nKaruwali\nKaurareg\nKawadji\nKoa\nKoamu\nKoinjmal\nKokangol\nKokobididji\nKokobujundji\nKokokulunggur\nKokomini\nKokonyekodi\nKokopera\nKokowalandja\nKokowara\nKongabula\nKooma\nKugu Nganhcara\nKukatja\nKuku Nyungkal\nKuku Yalanji\nKulumali\nKungadutji\nKunggara\nKungkalenja\nKunja\nKutjal\nKuungkari\nLaia\nLama Lama\nLanima\nLardil\nLotiga\nMadjandji\nMaiawali\nMaijabi\nMaikulan\nMaithakari\nMalintji\nMamu\nManbarra\nMandandanji\nMaranganji\nMarrago\nMarulta\nMayi-Kutuna\nMbabaram\nMbara\nMbewum\nMimungkum\nMingin/Mingginda\nMitaka\nMiyan\nMuluridji\nMuragan\nMurri\nMutumui\nNgajanji\nNgandangara\nNgaro\nNgathokudi\nNgaun\nNgaygungu\nNggamadi\nNguburinji\nNgulungbara\nNgundjan\nNgurawola\nNguri\nNyawagyi\nNyuwathai\nOlkola\nOtati\nPakadji\nPitapita\nPontunj\nPunthamara\nQuandamooka\nHordes: Ngugi, Nunukul, Goenpul \nRakkaia\nRingaringa\nRungarungawa\nTagalag\nTaribelang\nTepiti\nThaayorre\nThereila\nTjongkandji\nTotj\nTulua\nTurrbal\nUmpila\nUmpithamu\nUndanbi\nUnduyamo\nUnjadi\nUw Oykangand/Kwantari\nWaanyi\nWadja\nWadjabangai\nWadjalang\nWakabunga\nWakaman\nWakara\nWakka Wakka\nWalangama\nWalmbaria\nWaluwara\nWanamara\nWangan\nWanjuru\nWarakamai\nWarrongo\nWik\nWikampama\nWikapatja\nWikatinda\nWikepa\nWikianji\nWikmean\nWik-Mungkan\nWiknatanja\nWinduwinda\nWiri\nWongkadjera\nWongkumara\nWoppaburra\nWulgurukaba\nWulili\nWulpura\nWuthathi\nYadhaykenu\nYagalingu\nYambina\nYanda\nYanga\nYangga\nYanggal\nYalarnnga\nYetimarala\nYetteneru\nYidiny\nYilba\nYiman\nYintyingka\nYinwum\nYirandhali\nYirrganydji\nYir-Yoront\nYugambeh\nClans: Gugingin, Wanggeriburra, Kombumerri, Mununjali, Tulgigin\nYugara\nYuibera\nYukulta\nYungkurara\nYurlayurlanya\nTorres Strait Islanders\nBadu\nKaurareg‎\nMabuiag\nMeriam\nMua\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern Australia","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dixon, Robert M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_persons_(Pakistan)	Enforced disappearances in Pakistan	["1 Background","2 From 1999 to 2008","3 From 2009 to present","3.1 Balochistan","4 People who have at any point gone missing","5 Criticism","6 Government response","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]	Human rights violations in military dictatorship Protest about missing persons, Karachi Forced disappearance in Pakistan originated during the military rule of General Pervez Musharraf (1999 to 2008). The practice continued during subsequent governments. The term missing persons is sometimes used as a euphemism. According to Amina Masood Janjua, a human rights activist and chairperson of Defence of Human Rights Pakistan, there are more than 5,000 reported cases of forced disappearance in Pakistan. Human rights activists allege that the law enforcement agencies in Pakistan are responsible for the cases of forced disappearance in Pakistan. However, the law enforcement agencies in Pakistan deny this and insist that many of the missing persons have either joined militant organisations such as the TTP in Afghanistan and other conflict zones or they have fled to be an illegal immigrant in Europe and died en route. Since 2011, the government of Pakistan established a Commission to investigate cases of enforced disappearance in Pakistan. The Commission reports that it has received 7,000 cases of enforced disappearance since its inception and it has resolved around 5,000 of those cases. Enforced disappearances have long been a stain on Pakistan’s human rights record. Background The practice of enforced disappearance is a global problem that afflicts people in various countries and with different ethnicity, religions and political backgrounds. Although the enforced disappearance is a crime under international law, the U.N. has recorded thousands of disappearances in over 100 countries in recent decade. Some of the countries which are crucially charged with the allegations of enforced disappearances include Iraq, Iran, Sri Lanka, Chile, Ethiopia, Syria, African countries, Bangladesh, India, China, Russia, US and Pakistan. From 1999 to 2008 After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, forced disappearance in Pakistan allegedly began during the rule of military dictator General Pervez Musharraf (1999 to 2008). Pakistan went under immense terrorist activities. A large number of people became the victim of suicidal attacks. During 'War on Terror', many people were suspected as terrorists and then taken away by Govt agencies. Many of them were then handed over to the United States authorities to be imprisoned in the Guantanamo Bay's Camp X-Ray. After Musharaf resigned in August 2008, he was charged with various human rights violations. From 2009 to present According to Amina Masood Janjua, a human rights activist and chairperson of Defence of Human Rights Pakistan, there are more than 5,000 reported cases of forced disappearance in Pakistan.Defence of Human Rights Pakistan is a not for profit organization working against forced disappearance in Pakistan. The families of missing persons have also staged protest across Pakistan demanding to know the whereabouts their missing family members. Balochistan Consultation Session with Political parties on Human Rights Compliance in Balochistan, Quetta Press Club Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan and Missing Baloch students case Most of the cases of forced disappearances in recent year were reported in Pakistan's Balochistan province which has been witnessing a low-level insurgency for more than a decade and a half. According to Voice for Baloch Missing Persons (VBMP) around 528 Baloch people have gone missing from 2001 to 2017. A senior Pakistani provincial security official says that missing person figures are 'exaggerated', that 'in Balochistan, insurgents, immigrants who fled to Europe and even those who have been killed in military operations are declared as missing persons'. Reports have shown that many people have fled the province to seek asylum in other countries because of the unrest caused by separatist militants. Similarly separatist militants have also been found responsible for forced disappearances cases. Separatist militants usually wear military uniform while carrying out their militant activities. Hence they often get mistaken as security officials. People who have at any point gone missing Masood Ahmed Janjua (Husband of Amina Masood Janjua) Safdar Sarki Saud Memon Aafia Siddiqui and her three children Hafiz Abdul Basit Muzafar Bhutto Zeenat Shahzadi, a 24-year-old female journalist who was investigating a disappearance case, was allegedly abducted by some armed personnel on 19 August 2015 and went missing. Her disappearance caused her younger brother to commit suicide. She was later recovered from near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border in October 2017. In early January 2017, five social media activists – Salman Haider, Ahmad Waqass Goraya, Aasim Saeed, and Ahmad Raza Naseer – went missing from different parts of Pakistan. Salman Haider was also a poet and academic. However, after few days, all of the bloggers returned to their homes. Their families confirmed their return and reported that all of the bloggers were unharmed. Some have reported to have been handed over to the CIA and/or flown to Bagram, Afghanistan and later shipped off to Guantanamo Bay. Reports of forced abductions by the Pakistani state first began arising in 2001, in the aftermath of the United States invasion of Afghanistan and the commencement of the US-led War on Terror. Many of the missing persons are activists associated with the Baloch nationalist and Sindhi nationalist movements. Criticism The cases of forced disappearances were criticized by human rights organizations and the media. They have urged the government of Pakistan to probe these incidents. In 2011, a Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances was formed, but there was little progress in the investigation. In January 2021, the Islamabad High Court, after hearing a petition on a disappearance case from 2015, ruled that the prime minister of Pakistan and his cabinet were responsible for the state’s failure to protect its citizens “because the buck stops at the top.” The court also termed enforced disappearances as “the most heinous crime and intolerable.” Pakistan has grappled with a persistent issue of enforced disappearances, which has marred its human rights reputation for a considerable period of time. Despite assurances from successive administrations to outlaw this practice, progress in enacting relevant legislation has been sluggish, leaving individuals vulnerable to forced disappearances without any accountability for the perpetrators. Since the outset of its occupation, the Pakistani state has resorted to enforced disappearances as a means to suppress the oppressed population of Balochistan, marking a prolonged history of such occurrences. This systematic practice has been employed to silence the voices within the region. Government response In 2011, a Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances was formed by the government of Pakistan to investigate the cases of forced disappearances in the country. According to Amnesty International, the commission has so far received 3,000 cases of such disappearances. By 2021, the Commission reports that it has received 7,000 cases of forced disappearance since its inception and it has resolved around 5,000 of those cases. In June 2021, the Pakistan's interior minister introduced a bill in National Assembly of Pakistan which criminalized enforced disappearance in the country with 10-year imprisonment for anyone found guilty of it. The bill was later passed by National Assembly of Pakistan in November 2021. See also Encounter killings in Pakistan Forced disappearance Enforced disappearance of Mushtaq Mahar Gun politics in Pakistan Human rights in Pakistan Target killings in Pakistan References ^ a b "Still 'missing' – Business Recorder". Business Recorder. 3 October 2018. ^ a b c "Despite fears, concerns and stirs 'Enforced Disappearances' still is a missing truth". Dunya News. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. ^ "Depictions of Loss". The Friday Times - Naya Daur. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. according to Amina Masood Janjua, Chairperson of the group Defence of Human Rights Pakistan, there are over 5,000 reported cases of enforced disappearance in this country ^ "State not responsible for every missing person: DG ISPR". The Express Tribune. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. ^ "Kidnap, torture, murder: the plight of Pakistan's thousands of disappeared". the Guardian. 14 December 2020. ^ a b c "Pakistan to criminalise enforced disappearances". Deccan Herald. 30 August 2021. ^ a b c "We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years". Human Rights Watch. 28 July 2011. ^ a b Shayne R. Burnham (28 September 2008). "Musharraf Faces Charges of Human Rights Violations". Impunity Watch. ^ "Pakistan". Freedom House. 2007. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2017-01-14. ^ a b Irene Khan (30 August 2008). "Where are the disappeared?". Dawn. ^ "Families of country's 'disappeared' beaten in Islamabad protest". The New Humanitarian. 2 January 2007. ^ Shah, Syed Ali (16 January 2019). "Missing persons' relatives suspend protest after 10 years following Balochistan govt assurances". DAWN.COM. ^ a b "Thousands vanish without a trace in Pakistan's restive Balochistan". The National. 8 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. ^ "Pakistan militants execute 14 bus passengers". CNN. 18 April 2019. Militants wearing security force uniforms stopped two buses in southwest Pakistan on Thursday and killed 14 passengers after ordering them out of the vehicles, police said. ^ a b c "Pakistan: Where Is Zeenat Shahzadi?". Amnesty International. 30 August 2016. ^ Dawn.com (2017-10-20). "'Missing' journalist Zeenat Shahzadi recovered after more than 2 years". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2019-07-27. ^ Tareq Haddad (11 January 2017). "State crackdown on dissent feared as four secularist activists 'disappear' in Pakistan". International Business Times. IBTimes Co., Ltd. ^ a b "Fears of online crackdown loom large after 'abduction' of 4 bloggers". Pakistan Today. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017. ^ a b Qasim Nauman (10 January 2017). "Rights Groups Ask Pakistan to Probe Disappearance of Activists". The Wall Street Journal. ^ "Second missing Pakistani blogger found, leaves country, says family". Al Arabia. 29 January 2017. ^ "Abducted blogger breaks silence: 'We want a Pakistan with rule of law'". Dawn. 9 February 2017. ^ a b Denying the Undeniable: Enforced Disappearances in Pakistan. Amnesty International Publications. 2008. ^ I. A. Rehman (25 August 2016). "Disappearances still a major issue". Dawn. ^ "End Pakistan's Enforced Disappearances". Human Rights Watch. 22 March 2021. ^ "Pakistan: Authorities must deliver on pledge to end cruelty of enforced disappearances". Amnesty International. 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2023-06-20. ^ "Long history of enforced disappearances in Balochistan". Big News Network.com. Retrieved 2023-06-22. ^ "Bill criminalising enforced disappearance introduced in NA". The Express Tribune. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. ^ "Passes Bill Criminalizing Protection Of Journalists And Enforced Disappearances - IG News". irshadgul.com. 8 November 2021. ^ "NA passes journalists Protection Bill, five other bills: Dr Mazari". Associated Press of Pakistan. 13 November 2021. Further reading Fisk, Robert (18 March 2010). "Into the terrifying world of Pakistan's 'disappeared'". The Independent. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Gall, Carlotta (19 December 2007). "Picture of Secret Detentions Emerges in Pakistan". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2010. "The unending ordeal of missing persons' families". Dawn. 25 July 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Plett, Barbara (13 December 2006). "Painful search for Pakistan's disappeared". BBC News Online. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Montero, David (6 September 2007). "Pakistan: Disappeared". PBS Frontline. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Walsh, Declan (16 March 2007). "Without a trace". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 December 2010. "Pakistan: Thousands of persons remain missing amid government inaction". Asian Legal Resource Centre. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Garcia, J. Malcolm (October 2010). "The Missing". Guernica Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Masood, Salman (14 January 2007). "Relatives and rights group search for Pakistan's missing". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2010. "Pakistan families of missing pin hopes on Chaudhry". Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2010. "Who took the 'disappeared' people?". Daily Times (Pakistan). 29 March 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2010. "Musharraf's stance on disappearances is wrong: HRCP". Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Khan, Ilyas (22 January 2007). "Pressure over Pakistan's missing". BBC news Online. Retrieved 4 December 2010.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_protest_Karachi_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"Amina Masood Janjua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Masood_Janjua"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brecorder2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunya2018-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"TTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-i-Taliban_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deccanherald2021-6"}],"text":"Protest about missing persons, KarachiForced disappearance in Pakistan originated during the military rule of General Pervez Musharraf (1999 to 2008). The practice continued during subsequent governments. The term missing persons is sometimes used as a euphemism. According to Amina Masood Janjua, a human rights activist and chairperson of Defence of Human Rights Pakistan, there are more than 5,000 reported cases of forced disappearance in Pakistan.[1][2][3] Human rights activists allege that the law enforcement agencies in Pakistan are responsible for the cases of forced disappearance in Pakistan. However, the law enforcement agencies in Pakistan deny this and insist that many of the missing persons have either joined militant organisations such as the TTP in Afghanistan and other conflict zones[4] or they have fled to be an illegal immigrant in Europe and died en route.[5]Since 2011, the government of Pakistan established a Commission to investigate cases of enforced disappearance in Pakistan. The Commission reports that it has received 7,000 cases of enforced disappearance since its inception and it has resolved around 5,000 of those cases.[6] Enforced disappearances have long been a stain on Pakistan’s human rights record.","title":"Enforced disappearances in Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunya2018-2"}],"text":"The practice of enforced disappearance is a global problem that afflicts people in various countries and with different ethnicity, religions and political backgrounds. Although the enforced disappearance is a crime under international law, the U.N. has recorded thousands of disappearances in over 100 countries in recent decade. Some of the countries which are crucially charged with the allegations of enforced disappearances include Iraq, Iran, Sri Lanka, Chile, Ethiopia, Syria, African countries, Bangladesh, India, China, Russia, US and Pakistan.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_invasion_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"forced disappearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_disappearance"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW-We-7"},{"link_name":"War on Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IW-Musharraf-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-Irene-10"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Camp X-Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_X-Ray_(Guantanamo)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-Irene-10"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IW-Musharraf-8"}],"text":"After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, forced disappearance in Pakistan allegedly began during the rule of military dictator General Pervez Musharraf (1999 to 2008).[7] Pakistan went under immense terrorist activities. A large number of people became the victim of suicidal attacks. During 'War on Terror', many people were suspected as terrorists and then taken away by Govt agencies.[8][9][10] Many of them were then handed over to the United States authorities to be imprisoned in the Guantanamo Bay's Camp X-Ray.[10] After Musharaf resigned in August 2008, he was charged with various human rights violations.[8]","title":"From 1999 to 2008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amina Masood Janjua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Masood_Janjua"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brecorder2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunya2018-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"According to Amina Masood Janjua, a human rights activist and chairperson of Defence of Human Rights Pakistan, there are more than 5,000 reported cases of forced disappearance in Pakistan.[1][2]Defence of Human Rights Pakistan is a not for profit organization working against forced disappearance in Pakistan. The families of missing persons have also staged protest across Pakistan demanding to know the whereabouts their missing family members.[11][12]","title":"From 2009 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Missing_persons_consultation_Quetta_Pakistan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Missing Baloch students case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_Baloch_students_case"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deccanherald2021-6"},{"link_name":"Voice for Baloch Missing Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_for_Baloch_Missing_Persons"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-national-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-national-13"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Balochistan","text":"Consultation Session with Political parties on Human Rights Compliance in Balochistan, Quetta Press ClubFurther information: Insurgency in Balochistan and Missing Baloch students caseMost of the cases of forced disappearances in recent year were reported in Pakistan's Balochistan province which has been witnessing a low-level insurgency for more than a decade and a half.[6] According to Voice for Baloch Missing Persons (VBMP) around 528 Baloch people have gone missing from 2001 to 2017.[13]A senior Pakistani provincial security official says that missing person figures are 'exaggerated', that 'in Balochistan, insurgents, immigrants who fled to Europe and even those who have been killed in military operations are declared as missing persons'.[13] Reports have shown that many people have fled the province to seek asylum in other countries because of the unrest caused by separatist militants.Similarly separatist militants have also been found responsible for forced disappearances cases. Separatist militants usually wear military uniform while carrying out their militant activities. Hence they often get mistaken as security officials.[14]","title":"From 2009 to present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masood Ahmed Janjua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masood_Ahmed_Janjua"},{"link_name":"Amina Masood Janjua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Masood_Janjua"},{"link_name":"Safdar Sarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdar_Sarki"},{"link_name":"Saud Memon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_Memon"},{"link_name":"Aafia Siddiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aafia_Siddiqui"},{"link_name":"Hafiz Abdul Basit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafiz_Abdul_Basit"},{"link_name":"Muzafar Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzafar_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-Zeenat-15"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-Zeenat-15"},{"link_name":"Pakistan-Afghanistan border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_Line"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Salman Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Haider"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Waqass Goraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Waqass_Goraya"},{"link_name":"Aasim Saeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aasim_Saeed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Raza Naseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Raza_Naseer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT-Fears-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-Rights-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al-Arabia-found-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT-Fears-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"United States invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"War on Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amnesty01-22"},{"link_name":"Baloch nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_nationalist"},{"link_name":"Sindhi nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_nationalist"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amnesty01-22"}],"text":"Masood Ahmed Janjua (Husband of Amina Masood Janjua)\nSafdar Sarki\nSaud Memon\nAafia Siddiqui and her three children\nHafiz Abdul Basit\nMuzafar Bhutto\nZeenat Shahzadi, a 24-year-old female journalist who was investigating a disappearance case, was allegedly abducted by some armed personnel on 19 August 2015 and went missing.[15] Her disappearance caused her younger brother to commit suicide.[15] She was later recovered from near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border in October 2017.[16]\nIn early January 2017, five social media activists – Salman Haider, Ahmad Waqass Goraya, Aasim Saeed, and Ahmad Raza Naseer – went missing from different parts of Pakistan.[17][18][19][20] Salman Haider was also a poet and academic.[18] However, after few days, all of the bloggers returned to their homes. Their families confirmed their return and reported that all of the bloggers were unharmed.[21]Some have reported to have been handed over to the CIA and/or flown to Bagram, Afghanistan and later shipped off to Guantanamo Bay. Reports of forced abductions by the Pakistani state first began arising in 2001, in the aftermath of the United States invasion of Afghanistan and the commencement of the US-led War on Terror.[22] Many of the missing persons are activists associated with the Baloch nationalist and Sindhi nationalist movements.[22]","title":"People who have at any point gone missing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW-We-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW-We-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-Rights-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-Rehman-23"},{"link_name":"Islamabad High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The cases of forced disappearances were criticized by human rights organizations and the media.[7] They have urged the government of Pakistan to probe these incidents.[7][19] In 2011, a Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances was formed, but there was little progress in the investigation.[23]In January 2021, the Islamabad High Court, after hearing a petition on a disappearance case from 2015, ruled that the prime minister of Pakistan and his cabinet were responsible for the state’s failure to protect its citizens “because the buck stops at the top.” The court also termed enforced disappearances as “the most heinous crime and intolerable.”[24]Pakistan has grappled with a persistent issue of enforced disappearances, which has marred its human rights reputation for a considerable period of time. Despite assurances from successive administrations to outlaw this practice, progress in enacting relevant legislation has been sluggish, leaving individuals vulnerable to forced disappearances without any accountability for the perpetrators.[25] Since the outset of its occupation, the Pakistani state has resorted to enforced disappearances as a means to suppress the oppressed population of Balochistan, marking a prolonged history of such occurrences. This systematic practice has been employed to silence the voices within the region.[26]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-Zeenat-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deccanherald2021-6"},{"link_name":"interior minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 2011, a Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances was formed by the government of Pakistan to investigate the cases of forced disappearances in the country. According to Amnesty International, the commission has so far received 3,000 cases of such disappearances.[15] By 2021, the Commission reports that it has received 7,000 cases of forced disappearance since its inception and it has resolved around 5,000 of those cases.[6]In June 2021, the Pakistan's interior minister introduced a bill in National Assembly of Pakistan which criminalized enforced disappearance in the country with 10-year imprisonment for anyone found guilty of it.[27] The bill was later passed by National Assembly of Pakistan in November 2021.[28][29]","title":"Government response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Into the terrifying world of Pakistan's 'disappeared'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-into-the-terrifying-world-of-pakistans-disappeared-1923153.html"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"\"Picture of Secret Detentions Emerges in Pakistan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/world/asia/19disappeared.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"The unending ordeal of missing persons' families\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/14-the-unending-ordeal-of-missing-persons-families-zj-05"},{"link_name":"Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"\"Painful search for Pakistan's disappeared\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6177057.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC News Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online"},{"link_name":"\"Pakistan: Disappeared\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/09/pakistan_the_di.html"},{"link_name":"PBS Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Frontline"},{"link_name":"\"Without a trace\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/16/alqaida.pakistan"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"\"Pakistan: Thousands of persons remain missing amid government inaction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alrc.net/doc/mainfile.php/hrc15/636/"},{"link_name":"Asian Legal Resource Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_Legal_Resource_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Missing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101020035109/http://www.guernicamag.com/features/2096/garcia_10_15_10/"},{"link_name":"Guernica Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_Magazine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.guernicamag.com/features/2096/garcia_10_15_10/"},{"link_name":"\"Relatives and rights group search for Pakistan's missing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/asia/14iht-pakistan.4195692.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"Pakistan families of missing pin hopes on Chaudhry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130125112432/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ha7ROudWaU_3JGR2zEP68CINmyLA"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ha7ROudWaU_3JGR2zEP68CINmyLA"},{"link_name":"\"Who took the 'disappeared' people?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\\03\\29\\story_29-3-2007_pg3_1"},{"link_name":"Daily Times (Pakistan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"\"Musharraf's stance on disappearances is wrong: HRCP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hrcp-web.org/showprel.asp?id=70"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Commission of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"\"Pressure over Pakistan's missing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6288647.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC news Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_news_Online"}],"text":"Fisk, Robert (18 March 2010). \"Into the terrifying world of Pakistan's 'disappeared'\". The Independent. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\nGall, Carlotta (19 December 2007). \"Picture of Secret Detentions Emerges in Pakistan\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\n\"The unending ordeal of missing persons' families\". Dawn. 25 July 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2010.[permanent dead link]\nPlett, Barbara (13 December 2006). \"Painful search for Pakistan's disappeared\". BBC News Online. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\nMontero, David (6 September 2007). \"Pakistan: Disappeared\". PBS Frontline. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\nWalsh, Declan (16 March 2007). \"Without a trace\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\n\"Pakistan: Thousands of persons remain missing amid government inaction\". Asian Legal Resource Centre. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\nGarcia, J. Malcolm (October 2010). \"The Missing\". Guernica Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\nMasood, Salman (14 January 2007). \"Relatives and rights group search for Pakistan's missing\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\n\"Pakistan families of missing pin hopes on Chaudhry\". Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\n\"Who took the 'disappeared' people?\". Daily Times (Pakistan). 29 March 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\n\"Musharraf's stance on disappearances is wrong: HRCP\". Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\nKhan, Ilyas (22 January 2007). \"Pressure over Pakistan's missing\". BBC news Online. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Protest about missing persons, Karachi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_protest_Karachi_2018.jpg/220px-Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_protest_Karachi_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Consultation Session with Political parties on Human Rights Compliance in Balochistan, Quetta Press Club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Missing_persons_consultation_Quetta_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Missing_persons_consultation_Quetta_Pakistan.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Encounter killings in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encounter_killings_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Forced disappearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_disappearance"},{"title":"Enforced disappearance of Mushtaq Mahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_Police"},{"title":"Gun politics in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"Human rights in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"Target killings in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_killings_in_Pakistan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Still 'missing' – Business Recorder\". Business Recorder. 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/10/20181003412291/","url_text":"\"Still 'missing' – Business Recorder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Despite fears, concerns and stirs 'Enforced Disappearances' still is a missing truth\". Dunya News. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/454718-international-day-of-victims-of-missing-persons-enforced-disappearances","url_text":"\"Despite fears, concerns and stirs 'Enforced Disappearances' still is a missing truth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215012928/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/454718-international-day-of-victims-of-missing-persons-enforced-disappearances","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Depictions of Loss\". The Friday Times - Naya Daur. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. according to Amina Masood Janjua, Chairperson of the group Defence of Human Rights Pakistan, there are over 5,000 reported cases of enforced disappearance in this country","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211213073224/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/depictions-of-loss/","url_text":"\"Depictions of Loss\""},{"url":"https://www.thefridaytimes.com/depictions-of-loss/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defence_of_Human_Rights_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Defence of Human Rights Pakistan"}]},{"reference":"\"State not responsible for every missing person: DG ISPR\". The Express Tribune. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/2006921/state-not-responsible-every-missing-person-dg-ispr","url_text":"\"State not responsible for every missing person: DG ISPR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211213061545/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2006921/state-not-responsible-every-missing-person-dg-ispr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kidnap, torture, murder: the plight of Pakistan's thousands of disappeared\". the Guardian. 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/14/kidnap-torture-the-plight-of-pakistans-thousands-of-disappeared","url_text":"\"Kidnap, torture, murder: the plight of Pakistan's thousands of disappeared\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan to criminalise enforced disappearances\". Deccan Herald. 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/pakistan-to-criminalise-enforced-disappearances-1025195.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan to criminalise enforced disappearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years\". Human Rights Watch. 28 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/07/28/we-can-torture-kill-or-keep-you-years/enforced-disappearances-pakistan-security","url_text":"\"We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years\""}]},{"reference":"Shayne R. Burnham (28 September 2008). \"Musharraf Faces Charges of Human Rights Violations\". Impunity Watch.","urls":[{"url":"http://impunitywatch.com/musharraf-faces-charges-of-human-rights-violations/","url_text":"\"Musharraf Faces Charges of Human Rights Violations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan\". Freedom House. 2007. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2017-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190925101140/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/pakistan","url_text":"\"Pakistan\""},{"url":"https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/pakistan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Irene Khan (30 August 2008). \"Where are the disappeared?\". Dawn.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Khan","url_text":"Irene Khan"},{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1071504","url_text":"\"Where are the disappeared?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"\"Families of country's 'disappeared' beaten in Islamabad protest\". The New Humanitarian. 2 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2007/01/02/families-country%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98disappeared%E2%80%99-beaten-islamabad-protest","url_text":"\"Families of country's 'disappeared' beaten in Islamabad protest\""}]},{"reference":"Shah, Syed Ali (16 January 2019). \"Missing persons' relatives suspend protest after 10 years following Balochistan govt assurances\". DAWN.COM.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1457913","url_text":"\"Missing persons' relatives suspend protest after 10 years following Balochistan govt assurances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thousands vanish without a trace in Pakistan's restive Balochistan\". The National. 8 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/thousands-vanish-without-a-trace-in-pakistan-s-restive-balochistan-1.800511","url_text":"\"Thousands vanish without a trace in Pakistan's restive Balochistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)","url_text":"The National"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181208182526/https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/thousands-vanish-without-a-trace-in-pakistan-s-restive-balochistan-1.800511","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan militants execute 14 bus passengers\". CNN. 18 April 2019. Militants wearing security force uniforms stopped two buses in southwest Pakistan on Thursday and killed 14 passengers after ordering them out of the vehicles, police said.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition-m.cnn.com/2019/04/18/asia/pakistan-balochistan-bus-killings-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan militants execute 14 bus passengers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan: Where Is Zeenat Shahzadi?\". Amnesty International. 30 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2016/08/where-is-zeenat-shahzadi/","url_text":"\"Pakistan: Where Is Zeenat Shahzadi?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International","url_text":"Amnesty International"}]},{"reference":"Dawn.com (2017-10-20). \"'Missing' journalist Zeenat Shahzadi recovered after more than 2 years\". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2019-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1365073","url_text":"\"'Missing' journalist Zeenat Shahzadi recovered after more than 2 years\""}]},{"reference":"Tareq Haddad (11 January 2017). \"State crackdown on dissent feared as four secularist activists 'disappear' in Pakistan\". International Business Times. IBTimes Co., Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/state-crackdown-dissent-feared-four-secularist-activists-disappear-pakistan-1600362","url_text":"\"State crackdown on dissent feared as four secularist activists 'disappear' in Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fears of online crackdown loom large after 'abduction' of 4 bloggers\". Pakistan Today. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/01/11/fears-of-online-crackdown-in-pakistan/","url_text":"\"Fears of online crackdown loom large after 'abduction' of 4 bloggers\""}]},{"reference":"Qasim Nauman (10 January 2017). \"Rights Groups Ask Pakistan to Probe Disappearance of Activists\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2017/01/10/rights-groups-ask-pakistan-to-probe-disappearance-of-activists/","url_text":"\"Rights Groups Ask Pakistan to Probe Disappearance of Activists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second missing Pakistani blogger found, leaves country, says family\". Al Arabia. 29 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2017/01/29/Second-missing-Pakistani-blogger-found-leaves-country-fearing-for-life-family.html","url_text":"\"Second missing Pakistani blogger found, leaves country, says family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abducted blogger breaks silence: 'We want a Pakistan with rule of law'\". Dawn. 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1313745","url_text":"\"Abducted blogger breaks silence: 'We want a Pakistan with rule of law'\""}]},{"reference":"Denying the Undeniable: Enforced Disappearances in Pakistan. Amnesty International Publications. 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa33/018/2008/en/","url_text":"Denying the Undeniable: Enforced Disappearances in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International","url_text":"Amnesty International"}]},{"reference":"I. A. Rehman (25 August 2016). \"Disappearances still a major issue\". Dawn.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1279694/disappearances-still-a-major-issue","url_text":"\"Disappearances still a major issue\""}]},{"reference":"\"End Pakistan's Enforced Disappearances\". Human Rights Watch. 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/22/end-pakistans-enforced-disappearances","url_text":"\"End Pakistan's Enforced Disappearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan: Authorities must deliver on pledge to end cruelty of enforced disappearances\". Amnesty International. 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2023-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/08/pakistan-authorities-must-deliver-on-pledge-to-end-cruelty-of-enforced-disappearances/","url_text":"\"Pakistan: Authorities must deliver on pledge to end cruelty of enforced disappearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Long history of enforced disappearances in Balochistan\". Big News Network.com. 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Archived from the original on 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/2304170/bill-criminalising-enforced-disappearance-introduced-in-na","url_text":"\"Bill criminalising enforced disappearance introduced in NA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210720083942/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2304170/bill-criminalising-enforced-disappearance-introduced-in-na","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Passes Bill Criminalizing Protection Of Journalists And Enforced Disappearances - IG News\". irshadgul.com. 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://irshadgul.com/passes-bill-criminalizing-protection-of-journalists-and-enforced-disappearances/","url_text":"\"Passes Bill Criminalizing Protection Of Journalists And Enforced Disappearances - IG News\""}]},{"reference":"\"NA passes journalists Protection Bill, five other bills: Dr Mazari\". Associated Press of Pakistan. 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.app.com.pk/national/na-passes-journalists-protection-bill-five-other-bills-dr-mazari/","url_text":"\"NA passes journalists Protection Bill, five other bills: Dr Mazari\""}]},{"reference":"Fisk, Robert (18 March 2010). \"Into the terrifying world of Pakistan's 'disappeared'\". The Independent. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-into-the-terrifying-world-of-pakistans-disappeared-1923153.html","url_text":"\"Into the terrifying world of Pakistan's 'disappeared'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Gall, Carlotta (19 December 2007). \"Picture of Secret Detentions Emerges in Pakistan\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/world/asia/19disappeared.html","url_text":"\"Picture of Secret Detentions Emerges in Pakistan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The unending ordeal of missing persons' families\". Dawn. 25 July 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/14-the-unending-ordeal-of-missing-persons-families-zj-05","url_text":"\"The unending ordeal of missing persons' families\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"Plett, Barbara (13 December 2006). \"Painful search for Pakistan's disappeared\". BBC News Online. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6177057.stm","url_text":"\"Painful search for Pakistan's disappeared\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Montero, David (6 September 2007). \"Pakistan: Disappeared\". PBS Frontline. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/09/pakistan_the_di.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan: Disappeared\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_Frontline","url_text":"PBS Frontline"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Declan (16 March 2007). \"Without a trace\". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/16/alqaida.pakistan","url_text":"\"Without a trace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan: Thousands of persons remain missing amid government inaction\". Asian Legal Resource Centre. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alrc.net/doc/mainfile.php/hrc15/636/","url_text":"\"Pakistan: Thousands of persons remain missing amid government inaction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_Legal_Resource_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Asian Legal Resource Centre"}]},{"reference":"Garcia, J. Malcolm (October 2010). \"The Missing\". Guernica Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020035109/http://www.guernicamag.com/features/2096/garcia_10_15_10/","url_text":"\"The Missing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_Magazine","url_text":"Guernica Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.guernicamag.com/features/2096/garcia_10_15_10/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Masood, Salman (14 January 2007). \"Relatives and rights group search for Pakistan's missing\". The New York Times. 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Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\\03\\29\\story_29-3-2007_pg3_1","url_text":"\"Who took the 'disappeared' people?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)","url_text":"Daily Times (Pakistan)"}]},{"reference":"\"Musharraf's stance on disappearances is wrong: HRCP\". Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrcp-web.org/showprel.asp?id=70","url_text":"\"Musharraf's stance on disappearances is wrong: HRCP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan","url_text":"Human Rights Commission of Pakistan"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Ilyas (22 January 2007). \"Pressure over Pakistan's missing\". BBC news Online. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6288647.stm","url_text":"\"Pressure over Pakistan's missing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_news_Online","url_text":"BBC news Online"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/10/20181003412291/","external_links_name":"\"Still 'missing' – Business Recorder\""},{"Link":"https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/454718-international-day-of-victims-of-missing-persons-enforced-disappearances","external_links_name":"\"Despite fears, concerns and stirs 'Enforced Disappearances' still is a missing truth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215012928/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/454718-international-day-of-victims-of-missing-persons-enforced-disappearances","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211213073224/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/depictions-of-loss/","external_links_name":"\"Depictions of 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Shahzadi?\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1365073","external_links_name":"\"'Missing' journalist Zeenat Shahzadi recovered after more than 2 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/state-crackdown-dissent-feared-four-secularist-activists-disappear-pakistan-1600362","external_links_name":"\"State crackdown on dissent feared as four secularist activists 'disappear' in Pakistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/01/11/fears-of-online-crackdown-in-pakistan/","external_links_name":"\"Fears of online crackdown loom large after 'abduction' of 4 bloggers\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2017/01/10/rights-groups-ask-pakistan-to-probe-disappearance-of-activists/","external_links_name":"\"Rights Groups Ask Pakistan to Probe Disappearance of Activists\""},{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2017/01/29/Second-missing-Pakistani-blogger-found-leaves-country-fearing-for-life-family.html","external_links_name":"\"Second missing Pakistani blogger 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other bills: Dr Mazari\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-into-the-terrifying-world-of-pakistans-disappeared-1923153.html","external_links_name":"\"Into the terrifying world of Pakistan's 'disappeared'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/world/asia/19disappeared.html","external_links_name":"\"Picture of Secret Detentions Emerges in Pakistan\""},{"Link":"http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/14-the-unending-ordeal-of-missing-persons-families-zj-05","external_links_name":"\"The unending ordeal of missing persons' families\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6177057.stm","external_links_name":"\"Painful search for Pakistan's disappeared\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/09/pakistan_the_di.html","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan: Disappeared\""},{"Link":"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/16/alqaida.pakistan","external_links_name":"\"Without a trace\""},{"Link":"http://www.alrc.net/doc/mainfile.php/hrc15/636/","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan: Thousands of persons remain missing amid government inaction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020035109/http://www.guernicamag.com/features/2096/garcia_10_15_10/","external_links_name":"\"The Missing\""},{"Link":"http://www.guernicamag.com/features/2096/garcia_10_15_10/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/asia/14iht-pakistan.4195692.html","external_links_name":"\"Relatives and rights group search for Pakistan's missing\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130125112432/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ha7ROudWaU_3JGR2zEP68CINmyLA","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan families of missing pin hopes on Chaudhry\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ha7ROudWaU_3JGR2zEP68CINmyLA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\\03\\29\\story_29-3-2007_pg3_1","external_links_name":"\"Who took the 'disappeared' people?\""},{"Link":"http://www.hrcp-web.org/showprel.asp?id=70","external_links_name":"\"Musharraf's stance on disappearances is wrong: HRCP\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6288647.stm","external_links_name":"\"Pressure over Pakistan's missing\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted_(film)	Humiliated and Insulted (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	1990 filmHumiliated and InsultedRussian: Униженные и оскорблённыеDirected byAndrei EshpaiWritten by Fyodor Dostoevsky Aleksandr Volodin Produced by Mikhail Litvak Ibrahim Moussa Vladimir Zheleznikov Starring Nastassja Kinski Nikita Mikhalkov Anastasiya Vyazemskaya Sergey Perelygin Viktor Rakov Cinematography Aleksandr Kazarenskov Sergey Yurizditsky Edited byPierluigi LeonardiMusic by Andrey Eshpay Paul W. Mason ProductioncompaniesGorky Film StudioLayla FilmsGlobe Film StudioRelease date 1990 (1990) Running time106 min.CountriesSoviet UnionSwitzerlandItalyLanguageRussian Humiliated and Insulted (Russian: Униженные и оскорблённые, romanized: Unizhennye i oskorblennye) is a 1990 Soviet romantic drama film directed by Andrei Eshpai. Plot The film tells about two families ravaged by the aristocrat Prince Valkovsky. The film shows the relationship of Natasha Ikhmeneva and son of Valkovsky, tells about the fate of the young writer Ivan Petrovich, in love with Natasha, as well as an orphan, Nellie. Cast Nastassja Kinski as Natasha (voiced by Anna Kamenkova) Nikita Mikhalkov as Prince Valkovsky Anastasiya Vyazemskaya as Nellie Sergey Perelygin as Ivan Petrovich Viktor Rakov as Alyosha Aleksandr Abdulov as Masloboev Boris Romanov as Nikolay Ikhmenev Lyudmila Polyakova as Anna Ikhmeneva Varvara Shabalina as Anna Trifonovna Bubnova Valentina Klyagina as Mavra Heinz Brown as doctor See also Humiliated and Insulted References ^ Актриса Настасья Кински — о заряде пацифизма, любви к российскому кино и желании выйти на нашу сцену ^ Семнадцать мгновений весны в заснеженной Сибири ^ Настасья Кински на кинофестивале в РФ прокатилась на оленьей упряжке ^ Humiliated and Insulted at KinoPoisk ^ Humiliated and Insulted (1991) Full Cast / Crew External links Humiliated and Insulted at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Andrei Eshpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Andreyevich_Eshpai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Humiliated and Insulted (Russian: Униженные и оскорблённые, romanized: Unizhennye i oskorblennye) is a 1990 Soviet romantic drama film directed by Andrei Eshpai.[1][2][3]","title":"Humiliated and Insulted (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The film tells about two families ravaged by the aristocrat Prince Valkovsky. The film shows the relationship of Natasha Ikhmeneva and son of Valkovsky, tells about the fate of the young writer Ivan Petrovich, in love with Natasha, as well as an orphan, Nellie.[4]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nastassja Kinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski"},{"link_name":"Anna Kamenkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kamenkova"},{"link_name":"Nikita Mikhalkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Mikhalkov"},{"link_name":"Anastasiya Vyazemskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastasiya_Vyazemskaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergey Perelygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Perelygin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viktor Rakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Rakov"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Abdulov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Abdulov"},{"link_name":"Boris Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Romanov_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Polyakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Polyakova"},{"link_name":"Varvara Shabalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varvara_Shabalina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valentina Klyagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentina_Klyagina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Heinz Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Nastassja Kinski as Natasha (voiced by Anna Kamenkova)\nNikita Mikhalkov as Prince Valkovsky\nAnastasiya Vyazemskaya as Nellie\nSergey Perelygin as Ivan Petrovich\nViktor Rakov as Alyosha\nAleksandr Abdulov\t\t as Masloboev\nBoris Romanov as Nikolay Ikhmenev\nLyudmila Polyakova as Anna Ikhmeneva\nVarvara Shabalina as Anna Trifonovna Bubnova\nValentina Klyagina as Mavra[5]\nHeinz Brown as doctor","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"Humiliated and Insulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliated_and_Insulted"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://iz.ru/854967/evgenii-avramenko/streliaia-iz-pushki-ia-dumala-o-mire","external_links_name":"Актриса Настасья Кински — о заряде пацифизма, любви к российскому кино и желании выйти на нашу сцену"},{"Link":"http://www.trud.ru/article/07-03-2019/1373288_semnadtsat_mgnovenij_vesny_v_zasnezhennoj_sibiri.html","external_links_name":"Семнадцать мгновений весны в заснеженной Сибири"},{"Link":"https://rg.ru/2019/03/03/reg-urfo/nastasia-kinski-na-kinofestivale-v-rf-prokatilas-na-olenej-upriazhke.html","external_links_name":"Настасья Кински на кинофестивале в РФ прокатилась на оленьей упряжке"},{"Link":"https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/29775/","external_links_name":"Humiliated and Insulted"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103170/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm","external_links_name":"Humiliated and Insulted (1991) Full Cast / Crew"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103170/","external_links_name":"Humiliated and Insulted"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.G._de_Meyst	E.G. de Meyst	["1 Selected filmography","2 External links"]	Belgian film director and screenwriter This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "E.G. de Meyst" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Émile-Georges De Meyst (1902–1989) was a Belgian film director and screenwriter. Selected filmography Soldiers without Uniforms (1944) Monsieur Wens Holds the Trump Cards (1947) External links E.G. de Meyst at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data This article about a Belgian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians"}],"text":"Émile-Georges De Meyst (1902–1989) was a Belgian film director and screenwriter.","title":"E.G. de Meyst"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soldiers without Uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers_without_Uniforms"},{"link_name":"Monsieur Wens Holds the Trump Cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsieur_Wens_Holds_the_Trump_Cards"}],"text":"Soldiers without Uniforms (1944)\nMonsieur Wens Holds the Trump Cards (1947)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22E.G.+de+Meyst%22","external_links_name":"\"E.G. de Meyst\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22E.G.+de+Meyst%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22E.G.+de+Meyst%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22E.G.+de+Meyst%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22E.G.+de+Meyst%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22E.G.+de+Meyst%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0583738/","external_links_name":"E.G. de Meyst"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29794390","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14675663z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14675663z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E.G._de_Meyst&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Roland_von_Berlin_(opera)	Der Roland von Berlin (opera)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo Der Roland von BerlinOpera by Ruggero LeoncavalloLibrettistLeoncavalloLanguageGermanBased onDer Roland von Berlinby Willibald AlexisPremiere13 November 1904 (1904-11-13)Berlin State Opera Der Roland von Berlin is an opera in four acts by composer Ruggero Leoncavallo. The work uses a German-language libretto by Leoncavallo which is based on Willibald Alexis's 1840 historical novel of the same name. The opera premiered at the Königliches Opernhaus in Berlin on 13 December 1904. Its premiere in Italy was given at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples the following month where it was sung in Italian with the title Rolando. References ^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Der Roland von Berlin". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian). External links Literature by and about Der Roland von Berlin (opera) in the German National Library catalogue vteRuggero LeoncavalloOperas Chatterton (1876) Pagliacci (1892) I Medici (1893) La bohème (1897) Zazà (1900) Der Roland von Berlin (1904) Zingari (1912) Are You There? (1913) Edipo re (1920) Arias and songs "Mattinata" "Vesti la giubba" Category Audio Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Ruggero Leoncavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Willibald Alexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibald_Alexis"},{"link_name":"1840 historical novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Roland_von_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Königliches Opernhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Teatro di San Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_di_San_Carlo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Der Roland von Berlin is an opera in four acts by composer Ruggero Leoncavallo. The work uses a German-language libretto by Leoncavallo which is based on Willibald Alexis's 1840 historical novel of the same name. The opera premiered at the Königliches Opernhaus in Berlin on 13 December 1904. Its premiere in Italy was given at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples the following month where it was sung in Italian with the title Rolando.[1]","title":"Der Roland von Berlin (opera)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Testo=Der_Roland_von_Berlin&Parola=Stringa","external_links_name":"\"Der Roland von Berlin\""},{"Link":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D7626634-5","external_links_name":"Literature by and about Der Roland von Berlin (opera)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/174792567","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7626634-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96048940","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Celtic_League	2002–03 Celtic League	["1 Teams","2 Pool stage","2.1 Pool A Table","2.2 Pool A Fixtures","2.3 Pool B Table","2.4 Pool B Fixtures","3 Knockout stages","3.1 Quarter finals","3.2 Semi finals","4 Final","5 Leading scorers","5.1 Top points scorers","5.2 Top try scorers","6 Notes","7 External links","8 References"]	2002–03 Celtic LeagueCountries Ireland Scotland WalesChampions Munster (1st title)Runners-up NeathMatches played63Attendance308,374 (average 4,895 per match)Tries scored302 (average 4.8 per match)Top point scorerBrendan Laney (Edinburgh)137 pointsTop try scorerMossie Lawlor (Munster)Craig Morgan (Cardiff)Mike Mullins (Munster)6 triesOfficial websitewww.rabodirectpro12.com← 2001–022003–04 → The 2002–03 Celtic League was the second season of the Celtic League, a rugby union tournament involving teams from Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Teams ConnachtLeinsterMunsterUlsterEdinburghGlasgowThe BordersSouth Wales: see map at rightclass=notpageimage\| Location of 2002–03 Celtic League teams in Scotland and Ireland. BridgendCaerphillyCardiffEbbw ValeLlanelliNeathNewportPontypriddSwansea class=notpageimage\| Location of 2002–03 Celtic League teams in Wales. Pool A; Pool B. Team Stadium Capacity City, Area Borders Netherdale 6,000 Galashiels, Scotland Bridgend Brewery Field 6,000 Bridgend, Wales Caerphilly Virginia Park 5,000 Caerphilly, Wales Cardiff Cardiff Arms Park 12,500 Cardiff, Wales Connacht Galway Sportsgrounds 6,000 Galway, Republic of Ireland Ebbw Vale Eugene Cross Park 8,000 Ebbw Vale, Wales Edinburgh Meadowbank Stadium 16,500 Edinburgh, Scotland Glasgow Hughenden Stadium 6,000 Glasgow, Scotland Leinster Donnybrook Stadium 6,000 Dublin, Republic of Ireland Llanelli Stradey Park 10,800 Llanelli, Wales Munster Thomond ParkMusgrave Park 13,2008,500 Limerick, Republic of IrelandCork, Republic of Ireland Neath The Gnoll 6,000 Neath, Wales Newport Rodney Parade 11,676 Newport, Wales Pontypridd Sardis Road 7,861 Pontypridd, Wales Swansea St Helen's 4,500 Swansea, Wales Ulster Ravenhill 12,300 Belfast, Northern Ireland Pool stage The teams were split into two pools and the pool stage consisted of a single round-robin; each team played the others in its pool once only. Pool A Table Team Pld W D L PF PA PD TF TA Try bonus Losing bonus Pts 1 Munster 7 6 0 1 227 129 +98 25 12 4 0 28 2 Edinburgh 7 6 0 1 231 145 +86 24 13 2 1 27 3 Ulster 7 5 0 2 173 111 +62 15 9 1 1 22 4 Neath 7 4 0 3 153 121 +32 15 12 1 1 18 5 Llanelli 7 3 0 4 191 168 +23 23 16 3 2 17 6 Swansea 7 3 0 4 177 212 −35 18 22 3 1 16 7 Ebbw Vale 7 1 0 6 140 226 −86 16 27 1 0 5 8 Caerphilly 7 0 0 7 144 324 −180 17 42 2 1 3 Under the standard bonus point system, points are awarded as follows: 4 points for a win 2 points for a draw 1 bonus point for scoring 4 tries (or more) (Try bonus) 1 bonus point for losing by 7 points (or fewer) (Losing bonus) Green background (rows 1 to 4) qualify for the knock-out stage.Source: RaboDirect PRO12 Pool A Fixtures 30 August 200219:00Neath 25–6 CaerphillyReportThe GnollAttendance: 3,000 30 August 200219:15Ebbw Vale 0–19 UlsterReportTry: WallaceCon: HumphreysPen: Humphreys (4)Eugene Cross ParkReferee: Dave Pearson 30 August 200219:30Edinburgh 30–20 SwanseaReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,141 31 August 200219:05Llanelli 13–20 MunsterReportStradey Park 6 September 200219:05Swansea 16–20 NeathReportSt Helen'sAttendance: 4,000 6 September 200219:30Ulster 18–19 EdinburghPen: Wallace (6)ReportTry: LaneyCon: LaneyPen: Laney (3)Drop: HodgeRavenhillAttendance: 7,500 6 September 200219:35Munster 48–23 Ebbw ValeReportMusgrave ParkAttendance: 3,500 7 September 200214:30Caerphilly 34–43 LlanelliReportVirginia ParkAttendance: 1,300 13 September 200219:30Edinburgh 21–28 MunsterReportMeadowbankAttendance: 4,500 14 September 200214:30Ebbw Vale 45–25 CaerphillyReportEugene Cross ParkAttendance: 1,000 14 September 200214:30Swansea 38–10 UlsterTry: K. Morgan, Robinson, Gibbs, PayneCon: A. Thomas (3)Pen: A. Thomas (4)ReportTry: HoweCon: HumphreysPen: HumphreysSt Helen'sAttendance: 2,500 14 September 200217:30Neath 29–13 LlanelliReportThe GnollAttendance: 6,000 20 September 200219:30Ulster 17–13 NeathTry: B. Cunningham, HoweCon: Doak (2)Pen: DoakReportTry: S. WilliamsCon: JarvisPen: Jarvis (2)RavenhillAttendance: 9,500 20 September 200219:35Munster 38–27 SwanseaReportMusgrave ParkAttendance: 8,000 21 September 200214:30Caerphilly 32–66 EdinburghReportVirginia ParkAttendance: 800 21 September 200214:30Llanelli 37–25 Ebbw ValeReportStradey ParkAttendance: 3,000 27 September 200219:05Neath 34–7 Ebbw ValeReportThe GnollAttendance: 3,500 27 September 200219:30Edinburgh 38–14 LlanelliReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,890 27 September 200219:35Ulster 26–17 MunsterTry: Doak (2)Con: Doak (2)Pen: Doak (2)ReportTry: LawlerPen: Staunton (2)Drop: Staunton, HollandRavenhillAttendance: 6,000Referee: P. Adams 28 September 200214:30Swansea 37–32 CaerphillyReportSt Helen'sAttendance: 2,500 4 October 200219:05Llanelli 62–6 SwanseaReportStradey ParkAttendance: 6,883Referee: David McHugh (Ireland) 5 October 200214:30Caerphilly 15–67 UlsterTry: Chiltern (2)Con: McLaughlinPen: McLaughlinReportTry: Neil Best (2), Howe, Brosnihan, McWhirter, Stewart, Bell, SextonCon: Humphreys (6)Pen: Humphreys (5)Virginia ParkAttendance: 750 5 October 200214:30Ebbw Vale 20–30 EdinburghReportEugene Cross Park 5 October 200217:30Neath 19–35 MunsterReportThe GnollAttendance: 4,000 25 October 200219:30Edinburgh 27–13 NeathReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,171 25 October 200219:30Munster 41–0 CaerphillyReportThomond ParkAttendance: 2,532 25 October 200219:35Ulster 16–9 LlanelliTry: DoakCon: HumphreysPen: HumphreysDrop: HumphreysReportPen: Jones (3)RavenhillAttendance: 10,500Referee: John Hogg 26 October 200214:30Swansea 33–20 Ebbw ValeReportSt Helen'sAttendance: 2,000 Pool B Table Team Pld W D L PF PA PD TF TA Try bonus Losing bonus Pts 1 Pontypridd 7 6 0 1 182 120 +62 15 12 2 0 26 2 Glasgow 7 5 0 2 216 166 +50 22 20 2 1 23 3 Cardiff 7 4 0 3 178 151 +27 17 12 2 2 20 4 Connacht 7 5 0 2 126 176 −50 11 17 0 0 20 5 Leinster 7 3 0 4 191 154 +37 22 14 3 3 18 6 Borders 7 2 0 5 142 169 −27 15 11 1 3 12 7 Bridgend 7 2 0 5 127 187 −60 11 20 1 1 10 8 Newport 7 1 0 6 121 160 −39 9 16 0 4 8 Under the standard bonus point system, points are awarded as follows: 4 points for a win 2 points for a draw 1 bonus point for scoring 4 tries (or more) (Try bonus) 1 bonus point for losing by 7 points (or fewer) (Losing bonus) Green background (rows 1 to 4) qualify for the knock-out stage.Source: RaboDirect PRO12 Pool B Fixtures 30 August 200219:05Newport 5–13 BridgendReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 6,165 30 August 200219:30Borders 27–28 ConnachtReportPhiliphaughAttendance: 3,000 30 August 200219:35Leinster 31–18 PontypriddReportDonnybrookAttendance: 4,500 31 August 200214:30Cardiff 35–44 GlasgowReportCardiff Arms ParkAttendance: 7,000 6 September 200218:00Connacht 23–22 CardiffReportSportsgroundAttendance: 2,500 6 September 200219:30Glasgow 25–21 LeinsterReportHughendenAttendance: 4,250 7 September 200214:30Bridgend 41–9 BordersReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 3,000 7 September 200219:05Pontypridd 21–16 NewportReportSardis RoadAttendance: 5,800 13 September 200219:05Bridgend 9–26 PontypriddReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 4,500 13 September 200219:30Borders 15–18 CardiffReportMansfield ParkAttendance: 4,213 13 September 200219:35Leinster 23–26 ConnachtReportDonnybrookAttendance: 6,000 14 September 200214:30Newport 25–31 GlasgowReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 4,500 20 September 200217:45Connacht 18–12 NewportReportSportsgroundAttendance: 3,000 20 September 200219:05Pontypridd 28–27 BordersReportSardis RoadAttendance: 4,600 20 September 200219:30Glasgow 47–11 BridgendReportHughendenAttendance: 4,500 21 September 200217:30Cardiff 30–17 LeinsterReportCardiff Arms ParkAttendance: 6,500 27 September 200219:30Borders 23–18 LeinsterReportNetherdaleAttendance: 4,000 28 September 200214:30Bridgend 23–24 ConnachtReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 2,000 28 September 200214:30Pontypridd 34–28 GlasgowReportSardis RoadAttendance: 5,500 28 September 200217:30Newport 25–27 CardiffReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 8,118 4 October 200219:30Borders 33–12 GlasgowReportNetherdaleAttendance: 5,500 4 October 200219:35Leinster 42–14 NewportReportDonnybrookAttendance: 6,000 5 October 200214:30Cardiff 37–12 BridgendReportCardiff Arms ParkAttendance: 7,500 5 October 200215:00Connacht 0–40 PontypriddReportSportsgroundAttendance: 3,000 25 October 200219:30Glasgow 29–7 ConnachtReportHughendenAttendance: 3,250 26 October 200214:30Bridgend 18–39 LeinsterReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 1,000 26 October 200214:30Newport 24–8 BordersReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 5,700 26 October 200217:30Pontypridd 15–9 CardiffReportSardis RoadAttendance: 7,500 Knockout stages Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal 29 November 2002 – Musgrave Park Munster33 3 January 2003 – Thomond Park Connacht3 Munster42 30 November 2002 – Hughenden Ulster10 Glasgow17 1 February 2003 – Millennium Stadium Ulster20 Munster37 29 November 2002 – Sardis Road Neath17 Pontypridd12 4 January 2003 – The Gnoll Neath13 Neath32 30 November 2002 – Meadowbank Cardiff10 Edinburgh22 Cardiff26 Quarter finals 29 November 200219:05Pontypridd 12–13 NeathReportSardis RoadAttendance: 6,000 29 November 200219:35Munster 33–3 ConnachtReportMusgrave ParkAttendance: 8,000 30 November 200214:45Glasgow 17–20 UlsterReportHughendenAttendance: 5,346 30 November 200217:30Edinburgh 22–26 CardiffReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,918 Semi finals 3 January 200319:35Munster 42–10 UlsterReportThomond ParkAttendance: 12,000 4 January 200317:30Neath 32–10 CardiffReportThe GnollAttendance: 6,471 Final 1 February 200314:45Munster 37–17 NeathTry: Alan Quinlan Marcus Horan Rob HendersonCon: Jeremy Staunton (2)Pen: Jeremy Staunton (2)Ronan O'Gara (4)ReportTry: Adam JonesPen: Lee Jarvis (3)Drop: Lee JarvisMillennium Stadium, CardiffAttendance: 30,076Referee: Chris White (England) 15 Jeremy Staunton 14 John Kelly 13 Mike Mullins 12 Jason Holland 11 Mossie Lawlor 10 Ronan O'Gara 9 Peter Stringer 8 Anthony Foley 7 Alan Quinlan 6 Jim Williams (c) 5 Mick O'Driscoll 4 Donncha O'Callaghan 3 John Hayes 2 Frankie Sheahan 1 Marcus Horan Replacements: 16 James Blaney 17 Martin Cahill 18 Mick Galwey 19 Denis Leamy 20 Mike Prendergast 21 Rob Henderson 22 Killian Keane Coach: Alan Gaffney 15 Adrian Durston 14 Gareth Morris 13 James Storey 12 Tevita Tiueti 11 Shane Williams 10 Lee Jarvis 9 Andy Moore 8 Nathan Bonner-Evans 7 Brett Sinkinson 6 Alivereti 'Alfi' Mocelutu 5 Gareth Llewellyn (c) 4 Andy Newman 3 Adam Jones 2 Barry Williams 1 Duncan Jones Replacements: 16 Allan Bateman 17 Shaun Connor 18 Steve Tandy 19 Adam Matthews 20 Rowland Phillips 21 Lyndon Bateman 22 Andrew Millward Coach: Lyn Jones Leading scorers Note: Flags to the left of player names indicate national team as has been defined under IRB eligibility rules, or primary nationality for players who have not yet earned international senior caps. Players may hold one or more non-IRB nationalities. Top points scorers Rank Player Club Points 1 Brendan Laney Edinburgh 137 2 Tommy Hayes Glasgow 105 3 Iestyn Harris Cardiff 95 Lee Jarvis Neath 5 Arwel Thomas Swansea 86 Top try scorers Rank Player Club Tries 1 Mossie Lawlor Munster 6 Craig Morgan Cardiff Mike Mullins Munster 4 Denis Hickie Leinster 5 Derrick Lee Edinburgh Notes ^ Borders also played matches at Philiphaugh Stadium, Selkirk and Mansfield Park, Hawick. External links Results from official website References ^ a b "Leading Points-Scorers". RaboDirect PRO12. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2013. ^ a b "Leading Try-Scorers". RaboDirect PRO12. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2013. ^ "Scrappy victory for Ulster", BBC Sport, 30 August 2002 ^ Gavin Mairs "Last gasp agony for jaded Ulster", Belfast Telegraph, 7 September 2002 ^ "Swansea's blistering pace exposes Ulster's deficiencies", Irish Independent, 15 September 2002 ^ "Ulster edge out Neath", BBC Sport, 20 September 2002 ^ "Doak one-man show just too much for Munster", Irish Independent, 28 September 2002 ^ "'We got what we deserved' - Connolly". www.walesonline.co.uk. 5 October 2002. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ^ Mark McAuley, "Over and rout... Ulster whip the Welsh boyos", Sunday Life", 6 October 2002 ^ "Ulster hammer Caerphilly", BBC Sport, 5 October 2002 ^ "Ulster sneak past Llanelli", BBC Sport, 25 October 2002 vteUnited Rugby ChampionshipSeasonsCeltic League 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 Celtic Cup 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 Pro12 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 Pro14 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 Pro14 Rainbow Cup United Rugby Championship 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 TeamsActive Benetton Bulls Cardiff Connacht Dragons Edinburgh Glasgow Warriors Leinster Lions Munster Ospreys Scarlets Sharks Stormers Ulster Zebre Parma Former Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff RFC Cheetahs Ebbw Vale Llanelli Neath Newport Pontypridd Swansea Defunct Aironi Border Reivers Celtic Warriors Southern Kings Grounds Aviva Stadium Cape Town Stadium Cardiff Arms Park Edinburgh Rugby Stadium Ellis Park Stadium Galway Sportsgrounds Musgrave Park Ravenhill Stadium Kings Park Stadium Loftus Versfeld Stadium Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore Murrayfield Stadium Parc y Scarlets RDS Arena Rodney Parade Scotstoun Stadium Stadio Comunale di Monigo Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi Swansea.com Stadium Thomond Park Grand Finals 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Player movements 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro14"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"}],"text":"The 2002–03 Celtic League was the second season of the Celtic League, a rugby union tournament involving teams from Ireland, Scotland and Wales.","title":"2002–03 Celtic League"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The teams were split into two pools and the pool stage consisted of a single round-robin; each team played the others in its pool once only.","title":"Pool 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Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_RFC"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rabodirectpro12.com/matchcentre/30.php?section=overview&fixid=111"},{"link_name":"St Helen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Rugby_and_Cricket_Ground"}],"sub_title":"Pool A Fixtures","text":"30 August 200219:00Neath 25–6 CaerphillyReportThe GnollAttendance: 3,00030 August 200219:15Ebbw Vale 0–19 UlsterReport[3]Try: WallaceCon: HumphreysPen: Humphreys (4)Eugene Cross ParkReferee: Dave Pearson30 August 200219:30Edinburgh 30–20 SwanseaReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,14131 August 200219:05Llanelli 13–20 MunsterReportStradey Park6 September 200219:05Swansea 16–20 NeathReportSt Helen'sAttendance: 4,0006 September 200219:30Ulster 18–19 EdinburghPen: Wallace (6)Report[4]Try: LaneyCon: LaneyPen: Laney (3)Drop: HodgeRavenhillAttendance: 7,5006 September 200219:35Munster 48–23 Ebbw ValeReportMusgrave ParkAttendance: 3,5007 September 200214:30Caerphilly 34–43 LlanelliReportVirginia ParkAttendance: 1,30013 September 200219:30Edinburgh 21–28 MunsterReportMeadowbankAttendance: 4,50014 September 200214:30Ebbw Vale 45–25 CaerphillyReportEugene Cross ParkAttendance: 1,00014 September 200214:30Swansea 38–10 UlsterTry: K. Morgan, Robinson, Gibbs, PayneCon: A. Thomas (3)Pen: A. Thomas (4)Report[5]Try: HoweCon: HumphreysPen: HumphreysSt Helen'sAttendance: 2,50014 September 200217:30Neath 29–13 LlanelliReportThe GnollAttendance: 6,00020 September 200219:30Ulster 17–13 NeathTry: B. Cunningham, HoweCon: Doak (2)Pen: DoakReport[6]Try: S. WilliamsCon: JarvisPen: Jarvis (2)RavenhillAttendance: 9,50020 September 200219:35Munster 38–27 SwanseaReportMusgrave ParkAttendance: 8,00021 September 200214:30Caerphilly 32–66 EdinburghReportVirginia ParkAttendance: 80021 September 200214:30Llanelli 37–25 Ebbw ValeReportStradey ParkAttendance: 3,00027 September 200219:05Neath 34–7 Ebbw ValeReportThe GnollAttendance: 3,50027 September 200219:30Edinburgh 38–14 LlanelliReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,89027 September 200219:35Ulster 26–17 MunsterTry: Doak (2)Con: Doak (2)Pen: Doak (2)Report[7]Try: LawlerPen: Staunton (2)Drop: Staunton, HollandRavenhillAttendance: 6,000Referee: P. Adams28 September 200214:30Swansea 37–32 CaerphillyReportSt Helen'sAttendance: 2,5004 October 200219:05Llanelli 62–6 SwanseaReportStradey ParkAttendance: 6,883Referee: David McHugh (Ireland) [8]5 October 200214:30Caerphilly 15–67 UlsterTry: Chiltern (2)Con: McLaughlinPen: McLaughlinReport[9][10]Try: Neil Best (2), Howe, Brosnihan, McWhirter, Stewart, Bell, SextonCon: Humphreys (6)Pen: Humphreys (5)Virginia ParkAttendance: 7505 October 200214:30Ebbw Vale 20–30 EdinburghReportEugene Cross Park5 October 200217:30Neath 19–35 MunsterReportThe GnollAttendance: 4,00025 October 200219:30Edinburgh 27–13 NeathReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,17125 October 200219:30Munster 41–0 CaerphillyReportThomond ParkAttendance: 2,53225 October 200219:35Ulster 16–9 LlanelliTry: DoakCon: HumphreysPen: HumphreysDrop: HumphreysReport[11]Pen: Jones (3)RavenhillAttendance: 10,500Referee: John Hogg26 October 200214:30Swansea 33–20 Ebbw ValeReportSt Helen'sAttendance: 2,000","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pool B Table","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_RFC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rabodirectpro12.com/matchcentre/30.php?section=overview&fixid=60"},{"link_name":"Rodney 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Arms 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B Fixtures","text":"30 August 200219:05Newport 5–13 BridgendReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 6,16530 August 200219:30Borders 27–28 ConnachtReportPhiliphaughAttendance: 3,00030 August 200219:35Leinster 31–18 PontypriddReportDonnybrookAttendance: 4,50031 August 200214:30Cardiff 35–44 GlasgowReportCardiff Arms ParkAttendance: 7,0006 September 200218:00Connacht 23–22 CardiffReportSportsgroundAttendance: 2,5006 September 200219:30Glasgow 25–21 LeinsterReportHughendenAttendance: 4,2507 September 200214:30Bridgend 41–9 BordersReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 3,0007 September 200219:05Pontypridd 21–16 NewportReportSardis RoadAttendance: 5,80013 September 200219:05Bridgend 9–26 PontypriddReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 4,50013 September 200219:30Borders 15–18 CardiffReportMansfield ParkAttendance: 4,21313 September 200219:35Leinster 23–26 ConnachtReportDonnybrookAttendance: 6,00014 September 200214:30Newport 25–31 GlasgowReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 4,50020 September 200217:45Connacht 18–12 NewportReportSportsgroundAttendance: 3,00020 September 200219:05Pontypridd 28–27 BordersReportSardis RoadAttendance: 4,60020 September 200219:30Glasgow 47–11 BridgendReportHughendenAttendance: 4,50021 September 200217:30Cardiff 30–17 LeinsterReportCardiff Arms ParkAttendance: 6,50027 September 200219:30Borders 23–18 LeinsterReportNetherdaleAttendance: 4,00028 September 200214:30Bridgend 23–24 ConnachtReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 2,00028 September 200214:30Pontypridd 34–28 GlasgowReportSardis RoadAttendance: 5,50028 September 200217:30Newport 25–27 CardiffReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 8,1184 October 200219:30Borders 33–12 GlasgowReportNetherdaleAttendance: 5,5004 October 200219:35Leinster 42–14 NewportReportDonnybrookAttendance: 6,0005 October 200214:30Cardiff 37–12 BridgendReportCardiff Arms ParkAttendance: 7,5005 October 200215:00Connacht 0–40 PontypriddReportSportsgroundAttendance: 3,00025 October 200219:30Glasgow 29–7 ConnachtReportHughendenAttendance: 3,25026 October 200214:30Bridgend 18–39 LeinsterReportBrewery FieldAttendance: 1,00026 October 200214:30Newport 24–8 BordersReportRodney ParadeAttendance: 5,70026 October 200217:30Pontypridd 15–9 CardiffReportSardis RoadAttendance: 7,500","title":"Pool stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_RFC"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rabodirectpro12.com/matchcentre/30.php?section=overview&fixid=114"},{"link_name":"Sardis 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finals","text":"29 November 200219:05Pontypridd 12–13 NeathReportSardis RoadAttendance: 6,00029 November 200219:35Munster 33–3 ConnachtReportMusgrave ParkAttendance: 8,00030 November 200214:45Glasgow 17–20 UlsterReportHughendenAttendance: 5,34630 November 200217:30Edinburgh 22–26 CardiffReportMeadowbankAttendance: 3,918","title":"Knockout stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Rugby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rabodirectpro12.com/matchcentre/30.php?section=overview&fixid=117"},{"link_name":"Thomond 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Flags to the left of player names indicate national team as has been defined under IRB eligibility rules, or primary nationality for players who have not yet earned international senior caps. Players may hold one or more non-IRB nationalities.Top points scorers[edit]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nClub\n\nPoints[1]\n\n\n1\n\n Brendan Laney\n\n Edinburgh\n\n137\n\n\n2\n\n Tommy Hayes\n\n Glasgow\n\n105\n\n\n3\n\n Iestyn Harris\n\n Cardiff\n\n95\n\n\n Lee Jarvis\n\n Neath\n\n\n5\n\n Arwel Thomas\n\n Swansea\n\n86\n\n\n\n\n\nTop try scorers[edit]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nClub\n\nTries[2]\n\n\n1\n\n Mossie Lawlor\n\n Munster\n\n6\n\n\n Craig Morgan\n\n Cardiff\n\n\n Mike Mullins\n\n Munster\n\n\n4\n\n Denis Hickie\n\n Leinster\n\n5\n\n\n Derrick Lee\n\n Edinburgh","title":"Leading scorers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Reivers_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Philiphaugh Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philiphaugh_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Park,_Hawick"},{"link_name":"Hawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick"}],"text":"^ Borders also played matches at Philiphaugh Stadium, Selkirk and Mansfield Park, Hawick.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Leading Points-Scorers\". RaboDirect PRO12. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140117062424/http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/statzone/index.php?includeref=11057&season=2002","url_text":"\"Leading Points-Scorers\""},{"url":"http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/statzone/index.php?includeref=11057&season=2002","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leading Try-Scorers\". RaboDirect PRO12. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140117063937/http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/statzone/index.php?includeref=11059&season=2002","url_text":"\"Leading Try-Scorers\""},{"url":"http://www.rabodirectpro12.com/statzone/index.php?includeref=11059&season=2002","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'We got what we deserved' - Connolly\". www.walesonline.co.uk. 5 October 2002. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_muslim_community	Ahmadiyya	["1 Naming and etymology","1.1 Lexicology","2 Summary of beliefs","3 Articles of faith","3.1 Unity of God","3.2 Angels","3.3 Books","3.4 Prophets","3.5 Day of Judgement","3.6 Divine decree","4 Five pillars","5 Distinct teachings","5.1 Second Coming","5.2 Seal of Prophets","5.3 Jihad","5.4 Abrogation","5.5 Religion and science","5.6 Cyclical nature of history","6 History","6.1 First Caliphate","6.2 Second Caliphate","6.3 Third Caliphate","6.4 Fourth Caliphate","6.5 Fifth Caliphate","7 Demographics","8 Organizational structure","8.1 The Caliph","8.2 The Consultative Council","8.3 The Headquarters","8.4 Institutions","8.5 Auxiliary organizations","8.6 The Community","8.7 Annual events","9 Persecution","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]	Messianic movement within Islam "Ahmadi" redirects here. For the surname, see Ahmadi (surname). For other uses, see Ahmadi (disambiguation). Part of a series on Ahmadiyya Beliefs and practices Tawhid Five Pillars of Islam Six articles of faith Bay'ah Distinct views Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Prophethood Jesus Jihad Evolution Days of remembrance Caliphate Day Eid al-Adha Eid al-Fitr Promised Messiah Day Promised Reformer Day Foundational texts and sciences Quran Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah) Aqidah (creed) Tafsir (exegesis) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Sharia (law) Key literature Rūhānī Khazā᾽in Malfūzāt Tafsīr-e-Kabīr Haqā'iq al-Furqān Review of Religions Al Fazl (newspaper) The Muslim Sunrise Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth Organizational structure Caliphs: I II III IV V Majlis al-Shura Lajna Khuddām Ansār Jalsa Salana Mosques Jamia MTA Key sitesHijaz Kaaba Masjid al-Haram Al-Masjid an-Nabawi United Kingdom Fazl Mosque Baitul Futuh Mosque Mubarak Mosque Qadian Aqsa Mosque Minaret-ul-Masih Mubarak Mosque Rabwah Aqsa Mosque Jamia Miscellaneous Persecution Ahmadiyya by country Ahmadiyya and other faiths List of Ahmadis Humanity First (NGO Charity) Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran Roza Bal (Tomb of Jesus) Mai Mari da Ashtan (Tomb of Mary) vte Part of a series onIslam Beliefs Oneness of God Angels Revealed Books Prophets Day of Resurrection Predestination Practices Profession of Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage TextsFoundations Quran Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah) Tafsir (exegesis) Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets") Mathnawi (Poems) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Sharia (law) History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Caliphate Imamate Medieval Islamic science Spread of Islam Succession to Muhammad Culture and society Academics Animals Art Association football Calendar Children Circumcision Demographics Diaspora Denominations Sunni Shia Economics Education Ethics Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Music Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Sexuality LGBT Slavery Social welfare Women Related topics Apostasy Criticism Muhammad Quran Hadith Arabic language Other religions Islamism Violence terrorism war Islamophobia Jihad Jihadism Laws of war Glossary Islam portalvte Ahmadiyya, officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ) is an Islamic messianic movement originating in British India in the late 19th century. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam; as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions. Adherents of the Ahmadiyya—a term adopted expressly in reference to Muhammad's alternative name Aḥmad—are known as Ahmadi Muslims or simply Ahmadis. Ahmadiyya Muslim CommunityAhmadiyya Muslim Jama'atThe White Minaret and the Ahmadiyya flag in Qadian, India. For Ahmadi Muslims, the two symbolize the advent of the Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.TypeSect of IslamScriptureQuranCaliphMirza Masroor AhmadFounderMirza Ghulam AhmadOrigin19th century British IndiaSeparated fromSunni IslamNumber of followers10–20 million Ahmadi thought emphasizes the belief that Islam is the final dispensation for humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of restoring it to its true intent and pristine form, which had been lost through the centuries. Its adherents consider Ahmad to have appeared as the Mahdi—bearing the qualities of Jesus in accordance with their reading of scriptural prophecies—to revitalize Islam and set in motion its moral system that would bring about lasting peace. They believe that upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions in belief and practice by championing what is, in their view, Islam's original precepts as practised by Muhammad and the early Muslim community. Ahmadis thus view themselves as leading the propagation and renaissance of Islam. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad established the Community (or Jamāʿat) on 23 March 1889 by formally accepting allegiance from his supporters. Since his death, the Community has been led by a succession of Caliphs. By 2017 it had spread to 210 countries and territories of the world with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa, and Indonesia. The Ahmadis have a strong missionary tradition, having formed the first Muslim missionary organization to arrive in Britain and other Western countries. Currently, the community is led by its caliph, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, and is estimated to number between 10 and 20 million worldwide. The movement is almost entirely a single, highly organized group. However, in the early history of the community, some Ahmadis dissented over the nature of Ahmad's prophetic status and succession. They formed the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which has since dwindled to a small fraction of all Ahmadis. Ahmadiyya's recognition of Ahmad as a prophet has been characterized as heretical by mainstream Muslims, who believe that Muhammad was the final prophet, and the Ahmadi movement has faced non-recognition and persecution in many parts of the world. Some Sunni Muslims pejoratively use the term Qādiyānī to refer to the movement. Naming and etymology See also: Muhammad (name), Ahmad (name), and Ḥ-M-D Ahmadiyya ArabicأحمديةRomanizationAḥmadīya(t) Literal meaningfellowship/followers of Aḥmad, i.e. Muhammad The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889, but the name Aḥmadīyah was not adopted until about a decade later. In a manifesto dated 4 November 1900, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad announced that the name chosen to identify the movement from other Muslim groups would be in reference to Muhammad's alternative name Aḥmad. According to him, the meaning of the name Muḥammad—"the most praised one"—comported with the traits of glory and indicated the triumphant career of the Islamic prophet following his migration to Medina; but Aḥmad, an Arabic elative form meaning "highly praised" and also "one who praises the most", comported with the beauty of his sermons and conveyed the perseverance and forbearance that characterized his earlier life at Mecca. Accordingly, these two names reflected two aspects or modalities of Islam and in later times it was the latter aspect that was destined to be the chief characteristic of its progress. Ghulam Ahmad deemed it a blameworthy innovation (bid‘ah) to label an Islamic group or school after anyone other than Muhammad. The announcement of 1900 stated: The name which is appropriate for this Movement and which we prefer for ourselves and for our Jamā'at is Muslims of the Aḥmadīyah Section. And it is permissible that it also be referred to as Muslims of the Aḥmadī school. Lexicology The term Aḥmadīyah—formed by way of suffixation (nisba) from Aḥmad and the suffix -īya(t) (comparable to the English -ness)—is an abstract noun used in reference to the movement itself; while the term Aḥmadī (adjectivally denoting affiliation to Aḥmad) is a noun used in reference to an adherent of the movement, whether male or female. Despite Ahmadis dissociating the name from their founder, deriving it instead from Islamic prophecy and the name variant of Muhammad, some Sunni Muslims, especially in the Indian subcontinent from where the movement originated, refer to Ahmadis using the pejorative terms Qādiyānī—derived from Qadian, the home town of Ghulam Ahmad; or Mirzaī—from Mirza, one of his titles. Both are externally attributed names and are never used by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community itself. Summary of beliefs The Six articles of Islamic Faith and the Five Pillars of Islam constitute the basis of Ahmadi belief and practice. Likewise, Ahmadis accept the Quran as their holy text, face the Kaaba during prayer, follow the sunnah (normative practice of Muhammad) and accept the authority of the ahadith (sing. hadith; reported sayings of and narrations about Muhammad). In the derivation of Ahmadi doctrine and practice, the Quran has supreme authority followed by the sunnah and the ahadith. Quranic rulings cannot be overruled by any other secondary or explanatory source. If a hadith is found to be in manifest conflict with the Quran and defies all possible efforts at harmonization, it is rejected regardless of the classification of its authenticity. Their acceptance of the authority of the four Rightly Guided caliphs (successors) as legitimate leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's death, their belief that a caliph need not be a descendant of Muhammad, and use of the Kutub al-Sittah fundamentally aligns Ahmadis with the Sunni tradition of Islam rather than with the Shi'a tradition. In matters of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Ahmadis reject strict adherence (taqlid) to any particular school of thought (madhhab), giving foremost precedence to the Quran and sunnah, but usually base their rulings on the Hanafi methodology in cases where these sources lack clear elaboration. What essentially distinguishes Ahmadi Muslims from other Muslims is their belief in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the movement, as both the promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah foretold by Muhammad to appear in the end times. Summarising his position, Ahmad writes: The task for which God has appointed me is that I should remove the malaise that afflicts the relationship between God and His creatures and restore the relationship of love and sincerity between them. Through the proclamation of truth and by putting an end to religious conflicts, I should bring about peace and manifest the Divine verities that have become hidden from the eyes of the world. I am called upon to demonstrate spirituality which lies buried under egoistic darkness. It is for me to demonstrate by practice, and not by words alone, the Divine powers which penetrate into a human being and are manifested through prayer or attention. Above all, it is my task to re-establish in people's hearts the eternal plant of the pure and shining Unity of God which is free from every impurity of polytheism, and which has now completely disappeared. All this will be accomplished, not through my power, but through the power of the Almighty God, Who is the God of heaven and earth. In keeping with this, he believed his objective was to defend and propagate Islam globally through peaceful means, to revive the forgotten Islamic values of peace, forgiveness and sympathy for all humankind, and to establish peace in the world through the teachings of Islam. He believed that his message had special relevance for the Western world, which, he believed, had descended into materialism. Ahmadi teachings state that all the major world religions have divine origins and are part of the divine plan towards the establishment of Islam as the final religion, because Islam is the most complete and perfected the previous teachings of other religions, which (they believe) have drifted away from their original form and been corrupted. The message which the founders of these religions brought was, therefore, essentially the same as that of Islam, albeit incomplete. The completion and consummation of the development of religion came about with the advent of Muhammad. However, the global conveyance, recognition and eventual acceptance of his message (i.e. the perfection of the manifestation of Muhammad's prophethood) was destined to occur with the coming of the Mahdi. Thus, Ahmadi Muslims regard Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as that Mahdi and, by extension, the "Promised One" of all religions fulfilling eschatological prophecies found in the scriptures of the Abrahamic religions, as well as Zoroastrianism, the Indian religions, Native American traditions and others. Ahmadi Muslims believe that Ahmad was divinely commissioned as a true reflection of Muhammad's prophethood to establish the unity of God and to remind humankind of their duties towards God and His creation. Summarising the Islamic faith, Ahmad writes: There are only two complete parts of faith. One is to love God and the other is to love humankind to such a degree that you consider the suffering and the trials and tribulations of others as your own and that you pray for them. Articles of faith Ahmadi Muslims subscribe to the same beliefs as the majority of Muslims, but with a difference of opinion on the meaning of Khatam an-Nabiyyin. The six articles of faith are identical to those believed in by Sunni Muslims, and are based on the Quran and traditions of Muhammad: Unity of God Main article: Tawhid The Shahada, outside the Mahmood Mosque in Zurich, proclaiming the oneness of God. Ahmadi Muslims firmly believe in the absolute Unity of God. Acknowledgement of this principle is the most important and the cardinal principle of Islam as interpreted by the Community. All other Islamic beliefs spring from this belief. The belief in the Unity of God is thought to influence a person's life in all its aspects and is believed to have much wider meaning and deeper applications. For example, elaborating on the Oneness of God, the Quranic verse "There is no all-encompassing power except God" is believed to negate all forms of fear with the exception of the fear of God. It instills a sense of complete dependence on God and that every good emanates from him. In general, the belief in unity of God is thought to liberate believers from all forms of carnal passions, slavery and perceptions of earthly imprisonment. The founder of the Community writes: The Unity of God is a light which illumines the heart only after the negation of all deities, whether they belong to the inner world or the outer world. It permeates every particle of man's being. How can this be acquired without the aid of God and His Messenger? The duty of man is only to bring death upon his ego and turn his back to devilish pride. He should not boast of his having been reared in the cradle of knowledge but should consider himself as if he were merely an ignorant person, and occupy himself in supplications. Then the light of Unity will descend upon him from God and will bestow new life upon Him. It is further believed that the Islamic concept of Oneness of God inculcates the realization of the Oneness of the human species and thus removes all impediments in this regard. The diversity of all human races, ethnicities and colours are considered worthy of acceptance. Moreover, it is thought that a belief in the Unity of God creates a sense of absolute harmony between the Creator and the creation. It is understood that there can be no contradiction between the word of God and work of God. Angels Main article: Islamic view of angels The belief in angels is fundamental to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. They are spiritual beings created by God to obey him and implement his commandments. Unlike human beings, angels have no free will and cannot act independently. Under God's command, they bring revelations to the Prophets, bring punishment on the Prophets' enemies, glorify God with his praise, and keep records of human beings' deeds. Angels are not visible to the physical eye. Yet, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, they do sometimes appear to man in one form or another. This appearance, however, is not physical but a spiritual manifestation. Ahmadi Muslims regards angels as celestial beings who have their own entity as persons. The major role they play is the transmission of messages from God to human beings. According to the Quran, the entire material universe as well as the religious universe is governed by some spiritual powers, which are referred to as angels. Whatever they do is in complete submission to the Will of God and the design that he created for things. According to Islam, as interpreted by Ahmadi Muslims, they cannot deviate from the set course or functions allocated to them, or from the overall plan of things made by God. Books Main article: Islamic holy books Some of the many Quran translations by Ahmadi translators at the 2009 Frankfurt Book Fair For Ahmadi Muslims, the third article in Islam is concerned with the belief in all the divine scriptures as revealed by God to his Prophets. This includes the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, the scrolls of Abraham, and the Quran. Before the advent of Islam, the history of religion is understood as a series of dispensations where each messenger brought teachings suitable for the time and place. Thus, at the time of their inception, the divine teachings sent by God concurred in their fundamentals, with the exception of minor details that were chosen to complement the time and place. With the exception of the Quran, it is believed that the divine scriptures are susceptible to human interpolation. Islam recognises that God sent his prophets to every nation and isolated communities of the world. Thus, according to the Ahmadi teachings, books outside of the Abrahamic tradition, such as the Vedas and Avesta are too considered as being of divine origin. Among the recognised books, the Community believes that the Quran is the final divine scripture revealed by God to humankind. The teachings of the Quran are considered timeless. Prophets Main articles: Prophets in Islam, Prophethood (Ahmadiyya), and Khatam an-Nabiyyin According to the Ahmadi Muslim view, the fourth article of faith in Islam is concerned with the belief in all divine prophets sent by God. Ahmadi Muslims believe that when the world is filled with unrighteousness and immorality, or when a specific part of the world displays these attributes, or when the followers of a certain law (religion) become corrupt or incorporate corrupted teachings into the faith, thus making the faith obsolete or in need of a Divine Sustainer, then a Prophet of God is sent to re-establish his Divine Will. Aside from the belief in all prophets in the Quran and the Old Testament, the Community also regards Zoroaster, Krishna, Buddha, and Confucius as prophets. According to the Ahmadiyya belief, the technical Islamic terms 'warner' (natheer), 'prophet' (nabi), 'messenger' (rasul) and 'envoy' (mursal) are synonymous in meaning. However, there are two kinds of prophethood as understood by the Community: Law-bearing prophets, who bring a new law and dispensation, such as Moses (given the Torah) and Muhammad (given the Quran); and non-law-bearing prophets, who appear within a given dispensation such as Jeremiah, Jesus and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Adam is regarded as the first human with whom God spoke and revealed to him his divine will and thus the first prophet, but is not regarded as the first human on earth by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, contrary to traditional Islamic, Jewish and Christian interpretations. This view is based on the Quran itself, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Day of Judgement Main article: Qiyamat The fifth article of faith relates to the Day of Judgment. According to the Ahmadis, after belief in one God, belief in the Day of Judgement is the most emphasized doctrine mentioned in the Quran. According to Ahmadi Muslim beliefs, the entire universe will come to an end on the Day of Judgment, a position also taken by all other Islamic sects and schools of thought. The dead will be resurrected and accounts will be taken of their deeds. People with good records will enter into Heaven while those with bad records will be thrown into Hell. Hell is understood in Ahmadiyya as a temporary abode, lasting an extremely long time but not everlasting, much like in mainstream Judaism. It is thought to be like a hospital, where souls are cleansed of their sins, and this view is based on the Quran and Hadith. Divine decree Main article: Predestination in Islam The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes that divine decree controls the eventual outcome of all actions in this universe. Within the boundaries of divine decree, man is given free will to choose the course. Five pillars Main article: Five Pillars of Islam The Pillars of Islam (arkan al-Islam; also arkan ad-din, 'pillars of religion') are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all Ahmadi Muslims. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are: (1) the shahadah (creed), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during Ramadan, and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. Distinct teachings Although the Five Pillars of Islam and the six articles of belief of Ahmadi Muslims are identical to those of mainstream Sunni Muslims and central to Ahmadi belief, distinct Ahmadiyya beliefs include: Second Coming Roza Bal shrine in Srinagar, Kashmir Contrary to mainstream Islamic belief, Ahmadi Muslims believe that Jesus was crucified and survived the four hours on the cross. He was later revived from a swoon in the tomb. Ahmadis believe that Jesus died in Kashmir of old age whilst seeking the Lost Tribes of Israel. Jesus' remains are believed to be entombed in the Roza Bal shrine in Kashmir under the name Yuz Asaf. Seal of Prophets See also: Khatam an-Nabiyyin and Prophethood (Ahmadiyya) Although Ahmadi Muslims believe that the Quran is the final message of God for humankind, they also believe that God continues to communicate with his chosen individuals in the same way he is believed to have done in the past. All of God's attributes are eternal. In particular, Ahmadi Muslims believe that Muhammad brought prophethood to perfection and was the last law-bearing prophet and the apex of humankind's spiritual evolution. New prophets can come, but they must be completely subordinate to Muhammad and will not be able to exceed him in excellence nor alter his teaching or bring any new law or religion. They are also thought of as reflections of Muhammad rather than independently made into Prophets, like the Prophets of antiquity. Jihad Main article: Ahmadiyya view on Jihad According to Ahmadi Muslim belief, Jihad can be divided into three categories: Jihad al-Akbar (Greater Jihad) is that against the self and refers to striving against one's low desires such as anger, lust and hatred; Jihad al-Kabīr (Great Jihad) refers to the peaceful propagation of Islam, with special emphasis on spreading the true message of Islam by the pen; Jihad al-Asghar (Smaller Jihad) is an armed struggle only to be resorted to in self-defence under situations of extreme religious persecution whilst not being able to follow one's fundamental religious beliefs, and even then only under the direct instruction of the Caliph. Ahmadi Muslims point out that as per Islamic prophecy, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad rendered Jihad in its military form as inapplicable in the present age as Islam, as a religion, is not being attacked militarily but through literature and other media, and therefore the response should be likewise. They believe that the answer of hate should be given by love. Concerning terrorism, the fourth Caliph of the Community wrote in 1989: As far as Islam is concerned, it categorically rejects and condemns every form of terrorism. It does not provide any cover or justification for any act of violence, be it committed by an individual, a group or a government. Abrogation See also: Naskh (tafsir) Unlike most scholars of other Islamic sects, Ahmadi Muslims do not believe that any verses of the Quran abrogate or cancel other verses. All Quranic verses have equal validity, in keeping with their emphasis on the "unsurpassable beauty and unquestionable validity of the Qur'ān". The harmonization of apparently incompatible rulings is resolved through their juridical deflation in Ahmadī fiqh, so that a ruling (considered to have applicability only to the specific situation for which it was revealed), is effective not because it was revealed last, but because it is most suited to the situation at hand. Religion and science See also: Ahmadiyya views on evolution Ahmadi Muslims believe that there cannot be a conflict between the word of God and the work of God, and thus religion and science must work in harmony with each other. With particular reference to this relationship, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community states that in order to understand God's revelation, it is necessary to study His work, and in order to realize the significance of His work, it is necessary to study His word. According to the Nobel laureate, Abdus Salam, a devout Ahmadi Muslim, 750 verses of the Quran (almost one eighth of the book) exhort believers to study Nature, to reflect, to make the best use of reason in their search for the ultimate and to make the acquiring of knowledge and scientific comprehension part of the community's life. Cyclical nature of history A final distinct belief is the notion that the history of religion is cyclic and is renewed every seven millennia. The present cycle from the time of the Biblical Adam is split into seven epochs or ages, parallel to the seven days of the week, with periods for light and darkness. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad appeared as the promised Messiah at the sixth epoch heralding the seventh and final age of humankind. History Ahmadiyya timeline 1882 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (without publicity) says he is the Mujaddid of the fourteenth Islamic century 1889 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadiyya Muslim movement 1890 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad announces that he is 'The Promised Messiah' and 'The Imam Mahdi' of the Latter days 1908 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad dies in Lahore. Hakeem Noor-ud-Din is elected as the First Caliph 1914 Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad is elected as the Second Caliph 1947 Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad migrates to Lahore, Pakistan 1948 Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad establishes the city of Rabwah as the new headquarters of the Community 1965 Mirza Nasir Ahmad is elected as the Third Caliph 1982 Mirza Tahir Ahmad is elected as the Fourth Caliph 1984 Mirza Tahir Ahmad migrates to London, England, moving the headquarters to London 2003 Mirza Masroor Ahmad is elected as the Fifth Caliph 2019 The headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is moved from the Fazl Mosque in Southfields, London to Islamabad in Tilford, Surrey Formally, the history of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community begins when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad took the oath of allegiance from a number of his companions at a home in Ludhiana, India, on 23 March 1889. However, the history can be taken back to the early life of Ahmad, when he reportedly started receiving revelations concerning his future, but also as far back as the traditions of various world religions. At the end of the 19th century, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian proclaimed himself to be the "Centennial Reformer of Islam" (Mujaddid), metaphorical second coming of Jesus and the Mahdi (guided one) awaited by the Muslims and obtained a considerable number of followers especially within the United Provinces, the Punjab and Sindh. He and his followers believe that his advent was foretold by Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and also by many other religious scriptures of the world. Ahmadiyya emerged in India as a movement within Islam, also in response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity that was widespread in the 19th century. The Ahmadiyya faith believes that it represents the latter-day revival of the religion of Islam. Overseas Ahmadiyya missionary activities started at an organized level as early as 1913 (for example, the UK mission in Putney, London). For many modern nations of the world, the Ahmadiyya movement was their first contact with the proclaimants from the Muslim world. According to Richard Brent Turner, "until the mid-1950s the Ahmadiyyah was arguably the most influential community in African-American Islam". Today, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has one of the most active missionary programs in the world. It is particularly large in Africa. In the post colonial era, the Community is credited for much of the spread of Islam in the continent. First Caliphate After the death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Hakeem Noor-ud-Din was unanimously elected as his first successor and Caliph of the Community. Within the stretch of his Caliphate, a period which lasted six years, he oversaw a satisfactory English translation of the Quran, the establishment of the first Ahmadiyya Muslim mission in England and the introduction of various newspapers and magazines of the Community. As a result of growing financial requirements of the Community, he set up an official treasury. Most notably, however, he dealt with internal dissensions, when a number high-ranking office bearers of the Ahmadiyya Council disagreed with some of the administrative concepts and the authority of the Caliph. Second Caliphate The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag, first designed in 1939, during the Second Caliphate Soon after the death of the first caliph, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad was elected as the second caliph, in accordance with the will of his predecessor. However, a faction led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din strongly opposed his succession and refused to accept him as the next caliph, which soon led to the formation of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. This was due to certain doctrinal differences they held with the caliph such as the nature of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood and succession. It has also been theorised that a clash of personalities with that of the dissenters and the caliph himself, who had a relatively poor academic background, also played a role. However, the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement, which settled in Lahore, has had relatively little success and has failed to attract a sizeable following. In the history of the Community, this event is referred to as 'The Split' and is sometimes alluded to a prophecy of the founder. Elected at a young age, Mahmood Ahmad's Caliphate spanned a period of almost 52 years. He established the organizational structure of the Community and directed extensive missionary activity outside the subcontinent of India. Several weeks following his election, delegates from all over India were invited to discuss about propagation of Islam. Two decades later, Mahmood Ahmad launched a twofold scheme for the establishment of foreign missions and the moral upbringing of Ahmadi Muslims. The Tehrik-e-Jadid and Waqf-e-Jadid or the 'new scheme' and the 'new dedication' respectively, initially seen as a spiritual battle against the oppressors of the Ahmadi Muslims, called upon members of the Community to dedicate their time and money for the sake of their faith. In time the scheme produced a vast amount of literature in defence of Islam in general and the Ahmadiyya beliefs in particular. The funds were also spent on the training and dispatching of Ahmadi missionaries outside the Indian sub-continent. During his time, missions were established in 46 countries, mosques were constructed in many foreign countries and the Quran published in several major languages of the world. Although the Community continued to expand in the course of succeeding Caliphates, sometimes at a faster pace, the second caliph is credited for much of its inception. Ahmad wrote many written works, the most significant of which is the ten volume commentary of the Quran. Third Caliphate Elected on 8 November 1965, Mirza Nasir Ahmad succeeded as the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Started by his predecessor, he is credited with the expansion of the missionary work, particularly in Africa, and is seen as having shown great leadership and guidance to the Community during the period when the National Assembly of Pakistan declared the Community as a non-Muslim minority. Nusrat Jahan Scheme, a scheme dedicated to serving parts of Africa by running numerous medical clinics and schools was one of the many outcomes of his 1970 tour of West Africa, regarded as the first ever visit to the continent made by an Ahmadi Caliph. During his visit for the foundation stone ceremony of the Basharat Mosque, the first mosque in modern Spain, he coined the popular Ahmadiyya motto: Love for all, Hatred for None. Mirza Nasir Ahmad established the Fazl-e-Umar Foundation in honour of his predecessor, oversaw the compilations of dialogues and sayings of the founder of the Community, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, and also directed the complete collection of the dreams, visions and verbal revelations of the founder. Fourth Caliphate Baitur Rehman Mosque near Washington, D.C., is one of several mosques inaugurated by the fourth caliph Mirza Tahir Ahmad was elected as the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community on 10 June 1982, a day after the death of his predecessor. Following the Ordinance XX that was promulgated by the government of Pakistan in 1984, which rendered the Caliph unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy, Ahmad left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, moving the headquarters of the Community to Fazl Mosque, the first mosque in London. For Ahmadi Muslims, the migration marked a new era in the history of the Community. Ahmad launched the first Muslim satellite television network, Muslim Television Ahmadiyya; instituted the Waqfe Nau Scheme, a program to dedicate Ahmadi Muslim children for the services of the Community; and inaugurated various funds for humanitarian causes such as the Maryum Shaadi Fund, the Syedna Bilal Fund, for victims of persecution, and the disaster relief charity Humanity First. To the Community, Ahmad is noted for his regular Question & Answer Sessions he held in multiple languages with people of various faiths, professions and cultural backgrounds. However, Ahmad also wrote many books – the most significant of which include Islam's Response to Contemporary Issues, Murder in the name of Allah, Absolute Justice, Kindness and Kinship, Gulf Crisis and The New World Order and his magnum opus Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth. Fifth Caliphate Following the death of the fourth Caliph in 2003, the Electoral College for the first time in the history of the Community convened in the western city of London, after which Mirza Masroor Ahmad was elected as the fifth and current Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. In his effort to promote his message of peace and facilitate service to humanity, Ahmad travels globally meeting heads of state, holding peace conferences, and exhibiting Islamic solutions to world problems. In response to ongoing conflicts, Ahmad has sent letters to world leaders, including Elizabeth II and Pope Francis. Being the spiritual head of millions of Ahmadi Muslims residing in over 200 countries and territories of the world, Ahmad travels globally, teaching, conveying and maintaining correspondence with communities of believers and individuals, expounding principles of the Islamic faith. Demographics Main article: Ahmadiyya by country Ahmadiyya Muslim population map. By 2016, the community had been established in 209 countries and territories of the world with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa, and Indonesia. The community is a minority Muslim sect in almost every country of the world. In some countries like Pakistan, it is practically illegal to be an Ahmadi Muslim. Together, these factors make it difficult to estimate the Ahmadiyya population for both the community itself as well as independent organizations. For this reason, the community gives a figure of "tens of millions"; however, most independent sources variously estimate the population to be at least 10 to 20 million worldwide, thereby representing around 1% of the world's Muslim population. In 2001, the World Christian Encyclopedia, estimated that the Ahmadiyya movement was the fastest growing group within Islam. It is estimated that the country with the largest Ahmadiyya population is Pakistan, with an estimated 4 million Ahmadi Muslims. The population is almost entirely contained in the single, organized and united movement, headed by the Caliph. The other is the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which represents less than 0.2% of the total Ahmadiyya population. Ahmadiyya are estimated to be from 60,000 to 1 million in India. Organizational structure The Caliph Main article: Khalifatul Masih Baitul Futuh Mosque, one of the largest mosques in Europe. The Caliph's Friday Sermon is televised live throughout the world, via MTA TV Ahmadi Muslims believe that the Ahmadiyya caliphate is the resumption of the Rightly Guided Caliphate. This is believed to have been re-established with the appearance of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad whom Ahmadis believe was the promised Messiah and Mahdi. Ahmadi Muslims maintain that in accordance with Quranic verses (such as ) and numerous hadith on the issue, Khilāfah or the Caliphate can only be established by God Himself and is a divine blessing given to those who believe and work righteousness and uphold the unity of God. Therefore, any movement to establish the Caliphate centred around human endeavours alone is bound to fail, particularly when the condition of the people diverges from the precepts of prophethood and they are as a result disunited, their inability to elect a caliph caused fundamentally by the lack of righteousness in them. It is believed that through visions, dreams and spiritual guidance, God instils into the hearts and minds of the believers of whom to elect. No campaigning, speeches or speculation of any kind are permitted. Thus the caliph is designated neither necessarily by right (i.e. the rightful or competent one in the eyes of the people) nor merely by election but primarily by God. According to Ahmadiyya thought, it is not essential for a caliph to be the head of a state, rather the spiritual and religious significance of the Caliphate is emphasised. It is above all a spiritual office, with the purpose to uphold, strengthen, spread the teachings of Islam and maintain the high spiritual and moral standards within the global community established by Muhammad. If a caliph does happen to bear governmental authority as a head of state, it is incidental and subsidiary in relation to his overall function as a caliph. The caliph is also referred to by Ahmadi Muslims as Amir al-Mu'minin (Leader of the Faithful). The current and fifth caliph is Mirza Masroor Ahmad. The Consultative Council The Majlis-ash-Shura or the Consultative Council, in terms of importance, is the highest ranking institution within the Community after the Caliphate. It was established in 1922 by the second caliph, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. This advisory body meets formally at least once a year. At the international level, the council is presided over by the caliph. Its main purpose is to advise the caliph on important matters such as finance, projects, education and other issues relating to members of the Community. It is required for the caliph to carry out his duties through consultation, taking into consideration the views of the members of the council. However, it is not incumbent upon him to always accept the views and recommendations of the members. The caliph may comment, issue instructions, announce his decisions on the proposals during the course of the proceedings or may postpone the matter under further reflection. However, in most cases the caliph accepts the advice given by the majority. At the national level, the council is presided over by the ʾAmīr (national president). At the conclusion of the proceedings, the recommendations are sent to the caliph for approval which he may accept, reject or partially accept. The Headquarters The principal headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is the city, town or place where the caliph resides. As such, since the forced exile of the fourth caliph from Pakistan in 1984, the de facto headquarters of the Community had been based at the Fazl Mosque in London, England. In 2019, the fifth caliph moved the headquarters to Islamabad, Tilford, England on land bought by the Community in 1985. Although the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina are acknowledged to be more sacred, Qadian is considered to be the spiritual headquarters of the Community. It is believed, and prophesied, that in the future, the Ahmadiyya Caliphate will once again return to Qadian, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. However, the Ahmadiyya city of Rabwah in Pakistan, since its founding on 20 September 1948 by the second caliph, after the Indian partition, coordinates majority of the organization's activity around the world. In particular, the city is responsible for, but not exclusively, the two central bodies of the Community; Central Ahmadiyya Council and the Council for 'The New Scheme'. Another, but much smaller body, the Council for 'New Dedication' , is also active. All central bodies work under the directive of the caliph. Sadr Anjuman Ahmadiyya or the Central Ahmadiyya Council, first set up by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1906, is today responsible for organizing the Community activities in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh; whereas the Anjuman Tehrik-i-Jadid or the Council for 'The New Scheme', first set up by the second caliph, is responsible for missions outside the Indian subcontinent. Each council is further divided into directorates, such as the Department of Financial Affairs, the Department of Publications, the Department of Education, the Department of External Affairs, and the Department of Foreign Missions, among others. Under the latter council, the Community has built over 15,000 mosques, over 500 schools, over 30 hospitals and translated the Quran into over 70 languages. The Anjuman Waqf-i-Jadid or the Council for 'The New Dedication', also initiated by the second caliph, is responsible for training and coordinating religious teachers in rural communities around the world. Institutions Pakistani campus of the Ahmadiyya University in Rabwah Of all religious institutions of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Jāmi’ah al-Ahmadīyya, sometimes translated as Ahmadiyya University of Theology and Languages, is particularly notable. It is an international Islamic seminary and educational institute with several campuses throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Founded in 1906 as a section in Madrassa Talim ul Islam (later Talim-ul-Islam College) by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, it is the main centre of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community for Islamic learning and the training of missionaries. Graduates may be appointed by the Caliph either as missionaries of the Community (often called Murrabi, Imam, or Mawlana) or as Qadis or Muftis of the Community with a specialisation in matters of fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Some Jamia alumni have also become Islamic historians. As of 2008, there are over 1,300 graduates of the university working as missionaries throughout the world. Auxiliary organizations There are five organizations auxiliary to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Each organization is responsible for the spiritual and moral training of their members. The Lajna Ima’illah is the largest of all the organizations and consists of female members above the age of 15; Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya is for male members between the ages of 15 and 40; Majlis Ansarullah is for male members above the age of 40; Nasiratul Ahmadiyya is for girls between the ages of 7 and 15; and Atfalul Ahmadiyya is for boys between the ages of 7 and 15. The Community The International Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is divided into National Communities, each with its National Headquarters. Each National Community is further divided into Regional Communities, which is again partitioned into Local Communities. In many cases, each Local Community will have its own mosque, centre or a mission house. The Amīr, or national president, though overseen by the central bodies of the Community, directs the National Amila or the National Executive Body which consists of national secretaries such as the general secretary, secretary for finance, secretary for preaching, secretary for moral training, and secretary for education, among others. This layout is replicated at regional and local levels with each of their own president and executive bodies. The Ahmadiyya Flag and the flags of German states at the 2009 German Annual Convention Annual events Unlike the Muslim holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha also celebrated by Ahmadi Muslims, there are several functions observed by Ahmadis though not regarded as religious holidays. As such, functions are not considered equally obligatory nor is it necessary to celebrate them on the day normally set for celebration. The most important religious function of the Community is Jalsa Salana or the Annual Convention, first initiated by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, is the formal annual gathering of the Community, for the purpose of increasing one's religious knowledge and the promotion of harmony, friendship, and solidarity within members of the Community. Other functions include "Life of the Holy Prophet Day", "Promised Messiah Day", "Promised Reformer Day" and "Caliphate Day". Persecution Main article: Persecution of Ahmadis Ahmadi have been viewed as infidels and heretics and the movement has faced at times violent opposition. In 1973, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation officially declared that the Ahmadiyya was not linked to Islam. In Pakistan, Ahmadis have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan and the term Qādiānī is often used pejoratively to refer to them and is also used in Pakistani documents. Ahmadis have been subject to religious persecution and discrimination since the movement's inception in 1889. The Ahmadis are active translators of the Quran and proselytizers for the faith; converts to Islam in many parts of the world first discover Islam through the Ahmadis. However, in many Islamic countries the Ahmadis have been defined as heretics and non-Muslim and subjected to attacks and often systematic oppression. See also Islam portal Islamic schools and branches List of Ahmadis List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International Ahmadiyya hospitals New religious movement Notes ^ /ˌɑːməˈdiːə/, also UK: /-ˈdiːjə/), ^ Arabic: الجماعة الإسلامية الأحمدية, romanized: al-Jamāʿah al-Islāmīyyah al-Aḥmadīyyah; Urdu: جماعتِ احمدیہ مسلمہ, romanized: Jamā‘at-i-Aḥmadiyah Muslimah) References ^ "Ahmadiyya". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Ahmadiyya". 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Infobase. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million "Ahmadiyya Muslims". PBS. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013. ^ A figure of 10 to 20 million represents 0.62% to 1.25% of the worlds Muslim population. ^ As of 2001 the Ahmadiyya Movement had been the fastest growing sect over decades across multiple editions of the World Christian Encyclopedia. The 2001 edition placed the growth rate at 3.25%, which was the highest of all Islamic sects and schools of thought. See: David B. Barrett; George Thomas Kurian; Todd M. Johnson, eds. (15 February 2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0195079639. ^ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See: over 2 million: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (4 December 2008). "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 - Nov. 2008)". Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2012. 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine) 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52 "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan". Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2014. ^ "Wretched of the Land". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2015. ^ The Holy Quran with English Translation and Commentary. Surrey: Islam International Publications. 1988. p. 1870. ISBN 1-85372-045-3. ^ Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (2009). Khilafat-e-Rashidah (PDF). Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-85372-620-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2014. ^ Rafi Ahmad (3 March 2011). "The Islamic Khilafat – Its Rise, Fall, and Re-emergence". Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2014. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 318–324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ "Head of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Opens New Central Mosque in Islamabad, Tilford, UK". Press & Media Office. 19 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020. ^ "Muslim leader opens new Tilford mosque". Farnham Herald. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 324. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ a b Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. Hurst & Company. p. 86. ISBN 9781850659167. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ a b c d "Organisational Structure". Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 324–342. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ a b "Tehrike-Jadid-Scheme" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Jamie S. Scott (January 2012). The Religions of Canadians. University of Toronto Press. p. 198. ISBN 9781442605169. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 357–360. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ "Renewing a Pledge of Unity and Peace". The Washington Post. 5 September 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ Imam, Zainab (1 June 2016). "The day I declared my best friend kafir just so I could get a passport". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Sayeed, Saad (16 November 2017). "Pakistan's long-persecuted Ahmadi minority fear becoming election scapegoat". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (21 November 2013). "The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "Who are the Ahmadi?". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. ^ Burhani, Ahmad Najib (2013). When Muslims are not Muslims: The Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. ISBN 9781303424861. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2018. ^ Haq, Zia (2 October 2011). "'Heretical' Ahmadiyya sect raises Muslim hackles". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. ^ Harrigan, Jane; El-Said, Hamed (2009), "Faith-Based Welfare and Jordan's Muslim Brotherhood Movement", Economic Liberalisation, Social Capital and Islamic Welfare Provision, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 56–77, doi:10.1057/9781137001580_4, ISBN 978-1-349-30033-4, retrieved 14 August 2021 ^ "Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974". The Constitution of Pakistan. pakistani.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ Dhume, Sadanand (1 December 2017). "Pakistan Persecutes a Muslim Minority". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2018. Further reading Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (1980). Invitation to Ahmadiyyat. Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 0-7100-0119-3. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (1924). Ahmadiyyat or the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-982-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2004). With Love to the Muslims of the World: The Ahmadiyya Perspective (PDF). Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-744-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1985). An Elementary Study of Islam. Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-562-5. Syed Hasanat Ahmad (2010). An Introduction to the Hidden Treasures of Islam (PDF). Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-84880-050-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Humphrey J Fisher (1963). Ahmadiyya: a study in contemporary Islam on the West African coast. Nigeria: Oxford University Press. Yohanan Friedmann (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. ISBN 965-264-014-X. Antonio R. Gualtieri (1989). Conscience And Coercion. Canada: Guernica Editions. ISBN 0-920717-41-1. Antonio Gualtieri (2004). The Ahmadis: community, gender, and politics in a Muslim society. Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2738-9. Shaikh Abdul Hadi (2008). Basics of Religious Education (PDF) (5th ed.). Canada: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1882494-03-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Farhan Iqbal; Imtiaz Ahmed Sra (2014). With Love to Muhammad, The Khatam-un-Nabiyyin: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Understanding of Finality of Prophethood (PDF). Canada: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-0-9937731-0-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Muhammad Zafarullah Khan (1978). Ahmadiyyat: The Renaissance of Islam. Tabshir Publications. ISBN 0-85525-015-1. Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). "Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)". In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1. Retrieved 10 November 2020. Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8. Karimullah Zirvi. Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014. 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Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmadi (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadi_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Ahmadi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valentine_2008_xv-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banglapedia-11"},{"link_name":"Mirza Ghulam 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prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_prophets"},{"link_name":"persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-persecution-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Qādiyānī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiani"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gualtieri_1989_14-29"}],"text":"Messianic movement within Islam\"Ahmadi\" redirects here. For the surname, see Ahmadi (surname). For other uses, see Ahmadi (disambiguation).Ahmadiyya,[a] officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ)[4][b] is an Islamic messianic[5][6] movement originating in British India in the late 19th century.[7][8][9] It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam;[10] as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.[11] Adherents of the Ahmadiyya—a term adopted expressly in reference to Muhammad's alternative name Aḥmad[12][13][14][15]—are known as Ahmadi Muslims or simply Ahmadis.Ahmadi thought emphasizes the belief that Islam is the final dispensation for humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of restoring it to its true intent and pristine form, which had been lost through the centuries.[7] Its adherents consider Ahmad to have appeared as the Mahdi—bearing the qualities of Jesus in accordance with their reading of scriptural prophecies—to revitalize Islam and set in motion its moral system that would bring about lasting peace.[16] They believe that upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions in belief and practice by championing what is, in their view, Islam's original precepts as practised by Muhammad and the early Muslim community.[17][18] Ahmadis thus view themselves as leading the propagation and renaissance of Islam.[19]Mirza Ghulam Ahmad established the Community (or Jamāʿat) on 23 March 1889 by formally accepting allegiance from his supporters. Since his death, the Community has been led by a succession of Caliphs. By 2017 it had spread to 210 countries and territories of the world with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa, and Indonesia. The Ahmadis have a strong missionary tradition, having formed the first Muslim missionary organization to arrive in Britain and other Western countries.[20] Currently, the community is led by its caliph, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, and is estimated to number between 10 and 20 million worldwide.[21][22][23]The movement is almost entirely a single, highly organized group. However, in the early history of the community, some Ahmadis dissented over the nature of Ahmad's prophetic status and succession. They formed the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which has since dwindled to a small fraction of all Ahmadis. Ahmadiyya's recognition of Ahmad as a prophet has been characterized as heretical by mainstream Muslims, who believe that Muhammad was the final prophet, and the Ahmadi movement has faced non-recognition and persecution in many parts of the world.[24][23][25][26] Some Sunni Muslims pejoratively use the term Qādiyānī to refer to the movement.[27]","title":"Ahmadiyya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_(name)"},{"link_name":"Ahmad (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_(name)"},{"link_name":"Ḥ-M-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4-M-D"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Aḥmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%A5mad"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaiil.org-17"},{"link_name":"migration to Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira"},{"link_name":"Arabic elative form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_(gradation)"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diagonal-Verlag-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaiil.org-17"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"bid‘ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah"},{"link_name":"group or school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"See also: Muhammad (name), Ahmad (name), and Ḥ-M-DThe Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889, but the name Aḥmadīyah was not adopted until about a decade later. In a manifesto dated 4 November 1900, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad announced that the name chosen to identify the movement from other Muslim groups would be in reference to Muhammad's alternative name Aḥmad.[28][15] According to him, the meaning of the name Muḥammad—\"the most praised one\"—comported with the traits of glory and indicated the triumphant career of the Islamic prophet following his migration to Medina; but Aḥmad, an Arabic elative form meaning \"highly praised\" and also \"one who praises the most\", comported with the beauty of his sermons and conveyed the perseverance and forbearance that characterized his earlier life at Mecca. Accordingly, these two names reflected two aspects or modalities of Islam and in later times it was the latter aspect that was destined to be the chief characteristic of its progress.[13][15][29][30] Ghulam Ahmad deemed it a blameworthy innovation (bid‘ah) to label an Islamic group or school after anyone other than Muhammad.[31] The announcement of 1900 stated:The name which is appropriate for this Movement and which we prefer for ourselves and for our Jamā'at is Muslims of the Aḥmadīyah Section. And it is permissible that it also be referred to as Muslims of the Aḥmadī school.[32]","title":"Naming and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nisba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba"},{"link_name":"-ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ness"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diagonal-Verlag-15"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"pejorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"Qadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadian"},{"link_name":"Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_(noble)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-37"}],"sub_title":"Lexicology","text":"The term Aḥmadīyah—formed by way of suffixation (nisba) from Aḥmad and the suffix -īya(t) (comparable to the English -ness)—is an abstract noun used in reference to the movement itself; while the term Aḥmadī (adjectivally denoting affiliation to Aḥmad) is a noun used in reference to an adherent of the movement, whether male or female. Despite Ahmadis dissociating the name from their founder, deriving it instead from Islamic prophecy[33] and the name variant of Muhammad,[13] some Sunni Muslims, especially in the Indian subcontinent from where the movement originated, refer to Ahmadis using the pejorative terms Qādiyānī—derived from Qadian, the home town of Ghulam Ahmad; or Mirzaī—from Mirza, one of his titles.[34] Both are externally attributed names and are never used by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community itself.[35]","title":"Naming and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six articles of Islamic Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_Six_articles_of_Islamic_faith"},{"link_name":"Five Pillars of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Kaaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"},{"link_name":"sunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah"},{"link_name":"ahadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahadith"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_terminology"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Rightly Guided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun"},{"link_name":"Kutub al-Sittah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"taqlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid"},{"link_name":"madhhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_materialism"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mirza Ghulam Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Indian religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"Native American traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ita_4-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"The Six articles of Islamic Faith and the Five Pillars of Islam constitute the basis of Ahmadi belief and practice. Likewise, Ahmadis accept the Quran as their holy text, face the Kaaba during prayer, follow the sunnah (normative practice of Muhammad) and accept the authority of the ahadith (sing. hadith; reported sayings of and narrations about Muhammad).[36] In the derivation of Ahmadi doctrine and practice, the Quran has supreme authority followed by the sunnah and the ahadith. Quranic rulings cannot be overruled by any other secondary or explanatory source. If a hadith is found to be in manifest conflict with the Quran and defies all possible efforts at harmonization, it is rejected regardless of the classification of its authenticity.[35][37] Their acceptance of the authority of the four Rightly Guided caliphs (successors) as legitimate leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's death, their belief that a caliph need not be a descendant of Muhammad, and use of the Kutub al-Sittah fundamentally aligns Ahmadis with the Sunni tradition of Islam rather than with the Shi'a tradition.[38] In matters of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Ahmadis reject strict adherence (taqlid) to any particular school of thought (madhhab), giving foremost precedence to the Quran and sunnah, but usually base their rulings on the Hanafi methodology in cases where these sources lack clear elaboration.[39] What essentially distinguishes Ahmadi Muslims from other Muslims is their belief in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the movement, as both the promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah foretold by Muhammad to appear in the end times. Summarising his position, Ahmad writes:The task for which God has appointed me is that I should remove the malaise that afflicts the relationship between God and His creatures and restore the relationship of love and sincerity between them. Through the proclamation of truth and by putting an end to religious conflicts, I should bring about peace and manifest the Divine verities that have become hidden from the eyes of the world. I am called upon to demonstrate spirituality which lies buried under egoistic darkness. It is for me to demonstrate by practice, and not by words alone, the Divine powers which penetrate into a human being and are manifested through prayer or attention. Above all, it is my task to re-establish in people's hearts the eternal plant of the pure and shining Unity of God which is free from every impurity of polytheism, and which has now completely disappeared. All this will be accomplished, not through my power, but through the power of the Almighty God, Who is the God of heaven and earth.[40]In keeping with this, he believed his objective was to defend and propagate Islam globally through peaceful means, to revive the forgotten Islamic values of peace, forgiveness and sympathy for all humankind, and to establish peace in the world through the teachings of Islam. He believed that his message had special relevance for the Western world, which, he believed, had descended into materialism.[41]Ahmadi teachings state that all the major world religions have divine origins and are part of the divine plan towards the establishment of Islam as the final religion, because Islam is the most complete and perfected the previous teachings of other religions,[42] which (they believe) have drifted away from their original form and been corrupted. The message which the founders of these religions brought was, therefore, essentially the same as that of Islam, albeit incomplete. The completion and consummation of the development of religion came about with the advent of Muhammad. However, the global conveyance, recognition and eventual acceptance of his message (i.e. the perfection of the manifestation of Muhammad's prophethood) was destined to occur with the coming of the Mahdi.[43] Thus, Ahmadi Muslims regard Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as that Mahdi and, by extension, the \"Promised One\" of all religions fulfilling eschatological prophecies found in the scriptures of the Abrahamic religions, as well as Zoroastrianism, the Indian religions, Native American traditions and others.[44] Ahmadi Muslims believe that Ahmad was divinely commissioned as a true reflection of Muhammad's prophethood to establish the unity of God and to remind humankind of their duties towards God and His creation.[45][46] Summarising the Islamic faith, Ahmad writes:There are only two complete parts of faith. One is to love God and the other is to love humankind to such a degree that you consider the suffering and the trials and tribulations of others as your own and that you pray for them.[47]","title":"Summary of beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallagher_2021-50"},{"link_name":"Khatam an-Nabiyyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatam_an-Nabiyyin"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"}],"text":"Ahmadi Muslims subscribe to the same beliefs as the majority of Muslims,[48] but with a difference of opinion on the meaning of Khatam an-Nabiyyin. The six articles of faith are identical to those believed in by Sunni Muslims, and are based on the Quran and traditions of Muhammad:","title":"Articles of faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmud_Moschee1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shahada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada"},{"link_name":"Mahmood Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmood_Mosque,_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich"},{"link_name":"Unity of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallagher_2021-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welcome_54-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Unity of God","text":"The Shahada, outside the Mahmood Mosque in Zurich, proclaiming the oneness of God.Ahmadi Muslims firmly believe in the absolute Unity of God.[48] Acknowledgement of this principle is the most important and the cardinal principle of Islam as interpreted by the Community. All other Islamic beliefs spring from this belief. The belief in the Unity of God is thought to influence a person's life in all its aspects and is believed to have much wider meaning and deeper applications. For example, elaborating on the Oneness of God, the Quranic verse \"There is no all-encompassing power except God\" is believed to negate all forms of fear with the exception of the fear of God. It instills a sense of complete dependence on God and that every good emanates from him. In general, the belief in unity of God is thought to liberate believers from all forms of carnal passions, slavery and perceptions of earthly imprisonment. The founder of the Community writes:The Unity of God is a light which illumines the heart only after the negation of all deities, whether they belong to the inner world or the outer world. It permeates every particle of man's being. How can this be acquired without the aid of God and His Messenger? The duty of man is only to bring death upon his ego and turn his back to devilish pride. He should not boast of his having been reared in the cradle of knowledge but should consider himself as if he were merely an ignorant person, and occupy himself in supplications. Then the light of Unity will descend upon him from God and will bestow new life upon Him.[49]It is further believed that the Islamic concept of Oneness of God inculcates the realization of the Oneness of the human species and thus removes all impediments in this regard. The diversity of all human races, ethnicities and colours are considered worthy of acceptance. Moreover, it is thought that a belief in the Unity of God creates a sense of absolute harmony between the Creator and the creation. It is understood that there can be no contradiction between the word of God and work of God.[50][51]","title":"Articles of faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welcome_64-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-welcome_65-55"}],"sub_title":"Angels","text":"The belief in angels is fundamental to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. They are spiritual beings created by God to obey him and implement his commandments. Unlike human beings, angels have no free will and cannot act independently. Under God's command, they bring revelations to the Prophets, bring punishment on the Prophets' enemies, glorify God with his praise, and keep records of human beings' deeds. Angels are not visible to the physical eye. Yet, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, they do sometimes appear to man in one form or another. This appearance, however, is not physical but a spiritual manifestation.[52] Ahmadi Muslims regards angels as celestial beings who have their own entity as persons. The major role they play is the transmission of messages from God to human beings. According to the Quran, the entire material universe as well as the religious universe is governed by some spiritual powers, which are referred to as angels. Whatever they do is in complete submission to the Will of God and the design that he created for things. According to Islam, as interpreted by Ahmadi Muslims, they cannot deviate from the set course or functions allocated to them, or from the overall plan of things made by God.[53]","title":"Articles of faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einige_Koran_%C3%9Cbersetzungen_der_Ahmadiyya.JPG"},{"link_name":"Quran translations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Book Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabur"},{"link_name":"scrolls of Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"dispensations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensation_(period)"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Avesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesta"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knowledge_34-56"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Some of the many Quran translations by Ahmadi translators at the 2009 Frankfurt Book FairFor Ahmadi Muslims, the third article in Islam is concerned with the belief in all the divine scriptures as revealed by God to his Prophets. This includes the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, the scrolls of Abraham, and the Quran. Before the advent of Islam, the history of religion is understood as a series of dispensations where each messenger brought teachings suitable for the time and place. Thus, at the time of their inception, the divine teachings sent by God concurred in their fundamentals, with the exception of minor details that were chosen to complement the time and place. With the exception of the Quran, it is believed that the divine scriptures are susceptible to human interpolation. Islam recognises that God sent his prophets to every nation and isolated communities of the world. Thus, according to the Ahmadi teachings, books outside of the Abrahamic tradition, such as the Vedas and Avesta are too considered as being of divine origin. Among the recognised books, the Community believes that the Quran is the final divine scripture revealed by God to humankind. The teachings of the Quran are considered timeless.[54]","title":"Articles of faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corrupted teachings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%27ah"},{"link_name":"Zoroaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Mirza Ghulam Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Prophets","text":"According to the Ahmadi Muslim view, the fourth article of faith in Islam is concerned with the belief in all divine prophets sent by God. Ahmadi Muslims believe that when the world is filled with unrighteousness and immorality, or when a specific part of the world displays these attributes, or when the followers of a certain law (religion) become corrupt or incorporate corrupted teachings into the faith, thus making the faith obsolete or in need of a Divine Sustainer, then a Prophet of God is sent to re-establish his Divine Will. Aside from the belief in all prophets in the Quran and the Old Testament, the Community also regards Zoroaster, Krishna, Buddha, and Confucius as prophets.[55]According to the Ahmadiyya belief, the technical Islamic terms 'warner' (natheer), 'prophet' (nabi), 'messenger' (rasul) and 'envoy' (mursal) are synonymous in meaning. However, there are two kinds of prophethood as understood by the Community: Law-bearing prophets, who bring a new law and dispensation, such as Moses (given the Torah) and Muhammad (given the Quran); and non-law-bearing prophets, who appear within a given dispensation such as Jeremiah, Jesus and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Adam is regarded as the first human with whom God spoke and revealed to him his divine will and thus the first prophet, but is not regarded as the first human on earth by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, contrary to traditional Islamic, Jewish and Christian interpretations. This view is based on the Quran itself, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.[56]","title":"Articles of faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tti_72-59"},{"link_name":"Day of Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Judgement"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tti_72-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tti_72-59"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Day of Judgement","text":"The fifth article of faith relates to the Day of Judgment.[57] According to the Ahmadis, after belief in one God, belief in the Day of Judgement is the most emphasized doctrine mentioned in the Quran.[57] According to Ahmadi Muslim beliefs, the entire universe will come to an end on the Day of Judgment, a position also taken by all other Islamic sects and schools of thought. The dead will be resurrected and accounts will be taken of their deeds. People with good records will enter into Heaven while those with bad records will be thrown into Hell.[57] Hell is understood in Ahmadiyya as a temporary abode, lasting an extremely long time but not everlasting, much like in mainstream Judaism. It is thought to be like a hospital, where souls are cleansed of their sins, and this view is based on the Quran and Hadith.[58]","title":"Articles of faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tti_73-61"}],"sub_title":"Divine decree","text":"The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes that divine decree controls the eventual outcome of all actions in this universe. Within the boundaries of divine decree, man is given free will to choose the course.[59]","title":"Articles of faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"shahadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah"},{"link_name":"salat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat"},{"link_name":"zakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakah"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"}],"text":"The Pillars of Islam (arkan al-Islam; also arkan ad-din, 'pillars of religion') are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all Ahmadi Muslims.[60] The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are: (1) the shahadah (creed), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during Ramadan, and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.","title":"Five pillars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Pillars of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"six articles of belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_articles_of_belief"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslims"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Although the Five Pillars of Islam and the six articles of belief of Ahmadi Muslims are identical to those of mainstream Sunni Muslims and central to Ahmadi belief,[61] distinct Ahmadiyya beliefs include:","title":"Distinct teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roza_Bal_Tomb_in_Srinagar_Kashmir_Interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roza Bal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Bal"},{"link_name":"Srinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"mainstream Islamic belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus%27_death"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alislam.org-2-64"},{"link_name":"swoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoon_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Lost Tribes of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alislam.org-2-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leirvik_2010-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Roza Bal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Bal"},{"link_name":"Yuz Asaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuz_Asaf"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alislam.org-2-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-66"}],"sub_title":"Second Coming","text":"Roza Bal shrine in Srinagar, KashmirContrary to mainstream Islamic belief, Ahmadi Muslims believe that Jesus was crucified and survived the four hours on the cross.[62] He was later revived from a swoon in the tomb.[63] Ahmadis believe that Jesus died in Kashmir of old age whilst seeking the Lost Tribes of Israel.[62][64][65][66] Jesus' remains are believed to be entombed in the Roza Bal shrine in Kashmir under the name Yuz Asaf.[62][64]","title":"Distinct teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khatam an-Nabiyyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatam_an-Nabiyyin"},{"link_name":"Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpmam-69"}],"sub_title":"Seal of Prophets","text":"See also: Khatam an-Nabiyyin and Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)Although Ahmadi Muslims believe that the Quran is the final message of God for humankind, they also believe that God continues to communicate with his chosen individuals in the same way he is believed to have done in the past. All of God's attributes are eternal. In particular, Ahmadi Muslims believe that Muhammad brought prophethood to perfection and was the last law-bearing prophet and the apex of humankind's spiritual evolution. New prophets can come, but they must be completely subordinate to Muhammad and will not be able to exceed him in excellence nor alter his teaching or bring any new law or religion. They are also thought of as reflections of Muhammad rather than independently made into Prophets, like the Prophets of antiquity.[67]","title":"Distinct teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Jihad","text":"According to Ahmadi Muslim belief, Jihad can be divided into three categories: Jihad al-Akbar (Greater Jihad) is that against the self and refers to striving against one's low desires such as anger, lust and hatred; Jihad al-Kabīr (Great Jihad) refers to the peaceful propagation of Islam, with special emphasis on spreading the true message of Islam by the pen; Jihad al-Asghar (Smaller Jihad) is an armed struggle only to be resorted to in self-defence under situations of extreme religious persecution whilst not being able to follow one's fundamental religious beliefs, and even then only under the direct instruction of the Caliph.[68] Ahmadi Muslims point out that as per Islamic prophecy, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad rendered Jihad in its military form as inapplicable in the present age as Islam, as a religion, is not being attacked militarily but through literature and other media, and therefore the response should be likewise.[69] They believe that the answer of hate should be given by love.[70]Concerning terrorism, the fourth Caliph of the Community wrote in 1989:As far as Islam is concerned, it categorically rejects and condemns every form of terrorism. It does not provide any cover or justification for any act of violence, be it committed by an individual, a group or a government.[71]","title":"Distinct teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naskh (tafsir)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friedmann-227-75"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"situation for which it was revealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbab_al-nuzul"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friedmann-227-75"}],"sub_title":"Abrogation","text":"See also: Naskh (tafsir)Unlike most scholars of other Islamic sects,[72] Ahmadi Muslims do not believe that any verses of the Quran abrogate or cancel other verses. All Quranic verses have equal validity, in keeping with their emphasis on the \"unsurpassable beauty and unquestionable validity of the Qur'ān\".[73] The harmonization of apparently incompatible rulings is resolved through their juridical deflation in Ahmadī fiqh, so that a ruling (considered to have applicability only to the specific situation for which it was revealed), is effective not because it was revealed last, but because it is most suited to the situation at hand.[73]","title":"Distinct teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmadiyya views on evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution"},{"link_name":"word of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Abdus Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Religion and science","text":"See also: Ahmadiyya views on evolutionAhmadi Muslims believe that there cannot be a conflict between the word of God and the work of God, and thus religion and science must work in harmony with each other.[74] With particular reference to this relationship, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community states that in order to understand God's revelation, it is necessary to study His work, and in order to realize the significance of His work, it is necessary to study His word.[75] According to the Nobel laureate, Abdus Salam, a devout Ahmadi Muslim, 750 verses of the Quran (almost one eighth of the book) exhort believers to study Nature, to reflect, to make the best use of reason in their search for the ultimate and to make the acquiring of knowledge and scientific comprehension part of the community's life.[76]","title":"Distinct teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biblical Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Cyclical nature of history","text":"A final distinct belief is the notion that the history of religion is cyclic and is renewed every seven millennia. The present cycle from the time of the Biblical Adam is split into seven epochs or ages, parallel to the seven days of the week, with periods for light and darkness. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad appeared as the promised Messiah at the sixth epoch heralding the seventh and final age of humankind.[77]","title":"Distinct teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oath of allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%27ah"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"},{"link_name":"Mujaddid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujaddid"},{"link_name":"metaphorical second coming of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Prophet of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Arya Samaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samaj"},{"link_name":"UK mission in Putney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"Formally, the history of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community begins when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad took the oath of allegiance from a number of his companions at a home in Ludhiana, India, on 23 March 1889. However, the history can be taken back to the early life of Ahmad, when he reportedly started receiving revelations concerning his future, but also as far back as the traditions of various world religions. At the end of the 19th century, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian proclaimed himself to be the \"Centennial Reformer of Islam\" (Mujaddid), metaphorical second coming of Jesus and the Mahdi (guided one) awaited by the Muslims and obtained a considerable number of followers especially within the United Provinces, the Punjab and Sindh.[78] He and his followers believe that his advent was foretold by Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and also by many other religious scriptures of the world. Ahmadiyya emerged in India as a movement within Islam, also in response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity that was widespread in the 19th century.The Ahmadiyya faith believes that it represents the latter-day revival of the religion of Islam. Overseas Ahmadiyya missionary activities started at an organized level as early as 1913 (for example, the UK mission in Putney, London). For many modern nations of the world, the Ahmadiyya movement was their first contact with the proclaimants from the Muslim world.[79] According to Richard Brent Turner, \"until the mid-1950s the Ahmadiyyah was arguably the most influential community in African-American Islam\".[80] Today, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has one of the most active missionary programs in the world. It is particularly large in Africa. In the post colonial era, the Community is credited for much of the spread of Islam in the continent.[81]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Death"},{"link_name":"Hakeem Noor-ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem_Noor-ud-Din"}],"sub_title":"First Caliphate","text":"After the death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Hakeem Noor-ud-Din was unanimously elected as his first successor and Caliph of the Community. Within the stretch of his Caliphate, a period which lasted six years, he oversaw a satisfactory English translation of the Quran, the establishment of the first Ahmadiyya Muslim mission in England and the introduction of various newspapers and magazines of the Community. As a result of growing financial requirements of the Community, he set up an official treasury. Most notably, however, he dealt with internal dissensions, when a number high-ranking office bearers of the Ahmadiyya Council disagreed with some of the administrative concepts and the authority of the Caliph.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg"},{"link_name":"Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Maulana Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Kamal-ud-Din"},{"link_name":"Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"clash of personalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_personalities"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lahori-86"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura"},{"link_name":"Tehrik-e-Jadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tehrik-e-Jadid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secondcaliph-87"},{"link_name":"ten volume commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafseer-e-Kabeer"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secondcaliph-87"}],"sub_title":"Second Caliphate","text":"The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag, first designed in 1939, during the Second CaliphateSoon after the death of the first caliph, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad was elected as the second caliph, in accordance with the will of his predecessor. However, a faction led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din strongly opposed his succession and refused to accept him as the next caliph, which soon led to the formation of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. This was due to certain doctrinal differences they held with the caliph such as the nature of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood and succession.[82] It has also been theorised that a clash of personalities with that of the dissenters and the caliph himself, who had a relatively poor academic background, also played a role.[83] However, the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement, which settled in Lahore, has had relatively little success and has failed to attract a sizeable following.[84] In the history of the Community, this event is referred to as 'The Split' and is sometimes alluded to a prophecy of the founder.Elected at a young age, Mahmood Ahmad's Caliphate spanned a period of almost 52 years. He established the organizational structure of the Community and directed extensive missionary activity outside the subcontinent of India. Several weeks following his election, delegates from all over India were invited to discuss about propagation of Islam. Two decades later, Mahmood Ahmad launched a twofold scheme for the establishment of foreign missions and the moral upbringing of Ahmadi Muslims. The Tehrik-e-Jadid and Waqf-e-Jadid or the 'new scheme' and the 'new dedication' respectively, initially seen as a spiritual battle against the oppressors of the Ahmadi Muslims, called upon members of the Community to dedicate their time and money for the sake of their faith. In time the scheme produced a vast amount of literature in defence of Islam in general and the Ahmadiyya beliefs in particular. The funds were also spent on the training and dispatching of Ahmadi missionaries outside the Indian sub-continent.[85]During his time, missions were established in 46 countries, mosques were constructed in many foreign countries and the Quran published in several major languages of the world. Although the Community continued to expand in the course of succeeding Caliphates, sometimes at a faster pace, the second caliph is credited for much of its inception. Ahmad wrote many written works, the most significant of which is the ten volume commentary of the Quran.[85]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirza Nasir Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-third-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Basharat Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basharat_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"dialogues and sayings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfoozat"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-third-88"}],"sub_title":"Third Caliphate","text":"Elected on 8 November 1965, Mirza Nasir Ahmad succeeded as the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Started by his predecessor, he is credited with the expansion of the missionary work, particularly in Africa, and is seen as having shown great leadership and guidance to the Community during the period when the National Assembly of Pakistan declared the Community as a non-Muslim minority.[86][87] Nusrat Jahan Scheme, a scheme dedicated to serving parts of Africa by running numerous medical clinics and schools was one of the many outcomes of his 1970 tour of West Africa, regarded as the first ever visit to the continent made by an Ahmadi Caliph. During his visit for the foundation stone ceremony of the Basharat Mosque, the first mosque in modern Spain, he coined the popular Ahmadiyya motto: Love for all, Hatred for None.[88][89]Mirza Nasir Ahmad established the Fazl-e-Umar Foundation in honour of his predecessor, oversaw the compilations of dialogues and sayings of the founder of the Community, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, and also directed the complete collection of the dreams, visions and verbal revelations of the founder.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baitur_Rehman,_Washington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baitur Rehman Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitur_Rehman,_Silver_Spring"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Mirza Tahir Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Ordinance XX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_XX"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Fazl Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Muslim Television Ahmadiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tahir-93"},{"link_name":"Humanity First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity_First"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tahir-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation,_Rationality,_Knowledge_%26_Truth"}],"sub_title":"Fourth Caliphate","text":"Baitur Rehman Mosque near Washington, D.C., is one of several mosques inaugurated by the fourth caliphMirza Tahir Ahmad was elected as the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community on 10 June 1982, a day after the death of his predecessor. Following the Ordinance XX that was promulgated by the government of Pakistan in 1984, which rendered the Caliph unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy, Ahmad left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, moving the headquarters of the Community to Fazl Mosque, the first mosque in London.[90] For Ahmadi Muslims, the migration marked a new era in the history of the Community. Ahmad launched the first Muslim satellite television network, Muslim Television Ahmadiyya;[91] instituted the Waqfe Nau Scheme, a program to dedicate Ahmadi Muslim children for the services of the Community; and inaugurated various funds for humanitarian causes such as the Maryum Shaadi Fund, the Syedna Bilal Fund, for victims of persecution, and the disaster relief charity Humanity First.[91]To the Community, Ahmad is noted for his regular Question & Answer Sessions he held in multiple languages with people of various faiths, professions and cultural backgrounds. However, Ahmad also wrote many books – the most significant of which include Islam's Response to Contemporary Issues, Murder in the name of Allah, Absolute Justice, Kindness and Kinship, Gulf Crisis and The New World Order and his magnum opus[92] Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"Mirza Masroor Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"}],"sub_title":"Fifth Caliphate","text":"Following the death of the fourth Caliph in 2003, the Electoral College for the first time in the history of the Community convened in the western city of London, after which Mirza Masroor Ahmad was elected as the fifth and current Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. In his effort to promote his message of peace and facilitate service to humanity, Ahmad travels globally meeting heads of state, holding peace conferences, and exhibiting Islamic solutions to world problems.[93] In response to ongoing conflicts, Ahmad has sent letters to world leaders, including Elizabeth II and Pope Francis. Being the spiritual head of millions of Ahmadi Muslims residing in over 200 countries and territories of the world, Ahmad travels globally, teaching, conveying and maintaining correspondence with communities of believers and individuals, expounding principles of the Islamic faith.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmadiyya_population_map.svg"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"World Christian Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Christian_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahmadi-102"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih"},{"link_name":"Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lahori-86"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outlookindia-103"}],"text":"Ahmadiyya Muslim population map.By 2016, the community had been established in 209 countries and territories of the world with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa, and Indonesia. The community is a minority Muslim sect in almost every country of the world.[94] In some countries like Pakistan, it is practically illegal to be an Ahmadi Muslim.[95] Together, these factors make it difficult to estimate the Ahmadiyya population for both the community itself as well as independent organizations. For this reason, the community gives a figure of \"tens of millions\";[96] however, most independent sources variously estimate the population to be at least 10 to 20 million[97] worldwide, thereby representing around 1% of the world's Muslim population.[98] In 2001, the World Christian Encyclopedia, estimated that the Ahmadiyya movement was the fastest growing group within Islam.[99] It is estimated that the country with the largest Ahmadiyya population is Pakistan, with an estimated 4 million Ahmadi Muslims.[100] The population is almost entirely contained in the single, organized and united movement, headed by the Caliph. The other is the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which represents less than 0.2% of the total Ahmadiyya population.[84] Ahmadiyya are estimated to be from 60,000 to 1 million in India.[101]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baitul_Futuh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baitul Futuh Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Futuh"},{"link_name":"Friday Sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumu%27ah"},{"link_name":"MTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya_International"},{"link_name":"Ahmadiyya caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih"},{"link_name":"Rightly Guided Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rightly_Guided_Caliph"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"24:55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D24%3Averse%3D55"},{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Amir al-Mu'minin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin"},{"link_name":"Mirza Masroor Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad"}],"sub_title":"The Caliph","text":"Baitul Futuh Mosque, one of the largest mosques in Europe. The Caliph's Friday Sermon is televised live throughout the world, via MTA TVAhmadi Muslims believe that the Ahmadiyya caliphate is the resumption of the Rightly Guided Caliphate. This is believed to have been re-established with the appearance of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad whom Ahmadis believe was the promised Messiah and Mahdi. Ahmadi Muslims maintain that in accordance with Quranic verses (such as [Quran 24:55]) and numerous hadith on the issue, Khilāfah or the Caliphate can only be established by God Himself and is a divine blessing given to those who believe and work righteousness and uphold the unity of God. Therefore, any movement to establish the Caliphate centred around human endeavours alone is bound to fail, particularly when the condition of the people diverges from the precepts of prophethood and they are as a result disunited, their inability to elect a caliph caused fundamentally by the lack of righteousness in them. It is believed that through visions, dreams and spiritual guidance, God instils into the hearts and minds of the believers of whom to elect. No campaigning, speeches or speculation of any kind are permitted. Thus the caliph is designated neither necessarily by right (i.e. the rightful or competent one in the eyes of the people) nor merely by election but primarily by God.[102]According to Ahmadiyya thought, it is not essential for a caliph to be the head of a state, rather the spiritual and religious significance of the Caliphate is emphasised. It is above all a spiritual office, with the purpose to uphold, strengthen, spread the teachings of Islam and maintain the high spiritual and moral standards within the global community established by Muhammad. If a caliph does happen to bear governmental authority as a head of state, it is incidental and subsidiary in relation to his overall function as a caliph.[103][104] The caliph is also referred to by Ahmadi Muslims as Amir al-Mu'minin (Leader of the Faithful). The current and fifth caliph is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Majlis-ash-Shura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura"},{"link_name":"Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Amīr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"sub_title":"The Consultative Council","text":"The Majlis-ash-Shura or the Consultative Council, in terms of importance, is the highest ranking institution within the Community after the Caliphate. It was established in 1922 by the second caliph, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. This advisory body meets formally at least once a year. At the international level, the council is presided over by the caliph. Its main purpose is to advise the caliph on important matters such as finance, projects, education and other issues relating to members of the Community. It is required for the caliph to carry out his duties through consultation, taking into consideration the views of the members of the council. However, it is not incumbent upon him to always accept the views and recommendations of the members. The caliph may comment, issue instructions, announce his decisions on the proposals during the course of the proceedings or may postpone the matter under further reflection. However, in most cases the caliph accepts the advice given by the majority. At the national level, the council is presided over by the ʾAmīr (national president). At the conclusion of the proceedings, the recommendations are sent to the caliph for approval which he may accept, reject or partially accept.[105]","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Fazl Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"fifth caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Islamabad, Tilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad,_Tilford"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Qadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadian"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Ahmadiyya Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih"},{"link_name":"Rabwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabwah"},{"link_name":"second caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Indian partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whyahmadi-112"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-111"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tehrike-114"}],"sub_title":"The Headquarters","text":"The principal headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is the city, town or place where the caliph resides. As such, since the forced exile of the fourth caliph from Pakistan in 1984, the de facto headquarters of the Community had been based at the Fazl Mosque in London, England. In 2019, the fifth caliph moved the headquarters to Islamabad, Tilford, England on land bought by the Community in 1985.[106][107] Although the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina are acknowledged to be more sacred, Qadian is considered to be the spiritual headquarters of the Community.[108] It is believed, and prophesied, that in the future, the Ahmadiyya Caliphate will once again return to Qadian, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. However, the Ahmadiyya city of Rabwah in Pakistan, since its founding on 20 September 1948 by the second caliph, after the Indian partition, coordinates majority of the organization's activity around the world. In particular, the city is responsible for, but not exclusively, the two central bodies of the Community; Central Ahmadiyya Council and the Council for 'The New Scheme'.[109][110] Another, but much smaller body, the Council for 'New Dedication' , is also active. All central bodies work under the directive of the caliph.Sadr Anjuman Ahmadiyya or the Central Ahmadiyya Council, first set up by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1906, is today responsible for organizing the Community activities in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh; whereas the Anjuman Tehrik-i-Jadid or the Council for 'The New Scheme', first set up by the second caliph, is responsible for missions outside the Indian subcontinent.[109] Each council is further divided into directorates, such as the Department of Financial Affairs, the Department of Publications, the Department of Education, the Department of External Affairs, and the Department of Foreign Missions, among others.[111] Under the latter council, the Community has built over 15,000 mosques, over 500 schools, over 30 hospitals and translated the Quran into over 70 languages.[112] The Anjuman Waqf-i-Jadid or the Council for 'The New Dedication', also initiated by the second caliph, is responsible for training and coordinating religious teachers in rural communities around the world.","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamia_Ahmadiyya,_Rabwah.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rabwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabwah"},{"link_name":"Jāmi’ah al-Ahmadīyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Talim-ul-Islam College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talim-ul-Islam_College"},{"link_name":"Islamic learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_studies"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whyahmadi-112"},{"link_name":"Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"Mawlana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlana"},{"link_name":"Qadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"Muftis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Islamic historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tehrike-114"}],"sub_title":"Institutions","text":"Pakistani campus of the Ahmadiyya University in RabwahOf all religious institutions of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Jāmi’ah al-Ahmadīyya, sometimes translated as Ahmadiyya University of Theology and Languages, is particularly notable. It is an international Islamic seminary and educational institute with several campuses throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Founded in 1906 as a section in Madrassa Talim ul Islam (later Talim-ul-Islam College) by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, it is the main centre of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community for Islamic learning and the training of missionaries. Graduates may be appointed by the Caliph either as missionaries of the Community[110] (often called Murrabi, Imam, or Mawlana) or as Qadis or Muftis of the Community with a specialisation in matters of fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Some Jamia alumni have also become Islamic historians. As of 2008, there are over 1,300 graduates of the university working as missionaries throughout the world.[112]","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lajna Ima’illah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajna_Imaillah"},{"link_name":"Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuddam-ul_Ahmadiyya"},{"link_name":"Majlis Ansarullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansarullah_(Ahmadiyya)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whyahmadi-112"}],"sub_title":"Auxiliary organizations","text":"There are five organizations auxiliary to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Each organization is responsible for the spiritual and moral training of their members. The Lajna Ima’illah is the largest of all the organizations and consists of female members above the age of 15; Majlis Khuddamul Ahmadiyya is for male members between the ages of 15 and 40; Majlis Ansarullah is for male members above the age of 40; Nasiratul Ahmadiyya is for girls between the ages of 7 and 15; and Atfalul Ahmadiyya is for boys between the ages of 7 and 15.[110]","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Amīr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whyahmadi-112"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flags_at_Jalsa_Salana_Germany_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"flags of German states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_German_states"}],"sub_title":"The Community","text":"The International Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is divided into National Communities, each with its National Headquarters. Each National Community is further divided into Regional Communities, which is again partitioned into Local Communities.[113] In many cases, each Local Community will have its own mosque, centre or a mission house. The Amīr, or national president, though overseen by the central bodies of the Community, directs the National Amila or the National Executive Body which consists of national secretaries such as the general secretary, secretary for finance, secretary for preaching, secretary for moral training, and secretary for education, among others. This layout is replicated at regional and local levels with each of their own president and executive bodies.[110][114]The Ahmadiyya Flag and the flags of German states at the 2009 German Annual Convention","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eid al-Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr"},{"link_name":"Eid al-Adha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha"},{"link_name":"religious holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday#Religious_holidays"},{"link_name":"Jalsa Salana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalsa_Salana"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Promised Messiah Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day"},{"link_name":"Promised Reformer Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day"},{"link_name":"Caliphate Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafat_Day"}],"sub_title":"Annual events","text":"Unlike the Muslim holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha also celebrated by Ahmadi Muslims, there are several functions observed by Ahmadis though not regarded as religious holidays. As such, functions are not considered equally obligatory nor is it necessary to celebrate them on the day normally set for celebration. The most important religious function of the Community is Jalsa Salana or the Annual Convention, first initiated by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, is the formal annual gathering of the Community, for the purpose of increasing one's religious knowledge and the promotion of harmony, friendship, and solidarity within members of the Community.[115] Other functions include \"Life of the Holy Prophet Day\", \"Promised Messiah Day\", \"Promised Reformer Day\" and \"Caliphate Day\".","title":"Organizational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ndamend-125"},{"link_name":"Qādiānī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiani"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gualtieri_1989_14-29"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-persecution-27"}],"text":"Ahmadi have been viewed as infidels[116][117] and heretics[118] and the movement has faced at times violent opposition.[119][120][121] In 1973, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation officially declared that the Ahmadiyya was not linked to Islam.[122] In Pakistan, Ahmadis have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan[123] and the term Qādiānī is often used pejoratively to refer to them and is also used in Pakistani documents.[27]Ahmadis have been subject to religious persecution and discrimination since the movement's inception in 1889.[124] The Ahmadis are active translators of the Quran and proselytizers for the faith; converts to Islam in many parts of the world first discover Islam through the Ahmadis. However, in many Islamic countries the Ahmadis have been defined as heretics and non-Muslim and subjected to attacks and often systematic oppression.[25]","title":"Persecution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"/ˌɑːməˈdiːə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/-ˈdiːjə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu"}],"text":"^ /ˌɑːməˈdiːə/, also UK: /-ˈdiːjə/),[1][2][3]\n\n^ Arabic: الجماعة الإسلامية الأحمدية, romanized: al-Jamāʿah al-Islāmīyyah al-Aḥmadīyyah; Urdu: جماعتِ احمدیہ مسلمہ, romanized: Jamā‘at-i-Aḥmadiyah Muslimah)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Invitation to Ahmadiyyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alislam.org/books/invitation/content.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7100-0119-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0119-3"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161122101325/http://www.alislam.org/books/invitation/content.html"},{"link_name":"Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Ahmadiyyat or the true Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alislam.org/library/books/Ahmadiyyat-or-The-True-Islam-20080506MN.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85372-982-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85372-982-5"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080512030112/http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Ahmadiyyat-or-The-True-Islam-20080506MN.pdf"},{"link_name":"Mirza Tahir Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"With Love to the Muslims of the World: The Ahmadiyya Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alislam.org/library/books/muslims/with-love-to-Muslims.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85372-744-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85372-744-X"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141226021000/http://www.alislam.org/library/books/muslims/with-love-to-Muslims.pdf"},{"link_name":"Mirza Tahir Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"An Elementary Study of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iU1Yn4sSXEkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85372-562-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85372-562-5"},{"link_name":"An Introduction to the Hidden Treasures of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alislam.org/library/books/Hidden-Treasures-of-Islam.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84880-050-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84880-050-2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190819152408/https://www.alislam.org/library/books/Hidden-Treasures-of-Islam.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"965-264-014-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-264-014-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-920717-41-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920717-41-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7735-2738-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2738-9"},{"link_name":"Basics of Religious Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alislam.org/library/books/BasicsReligiousEducation.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1882494-03-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1882494-03-3"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210712215013/https://www.alislam.org/library/books/BasicsReligiousEducation.pdf"},{"link_name":"With Love to Muhammad, The Khatam-un-Nabiyyin: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Understanding of Finality of Prophethood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alislam.org/library/books/With-Love-to-Muhammad.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9937731-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9937731-0-5"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211126191805/https://www.alislam.org/library/books/With-Love-to-Muhammad.pdf"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zafarullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85525-015-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85525-015-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Brill Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004329003_034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004329003_034"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-32511-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1"},{"link_name":"Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-70094-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220828200237/https://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf"}],"text":"Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (1980). Invitation to Ahmadiyyat. Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 0-7100-0119-3. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2014.\nMirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (1924). Ahmadiyyat or the true Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-982-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2014.\nMirza Tahir Ahmad (2004). With Love to the Muslims of the World: The Ahmadiyya Perspective (PDF). Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-744-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.\nMirza Tahir Ahmad (1985). An Elementary Study of Islam. Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-562-5.\nSyed Hasanat Ahmad (2010). An Introduction to the Hidden Treasures of Islam (PDF). Surrey: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-84880-050-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2014.\nHumphrey J Fisher (1963). Ahmadiyya: a study in contemporary Islam on the West African coast. Nigeria: Oxford University Press.\nYohanan Friedmann (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. ISBN 965-264-014-X.\nAntonio R. Gualtieri (1989). Conscience And Coercion. Canada: Guernica Editions. ISBN 0-920717-41-1.\nAntonio Gualtieri (2004). The Ahmadis: community, gender, and politics in a Muslim society. Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2738-9.\nShaikh Abdul Hadi (2008). Basics of Religious Education (PDF) (5th ed.). Canada: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1882494-03-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2014.\nFarhan Iqbal; Imtiaz Ahmed Sra (2014). With Love to Muhammad, The Khatam-un-Nabiyyin: The Ahmadiyya Muslim Understanding of Finality of Prophethood (PDF). Canada: Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-0-9937731-0-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2014.\nMuhammad Zafarullah Khan (1978). Ahmadiyyat: The Renaissance of Islam. Tabshir Publications. ISBN 0-85525-015-1.\nKorbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). \"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)\". In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1. Retrieved 10 November 2020.\nSimon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.\nKarimullah Zirvi. Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Shahada, outside the Mahmood Mosque in Zurich, proclaiming the oneness of God.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mahmud_Moschee1.jpg/170px-Mahmud_Moschee1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Some of the many Quran translations by Ahmadi translators at the 2009 Frankfurt Book Fair","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Einige_Koran_%C3%9Cbersetzungen_der_Ahmadiyya.JPG/220px-Einige_Koran_%C3%9Cbersetzungen_der_Ahmadiyya.JPG"},{"image_text":"Roza Bal shrine in Srinagar, Kashmir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roza_Bal_Tomb_in_Srinagar_Kashmir_Interior.jpg/220px-Roza_Bal_Tomb_in_Srinagar_Kashmir_Interior.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag, first designed in 1939, during the Second Caliphate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/220px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Baitur Rehman Mosque near Washington, D.C., is one of several mosques inaugurated by the fourth caliph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baitur_Rehman%2C_Washington.jpg/220px-Baitur_Rehman%2C_Washington.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ahmadiyya Muslim population map.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ahmadiyya_population_map.svg/280px-Ahmadiyya_population_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Baitul Futuh Mosque, one of the largest mosques in Europe. The Caliph's Friday Sermon is televised live throughout the world, via MTA TV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baitul_Futuh.jpg/220px-Baitul_Futuh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pakistani campus of the Ahmadiyya University in Rabwah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Jamia_Ahmadiyya%2C_Rabwah.JPG/220px-Jamia_Ahmadiyya%2C_Rabwah.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Ahmadiyya Flag and the flags of German states at the 2009 German Annual Convention","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flags_at_Jalsa_Salana_Germany_2009.jpg/220px-Flags_at_Jalsa_Salana_Germany_2009.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Islam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"title":"Islamic schools and branches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches"},{"title":"List of Ahmadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ahmadis"},{"title":"List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ahmadiyya_buildings_and_structures"},{"title":"Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya_International"},{"title":"Ahmadiyya hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ahmadiyya_hospitals"},{"title":"New religious movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ahmadiyya\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Ahmadiyya","url_text":"\"Ahmadiyya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmadiyya\". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200131234240/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ahmadiyya","url_text":"\"Ahmadiyya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Lexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ahmadiyya","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmadiyyah\". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ahmadiyyah","url_text":"\"Ahmadiyyah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Collins English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630151644/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ahmadiyyah","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Knipp, Kersten (7 July 2019). \"Who are the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat?\". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-ahmadiyya-muslim-jamaat/a-49500230","url_text":"\"Who are the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924101548/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-ahmadiyya-muslim-jamaat/a-49500230","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Friedmann, Yohanan (2011). \"The Ahmadiyyah Movement\". Oxford Bibliographies. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0004.xml","url_text":"\"The Ahmadiyyah Movement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214174733/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0004.xml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Özaykal, K. A. (2016). \"Messianic Legitimacy: the case of Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya Movements\". Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Theology (35): 217–256. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuilah/issue/30645/331056","url_text":"\"Messianic Legitimacy: the case of Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya Movements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221022212551/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuilah/issue/30645/331056","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valentine, Simon (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: History, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=+islamic+reform","url_text":"Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: History, belief, practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8","url_text":"978-0-231-70094-8"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Diane (2009). Essential Islam: A comprehensive guide to belief and practice. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36025-1","url_text":"978-0-313-36025-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Founding of Ahmadiyya Jamaat\". Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/10.html","url_text":"\"Founding of Ahmadiyya Jamaat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160825045532/http://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/10.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A., eds. (2012). \"Ahmadiya\". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmadiya","url_text":"\"Ahmadiya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509044848/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmadiya","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Preckel, Claudia (2013). \"Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The use of Ḥanbalī literature in 19th century Bhopal\". In Krawietz, B.; Tamer, G. (eds.). Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya. Berlin, DE: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 174, 208. ISBN 9783110285345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d2WiuAAACAAJ","url_text":"Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110285345","url_text":"9783110285345"}]},{"reference":"Lathan, Andrea (2008). \"The relativity of categorizing in the context of the Aḥmadiyya\". Die Welt des Islams. 48 (3/4): 376. doi:10.1163/157006008X364749. JSTOR 27798273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006008X364749","url_text":"10.1163/157006008X364749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798273","url_text":"27798273"}]},{"reference":"Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA20","url_text":"Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920717-41-7","url_text":"978-0-920717-41-7"}]},{"reference":"Rafiq, B.A. (1978). Truth about Ahmadiyyat, Reflection of all the Prophets. London Mosque. ISBN 0-85525-013-5. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/books/truth/reflection.html","url_text":"Truth about Ahmadiyyat, Reflection of all the Prophets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85525-013-5","url_text":"0-85525-013-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170108120357/http://www.alislam.org/books/truth/reflection.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Adil Hussain (2015). From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim minority movement in south Asia. Indiana University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0253015297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C2DxBwAAQBAJ&q=from+sufism+to+ahmadiyy","url_text":"From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim minority movement in south Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253015297","url_text":"978-0253015297"}]},{"reference":"Kotin, I.Y. (2012). \"Ahmaddiya\". In M., Juergensmeyer; Roof, W.C. (eds.). Archived copy. Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 22. doi:10.4135/9781412997898. ISBN 9780761927297. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/globalreligion/n9.xml","url_text":"\"Ahmaddiya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412997898","url_text":"10.4135/9781412997898"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761927297","url_text":"9780761927297"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181210124228/http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/globalreligion/n9.xml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rink, Steffen (1997). Religionen feiern: Feste und Feiertage religiöser Gemeinschaften in Deutschland. Diagonal-Verlag. p. 137. ISBN 9783927165342.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5VcRAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Religionen feiern: Feste und Feiertage religiöser Gemeinschaften in Deutschland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783927165342","url_text":"9783927165342"}]},{"reference":"Awan, Samina (2009). \"Redefinition of identities, subalterns and political Islam: A case of Majlis i Ahrar in Punjab\". Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 46 (2): 188–189. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/14/V_46_No2_July-Dec%202009.html","url_text":"\"Redefinition of identities, subalterns and political Islam: A case of Majlis i Ahrar in Punjab\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180712084110/http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/14/V_46_No2_July-Dec%202009.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Murtaza (1945). The Name Ahmadiyya and Its Necessity (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080718191237/http://aaiil.org/text/books/others/murtazakhan/nameahmadiyyanecessity/nameahmadiyyanecessity.pdf","url_text":"The Name Ahmadiyya and Its Necessity"},{"url":"http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/murtazakhan/nameahmadiyyanecessity/nameahmadiyyanecessity.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA18","url_text":"Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920717-41-7","url_text":"978-0-920717-41-7"}]},{"reference":"Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. pp. 116–17, 121. ISBN 965-264-014-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-264-014-X","url_text":"965-264-014-X"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Adil Hussain (2015). From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim minority movement in south Asia. Indiana University Press. pp. 2, 42–48. ISBN 978-0253015297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C2DxBwAAQBAJ&q=from+sufism+to+ahmadiyy","url_text":"From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim minority movement in south Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253015297","url_text":"978-0253015297"}]},{"reference":"Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA22","url_text":"Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and orthodoxy in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920717-41-7","url_text":"978-0-920717-41-7"}]},{"reference":"\"An Overview\". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html","url_text":"\"An Overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316012248/http://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valentine, Simon (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: History, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. pp. xv passim. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8","url_text":"978-0-231-70094-8"}]},{"reference":"Louis J., Hammann (1985). \"Ahmaddiyyat - an introduction\". Ahmadiyya Muslim Community [online]. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/introduction/intro-louis-hammann.html","url_text":"\"Ahmaddiyyat - an introduction\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160611191746/https://www.alislam.org/introduction/intro-louis-hammann.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Geaves, Ron (2017). Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4742-7173-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mMA2DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-7173-8","url_text":"978-1-4742-7173-8"}]},{"reference":"Gilham, Jamie (2014). Loyal Enemies: British converts to Islam, 1850–1950. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 123–213. ISBN 978-1-84904-275-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ggQqBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Loyal Enemies: British converts to Islam, 1850–1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-275-8","url_text":"978-1-84904-275-8"}]},{"reference":"Ryad, Umar (2015). \"Salafiyya, Ahmadiyya, and European converts to Islam in the interwar period\". In Agai, B.; et al. (eds.). Muslims in Interwar Europe: A transcultural historical perspective. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 47–87. doi:10.1163/9789004301979_004. S2CID 159980688. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2023. In the interwar period the Ahmadiyya occupied a pioneering place as a Muslim missionary movement in Europe; they established mosques, printed missionary publications in a variety of European languages, and attracted many European converts to Islam.: 47","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/display/book/9789004301979/B9789004301979-s004.xml","url_text":"Muslims in Interwar Europe: A transcultural historical perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004301979_004","url_text":"10.1163/9789004301979_004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159980688","url_text":"159980688"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221228140738/https://brill.com/display/book/9789004301979/B9789004301979-s004.xml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jonker, Gerdien (2015). The Ahmadiyya Quest for Religious Progress: Missionizing Europe 1900–1965. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-30529-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GUUpCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Ahmadiyya Quest for Religious Progress: Missionizing Europe 1900–1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30529-8","url_text":"978-90-04-30529-8"}]},{"reference":"Kraemer, Hendrik (1960). World Cultures and World Religions: The coming dialogue. James Clarke & Co. p. 267. ISBN 9780227170953. The spirit of their tenets and the militant vigour of their founder have made the Ahmadiyya naturally a group with strong missionary and reforming zeal, both inside the lands of Islam where they are represented and outside. They constitute almost exclusively the \"Muslim Missions\" in Western countries and elsewhere ... They devote themselves with sincere enthusiasm to the task of proclaiming Islam to the world in a rationalist, often combative way, and try in Muslim lands to purify and reform the dominant type of popular Islam.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vI7JN_AsWrYC","url_text":"World Cultures and World Religions: The coming dialogue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227170953","url_text":"9780227170953"}]},{"reference":"\"Major Branches of Religions\". Adherents.com. 28 October 2005. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150315022054/http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html","url_text":"\"Major Branches of Religions\""}]},{"reference":"Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2015. Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8","url_text":"Breach of Faith"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230216172659/https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeVries, Larry; Baker, Don; Overmyer, Dan (January 2011). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72","url_text":"Asian Religions in British Columbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1662-5","url_text":"978-0-7748-1662-5"}]},{"reference":"Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1","url_text":"978-0-8160-5454-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmadiyya Muslims\". PBS. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/","url_text":"\"Ahmadiyya Muslims\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150310050128/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmadiyya Muslim Community: An overview\". Al Islam. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html","url_text":"\"Ahmadiyya Muslim Community: An overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316012248/http://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lawton, Kim (20 January 2012). \"Ahmadiyya Muslims\". PBS. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/","url_text":"\"Ahmadiyya Muslims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150310050128/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lago, Colin, ed. (2011). The Handbook of Transcultural Counselling and Psychotherapy. UK: McGraw-Hill Education (published 1 October 2011). p. 312. ISBN 9780335238514.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9vREBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA312","url_text":"The Handbook of Transcultural Counselling and Psychotherapy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education","url_text":"McGraw-Hill Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780335238514","url_text":"9780335238514"}]},{"reference":"Balzani, Marzia. \"Localising Diaspora: The Ahmadi Muslims and the Problem of Multi-sited Ethnography\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426164635/http://hc04.commongroundconferences.com/ProposalSystem/Presentations/P001446","url_text":"\"Localising Diaspora: The Ahmadi Muslims and the Problem of Multi-sited Ethnography\""},{"url":"http://hc04.commongroundconferences.com/ProposalSystem/Presentations/P001446","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cloudhury, Barnie (26 July 2003). \"Islamic sect gathers in Surrey\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3098725.stm","url_text":"\"Islamic sect gathers in Surrey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141023074042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3098725.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadis and Orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA14","url_text":"Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadis and Orthodoxy in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920717-41-7","url_text":"978-0-920717-41-7"}]},{"reference":"Spencer Lavan (1974). The Ahmadiyah Movement: a History and Perspective. Monohar Book Service. p. 93. ISBN 9780883864555.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5q1WAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Ahmadiyah Movement: a History and Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883864555","url_text":"9780883864555"}]},{"reference":"Antonio R. Gualtieri (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA14","url_text":"Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920717-41-7","url_text":"978-0-920717-41-7"}]},{"reference":"Valentine, Simon (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8","url_text":"978-0-231-70094-8"}]},{"reference":"Qasmi, Ali Usman (2015). The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan. Anthem Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-78308-425-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F_o1DgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-425-8","url_text":"978-1-78308-425-8"}]},{"reference":"Lathan, Andrea (2008). \"The Relativity of Categorizing in the Context of the Aḥmadiyya\". Die Welt des Islams. 48 (3/4): 372–393. doi:10.1163/157006008X364749. JSTOR 27798273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006008X364749","url_text":"10.1163/157006008X364749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798273","url_text":"27798273"}]},{"reference":"\"What is the difference between Ahmadi Muslims and other Muslims?\". Al Islam. 18 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/question/difference-between-ahmadi-muslims-others/","url_text":"\"What is the difference between Ahmadi Muslims and other Muslims?\""}]},{"reference":"Lathan, Andrea (2008). \"The Relativity of Categorizing in the Context of the Aḥmadiyya\". Die Welt des Islams. 48 (3/4): 372–393. doi:10.1163/157006008X364749. JSTOR 27798273. For him [Ghulam Ahmad] the main source of law was the Qurʾān, followed by the Prophet's actions and statements (sunna) and the traditions (aḥādīth). The tradition would only meet approval if it did not contradict the Qurʾān. If all three sources did not lead to a solution, Ghulām Aḥmad would refer to the jurisprudence (fiqh) of the Ḥanafī school and to the ijtihād by the scholars of the Aḥmadiyya.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006008X364749","url_text":"10.1163/157006008X364749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798273","url_text":"27798273"}]},{"reference":"\"Question & Answer Session (3 March 1996) with Hadhrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Islam Ahmadiyya\". Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2017 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWIkm-nXbK0&t=30s","url_text":"\"Question & Answer Session (3 March 1996) with Hadhrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Islam Ahmadiyya\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/hWIkm-nXbK0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A.R. Dard. Life of Ahmad (PDF). Islami International Publications. p. XV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/library/books/Life-of-Ahmad.pdf","url_text":"Life of Ahmad"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930180152/https://www.alislam.org/library/books/Life-of-Ahmad.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Promised Messiah – Prophecies Fulfilled\". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/The_Promised_Messiah_Prophecies_Fulfilled-20081007MN.html","url_text":"\"The Promised Messiah – Prophecies Fulfilled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000642/http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/The_Promised_Messiah_Prophecies_Fulfilled-20081007MN.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Holy Quran\". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=2739&region=E1&CR=EN,E2","url_text":"\"The Holy Quran\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000651/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=2739&region=E1&CR=EN%2CE2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=simon+ross+valentine+ahmadiyya","url_text":"Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8","url_text":"978-0-231-70094-8"}]},{"reference":"Nasir Mahmood Malik (2007). \"Raising Ahmadi Children in the West\" (PDF). Al Islam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/2007WCJSSpeech_20071228.pdf","url_text":"\"Raising Ahmadi Children in the West\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222512/http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/2007WCJSSpeech_20071228.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Islam – A Threat or a Source of Peace\". Review of Religions. 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewofreligions.org/11030/islam-a-threat-or-a-source-of-peace/","url_text":"\"Islam – A Threat or a Source of Peace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100150/http://www.reviewofreligions.org/11030/islam-a-threat-or-a-source-of-peace/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Eugene V.; Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia, eds. (2021). \"The Ahmadiyya Movement\". New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-1-4408-6235-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Gallagher","url_text":"Gallagher, Eugene V."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8","url_text":"\"The Ahmadiyya Movement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California","url_text":"Santa Barbara, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6235-9","url_text":"978-1-4408-6235-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on the Unity of Allah\". Al Islam. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140703080224/http://www.alislam.org/allah/roohani%20khazain.html","url_text":"\"Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on the Unity of Allah\""},{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/allah/roohani%20khazain.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islami International Publications. p. 54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220828200237/https://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Allah\". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/allah/","url_text":"\"Allah\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000636/http://www.alislam.org/allah/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 64. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220828200237/https://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220828200237/https://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1","url_text":"978-1-59884-659-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Finality of Prophethood \| Hadhrat Muhammad (PUBH) the Last Prophet – Al Islam Online\". Alislam.org. 29 November 1966. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/books/truth/finality.html","url_text":"\"Finality of Prophethood \| Hadhrat Muhammad (PUBH) the Last Prophet – Al Islam Online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724234544/http://www.alislam.org/books/truth/finality.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Krishna and Jesus Christ\". Alislam.org. 11 February 2000. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/question-answer/lord-krishna-jesus-christ/","url_text":"\"Lord Krishna and Jesus Christ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215024/https://www.alislam.org/question-answer/lord-krishna-jesus-christ/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Man Lived on Earth Even Before the Advent of Adam\". Alislam.org. 16 February 2000. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000179.html","url_text":"\"Man Lived on Earth Even Before the Advent of Adam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140818114115/http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000179.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, The True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. p. 72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, The True Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220828200237/https://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam (PDF). Islami International Publications. p. 73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220828200237/https://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, The True Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. pp. 73–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Welcome to Ahmadiyyat, The True Islam"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220828200237/https://www.alislam.org/books/ahmadiyyat/WelcomeBook2ndEd.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robert Dannin (August 2005). Black Pilgrimage to Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780195300246. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jWymQkzSAtMC&pg=PA37","url_text":"Black Pilgrimage to Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195300246","url_text":"9780195300246"}]},{"reference":"\"Islam\". Al Islam. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/islam/","url_text":"\"Islam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150407234632/http://www.alislam.org/islam/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs\". Alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-son-of-mary-islamic-beliefs/","url_text":"\"Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210716222819/https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-son-of-mary-islamic-beliefs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goraya, Azhar Ahmad (2020). \"Jesus Christ died a Natural Death\". Alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-christ-died-natural-death/","url_text":"\"Jesus Christ died a Natural Death\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200505132912/https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-christ-died-natural-death/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Iqbal, Farhan (2020). \"30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ\". Alislam.org. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/articles/30-verses-of-holy-quran-which-prove-natural-death-of-jesus-christ/","url_text":"\"30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210716222812/https://www.alislam.org/articles/30-verses-of-holy-quran-which-prove-natural-death-of-jesus-christ/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jesus, a Humble Prophet of God\". Al Islam. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/topics/jesus/index.php","url_text":"\"Jesus, a Humble Prophet of God\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080518182901/http://www.alislam.org/topics/jesus/index.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). \"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)\". In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 426–442. doi:10.1163/9789004329003_034. 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London: Continuum International. pp. 34–36, 129–132. doi:10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002. ISBN 978-1-4411-7739-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gzd_I2AFswwC&pg=PA34","url_text":"\"Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Continuum International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472548528.ch-002","url_text":"10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7739-1","url_text":"978-1-4411-7739-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Suspension of Jihad\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. 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ISBN 9781138809512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138809512","url_text":"9781138809512"}]},{"reference":"An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed (1996). Toward An Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse University Press. pp. 20–22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mathieu Guidère (20 July 2012). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism. Scarecrow Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780810879652. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA22","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879652","url_text":"9780810879652"}]},{"reference":"\"From the Archives:Why I believe in Islam\". Review of Religions. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewofreligions.org/4023/from-the-archives-why-i-believe-in-islam/","url_text":"\"From the Archives:Why I believe in Islam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101148/http://www.reviewofreligions.org/4023/from-the-archives-why-i-believe-in-islam/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ayub K. Ommaya. \"The Rise and Decline of Science in Islam\". Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.members.tripod.com/ppim/page571.htm","url_text":"\"The Rise and Decline of Science in Islam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150119094418/http://www.members.tripod.com/ppim/page571.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Daud A Hanif (2003). \"Prophets of God\". The Muslim Sunrise (2). Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/new/Prophets_of_God.html","url_text":"\"Prophets of God\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150326231343/http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/new/Prophets_of_God.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"H.H. Risley and E.A. Gait, (1903), Report of the Census of India, 1901, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, p. 373\". Chinese Heritage of the Australian Federation Project. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205180023/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512","url_text":"\"H.H. Risley and E.A. Gait, (1903), Report of the Census of India, 1901, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, p. 373\""},{"url":"http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Egdunas Racius (2004). The Multiple Nature of the Islamic Da'wa (PDF). University of Helsinki. pp. 158–160. ISBN 952-10-0489-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031149/http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/aasia/vk/racius/themulti.pdf","url_text":"The Multiple Nature of the Islamic Da'wa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-10-0489-4","url_text":"952-10-0489-4"},{"url":"http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/aasia/vk/racius/themulti.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Richard Brent (2003). Islam in the African-American Experience. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34323-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/islamintheaf_turn_2003_000_10461993","url_text":"Islam in the African-American Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34323-9","url_text":"978-0-253-34323-9"}]},{"reference":"Michael Nkuzi Nnam (2007). Colonial Mentality in Africa. US. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7618-3291-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7tlxoF7Y5BEC&pg=PA89","url_text":"Colonial Mentality in Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3291-1","url_text":"978-0-7618-3291-1"}]},{"reference":"Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781850659167. 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ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&pg=PA61","url_text":"Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8","url_text":"978-0-231-70094-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan\". Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0","url_text":"\"Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143519/https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moulvi Bashir Ahmad Dehlavi (23 February 2000). \"Hazrat Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmood Ahmad\". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/library/mahmood1.html","url_text":"\"Hazrat Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmood Ahmad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122416/http://www.alislam.org/library/mahmood1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hazrat Hafiz Mirza Nasir Ahmad\". Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alislam.org/library/nasir1.html","url_text":"\"Hazrat Hafiz Mirza Nasir Ahmad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140817114347/http://www.alislam.org/library/nasir1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ishtiaq Ahmed (4 May 2011). The Politics of Religion in South and Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9781136727030. Retrieved 28 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2T8oSfy3GZgC&pg=PA89","url_text":"The Politics of Religion in South and Southeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136727030","url_text":"9781136727030"}]},{"reference":"Iain Adamson. A Man of God. p. 127.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Lives of the Successors of the Promised Messiah\". Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140817122519/http://www.whyahmadi.org/1_12.html","url_text":"\"The Lives of the Successors of the Promised Messiah\""},{"url":"http://www.whyahmadi.org/1_12.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard C. Martín (2 December 2003). Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World. p. 31. ISBN 978-0028656038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028656038","url_text":"978-0028656038"}]},{"reference":"\"Hadhrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1928–2003)\". London Book Fair. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140903214403/http://www.londonbookfair.co.uk/Global-Elements/LBF-2012/Exhibitor-Directory/Exhibitors/Exhibitor-Libraries/Libraries/?coId=23548","url_text":"\"Hadhrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1928–2003)\""},{"url":"http://www.londonbookfair.co.uk/Global-Elements/LBF-2012/Exhibitor-Directory/Exhibitors/Exhibitor-Libraries/Libraries/?coId=23548","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Buckley (28 May 2008). Where the Waters Meet: Convergence and Complementarity in Therapy and Theology. Karnac Books. p. 75. ISBN 9781780493886. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k7C1sRfldM4C&pg=PA75","url_text":"Where the Waters Meet: Convergence and Complementarity in Therapy and Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780493886","url_text":"9781780493886"}]},{"reference":"\"Clamoring for the Khalifa\". The Wall Street Journal. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324059704578474981045877660","url_text":"\"Clamoring for the Khalifa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150627030901/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324059704578474981045877660","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Minority's Minority\". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626100223/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ne280712Minority.asp","url_text":"\"The Minority's Minority\""},{"url":"http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=Ne280712Minority.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?\". 21 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1057427","url_text":"\"The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613025520/http://www.dawn.com/news/1057427","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"An Overview\". Al Islam. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html","url_text":"\"An Overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150316012248/http://www.alislam.org/introduction/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2015. Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8","url_text":"Breach of Faith"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230216172659/https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larry DeVries; Don Baker; Dan Overmyer (January 2011). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72","url_text":"Asian Religions in British Columbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1662-5","url_text":"978-0-7748-1662-5"}]},{"reference":"Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1","url_text":"978-0-8160-5454-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmadiyya Muslims\". PBS. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_La_Roue_Tourangelle	2021 La Roue Tourangelle	["1 Teams","2 Result","3 References"]	Cycling race 2021 La Roue Tourangelle2021 UCI Europe TourRace detailsDates4 April 2021Stages1Distance204 km (126.8 mi)Winning time4h 52' 59"Results Winner Arnaud Démare (FRA) (Groupama–FDJ) Second Nacer Bouhanni (FRA) (Arkéa–Samsic) Third Marc Sarreau (FRA) (AG2R Citroën Team)← 2019 2022 → The 2021 La Roue Tourangelle Centre Val de Loire - Tropheé Harmonie Mutuelle was the 19th edition of the La Roue Tourangelle road cycling one day race, which was held on 4 April 2021, starting in the town of Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine and finishing in Tours. It was a category-1.1 event on the 2021 UCI Europe Tour and the third event of the 2021 French Road Cycling Cup. The race was won in a sprint by Arnaud Démare (Groupama–FDJ) ahead of Nacer Bouhanni (Arkéa–Samsic) and Marc Sarreau (AG2R Citroën Team). Teams Four UCI WorldTeams, thirteen UCI ProTeams, and five UCI Continental teams made up the twenty-two teams that participated in the race. One team (Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux) entered with six riders, two teams (Androni Giocattoli–Sidermec and Team Lotto–Kern Haus) entered with five, and all others entered with seven. 120 of the 149 riders in the race finished. UCI WorldTeams AG2R Citroën Team Cofidis Groupama–FDJ Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux UCI ProTeams Androni Giocattoli–Sidermec Arkéa–Samsic B&B Hotels p/b KTM Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB Burgos BH Caja Rural–Seguros RGA Delko Euskaltel–Euskadi Gazprom–RusVelo Rally Cycling Sport Vlaanderen–Baloise Total Direct Énergie Uno-X Pro Cycling Team UCI Continental Teams St. Michel–Auber93 Swiss Racing Academy Team Lotto–Kern Haus Team Vorarlberg Xelliss–Roubaix–Lille Métropole Result Result Rank Rider Team Time 1 Arnaud Démare (FRA) Groupama–FDJ 4h 52' 59" 2 Nacer Bouhanni (FRA) Arkéa–Samsic + 0" 3 Marc Sarreau (FRA) AG2R Citroën Team + 0" 4 Bram Welten (NED) Arkéa–Samsic + 0" 5 Simone Consonni (ITA) Cofidis + 0" 6 Biniam Girmay (ERI) Delko + 0" 7 Andrea Pasqualon (ITA) Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux + 0" 8 Luca Mozzato (ITA) B&B Hotels p/b KTM + 0" 9 Milan Menten (BEL) Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB + 0" 10 Lorrenzo Manzin (FRA) Total Direct Énergie + 0" References ^ "Parcours". 2021 La Roue Tourangelle. La Roue Tourangelle. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ "La Roue Tourangelle Centre Val de Loire - Tropheé Harmonie Mutuelle". UCI. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ a b c "La Roue Tourangelle Région Centre Val de Loire" (PDF). La Roue Tourangelle (in French). Matsport. 4 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021. ^ "Engages". La Roue Tourangelle. Retrieved 5 April 2021.	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It was a category-1.1 event on the 2021 UCI Europe Tour and the third event of the 2021 French Road Cycling Cup.[2]The race was won in a sprint by Arnaud Démare (Groupama–FDJ) ahead of Nacer Bouhanni (Arkéa–Samsic) and Marc Sarreau (AG2R Citroën Team).[3]","title":"2021 La Roue Tourangelle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam"},{"link_name":"UCI ProTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Professional_Continental"},{"link_name":"UCI Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Continental"},{"link_name":"Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Androni Giocattoli–Sidermec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"Team Lotto–Kern Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Lotto%E2%80%93Kern_Haus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-3"},{"link_name":"AG2R Citroën Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Cofidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofidis_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Groupama–FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Androni Giocattoli–Sidermec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW_Erco_Shimano"},{"link_name":"Arkéa–Samsic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9a%E2%80%93B%26B_Hotels"},{"link_name":"B&B Hotels p/b KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26B_Hotels_p/b_KTM"},{"link_name":"Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingoal_WB"},{"link_name":"Burgos BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgos_BH"},{"link_name":"Caja Rural–Seguros RGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_Rural%E2%80%93Seguros_RGA"},{"link_name":"Delko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delko"},{"link_name":"Euskaltel–Euskadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskaltel%E2%80%93Euskadi"},{"link_name":"Gazprom–RusVelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom%E2%80%93RusVelo"},{"link_name":"Rally Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Powered_Health_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Sport Vlaanderen–Baloise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Flanders%E2%80%93Baloise"},{"link_name":"Total Direct Énergie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_TotalEnergies"},{"link_name":"Uno-X Pro Cycling Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno-X_Mobility_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"St. Michel–Auber93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michel%E2%80%93Mavic%E2%80%93Auber93_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Swiss Racing Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Pro_Cycling_Team"},{"link_name":"Team Lotto–Kern Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Lotto%E2%80%93Kern_Haus"},{"link_name":"Team Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Vorarlberg"},{"link_name":"Xelliss–Roubaix–Lille Métropole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Rysel%E2%80%93Roubaix"}],"text":"Four UCI WorldTeams, thirteen UCI ProTeams, and five UCI Continental teams made up the twenty-two teams that participated in the race. One team (Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux) entered with six riders, two teams (Androni Giocattoli–Sidermec and Team Lotto–Kern Haus) entered with five, and all others entered with seven. 120 of the 149 riders in the race finished.[4][3]UCI WorldTeamsAG2R Citroën Team\nCofidis\nGroupama–FDJ\nIntermarché–Wanty–Gobert MatériauxUCI ProTeamsAndroni Giocattoli–Sidermec\nArkéa–Samsic\nB&B Hotels p/b KTM\nBingoal Pauwels Sauces WB\nBurgos BH\nCaja Rural–Seguros RGA\nDelko\nEuskaltel–Euskadi\nGazprom–RusVelo\nRally Cycling\nSport Vlaanderen–Baloise\nTotal Direct Énergie\nUno-X Pro Cycling TeamUCI Continental TeamsSt. Michel–Auber93\nSwiss Racing Academy\nTeam Lotto–Kern Haus\nTeam Vorarlberg\nXelliss–Roubaix–Lille Métropole","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Result"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Parcours\". 2021 La Roue Tourangelle. La Roue Tourangelle. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navdeep_Singh_(director)	Navdeep Singh (director)	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Bollywood","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]	Indian film director and writer (born 1966) Navdeep SinghBorn (1966-10-11) 11 October 1966 (age 57)New Delhi National Capital Region, IndiaOccupation(s)Director, writer, advertisement makerYears active1999–present Navdeep Singh (born 1966) is an Indian film director and writer. He is best known for his Bollywood film, NH10. Early life He was born in Delhi to an Army officer and travelled across India when he was young. He graduated in Delhi and started an animation studio with a friend, one of the first in India. He studied film-making at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, graduating in 1997. He lived in the US for eight years and two years in London before moving back to India in 2000. Career After graduating Singh directed commercials and music videos for UGround and Cognito in LA, and Great Guns in London. He then moved to Mumbai in 2001 and has directed a number of award-winning commercials. Bollywood His debut in Bollywood with feature film Manorama Six Feet Under, a murder mystery, was critically acclaimed. It is regarded as one of the best noir films. After a gap of seven years, his 2015 thriller film NH10, with Anushka Sharma's home production and in the lead, was commercially successful. The film is about honour killing and patriarchy. His next release was the period action film Laal Kaptaan starring Saif Ali Khan as a bounty hunter on a revenge spree. The film was released in 2019. Navdeep also worked as a development consultant on the first season of the hit web series Paatal Lok. He is working on his next film, Kaneda, pronounced the way some rural Punjabis pronounce Canada. The film is about the rise and fall of a Punjabi gangster in Vancouver. The film stars Diljit Dosanjh, Arjun Kapoor, Anushka Sharma, and Pooja Hegde. It's produced by Vikramaditya Motwane and Vijay Saini. His latest release, Shehar Lakhot, has him as creator, showrunner and director with Amazon Prime Video, India. Personal life He married Madhavi Singh in 1989. He has two children. His daughter Nayantara Singh was born in 1993 and his son Rudraveer Singh was born in 1999. Filmography Year Film Language Notes 2007 Manorama Six Feet Under Hindi 2015 NH10 Hindi 2019 Laal Kaptaan Hindi 2023 Shehar Lakhot Hindi An Amazon Original series. References ^ Published: Monday, September 17, 2007, 12:11 (17 September 2007). "Navdeep Singh speaks about his debut film". Filmibeat. Retrieved 29 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "best indian neo-noir films". 22 February 2017. ^ "'NH10′ talks about friction between different Indias: Director Navdeep Singh". The Indian Express. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015. ^ "Anushka Sharma to team up with 'NH 10' director Navdeep Singh". Deccanchronicle.com. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015. ^ "Saif Ali Khan put himself in a vulnerable position for Laal Kaptaan: Navdeep Singh". The Indian Express. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/hindi/2020/may/15/paatal-lok-web-series-review-a-striking-glimpse-of-an-orderly-hell-18455.html ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19868722/ External links "Breathless In Bollywood". Tehelka.com. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. "More to Manorama Six Feet ... than meets the eye". IBNLive. 22 September 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2014. "Aanand L. Rai to produce Navdeep Singh's next film". Yahoo. Indo-Asian News Service. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. Navdeep Singh at IMDb vteFilms directed by Navdeep Singh (director)2004s-2015s Manorama Six Feet Under (2007) NH10 (2015)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"NH10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NH10_(film)"}],"text":"Navdeep Singh (born 1966) is an Indian film director and writer. He is best known for his Bollywood film, NH10.","title":"Navdeep Singh (director)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Art Center College of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Center_College_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He was born in Delhi to an Army officer and travelled across India when he was young. He graduated in Delhi and started an animation studio with a friend, one of the first in India. He studied film-making at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, graduating in 1997. He lived in the US for eight years and two years in London before moving back to India in 2000.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After graduating Singh directed commercials and music videos for UGround and Cognito in LA, and Great Guns in London.[citation needed] He then moved to Mumbai in 2001 and has directed a number of award-winning commercials.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manorama Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorama_Six_Feet_Under"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"noir films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir_film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"NH10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NH10_(film)"},{"link_name":"Anushka Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushka_Sharma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"honour killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_killing"},{"link_name":"patriarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy"},{"link_name":"Laal Kaptaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laal_Kaptaan"},{"link_name":"Saif Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paatal Lok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paatal_Lok"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Punjabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_people"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Diljit Dosanjh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diljit_Dosanjh"},{"link_name":"Arjun Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Anushka Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushka_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Pooja Hegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Hegde"},{"link_name":"Vikramaditya Motwane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya_Motwane"},{"link_name":"Shehar Lakhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehar_Lakhot"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Bollywood","text":"His debut in Bollywood with feature film Manorama Six Feet Under, a murder mystery, was critically acclaimed. It is regarded[2] as one of the best noir films.[3]After a gap of seven years, his 2015 thriller film NH10, with Anushka Sharma's home production and in the lead, was commercially successful.[4] The film is about honour killing and patriarchy.His next release was the period action film Laal Kaptaan starring Saif Ali Khan as a bounty hunter on a revenge spree. The film was released in 2019.[5]Navdeep also worked as a development consultant on the first season of the hit web series Paatal Lok.[6]He is working on his next film, Kaneda, pronounced the way some rural Punjabis pronounce Canada. The film is about the rise and fall of a Punjabi gangster in Vancouver. The film stars Diljit Dosanjh, Arjun Kapoor, Anushka Sharma, and Pooja Hegde. It's produced by Vikramaditya Motwane and Vijay Saini.His latest release, Shehar Lakhot, has him as creator, showrunner and director with Amazon Prime Video, India.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He married Madhavi Singh in 1989. He has two children. His daughter Nayantara Singh was born in 1993 and his son Rudraveer Singh was born in 1999.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Published: Monday, September 17, 2007, 12:11 [IST] (17 September 2007). \"Navdeep Singh speaks about his debut film\". Filmibeat. Retrieved 29 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2007/navdeep-singh-interview-170907.html","url_text":"\"Navdeep Singh speaks about his debut film\""}]},{"reference":"\"best indian neo-noir films\". 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmykeeday.com/best-indian-neo-noir-films/","url_text":"\"best indian neo-noir films\""}]},{"reference":"\"'NH10′ talks about friction between different Indias: Director Navdeep Singh\". The Indian Express. 16 February 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bundtzen	Robert Bundtzen	["1 Early life","2 Career as a dog musher","2.1 Race history","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	Robert BundtzenBundzen in 2009BornRobert Bundtzen1949North Dakota, U.S.EducationUniversity of AlaskaUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of WisconsinOccupation(s)Physician, dog musherSpouseDr. Joan BundztenChildren1 Robert Bundtzen (born 1949) is an American physician and dog musher based in Anchorage, Alaska. Early life Bundzten was born in North Dakota in 1949. As a child, he lived in New Mexico before his family relocated to Alaska in 1960. The family first lived in Fairbanks, Alaska but later moved to Anderson. There, the family of six lived in a mobile home while his father, an electrical engineer, worked to help to create the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System in Clear. The town of Anderson was incredibly small; Bundtzen's school had only one room and the class had only twelve pupils, three of whom were his siblings. His mother was diagnosed with breast cancer during this time and after her passing, the family moved back to Fairbanks. Bundtzen had originally planned on attending the University of Colorado but ultimately decided to enroll at the University of Alaska to stay close to his family. He later attended the University of Washington School of Medicine, earning his Doctor of Medicine in 1975, and subsequently completed his fellowship and residency, focusing on infectious diseases, at the University of Wisconsin in 1978. Career as a dog musher Though Bundzten first experimented with mushing in the '60s as a teenager growing up in Alaska, he did not take the sport seriously until the '90s. His competed in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race for the first time in 1995, taking 13 days, 9 hours, 55 minutes, and 9 seconds to complete the course and coming in 40th place. To date, his best time is 10 days, 15 hours, 25 minutes, and 15 seconds, a time he achieved in 2006, and his highest position was achieved in 1997, when he placed 27th. According to the Iditarod's official website, he has won a combined total of $14,607.88 in prize money and he is sponsored by St. Elias Specialty Hospital, Ted Kouris of Teddy's Tasty Meats, cardiologist Dr. Mark Selland and his wife Kathy Faryniarz, and neurosurgeon Dr. Louis Kralick. Race history Year Position Time (h:min:s) 1995 40th 13 days, 09:55:09 1997 27th 12 days, 01:32:43 1999 28th 12 days, 15:04:15 2001 31st 12 days, 15:38:43 2002 31st 11 days, 00:34:42 2003 28th 11 days, 15:18:54 2004 38th 11 days, 06:53:00 2005 39th 11 days, 18:45:30 2006 30th 10 days, 15:25:15 2007 43rd 12 days, 14:21:17 2008 35th 11 days, 05:58:45 2009 34th 12 days, 13:24:30 2014 42nd 11 days, 20:23:18 2016 54th 11 days, 08:10:25 Personal life Bundtzen is married to Dr. Joan Bundzten, M.D. (b. c. 1948), a chemical pathologist. They have a son, Travis Bundtzen (Meghan), an IT technician, and two grandsons. Both he and his wife practice medicine in Anchorage. He has three siblings: Tom, a geologist, Cheryl, an accountant, and Susan (d. 2000), a nurse. References ^ "Alumni across the decades - UAF news and information". UAF news and information. 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2017-12-26. ^ "Physician Detail". Alaska Regional Hospital. Retrieved 2017-12-26. ^ "Robert Bundtzen - Musher Details - 2016 Iditarod - Iditarod". iditarod.com. Retrieved 2017-12-26. ^ "Robert Bundtzen - Musher Career Summary - Race Archives - Iditarod". iditarod.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27. ^ "Dr. Joan Bundtzen, MD - Anchorage, AK - Chemical Pathology \| Healthgrades.com". www.healthgrades.com. Retrieved 2017-12-26. ^ "Who I am. Quien soy". meghanlhbundtzen. 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-12-26. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Bundtzen. "Iditarod Musher Biography: Robert W. Bundtzen" at the Wayback Machine (archived December 22, 2007) Cabela 2007 "Complete Musher Summary - Bundtzen, Robert" Iditarod Race Archives This Alaska biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dog musher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushing"},{"link_name":"Anchorage, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"}],"text":"Robert Bundtzen (born 1949) is an American physician and dog musher based in Anchorage, Alaska.","title":"Robert Bundtzen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"mobile home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_home"},{"link_name":"electrical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Ballistic Missile Early Warning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Early_Warning_System"},{"link_name":"Clear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"University of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"University of Washington School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"infectious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bundzten was born in North Dakota in 1949. As a child, he lived in New Mexico before his family relocated to Alaska in 1960. The family first lived in Fairbanks, Alaska but later moved to Anderson. There, the family of six lived in a mobile home while his father, an electrical engineer, worked to help to create the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System in Clear. The town of Anderson was incredibly small; Bundtzen's school had only one room and the class had only twelve pupils, three of whom were his siblings.[1] His mother was diagnosed with breast cancer during this time and after her passing, the family moved back to Fairbanks. Bundtzen had originally planned on attending the University of Colorado but ultimately decided to enroll at the University of Alaska to stay close to his family. He later attended the University of Washington School of Medicine, earning his Doctor of Medicine in 1975, and subsequently completed his fellowship and residency, focusing on infectious diseases, at the University of Wisconsin in 1978.[2][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushing"},{"link_name":"Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iditarod_Trail_Sled_Dog_Race"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Though Bundzten first experimented with mushing in the '60s as a teenager growing up in Alaska, he did not take the sport seriously until the '90s. His competed in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race for the first time in 1995, taking 13 days, 9 hours, 55 minutes, and 9 seconds to complete the course and coming in 40th place. To date, his best time is 10 days, 15 hours, 25 minutes, and 15 seconds, a time he achieved in 2006, and his highest position was achieved in 1997, when he placed 27th.[4] According to the Iditarod's official website, he has won a combined total of $14,607.88 in prize money and he is sponsored by St. Elias Specialty Hospital, Ted Kouris of Teddy's Tasty Meats, cardiologist Dr. Mark Selland and his wife Kathy Faryniarz, and neurosurgeon Dr. Louis Kralick.","title":"Career as a dog musher"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Race history","title":"Career as a dog musher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_pathology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"IT technician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_technician"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bundtzen is married to Dr. Joan Bundzten, M.D. (b. c. 1948), a chemical pathologist.[5] They have a son, Travis Bundtzen (Meghan), an IT technician, and two grandsons.[6] Both he and his wife practice medicine in Anchorage. He has three siblings: Tom, a geologist, Cheryl, an accountant, and Susan (d. 2000), a nurse.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Alumni across the decades - UAF news and information\". UAF news and information. 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2017-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.uaf.edu/alumni-across-decades/","url_text":"\"Alumni across the decades - UAF news and information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Physician Detail\". Alaska Regional Hospital. Retrieved 2017-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://alaskaregional.com/physicians/profile/Robert-W-Bundtzen-MD","url_text":"\"Physician Detail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Bundtzen - Musher Details - 2016 Iditarod - Iditarod\". iditarod.com. Retrieved 2017-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://iditarod.com/race/2016/mushers/69-Robert-Bundtzen/","url_text":"\"Robert Bundtzen - Musher Details - 2016 Iditarod - Iditarod\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Bundtzen - Musher Career Summary - Race Archives - Iditarod\". iditarod.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://iditarod.com/race/mushers/69-Robert-Bundtzen/","url_text":"\"Robert Bundtzen - Musher Career Summary - Race Archives - Iditarod\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Joan Bundtzen, MD - Anchorage, AK - Chemical Pathology \| Healthgrades.com\". www.healthgrades.com. Retrieved 2017-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-joan-bundtzen-w9qqv","url_text":"\"Dr. Joan Bundtzen, MD - Anchorage, AK - Chemical Pathology \| Healthgrades.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who I am. Quien soy\". meghanlhbundtzen. 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://meghanlhbundtzen.wordpress.com/news-credentials/who-i-am-quien-soy/","url_text":"\"Who I am. 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Quien soy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071222062453/http://www.cabelasiditarod.com/mushers/bundtzenr.html","external_links_name":"\"Iditarod Musher Biography: Robert W. Bundtzen\""},{"Link":"http://iditarod.com/race/mushers/69-Robert-Bundtzen/","external_links_name":"\"Complete Musher Summary - Bundtzen, Robert\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bundtzen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Daly_(disambiguation)	Thomas Daly	["1 Politicians","2 Others","3 See also"]	Thomas Daly may refer to: Politicians Thomas Mayne Daly (1852–1911), member of the Canadian House of Commons and cabinet minister from Manitoba Thomas Mayne Daly Sr. (1827–1885), his father, member of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario Thomas Daly (Irish politician), member of the Northern Ireland Assembly Thomas Daly (Alberta politician) (1861–1908), municipal councillor in Edmonton, Alberta Others Thomas Anthony Daly (born 1960), Bishop of Spokane Thomas Aquinas Daly (born 1937), American contemporary landscape and still life painter Thomas Daly (cricketer) (1847–1887), Australian cricketer Thomas Daly (general) (1913–2004), Australian soldier, Chief of the General Staff, 1966–1971 See also Tom Daly (disambiguation) Tom Daley (disambiguation) Thomas Vose Daily (1927–2017), Catholic bishop Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Thomas Daly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Mayne Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mayne Daly Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly_Sr."},{"link_name":"Thomas Daly (Irish politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Daly_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Daly (Alberta politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Daly_(Alberta_politician)"}],"text":"Thomas Mayne Daly (1852–1911), member of the Canadian House of Commons and cabinet minister from Manitoba\nThomas Mayne Daly Sr. (1827–1885), his father, member of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario\nThomas Daly (Irish politician), member of the Northern Ireland Assembly\nThomas Daly (Alberta politician) (1861–1908), municipal councillor in Edmonton, Alberta","title":"Politicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Anthony Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Anthony_Daly"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_Daly"},{"link_name":"Thomas Daly (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Daly_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Daly (general)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Daly_(general)"}],"text":"Thomas Anthony Daly (born 1960), Bishop of Spokane\nThomas Aquinas Daly (born 1937), American contemporary landscape and still life painter\nThomas Daly (cricketer) (1847–1887), Australian cricketer\nThomas Daly (general) (1913–2004), Australian soldier, Chief of the General Staff, 1966–1971","title":"Others"}]	[]	[{"title":"Tom Daly (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Daly_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Tom Daley (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Daley_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Thomas Vose Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vose_Daily"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Thomas_Daly&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Thomas_Daly&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adil_Kitbugha	Al-Adil Kitbugha	["1 Background","2 Rise to power","3 The Oirats","4 Loss of power","5 Coins of Al-Adil Kitbugha","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]	Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1294–1296) This article is about the Sultan of Egypt. For the first Ayyubid sultan called al-Adil, see Al-Adil I. For the Mongol leader Kitbuqa Noyan, see Kitbuqa. Kitbugha كتبغاSultan of EgyptReignDecember 1294 – 7 December 1296PredecessorAn-Nasir MuhammadSuccessorLajinBornunknownDied1303HamaNamesal-Malik al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha Ben Abd-Allah al-Mansuri al-Turki al-MughliDynastyBahriReligionIslam Dominion of Bahri Mamluks (shown in red) Kitbugha (Arabic: كتبغا), royal name: al-Malik al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha Ben Abd-Allah al-Mansuri al-Turki al-Mughli; Arabic: الملك العادل زين الدين كتبغا بن عبد الله المنصورى التركى المغلى) (died 1303 CE) was the 10th Mamluk sultan of Egypt from December 1294 to November 1296. Background Mongol soldiers. BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD. He was originally a Mongol (al-Turki al-Mughli) soldier in the Ilkhanid army of Hulagu. He was taken prisoner during the First Battle of Homs in 1260. He was purchased by Qalawun and became one of his Mamluks then later Qalawun manumitted him and granted him the rank of Emir. During the reign of Qalawun's son Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, he was arrested and released. In 1293, after the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Kitbugha became the Vice-Sultan and Regent of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad. With Emir ‘Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja‘i al-Mansuri (عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ‎, romanised: ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī) he was effectively the ruler of Egypt as Al-Nasir Muhammad was only 9 years old. But Kitbugha faced rivalry from and had a poor relationship with al-Shuja‘i who was an Al-Nasir's Vizier. Al-Shuja‘i, with the support of the Burji Mamluks, planned to arrest Kitbugha and assassinate his emirs, but Kitbugha was informed about al-Shuja‘i's plan by a Tatar named Qunghar. Kitbugha lay siege to the Citadel with the support of the Genghis-Khanites and the Shahrzuri Kurds. However, he was defeated by the Burji Mamluks and had to flee to Bilbays. He later returned to Cairo and lay siege to the Citadel again after his emirs defeated the Burjis. Kitbugha's siege of the Citadel lasted for seven days with daily clashes with the Sultani Mamluks and al-Shuja‘i supporters. Many of al-Shuja‘i's emirs moved over to Kitbugha's side. The emirs of Kitbugha informed Sultan Al-Nassir Muhammed's mother that the dispute was between them and al-Shuja‘i and not with her son. So she locked the gates of the Citadel with al-Shuja‘i trapped in his house outside the Citadel. After that more of his Emirs deserted him and moved over to the side of Kitbugha. Al-Shuja‘i, who was not popular among the Egyptians, was killed while he was on his way to the Citadel to discuss the dispute. When the gate of the Citadel was unlocked Kitbugha and his emirs went in. Kitbugha's followers who were imprisoned by al-Shuja‘i were freed and many Burji Mamluks who supported al-Shuja'i were either arrested or removed from the Citadel. Al-Shuja‘i's properties in the Levant were seized and his deputies there were arrested. About 300 of the Burji Mamluks who were removed from the Citadel by Kitbugha rebelled and went on a rampage in Cairo. These Mamluks, known as the al-Mamalik al-Ashrafiyah Khalil (the Mamluks of al-Ashraf Khalil) were enraged because Hossam ad-Dain Lajin, who was involved in the murder of their benefactor, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, had arrived in Cairo but was not arrested and punished. The Ashrafiyah Khalil were defeated and many of them were killed and executed. Rise to power Kitbugha continued as the regent and the actual ruler of Egypt with Al-Nasir Muhammad, being a child, merely the nominal Sultan. After the murder of Vizier al-Shuja‘i, Kitbugha became more powerful. He was then convinced by Lajin, who was aware that the Mamluks of Khalil and Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammed would want to seek revenge for the death of Sultan Khalil, to depose Al-Nasir and take on complete power. After the defeat of the rebelling Burji Mamluks, Kitbugha assembled the emirs at his office and told them: "The system of the Kingdom has been undermined. There can not be respect while Sultan Al-Nasir is young ". The emirs agreed and they decided to replace Al-Nasir Muhammed with Kitbugha. Al-Nasir Muhammed was removed with his mother to another section of the palace and later to Al Karak . Kitbugha was installed as Sultan and took the royal name Al-Adil. He made Lajin his Vice-Sultan. The Oirats In 1296 a large group of Oirats, Mongol refugees, arrived in the Levant. They were led by Turghai, the son-in-law of Hulagu Khan. They had fled to the Levant from Ghazan. While some of the Oirat group was received warmly in Cairo by Kitbugha and then resided in the Cairene district of al-Hisiniyah, others were sheltered in the coastal towns of the Levant. The Oirats were not Muslims, but after they intermarried with Egyptian emirs and later with Egyptian commoners, they converted to Islam and merged with Egyptian society. However, as Kitbugha was himself of Mongol origin, his extraordinary generosity towards the Oirats made many emirs suspicious about his motives. This would be one of the factors that would later lead to his downfall. Loss of power Later in the reign of Kitbugha, Egypt and the Levant faced shortages of water and food in addition to an epidemic that caused the death of many people in Egypt. Kitbugha was not popular among the Egyptians who regarded him as a bringer of ill-omens. Also, the Egyptian were not pleased with Kitbugha's generosity towards the Oirats who were not Muslims while they, the Egyptians, were suffering from high prices of food and economic hardship. While Kitbugha was in Damascus the emirs decided to get rid of him. The emirs went to Kitbugha and met him while he was on his way to Egypt. Kitbugha was angry with Bisari, who was a prominent emir, and accused him of corresponding with the Mongols. Fearing that Kitbugha would arrest Bisari, the emirs, including Lajin, carried arms and went to the Dihliz of Kitbugha and clashed with his Mamluks. A few of Kitbugha's Mamluks were killed or injured. Kitbugha left the Dihliz through a back passage and fled to Damascus, accompanied by five of his Mamluks. The emirs were unable to catch him. Lajin was placed on the throne as the new Sultan of Egypt. Kitbugha took refuge inside the citadel of Damascus, but at last he resigned and recognized Lajin as the new Sultan saying: "al-Sultan al-Malik al-Mansour ( Lajin ) is one of my Khushdashiya. I serve him and I obey him. I will stay inside the Citadel until the Sultan decide(s) what to do with me". Kitbugha left Damascus to rule in Salkhad. He ruled there for two years and 17 days. In 1299 while Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad was on his way to Syria with the Egyptian army to encounter the invasion of Mahmud Ghazan, some Oirats conspired with some Mamluks of the Sultan to kill the Vice-Sultan Salar and the Ostadar, Baibars al-Jashnakir who were the actual rulers of Egypt. They wanted to bring Kitbugha back to power, but the attempt failed and the conspiring Oirats were severely punished. After the defeat of Al-Nasir Muhammad's army at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, Kitbugha fled to Egypt and served Salar. After Ghazan left Syria Kitbugha became the deputy of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad in Hama, where he died in July 1303. Coins of Al-Adil Kitbugha In 1295, during the reign of Sultan Kitbugha, it was decided for the first time in Egypt, that coins had to be weighed before being exchanged for goods or services. Thus the value of coins were based on their weight and not on their quantity. See also List of rulers of Egypt Bahri dynasty Al-Ashraf Khalil Lajin Oirats Qalawun Notes ^ a b c d e Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed. ^ (Al-Maqrizi - Al-Khitat Al-Maqiziyah, p. 388/vol.3) - (Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed) ^ Al-Maqrizi, p.218 & p.222 /vol.2 ^ Al-Maqrizi, p.249/vol. 2 ^ Shahrzuriyah were Kurds who escaped from Mesopotamia after the Mongol invasion. During a battle between Al Karak and Sultan Qutuz they deceived al-Malik al-Mughith king of Al Karak and walked over to the Egyptian side. ( Al-Maqrizi, p500/vol.1 ) ^ Bilbays, also spelled Bilbeis or Bilbis, town, southeastern al-Sharqia Governorate in the eastern Nile Delta , Lower Egypt , northeast of Cairo. - ( Encyclopædia Britannica, p.15/vol. II) ^ Al-Maqrizi, pp.252-255/vol.2 ^ Al-Maqrizi, pp.259/vol.2 ^ Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-Nasir Muhammed. ^ First Kitbugha refused the advice of Lajin but he became convinced after Lajin warned him that later when Al-Nasir Muhammed is old he will punish him as he was also involved in the murder of Al-Nasir Muhammed's brother Al-Ashraf Khalil. - (Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed.) ( See also Al-Ashraf Khalil ) ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 275/vol.2 ^ The Oirats were about 10,000 persons with horses and cattle. (Ibn Taghri, Sultanate of Kitbugha ) ^ Oirats, in Arabic Uyratiya. ^ According to Abu al-Fida’, Turghai was the husband of the daughter of Mangu Timur the son of Hulagu. - (Abu al-Fida’, year AH 695) ^ In 1262, during the reign of Sultan Baybars many Tatars from the Golden Horde tribe escaped from Hulagu to Egypt and were followed later by other Tatars. Baybars welcomed the Tatars and employed them in the army. They had their own army unit, which was called al-Firqah al-Wafidiyah (the arrivals' troop). Throughout the Mamluk era, the Wafidiyah (Arriving Tatars) were free men and the Mamluk system did not apply to them. Baybars settled the Tatars in Cairo and gave them various official posts. The largest group of Tatars immigrated to Egypt in 1296 during the reign of Sultan Kitbugha, who was himself of Mongol origin. They resided at the district of al-Hisiniyah in Cairo and many of their women married Mamluk emirs. (Shayyal, vol. 2, p. 144) ^ Also spelled al-Husayniyya. The district still exist in present-day Cairo. ^ Al-Maqrizi, vol. 2, p. 266 ^ Shayyal, vol. 2, pp. 144–145 ^ Shayyal, p.145 ^ Al-Maqrizi, al-Khitat al-Maqriziyah, vol. 3, pp. 32–36 ^ Shayyal, vol. 2, p. 145 ^ Al-Maqrizi described the era of Kitbugha as following: "His days were the worst days with high prices, epidemics and death " - (Al-Maqrizi, p.260/vol.2) ^ According to Al-Maqrizi the epidemic caused the death of 127.000 persons. - (Al-Maqrizi, p.268/vol.2) ^ When the palace servants heard that kitbugha took power a kitchen servant exclaimed: " This is an ill omen ! This is an unlucky day ! ". The words of the servant spread around and were repeated by all the people. - ( Al-Maqrizi, p. 260/vol.2 ) ^ the Emirs who attacked Kitbugha's Dihliz included Lajin, Bisari, Qara Sunqur, Qabjaq and al-Haj Bahader. - ( Al-Maqrizi, p.273/vol.2 ) ^ Dihliz, royal tent of the Sultan which he uses during his travels and battles ^ Mamluks of kitbugha were called al-Mamalik al-Adilyyah referring to Kitbugha royal name Al-Adil. ^ Khushdashiya ( خشداشية ): Mamluks belonging to the same Amir or Sultan. ^ Al-Maqrizi, pp. 277-278/vol.2 ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 274/vol.2 ^ Ostadar ( أستادار ), supervisor of the royal kitchen and everything connected to the food and drink of the Sultan. ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 326 and p.329/vol.2 ^ Abu al-Fida, Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar, IV:61-63. ^ Mahdi, p. 100 References Abu al-Fida, The Concise History of Humanity Abu al-Fida, Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar, IV, Cairo 1999. Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969. Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-241-175-X. Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895 Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968 History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954 Mahdi, Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008 Sato Tsugitaka, State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam, Brill 1997, ISBN 90-04-10649-9 Shayal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, ISBN 977-02-5975-6 The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia,H.H. Berton Publisher,1973–1974 Al-Adil Kitbugha Bahri dynastyCadet branch of the Mamluk SultanateBorn: ? Died: 1297 Regnal titles Preceded byAl-Nasir Muhammad Sultan of Egypt and Syria December 1294 – 7 December 1296 Succeeded byLajin vteMamluk sultans of CairoSalihi Mamluks Izz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257) Nur al-Din Ali (1257–1259) Sayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260) Bahri dynasty Rukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277) Nasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279) Badr al-Din Salamish (1279) Sayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290) Salah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294) Zayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296) Husam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309) Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341) Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341) Ala'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1342) Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345) Sayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346) Sayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347) Badr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351) Salah al-Din Salih (1351–1354) Badr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361) Salah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363) Zayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377) Ala'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381) Salah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382) Burji dynasty Sayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389) As-Salih Hajji (1389–1390) Sayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405) Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412) Al-Musta'in Billah (1412) Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421) Al-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421) Sayf al-Din Tatar (1421) Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422) Sayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438) Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438) Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453) Fakhr al-Din Uthman (1453) Sayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1461) Sayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467) Sayf al-Din Bilbay (1467) Timurbugha (1467–1468) Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496) An-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498) Abu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500) Al-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501) Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501) Qansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516) Tumanbay II (1516–1517) vteOiratsMongol EmpireKalmyk KhanateDzungar KhanateKhoshut KhanateQing dynasty Nawrūz (d. August 13, 1297) Arghun Aqa (d. 1278) Al-Adil Kitbugha (d. 7 December 1296) Esen Taishi (d. 1455) Kho Orluk (1633-1644) Shukhur Daichin (1644-1661) Puntsug (Monchak) (1661-1672) Ayuka Khan (1672-1723) Tseren Donduk Khan (1723-1735) Donduk Ombo Khan (1735-1741) Donduk Dashi Khan (1741-1761) Ubashi Khan (1761-1771) Dodbi Khan (1771-1781) As Saray Khan (1781) Kharkhul (d. 1634) Erdeni Batur (1634–1653) Sengge (1653–1671) Galdan Boshugtu Khan (1671–1697) Tsewang Rabtan (1697–1727) Galdan Tseren (1727–1745) Tsewang Dorji Namjal (1745–1750) Lama Dorji (1750–1753) Dawachi (1753-1755) Güshi Khan (1642–1655) Dayan Khan (1655–1668) Tenzin Dalai Khan (1668–1696) Tenzin Wangchuk Khan (1696–1697) Lha-bzang Khan (1697–1717) Amursana (1755–1757) Authority control databases İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Adil I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adil_I"},{"link_name":"Kitbuqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitbuqa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahri_Dynasty_1250_-_1382_(AD).PNG"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"}],"text":"This article is about the Sultan of Egypt. For the first Ayyubid sultan called al-Adil, see Al-Adil I. For the Mongol leader Kitbuqa Noyan, see Kitbuqa.Dominion of Bahri Mamluks (shown in red)Kitbugha (Arabic: كتبغا), royal name: al-Malik al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha Ben Abd-Allah al-Mansuri al-Turki al-Mughli; Arabic: الملك العادل زين الدين كتبغا بن عبد الله المنصورى التركى المغلى) (died 1303 CE) was the 10th Mamluk sultan of Egypt from December 1294 to November 1296.","title":"Al-Adil Kitbugha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhan"},{"link_name":"Hulagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Homs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"},{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Al-Ashraf Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"romanised:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"Burji Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burji_Mamluks"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bilbays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbays"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hossam ad-Dain Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Mongol soldiers. BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD.He was originally a Mongol (al-Turki al-Mughli) soldier in the Ilkhanid army of Hulagu. He was taken prisoner during the First Battle of Homs in 1260.[1] He was purchased by Qalawun and became one of his Mamluks then later Qalawun manumitted him and granted him the rank of Emir.[2]During the reign of Qalawun's son Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, he was arrested and released.[3] In 1293, after the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Kitbugha became the Vice-Sultan and Regent of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad. With Emir ‘Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja‘i al-Mansuri (عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ‎, romanised: ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī) he was effectively the ruler of Egypt as Al-Nasir Muhammad was only 9 years old.[1][4] But Kitbugha faced rivalry from and had a poor relationship with al-Shuja‘i who was an Al-Nasir's Vizier. Al-Shuja‘i, with the support of the Burji Mamluks, planned to arrest Kitbugha and assassinate his emirs, but Kitbugha was informed about al-Shuja‘i's plan by a Tatar named Qunghar. Kitbugha lay siege to the Citadel with the support of the Genghis-Khanites and the Shahrzuri Kurds.[1][5] However, he was defeated by the Burji Mamluks and had to flee to Bilbays.[6] He later returned to Cairo and lay siege to the Citadel again after his emirs defeated the Burjis. Kitbugha's siege of the Citadel lasted for seven days with daily clashes with the Sultani Mamluks and al-Shuja‘i supporters. Many of al-Shuja‘i's emirs moved over to Kitbugha's side. The emirs of Kitbugha informed Sultan Al-Nassir Muhammed's mother that the dispute was between them and al-Shuja‘i and not with her son. So she locked the gates of the Citadel with al-Shuja‘i trapped in his house outside the Citadel. After that more of his Emirs deserted him and moved over to the side of Kitbugha. Al-Shuja‘i, who was not popular among the Egyptians,[1] was killed while he was on his way to the Citadel to discuss the dispute. When the gate of the Citadel was unlocked Kitbugha and his emirs went in. Kitbugha's followers who were imprisoned by al-Shuja‘i were freed and many Burji Mamluks who supported al-Shuja'i were either arrested or removed from the Citadel. Al-Shuja‘i's properties in the Levant were seized and his deputies there were arrested.[7]About 300 of the Burji Mamluks who were removed from the Citadel by Kitbugha rebelled and went on a rampage in Cairo. These Mamluks, known as the al-Mamalik al-Ashrafiyah Khalil (the Mamluks of al-Ashraf Khalil) were enraged because Hossam ad-Dain Lajin, who was involved in the murder of their benefactor, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, had arrived in Cairo but was not arrested and punished.[1] The Ashrafiyah Khalil were defeated and many of them were killed and executed.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Al Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Karak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Kitbugha continued as the regent and the actual ruler of Egypt with Al-Nasir Muhammad, being a child, merely the nominal Sultan. After the murder of Vizier al-Shuja‘i, Kitbugha became more powerful. He was then convinced by Lajin, who was aware that the Mamluks of Khalil and Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammed would want to seek revenge for the death of Sultan Khalil, to depose Al-Nasir and take on complete power.[9][10] After the defeat of the rebelling Burji Mamluks, Kitbugha assembled the emirs at his office and told them: \"The system of the Kingdom has been undermined. There can not be respect while Sultan Al-Nasir is young \". The emirs agreed and they decided to replace Al-Nasir Muhammed with Kitbugha. Al-Nasir Muhammed was removed with his mother to another section of the palace and later to Al Karak . Kitbugha was installed as Sultan and took the royal name Al-Adil. He made Lajin his Vice-Sultan.[11]","title":"Rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hulagu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Ghazan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 1296 a large group of Oirats,[12][13] Mongol refugees, arrived in the Levant. They were led by Turghai, the son-in-law of Hulagu Khan.[14][15] They had fled to the Levant from Ghazan. While some of the Oirat group was received warmly in Cairo by Kitbugha and then resided in the Cairene district of al-Hisiniyah,[16] others were sheltered in the coastal towns of the Levant. The Oirats were not Muslims, but after they intermarried with Egyptian emirs and later with Egyptian commoners, they converted to Islam and merged with Egyptian society.[17][18] However, as Kitbugha was himself of Mongol origin, his extraordinary generosity towards the Oirats made many emirs suspicious about his motives.[19][20] This would be one of the factors that would later lead to his downfall.[21]","title":"The Oirats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Oirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"citadel of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Salkhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salkhad"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Ghazan"},{"link_name":"Salar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Salar"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Baibars al-Jashnakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Khazandar"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Later in the reign of Kitbugha, Egypt and the Levant faced shortages of water and food in addition to an epidemic that caused the death of many people in Egypt.[22][23] Kitbugha was not popular among the Egyptians who regarded him as a bringer of ill-omens.[24] Also, the Egyptian were not pleased with Kitbugha's generosity towards the Oirats who were not Muslims while they, the Egyptians, were suffering from high prices of food and economic hardship.While Kitbugha was in Damascus the emirs decided to get rid of him. The emirs went to Kitbugha and met him while he was on his way to Egypt. Kitbugha was angry with Bisari, who was a prominent emir, and accused him of corresponding with the Mongols. Fearing that Kitbugha would arrest Bisari, the emirs,[25] including Lajin, carried arms and went to the Dihliz [26] of Kitbugha and clashed with his Mamluks.[27] A few of Kitbugha's Mamluks were killed or injured. Kitbugha left the Dihliz through a back passage and fled to Damascus, accompanied by five of his Mamluks. The emirs were unable to catch him. Lajin was placed on the throne as the new Sultan of Egypt.Kitbugha took refuge inside the citadel of Damascus, but at last he resigned and recognized Lajin as the new Sultan saying: \"al-Sultan al-Malik al-Mansour ( Lajin ) is one of my Khushdashiya.[28] I serve him and I obey him. I will stay inside the Citadel until the Sultan decide(s) what to do with me\". Kitbugha left Damascus to rule in Salkhad.[29] He ruled there for two years and 17 days.[30]In 1299 while Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad was on his way to Syria with the Egyptian army to encounter the invasion of Mahmud Ghazan, some Oirats conspired with some Mamluks of the Sultan to kill the Vice-Sultan Salar and the Ostadar,[31] Baibars al-Jashnakir who were the actual rulers of Egypt. They wanted to bring Kitbugha back to power, but the attempt failed and the conspiring Oirats were severely punished. After the defeat of Al-Nasir Muhammad's army at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, Kitbugha fled to Egypt and served Salar. After Ghazan left Syria Kitbugha became the deputy of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad in Hama,[32] where he died in July 1303.[33]","title":"Loss of power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"In 1295, during the reign of Sultan Kitbugha, it was decided for the first time in Egypt, that coins had to be weighed before being exchanged for goods or services. Thus the value of coins were based on their weight and not on their quantity.[34]","title":"Coins of Al-Adil Kitbugha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Al Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Karak"},{"link_name":"Qutuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutuz"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"al-Sharqia Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Nile Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta"},{"link_name":"Lower Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Egypt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Al-Ashraf Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed.\n\n^ (Al-Maqrizi - Al-Khitat Al-Maqiziyah, p. 388/vol.3) - (Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed)\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, p.218 & p.222 /vol.2\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, p.249/vol. 2\n\n^ Shahrzuriyah were Kurds who escaped from Mesopotamia after the Mongol invasion.\n\nDuring a battle between Al Karak and Sultan Qutuz they deceived al-Malik al-Mughith king of Al Karak and walked over to the Egyptian side. ( Al-Maqrizi, p500/vol.1 )\n\n^ Bilbays, also spelled Bilbeis or Bilbis, town, southeastern al-Sharqia Governorate in the eastern Nile Delta , Lower Egypt , northeast of Cairo. - ( Encyclopædia Britannica, p.15/vol. II)\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, pp.252-255/vol.2\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, pp.259/vol.2\n\n^ Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-Nasir Muhammed.\n\n^ First Kitbugha refused the advice of Lajin but he became convinced after Lajin warned him that later when Al-Nasir Muhammed is old he will punish him as he was also involved in the murder of Al-Nasir Muhammed's brother Al-Ashraf Khalil. - (Ibn Taghri, Sultanante of al-nasir Muhammed.) ( See also Al-Ashraf Khalil )\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 275/vol.2\n\n^ The Oirats were about 10,000 persons with horses and cattle. (Ibn Taghri, Sultanate of Kitbugha )\n\n^ Oirats, in Arabic Uyratiya.\n\n^ According to Abu al-Fida’, Turghai was the husband of the daughter of Mangu Timur the son of Hulagu. - (Abu al-Fida’, year AH 695)\n\n^ In 1262, during the reign of Sultan Baybars many Tatars from the Golden Horde tribe escaped from Hulagu to Egypt and were followed later by other Tatars. Baybars welcomed the Tatars and employed them in the army. They had their own army unit, which was called al-Firqah al-Wafidiyah (the arrivals' troop). Throughout the Mamluk era, the Wafidiyah (Arriving Tatars) were free men and the Mamluk system did not apply to them. Baybars settled the Tatars in Cairo and gave them various official posts. The largest group of Tatars immigrated to Egypt in 1296 during the reign of Sultan Kitbugha, who was himself of Mongol origin. They resided at the district of al-Hisiniyah in Cairo and many of their women married Mamluk emirs. (Shayyal, vol. 2, p. 144)\n\n^ Also spelled al-Husayniyya. The district still exist in present-day Cairo.\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, vol. 2, p. 266\n\n^ Shayyal, vol. 2, pp. 144–145\n\n^ Shayyal, p.145\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, al-Khitat al-Maqriziyah, vol. 3, pp. 32–36\n\n^ Shayyal, vol. 2, p. 145\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi described the era of Kitbugha as following: \"His days were the worst days with high prices, epidemics and death \" - (Al-Maqrizi, p.260/vol.2)\n\n^ According to Al-Maqrizi the epidemic caused the death of 127.000 persons. - (Al-Maqrizi, p.268/vol.2)\n\n^ When the palace servants heard that kitbugha took power a kitchen servant exclaimed: \" This is an ill omen ! This is an unlucky day ! \". The words of the servant spread around and were repeated by all the people. - ( Al-Maqrizi, p. 260/vol.2 )\n\n^ the Emirs who attacked Kitbugha's Dihliz included Lajin, Bisari, Qara Sunqur, Qabjaq and al-Haj Bahader. - ( Al-Maqrizi, p.273/vol.2 )\n\n^ Dihliz, royal tent of the Sultan which he uses during his travels and battles\n\n^ Mamluks of kitbugha were called al-Mamalik al-Adilyyah referring to Kitbugha royal name Al-Adil.\n\n^ Khushdashiya ( خشداشية ): Mamluks belonging to the same Amir or Sultan.\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, pp. 277-278/vol.2\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 274/vol.2\n\n^ Ostadar ( أستادار ), supervisor of the royal kitchen and everything connected to the food and drink of the Sultan.\n\n^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 326 and p.329/vol.2\n\n^ Abu al-Fida, Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar, IV:61-63.\n\n^ Mahdi, p. 100","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Dominion of Bahri Mamluks (shown in red)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bahri_Dynasty_1250_-_1382_%28AD%29.PNG/200px-Bahri_Dynasty_1250_-_1382_%28AD%29.PNG"},{"image_text":"Mongol soldiers. BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG/150px-Mongol_soldiers_by_Rashid_al-Din_1305.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of rulers of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Egypt"},{"title":"Bahri dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_dynasty"},{"title":"Al-Ashraf Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"},{"title":"Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"title":"Oirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"title":"Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_wqaKAAACAAJ&hl=en","external_links_name":"Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ketboga","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slammin%27_Salmon	The Slammin' Salmon	["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Release","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]	2009 American filmThe Slammin' SalmonTheatrical release posterDirected byKevin HeffernanWritten byBroken LizardProduced byPeter LengyelRichard PerelloStarringMichael Clarke DuncanJay ChandrasekharKevin HeffernanSteve LemmePaul SoterErik StolhanskeCobie Smulders April Bowlby Olivia MunnCinematographyRobert BarocciEdited byBrad KatzMusic byNathan BarrProductioncompaniesCataland FilmsBroken LizardDistributed byAnchor Bay FilmsRelease dates January 17, 2009 (2009-01-17) (Slamdance Film Festival) December 11, 2009 (2009-12-11) (United States) Running time99 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Slammin' Salmon is a 2009 American comedy film by the comedy troupe Broken Lizard. It is about the owner of a restaurant who holds a contest to see which one of his waiters can earn the most money in a single night. The winner receives $10,000, and the loser receives a "beat down" by the owner, Cleon Salmon, a former heavyweight boxer (played by Michael Clarke Duncan). Kevin Heffernan directed the film, his first time for a Broken Lizard film. Plot summary In Miami, Florida, retired heavyweight boxing champion Cleon Salmon owns the restaurant The Slammin' Salmon. His staff consists of manager Rich, eccentric waiter Nuts, callous Guy, pre-med Tara, ballet student Mia, aspiring actor Connor, angry chef Dave and his busboy twin brother Donnie. Cleon informs Rich that the restaurant needs to make $20,000 by the end of the night so that he can pay off a wager he made with the yakuza. If they can't make enough money, the yakuza will take the restaurant. Rich initially offers the top selling waiter two tickets to an upcoming Norah Jones concert. After a slow start Rich realizes he needs to offer a better prize. He perfectly impersonates Cleon's voice and books a vacation at a resort hotel in Key Largo. Now motivated, the staff step up their efforts to sell. Connor is approached by movie star Marlon Specter who asks him to hide an engagement ring for his girlfriend in her dessert. Rich eats the dessert and swallows the engagement ring after Connor is distracted by Mia. Connor tells Marlon what happened and Marlon threatens to beat both Rich and Connor if they don't get it back. Meanwhile, Nuts begins acting strange while serving and Mia suffers a first-degree burn after Guy trips over Donnie and spills a piping hot soup in her face. Tara looks at Mia's burn and tells her she should go home but Mia refuses and Rich encourages her to keep selling. Cleon tracks down Rich and asks for the total so far. Rich informs them they are at $12,000 and an angry Cleon demands that the entire wait staff gather in his office immediately. Cleon starts off by humiliating Rich in front of the staff before yelling at everyone for their poor results so far. Nuts begins acting weirder by spit polishing Cleon's boxing trophy. To further motivate them, Cleon changes the prize for top seller to $10,000 in cash to be awarded at the end of the night. He also warns them that the bottom seller will earn themselves a beating from Cleon. After the staff leave, Rich tries to explain to Cleon that he's making it worse by offering the money, but Cleon tells him to make the needed money or face a beating himself. The staff begin using every trick they know to pad their customer's checks. Rich promotes an inebriated Donnie to waiter and adds extra tables for him against his objections. Donnie makes a mess at his first table and then panics after Cleon stops him in the kitchen and reminds him that if he finishes last Cleon will beat him. A panicked Donnie attempts to run away from the restaurant only to be stopped by Cleon who forces him to go back. Connor is embarrassed when the cast of the TV show he was fired from show up to eat and get seated in his section. Connor corners his old boss in the restroom to talk about why he was fired and gets angrily told off. Meanwhile, Guy grows impatient with a customer who won't order anything and gives the table to Donnie. Tara reminds Nuts to take his medication but Rich distracts him and he misses his dose. Nuts then transforms into his bizarre split personality Zongo. Zongo becomes a selling machine, moving Nuts from last place to first. The rest of the staff grab Zongo and force him to take his medication, transforming him back into Nuts. After Guy fills Nuts in on what he missed Nuts runs to the bathroom and vomits his medication out, becoming Zongo again. Rich consumes a bowl of pasta made by Dave and finally expels the engagement ring. Guy gets angry when Donnie overtakes him on the scoreboard. Desperate to avoid a beating, Guy sabotages both Donnie and Mia's biggest tables. Tara gets stiffed on her tip by pop star Nutella, pushing her out of first place. Connor finally delivers dessert to Marlon's table and watches in disgust as Marlon's girlfriend eagerly eats it. She finds the engagement ring and accepts Marlon's proposal. Zongo finally snaps and is knocked out by Cleon after attacking a customer and trying to force-feed him an entire fish. Rich asks Tara to check on Nuts but instead she admonishes him for how he has treated the staff because he's afraid of Cleon. At closing time, the man at the table that Guy gave to Donnie leaves Donnie a $1,000 tip. Donnie refuses it at first, but the man explains that he is dying and that he appreciated that Donnie let him sit there without bothering him. The man is then trampled to death by Cleon's horse as he leaves the restaurant. Rich gathers the wait staff and announces the top-seller as Tara, who is shocked to find out that Donnie gave her his $1,000 tip so that she'd win. Cleon finds out that they only made $19,000 for the night and decides to take the waiters tips to make up the difference. He also tells Tara that he lied about the $10,000 prize. Rich finally confronts Cleon, taking the waiters tips back and demanding he pay Tara. Tara realizes that Cleon only needed 20,000 yen ($170), not dollars. Cleon takes the $170 out, gives Tara her $10,000 prize, and then throws the rest up in the air for the waiters to fight over. Cleon is shown later with Guy tied up in his office about to receive his beating for being last. Cast Staff Michael Clarke Duncan as Cleon "Slammin'" Salmon, the owner of the restaurant Jay Chandrasekhar as Nuts, a waiter with an alternate personality known as Zongo Kevin Heffernan as Richardo "Rich" Perente, the manager Steve Lemme as Connor Rhodes, a waiter Paul Soter in a dual role as busboy Donnie Kanogi and his twin brother, executive chef Dave Kanogi Erik Stolhanske as Guy "Meat-drapes" Metdrapedes, a waiter Cobie Smulders as Tara, a waitress April Bowlby as Mia, a waitress Nat Faxon as Carl, the manager Customers Will Forte as Horace, a terminally-ill avid reader. Lance Henriksen as Dick Lobo, a TV producer Sendhil Ramamurthy as Marlon Specter, a TV star Olivia Munn as Samara Dubois, Marlon's fiancée Vivica A. Fox as Nutella, a famous singer Morgan Fairchild as herself Jeff Chase as Anthony Carla Gallo as Stacy Jim Gaffigan as Stanley Ballin Jim Rash as Disgusted businessman Candace Smith as Mrs. Eva Salmon Parente Marc Evan Jackson as Dry Sack customer Release The film premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival on January 17, 2009. It was released to limited theaters in the United States on December 11, 2009. On April 13, 2010, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray. Reception The film received mostly negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 35% of critics gave the film a positive review based on a sample of 26, and an average score of 4.9 out of 10. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised Duncan's performance, but noted that many of the jokes in the film are tired and old. Michael O'Sullivan, writing for The Washington Post, noted that the film engages in "lowbrow insults and slapsticky shenanigans" and its humor "hovers around crotch level." References ^ a b Yamato, Jen (March 5, 2008). "Sneak Peek: Inside Broken Lizard's Next Film, Slammin' Salmon". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 8, 2008. ^ Vice, Jeff (December 8, 2008). "Slamdance announces '09 slate of flicks". Deseret News. Retrieved December 28, 2008. ^ "The Slammin' Salmon \| Moviephone". Moviephone. ^ "The Slammin' Salmon". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (December 11, 2009). "A Restaurant in Full Hustle on a Make-or-Break Night". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2009. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (December 11, 2009). "On the menu: Lowbrow farce". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2009. External links The Slammin' Salmon at IMDb The Slammin' Salmon at AllMovie On-set interviews with cast Interview with Broken Lizard members Steve Lemme and Kevin Heffernan vteBroken LizardFilms Puddle Cruiser (1996) Super Troopers (2001) Club Dread (2004) Beerfest (2006) The Slammin' Salmon (2009) Broken Lizard Stands Up (2010) Freeloaders (2012) Super Troopers 2 (2018) Quasi (2023) Members Jay Chandrasekhar Kevin Heffernan Steve Lemme Paul Soter Erik Stolhanske	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broken Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Lizard"},{"link_name":"heavyweight boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight_boxing"},{"link_name":"Michael Clarke Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Kevin Heffernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Heffernan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rottentomatoes-1"}],"text":"2009 American filmThe Slammin' Salmon is a 2009 American comedy film by the comedy troupe Broken Lizard. It is about the owner of a restaurant who holds a contest to see which one of his waiters can earn the most money in a single night. The winner receives $10,000, and the loser receives a \"beat down\" by the owner, Cleon Salmon, a former heavyweight boxer (played by Michael Clarke Duncan). Kevin Heffernan directed the film, his first time for a Broken Lizard film.[1]","title":"The Slammin' Salmon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"pre-med","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-med"},{"link_name":"busboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busboy"},{"link_name":"yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza"},{"link_name":"Norah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jones"},{"link_name":"Key Largo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Largo"},{"link_name":"first-degree burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-degree_burn"},{"link_name":"split personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_personality"},{"link_name":"yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen"}],"text":"In Miami, Florida, retired heavyweight boxing champion Cleon Salmon owns the restaurant The Slammin' Salmon. His staff consists of manager Rich, eccentric waiter Nuts, callous Guy, pre-med Tara, ballet student Mia, aspiring actor Connor, angry chef Dave and his busboy twin brother Donnie. Cleon informs Rich that the restaurant needs to make $20,000 by the end of the night so that he can pay off a wager he made with the yakuza. If they can't make enough money, the yakuza will take the restaurant.Rich initially offers the top selling waiter two tickets to an upcoming Norah Jones concert. After a slow start Rich realizes he needs to offer a better prize. He perfectly impersonates Cleon's voice and books a vacation at a resort hotel in Key Largo. Now motivated, the staff step up their efforts to sell. Connor is approached by movie star Marlon Specter who asks him to hide an engagement ring for his girlfriend in her dessert. Rich eats the dessert and swallows the engagement ring after Connor is distracted by Mia. Connor tells Marlon what happened and Marlon threatens to beat both Rich and Connor if they don't get it back. Meanwhile, Nuts begins acting strange while serving and Mia suffers a first-degree burn after Guy trips over Donnie and spills a piping hot soup in her face. Tara looks at Mia's burn and tells her she should go home but Mia refuses and Rich encourages her to keep selling.Cleon tracks down Rich and asks for the total so far. Rich informs them they are at $12,000 and an angry Cleon demands that the entire wait staff gather in his office immediately. Cleon starts off by humiliating Rich in front of the staff before yelling at everyone for their poor results so far. Nuts begins acting weirder by spit polishing Cleon's boxing trophy. To further motivate them, Cleon changes the prize for top seller to $10,000 in cash to be awarded at the end of the night. He also warns them that the bottom seller will earn themselves a beating from Cleon. After the staff leave, Rich tries to explain to Cleon that he's making it worse by offering the money, but Cleon tells him to make the needed money or face a beating himself.The staff begin using every trick they know to pad their customer's checks. Rich promotes an inebriated Donnie to waiter and adds extra tables for him against his objections. Donnie makes a mess at his first table and then panics after Cleon stops him in the kitchen and reminds him that if he finishes last Cleon will beat him. A panicked Donnie attempts to run away from the restaurant only to be stopped by Cleon who forces him to go back. Connor is embarrassed when the cast of the TV show he was fired from show up to eat and get seated in his section. Connor corners his old boss in the restroom to talk about why he was fired and gets angrily told off. Meanwhile, Guy grows impatient with a customer who won't order anything and gives the table to Donnie. Tara reminds Nuts to take his medication but Rich distracts him and he misses his dose. Nuts then transforms into his bizarre split personality Zongo. Zongo becomes a selling machine, moving Nuts from last place to first. The rest of the staff grab Zongo and force him to take his medication, transforming him back into Nuts. After Guy fills Nuts in on what he missed Nuts runs to the bathroom and vomits his medication out, becoming Zongo again. Rich consumes a bowl of pasta made by Dave and finally expels the engagement ring.Guy gets angry when Donnie overtakes him on the scoreboard. Desperate to avoid a beating, Guy sabotages both Donnie and Mia's biggest tables. Tara gets stiffed on her tip by pop star Nutella, pushing her out of first place. Connor finally delivers dessert to Marlon's table and watches in disgust as Marlon's girlfriend eagerly eats it. She finds the engagement ring and accepts Marlon's proposal. Zongo finally snaps and is knocked out by Cleon after attacking a customer and trying to force-feed him an entire fish. Rich asks Tara to check on Nuts but instead she admonishes him for how he has treated the staff because he's afraid of Cleon.At closing time, the man at the table that Guy gave to Donnie leaves Donnie a $1,000 tip. Donnie refuses it at first, but the man explains that he is dying and that he appreciated that Donnie let him sit there without bothering him. The man is then trampled to death by Cleon's horse as he leaves the restaurant. Rich gathers the wait staff and announces the top-seller as Tara, who is shocked to find out that Donnie gave her his $1,000 tip so that she'd win. Cleon finds out that they only made $19,000 for the night and decides to take the waiters tips to make up the difference. He also tells Tara that he lied about the $10,000 prize. Rich finally confronts Cleon, taking the waiters tips back and demanding he pay Tara. Tara realizes that Cleon only needed 20,000 yen ($170), not dollars. Cleon takes the $170 out, gives Tara her $10,000 prize, and then throws the rest up in the air for the waiters to fight over. Cleon is shown later with Guy tied up in his office about to receive his beating for being last.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Clarke Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Jay Chandrasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Chandrasekhar"},{"link_name":"Kevin Heffernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Heffernan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Steve Lemme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lemme"},{"link_name":"Paul Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Soter"},{"link_name":"Erik Stolhanske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Stolhanske"},{"link_name":"Cobie Smulders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobie_Smulders"},{"link_name":"April Bowlby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Bowlby"},{"link_name":"Nat Faxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Faxon"},{"link_name":"Will Forte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Forte"},{"link_name":"Lance Henriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Henriksen"},{"link_name":"Dick Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Sendhil Ramamurthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendhil_Ramamurthy"},{"link_name":"Olivia Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Munn"},{"link_name":"Vivica A. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivica_A._Fox"},{"link_name":"Morgan Fairchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Fairchild"},{"link_name":"Jeff Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Chase"},{"link_name":"Carla Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Gallo"},{"link_name":"Jim Gaffigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gaffigan"},{"link_name":"Jim Rash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rash"},{"link_name":"Marc Evan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Evan_Jackson"}],"text":"Staff\nMichael Clarke Duncan as Cleon \"Slammin'\" Salmon, the owner of the restaurant\nJay Chandrasekhar as Nuts, a waiter with an alternate personality known as Zongo\nKevin Heffernan as Richardo \"Rich\" Perente, the manager\nSteve Lemme as Connor Rhodes, a waiter\nPaul Soter in a dual role as busboy Donnie Kanogi and his twin brother, executive chef Dave Kanogi\nErik Stolhanske as Guy \"Meat-drapes\" Metdrapedes, a waiter\nCobie Smulders as Tara, a waitress\nApril Bowlby as Mia, a waitress\nNat Faxon as Carl, the manager\nCustomers\n\nWill Forte as Horace, a terminally-ill avid reader.\nLance Henriksen as Dick Lobo, a TV producer\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Marlon Specter, a TV star\nOlivia Munn as Samara Dubois, Marlon's fiancée\nVivica A. Fox as Nutella, a famous singer\nMorgan Fairchild as herself\nJeff Chase as Anthony\nCarla Gallo as Stacy\nJim Gaffigan as Stanley Ballin\nJim Rash as Disgusted businessman\nCandace Smith as Mrs. Eva Salmon Parente\nMarc Evan Jackson as Dry Sack customer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slamdance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slamdance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The film premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival on January 17, 2009.[2] It was released to limited theaters in the United States on December 11, 2009.[3] On April 13, 2010, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Neil Genzlinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Genzlinger"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The film received mostly negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 35% of critics gave the film a positive review based on a sample of 26, and an average score of 4.9 out of 10.[4] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised Duncan's performance, but noted that many of the jokes in the film are tired and old.[5] Michael O'Sullivan, writing for The Washington Post, noted that the film engages in \"lowbrow insults and slapsticky shenanigans\" and its humor \"hovers around crotch level.\"[6]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Yamato, Jen (March 5, 2008). \"Sneak Peek: Inside Broken Lizard's Next Film, Slammin' Salmon\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slammin_salmon/news/1713606/","url_text":"\"Sneak Peek: Inside Broken Lizard's Next Film, Slammin' Salmon\""}]},{"reference":"Vice, Jeff (December 8, 2008). \"Slamdance announces '09 slate of flicks\". Deseret News. Retrieved December 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705269093,00.html","url_text":"\"Slamdance announces '09 slate of flicks\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Slammin' Salmon \| Moviephone\". Moviephone.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moviefone.com/movie/the-slammin-salmon/1379508/main","url_text":"\"The Slammin' Salmon \| Moviephone\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Slammin' Salmon\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slammin_salmon/","url_text":"\"The Slammin' Salmon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Genzlinger, Neil (December 11, 2009). \"A Restaurant in Full Hustle on a Make-or-Break Night\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/movies/11slammin.html","url_text":"\"A Restaurant in Full Hustle on a Make-or-Break Night\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Michael (December 11, 2009). \"On the menu: Lowbrow farce\". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/10/AR2009121001274.html","url_text":"\"On the menu: Lowbrow farce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slammin_salmon/news/1713606/","external_links_name":"\"Sneak Peek: Inside Broken Lizard's Next Film, Slammin' Salmon\""},{"Link":"http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705269093,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Slamdance announces '09 slate of flicks\""},{"Link":"http://www.moviefone.com/movie/the-slammin-salmon/1379508/main","external_links_name":"\"The Slammin' Salmon \| Moviephone\""},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/slammin_salmon/","external_links_name":"\"The Slammin' Salmon\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/movies/11slammin.html","external_links_name":"\"A Restaurant in Full Hustle on a Make-or-Break Night\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/10/AR2009121001274.html","external_links_name":"\"On the menu: Lowbrow farce\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1135525/","external_links_name":"The Slammin' Salmon"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v423367","external_links_name":"The Slammin' Salmon"},{"Link":"http://losangeles.metromix.com/movies/world_now_video/on-the-set-of/371541/content","external_links_name":"On-set interviews with cast"},{"Link":"http://www.filmbuffonline.com/FBOLNewsreel/wordpress/2009/12/11/slammin-the-salmon-with-broken-lizard/","external_links_name":"Interview with Broken Lizard members Steve Lemme and Kevin Heffernan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziege	Pelecus cultratus	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Biology","4 References"]	Species of fish "Ziege" redirects here. For the retired German football player, see Christian Ziege. Pelecus cultratus Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Leuciscinae Genus: PelecusAgassiz, 1835 Species: P. cultratus Binomial name Pelecus cultratus(Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Clupea ziga Wulff, 1765 Cyprinus cultratus Linnaeus, 1758 Pelecus cultratus, commonly known as the ziege, sichel, sabre carp or sabrefish, is a cyprinid fish species from Eastern Europe and adjacent Asian regions, the only one in its genus, inhabiting the lower reaches of rivers and brackish waters in the eastern Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Aral Sea basins. The ziege having no major threats, the IUCN lists it as being of Least Concern. Description The ziege resembles a large Baltic herring in appearance. It grows to about 25 to 40 cm (10 to 16 in) in length. It has a keel on its belly which from the side looks curved while the back is almost straight. It has an upturned snout and the tip of the lower jaw also slopes steeply upwards. The lateral line is wavy and very low down the flank. The pectoral fin is long and pointed. This is a pale, silvery fish with almost colourless fins. Distribution The ziege can be found in waters of the Baltic states and Eastern Europe. It can also be found in other European and Asian countries such as Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. It usually swims near the surface in estuaries and lakes, and some populations live permanently in rivers and streams. Biology This fish feeds on zooplankton, swimming invertebrates such as crustaceans, small fish and floating insects. It breeds in May and June, travelling up-river to find suitable open water locations. It sometimes breeds in brackish water, for example in the Gulf of Finland. The eggs float, and in rivers, drift with the current. They hatch after about three to four days. After spawning, the migratory fish return to estuaries to feed. References Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Pelecus cultratus" in FishBase. April 2012 version. ^ a b c d e Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Pelecus cultratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T16494A5942384. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T16494A5942384.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ Nicholas Bailly (2008). "Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 12 March 2010. ^ Liu, Zhengwen; Herzig, Alois (1 October 1996). "Food and feeding behaviour of a planktivorous cyprinid, Pelecus cultratus (L.), in a shallow eutrophic lake, Neusiedler See (Austria)". Hydrobiologia. 333 (2): 71–77. doi:10.1007/BF00017569. ISSN 1573-5117. Retrieved 10 December 2023. ^ a b "Ziege: Pelecus cultratus". NatureGate. Retrieved 14 December 2013. ^ "Taxon Details". Fauna Europea. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. vteCarpCarp groups Cyprinidae (the carp family) Asian carp True carp species African carp Bighead carp Black carp Catla Carnatic carp Chinese mud carp Common carp (European carp) Crucian carp Deccan white carp Fringed-lipped peninsula carp Giant salmon carp Goldfish Grass carp Hora white carp Japanese crucian carp Koi Krishna carp Mirror carp Mrigal carp Mud carp Nile carp Pigmouth carp Predatory carp Prussian carp Sabre carp Siamese giant carp Siamese mud carp Silver carp Smallscale mud carp Other carp species Sea carp Diseases Carp lice Koi herpes virus Spring viraemia of carp Recreational fishing Carp fishing Redmire pool Chod rig Hair rig Yateley Complex Boilie Eliburn Reservoir Carp anglers Richard Walker Chris Yates As food Fisherman's soup Gefilte fish Kuai Taramosalata Related topics Benson Total Carp Carp streamers The Adventures of Little Carp Daughterless Carp Project Aquaculture in China Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Koi pond Goldfish pond Taxon identifiersPelecus cultratus Wikidata: Q198568 Wikispecies: Pelecus cultratus ADW: Pelecus_cultratus BioLib: 15615 BOLD: 106094 CoL: 75YLX EUNIS: 10030 Fauna Europaea: 304494 Fauna Europaea (new): 28037cbf-6415-41ae-84ac-25500e5ffe1e FishBase: 283 GBIF: 2367038 iNaturalist: 109013 IRMNG: 10154027 ITIS: 639627 IUCN: 16494 NBN: NHMSYS0001692048 NCBI: 317925 OBIS: 282185 Open Tree of Life: 662258 WoRMS: 282185 Cyprinus cultratus Wikidata: Q106388226 CoL: 33HSQ EUNIS: 10492 GBIF: 2367039 IRMNG: 10517202 WoRMS: 307633 ZooBank: C2DDE117-B8F6-4B4E-A97A-3821A9118609	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Ziege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Ziege"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_17_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"cyprinid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Aral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_17_November_2021-1"}],"text":"\"Ziege\" redirects here. For the retired German football player, see Christian Ziege.Pelecus cultratus, commonly known as the ziege, sichel,[1] sabre carp or sabrefish, is a cyprinid fish species from Eastern Europe and adjacent Asian regions, the only one in its genus, inhabiting the lower reaches of rivers and brackish waters in the eastern Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Aral Sea basins. The ziege having no major threats, the IUCN lists it as being of Least Concern.[1]","title":"Pelecus cultratus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_herring"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lateral line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureGate-4"}],"text":"The ziege resembles a large Baltic herring in appearance. It grows to about 25 to 40 cm (10 to 16 in) in length. It has a keel on its belly which from the side looks curved while the back is almost straight. It has an upturned snout and the tip of the lower jaw also slopes steeply upwards.[3] The lateral line is wavy and very low down the flank. The pectoral fin is long and pointed. This is a pale, silvery fish with almost colourless fins.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_17_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureGate-4"}],"text":"The ziege can be found in waters of the Baltic states and Eastern Europe.[5] It can also be found in other European and Asian countries such as Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. It usually swims near the surface in estuaries and lakes, and some populations live permanently in rivers and streams.[1][4]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_17_November_2021-1"}],"text":"This fish feeds on zooplankton, swimming invertebrates such as crustaceans, small fish and floating insects. It breeds in May and June, travelling up-river to find suitable open water locations. It sometimes breeds in brackish water, for example in the Gulf of Finland. The eggs float, and in rivers, drift with the current. They hatch after about three to four days. After spawning, the migratory fish return to estuaries to feed.[1]","title":"Biology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). \"Pelecus cultratus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T16494A5942384. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T16494A5942384.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16494/5942384","url_text":"\"Pelecus cultratus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T16494A5942384.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T16494A5942384.en"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas Bailly (2008). \"Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus, 1758)\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strop	Razor strop	["1 Use","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	"Strop" redirects here. For the Australian comic character, see John Cornell. Device for straightening and polishing blades A straight razor with a hanging strop A razor strop or simply a strop (sometimes called a razor strap or strap) is a flexible strip of leather, canvas, denim fabric, balsa wood, or other soft material, used to straighten and polish the blade of a straight razor, a knife, or a woodworking tool such as a chisel. In many cases stropping re-aligns parts of the blade edge that have been bent out of alignment. In other cases, especially when abrasive polishing compound is used, stropping may remove a small amount of metal (functionally equivalent to lapping). Stropping can also burnish (i.e., push metal around on) the blade. The strop may be a hanging strop or a hand-held paddle. Various abrasive compounds may be applied to the strop to aid in polishing the blade while stropping to obtain a mirror-like finish. Common abrasive compounds include half-micron diamonds, green chromium(III) oxide, white rouge (aluminum oxide), and jeweller's rouge (iron(III) oxide). Use Stropping is traditionally associated with straight razors used for shaving, as these are the thinnest blades in everyday use, and therefore require frequent stropping. Kitchen knives may be straightened on a honing steel if less sharpness is acceptable. In principle, any blade may be polished by stropping. Custom strops are made to hone irregularly-shaped tools, such as chisels or gouges, and nearly any piece of smooth leather or heavy fabric infused with abrasive compound may be used for stropping. See also Knife sharpening Sharpening Sharpening stone References ^ "What Does Stropping Do". 2014-08-13. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. External links Scienceofsharp, effects of various blade sharpening and stropping techniques, mostly on straight razors, shown by electron microscope. Electron microscope analysis of various sharpening techniques by John D. Verhoeven vteCutting and abrasive tools Adze Axe Blade Bolt cutter Broach Burnisher Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Countersink Cutting tool Diagonal pliers Diamond blade Diamond tool Disc cutter Drawknife Drill bit Emery cloth File Froe Glass cutter Grater Grinding wheel Honing steel Knife Laser Lawn mower Machete Meat slicer Mezzaluna Milling cutter Nail clipper Nibbler Oxy-fuel cutting torch Pencil sharpener Pipecutter Pizza cutter Plasma cutter Plane Pocket knife Putty knife Rasp Razor Razor strop Reamer Sandpaper Saw Abrasive saw Bandsaw Chainsaw Circular saw Concrete saw Coping saw Fretsaw Hacksaw Hand saw Hole saw Miter saw Wire saw Scalpel Scissors Scraper Card Hand Paint Sharpening jig Sharpening stone Snips Steel wool Surform Switchblade Tool bit Utility knife Water jet cutter Wire brush Wire stripper Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Kitchen Machine and metalworking Masonry Measuring and alignment Mining Power Woodworking This tool article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cornell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Razor_and_strop.JPG"},{"link_name":"straight razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas"},{"link_name":"polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishing"},{"link_name":"straight razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"link_name":"knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife"},{"link_name":"chisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisel"},{"link_name":"lapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapping"},{"link_name":"burnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnishing_(metal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond"},{"link_name":"chromium(III) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide"},{"link_name":"aluminum oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_oxide"},{"link_name":"iron(III) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide"}],"text":"\"Strop\" redirects here. For the Australian comic character, see John Cornell.Device for straightening and polishing bladesA straight razor with a hanging stropA razor strop or simply a strop (sometimes called a razor strap or strap) is a flexible strip of leather, canvas, denim fabric, balsa wood, or other soft material, used to straighten and polish the blade of a straight razor, a knife, or a woodworking tool such as a chisel. In many cases stropping re-aligns parts of the blade edge that have been bent out of alignment. In other cases, especially when abrasive polishing compound is used, stropping may remove a small amount of metal (functionally equivalent to lapping). Stropping can also burnish (i.e., push metal around on) the blade.[1]The strop may be a hanging strop or a hand-held paddle. Various abrasive compounds may be applied to the strop to aid in polishing the blade while stropping to obtain a mirror-like finish. Common abrasive compounds include half-micron diamonds, green chromium(III) oxide, white rouge (aluminum oxide), and jeweller's rouge (iron(III) oxide).","title":"Razor strop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"straight razors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"link_name":"shaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving"},{"link_name":"honing steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honing_steel"},{"link_name":"chisels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisel"}],"text":"Stropping is traditionally associated with straight razors used for shaving, as these are the thinnest blades in everyday use, and therefore require frequent stropping. Kitchen knives may be straightened on a honing steel if less sharpness is acceptable. In principle, any blade may be polished by stropping. Custom strops are made to hone irregularly-shaped tools, such as chisels or gouges, and nearly any piece of smooth leather or heavy fabric infused with abrasive compound may be used for stropping.","title":"Use"}]	[{"image_text":"A straight razor with a hanging strop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Razor_and_strop.JPG/220px-Razor_and_strop.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Knife sharpening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_sharpening"},{"title":"Sharpening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpening"},{"title":"Sharpening stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpening_stone"}]	[{"reference":"\"What Does Stropping Do\". 2014-08-13. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://scienceofsharp.wordpress.com/2014/08/13/what-does-stropping-do/","url_text":"\"What Does Stropping Do\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013105248/https://scienceofsharp.wordpress.com/2014/08/13/what-does-stropping-do/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://scienceofsharp.wordpress.com/2014/08/13/what-does-stropping-do/","external_links_name":"\"What Does Stropping Do\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013105248/https://scienceofsharp.wordpress.com/2014/08/13/what-does-stropping-do/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://scienceofsharp.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Scienceofsharp"},{"Link":"https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_c/articles/verhoeven_sharpening.pdf","external_links_name":"Electron microscope analysis of various sharpening techniques"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razor_strop&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carter_(American_football)	Frank Carter (American football)	["1 Professional career","2 References","3 External links"]	American football player (born 1977) American football player Frank CarterPersonal informationBorn: (1977-10-17) October 17, 1977 (age 46)Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:260 lb (118 kg)Career informationCollege:MacMurray College (IL)Position:Fullback / LinebackerUndrafted:1999Career history Duluth-Superior Lumberjacks (1999) Quad City Steamwheelers (2000–2001) New Jersey/Las Vegas Gladiators (2001–2005) Nashville Kats (2005–2006) Utah Blaze (2006–2007) San Jose SaberCats (2007–2008) Career highlights and awards First Team All-Arena (2005) All-Ironman Team (2006) Career Arena statisticsTackles:133.5Sacks:21Rushing yards:475Rushing TDs:41Receiving TDs:3Player stats at ArenaFan.com Frank Carter (born October 17, 1977) is a former American football fullback/linebacker who played seven seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL) with the New Jersey/Las Vegas Gladiators, Nashville Kats, Utah Blaze and San Jose SaberCats. He played college football at MacMurray College. He was also a member of the Duluth-Superior Lumberjacks and Quad City Steamwheelers. Professional career Carter played for the Duluth-Superior Lumberjacks of the Indoor Football League in 1999. He played for the Quad City Steamwheelers of the af2 from 2000 to 2001. He signed with the AFL's New Jersey Gladiators on November 16, 2001. Carter played for the team from 2002 to 2005, earning First Team All-Arena in 2005. He was signed by the Nashville Kats of the AFL on October 4, 2005. He played for the team during the 2006 season, earning All-Ironman Team recognition. Carter was traded to the Utah Blaze on October 11, 2006, for the rights to Tim McGill and Thal Woods, and played for the Blaze during the 2007 season. He signed with the San Jose SaberCats of the AFL on October 30, 2007, and played for the team during the 2008 season. References ^ a b "Football". mac.edu. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Historical Team Transactions". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015. ^ a b c d "Frank Carter - Career Stats". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015. ^ a b "Frank Carter - Awards". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015. ^ a b c "Historical Team Transactions". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015. ^ Drew, Jay (October 11, 2006). "Blaze swing trade to bolster defense". www.sltrib.com. The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015. External links Just Sports Stats	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League"},{"link_name":"New Jersey/Las Vegas Gladiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Gladiators"},{"link_name":"Nashville Kats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Kats"},{"link_name":"Utah Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Blaze"},{"link_name":"San Jose SaberCats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_SaberCats"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"MacMurray College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacMurray_College"},{"link_name":"Duluth-Superior Lumberjacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth-Superior_Lumberjacks"},{"link_name":"Quad City Steamwheelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Steamwheelers"}],"text":"American football playerFrank Carter (born October 17, 1977) is a former American football fullback/linebacker who played seven seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL) with the New Jersey/Las Vegas Gladiators, Nashville Kats, Utah Blaze and San Jose SaberCats. He played college football at MacMurray College. He was also a member of the Duluth-Superior Lumberjacks and Quad City Steamwheelers.","title":"Frank Carter (American football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duluth-Superior Lumberjacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth-Superior_Lumberjacks"},{"link_name":"Indoor Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_Football_League_(1999%E2%80%932000)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H-1"},{"link_name":"Quad City Steamwheelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Steamwheelers"},{"link_name":"af2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H-1"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Gladiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Gladiators"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"All-Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Arena"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-4"},{"link_name":"Nashville Kats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Kats"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-5"},{"link_name":"2006 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Arena_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-4"},{"link_name":"Utah Blaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Blaze"},{"link_name":"Tim McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McGill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2007 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Arena_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-5"},{"link_name":"San Jose SaberCats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_SaberCats"},{"link_name":"2008 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Arena_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-5"}],"text":"Carter played for the Duluth-Superior Lumberjacks of the Indoor Football League in 1999.[1] He played for the Quad City Steamwheelers of the af2 from 2000 to 2001.[1] He signed with the AFL's New Jersey Gladiators on November 16, 2001.[2] Carter played for the team from 2002 to 2005, earning First Team All-Arena in 2005.[3][4] He was signed by the Nashville Kats of the AFL on October 4, 2005.[5] He played for the team during the 2006 season, earning All-Ironman Team recognition.[3][4] Carter was traded to the Utah Blaze on October 11, 2006, for the rights to Tim McGill and Thal Woods,[6] and played for the Blaze during the 2007 season.[3][5] He signed with the San Jose SaberCats of the AFL on October 30, 2007, and played for the team during the 2008 season.[3][5]","title":"Professional career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Football\". mac.edu. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205951/https://www.mac.edu/athletics/football/history/professionals.asp","url_text":"\"Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Team Transactions\". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arenafan.com/teams/?page=transactions&type=old&team=102","url_text":"\"Historical Team Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Carter - Career Stats\". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arenafan.com/players/?page=players&player=3021&pageview=career","url_text":"\"Frank Carter - Career Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Carter - Awards\". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arenafan.com/players/?page=players&player=3021&pageview=bio","url_text":"\"Frank Carter - Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Team Transactions\". arenafan.com. Retrieved June 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arenafan.com/teams/?page=transactions&type=old&team=111","url_text":"\"Historical Team Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"Drew, Jay (October 11, 2006). \"Blaze swing trade to bolster defense\". www.sltrib.com. The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150827193526/http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4474095&itype=NGPSID","url_text":"\"Blaze swing trade to bolster defense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"The Salt Lake Tribune"},{"url":"http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4474095&itype=NGPSID","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/players/Frank_Carter-3021/","external_links_name":"ArenaFan.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205951/https://www.mac.edu/athletics/football/history/professionals.asp","external_links_name":"\"Football\""},{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/teams/?page=transactions&type=old&team=102","external_links_name":"\"Historical Team Transactions\""},{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/players/?page=players&player=3021&pageview=career","external_links_name":"\"Frank Carter - Career Stats\""},{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/players/?page=players&player=3021&pageview=bio","external_links_name":"\"Frank Carter - Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/teams/?page=transactions&type=old&team=111","external_links_name":"\"Historical Team Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150827193526/http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4474095&itype=NGPSID","external_links_name":"\"Blaze swing trade to bolster defense\""},{"Link":"http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4474095&itype=NGPSID","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=cartefra001","external_links_name":"Just Sports Stats"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent%27s_Revenge	Rodent's Revenge	["1 Gameplay","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	1991 computer puzzle game This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This first party relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this first party by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Rodent's Revenge" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rodent's Revenge" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1991 video gameRodent's RevengeLevel 12Publisher(s)MicrosoftDesigner(s)Christopher Lee FraleyPlatform(s)WindowsRelease1991Genre(s)PuzzleMode(s)Single-player Rodent's Revenge is a puzzle video game created by Christopher Lee Fraley and distributed as part of Microsoft Entertainment Pack 2 in 1991. The player takes on the role of a mouse, with the objective being to trap cats by pushing blocks around, while avoiding obstacles. The game was re-released on App Store for iOS on January 9, 2013, along with the Skifree, which was first included in Microsoft Entertainment Pack 3 . Gameplay To win a level, the mouse must stay alive and trap all the cats using the movable blocks. Doing so changes the cats into cheese, which the mouse can eat for extra points. The player is given three lives before the game is over. The 50 levels get increasingly harder, but the player is allowed to start playing at any level. The difficulty of each level is determined by several factors. Sink holes trap the mouse for a few seconds. Mouse traps kill the mouse if it accidentally walks into one. Flying balls of yarn kill the mouse on contact. The number of movable blocks determine how difficult it is to trap the cats, while the unmovable blocks make it hard to move blocks around and hinder navigation. During each level, a clock ticks away until it reaches a certain point, which is represented by a blue line. When this happens, more cats are spawned into the level, making it more difficult, but also increasing the potential reward. After the new cats have spawned, the blue line moves further around the clock and it resumes ticking. Points are awarded for completing a level and for eating pieces of cheese. Players are awarded extra points based on how quickly they complete the level and the difficulty involved. The best scores are displayed on the high score table, which shows the best games overall and from the past 24 hours. See also Beast Bomberman References ^ About window of Rodent's Revenge, Christoper Lee Fraley, 1991 ^ a b Simon, Barry (April 14, 1992). "Windows: It's a Fun Place to Mouse Around". PC Mag. 11 (7): 477–478. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ Aziz, Hamza (January 9, 2013). "SkiFree and Rodent's Revenge out now for iOS devices!". Destructoid. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ a b c d Rodent's Revenge help system, Christopher Lee Fraley, 1991 External links Rodent's Revenge at Microsoft's Public FTP server (Requires a number of Visual Basic DLLs to run on modern platforms) Microsoft Entertainment Pack 2 at MobyGames	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puzzle video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Entertainment Pack 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Entertainment_Pack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_window-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCMag_19920414-2"},{"link_name":"App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS/iPadOS)"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Skifree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skifree"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCMag_19920414-2"}],"text":"1991 video gameRodent's Revenge is a puzzle video game created by Christopher Lee Fraley and distributed as part of Microsoft Entertainment Pack 2 in 1991.[1] The player takes on the role of a mouse, with the objective being to trap cats by pushing blocks around, while avoiding obstacles.[2]The game was re-released on App Store for iOS on January 9, 2013, along with the Skifree,[3] which was first included in Microsoft Entertainment Pack 3 .[2]","title":"Rodent's Revenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-help_system-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-help_system-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-help_system-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-help_system-4"}],"text":"To win a level, the mouse must stay alive and trap all the cats using the movable blocks. Doing so changes the cats into cheese, which the mouse can eat for extra points. The player is given three lives before the game is over.The 50 levels get increasingly harder, but the player is allowed to start playing at any level. The difficulty of each level is determined by several factors. Sink holes trap the mouse for a few seconds.[4] Mouse traps kill the mouse if it accidentally walks into one.[4] Flying balls of yarn kill the mouse on contact.[4] The number of movable blocks determine how difficult it is to trap the cats, while the unmovable blocks make it hard to move blocks around and hinder navigation.During each level, a clock ticks away until it reaches a certain point, which is represented by a blue line. When this happens, more cats are spawned into the level, making it more difficult, but also increasing the potential reward. After the new cats have spawned, the blue line moves further around the clock and it resumes ticking.Points are awarded for completing a level and for eating pieces of cheese. Players are awarded extra points based on how quickly they complete the level and the difficulty involved.[4] The best scores are displayed on the high score table, which shows the best games overall and from the past 24 hours.","title":"Gameplay"}]	[]	[{"title":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(video_game)"},{"title":"Bomberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman"}]	[{"reference":"Simon, Barry (April 14, 1992). \"Windows: It's a Fun Place to Mouse Around\". PC Mag. 11 (7): 477–478. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AoKUhNoOys4C&dq=Windows+Entertainment+Pack&pg=PP508","url_text":"\"Windows: It's a Fun Place to Mouse Around\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Mag","url_text":"PC Mag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8507","url_text":"0888-8507"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220623184151/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoKUhNoOys4C&pg=PP508&dq=Windows+Entertainment+Pack&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN6un1xbP4AhVlAzQIHcQDBgEQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=Windows%20Entertainment%20Pack&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aziz, Hamza (January 9, 2013). \"SkiFree and Rodent's Revenge out now for iOS devices!\". Destructoid. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/skifree-and-rodents-revenge-out-now-for-ios-devices/","url_text":"\"SkiFree and Rodent's Revenge out now for iOS devices!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22","external_links_name":"\"Rodent's Revenge\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22","external_links_name":"\"Rodent's Revenge\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rodent%27s+Revenge%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AoKUhNoOys4C&dq=Windows+Entertainment+Pack&pg=PP508","external_links_name":"\"Windows: It's a Fun Place to Mouse Around\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8507","external_links_name":"0888-8507"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220623184151/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoKUhNoOys4C&pg=PP508&dq=Windows+Entertainment+Pack&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN6un1xbP4AhVlAzQIHcQDBgEQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=Windows%20Entertainment%20Pack&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destructoid.com/skifree-and-rodents-revenge-out-now-for-ios-devices/","external_links_name":"\"SkiFree and Rodent's Revenge out now for iOS devices!\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/deskapps/games/public/AAS/RODNTARC.EXE","external_links_name":"Rodent's Revenge"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/microsoft-entertainment-pack-2","external_links_name":"Microsoft Entertainment Pack 2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._L._Bliss_State_Park	D. L. Bliss State Park	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 38°58′53″N 120°6′2″W / 38.98139°N 120.10056°W / 38.98139; -120.10056State park in California, United States D. L. Bliss State ParkShow map of CaliforniaShow map of the United StatesLocationEl Dorado County, California, United StatesNearest cityTahoma, CaliforniaCoordinates38°58′53″N 120°6′2″W / 38.98139°N 120.10056°W / 38.98139; -120.10056Area2,149 acres (8.70 km2)Established1929Governing bodyCalifornia Department of Parks and Recreation D. L. Bliss State Park is a state park of California in the United States. It is located on the western shore of Lake Tahoe just north of Emerald Bay State Park. Notable features include Rubicon Point Light, the highest-elevation lighthouse in the United States. A popular trail in the lakeside forest features a large balancing rock. The park is named in honor of timber and railroad magnate Duane Leroy Bliss, whose heirs donated 744 acres (301 ha) of land to the state in 1929. It has since grown to 2,149 acres (870 ha). See also List of California state parks References ^ "D. L. Bliss State Park". California State Parks. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011. ^ "California State Park System Statistical Report: Fiscal Year 2009/10" (PDF). California State Parks. p. 32. Retrieved October 29, 2011. vteProtected areas of CaliforniaNational Park SystemParks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite PreservesMojaveMonuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains César E. Chávez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods Tule Lake Seashores Point Reyes Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity California State ParksParks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Año Nuevo Anza-Borrego Desert Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland Bidwell–Sacramento River Big Basin Redwoods Border Field Bothe-Napa Valley Burton Creek Butano Calaveras Big Trees Castle Crags Castle Rock Caswell Memorial China Camp Chino Hills Clear Lake Coast Dairies Crystal Cove Cuyamaca Rancho D. L. Bliss Del Norte Coast Redwoods Donner Memorial Dos Rios Ranch Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay The Forest of Nisene Marks Fort Ord Dunes Fremont Peak Garrapata Gaviota Great Valley Grasslands Grizzly Creek Redwoods Grover Hot Springs Hearst San Simeon Hendy Woods Henry Cowell Redwoods Henry W. Coe Humboldt Lagoons Humboldt Redwoods Jedediah Smith Redwoods Julia Pfeiffer Burns Leo Carrillo Limekiln MacKerricher Malibu Creek Manchester McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial McLaughlin Eastshore Mendocino Headlands Mendocino Woodlands Montaña de Oro Morro Bay Mount Diablo Mount San Jacinto Mount Tamalpais Navarro River Redwoods Pacheco Palomar Mountain Pfeiffer Big Sur Placerita Canyon Plumas-Eureka Point Mugu Portola Redwoods Prairie Creek Redwoods Red Rock Canyon Richardson Grove Rio de Los Angeles Robert Louis Stevenson Russian Gulch Saddleback Butte Salt Point Samuel P. Taylor San Bruno Mountain Sinkyone Wilderness South Yuba River Sue-meg Sugarloaf Ridge Sutter Buttes Tolowa Dunes Tomales Bay Topanga Trione-Annadel Van Damme Washoe Meadows Wilder Ranch Natural Reserves Antelope Valley California Poppy Armstrong Redwoods Azalea Caspar Headlands John B. Dewitt John Little Jug Handle Kruse Rhododendron Los Osos Oaks Mailliard Redwoods Mono Lake Tufa Montgomery Woods Point Lobos Smithe Redwoods Torrey Pines Tule Elk Marine Reserves Albany Anacapa Island SMR Asilomar Begg Rock Big Creek Bodega Head Cabrillo Carmel Pinnacles Carrington Point Del Mar Landing Elkhorn Slough Emeryville Crescent Estero de Limantour and Drakes Estero Fitzgerald Gerstle Cove Gull Island Harris Point Judith Rock Laguna Beach Long Point Lovers Point Montara and Pillar Point Moro Cojo Slough Morro Bay Natural Bridges Piedras Blancas Point Arena Point Buchon Point Cabrillo Point Dume Point Lobos Point Reyes Point Sur Richardson Rock Russian River Santa Barbara Island Scorpion Sea Lion Gulch Skunk Point South Cape Mendocino Stewarts Point Vandenberg Historic Parks Anderson Marsh Antelope Valley Indian Museum Bale Grist Mill Benicia Capitol Bidwell Mansion Bodie California Citrus California State Indian Museum Chumash Painted Cave Colonel Allensworth Columbia El Presidio de Santa Barbara Empire Mine Folsom Powerhouse Fort Humboldt Fort Ross Fort Tejon Governor's Mansion Hearst Castle Indian Grinding Rock Jack London La Purísima Mission Leland Stanford Mansion Los Angeles Los Encinos Malakoff Diggins Marconi Conference Center Marsh Creek Marshall Gold Discovery Monterey Old Sacramento Old Town San Diego Olompali Pigeon Point Light Station Pío Pico Point Sur Railtown 1897 Rancho Petaluma Adobe San Juan Bautista San Pasqual Battlefield Santa Cruz Mission Santa Susana Pass Shasta Sonoma Sutter's Fort Tomo-Kahni Wassama Round House Watts Towers Weaverville Joss House Will Rogers William B. Ide Adobe Woodland Opera House Beaches Asilomar Bean Hollow Bolsa Chica Cardiff Carlsbad Carmel River Carpinteria Caspar Headlands Cayucos Corona del Mar Crown Memorial Dockweiler Doheny El Capitán Emma Wood Gray Whale Cove Greenwood Half Moon Bay Huntington Leucadia Lighthouse Field Little River Malibu Lagoon Mandalay Manresa Marina McGrath Montara Monterey Moonlight Morro Strand Moss Landing Natural Bridges New Brighton Pacifica Pelican Pescadero Pismo Point Dume Point Sal Pomponio Refugio Robert H. Meyer Memorial Salinas River San Buenaventura San Clemente San Elijo San Gregorio San Onofre Santa Monica Schooner Gulch Seacliff Silver Strand Sonoma Coast South Carlsbad Sunset Thornton Torrey Pines Trinidad Twin Lakes Westport-Union Landing Will Rogers William Randolph Hearst Memorial Zmudowski Recreation Areas Admiral William Standley Auburn Austin Creek Benbow Benicia Bethany Reservoir Brannan Island Candlestick Point Castaic Lake Colusa-Sacramento River Folsom Lake Franks Tract George J. Hatfield Harry A. Merlo Kenneth Hahn Kings Beach Lake Del Valle Lake Oroville Lake Perris Lake Valley Martial Cottle McConnell Millerton Lake Picacho Providence Mountains Salton Sea San Luis Reservoir Silverwood Lake Standish-Hickey Tahoe Turlock Lake Woodson Bridge VehicularRecreation Areas Carnegie Clay Pit Heber Dunes Hollister Hills Hungry Valley Oceano Dunes Ocotillo Wells Prairie City Other Burleigh H. Murray Ranch California State Capitol Museum California State Mining and Mineral Museum California State Railroad Museum Castro Adobe Delta Meadows Estero Bay Hatton Canyon Indio Hills Palms Point Cabrillo Light Ishxenta State Park Point Montara Light Reynolds Wayside Campground San Timoteo Canyon Stone Lake Verdugo Mountains Ward Creek Wildwood Canyon National Forests and GrasslandsNational Forestsand Grasslands Angeles Butte Valley NG Cleveland Eldorado Humboldt–Toiyabe Inyo Klamath Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Los Padres Mendocino Modoc Plumas Rogue River–Siskiyou San Bernardino Sequoia Shasta–Trinity Sierra Six Rivers Stanislaus Tahoe National WildernessPreservation System Agua Tibia Ansel Adams Bucks Lake Caribou Carson–Iceberg Castle Crags Cucamonga Desolation Dick Smith Dinkey Lakes Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Inyo Mountains Ishi Jennie Lakes John Muir Kaiser Marble Mountain Mokelumne Mount Shasta Wilderness North Fork Pine Creek San Gabriel San Jacinto San Rafael Sanhedrin Sespe Siskiyou Snow Mountain South Fork Eel River South Sierra South Warner Thousand Lakes Trinity Alps Ventana Yolla Bolly–Middle Eel Yuki National Monumentsand Recreation Areas Giant Sequoia National Monument San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Sand to Snow National Monument Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Smith River National Recreation Area Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area State Forests Boggs Mountain Demonstration Ellen Pickett Jackson Demonstration Las Posadas LaTour Demonstration Mount Zion Demonstration Mountain Home Demonstration Soquel Demonstration National Wildlife Refuges Antioch Dunes Bitter Creek Blue Ridge Butte Sink Castle Rock Clear Lake Coachella Valley Colusa Delevan Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Ellicott Slough Farallon Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Hopper Mountain Humboldt Bay Imperial Kern Lower Klamath Marin Islands Merced Modoc Pixley Sacramento Sacramento River Salinas River San Diego Bay San Diego San Joaquin River San Luis San Pablo Bay Seal Beach Sonny Bono Salton Sea Stone Lakes Sutter Tijuana Slough Tule Lake State Wildlife AreasWildlifeAreas Antelope Valley Ash Creek Bass Hill Battle Creek Big Lagoon Big Sandy Biscar Butte Valley Buttermilk Country Cache Creek Camp Cady Cantara/Ney Springs Cedar Roughs Cinder Flats Collins Eddy Colusa Bypass Coon Hollow Cottonwood Creek Crescent City Marsh Crocker Meadows Daugherty Hill Decker Island Doyle Dutch Flat Eastlker River Eel River Elk Creek Wetlands Elk River Fay Slough Feather River Fitzhugh Creek Fremont Weir Grass Lake Gray Lodge Green Creek Grizzly Island Hallelujah Junction Heenan Lake Hill Slough Hollenbeck Canyon Honey Lake Hope Valley Horseshoe Ranch Imperial Indian Valley Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Kinsman Flat Knoxville Laguna Lake Berryessa Lake Earl Lake Sonoma Little Panoche Reservoir Los Banos Lower Sherman Island Mad River Slough Marble Mountains Mendota Merrill's Landing Miner Slough Monache Meadows Morro Bay Moss Landing Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Napa-Sonoma Marshes North Grasslands O'Neill Forebay Oroville Petaluma Marsh Pickel Meadow Pine Creek Point Edith Putah Creek Rector Reservoir Red Lake Rhode Island Sacramento River San Felipe Valley San Jacinto San Luis Obispo San Luis Reservoir San Pablo Bay Santa Rosa Shasta Valley Silver Creek Slinkard/Little Antelope Smithneck Creek South Fork Spenceville Surprise Valley Sutter Bypass Tehama Truckee River Upper Butte Basin Volta Warner Valley Waukell Creek West Hilmar Westlker River White Slough Willow Creek Yolo Bypass EcologicalReserves Albany Mudflats Alkali Sink Allensworth Atascadero Creek Marsh Bair Island Baldwin Lake Batiquitos Lagoon Blue Sky Boden Canyon Boggs Lake Bolsa Chica Bonny Doon Buena Vista Lagoon Butler Slough Butte Creek Canyon Butte Creek House Buttonwillow By Day Creek Calhoun Cut Canebrake Carlsbad Highlands Carmel Bay Carrizo Canyon Carrizo Plains China Point Clover Creek Coachella Valley Coal Canyon Corte Madera Marsh Crestridge Dairy Mart Ponds Dales Lake Del Mar Landing Eden Landing Elkhorn Slough Estelle Mountain Fall River Mills Fish Slough Fremont Valley Goleta Slough Indian Joe Spring Kaweah Kerman King Clone Laguna Laurel Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Lokern Magnesia Spring Marin Islands Mattole River McGinty Mountain Morro Dunes Morro Rock Napa River North Table Mountain Oasis Spring Panoche Hills Peytonia Slough Phoenix Vernal Pools Pine Hill Piute Creek Pleasant Valley Rancho Jamul Redwood Shores River Springs Lakes Saline Valley San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon San Felipe Creek San Joaquin River Santa Rosa Plateau Springville Stone Corral Sycamore Canyon Sycuan Peak Thomes Creek Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Watsonville Slough West Mojave Desert Woodbridge Yaudanchi MarineProtectedAreas Abalone Cove and Point Vicente Anacapa Island SMCA Año Nuevo Arrow Point to Lion Head Point Batiquitos Lagoon Big Creek Bodega Head Bolsa Chica Cambria Campus Point Carmel Bay Cat Harbor Crystal Cove Dana Point Duxbury Reef Edward F. Ricketts Elkhorn Slough Estero Americano Estero de Limantour and Drakes Estero Estero de San Antonio Fagan Marsh Famosa Slough Farnsworth Onshore and Offshore Goleta Slough Greyhound Rock Lovers Cove and Casino Point MacKerricher Marin Islands Morro Bay Naples Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Painted Cave Piedras Blancas Point Arena Point Buchon Point Dume Point Reyes Point Sur Portuguese Ledge Pyramid Point Robert E. Badham Robert W. Crown Russian Gulch Russian River Salt Point San Diego-Scripps San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon Saunders Reef Sea Lion Cove Sonoma Coast Soquel Canyon South La Jolla South Point Southeast Farallon Island Stewarts Point Swami's Tijuana River Mouth Upper Newport Bay Van Damme Vandenberg White Rock (Cambria) Bureau of Land Management National Conservation LandsNational Monuments Berryessa Snow Mountain California Coastal Carrizo Plain Cascade–Siskiyou Fort Ord Mojave Trails Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains NationalConservation Areas California Desert King Range Wilderness Areas Argus Range Big Maria Mountains Bigelow Cholla Garden Bighorn Mountain Black Mountain Bright Star Bristol Mountains Cadiz Dunes Carrizo Gorge Chemehuevi Mountains Chimney Peak Chuckwalla Mountains Chumash Cleghorn Lakes Clipper Mountain Coso Range Coyote Mountains Darwin Falls Dead Mountains Dick Smith El Paso Mountains Fish Creek Mountains Funeral Mountains Garcia Golden Valley Grass Valley Headwaters Forest Reserve Hollow Hills Ibex Indian Pass Inyo Mountains Jacumba Kelso Dunes Kiavah Kingston Range Little Chuckwalla Mountains Little Picacho Machesna Mountain Malpais Mesa Manly Peak Matilija Mecca Hills Mesquite Newberry Mountains Nopah Range North Algodones Dunes North Mesquite Mountains Old Woman Mountains Orocopia Mountains Otay Mountain Owens Peak Pahrump Valley Palen/McCoy Palo Verde Mountains Picacho Peak Piper Mountain Piute Mountains Red Buttes Resting Spring Range Rice Valley Riverside Mountains Rodman Mountains Sacatar Trail Saddle Peak Hills San Gorgonio Santa Lucia Santa Rosa Sawtooth Mountains Sespe Sheephole Valley South Nopah Range Stateline Stepladder Mountains Surprise Canyon Sylvania Mountains Trilobite Turtle Mountains Whipple Mountains National Marine Sanctuaries Channel Islands Cordell Bank Greater Farallones Monterey Bay National Estuarine Research Reserves Elkhorn Slough San Francisco Bay Tijuana River University of California Natural Reserve System Angelo Coast Range Año Nuevo Island Blue Oak Ranch Bodega Marine Box Springs Burns Piñon Ridge Carpinteria Salt Marsh Chickering American River Coal Oil Point Dawson Los Monos Canyon Eagle Lake Field Station Elliott Chaparral Emerson Oaks Fort Ord Hans Jenny Pygmy Forest Hastings James San Jacinto Mountains Jepson Prairie Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Landels-Hill Big Creek Lassen Field Station McLaughlin Merced Vernal Pools and Grassland Motte Rimrock Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Point Reyes Field Station Quail Ridge Rancho Marino Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Valentine Eastern Sierra White Mountain Younger Lagoon Private Conservation Land Trusts Agua Hedionda Lagoon Arastradero Preserve Arroyo Conejo Open Space Audubon Canyon Ranch Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area Bluff Lake Big Sur Land Trust California Rangeland Trust Catalina Island Conservancy Claremont Canyon Conservancy Cosumnes River Preserve Fairfield Osborn Preserve Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County Pacific Forest Trust Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy Peninsula Open Space Trust Pepperwood Preserve Sanctuary Forest Santa Cruz Island Santa Lucia Preserve Sempervirens Fund Sierra Nevada Alliance Sogorea Te Land Trust The Nature Conservancy Trust for Public Land The Wildlands Conservancy Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks vteSierra NevadaMountainsPeaks >14,000 ft Whitney Williamson North Palisade Sill Russell Split Langley Tyndall Muir Middle Palisade Northern peaks Lola Castle Granite Chief Rose Tallac Pyramid Freel Central peaks Red Lake Round Top Mokelumne Sonora Leavitt Dana Lyell Banner Ritter Mammoth Southern peaks Humphreys Tom Bear Creek Spire Darwin Agassiz Kaweah Brewer Olancha Kern Double Climbing Peak list First ascents Passes Fredonyer Beckwourth Yuba Donner Mt. Rose Spooner Echo Carson Monitor Ebbetts Sonora Tioga Minaret Kaweah Sherman Tehachapi Rivers Feather Yuba Bear American Mokelumne Cosumnes Calaveras Stanislaus Tuolumne Merced Chowchilla Fresno San Joaquin Kings Kaweah Tule Kern Truckee Carson Walker Owens Lakes Tahoe Aloha Echo Fallen Leaf Spooner Mono Almanor Oroville Isabella Donner Independence Shaver Huntington Florence Edison Wishon Courtright Tenaya Mammoth Bass Crowley Convict Hell for Sure Protected areasNational parksand monuments Kings Canyon Sequoia Yosemite Devils Postpile Giant Sequoia National forests Eldorado Humboldt–Toiyabe Inyo Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Plumas Sequoia Sierra Stanislaus Tahoe Wilderness areas Ansel Adams Bright Star Bucks Lake Carson–Iceberg Chimney Peak Dinkey Lakes Domeland Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Ishi Jennie Lakes John Krebs John Muir Kaiser Kiavah Mokelumne Monarch Mount Rose Owens Peak Owens River Headwaters Sacatar Trail Sequoia-Kings Canyon Yosemite State parks Burton Creek Calaveras Big Trees D. L. Bliss Donner Memorial Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay Grover Hot Springs Lake Tahoe Nevada Plumas-Eureka South Yuba River Van Sickle Communities Angels Camp Auburn Bridgeport Chester Colfax Grass Valley Incline Village Jackson Kernville Loyalton Mammoth Lakes Mariposa Markleeville Nevada City Oakhurst Paradise Placerville Portola Quincy San Andreas Sonora South Lake Tahoe Susanville Sutter Creek Tahoe City Tehachapi Truckee Ski areas Alpine Meadows Badger Pass Bear Valley Boreal China Peak Dodge Ridge Donner Ski Ranch Heavenly Homewood June Mountain Kirkwood Mammoth Mountain Northstar Sierra at Tahoe Palisades Tahoe Sugar Bowl Tahoe Donner Trails High Sierra Trail John Muir Trail Pacific Crest Trail Sierra High Route	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Emerald Bay State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Bay_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Rubicon Point Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon_Point_Light"},{"link_name":"balancing rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_rock"},{"link_name":"Duane Leroy Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Leroy_Bliss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"State park in California, United StatesD. L. Bliss State Park is a state park of California in the United States. It is located on the western shore of Lake Tahoe just north of Emerald Bay State Park.Notable features include Rubicon Point Light, the highest-elevation lighthouse in the United States. A popular trail in the lakeside forest features a large balancing rock.The park is named in honor of timber and railroad magnate Duane Leroy Bliss, whose heirs donated 744 acres (301 ha) of land to the state in 1929.[1] It has since grown to 2,149 acres (870 ha).[2]","title":"D. L. Bliss State Park"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of California state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_state_parks"}]	[{"reference":"\"D. L. Bliss State Park\". California State Parks. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111214222057/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=505","url_text":"\"D. L. 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Retrieved October 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/09-10%20statistical%20report%20final%20online.pdf","url_text":"\"California State Park System Statistical Report: Fiscal Year 2009/10\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D._L._Bliss_State_Park&params=38_58_53_N_120_6_2_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark_dim:3km","external_links_name":"38°58′53″N 120°6′2″W / 38.98139°N 120.10056°W / 38.98139; -120.10056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D._L._Bliss_State_Park&params=38_58_53_N_120_6_2_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark_dim:3km","external_links_name":"38°58′53″N 120°6′2″W / 38.98139°N 120.10056°W / 38.98139; -120.10056"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111214222057/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=505","external_links_name":"\"D. L. Bliss State Park\""},{"Link":"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=505","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/09-10%20statistical%20report%20final%20online.pdf","external_links_name":"\"California State Park System Statistical Report: Fiscal Year 2009/10\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_doubles	Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles	["1 Medalists","2 Seeds","3 Main draw","3.1 Key","4 Draw","4.1 Finals","4.2 Top half","4.3 Bottom half","5 References"]	Men's doublesTennis at the 2010 Commonwealth GamesEvents Singles men women Doubles men women mixed Commonwealth Games 2010 tennis event results Main article: Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games This was the first ever Commonwealth tournament held, Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes of India were the top seed. But they lost in the semifinals to the champions Paul Hanley and Peter Luczak, and had to settle for the bronze medal. Hanley and Luczak defeated Ross Hutchins and Ken Skupski of England 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 to win the gold medal. Medalists Gold Paul Hanley / Peter Luczak Australia Silver Ross Hutchins / Ken Skupski England Bronze Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes India Seeds Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes (IND) (semifinals, bronze medalists) Rohan Bopanna / Somdev Devvarman (IND) (semifinals, fourth place) Ross Hutchins / Ken Skupski (ENG) (final, silver medalists) Paul Hanley / Peter Luczak (AUS) (champions, gold medalists) Main draw Key Q = Qualifier WC = Wild card LL = Lucky loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special exempt PR = Protected ranking ITF = ITF entry JE = Junior exempt w/o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted SR = Special ranking Draw Finals Semifinals Gold Medal Match 1 Mahesh Bhupathi (IND) Leander Paes (IND) 2 2 4 Paul Hanley (AUS) Peter Luczak (AUS) 6 6 4 Paul Hanley (AUS) Peter Luczak (AUS) 6 3 6 3 Ross Hutchins (ENG) Ken Skupski (ENG) 4 6 3 3 Ross Hutchins (ENG) Ken Skupski (ENG) 3 6 6 2 Rohan Bopanna (IND) Somdev Devvarman (IND) 6 3 4 Bronze Medal Match 1 Mahesh Bhupathi (IND) Leander Paes (IND) 6 77 2 Rohan Bopanna (IND) Somdev Devvarman (IND) 3 64 Top half First round Quarterfinals Semifinals 1 M Bhupathi (IND) L Paes (IND) 6 6 T Dineshkanthan (SRI) R Jayawickreme (SRI) 3 3 1 M Bhupathi (IND) L Paes (IND) 6 64 77 J Ward (ENG) J Goodall (ENG) 2 77 64 J Ward (ENG) J Goodall (ENG) 6 6 F Mwangi (KEN) Denis Okoth (KEN) 2 2 1 M Bhupathi (IND) L Paes (IND) 2 2 4 P Hanley (AUS) P Luczak (AUS) 6 6 4 P Hanley (AUS) P Luczak (AUS) 77 6 A Khan (PAK) A-u-H Qureshi (PAK) 65 4 4 P Hanley (AUS) P Luczak (AUS) 6 6 Christopher Lewis (WAL) J Milton (WAL) 4 0 D Mullings (BAH) M Rolle (BAH) 4 2 Christopher Lewis (WAL) J Milton (WAL) 6 6 Bottom half First round Quarterfinals Semifinals Gavin Manders (BER) David Thomas (BER) 2 3 H Lewis (BAR) D King (BAR) 6 6 H Lewis (BAR) D King (BAR) 3 5 3 R Hutchins (ENG) K Skupski (ENG) 6 7 H Godamanna (SRI) R Rajapakse (SRI) 2 1 3 R Hutchins (ENG) K Skupski (ENG) 6 6 3 R Hutchins (ENG) K Skupski (ENG) 3 6 6 2 R Bopanna (IND) S Devvarman (IND) 6 3 4 M Ebden (AUS) G Jones (AUS) 6 6 Robert Buyinza (UGA) D Mugabe (UGA) 1 1 M Ebden (AUS) G Jones (AUS) 65 4 2 R Bopanna (IND) S Devvarman (IND) 77 6 C Fleming (SCO) J Murray (SCO) 3 1 2 R Bopanna (IND) S Devvarman (IND) 6 6 References "Men's doubles draw" (PDF). vte2010 in tennisGrand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP World Tour Finals, London ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men's Circuit Women Sony Ericsson WTA Tour WTA Tournament of Champions, Bali Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Championships, Doha ITF Women's Circuit Team events Davis Cup (World Group) Fed Cup (World Group) Hopman Cup World Team Cup Other events Asian Games Central American and Caribbean Games Commonwealth Games South American Games Youth Olympics vteSports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games (Delhi) Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton Boxing Cycling Diving Gymnastics Hockey Lawn bowls Netball Rugby sevens Shooting Squash Synchronised swimming Table tennis Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahesh Bhupathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi"},{"link_name":"Leander Paes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Paes"},{"link_name":"Paul Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hanley_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Peter Luczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Luczak"},{"link_name":"Ross Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"Ken Skupski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Skupski"}],"text":"2010 tennis event resultsThis was the first ever Commonwealth tournament held, Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes of India were the top seed. But they lost in the semifinals to the champions Paul Hanley and Peter Luczak, and had to settle for the bronze medal. Hanley and Luczak defeated Ross Hutchins and Ken Skupski of England 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 to win the gold medal.","title":"Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahesh Bhupathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi"},{"link_name":"Leander Paes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Paes"},{"link_name":"IND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Rohan Bopanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_Bopanna"},{"link_name":"Somdev Devvarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somdev_Devvarman"},{"link_name":"IND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Ross Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"Ken Skupski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Skupski"},{"link_name":"ENG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Paul Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hanley_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Peter Luczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Luczak"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games"}],"text":"Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes (IND) (semifinals, bronze medalists)\n Rohan Bopanna / Somdev Devvarman (IND) (semifinals, fourth place)\n Ross Hutchins / Ken Skupski (ENG) (final, silver medalists)\n Paul Hanley / Peter Luczak (AUS) (champions, gold medalists)","title":"Seeds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Qualifier"},{"link_name":"Wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Wild_Card"},{"link_name":"Lucky loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Lucky_Loser"},{"link_name":"Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Alternate"},{"link_name":"Special exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Special_Exempt"},{"link_name":"Protected ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Protected_Ranking"},{"link_name":"ITF entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#ITF"},{"link_name":"Junior exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Junior_exempt"},{"link_name":"Walkover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Walkover"},{"link_name":"Retired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Retirement"},{"link_name":"Defaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Default"},{"link_name":"Special ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Special_ranking"}],"sub_title":"Key","text":"Q = Qualifier\nWC = Wild card\nLL = Lucky loser\nAlt = Alternate\nSE = Special exempt\nPR = Protected ranking\nITF = ITF entry\nJE = Junior exempt\nw/o = Walkover\nr = Retired\nd = Defaulted\nSR = Special ranking","title":"Main draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finals","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top half","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bottom half","title":"Draw"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Men's doubles draw\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lta.org.uk/Global/Downloads/Results/2010/Commonwealth%20Games/Draw-Olympics-MD.pdf","url_text":"\"Men's doubles draw\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lta.org.uk/Global/Downloads/Results/2010/Commonwealth%20Games/Draw-Olympics-MD.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Men's doubles draw\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest%27s_mountain_vole	Forrest's mountain vole	["1 References"]	Species of rodent Forrest's mountain vole Conservation status Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae Subfamily: Arvicolinae Genus: Neodon Species: N. forresti Binomial name Neodon forrestiHinton, 1923 Forrest's mountain vole (Neodon forresti) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae found within China in northwest Yunnan. The initial study by Hinton in 1923 identified it as morphologically close to the Chinese scrub vole (N. irene) but with a larger body size and longer and darker pelage. References ^ a b Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ Johnston, C.; Smith, A.T. (2016). "Neodon forresti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136554A22331098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136554A22331098.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. vteExtant species of subfamily Arvicolinae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae ArvicoliniArvicola(Water voles) European water vole (A. amphibius) Southwestern water vole (A. sapidus) Montane water vole (A. scherman) MicrotiniAlexandromys Clarke's vole (M. clarkei) Evorsk vole (M. evoronensis) Reed vole (M. fortis) Gerbe's vole (M. gerbei) Taiwan vole (M. kikuchii) Lacustrine vole (M. limnophilus) Maximowicz's vole (M. maximowiczii) Middendorff's vole (M. middendorffi) Mongolian vole (M. mongolicus) Japanese grass vole (M. montebelli) Muisk vole (M. mujanensis) Tundra vole (M. oeconomus) Sakhalin vole (M. sachalinensis) Chionomys(Snow voles) Caucasian snow vole (C. gud) European snow vole (C. nivalis) Robert's snow vole (C. roberti) Hyperacrius(Voles from Pakistan) True's vole (H. fertilis) Murree vole (H. wynnei) Lasiopodomys Brandt's vole (L. brandtii) Plateau vole (L. fuscus) Mandarin vole (L. mandarinus) Lemmiscus Sagebrush vole (L. curtatus) Microtus(Voles) Subgenus Microtus: Field vole (M. agrestis) Anatolian vole (M. anatolicus) Common vole (M. arvalis) Cabrera's vole (M. cabrerae) Doğramaci's vole (M. dogramacii) Günther's vole (M. guentheri) Tien Shan vole (M. ilaeus) Persian vole (M. irani) Kerman vole (M. kermanensis) Southern vole (M. levis) Paradox vole (M. paradoxus) Qazvin vole (M. qazvinensis) Schidlovsky's vole (M. schidlovskii) Social vole (M. socialis) European pine vole (M. subterraneus) Transcaspian vole (M. transcaspicus) Subgenus Blanfordimys: Afghan vole (B. afghanus) Bucharian vole (B. bucharicus) Juniper vole (B. juldaschi) Subgenus Terricola: Bavarian pine vole (M. bavaricus) Calabria pine vole (M. brachycercus) Daghestan pine vole (M. daghestanicus) Mediterranean pine vole (M. duodecimcostatus) Felten's vole (M. felteni) Liechtenstein's pine vole (M. liechtensteini) Lusitanian pine vole (M. lusitanicus) Major's pine vole (M. majori) Alpine pine vole (M. multiplex) Savi's pine vole (M. savii) Tatra pine vole (M. tatricus) Thomas's pine vole (M. thomasi) Subgenus Mynomes: Beach Vole (M. breweri) Gray-tailed vole (M. canicaudus) Montane vole (M. montanus) Creeping vole (M. oregoni) Meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus) Townsend's vole (M. townsendii) Subgenus Pitymys: Guatemalan vole (M. guatemalensis) Tarabundí vole (M. oaxacensis) Woodland Vole (M. pinetorum) Jalapan pine vole (M. quasiater) Subgenus Pedomys: Prairie vole (M. ochrogaster) Subgenus Hyrcanicola: Schelkovnikov's pine vole (M. schelkovnikovi) incertae sedis: Insular vole (M. abbreviatus) California vole (M. californicus) Rock vole (M. chrotorrhinus) Long-tailed vole (M. longicaudus) Mexican vole (M. mexicanus) Singing vole (M. miurus) Water vole (M. richardsoni) Zempoaltépec vole (M. umbrosus) Taiga vole (M. xanthognathus) Neodon(Mountain voles) Forrest's mountain vole (N. forresti) Chinese scrub vole (N. irene) Linzhi mountain vole (N. linzhiensis) Sikkim mountain vole (N. sikimensis) Blyth's vole (N. leucurus) Proedromys Duke of Bedford's vole (P. bedfordi) P. liangshanensis Stenocranius Narrow-headed vole (S. gregalis) Radde's vole (S. raddei) Volemys Szechuan vole (V. millicens) Marie's vole (V. musseri) Dicrostonychini(Collared lemmings)Dicrostonyx Northern collared lemming (D. groenlandicus) Ungava collared lemming (D. hudsonius) Nelson's collared lemming (D. nelsoni) Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming (D. nunatakensis) Richardson's collared lemming (D. richardsoni) Arctic lemming (D. torquatus) Unalaska collared lemming (D. unalascensis) Ellobiusini(mole voles)Ellobius(Mole voles) Alai mole vole (E. alaicus) Southern mole vole (E. fuscocapillus) Transcaucasian mole vole (E. lutescens) Northern mole vole (E. talpinus) Zaisan mole vole (E. tancrei) Lagurini(Steppe lemmings)Eolagurus Yellow steppe lemming (E. luteus) Przewalski's steppe lemming (E. przewalskii) Lagurus Steppe lemming (L. lagurus) Lemmini(Lemmings)Lemmus(True lemmings) Amur lemming (L. amurensis) Norway lemming (L. lemmus) Beringian lemming (L. nigripes) Wrangel Island lemming (L. paulus) Siberian brown lemming (L. sibiricus) North American brown lemming (L. trimucronatus) Myopus Wood lemming (M. schisticolor) Synaptomys(Bog lemmings) Northern bog lemming (S. borealis) Southern bog lemming (S. cooperi) ClethrionomyiniAlticola(Voles fromCentral Asia) Subgenus Alticola: White-tailed mountain vole (A. albicauda) Silver mountain vole (A. argentatus) Gobi Altai mountain vole (A. barakshin) Central Kashmir vole (A. montosa) Royle's mountain vole (A. roylei) Mongolian silver vole (A. semicanus) Stolička's mountain vole (A. stoliczkanus) Tuva silver vole (A. tuvinicus) Subgenus Aschizomys: Lemming vole (A. lemminus) Large-eared vole (A. macrotis) Lake Baikal mountain vole (A. olchonensis) Subgenus Platycranius: Flat-headed vole (A. strelzowi) Caryomys Ganzu vole (C. eva) Kolan vole (C. inez) Eothenomys(Voles fromEast Asia) Kachin red-backed vole (E. cachinus) Pratt's vole (E. chinensis) Southwest China vole (E. custos) Père David's vole (E. melanogaster) Yunnan red-backed vole (E. miletus) Chaotung vole (E. olitor) Yulungshan vole (E. proditor) Ward's red-backed vole (E. wardi) Clethrionomys(some Red-backedvoles) Western red-backed vole (C. californicus) Tien Shan red-backed vole (C. centralis) Southern red-backed Vole (C. gapperi) Bank vole (C. glareolus) Imaizumi's red-backed vole (C. imaizumii) Northern red-backed vole (C. rutilus) Shansei vole (C. shanseius) Craseomys(other Red-backedvoles) Japanese red-backed vole (C. andersoni) Royal vole (C. regulus) Hokkaido red-backed vole (C. rex) Grey red-backed vole (C. rufocanus) Smith's vole (C. smithii) OndatriniNeofiber Round-tailed muskrat (N. alleni) Ondatra Muskrat (O. zibethicus) PliomyiniDinaromys Balkan snow vole (D. bogdanovi) PliophenacomyiniArborimus(Tree voles) White-footed vole (A. albipes) Red tree vole (A. longicaudus) California red tree mouse (A. pomo) Phenacomys(Heather voles) Western heather vole (P. intermedius) Eastern heather vole (P. ungava) PrometheomyiniPrometheomys Long-clawed mole vole (P. schaposchnikowi) Taxon identifiersNeodon forresti Wikidata: Q1767220 Wikispecies: Neodon forresti BOLD: 969323 CoL: 73W7C EoL: 7241718 GBIF: 5706757 iNaturalist: 74749 ITIS: 970621 IUCN: 136554 MDD: 1002112 MSW: 13000323 NCBI: 2576039 Open Tree of Life: 4940959 This Arvicolinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Cricetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetidae"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Chinese scrub vole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_scrub_vole"},{"link_name":"pelage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-1"}],"text":"Forrest's mountain vole (Neodon forresti) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae found within China in northwest Yunnan. The initial study by Hinton in 1923 identified it as morphologically close to the Chinese scrub vole (N. irene) but with a larger body size and longer and darker pelage.[1]","title":"Forrest's mountain vole"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). \"Superfamily Muroidea\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylob	Cylob	["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Singles and EPs","2.2 Albums","2.3 Remixes","3 References","4 External links"]	British electronic musician and producer This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chris Jeffs (born in 1976), best known by the stage name Cylob, is a British electronic musician and producer closely associated with Aphex Twin. He has produced seven albums, three compilations and a number of remixes. Previously signed to Rephlex records, Jeffs started his own digital label Cylob Industries in 2007. His most well-known tracks include "Rewind" and "Cut The Midrange, Drop The Bass". Career His career evolved after he gave a demo tape to Aphex Twin at a gig in early 1993, who subsequently signed Jeffs to his Rephlex label a short time after. For a while the two were working and living in the same building. Since his debut, he has released 13 singles and 5 albums on Rephlex, in addition to the EP Spider Report for Breakin' Records. Then followed the harsh dancefloor sonics of Cylob's Latest Effort and Lobster Tracks (with its Chris Cunningham-illustrated sleeve), pop pastiche with "Living In The 1980s", meditative bells and gongs on Mood Bells and the electronic funk and braindance of Cylob Music System Volumes 1 & 2. Although Cylob's music is predominantly instrumental, using a drum machine patch with sequencers, that evolved into a digital compositions which included "midi style sequencing". A video to "Rewind" directed by Mark Adcock and featuring martial artist Chloe Bruce saw a fair amount of MTV airplay on its release in 1999. In 2007 he launched his own label, Cylob Industries, to release his material, while licensing it to various labels for hard-copy prints on CD and vinyl. In 2014, the compilation Cymply The Best 93-01 was released, while much of the Rephlex material was re-released. Chris has since retired from the music industry citing tinnitus as the reason he can no longer produce music. Discography Singles and EPs Kinesthesia Volume 1 as Kinesthesia (Rephlex CAT 011 EP : 12/93) Kinesthesia Volume 2 as Kinesthesia (Rephlex CAT 014 EP : 7/95) Industrial Folk Songs (Rephlex CAT 015 EP : 8/95) Empathy Box Remixes as Kinesthesia (Rephlex CAT 022 EP : 1/96) Cylob's Latest Effort (Rephlex CAT 049 EP/CD : 97) Diof 97 (Rephlex CAT 044 EP/CD : 97) Are We Not Men Who Live and Die (Rephlex CYLOB 1 EP/CD : 98) Rewind! (Rephlex CAT 074 EP/CD : 2/99) Lobster Tracks (Rephlex CAT 076 EP/CD : 7/99) Living in the 1980s / Sex Machine (Rephlex CAT 075 EP / CD : 11/99) Cut The Midrange, Drop The Bass (Rephlex CAT 121 EP / CD : 11/2001) Cylobotnia (with Astrobotnia) (Rephlex CAT 144 EP / CD : 10/2003) Cylob Music System Volume 1 (Rephlex CAT 151 EP : 4 / 2004) Cylob Music System Volume 2 (Rephlex CAT 152 EP : 5 / 2004) Spider Report E.P. (Breakin' Records BRK45 : 5 / 2004) Private Life (With DMX Krew as Private Lives) (SoulJazz Records SJR 160 12 : 7/2007) Rock The Trojan Fader (Cylob Industries CSR 001 M : 7 / 2007) Late In The Day (Cylob Industries CSR 005 M : 1 / 2008) Alpine Acid (mp3 only) (Cylob Industries : 16 / 1 / 2008) Pepper Spray (Cylob Industries CSR 006 M : 3 / 2010) Inflatable Hope (Power Vacuum POWVAC012 : 16 / 6 / 2015) Tomorrow Foolish Logic (Cylob Industries : 10/2021) Albums Empathy Box as Kinesthesia, later re-released as Cylob (Rephlex CAT 022 LP/CD : 4/96) Loops and Breaks (Rephlex CAT 032 LP : 8/96) Cylobian Sunset (Rephlex CAT 033 LP/CD : 8/96) Previously Unavailable on Compact Disc (Rephlex CAT 055 CD : 98) Mood Bells (Rephlex CAT 122 CD : 11/2001) Trojan Fader Style (Cylob Industries CSR 002 M : 7/2007) Formant Potaton (Cylob Industries CSR 003 M : 8/2007) Ambient News as Ambient News (Cylob Industries CSR 007 M : 8/2009) Bounds Green (Cylob Industries CSR 004 M & WeMe 012 : 9/2007) Catastrophic as nonprivate (Alku ALKU 93 : 4/2010) Zweite Sendung as Ambient News (Cylob Industries CSR 009 : 10/2011) The Quantum Loonyverse (mp3/flac only) (Cylob Industries CSR 010 : 1 / 1 / 2015) 54 Minute Mirage (Cylob Industries CSR 012 : 8/2020) One Less Pitch (Cylob Industries CSR 011 : 8/2020) Live 060708 (Cylob Industries CSR 301 : 8/2020) PLACEHOLDER (Cylob Industries CSR 013 : 10/2021) Remixes Bochum Welt : Scharlach Eingang : Rephlex CAT 030 EP : "Phlughaven Alphard (Kinesthesia Mix)" : 94 Aphex Twin : Ventolin : Warp WAP 60 R : "Ventolin (Cylob mix)" : 95 Immersion : Remixes Volume 3 : Swim : "Envelope (Cylob remix)" : 95 DMX Krew : Nu Romantix : Rephlex CAT 061 LP/CD : "I'm All Alone (Cylob's mix)" : 98 The Jones Machine : Rephlex CAT 083 EP/CD : "You're The One (Part Two) - Cylob's mix / (I'm The)" * "Disco Dancing - Cylob's mix" : 99 Soulwax : Saturday (Hotline mix) : Play It Again Sam : 99 The Mike Flowers Pops : 1999 : Lo Recordings : 99 Christian Vogel : "Whipaspank (Cylob mix)" : Novamute : 2000 "Synclair (Cylob Mix)" : Areal Records : 2007 References ^ Listing of Cylob releases on Discogs.com, (accessed 9 January 2015). ^ a b c Wade, Alistair (12 July 2007). "Cylob: Cut the Middleman, Drop the Bass". spannered.org. ^ Danluck, Meredith (14 January 2001). "Richard D. James interview". indexmagazine.com. ^ Listing of Cylob Industries releases on the official website, (accessed ( January 2015). External links CylobIndustries.com ChrisJeffs.com Cylob discography at Discogs Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists MusicBrainz 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"Aphex Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rephlex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephlex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Chris Jeffs (born in 1976), best known by the stage name Cylob, is a British electronic musician and producer closely associated with Aphex Twin. He has produced seven albums, three compilations and a number of remixes.[1] Previously signed to Rephlex records, Jeffs started his own digital label Cylob Industries in 2007.[2] His most well-known tracks include \"Rewind\" and \"Cut The Midrange, Drop The Bass\".","title":"Cylob"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aphex Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rephlex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephlex"},{"link_name":"Chris Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"His career evolved after he gave a demo tape to Aphex Twin at a gig in early 1993, who subsequently signed Jeffs to his Rephlex label a short time after. For a while the two were working and living in the same building.[3]Since his debut, he has released 13 singles and 5 albums on Rephlex, in addition to the EP Spider Report for Breakin' Records. Then followed the harsh dancefloor sonics of Cylob's Latest Effort and Lobster Tracks (with its Chris Cunningham-illustrated sleeve), pop pastiche with \"Living In The 1980s\", meditative bells and gongs on Mood Bells and the electronic funk and braindance of Cylob Music System Volumes 1 & 2.Although Cylob's music is predominantly instrumental, using a drum machine patch with sequencers, that evolved into a digital compositions which included \"midi style sequencing\".[2]A video to \"Rewind\" directed by Mark Adcock and featuring martial artist Chloe Bruce saw a fair amount of MTV airplay on its release in 1999.In 2007 he launched his own label, Cylob Industries, to release his material, while licensing it to various labels for hard-copy prints on CD and vinyl.[2] In 2014, the compilation Cymply The Best 93-01 was released, while much of the Rephlex material was re-released. Chris has since retired from the music industry citing tinnitus as the reason he can no longer produce music.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astrobotnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotnia"}],"sub_title":"Singles and EPs","text":"Kinesthesia Volume 1 as Kinesthesia (Rephlex CAT 011 EP : 12/93)\nKinesthesia Volume 2 as Kinesthesia (Rephlex CAT 014 EP : 7/95)\nIndustrial Folk Songs (Rephlex CAT 015 EP : 8/95)\nEmpathy Box Remixes as Kinesthesia (Rephlex CAT 022 EP : 1/96)\nCylob's Latest Effort (Rephlex CAT 049 EP/CD : 97)\nDiof 97 (Rephlex CAT 044 EP/CD : 97)\nAre We Not Men Who Live and Die (Rephlex CYLOB 1 EP/CD : 98)\nRewind! (Rephlex CAT 074 EP/CD : 2/99)\nLobster Tracks (Rephlex CAT 076 EP/CD : 7/99)\nLiving in the 1980s / Sex Machine (Rephlex CAT 075 EP / CD : 11/99)\nCut The Midrange, Drop The Bass (Rephlex CAT 121 EP / CD : 11/2001)\nCylobotnia (with Astrobotnia) (Rephlex CAT 144 EP / CD : 10/2003)\nCylob Music System Volume 1 (Rephlex CAT 151 EP : 4 / 2004)\nCylob Music System Volume 2 (Rephlex CAT 152 EP : 5 / 2004)\nSpider Report E.P. (Breakin' Records BRK45 : 5 / 2004)\nPrivate Life (With DMX Krew as Private Lives) (SoulJazz Records SJR 160 12 : 7/2007)\nRock The Trojan Fader (Cylob Industries CSR 001 M : 7 / 2007)\nLate In The Day (Cylob Industries CSR 005 M : 1 / 2008)\nAlpine Acid (mp3 only) (Cylob Industries : 16 / 1 / 2008)\nPepper Spray (Cylob Industries CSR 006 M : 3 / 2010)\nInflatable Hope (Power Vacuum POWVAC012 : 16 / 6 / 2015)\nTomorrow Foolish Logic (Cylob Industries : 10/2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Empathy Box as Kinesthesia, later re-released as Cylob (Rephlex CAT 022 LP/CD : 4/96)\nLoops and Breaks (Rephlex CAT 032 LP : 8/96)\nCylobian Sunset (Rephlex CAT 033 LP/CD : 8/96)\nPreviously Unavailable on Compact Disc (Rephlex CAT 055 CD : 98)\nMood Bells (Rephlex CAT 122 CD : 11/2001)\nTrojan Fader Style (Cylob Industries CSR 002 M : 7/2007)\nFormant Potaton (Cylob Industries CSR 003 M : 8/2007)\nAmbient News as Ambient News (Cylob Industries CSR 007 M : 8/2009)\nBounds Green (Cylob Industries CSR 004 M & WeMe 012 : 9/2007)\nCatastrophic as nonprivate (Alku ALKU 93 : 4/2010)\nZweite Sendung as Ambient News (Cylob Industries CSR 009 : 10/2011)\nThe Quantum Loonyverse (mp3/flac only) (Cylob Industries CSR 010 : 1 / 1 / 2015)\n54 Minute Mirage (Cylob Industries CSR 012 : 8/2020)\nOne Less Pitch (Cylob Industries CSR 011 : 8/2020)\nLive 060708 (Cylob Industries CSR 301 : 8/2020)\nPLACEHOLDER (Cylob Industries CSR 013 : 10/2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bochum Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum_Welt"},{"link_name":"Aphex Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin"},{"link_name":"Ventolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventolin_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Soulwax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulwax"},{"link_name":"The Mike Flowers Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mike_Flowers_Pops"},{"link_name":"Christian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Vogel"}],"sub_title":"Remixes","text":"Bochum Welt : Scharlach Eingang : Rephlex CAT 030 EP : \"Phlughaven Alphard (Kinesthesia Mix)\" : 94\nAphex Twin : Ventolin : Warp WAP 60 R : \"Ventolin (Cylob mix)\" : 95\nImmersion : Remixes Volume 3 : Swim : \"Envelope (Cylob remix)\" : 95\nDMX Krew : Nu Romantix : Rephlex CAT 061 LP/CD : \"I'm All Alone (Cylob's mix)\" : 98\nThe Jones Machine : Rephlex CAT 083 EP/CD : \"You're The One (Part Two) - Cylob's mix / (I'm The)\" * \"Disco Dancing - Cylob's mix\" : 99\nSoulwax : Saturday (Hotline mix) : Play It Again Sam : 99\nThe Mike Flowers Pops : 1999 : Lo Recordings : 99\nChristian Vogel : \"Whipaspank (Cylob mix)\" : Novamute : 2000\n\"Synclair (Cylob Mix)\" : Areal Records : 2007","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wade, Alistair (12 July 2007). \"Cylob: Cut the Middleman, Drop the Bass\". spannered.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spannered.org/music/1225/","url_text":"\"Cylob: Cut the Middleman, Drop the Bass\""}]},{"reference":"Danluck, Meredith (14 January 2001). \"Richard D. James interview\". indexmagazine.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indexmagazine.com/interviews/aphex_twin.shtml","url_text":"\"Richard D. James interview\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/981-Cylob","external_links_name":"Listing"},{"Link":"http://www.spannered.org/music/1225/","external_links_name":"\"Cylob: Cut the Middleman, Drop the Bass\""},{"Link":"http://www.indexmagazine.com/interviews/aphex_twin.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Richard D. James interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.cylobindustries.com/","external_links_name":"Listing"},{"Link":"http://www.cylobindustries.com/","external_links_name":"CylobIndustries.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120055944/http://chrisjeffs.com/blog/","external_links_name":"ChrisJeffs.com"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/981","external_links_name":"Cylob"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7414147484302149360003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1114427349","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5225d476-be3f-486e-9004-f796dd469f1a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2256228e-8253-45ad-974e-39ae914c5586","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Diabolical%E2%80%99s_Cliffhanger	Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger	["1 History","2 Ride experience","2.1 Theme","3 References","4 External links"]	Roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas Dr. Diabolical's CliffhangerDr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger's lift hill and dropSix Flags Fiesta TexasLocationSix Flags Fiesta TexasPark sectionCrackaxle CanyonCoordinates29°35′53″N 98°36′42″W / 29.5981°N 98.6117°W / 29.5981; -98.6117StatusOperatingSoft opening dateJuly 29, 2022 (July 29, 2022)Opening dateJuly 30, 2022 (July 30, 2022)ReplacedSundance TheatreGeneral statisticsTypeSteel – DiveManufacturerBolliger & MabillardModelDive CoasterLift/launch systemChain lift hillHeight150 ft (46 m)Drop142 ft (43 m)Length2,501 ft (762 m)Speed60 mph (97 km/h)Inversions2Max vertical angle95°Height restriction52–78 in (132–198 cm)Trains3 trains with 3 cars. Riders are arranged 7 across in a single row for a total of 21 riders per train. Flash Pass availableDr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger at RCDB Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas. Located in the Crackaxle Canyon section, it was designed as a dive coaster model and was manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard. It is the only B&M dive coaster at a Six Flags park. It opened on July 30, 2022, replacing the Sundance Theatre. At a maximum vertical angle of 95°, the roller coaster is the world's steepest dive coaster, tied with Iron Menace at Dorney Park. History On June 12, 2021, Six Flags Fiesta Texas held the American Coaster Enthusiasts "Roller Coaster Rodeo." At the event, the park started teasing their new attraction. Additionally, the park also confirmed the removal of the Sundance Theatre for the upcoming attraction on June 14, 2021. The Sundance Theatre was an original theatre venue that opened with the park in 1992. On July 28, 2021, Six Flags Fiesta Texas announced Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger for the 30th anniversary of the park in 2022. In November 2021, the first concrete footers were poured. On February 5, 2022, the ride's lift hill was officially topped off. Soft opening for the roller coaster began on July 29, 2022 for season pass holders and the news media. The roller coaster officially opened to the public on July 30, 2022 with a grand opening ceremony. Its opening marked the first Six Flags park to receive a B&M since X-Flight at Six Flags Great America. Ride experience Located in the park's Crackaxle Canyon themed area of the park, Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger is 150 feet (46 m) in height, reaches a maximum speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), and a track length of 2,501 feet (762 m). The roller coaster features the steepest dive coaster drop at a 95-degree (a beyond vertical drop), as well as a second 75-foot (23 m), near-vertical drop. Theme As guests enter the queue line for the roller coaster, they will find themselves immersed in the story of Dr. Diabolical and her evil quest to create menacing creatures to frighten the world. To bring her creations to life, she has constructed a machine to capture the essence of human adrenaline and fear. References ^ "Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger coaster announced for Six Flags Fiesta Texas". Attractions Magazine. July 28, 2021. ^ "Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas". KXAN Austin. 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ a b "Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas". KXAN Austin. 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-30. ^ a b Randy Diamond (July 28, 2021). "Six Flags to announce new San Antonio attraction as it works to increase attendance after pandemic". San Antonio Express-News. ^ Stilwell, Andrew (2021-06-12). "Six Flags Fiesta Texas Begins Teasing for 2022". Coaster101. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ Randy Diamond (July 28, 2021). "'Coaster is king': Six Flags unveils new San Antonio ride as it works to boost post-pandemic rebound". San Antonio Express-News. ^ "Six Flags Fiesta Texas unveils plans for world's steepest dive roller coaster". KENS. July 28, 2021. ^ W. Scott Bailey (July 28, 2021). "SA theme park to add "Dr. Diabolical's" cliffhanger coaster". San Antonio Business Journal. ^ "Dr. D's Cliffhanger (Update 2), Front Gate, New Paint & Restaurant Remodels". ^ "Behind The Thrills \| Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Tops Off at Six Flags Fiesta Texas Behind The Thrills". Behind The Thrills. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ "Fiesta Texas Announces Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Exclusive Ride Times for Pass Holders — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas". SFFT Source. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ "Riding Fiesta Texas' New Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Coaster \| POV Footage & First Impression — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas". SFFT Source. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ "Thrill seekers flood Six Flags Fiesta Texas for opening of world's steepest dive coaster". ^ Aguila, Ed (2022-07-30). "Hundreds of Guests Line Up For New Thrilling Coaster Despite High Temperatures". Inside the Magic. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ "Does Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Hint at Change in Six Flags's Future?". www.themeparktourist.com. 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2024-06-05. ^ a b Mike Stunson (July 29, 2021). "World's steepest dive roller coaster is coming to Texas, Six Flags announces". Miami Herald. ^ Rebecca Salinas (July 29, 2021). "'World's Steepest Dive Coaster' opening at Fiesta Texas in 2022". KSAT-TV. External links Official website vteSix Flags Fiesta Texas Attractions Six Flags Hurricane Harbor San Antonio Roller coasters Batman: The Ride Boomerang: Coast to Coaster Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Goliath Iron Rattler Kid Flash Cosmic Coaster Pandemonium Poltergeist Road Runner Express Streamliner Coaster Superman: Krypton Coaster Wonder Woman Golden Lasso Coaster Other rides Bugs' White Water Rapids DC Universe Scream SkyScreamer The Gully Washer Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Mardi Gras Former rides Boardwalk Canyon Blaster The Joker's Revenge Kidzopolis The Rattler Power Surge Scooby-Doo Ghostblasters	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steel roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Fiesta Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Crackaxle Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas#Crackaxle_Canyon_Steampunk_District"},{"link_name":"dive coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_Coaster"},{"link_name":"Bolliger & Mabillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard"},{"link_name":"Six Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Iron Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Menace"},{"link_name":"Dorney Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorney_Park_%26_Wildwater_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expn-4"}],"text":"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas.[2] Located in the Crackaxle Canyon section, it was designed as a dive coaster model and was manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard. It is the only B&M dive coaster at a Six Flags park. It opened on July 30, 2022, replacing the Sundance Theatre.[3] At a maximum vertical angle of 95°, the roller coaster is the world's steepest dive coaster, tied with Iron Menace at Dorney Park.[4]","title":"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Coaster Enthusiasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Coaster_Enthusiasts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expn-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ken-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biz-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Soft opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_opening"},{"link_name":"season pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_pass"},{"link_name":"news media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"grand opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"X-Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Flight_(Six_Flags_Great_America)"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Great America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_America"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On June 12, 2021, Six Flags Fiesta Texas held the American Coaster Enthusiasts \"Roller Coaster Rodeo.\" At the event, the park started teasing their new attraction. Additionally, the park also confirmed the removal of the Sundance Theatre for the upcoming attraction on June 14, 2021.[5] The Sundance Theatre was an original theatre venue that opened with the park in 1992.[6]On July 28, 2021, Six Flags Fiesta Texas announced Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger for the 30th anniversary of the park in 2022.[4][7][8] In November 2021, the first concrete footers were poured.[9] On February 5, 2022, the ride's lift hill was officially topped off.[10] Soft opening for the roller coaster began on July 29, 2022 for season pass holders and the news media.[11][12] The roller coaster officially opened to the public on July 30, 2022 with a grand opening ceremony.[3][13][14] Its opening marked the first Six Flags park to receive a B&M since X-Flight at Six Flags Great America.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miami-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksat-17"}],"text":"Located in the park's Crackaxle Canyon themed area of the park, Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger is 150 feet (46 m) in height, reaches a maximum speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), and a track length of 2,501 feet (762 m). The roller coaster features the steepest dive coaster drop at a 95-degree (a beyond vertical drop), as well as a second 75-foot (23 m), near-vertical drop.[16][17]","title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miami-16"}],"sub_title":"Theme","text":"As guests enter the queue line for the roller coaster, they will find themselves immersed in the story of Dr. Diabolical and her evil quest to create menacing creatures to frighten the world. To bring her creations to life, she has constructed a machine to capture the essence of human adrenaline and fear.[16]","title":"Ride experience"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger coaster announced for Six Flags Fiesta Texas\". Attractions Magazine. July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://attractionsmagazine.com/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-roller-coaster-announced-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","url_text":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger coaster announced for Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas\". KXAN Austin. 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kxan.com/studio-512/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-opens-july-30-at-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","url_text":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas\". KXAN Austin. 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kxan.com/studio-512/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-opens-july-30-at-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","url_text":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Randy Diamond (July 28, 2021). \"Six Flags to announce new San Antonio attraction as it works to increase attendance after pandemic\". San Antonio Express-News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Six-Flags-new-San-Antonio-attraction-fiesta-texas-16346168.php","url_text":"\"Six Flags to announce new San Antonio attraction as it works to increase attendance after pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"Stilwell, Andrew (2021-06-12). \"Six Flags Fiesta Texas Begins Teasing for 2022\". Coaster101. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coaster101.com/2021/06/12/six-flags-fiesta-texas-begins-teasing-for-2022/","url_text":"\"Six Flags Fiesta Texas Begins Teasing for 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Randy Diamond (July 28, 2021). \"'Coaster is king': Six Flags unveils new San Antonio ride as it works to boost post-pandemic rebound\". San Antonio Express-News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Six-Flags-new-San-Antonio-attraction-fiesta-texas-16346168.php","url_text":"\"'Coaster is king': Six Flags unveils new San Antonio ride as it works to boost post-pandemic rebound\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six Flags Fiesta Texas unveils plans for world's steepest dive roller coaster\". KENS. July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kens5.com/article/life/six-flags-fiesta-texas-unveils-plans-for-worlds-steepest-dive-roller-coaster/273-b19e0009-2c3b-4c71-9075-427a6381b891","url_text":"\"Six Flags Fiesta Texas unveils plans for world's steepest dive roller coaster\""}]},{"reference":"W. Scott Bailey (July 28, 2021). \"SA theme park to add \"Dr. Diabolical's\" cliffhanger coaster\". San Antonio Business Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2021/07/28/dr-diabolical-six-flags.html","url_text":"\"SA theme park to add \"Dr. Diabolical's\" cliffhanger coaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. D's Cliffhanger (Update 2), Front Gate, New Paint & Restaurant Remodels\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfftsource.com/construction-updates/2021/11/21/dr-ds-cliffhanger-update-2-front-gate-new-paint-amp-restaurant-remodels","url_text":"\"Dr. D's Cliffhanger (Update 2), Front Gate, New Paint & Restaurant Remodels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Behind The Thrills \| Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Tops Off at Six Flags Fiesta Texas Behind The Thrills\". Behind The Thrills. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://behindthethrills.com/2022/02/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-tops-off-at-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","url_text":"\"Behind The Thrills \| Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Tops Off at Six Flags Fiesta Texas Behind The Thrills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiesta Texas Announces Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Exclusive Ride Times for Pass Holders — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas\". SFFT Source. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfftsource.com/news/2022/7/22/fiesta-texas-announces-dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-exclusive-ride-times-for-pass-holders","url_text":"\"Fiesta Texas Announces Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Exclusive Ride Times for Pass Holders — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riding Fiesta Texas' New Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Coaster \| POV Footage & First Impression — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas\". SFFT Source. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfftsource.com/news/2022/7/30/riding-fiesta-texas-new-dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-coaster-pov-footage-amp-first-impression","url_text":"\"Riding Fiesta Texas' New Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Coaster \| POV Footage & First Impression — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thrill seekers flood Six Flags Fiesta Texas for opening of world's steepest dive coaster\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-dive-coaster-six-flags-17340699.php","url_text":"\"Thrill seekers flood Six Flags Fiesta Texas for opening of world's steepest dive coaster\""}]},{"reference":"Aguila, Ed (2022-07-30). \"Hundreds of Guests Line Up For New Thrilling Coaster Despite High Temperatures\". Inside the Magic. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://insidethemagic.net/2022/07/new-six-flags-coaster-high-temperatures-ea1/","url_text":"\"Hundreds of Guests Line Up For New Thrilling Coaster Despite High Temperatures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Does Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Hint at Change in Six Flags's Future?\". www.themeparktourist.com. 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2024-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themeparktourist.com/features/20210826/31861/does-dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-hint-change-six-flagss-future","url_text":"\"Does Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Hint at Change in Six Flags's Future?\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Stunson (July 29, 2021). \"World's steepest dive roller coaster is coming to Texas, Six Flags announces\". Miami Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article253109233.html","url_text":"\"World's steepest dive roller coaster is coming to Texas, Six Flags announces\""}]},{"reference":"Rebecca Salinas (July 29, 2021). \"'World's Steepest Dive Coaster' opening at Fiesta Texas in 2022\". KSAT-TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2021/07/29/worlds-steepest-dive-coaster-opening-at-fiesta-texas-in-2022/","url_text":"\"'World's Steepest Dive Coaster' opening at Fiesta Texas in 2022\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dr._Diabolical%27s_Cliffhanger&params=29.5981_N_98.6117_W_","external_links_name":"29°35′53″N 98°36′42″W / 29.5981°N 98.6117°W / 29.5981; -98.6117"},{"Link":"https://rcdb.com/19495.htm","external_links_name":"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger at RCDB"},{"Link":"https://attractionsmagazine.com/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-roller-coaster-announced-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger coaster announced for Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.kxan.com/studio-512/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-opens-july-30-at-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.kxan.com/studio-512/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-opens-july-30-at-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Opens July 30 At Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Six-Flags-new-San-Antonio-attraction-fiesta-texas-16346168.php","external_links_name":"\"Six Flags to announce new San Antonio attraction as it works to increase attendance after pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://www.coaster101.com/2021/06/12/six-flags-fiesta-texas-begins-teasing-for-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Six Flags Fiesta Texas Begins Teasing for 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Six-Flags-new-San-Antonio-attraction-fiesta-texas-16346168.php","external_links_name":"\"'Coaster is king': Six Flags unveils new San Antonio ride as it works to boost post-pandemic rebound\""},{"Link":"https://www.kens5.com/article/life/six-flags-fiesta-texas-unveils-plans-for-worlds-steepest-dive-roller-coaster/273-b19e0009-2c3b-4c71-9075-427a6381b891","external_links_name":"\"Six Flags Fiesta Texas unveils plans for world's steepest dive roller coaster\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2021/07/28/dr-diabolical-six-flags.html","external_links_name":"\"SA theme park to add \"Dr. Diabolical's\" cliffhanger coaster\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfftsource.com/construction-updates/2021/11/21/dr-ds-cliffhanger-update-2-front-gate-new-paint-amp-restaurant-remodels","external_links_name":"\"Dr. D's Cliffhanger (Update 2), Front Gate, New Paint & Restaurant Remodels\""},{"Link":"https://behindthethrills.com/2022/02/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-tops-off-at-six-flags-fiesta-texas/","external_links_name":"\"Behind The Thrills \| Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Tops Off at Six Flags Fiesta Texas Behind The Thrills\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfftsource.com/news/2022/7/22/fiesta-texas-announces-dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-exclusive-ride-times-for-pass-holders","external_links_name":"\"Fiesta Texas Announces Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Exclusive Ride Times for Pass Holders — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfftsource.com/news/2022/7/30/riding-fiesta-texas-new-dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-coaster-pov-footage-amp-first-impression","external_links_name":"\"Riding Fiesta Texas' New Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Coaster \| POV Footage & First Impression — News & Updates \| Six Flags Fiesta Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-dive-coaster-six-flags-17340699.php","external_links_name":"\"Thrill seekers flood Six Flags Fiesta Texas for opening of world's steepest dive coaster\""},{"Link":"https://insidethemagic.net/2022/07/new-six-flags-coaster-high-temperatures-ea1/","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds of Guests Line Up For New Thrilling Coaster Despite High Temperatures\""},{"Link":"https://www.themeparktourist.com/features/20210826/31861/does-dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger-hint-change-six-flagss-future","external_links_name":"\"Does Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger Hint at Change in Six Flags's Future?\""},{"Link":"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article253109233.html","external_links_name":"\"World's steepest dive roller coaster is coming to Texas, Six Flags announces\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2021/07/29/worlds-steepest-dive-coaster-opening-at-fiesta-texas-in-2022/","external_links_name":"\"'World's Steepest Dive Coaster' opening at Fiesta Texas in 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.sixflags.com/fiestatexas/attractions/dr-diabolicals-cliffhanger","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press	Michigan State University Press	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Michigan State University Press" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michigan State University PressParent companyMichigan State UniversityFounded1947Country of origin United StatesHeadquarters locationEast Lansing, MichiganDistributionChicago Distribution CenterPublication typesBooks, Academic journalsOfficial websitemsupress.org Michigan State University Press is the scholarly publishing arm of Michigan State University. Scholarly publishing at the university significantly predates the establishment of its press in 1947. By the 1890s the institution's Experiment Stations began issuing a broad range of influential publications in the natural sciences (including a beautifully illustrated Birds of Michigan in 1892) and as early as 1876, professor A.J. Cook commissioned a Lansing printer to issue his popular Manual of the Apiary, which ran through numerous editions and remained in print for nearly half a century. Located on the MSU campus in East Lansing, the press publishes principally in the areas of the humanities, sciences, and social sciences, with special emphasis in African studies, African American studies, American studies, American Indian studies, creative nonfiction, environmental science and natural history, Great Lakes studies, immigration studies, Latino studies, politics and the global economy, poetry, US history, urban studies, and women's studies. The press currently issues some 40 new titles a year and publishes nine scholarly journals, with a backlist of over 600 active titles. Beginning in 2008, the press has moved aggressively in the area of digital distribution, and nearly all new titles are simultaneously available electronically. See also Literature portalMichigan portalBooks portal List of English-language book publishing companies List of university presses References ^ "Publishers served by the Chicago Distribution Center". University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2017-09-12. ^ "About the Press". Michigan State University Press. Retrieved 2019-03-30. External links Michigan State University Press vteMichigan State UniversityLocated in: East Lansing, MichiganAcademics Broad College of Business Engineering Honors College Hospitality Business Human Medicine James Madison Law Lyman Briggs Natural Science Nursing Osteopathic Medicine Packaging RCAH Veterinary Medicine AthleticsSports Men's Basketball Women's Basketball Cross Country Football Field Hockey Ice hockey Men's soccer Softball Volleyball Facilities Breslin Center Forest Akers Golf Courses Jenison Fieldhouse Munn Ice Arena Spartan Stadium Old College Field Drayton McLane Stadium Volleyball Events Basketbowl The Big Chill at the Big House Championships Clockgate Cold War Game of the Century Land Grant Trophy Old Brass Spittoon Paul Bunyan Trophy Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry Michigan–Michigan State ice hockey rivalry Other topics Izzone Sparty Zeke the Wonder Dog Campus Beal Garden Beaumont Tower Broad Art Museum Cowles House Demonstration Hall East Lansing Eppley Center Grand River Ave. Horticulture Gardens Laboratory Row Library Observatory Pavilion Red Cedar River The Rock MSU Union Wharton Center History Walter Adams William James Beal College Hall John A. Hannah John C. Holmes MISTIC MSUG Saints' Rest Joseph R. Williams USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal Mass shooting Research Facility for Rare Isotope Beams Hidden Lake Gardens Kellogg Biological Station Life Sciences Corridor Michigan State University Press National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory SOAR Telescope University Research Corridor People Rick Comley Mel Tucker Mark Hollis Tom Izzo Ron Mason Samuel L. Stanley Student life Capital News Service Housing "Victory for MSU" Spartan Marching Band The State News WDBM MSU Telecasters WKAR (AM/FM/TV) Fraternities and sororities MSUFCU Founded: 1855 Students: 49,809 Endowment: 4.4 billion Images Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"natural sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"East Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"scholarly journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"}],"text":"Michigan State University Press is the scholarly publishing arm of Michigan State University.[2] Scholarly publishing at the university significantly predates the establishment of its press in 1947. By the 1890s the institution's Experiment Stations began issuing a broad range of influential publications in the natural sciences (including a beautifully illustrated Birds of Michigan in 1892) and as early as 1876, professor A.J. Cook commissioned a Lansing printer to issue his popular Manual of the Apiary, which ran through numerous editions and remained in print for nearly half a century.Located on the MSU campus in East Lansing, the press publishes principally in the areas of the humanities, sciences, and social sciences, with special emphasis in African studies, African American studies, American studies, American Indian studies, creative nonfiction, environmental science and natural history, Great Lakes studies, immigration studies, Latino studies, politics and the global economy, poetry, US history, urban studies, and women's studies. The press currently issues some 40 new titles a year and publishes nine scholarly journals, with a backlist of over 600 active titles. Beginning in 2008, the press has moved aggressively in the area of digital distribution, and nearly all new titles are simultaneously available electronically.","title":"Michigan State University Press"}]	[]	[{"title":"Literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literature"},{"title":"Michigan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg"},{"title":"Books portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Books"},{"title":"List of English-language book publishing companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English-language_book_publishing_companies"},{"title":"List of university presses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_university_presses"}]	[{"reference":"\"Publishers served by the Chicago Distribution Center\". University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2017-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.uchicago.edu/cdc/publishers.html","url_text":"\"Publishers served by the Chicago Distribution Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Press\". Michigan State University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rede	Richard Rede	["1 The Netterville inheritance","2 Career","3 Abduction and ransom","4 Later years","5 References"]	Irish statesman and judge Richard Rede (died after 1416) was a leading Irish statesman and judge of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. He held office as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Deputy Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Deputy Treasurer of Ireland. He was born in County Meath. Rede (also spelt Reid) had been a common Irish name, especially in Ulster, since the thirteenth century. Little seems to be known about his parents. His wife was Elizabeth Netterville, daughter and heiress of Richard Netterville of Dowth. One branch of the Netterville family would later become one of the most prominent landowning families in Meath, and acquired the title Viscount Netterville. Rede is best remembered for being kidnapped and held for ransom by the Fleming family, Barons of Slane. They extracted a large sum of money from him, and despite his outraged protests, escaped punishment. The Netterville inheritance Elizabeth Netterville, whose father died when she was very young, was made a royal ward. The question of her inheritance, which was considerable, led to bitter disputes between neighbouring landowners, each of whom hoped to gain control of her estate by marrying her to his own heir. King Richard II appointed John Humbleton, one of his esquires of the body, as her guardian in 1394, after having withdrawn a previous grant of guardianship made to Thomas Butler, a younger son of James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. Elizabeth was kidnapped by members of the Darcy and Cusack families, who no doubt hoped to gain control of her lands. She was soon released, but six years later the Crown was informed that these families still hoped to cheat her out of her inheritance. By 1400 Humbleton, no doubt finding that the wardship was more trouble than it was worth, had granted custody of Elizabeth to Rede, who married her soon afterwards, but this was not the end of the trouble over her inheritance. Career Richard spent much of his career moving between Ireland and England, and seems to have been uncertain which country he wished to permanently settle in. In England, he served on a commission of the peace in Kent in 1394 and on a similar commission in Middlesex in 1407. He acted as executor of Robert Braybrooke, Bishop of London, in 1404. At the same time, he maintained close links with Ireland: he was Chief Baron in 1399-1401 and Lord Chief Justice in 1404-6. Thomas Cranley, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was due to his advanced age and ill health frequently forced to act through deputies: Rede served as his Deputy in 1404. In 1405 he was required to go to England "to prosecute certain business especially touching the King". Abduction and ransom On 5 April 1401 while he was travelling from Drogheda to Trim, Rede was abducted at Rathfeigh near Skryne by Thomas Fleming, 2nd Baron Slane, and imprisoned in nearby Crewyn Castle, which belonged to Thomas's son Christopher. He was held hostage until he paid a ransom of £1000 (a vast sum at the time) to Christopher, and he was also robbed of £200 and numerous official records. What lay behind the episode, which was exceptional even in that violent age, is unclear. It has been suggested that the Flemings, like the Darcys and Cusacks, had previously had hopes of gaining the Netterville lands which Rede had acquired through his marriage to Elizabeth Netterville: while the latter families' abduction of Elizabeth in 1394 seems to have been fruitless, the Flemings' abduction of her husband brought them a substantial profit. The outraged Rede petitioned the new King Henry IV to visit "suitable punishment" on the Flemings for their crimes so that a "suitable example be made of all who would plan such things". The English Privy Council endorsed the petition, and for a time it seemed that the Flemings would suffer heavily for their treatment of Rede: in June 1401 a powerful commission was appointed to arrest and imprison Lord Slane and his wife Elizabeth Preston. This was, however, an era when the nobility found it easy to obtain a royal pardon for even the most heinous crimes, and in October 1401 Lord Slane, on payment of £30 (a derisory sum compared to the £1200 he had extracted from Rede), was duly pardoned, as was his son Christopher, who paid the same amount in damages. Since Christopher was pardoned for "all other seditious committed in both the present and the previous reign", one must wonder how many other crimes Christopher, who was probably still in his late teens, had already committed. Later years After being superseded as Lord Chief Justice in 1406 he returned to England and asked for permission to reside there permanently. Given his ill-treatment by the Flemings and his failure to obtain adequate redress for his wrongs, this was natural enough. Rather surprisingly, he returned to Ireland two years later and apparently died in Ireland. He was Deputy Treasurer of Ireland in 1413. In 1415 he was given leave to travel to England again: whether or not he did so is unclear. He and his wife were both still alive in 1416, and were still expanding their holdings with purchases of land in County Louth. The Richard Rede who with his wife Katherine was granted lands at Stackallen in 1424 may have been his son. Richard in turn sold lands to Robert Rede, son of Philip, who may have been a cousin, in 1427. References ^ a b c Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 John Murray London 1926 Vol. 1 pp.171-2 ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Brendan Crisis and Survival in Late Medieval Ireland- the English of Louth and their Neighbours Oxford University Press 2013 p.95 ^ Smyth, Constantine Joseph Chronicle of the Law Officers of Ireland Butterworths London 1839 p.8 ^ Patent Roll 6 Henry IV ^ a b c Patent Roll 3 Henry IV 22 October 1401: pardon to Christopher Fleming, son of Thomas Fleming, Baron of Slane for the detention of Richard Rede, Chief Baron of the Exchequer ^ Although a later Chief Baron, James Cornwalsh, was murdered in 1441. ^ Even for murder, as in the later case of Chief Baron James Cornwalsh. ^ Patent Roll 3 Henry V ^ Patent Roll 2 Henry VI ^ Patent Roll 5 Henry VI Legal offices Preceded byStephen de Bray Lord Chief Justice of Ireland 1404–1406 Succeeded byStephen de Bray	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Irish_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Treasurer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"County Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Viscount Netterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Netterville"}],"text":"Richard Rede (died after 1416) was a leading Irish statesman and judge of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. He held office as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Deputy Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Deputy Treasurer of Ireland.[1]He was born in County Meath. Rede (also spelt Reid) had been a common Irish name, especially in Ulster, since the thirteenth century. Little seems to be known about his parents. His wife was Elizabeth Netterville, daughter and heiress of Richard Netterville of Dowth. One branch of the Netterville family would later become one of the most prominent landowning families in Meath, and acquired the title Viscount Netterville.Rede is best remembered for being kidnapped and held for ransom by the Fleming family, Barons of Slane. They extracted a large sum of money from him, and despite his outraged protests, escaped punishment.","title":"Richard Rede"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royal ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_ward"},{"link_name":"inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II"},{"link_name":"esquires of the body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquires_of_the_body"},{"link_name":"James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Earl_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custody"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"}],"text":"Elizabeth Netterville, whose father died when she was very young, was made a royal ward. The question of her inheritance, which was considerable, led to bitter disputes between neighbouring landowners, each of whom hoped to gain control of her estate by marrying her to his own heir.King Richard II appointed John Humbleton, one of his esquires of the body, as her guardian in 1394, after having withdrawn a previous grant of guardianship made to Thomas Butler, a younger son of James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. Elizabeth was kidnapped by members of the Darcy and Cusack families, who no doubt hoped to gain control of her lands.[2] She was soon released, but six years later the Crown was informed that these families still hoped to cheat her out of her inheritance. By 1400 Humbleton, no doubt finding that the wardship was more trouble than it was worth, had granted custody of Elizabeth to Rede, who married her soon afterwards, but this was not the end of the trouble over her inheritance.[2]","title":"The Netterville inheritance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"executor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executor"},{"link_name":"Robert Braybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Braybrooke"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cranley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Richard spent much of his career moving between Ireland and England, and seems to have been uncertain which country he wished to permanently settle in. In England, he served on a commission of the peace in Kent in 1394 and on a similar commission in Middlesex in 1407. He acted as executor of Robert Braybrooke, Bishop of London, in 1404.[1]At the same time, he maintained close links with Ireland: he was Chief Baron in 1399-1401 and Lord Chief Justice in 1404-6. Thomas Cranley, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was due to his advanced age and ill health frequently forced to act through deputies: Rede served as his Deputy in 1404.[3] In 1405 he was required to go to England \"to prosecute certain business especially touching the King\".[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda"},{"link_name":"Trim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim,_County_Meath"},{"link_name":"abducted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Skryne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryne"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fleming, 2nd Baron Slane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fleming,_2nd_Baron_Slane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"hostage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage"},{"link_name":"ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patent-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"English Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"royal pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_pardon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patent-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patent-5"}],"text":"On 5 April 1401 while he was travelling from Drogheda to Trim, Rede was abducted at Rathfeigh near Skryne by Thomas Fleming, 2nd Baron Slane, and imprisoned in nearby Crewyn Castle, which belonged to Thomas's son Christopher.[2] He was held hostage until he paid a ransom of £1000 (a vast sum at the time) to Christopher,[5] and he was also robbed of £200 and numerous official records. What lay behind the episode, which was exceptional even in that violent age,[6] is unclear. It has been suggested that the Flemings, like the Darcys and Cusacks, had previously had hopes of gaining the Netterville lands which Rede had acquired through his marriage to Elizabeth Netterville: while the latter families' abduction of Elizabeth in 1394 seems to have been fruitless, the Flemings' abduction of her husband brought them a substantial profit.[2]The outraged Rede petitioned the new King Henry IV to visit \"suitable punishment\" on the Flemings for their crimes so that a \"suitable example be made of all who would plan such things\".[2] The English Privy Council endorsed the petition, and for a time it seemed that the Flemings would suffer heavily for their treatment of Rede: in June 1401 a powerful commission was appointed to arrest and imprison Lord Slane and his wife Elizabeth Preston.[2] This was, however, an era when the nobility found it easy to obtain a royal pardon for even the most heinous crimes,[7] and in October 1401 Lord Slane, on payment of £30 (a derisory sum compared to the £1200 he had extracted from Rede), was duly pardoned,[2] as was his son Christopher, who paid the same amount in damages.[5] Since Christopher was pardoned for \"all other seditious committed in both the present and the previous reign\",[5] one must wonder how many other crimes Christopher, who was probably still in his late teens, had already committed.","title":"Abduction and ransom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"County Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After being superseded as Lord Chief Justice in 1406 he returned to England and asked for permission to reside there permanently. Given his ill-treatment by the Flemings and his failure to obtain adequate redress for his wrongs, this was natural enough.[2] Rather surprisingly, he returned to Ireland two years later and apparently died in Ireland. He was Deputy Treasurer of Ireland in 1413.[1] In 1415 he was given leave to travel to England again: whether or not he did so is unclear.[8] He and his wife were both still alive in 1416, and were still expanding their holdings with purchases of land in County Louth.[2] The Richard Rede who with his wife Katherine was granted lands at Stackallen in 1424 may have been his son.[9] Richard in turn sold lands to Robert Rede, son of Philip, who may have been a cousin, in 1427.[10]","title":"Later years"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimal_Siripala_De_Silva	Nimal Siripala de Silva	["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 Political career","4 Assassination attempt","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]	Sri Lankan politician This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nimal Siripala de SilvaMPනිමල් සිරිපාල ද සිල්වා நிமல் சிறிபால டி சில்வாSilva at Indian Ocean Conference in Dhaka (2023)Minister of Ports, Shipping and AviationIncumbentAssumed office 20 May 2022PresidentGotabaya Rajapaksa Ranil WickramasinghePrime MinisterRanil Wickramasinghe Dinesh GunawardenaPreceded byPramitha TennakoonMinister of LabourIn office12 August 2020 – 18 April 2022PresidentGotabaya RajapaksaPrime MinisterMahinda RajapaksaPreceded byDullas AlahapperumaSucceeded byVidura WickremanayakeIn office4 September 2015 – 26 October 2018PresidentMaithripala SirisenaPrime MinisterRanil WickremesinghePreceded byRanjith MaddumabandaraSucceeded byArjuna RanatungaMinister of JusticeIn office22 November 2019 – 12 August 2020PresidentGotabaya RajapaksaPrime MinisterMahinda RajapaksaPreceded byThalatha AtukoraleSucceeded byAli Sabry13th Leader of the OppositionIn office16 January 2015 – 26 June 2015PresidentMaithripala SirisenaPrime MinisterRanil WickremesinghePreceded byRanil WickremesingheSucceeded byR. SampanthanMember of Parliamentfor Badulla DistrictIncumbentAssumed office 2000Member of Parliamentfor Colombo DistrictIn office1989–2000 Personal detailsBorn (1944-09-06) 6 September 1944 (age 79)Badulla, British CeylonNationalitySri LankanPolitical partySri Lanka Freedom PartyOther politicalaffiliationsSri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance (2019 – Present) United People's Freedom Alliance (2004 – 2019) People's Alliance (1994 – 2004)Alma materNalanda College, ColomboOccupationPoliticsProfessionProctor Nilenthi Nimal Siripala de Silva MP (born 6 September 1944) is a Sri Lankan politician currently serving as the Minister of Ports, Shipping and Aviation and one of the two acting chairmen of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party alongside Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe. He served as the Leader of the Opposition for a few months in 2015, and has served in several other ministerial posts: he is the former Cabinet Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation in 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, former Minister of Irrigation and Water Resources Management and former Leader of the House. He is a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and a Member of Parliament representing the Badulla District. Early life and education De Silva born to a family of teachers in Badulla. He was educated at Nalanda College, Colombo where he was a member of the college debating team. He entered Colombo Law College in 1966 and qualified as a proctor in 1971. Early career Having started his legal practice in 1971, de Silva was active in politics from his student years, having started the Sri Lanka Freedom Party Law Students Association. He supported Sirimavo Bandaranaike in her campaign in the 1970 general election. He travelled to the United Kingdom in 1975 and qualified as a solicitor. He returned to Sri Lanka in 1978, and assisted Bandaranaike in her defense against the Special Presidential Commission appointed by President J. R. Jayawardene to investigate allegations against Bandaranaike for abuses of power during her tenure as Prime Minister. Political career He entered parliament in 1989 having been elected from the Colombo Electoral District in the 1989 general election and was re-elected from Colombo till 2000, when he was elected from Badulla Electoral District and had been re-elected consecutively till the present. He is the Assembly President of the World Health Organization. He has hold cabinet positions in all 5 presidents cabinet after 1994. Assassination attempt On 4 July 1996, De Silva escaped with injuries in an attempted assassination by a LTTE female suicide bomber at the Stanley Road in Jaffna. This incident took place minutes after the Minister declared open a branch of Building Materials Corporation (BMC) in Jaffna. Brigadier Ananda Hamangoda (Jaffna Sector Commander), Ranjith Godamuna (Chairman, Lanka Cement) and 21 others were killed with more than 50 injured in the explosion. See also Cabinet of Sri Lanka References ^ New Cabinet: Nimal Siripala de Silva appointed Minister of Labour ^ "Sri Lanka Freedom Party appoints Nimal Siripala as acting chair, CBK as advisor". EconomyNext. 8 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ Hon. Nimal Siripala de Silva is a member of the biggest thieves gang in Sri lanka, M.P ^ a b "COVER STORY - JULY 2013". Business Today. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ Always With The Party ^ Wasantha Siriwardena (7 July 1996). "Thursdays blast in Jaffna". The Sunday Times - Sri Lanka. Retrieved 19 February 2014. Sources Biographies of Present Members "Old Nalandians elected MPs to be felicitated". Daily News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2002. Retrieved 27 March 2002. "Opposition weaker than ever before -Minister Nimal Siripala De Silva". Sunday Observer. Retrieved 4 April 2010. "International concerns on Lanka elections unfounded: Minister". India.com. 11 November 2018 – via PTI. vteLeaders of the Opposition Perera S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike Perera C.P de Silva Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Jayewardene Amirthalingam A. Bandaranaike Sirimavo Bandaranaike Dissanayake Wickremesinghe Wickremanayake Rajapaksa Wickremesinghe N. de Silva Sampanthan Rajapaksa Premadasa vteLeaders of the House Jayatilaka D. S. Senanayake Bandaranaike Kotelawala Jayewardene C.P. de Silva Jayewardene C.P. de Silva M. Senanayake Premadasa Wickremesinghe Mendis Wickremanayake Pathirana Lokubandara Sirisena N.S. de Silva Kiriella Gunawardena Premajayantha vteHealth Ministers of Sri Lanka Tikiri Bandara Panabokke II W. A. de Silva S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike Dudley Senanayake E. A. Nugawela Vimala Wijewardene A. P. Jayasuriya M. V. P. Peiris A. P. Jayasuriya Badi-ud-din Mahmud M. D. H. Jayawardena George Rajapaksa Siva Obeyesekere Ranjit Atapattu Sunethra Ranasinghe Renuka Herath A. H. M. Fowzie John Seneviratne P. Dayaratna Nimal Siripala de Silva Maithripala Sirisena Tissa Attanayake Rajitha Senaratne vteIrrigation and Water Resources Management Ministers of Sri Lanka de Silva Senanayake Dissanayake Atukorale Dayaratna Sirisena de Silva vteTelecommunication, Digital Infrastructure and Foreign Employment ministers of Sri Lanka Markar Kotelawala Sittampalam Samaraweera Moonesinghe Jayawickrama Goonewardene Kumarasuriar Jayasinghe Wijetunga Aluwihare Adhikari Samaraweera de Silva Gunawardena Jayaratne Hakeem Kumaranatunga Siyambalapitiya Fernando vte← Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka (1989 (1989)–1994 (1994)) → Speaker: M. H. Mohamed Prime Minister: Dingiri Banda Wijetunga/Ranil Wickremesinghe Leader of the Opposition: Sirimavo Bandaranaike Central ProvinceKandy Mahinda Abeykoon Tissa Attanayake A. R. M. Abdul Cader Chandraman de Silva Harindra Dunuwille Abdul Cader Shahul Hameed D. M. Jayaratne Lakshman Kiriella Mahahitana Arachchige Daniel Yasaratne Tennakoon Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Premachandra Wijesiri Matale Alick Aluwihare Nandimithra Ekanayake Wijeratne Banda Jambugahapitiyagedera V. G. Jinadasa P. B. Kaviratne Nuwara Eliya Tissa Abeyagoonasekera Ananda Dassanayake S. B. Dissanayake Gamini Dissanayake Renuka Herath Wijesundara Bandara Ranatunga Eastern ProvinceAmpara M. H. M. Ashraff Nihal Bakmeewewa Ahangama Polwatte Galappatthige Chandradasa P. Dayaratna Karunasinghe Thewarapperuma J. Thiviyanathan Batticaloa Prince Casinader Alathipody Gunaseelan M. L. A. M. Hizbullah G. Karunakaran Sam Tambimuttu Trincomalee M. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana M. E. H. Maharoof Konamalai Mathavarajah Sivapragasam Ratnarajah Northern ProvinceJaffna Sebastiyampillai Edward Thambu Loganathapillai K. Navaratnam Eliyathamby Pararasasingam Suresh Premachandran Arunasalam Ponniah Selliah Kanapathy Selvanayagam S. Sivamaharajah Joseph George Rajenthiram Eliyathamby Ratnasabapathy G. Yogasangari Vanni Innasimuthu Alfred S. S. M. Abu Bakar R. Kuhaneswaran Rasamanohari Pulendran A. E. Silva North Central ProvinceAnuradhapura Janak Mahendra Adhikari Sompala Adhikari D. M. Ariyadasa Chandrasoma Bandara Berty Premalal Dissanayake Lal Dharmapriya Gamage Themiya Hurulle K. B. Ratnayake Polonnaruwa Seid Ahamed Abdul Majeed Nelson Paththinige Samarasinghe Arachchilage Muthubanda Maithripala Sirisena C. A. Suriyaarachchi North Western ProvinceKurunegala Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Bandaranayaka Upali Mervin Senarath Dasanayaka Herath Mudiyanselage Ariyawardanage Lokubanda S. B. Nawinne Upali Piyasoma A.M. Munidasa Premachandra G. M. Premachandra Lionel Rajapaksa Jayasena Rajakaruna Amara Piyaseeli Ratnayake Ariya Rekawa Herath Banda Wanninayaka Sarathchandra Bandara Welagedara Diunugallage Peter Wickramasinghe Ukkubanda Wijekoon Puttalam Harindra Jayanthi Corea Sujatha Dharmawardana Milroy Fernando Harold Herath S. D. R. Jayaratne Festus Perera Ashoka Wadigamangawa Sabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle Jagath Balasuriya Mohamed Farook Dharmadewa Jayasinghe Samantha Devi Karunaratne Vincent Perera Chandradasa Ranatunga Dharmasiri Senanayake Athauda Seneviratne Mano Wijeyeratne Ratnapura M. L. M. Aboosally Athula Kularatne Attygale Gamini Atukorale Nanda Ellawala Chandrasekara Gankande Helen Mahattaya Liyanage Nanda Mathew Vasudeva Nanayakkara John Seneviratne Wimal Wickramasinghe Southern ProvinceGalle Upali Sarath Danston Amarasiri Nandimithra de Soyza Amarasiri Dodangoda Piyasena Gamage Vincent Jayawardene Noel Kariyawasam Rupa Karunathilake Nanda Kumarage Buddhika Kurukularatne Hemakumara Nanayakkara Richard Pathirana Hambantota Hary Abeydheera Ranjit Atapattu Ananda Kularatne Cyril Madduma Baduge Chamal Rajapaksa Mahinda Rajapaksa Gunapala Tissakuttiarachchi Matara Gamini Fonseka Madurapala Ediriweera H. R. Piyasiri Mangala Samaraweera Peter Silva Hewagampolage Sirisena Dayananda Wickremasinghe Ranjan Wijayawardhana Mahinda Wijesekara Uva ProvinceBadulla Chandra Karunaratne W. J. M. Lokubandara Hema Ratnayake Ravindra Samaraweera Lakshman Senewiratne Madduma Bandara Sethapenage Edwin Wickramarathne Samaraweera Weerawanni Monaragala Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Ariyaratna Dharmadasa Banda Ranjith Madduma Bandara Gunavathi Dissanayake Gamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa Western ProvinceColombo Lalith Athulathmudali Jabir Cader Sirisena Cooray Nimal Siripala de Silva Tyronne Fernando C. V. Gunaratne Premaratne Gunasekera Bandula Gunawardane Dinesh Gunawardena Gamini Lokuge Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi M. H. Mohamed Jinadasa Niyathapala Nimal Ransiri Peiris Dickson Sarathchandra Dela Vincent Perera Sunethra Ranasinghe M. S. Sellasamy Stanley Tillekeratne Kingsley Wickramaratne Gampaha John Amaratunga Anura Bandaranaike Sirimavo Bandaranaike Donald Dissanayake Jeyaraj Fernandopulle Mahen Gunasekera Lakshman Jayakody Ariyarathna Jayathilaka Wijayapala Mendis Joseph Michael Perera Paul Perera Sarathchandra Rajakaruna Reggie Ranatunga Sardhatissa Sakalasooriya Ranil Wickremesinghe Mahindra Wijerathna Kalutara Pathirage Don Abeyratne Sumitha Priyanganie Abeyweera Mervin Joseph Cooray Neville Fernando Indradasa Hettiarachchi Thilak Karunaratne Imthiaz Bakeer Markar Anil Moonesinghe Mangala Moonesinghe Sarath Ranawaka Punsiri Samaranayake National List (29) Rupa Sriyani Daniel Alec Robertson S. L. Gunasekara Tellipalai Rajaratnam Unfinished vte← Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka (1994 (1994)–2000 (2000)) → Speaker: K. B. Ratnayake Prime Minister: Chandrika Kumaratunga/Sirimavo Bandaranaike/Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Leader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe Central ProvinceKandy Sarath Amunugama Tissa Attanayake A. R. M. Abdul Cader Gamini Dissanayake Abdul Cader Shahul Hameed D. M. Jayaratne Lucky Jayawardena Lakshman Kiriella Wilson Kuruppuarachchi Anuruddha Ratwatte Irajarathnan Sivasamy Ediriweera Weerawardena Matale Alick Aluwihare Nandimithra Ekanayake Monty Gopallawa Vidana Gamage Jinadasa Janaka Bandara Tennakoon Nuwara Eliya Tissa Abhayagunasekara P. Chandrasekaran S. B. Dissanayake Renuka Herath C. B. Ratnayake Suppaiah Sathasivam Muthu Sivalingam Arumugam Thondaman Eastern ProvinceAmpara M. H. M. Ashraff Nihal Bakmeewewa P. Dayaratna Chandradasa Galappaththi U. L. M. Mohideen H.M. Weerasinghe Batticaloa M. L. A. M. Hizbullah Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana Joseph Pararajasingham P. Selvarasa K. Thurairajasingam Trincomalee M. E. H. Maharoof M. N. Abdul Majeed Sunil Ranaweera A. Thangathurai Northern ProvinceJaffna Atputharajah Nadarajah Murugesu Chandrakumar Rajendran Ramamoorthy Unfinished Vanni S. S. M. Abu Bakar V. Balachandran Rasamanohari Pulendran S. Shanmuganathan D. Siddarthan Premaratnage Sumathipala North Central ProvinceAnuradhapura Somapala Adikari Chandrasoma Bandara Berty Premalal Dissanayake P. B. Dissanayake P. Harrison Tissa Karalliyadde Shantha Premarathna A. H. B. Semasinghe Polonnaruwa Nandasena Herath T. B. Mahalekam H. G. P. Nelson Rukman Senanayake Maithripala Sirisena North Western ProvinceKurunegala A.H.M Alavi D. M. Bandaranayake Bandula Basnayake Jayadeva Chandrawansha Salinda Dissanayake T. B. Ekanayake H.M.A. Loku Bandara S. B. Nawinne Gamini Jayawickrama Perera Munidasa Premachandra Amara Piyaseeli Ratnayake Jayasena Rajakaruna Piyasoma Upali D.P. Wickramasinghe Anura Priyadharshana Yapa Puttalam D. M. Dassanayake Joseph Fernando Milroy Fernando Harold Herath Festus Perera S. D. R. Jayaratne Asoka Wadigamangawa Sabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle Jagath Balasooriya Y. L. M. Farook Maheepala Herath P. B. G. Kalugalla K. Vincent Perera H. R. J. Podinilame Athauda Seneviratne R.A.D. Sirisena Mano Wijeyeratne Ratnapura Gamini Atukorale Nalanda Ellawala U. L. Heenmahaththaya K. D. Nanda Mathew Vasudeva Nanayakkara Susantha Punchinilame Jayatissa Ranaweera John Seneviratne H. M. U. Silva Pavithra Wanniarachchi Southern ProvinceGalle Vajira Abeywardena M. U. S. D. Amarasiri Asoka Weerasinghe de Silva Amarasiri Dodangoda Piyasena Gamage Sarath Gunawardena Nandadasa Gunasinghe H. G. N. P. Kariyawasam Rupa Karunathilake Richard Pathirana Hambantota Mahinda Amaraweera Ananda Kularatne Chamal Rajapaksa Mahinda Rajapaksa Nirupama Rajapaksa Mervyn Silva J. P. V. Vipulaguna Nihal Galappaththi Matara Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena Dullas Alahapperuma Ronnie de Mel Chandrasiri Gajadeera E. A. Samarasinghe Mangala Samaraweera Mahinda Wijesekara H. R. Wimalasiri Uva ProvinceBadulla W. J. M. Lokubandara Dilan Perera Hema Ratnayake R.M. Ratnayake Ravindra Samaraweera Lakshman Senewiratne Sennan Veera Samaraweera Weerawanni Monaragala Dharmadasa Banda Ranjith Madduma Bandara Sumedha Jayasena A. M. Jayawardana Jagath Pushpakumara Western ProvinceColombo Ossie Abeygunasekera P. P. Devaraj Srimani Athulathmudali Nawalaage Benet Cooray Nimal Siripala de Silva Tyronne Fernando A. H. M. Fowzie C. V. Gunaratne Indika Gunawardena Karunasena Kodituwakku Jeewan Kumaranatunga Gamini Lokuge Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi R. Yogarajan M. H. Mohamed Susil Moonesinghe Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra Gunasekara Premaratne Amal Senalankadikara Bernard Soysa Kingsley Wickramaratne Ranil Wickremesinghe Gampaha John Amaratunga Chandrika Kumaratunga Jeyaraj Fernandopulle Upali Gunaratne Lionel Gunawardena Anura Hapangama Lakshman Jayakody Wijayapala Mendis Jinadasa Nandasena Athula Nimalasiri Felix Perera Joseph Michael Perera Reginold Perera Sarathchandra Rajakaruna Suranimala Rajapaksha Reggie Ranatunga Neil Rupasinghe A. V. Suraweera Kalutara Sumithra Priyanganie Abeyweera Imthiaz Bakeer Markar Reginald Cooray Thilak Karunarathna Anil Moonesinghe Ediriweera Premarathna Sarath Ranawaka Mahinda Samarasinghe Kumara Welgama Ratnasiri Wickremanayake National List (29) Sirimavo Bandaranaike Lakshman Kadirgamar Neelan Tiruchelvam Unfinished vte← Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2000 (2000)–2001 (2001)) → Speaker: Anura Bandaranaike Prime Minister: Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Leader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe Central ProvinceKandy Mahindananda Aluthgamage Sarath Amunugama Tissa Attanayake A. R. M. Abdul Cader Rauff Hakeem M. H. A. Haleem Keheliya Rambukwella Anuruddha Ratwatte D. M. Jayaratne Lucky Jayawardena Lakshman Kiriella Ediriweera Weerawardhana Matale Alick Aluvihare Ranjith Aluvihare Nandimithra Ekanayake Monty Gopallawa Janaka Bandara Tennakoon Nuwara Eliya Periyasamy Chandrasekaran Navin Dissanayake S. B. Dissanayake Muthu Sivalingam Suppiah Sathasiwam Krishnan Jegatheeswaran Shanmugam Arumugam Thondaman Eastern ProvinceAmpara Ferial Ismail Ashraff A. L. M. Athaullah P. Dayaratna Wimal Dissanayaka Chandradasa Galappaththige Markandu Gunasekeram U. L. M. Mohideen Batticaloa Abdul Cader S. Ganeshamoorthy Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana Joseph Pararajasingham Nimalan Soundaranayagam Trincomalee M. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana M. A. M. Maharoof M. N. Abdul Majeed M. S. Thowfeek Northern ProvinceJaffna V. Anandasangaree Douglas Devananda Karthigesu Velummylum Kugendran T. Maheswaran Nadarasah Mathanarajah Kandiah Sangaran Mavai Senathirajah S. Sivamaharajah A. Vinayagamoorthy Vanni Selvam Adaikalanathan R. Kuhaneswaran Noordeen Mashoor Vino Noharathalingam Santhakumara Punchihewa Premaratnage Sumathipala North Central ProvinceAnuradhapura Duminda Dissanayake Punchi Banda Dissanayake W. B. Ekanayake P. Harrison Chandrani Bandara Jayasinghe Tissa Karalliyadde Don Simanralalage Shantha Premaratne Appuhamilage Herath Banda Semasinghe Polonnaruwa Earl Gunasekara Nandasena Herath Nelson Paththinige Rukman Senanayake Maithripala Sirisena North Western ProvinceKurunegala Rohitha Bogollagama Salinda Dissanayake Johnston Fernando Jayarathna Herath Nimal Herath Sarath Munasinghe Ranjith Navaratne S.B. Nawinne Gamini Jayawickrama Perera Munidasa Premachandra Amara Piyaseeli Ratnayake Nimal Bandara Rathnayake Somakumari Tennakoon Piyasoma Upali Anura Priyadharshana Yapa Puttalam Palitha Range Bandara D. M. Dassanayake Ivon Sriyani Fernando Milroy Fernando Piyankara Jayaratne Festus Perera Neomal Perera Dayasritha Thissera Sabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle Jagath Balasuriya Lalith Dissanayake Mahipala Herath Jayathilaka Podinilame Champika Premadasa Sirisena Rupasinghe Athauda Seneviratne Ranjith Siyambalapitiya Mano Wijeyeratne Ratnapura Gamini Atukorale Surangani Ellawala Heenmahaththaya Liyanage Abeynayaka Piyadasa Susantha Punchinilame Jayatissa Ranaweera Mahinda Ratnatilaka W. D. J. Senewiratne Dharmadasa Wanniarachchi Pavithra Wanniarachchi Southern ProvinceGalle Vajira Abeywardena Amarasiri Dodangoda Piyasena Gamage Sarath Gunawardena Padmasiri Kariyawasam Gayantha Karunathilaka Keerthi Mawellage Hemakumara Nanayakkara Richard Pathirana Athula Indika Weerakoon Hambantota Siri Alexander Andrahennady Nihal Galappaththi Ananda Kularatne Sajith Premadasa Chamal Rajapaksa Mahinda Rajapaksa Dilip Wedaarachchi Matara Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena Dullas Alahapperuma Chandrasiri Gajadeera Jinadasa Kitulagoda Sagala Ratnayaka Mangala Samaraweera Mahinda Wijesekara Uva ProvinceBadulla Nimal Siripala De Silva W. J. M. Lokubandara Lakshman Senewiratne Sethapenage Appuhamy Ralalage Madduma Bandara Upali Samaraweera Ravindra Samaraweera Rathnayake Mudiyanselage Ratnayake Dilan Perera Monaragala Ranjith Madduma Bandara Sumedha Jayasena Ananda Kumarasiri Gamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa Jayasundara Wijekoon Western ProvinceColombo Nimal Fernando Tyronne Fernando A. H. M. Fowzie Bandula Gunawardena Dinesh Gunawardena Indika Gunawardena Ravi Karunanayake Chandana Kathriarachchci Jayantha Ketagoda Karunasena Kodituwakku Jeewan Kumaranatunga Gamini Lokuge Mohamed Maharoof M. H. Mohamed G. L. Peiris Lilantha Perera Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra Samson Silva Wimal Weerawansa Ranil Wickramasinghe Gampaha John Amaratunga Anura Bandaranaike Pandu Bandaranaike Jeyaraj Fernandopulle Edward Gunasekara Lionel Gunawardena Vijitha Herath Karu Jayasuriya Jayalath Jayawardena Sarath Keerthirathna Ananda Munasinghe Sarathchandra Peramunagamage Felix Perera Joseph Michael Perera Susil Premajayantha Suranimala Rajapaksha Reggie Ranatunga Neil Rupasinghe Kalutara Reginold Cooray Tuder Dayarathne Nandana Gunathilake Imthiaz Bakeer Markar Ediriweera Premarathne Mahinda Samarasinghe Abeyrathne Pathirage Rajitha Senaratne Kumara Welgama Ratnasiri Wickremanayake National List (29)JVP A. R. Anjan Umma Anura Kumara Dissanayake PA Somaweera Chandrasiri Raja Collure Basheer Segu Dawood Ronnie de Mel Monty Gopallawa Leslie Gunawardana Mohamed Haneefa Lakshman Kadirgamar Wijayapala Mendis Alavi Moulana Rizzwi Sinnalebbe Batty Weerakoon R. Yogarajan UNP A. H. M. Azwer Nihal Bakmeewewa K. N. Choksy Sirinal de Mel P. P. Devaraj K. Kanakaraj M. N. Abdul Majeed Tilak Marapana Milinda Moragoda Ravindra Randeniya M. S. Sellasamy Daham Wimalasena vte← Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2001 (2001)–2004 (2004)) → Speaker: W. J. M. Lokubandara Prime Minister: Ranil Wickremesinghe Leader of the Opposition: Ratnasiri Wickremanayake/Mahinda Rajapaksa Central ProvinceKandy Mahindananda Aluthgamage Sarath Amunugama Tissa Attanayake Dimuthu Bandara Rauff Hakeem Mohamed Hazim Lucky Jayawardena Lakshman Kiriella Srimathi Manthilake Keheliya Rambukwella Anuruddha Ratwatte Thilina Bandara Tennakoon Matale Alick Aluvihare Ranjith Aluvihare Sanjeeva Kaviratne Janaka Bandara Tennakoon Bandula Yalegama Nuwara Eliya Periyasamy Chandrasekaran D. M. S. K. Dassanayake Navin Dissanayake C. B. Rathnayake Piyadasa Kaladugoda Muthu Sivalingam Arumugam Thondaman Eastern ProvinceAmpara Ferial Ashraff P. Dayaratna H. M. M. Harees Anver Ismail Mohamed Ismail Athaullah Ahamed Lebbe Marikkar A. Chandranehru Karunasingha Thewarapperuma Batticaloa Abdul Cader M. L. A. M. Hizbullah Gnanamuththu Krishnappillai Joseph Pararajasingham T. Thangavadivel Trincomalee M. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana M. A. M. Maharoof R. Sampanthan K. M. Thowfeek Northern ProvinceJaffna V. Anandasangaree Douglas Devananda T. Maheswaran Nadarasa Matanarasa Gajendrakumar Ponnambalam Nadarajah Raviraj Mavai Senathirajah M. K. Shivajilingam A. Vinayagamoorthy Vanni Selvam Adaikalanathan Sivasakthy Ananthan Rishad Bathiudeen R. Kuhaneswaran Noordeen Mashoor D. Siddarthan North Central ProvinceAnuradhapura S. M. Chandrasena Duminda Dissanayake W. B. Ekanayake Lal Dharmapriya Gamage P. Harrison Chandrani Bandara Jayasinghe Tissa Karalliyadda K. D. Lalkantha Polonnaruwa Earl Gunasekara Nelson Paththinige Sydney Jayarathne Maithreepala Sirisena Ananda Sarath Kumara Rathnayake North Western ProvinceKurunegala Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Bandranayake Indika Bandaranayake Rohitha Bogollagama Salinda Dissanayake T. B. Ekanayake Johnston Fernando Anura Gopallawa Jayarathna Herath S. B. Nawinne Gamini Jayawickrama Perera Upali Piyasena Bimal Rathnayake Amara Piyaseeli Ratnayake Soma Kumari Tennakoon Anura Priyadarshana Yapa Puttalam Palitha Range Bandara D. M. Dassanayake Milroy Fernando Neomal Perera Larine Perera Sugath Tissera Dayasritha Tissera Sabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle Kabir Hashim Maheepala Herath Jayathilaka Podinilame Champika Premadasa Gamini Rathnayake Sirisena Rupasinghe Rukman Senanayake Athauda Seneviratne Ranjith Siyambalapitiya Ratnapura Gamini Atukorale Piyadasa Abeynayake Achala Jagodage Asoka Jayawardena Premalal Jayasekara Susantha Punchinilame Mahinda Rathnatilaka John Seneviratne Pavithra Wanniarachchi A. A. Wijethunga Southern ProvinceGalle Vajira Abeywardena Ananda Abeywickrama Baddegama Samitha Thero Amarasiri Dodangoda Piyasena Gamage Jayantha Jayaweera Gayantha Karunathilaka Hemakumara Nanayakkara Richard Pathirana Athula Weerakoon Hambantota Siri Alexander Andrahennady Nihal Galappaththi Ananda Kularatne Sajith Premadasa Mahinda Rajapaksa Chamal Rajapaksa Dilip Wedaarachchi Matara Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena Mallika de Mel Justin Galappathi Jinadasa Kitulagoda Sagala Ratnayaka Mangala Samaraweera Mahinda Wijesekara Uva ProvinceBadulla Nimal Siripala de Silva W. J. M. Lokubandara Ravindra Samaraweera Upali Samaraweera Lakshman Senewiratne Madduma Bandara Sethapenage K. Velayudam D. D. W. Wickramarathne Monaragala R. M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara Sumedha G. Jayasena Ananda Kumarasiri A. P. Jagath Pushpakumara Gamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa Western ProvinceColombo Tyronne Fernando A. H. M. Fowzie Mano Ganeshan Bandula Gunawardane Dinesh Gunawardena Sunil Handunnetti Ravi Karunanayake Chandana Kathriarachchi Karunasena Kodituwakku Jeewan Kumaranatunga Gamini Lokuge Mohomed Maharoof M. H. Mohamed Milinda Moragoda Jayantha Perera Lilantha Perera Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra Susil Premajayantha Arjuna Ranatunga Wimal Weerawansa Ranil Wickramasinghe Gampaha John Amaratunga Anura Bandaranaike Pandu Bandaranaike Jeyaraj Fernandopulle Sarana Gunawardena Edward Gunasekara Vijitha Herath Karu Jayasuriya Jayalath Jayawardena Felix Perera Joseph Michael Perera Olitha Premathiratna Sarathchandra Rajakaruna Suranimala Rajapaksha Ravindra Randeniya Reggie Ranatunga Neil Rupasinghe A. R. Anjan Umma Kalutara Rohitha Abeygunawardena Pathirage Don Abeyratne Tudor Dayaratne Nandana Gunathilake Imthiaz Bakeer Markar Mahinda Samarasinghe Rajitha Senaratne Kumara Welgama Ananda Lakshman Wijemanna Ratnasiri Wickremanayake National List (29)JVP Ramalingam Chandrasekar Anura Kumara Dissanayake S. K. Subasinghe PA Mahinda Amaraweera Raja Collure Ronnie de Mel Ajantha de Soyza M. H. Cegu Isadean D. M. Jayaratne Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe Lakshman Kadirgamar Dilan Perera V. Puththirasigamoney S. Sathasivam TNA M. Sivasithamparam (K. Thurairetnasingam) UNF A. H. M. Azwer A. A. M. Bawa A. R. M. Abdul Cader K. N. Choksy Basheer Segu Dawood S. B. Dissanayake A. L. M. Hajrath Tilak Marapana Mohamed Musthaffa G. L. Peiris P. Radhakrishnan M. S. Thowfeek Jayasundera Wijekoon R. Yogarajan vte← Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2004 (2004)–2010) → Speaker: W. J. M. Lokubandara Prime Minister: Mahinda Rajapaksa/Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Leader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe Central Province (24)Kandy Dimuthu Bandara Abayakoon A. R. M. Abdul Cader Mahindananda Aluthgamage Sarath Amunugama Tissa Attanayake Y. M. Nawaratna Banda M. H. A. Haleem D. M. Jayaratne Lakshman Kiriella Faiszer Musthapha Udawatte Nanda Thero Keheliya Rambukwella Matale Sujatha Alahakoon Alick Aluwihare Nandimithra Ekanayake Ranjith Aluwihare Rohana Dissanayake Janaka Bandara Tennakoon Nuwara Eliya P. Chandrasekaran Santhanam Arulsamy S. B. Dissanayake Renuka Herath N. D. N. P. Jayasinghe S. Jegadhiswaran C. B. Rathnayake Muthu Sivalingam Arumugam Thondaman North Central Province (13)Anuradhapura S. M. Chandrasena Duminda Dissanayake W. B. Ekanayake P. Harrison Chandrani Bandara Jayasinghe Tissa Karalliyadde K. D. Lalkantha R. P. A. Ranaweera Pathirana Polonnaruwa Siripala Gamalath Earl Gunasekara Maithripala Sirisena S. K. Subasinghe C. A. Suriyaarachchi North Eastern Province (31)Ampara Ferial Ashraff A. L. M. Athaullah P. Dayaratna Cassim Faizal Rauff Hakeem A. M. M. Naushad K. Pathmanathan Thomas Thangathurai William L. G. Wasantha Piyatissa Batticaloa S. Jeyanandamoorthy Thanmanpillai Kanagasabai Thangeswary Kathiraman Kingsley Rasanayagam P. Ariyanethiran Ameer Ali Shihabdeen Jaffna Douglas Devananda S. Kajendran Gajendrakumar Ponnambalam Suresh Premachandran Nadarajah Raviraj N. Srikantha Mavai Senathirajah M. K. Shivajilingam Pathmini Sithamparanathan K. Sivanesan Solomon Cyril Trincomalee M. N. Abdul Majeed R. Sampanthan K. Thurairetnasingam Jayantha Wijesekara Vanni Selvam Adaikalanathan Sivasakthy Ananthan Rishad Bathiudeen S. Kanagaratnam S. Kishore Vino Noharathalingam North Western Province (24)Kurunegala Indika Bandaranayake Bandula Basnayake Rohitha Bogollagama Anura Kumara Dissanayake Salinda Dissanayake T. B. Ekanayake Johnston Fernando Jayarathna Herath Dayasiri Jayasekara Akila Viraj Kariyawasam M. D. Namal Karunaratne S. B. Nawinne Gamini Jayawickrama Perera Bimal Rathnayaka Amara Piyaseeli Ratnayake Anura Priyadharshana Yapa Puttalam Palitha Range Bandara D. M. Dassanayake Piyankara Jayaratne Weerakumara Dissanayake Milroy Fernando Samansiri Herath Larine Perera Neomal Perera Dayasritha Tissera Sabaragamuwa Province (19)Kegalle Kabir Hashim Maheepala Herath H. R. Mithrapala Anuruddha Polgampala Lalith Dissanayake Champika Premadasa R. M. Gamini Rathnayake Rukman Senanayake Athauda Seneviratne Ranjith Siyambalapitiya Mano Wijeyeratne Ratnapura Thalatha Atukorale Dunesh Gankanda Deepal Gunasekara Achala Jagodage Premalal Jayasekara Susantha Punchinilame Jayatissa Ranaweera Mahinda Ratnatilaka John Seneviratne Pavithra Devi Wanniarachchi Southern Province (25)Galle Vajira Abeywardena Amarasiri Dodangoda Chandima Weerakkody Piyasena Gamage Gayantha Karunathilaka Ajith Kumara Hemakumara Nanayakkara Lionel Premasiri Gunaratna Weerakoon Chandrasena Wijesinghe Thilakaratne Withanachchi Hambantota Mahinda Amaraweera Nihal Galappaththi Sajith Premadasa Chamal Rajapaksa Mahinda Rajapaksa Nirupama Rajapaksa Vijitha Ranaweera Dilip Wedaarachchi Matara Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena Chandrasiri Gajadeera Jinadasa Kitulagoda Pemasiri Manage Sagala Ratnayaka Mangala Samaraweera Mahinda Wijesekara Uva Province (13)Badulla Nimal Siripala de Silva W. J. M. Lokubandara Dilan Perera Ravindra Samaraweera M. Satchithanandan Lakshman Senewiratne Vadivel Suresh Samantha Vidyaratna Monaragala Dharmadasa Banda R. M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara R. M. Padma Udhaya Shantha Gunasekera Sumedha G. Jayasena A. P. Jagath Pushpakumara Western Province (47)Colombo Kotapola Amarakitti Thero Lakshman Nipuna Arachchi Uduwe Dhammaloka A. H. M. Fowzie Mano Ganesan Bandula Gunawardane Dinesh Gunawardena Sunil Handunnetti Ravi Karunanayake Jeewan Kumaranatunga Gamini Lokuge T. Maheswaran Mohamed Rajabdeen Mohamed Mahroof M. H. Mohamed Milinda Moragoda Susil Premajayantha Arjuna Ranatunga Kahaluwe Ratnaseeha Akmeemana Dayarathana Thero Wimal Weerawansa Ranil Wickremesinghe Gampaha Lasantha Alagiyawanna Siripala Amarasinghe Sarath Kumara Gunaratna John Amaratunga Anura Bandaranaike Sarana Gunawardena Pandu Bandaranaike Jeyaraj Fernandopulle Duleep Wijesekera Edward Gunasekara Vijitha Herath Karu Jayasuriya Jayalath Jayawardena Felix Perera Joseph Michael Perera Aparekke Punnananda Thero Sarathchandra Rajakaruna Sripathi Sooriyarachchi Reggie Ranatunga Neil Rupasinghe Kolonnawe Sri Sumangala Thero Alawwe Nandaloka Thero A. R. Anjan Umma Kalutara Rohitha Abeygunawardena Reginald Cooray Nirmala Kotalawala Nandana Gunathilake Sarath Ranawaka Ananda Lakshman Wijemanna Athuraliye Rathana Thero Mahinda Samarasinghe S. A. Jayantha Samaraweera Rajitha Senaratne Kumara Welgama Piyasiri Wijenayake National List (29)JHU Ellawala Medhananda Thero Omalpe Sobhitha Champika Ranawaka SLMC Hasen Ali TNA M. K. Eelaventhan Raseen Mohammed Imam Joseph Pararajasingham C. Chandrakanthan UNF Hussein Ahamed Bhaila K. N. Choksy Basheer Segu Dawood Rauff Hakeem Navin Dissanayake Abdul Baiz Kamardeen Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana M. Mohamed Musthaffa G. L. Peiris W. P. S. Pushpakumara V. Puththirasigamoney Ismail Mohammed Quddus S. Nijamudeen P. Radhakrishnan M. S. Sellasamy UPFA Ramalingam Chandrasekar D. E. W. Gunasekera Gitanjana Gunawardena M. H. Cegu Isadean Mohamed Ismail Anwar Ismail Basil Rajapaksa Lakshman Kadirgamar Dullas Alahapperuma J. A. Mary Lucida Mervyn Silva Janadasa Peiris Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Wasantha Samarasinghe V. Muralitharan Philipps Sri Liyanage Mohamed Mussammil Tissa Vitharana Wiswa Warnapala E. A. D. C. Weerasekera Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe vte← Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2010 (2010)–2015 (2015)) → Speaker: Chamal Rajapaksa Prime Minister: D. M. Jayaratne/Ranil Wickremesinghe Leader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe/Nimal Siripala de Silva WesternColombo Sarath Fonseka (Jayantha Ketagoda) A. H. M. Fowzie Praba Ganeshan Mohan Lal Grero Bandula Gunawardane Dinesh Gunawardena Sunil Handunnetti Ravi Karunanayake Jeewan Kumaranatunga Gamini Lokuge Susil Premajayantha Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe Champika Ranawaka Sujeewa Senasinghe Rosy Senanayake Duminda Silva Thilanga Sumathipala Wimal Weerawansa Ranil Wickremesinghe Gampaha Lasantha Alagiyawanna John Amaratunga Pandu Bandaranaike Sudarshani Fernandopulle Sarath Kumara Gunaratne Sarana Gunawardena Vijitha Herath Karu Jayasuriya Jayalath Jayawardena Ajith Mannapperuma Felix Perera Basil Rajapaksa Ruwan Ranatunga Athuraliye Rathana Wasantha Senanayake Mervyn Silva Upeksha Swarnamali Dulip Wijeysekara Ruwan Wijewardene Kalutara Rohitha Abeygunawardena Reginald Cooray Nirmala Kotalawala Ajith Perera Arjuna Ranatunga Mahinda Samarasinghe Rajitha Senaratne Palitha Thewarapperuma Kumara Welgama Vidura Wickremenayake CentralKandy Mahindananda Aluthgamage Dilum Amunugama Sarath Amunugama Abdul Cadar S. B. Dissanayake Rauff Hakeem M. H. A. Haleem Lakshman Kiriella Faiszer Musthapha Keheliya Rambukwella Lohan Ratwatte Eric Prasanna Weerawardena Matale Wasantha Aluwihare Rohana Dissanayake Nandimithra Ekanayake Lakshman Wasantha Perera Janaka Bandara Tennakoon Nuwara Eliya Palani Digambaran Navin Dissanayake Sri Ranga Jeyaratnam Velusami Radhakrishnan Perumal Rajathurai C. B. Rathnayake Arumugam Thondaman SouthernGalle Piyasena Gamage Sajin Vass Gunawardena Gayantha Karunathilaka Ajith Kumara Nishantha Muthuhettigamage Manusha Nanayakkara Ramesh Pathirana Mohan De Silva Chandima Weerakkody Gunaratna Weerakoon Matara Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena Wijaya Dahanayake Chandrasiri Gajadeera Hemal Gunasekara Sanath Jayasuriya Buddhika Pathirana Mangala Samaraweera Hambantota Mahinda Amaraweera V. K. Indika Wehella Kankanamge Indika Sajith Premadasa Chamal Rajapaksa Namal Rajapaksa Nirupama Rajapaksa Dilip Wedaarachchi NorthernJaffna Silvestri Alantine Murugesu Chandrakumar Douglas Devananda Vijayakala Maheswaran Suresh Premachandran Eswarapatham Saravanapavan Mavai Senathirajah Sivagnanam Sritharan Appathurai Vinayagamoorthy Vanni Selvam Adaikalanathan Sivasakthy Ananthan Rishad Bathiudeen Hunais Farook Muthali Bawa Farook Noordeen Mashoor Vino Noharathalingam EasternBatticaloa Pakkiyaselvam Ariyanethiran Alim Mohamed Hisbulla Basheer Segu Dawood Pon Selvarasa Seeniththamby Yogeswaran Digamadulla A. L. M. Athaullah P. Dayaratna Cassim Faizal H. M. M. Harees Podiappuhamy Piyasena Sarath Weerasekara Sriyani Wijewickrama Trincomalee Susantha Punchinilame M. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana Rajavarothiam Sampanthan M. S. Thowfeek North WesternKurunegala Ashoka Abeysinghe K. W. Shantha Bandara Indika Bandaranayake Tharanath Basnayaka Salinda Dissanayake T. B. Ekanayake Johnston Fernando Jayarathna Herath Nalin Bandara Jayamaha Dayasiri Jayasekara Akila Viraj Kariyawasam S.B. Nawinne Gamini Jayawickrama Perera Neranjan Wickramasinghe Nimal Wijesinghe Anura Priyadharshana Yapa Puttalam Palitha Range Bandara Arundika Fernando Milroy Fernando Piyankara Jayaratne Niroshan Perera Neomal Perera Victor Anthony Perera Dayasritha Thissera North CentralAnuradhapura Chandrani Bandara Jayasinghe S. M. Chandrasena Duminda Dissanayake P. Weerakumara Dissanayake W. B. Ekanayake P. Harrison Tissa Karalliyadde Sarath Chandrasiri Muthukumarana Asanka Shehan Semasinghe Polonnaruwa Earl Gunasekara Roshan Ranasinghe Siripala Gamalath Maithripala Sirisena Jayasinghe Bandara C. A. Suriyaarachchi UvaBadulla Lal Chamika Buddhadasa Nimal Siripala De Silva Harin Fernando Udith Lokubandara Dilan Perera Rohana Pushpakumara Lakshman Senewiratne Amith Thenuka Vidanagamage Monaragala Vijitha Berugoda Sumedha G. Jayasena R.M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara A. P. Jagath Pushpakumara Gamini Vijith Wijithamuni De Zoysa SabaragamuwaRatnapura Thalatha Atukorale Dunesh Gankanda Premalal Jayasekara Vasudeva Nanayakkara Ranjan Ramanayake Sanee Rohana Kodithuvakku W. D. J. Senewiratne Ranjith de Zoysa Pavithra Devi Wanniarachchi Janaka Wakkumbura Kegalle Jagath Balasuriya Lalith Dissanayake Kanaka Herath Kabir Hashim H. R. Mithrapala Champika Premadasa Y. G. Padmasiri Athauda Seneviratne Ranjith Siyambalapitiya National ListUPFA Dullas Alahapperuma A.H.M. Asvar Malini Fonseka Achala Jagodage D. M. Jayaratne D. E. W. Gunasekera Gitanjana Gunawardena Ellawala Medhananda Thero Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan G. L. Peiris Janaka Priyantha Bandara Kamala Ranathunga Muthu Sivalingam J. R. P. Suriyapperuma Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Rajiva Wijesinha Tissa Vitharana UNF Hasen Ali M. S. M. Aslam Tissa Attanayake Harsha de Silva Anoma Gamage M. Joseph Michael Perera D. M. Swaminathan Eran Wickramaratne Ramaiah Yogarajan DNA Tiran Alles Anura Kumara Dissanayake TNA M. A. Sumanthiran vte← Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2015 (2015)–2020) → Speaker: Karu Jayasuriya Prime Minister: Ranil Wickremesinghe Leader of the Opposition: R. Sampanthan/Mahinda Rajapaksa Central (25)Kandy (12) Ananda Aluthgamage Mahindananda Aluthgamage Dilum Amunugama Mayantha Dissanayake Rauff Hakeem M. H. A. Haleem Anuradha Jayaratne Lucky Jayawardena Lakshman Kiriella Keheliya Rambukwella Lohan Ratwatte M. Velu Kumar Matale (5) Ranjith Aluwihare Wasantha Aluwihare Lakshman Wasantha Perera Janaka Bandara Tennakoon Rohini Kumari Wijerathna Nuwara Eliya (8) Palani Digambaran Navin Dissanayake K. K. Piyadasa Velusami Radhakrishnan C. B. Rathnayake Muthu Sivalingam M. Thilakarajah Arumugam Thondaman Eastern (16)Ampara (7) Wimalaweera Dissanayake Cassim Faizal Daya Gamage H. M. M. Harees K. Kodeeswaran Mansoor Ibrahim Sriyani Wijewickrama Batticaloa (5) Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana Ameer Ali Shihabdeen G. Sirinesan S. Viyalendiran S. Yogeswaran Trincomalee (4) Imran Maharoof M. A. M. Maharoof Susantha Punchinilame R. Sampanthan Northern (13)Jaffna (7) Douglas Devananda Vijayakala Maheswaran E. Saravanapavan Mavai Senathirajah D. Siddarthan S. Sritharan M. A. Sumanthiran Vanni (6) Selvam Adaikalanathan Sivasakthy Ananthan Rishad Bathiudeen K. Kader Masthan Charles Nirmalanathan S. Sivamohan North Central (14)Anuradhapura (9) S. M. Chandrasena Duminda Dissanayake Weerakumara Dissanayake Chandima Gamage P. Harrison Ishak Rahuman Chandrani Bandara Jayasinghe Sarath Chandrasiri Muthukumarana Asanka Shehan Semasinghe Polonnaruwa (5) Siripala Gamalath Sidney Jayarathna Nalaka Kolonne Roshan Ranasinghe Wasantha Senanayake North Western (23)Kurunegala (15) Ashoka Abeysinghe J. C. Alawathuwala Indika Bandaranayake Tharanath Basnayaka Salinda Dissanayake T. B. Ekanayake Johnston Fernando Thushara Indunil Nalin Bandara Dayasiri Jayasekara Akila Viraj Kariyawasam S. B. Nawinne Gamini Jayawickrama Perera Mahinda Rajapaksa Anura Priyadharshana Yapa Puttalam (8) Shantha Abeysekara Hector Appuhamy Palitha Range Bandara Arundika Fernando Piyankara Jayaratne Sanath Nishantha Niroshan Perera Ashoka Priyantha Sabaragamuwa (20)Kegalle (9) Tharaka Balasuriya Kabir Hashim Kanaka Herath Dushmantha Mithrapala Sujith Sanjaya Perera Champika Premadasa Sandith Samarasinghe Ranjith Siyambalapitiya Thusitha Wijemanne Ratnapura (11) Thalatha Atukorale Ranjith de Zoysa Dunesh Gankanda Premalal Jayasekara Vasudeva Nanayakkara Karu Paranawithana John Seneviratne Janaka Wakkumbura Pavithra Devi Wanniarachchi A. A. Wijethunga Ankumbura Withanage Southern (25)Galle (10) Vajira Abeywardena Bandula Lal Bandarigoda Mohan de Silva Wijepala Hettiarachchi Gayantha Karunathilaka Geetha Kumarasinghe Piyasena Gamage Nishantha Muthuhettigamage Manusha Nanayakkara Ramesh Pathirana Chandima Weerakkody Hambantota (7) Mahinda Amaraweera D. V. Chanaka Nihal Galappaththi Sajith Premadasa Chamal Rajapaksa Namal Rajapaksa Dilip Wedaarachchi Matara (8) Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena Dullas Alahapperuma Chandrasiri Gajadeera Buddhika Pathirana Niroshan Premaratne Sagala Ratnayaka Mangala Samaraweera Kanchana Wijesekera Uva (13)Badulla (8) A. Aravind Kumar Chamara Sampath Dassanayake Lakshman Senewiratne Nimal Siripala de Silva Harin Fernando Ravindra Samaraweera Vadivel Suresh Amith Thenuka Vidanagamage Chaminda Wijesiri Monaragala (5) Ranjith Madduma Bandara Vijitha Berugoda Padma Udayashantha Gunasekara Sumedha G. Jayasena Ananda Kumarasiri Western (47)Colombo (19) Harsha de Silva Anura Kumara Dissanayake Udaya Gammanpila Mano Ganesan Mohan Lal Grero Bandula Gunawardane Dinesh Gunawardena Ravi Karunanayake Gamini Lokuge Saidulla Marikkar Hirunika Premachandra Susil Premajayantha Mujibur Rahman Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe Champika Ranawaka Sujeewa Senasinghe Wimal Weerawansa Eran Wickramaratne Ranil Wickremesinghe Gampaha (18) Lasantha Alagiyawanna John Amaratunga Indika Anuruddha Sudarshani Fernandopulle Edward Gunasekara Vijitha Herath Sisira Jayakody Kavinda Jayawardena Nimal Lanza Ajith Mannapperuma Harshana Rajakaruna Ranjan Ramanayake Arjuna Ranatunga Prasanna Ranatunga Prasanna Ranaweera Chathura Senaratne Duleep Wijesekera Ruwan Wijewardene Kalutara (10) Rohitha Abeygunawardena Piyal Nishantha de Silva Ajith Perera Jayantha Samaraweera Nalinda Jayatissa Rajitha Senaratne Palitha Thewarapperuma Kumara Welgama Vidura Wickremenayake Lakshman Wijemanna National List (29)JVP (2) Sunil Handunnetti Sarath Chandrasiri Mayadunne Bimal Rathnayaka TNA (2) Shanthi Sriskantharajah K. Thurairetnasingam UNFGG (13) Sirinal de Mel Anoma Gamage M. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana Sarath Fonseka A. R. A. Hafeez M. S. Thowfeek Karu Jayasuriya Tilak Marapana Ashu Marasinghe M. H. M. Navavi Athuraliye Rathana Thero M. H. M. Salman Mohamadu Nazeer Malik Samarawickrama D. M. Swaminathan Jayampathy Wickramaratne UPFA (12) Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena Sarath Amunugama S. B. Dissanayake A. H. M. Fowzie M. L. A. M. Hizbullah Malith Jayathilake Faiszer Musthapha Dilan Perera Angajan Ramanathan Mahinda Samarasinghe Gamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa Thilanga Sumathipala vte← Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2020 (2020)–present) Speaker: Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena Prime Minister: Mahinda Rajapaksa/Ranil Wickremesinghe/Dinesh Gunawardena Leader of the Opposition: Sajith Premadasa Central (25)Kandy (12) Dilum Amunugama Mahindananda Aluthgamage Lohan Ratwatte Anuradha Jayaratne Keheliya Rambukwella Wasantha Yapa Bandara Gunathilaka Rajapaksha Udayana Kirindigoda Rauff Hakeem M. H. A. Haleem M. Velu Kumar Lakshman Kiriella Matale (5) Janaka Bandara Tennakoon Nalaka Kottegoda Pramitha Tennakoon Rohana Dissanayake Rohini Kumari Wijerathna Nuwara Eliya (8) Jeevan Thondaman C. B. Ratnayake S. B. Dissanayake Marudapandy Rameshwaran Nimal Piyatissa Palani Digambaran Velusami Radhakrishnan Mailvaganam Udayakumar Eastern (16)Ampara (7) Wimalaweera Dissanayake D. Weerasingha Thilak Rajapaksha H. M. M. Harees Cassim Faizal Muszhaaraff Muthunabeen Lebbe Marikkar Batticaloa (5) Rahul Rajapuththiran Kovinthan Karunakaram Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan Ahamed Nazeer Zainulabdeen Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana Sathasivam Viyalendiran Trincomalee (4) Shariff Thowfeek Imran Maharoof Kapila Athukorala R. Sampanthan M. A. M. Maharoof Susantha Punchinilame Northern (13)Jaffna (7) S. Sritharan M. A. Sumanthiran D. Siddarthan Gankesar Ponnambalam Angajan Ramanathan Douglas Devananda Vishwalingam Vickneshwaran Vanni (6) Charles Nirmalanathan Selvam Adaikalanathan S. Noharathalingam K. Kader Masthan Rishad Bathiudeen Kulasingam Thileepan North Central (14)Anuradhapura (9) S. M. Chandrasena Channa Jayasumana Uddika Premarathna S.C. Muthukumarana Asanka Shehan Semasinghe Duminda Dissanayake K. H. Nandasena K. P. S. Kumarasiri Ishak Rahuman Rohana Bandara Polonnaruwa (5) Maithripala Sirisena Roshan Ranasinghe Siripala Gamalath Amarakeerthi Athukorala Jagath Samarawickrama Kins Nelson North Western (24)Kurunegala (15) Mahinda Rajapaksa Johnston Fernando Gunapala Rathnasekara Dayasiri Jayasekara Asanka Navarathna Samanpriya Herath D. B. Herath Anura Priyadharshana Yapa Jayarathna Herath Shantha Bandara Sumith Udukumbura Nalin Bandara J. C. Alawathuwala Ashoka Abeysinghe Thushara Indunil Puttalam (9) Sanath Nishantha Jagath Priyankara Piyankara Jayaratne Arundika Fernando Chinthaka Mayadunne Ashoka Priyantha Hector Appuhamy Niroshan Nanayakkara Priyantha Perera Ali Sabri Raheem Sabaragamuwa (20)Kegalle (9) Kanaka Herath Ranjith Siyambalapitiya Tharaka Balasuriya Rajika Wickramasinghe Dushmantha Mithrapala Udayakantha Gunathilaka Sudath Manjula Kabir Hashim Sujith Sanjaya Perera Ratnapura (11) Pavithra Devi Wanniarachchi Premalal Jayasekara Janaka Wakkumbura Gamini Waleboda Akila Ellawala Vasudeva Nanayakkara Muditha Prishanthi John Seneviratne Ankumbura Withanage Priyantha Liyanage Thalatha Atukorale Southern (25)Galle (9) Ramesh Pathirana Chaminda Sampath Mohan Priyadarshana De Silva Chandima Weerakkody Isuru Dodangoda Shan Wijayalal De Silva Geetha Kumarasinghe Gayantha Karunathilaka Manusha Nanayakkara Hambantota (7) Namal Rajapaksa Chanaka Dinushan Mahinda Amaraweera Chamal Rajapaksa Upul Galappaththi Ajith Rajapakse Dilip Wedaarachchi Matara (7) Nipuna Ranawaka Karunadasa Kodithuwakku Dullas Alahapperuma Kanchana Wijesekera Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena Weerasumana Weerasinghe Buddhika Pathirana Uva (13)Badulla (9) Nimal Siripala de Silva Sudarshana Denipitiya Amith Thenuka Vidanagamage Chamara Sampath Dassanayake Dilan Perera Chaminda Thisakutti Vadivel Suresh A. Aravind Kumar Chaminda Wijesiri Nayana Wasalathilake Monaragala (6) Shasheendra Rajapaksa Kumarasiri Rathnayake Vijitha Berugoda Jagath Pushpakumara Gayashan Nawananda W. H. M. Dharmasena Western (47)Colombo (19) Sarath Weerasekara Wimal Weerawansa Udaya Gammanpila Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe Bandula Gunawardane Predeep Saman Kumara Dinesh Gunawardena Madhura Withanage Premnath C. Dolawaththa Gamini Lokuge Susil Premajayantha Jagath Kumara Sajith Premadasa S. M. Marikkar Mujibur Rahman A. H. M. Fowzie Harsha de Silva Patali Champika Ranawaka M. Ganeshan Anura Kumara Dissanayake Gampaha (18) Nalaka Godahewa Prasanna Ranatunga Indika Anuruddha Sisira Jayakody Nimal Lanza Sahan Pradeep Withana Sudarshani Fernandopulle Prasanna Ranaweera Harshani Gunawardhana Lasantha Alagiyawanna Nalin Ruwanjiwa Fernando Milan Sajith Jayathilake Upul Mahendra Rajapaksha Sarath Fonseka Ranjan Ramanayake Ajith Mannapperuma Harshana Rajakaruna Kavinda Jayawardena Vijitha Herath Kalutara (10) Vidura Wickremanayake Rohitha Abeygunawardena Sanjeeva Edirimanna Piyal Nishantha S.A. Jayantha Anupa Pasqual Lalith Ellawala Rajitha Senaratne Mahinda Samarasinghe Lalith Warnakumara Kumara Welgama National List (29)SLPFA (17) G. L. Peiris Sagara Kariyawasam Ajith Nivard Cabraal Jayantha Ketagoda Ali Sabry Jayantha Weerasinghe Manjula Dissanayake Ranjith Bandara Charitha Herath Gevindu Kumaratunga A. J. M. Muzammil Tissa Vitharana Yadamini Gunawardena Suren Raghavan Tiran Alles Seetha Arambepola Jayantha Ketagoda Basil Rajapaksa Dhammika Perera Marjan Faleel SJB (7) Harin Fernando Tissa Attanayake Ranjith Madduma Bandara Mayantha Dissanayake Eran Wickramaratne Imthiaz Bakeer Markar Diana Gamage Mujibur Rahman NPP (1) Harini Amarasuriya TNA (1) T. Kalaiarasan TNPF (1) Selvarasa Gajenthiran OPPP (1) Athuraliye Rathana Thero UNP (1) Ranil Wickremesinghe Vajira Abeywardena vteMembers of the Sri Lankan Parliament from Colombo Colombo Electoral District Multi–member (1989 – Present) (1989 – 1994): Lalith Athulathmudali (Until 1993) Sirisena Cooray Stanley Tillekeratne Dinesh Gunawardena Jinadasa Niyathapala C. V. Gunaratne Bandula Gunawardane Dickson Sarathchandra Dela Gamini Lokuge M. H. Mohamed Tyronne Fernando Premaratne Gunasekera Vincent Perera Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi Kingsley Wickramaratne Nimal Siripala de Silva Sunethra Ranasinghe M. S. Sellasamy Mohamed Jabir Abdul Cader Nimal Ransiri Peiris (1994 – 2000): Ranil Wickremesinghe Srimani Athulathmudali C. V. Gunaratne (Until 2000) Nimal Siripala de Silva Ossie Abeygunasekera (Until 1994) Replaced by P. P. Devaraj Jeewan Kumaranatunga Kingsley Wickramaratne A. H. M. Fowzie Nawalaage Benet Cooray Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra Susil Moonesinghe Indika Gunawardena Amal Senalankadikara Bernard Soysa Gamini Lokuge Karunasena Kodituwakku M. H. Mohamed Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi (Until 1994) Replaced by R. Yogarajan Tyronne Fernando Gunasekara Premaratne (2000 – 2001): Ranil Wickremesinghe Ravi Karunanayake G. L. Peiris Dinesh Gunawardena A. H. M. Fowzie Jeewan Kumaranatunga Bandula Gunawardane Indika Gunawardena Mohamed Mahroof Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra Chandana Kathriarachchci Karunasena Kodituwakku Gamini Lokuge M. H. Mohamed Lilantha Perera Tyronne Fernando Jayantha Ketagoda Samson Silva Wimal Weerawansa Nimal Fernando (2001 – 2004): Ranil Wickremesinghe Milinda Moragoda Ravi Karunanayake A. H. M. Fowzie Arjuna Ranatunga Susil Premajayantha Dinesh Gunawardena Mohamed Mahroof Karunasena Kodituwakku Jeewan Kumaranatunga Gamini Lokuge Bandula Gunawardane M. H. Mohamed Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra Chandana Kathriarachchci Mano Ganesan Jayantha Ketagoda Tyronne Fernando Lilantha Perera Wimal Weerawansa Sunil Handunnetti (2004 – 2010): Ranil Wickremesinghe Wimal Weerawansa Sunil Handunnetti Lakshman Nipuna Arachchi Susil Premajayantha Milinda Moragoda Dinesh Gunawardena Arjuna Ranatunga Ravi Karunanayake M. H. Mohamed T. Maheswaran (Until 2008) Replaced by Mohamed Rajabdeen Bandula Gunawardane Mohamed Mahroof Gamini Lokuge Jeewan Kumaranatunga Mano Ganesan A. H. M. Fowzie Uduwe Dhammaloka Kotapola Amarakitti Kataluwe Ratanasiya (Until 2004) Replaced by Akmeemana Dayarathana (2010 – 2015): Wimal Weerawansa Ranil Wickremesinghe Duminda Silva Champika Ranawaka Dinesh Gunawardena Sarath Fonseka (Until 2010) Replaced by Jayantha Ketagoda (From 2011) Sunil Handunnetti Ravi Karunanayake Mohan Lal Grero Rosy Senanayake Bandula Gunawardane Thilanga Sumathipala Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe Susil Premajayantha Sujeewa Senasinghe A. H. M. Fowzie Jeewan Kumaranatunga Gamini Lokuge Praba Ganesan (2015 – Present): Ranil Wickremesinghe Wimal Weerawansa Udaya Gammanpila Susil Premajayantha Dinesh Gunawardena Sujeewa Senasinghe Harsha de Silva Ravi Karunanayake Champika Ranawaka Bandula Gunawardane Saidulla Marikkar Mujibur Rahman Eran Wickramaratne Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe Hirunika Premachandra Mano Ganesan Anura Kumara Dissanayake Mohan Lal Grero Gamini Lokuge This article about a politician from Uva Province, Sri Lanka is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a politician from Western Province, Sri Lanka is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Minister of Ports, Shipping and Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports_and_Shipping_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_(law)"},{"link_name":"chairmen of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party"},{"link_name":"Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijeyadasa_Rajapakshe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"15th Parliament of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Freedom Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Badulla District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badulla_Electoral_District"}],"text":"Nilenthi Nimal Siripala de Silva MP (born 6 September 1944) is a Sri Lankan politician currently serving as the Minister of Ports, Shipping and Aviation[1] and one of the two acting chairmen of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party alongside Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe.[2] He served as the Leader of the Opposition for a few months in 2015, and has served in several other ministerial posts: he is the former Cabinet Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation in 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka, former Minister of Irrigation and Water Resources Management and former Leader of the House.[3]He is a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and a Member of Parliament representing the Badulla District.","title":"Nimal Siripala de Silva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badulla"},{"link_name":"Nalanda College, Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_College,_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Colombo Law College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Law_College"},{"link_name":"proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"De Silva born to a family of teachers in Badulla. He was educated at Nalanda College, Colombo where he was a member of the college debating team. He entered Colombo Law College in 1966 and qualified as a proctor in 1971.[4][5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sirimavo Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"1970 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"solicitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor"},{"link_name":"Special Presidential Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Commission_of_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"J. R. Jayawardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT1-4"}],"text":"Having started his legal practice in 1971, de Silva was active in politics from his student years, having started the Sri Lanka Freedom Party Law Students Association. He supported Sirimavo Bandaranaike in her campaign in the 1970 general election. He travelled to the United Kingdom in 1975 and qualified as a solicitor. He returned to Sri Lanka in 1978, and assisted Bandaranaike in her defense against the Special Presidential Commission appointed by President J. R. Jayawardene to investigate allegations against Bandaranaike for abuses of power during her tenure as Prime Minister.[4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombo Electoral District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Electoral_District"},{"link_name":"1989 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Badulla Electoral District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badulla_Electoral_District"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"}],"text":"He entered parliament in 1989 having been elected from the Colombo Electoral District in the 1989 general election and was re-elected from Colombo till 2000, when he was elected from Badulla Electoral District and had been re-elected consecutively till the present. He is the Assembly President of the World Health Organization. He has hold cabinet positions in all 5 presidents cabinet after 1994.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LTTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTTE"},{"link_name":"Jaffna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna"},{"link_name":"Ananda Hamangoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Hamangoda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 4 July 1996, De Silva escaped with injuries in an attempted assassination by a LTTE female suicide bomber at the Stanley Road in Jaffna. This incident took place minutes after the Minister declared open a branch of Building Materials Corporation (BMC) in Jaffna. Brigadier Ananda Hamangoda (Jaffna Sector Commander), Ranjith Godamuna (Chairman, Lanka Cement) and 21 others were killed with more than 50 injured in the explosion.[6]","title":"Assassination attempt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biographies of Present Members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parliament.lk/en/members-of-parliament/directory-of-members/viewMember/108"},{"link_name":"\"Old Nalandians elected MPs to be felicitated\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20020402045236/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/27/politicslead.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/27/politicslead.html"},{"link_name":"\"Opposition weaker than ever before -Minister Nimal Siripala De Silva\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/04/04/pol-spe-elec08.asp"},{"link_name":"\"International concerns on Lanka elections unfounded: Minister\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.india.com/news/agencies/international-concerns-on-lanka-elections-unfounded-minister-3423673/"},{"link_name":"India.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India.com"},{"link_name":"PTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Leaders_of_the_Opposition"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Leaders_of_the_Opposition"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Leaders_of_the_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Leaders of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Perera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._M._Perera"},{"link_name":"S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"Perera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._M._Perera"},{"link_name":"C.P de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Senanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Senanayake"},{"link_name":"Sirimavo Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"Jayewardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene"},{"link_name":"Amirthalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Amirthalingam"},{"link_name":"A. Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura_Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"Sirimavo Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"Dissanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini_Dissanayake"},{"link_name":"Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Wickremanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnasiri_Wickremanayake"},{"link_name":"Rajapaksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa"},{"link_name":"Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"N. de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sampanthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Sampanthan"},{"link_name":"Rajapaksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa"},{"link_name":"Premadasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajith_Premadasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Leaders of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Jayatilaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Baron_Jayatilaka"},{"link_name":"D. S. Senanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._S._Senanayake"},{"link_name":"Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"Kotelawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kotelawala"},{"link_name":"Jayewardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene"},{"link_name":"C.P. de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Jayewardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene"},{"link_name":"C.P. de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._de_Silva"},{"link_name":"M. Senanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithripala_Senanayake"},{"link_name":"Premadasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa"},{"link_name":"Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Mendis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijayapala_Mendis"},{"link_name":"Wickremanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnasiri_Wickremanayake"},{"link_name":"Pathirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pathirana"},{"link_name":"Lokubandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._J._M._Lokubandara"},{"link_name":"Sirisena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena"},{"link_name":"N.S. de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kiriella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshman_Kiriella"},{"link_name":"Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"Premajayantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susil_Premajayantha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_health_ministers"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_health_ministers"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_health_ministers"},{"link_name":"Health Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Tikiri Bandara Panabokke II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikiri_Bandara_Panabokke_II"},{"link_name":"W. 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Kalaiarasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Kalaiarasan"},{"link_name":"TNPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_National_People%27s_Front"},{"link_name":"Selvarasa Gajenthiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvarasa_Gajenthiran"},{"link_name":"OPPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Power_of_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Athuraliye Rathana Thero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athuraliye_Rathana_Thero"},{"link_name":"UNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Ranil Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Vajira Abeywardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajira_Abeywardena"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Parliament_from_Colombo"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Parliament_from_Colombo"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Parliament_from_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Colombo Electoral District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Electoral_District"},{"link_name":"Lalith Athulathmudali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalith_Athulathmudali"},{"link_name":"Sirisena Cooray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirisena_Cooray"},{"link_name":"Stanley Tillekeratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Tillekeratne"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"Jinadasa Niyathapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinadasa_Niyathapala"},{"link_name":"C. V. Gunaratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Gunaratne"},{"link_name":"Bandula Gunawardane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandula_Gunawardane"},{"link_name":"Dickson Sarathchandra Dela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson_Sarathchandra_Dela"},{"link_name":"Gamini Lokuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini_Lokuge"},{"link_name":"M. H. Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Mohamed"},{"link_name":"Tyronne Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyronne_Fernando"},{"link_name":"Premaratne Gunasekera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premaratne_Gunasekera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vincent Perera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Perera"},{"link_name":"Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerasinghe_Mallimarachchi"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Wickramaratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Wickramaratne"},{"link_name":"Nimal Siripala de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sunethra Ranasinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunethra_Ranasinghe"},{"link_name":"M. S. Sellasamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sellasamy"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Jabir Abdul Cader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Jabir_Abdul_Cader&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nimal Ransiri Peiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimal_Ransiri_Peiris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranil Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Srimani Athulathmudali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srimani_Athulathmudali"},{"link_name":"C. V. Gunaratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Gunaratne"},{"link_name":"Nimal Siripala de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ossie Abeygunasekera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossie_Abeygunasekera"},{"link_name":"P. P. Devaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._P._Devaraj"},{"link_name":"Jeewan Kumaranatunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeewan_Kumaranatunga"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Wickramaratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Wickramaratne"},{"link_name":"A. H. M. Fowzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Fowzie"},{"link_name":"Nawalaage Benet Cooray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawalaage_Benet_Cooray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatha_Lakshman_Premachandra"},{"link_name":"Susil Moonesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susil_Moonesinghe"},{"link_name":"Indika Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indika_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"Amal Senalankadikara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amal_Senalankadikara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernard Soysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Soysa"},{"link_name":"Gamini Lokuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini_Lokuge"},{"link_name":"Karunasena Kodituwakku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunasena_Kodituwakku"},{"link_name":"M. H. Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Mohamed"},{"link_name":"Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weerasinghe_Mallimarachchi"},{"link_name":"R. Yogarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Yogarajan"},{"link_name":"Tyronne Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyronne_Fernando"},{"link_name":"Gunasekara Premaratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunasekara_Premaratne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranil Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Ravi Karunanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Karunanayake"},{"link_name":"G. L. Peiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._L._Peiris"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"A. H. M. Fowzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Fowzie"},{"link_name":"Jeewan Kumaranatunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeewan_Kumaranatunga"},{"link_name":"Bandula Gunawardane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandula_Gunawardane"},{"link_name":"Indika Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indika_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Mahroof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mahroof"},{"link_name":"Bharatha Lakshman Premachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatha_Lakshman_Premachandra"},{"link_name":"Chandana Kathriarachchci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandana_Kathriarachchci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karunasena Kodituwakku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunasena_Kodituwakku"},{"link_name":"Gamini Lokuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini_Lokuge"},{"link_name":"M. H. Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Mohamed"},{"link_name":"Lilantha Perera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilantha_Perera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tyronne Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyronne_Fernando"},{"link_name":"Jayantha Ketagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayantha_Ketagoda"},{"link_name":"Samson Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samson_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wimal Weerawansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimal_Weerawansa"},{"link_name":"Nimal Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimal_Fernando&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranil Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Milinda Moragoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milinda_Moragoda"},{"link_name":"Ravi Karunanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Karunanayake"},{"link_name":"A. H. M. Fowzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Fowzie"},{"link_name":"Arjuna Ranatunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna_Ranatunga"},{"link_name":"Susil Premajayantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susil_Premajayantha"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Mahroof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mahroof"},{"link_name":"Karunasena Kodituwakku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunasena_Kodituwakku"},{"link_name":"Jeewan Kumaranatunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeewan_Kumaranatunga"},{"link_name":"Gamini Lokuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini_Lokuge"},{"link_name":"Bandula Gunawardane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandula_Gunawardane"},{"link_name":"M. H. 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Fowzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Fowzie"},{"link_name":"Uduwe Dhammaloka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uduwe_Dhammaloka"},{"link_name":"Kotapola Amarakitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotapola_Amarakitti_Thero"},{"link_name":"Kataluwe Ratanasiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kataluwe_Ratanasiya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Akmeemana Dayarathana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmeemana_Dayarathana_Thero"},{"link_name":"Wimal Weerawansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimal_Weerawansa"},{"link_name":"Ranil Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Duminda Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duminda_Silva"},{"link_name":"Champika Ranawaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champika_Ranawaka"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"Sarath Fonseka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka"},{"link_name":"Jayantha Ketagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayantha_Ketagoda"},{"link_name":"Sunil Handunnetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Handunnetti"},{"link_name":"Ravi Karunanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Karunanayake"},{"link_name":"Mohan Lal Grero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Lal_Grero"},{"link_name":"Rosy Senanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosy_Senanayake"},{"link_name":"Bandula Gunawardane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandula_Gunawardane"},{"link_name":"Thilanga Sumathipala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilanga_Sumathipala"},{"link_name":"Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijeyadasa_Rajapakshe"},{"link_name":"Susil Premajayantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susil_Premajayantha"},{"link_name":"Sujeewa Senasinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujeewa_Senasinghe"},{"link_name":"A. H. M. Fowzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._M._Fowzie"},{"link_name":"Jeewan Kumaranatunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeewan_Kumaranatunga"},{"link_name":"Gamini Lokuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini_Lokuge"},{"link_name":"Praba Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praba_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Ranil Wickremesinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe"},{"link_name":"Wimal Weerawansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimal_Weerawansa"},{"link_name":"Udaya Gammanpila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaya_Gammanpila"},{"link_name":"Susil Premajayantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susil_Premajayantha"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Gunawardena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Gunawardena"},{"link_name":"Sujeewa Senasinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujeewa_Senasinghe"},{"link_name":"Harsha de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsha_de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Ravi Karunanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Karunanayake"},{"link_name":"Champika Ranawaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champika_Ranawaka"},{"link_name":"Bandula Gunawardane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandula_Gunawardane"},{"link_name":"Saidulla Marikkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidulla_Marikkar"},{"link_name":"Mujibur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujibur_Rahman_(Sri_Lankan_politician)"},{"link_name":"Eran Wickramaratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eran_Wickramaratne"},{"link_name":"Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijeyadasa_Rajapakshe"},{"link_name":"Hirunika Premachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirunika_Premachandra"},{"link_name":"Mano Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Anura Kumara Dissanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake"},{"link_name":"Mohan Lal Grero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Lal_Grero"},{"link_name":"Gamini Lokuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini_Lokuge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_(Sri_Lanka).PNG"},{"link_name":"Uva Province, Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_Province,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimal_Siripala_de_Silva&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UvaLK-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UvaLK-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UvaLK-politician-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Province_Flag_(SRI_LANKA).png"},{"link_name":"Western Province, Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimal_Siripala_de_Silva&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WesternLK-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WesternLK-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WesternLK-politician-stub"}],"text":"Biographies of Present Members\n\"Old Nalandians elected MPs to be felicitated\". Daily News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2002. Retrieved 27 March 2002.\n\"Opposition weaker than ever before -Minister Nimal Siripala De Silva\". Sunday Observer. Retrieved 4 April 2010.\n\"International concerns on Lanka elections unfounded: Minister\". India.com. 11 November 2018 – via PTI.vteLeaders of the Opposition\nPerera\nS. W. R. D. Bandaranaike\nPerera\nC.P de Silva\nSenanayake\nSirimavo Bandaranaike\nJayewardene\nAmirthalingam\nA. Bandaranaike\nSirimavo Bandaranaike\nDissanayake\nWickremesinghe\nWickremanayake\nRajapaksa\nWickremesinghe\nN. de Silva\nSampanthan\nRajapaksa\nPremadasavteLeaders of the House\nJayatilaka\nD. S. Senanayake\nBandaranaike\nKotelawala\nJayewardene\nC.P. de Silva\nJayewardene\nC.P. de Silva\nM. Senanayake\nPremadasa\nWickremesinghe\nMendis\nWickremanayake\nPathirana\nLokubandara\nSirisena\nN.S. de Silva\nKiriella\nGunawardena\nPremajayanthavteHealth Ministers of Sri Lanka\nTikiri Bandara Panabokke II\nW. A. de Silva\nS. W. R. D. Bandaranaike\nDudley Senanayake\nE. A. Nugawela\nVimala Wijewardene\nA. P. Jayasuriya\nM. V. P. Peiris\nA. P. Jayasuriya\nBadi-ud-din Mahmud\nM. D. H. Jayawardena\nGeorge Rajapaksa\nSiva Obeyesekere\nRanjit Atapattu\nSunethra Ranasinghe\nRenuka Herath\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nJohn Seneviratne\nP. Dayaratna\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nMaithripala Sirisena\nTissa Attanayake\nRajitha SenaratnevteIrrigation and Water Resources Management Ministers of Sri Lanka\nde Silva\nSenanayake\nDissanayake\nAtukorale\nDayaratna\nSirisena\nde SilvavteTelecommunication, Digital Infrastructure and Foreign Employment ministers of Sri Lanka\nMarkar\nKotelawala\nSittampalam\nSamaraweera\nMoonesinghe\nJayawickrama\nGoonewardene\nKumarasuriar\nJayasinghe\nWijetunga\nAluwihare\nAdhikari\nSamaraweera\nde Silva\nGunawardena\nJayaratne\nHakeem\nKumaranatunga\nSiyambalapitiya\nFernandovte← Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka (1989 (1989)–1994 (1994)) →\nSpeaker: M. H. Mohamed\nPrime Minister: Dingiri Banda Wijetunga/Ranil Wickremesinghe\nLeader of the Opposition: Sirimavo Bandaranaike \nCentral ProvinceKandy\nMahinda Abeykoon\nTissa Attanayake\nA. R. M. Abdul Cader\nChandraman de Silva\nHarindra Dunuwille\nAbdul Cader Shahul Hameed\nD. M. Jayaratne\nLakshman Kiriella\nMahahitana Arachchige Daniel\nYasaratne Tennakoon\nDingiri Banda Wijetunga\nPremachandra Wijesiri\nMatale\nAlick Aluwihare\nNandimithra Ekanayake\nWijeratne Banda Jambugahapitiyagedera\nV. G. Jinadasa\nP. B. Kaviratne\nNuwara Eliya\nTissa Abeyagoonasekera\nAnanda Dassanayake\nS. B. Dissanayake\nGamini Dissanayake\nRenuka Herath\nWijesundara Bandara Ranatunga\nEastern ProvinceAmpara\nM. H. M. Ashraff\nNihal Bakmeewewa\nAhangama Polwatte Galappatthige Chandradasa\nP. Dayaratna\nKarunasinghe Thewarapperuma\nJ. Thiviyanathan\nBatticaloa\nPrince Casinader\nAlathipody Gunaseelan\nM. L. A. M. Hizbullah\nG. Karunakaran\nSam Tambimuttu\nTrincomalee\nM. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana\nM. E. H. Maharoof\nKonamalai Mathavarajah\nSivapragasam Ratnarajah\nNorthern ProvinceJaffna\nSebastiyampillai Edward\nThambu Loganathapillai\nK. Navaratnam\nEliyathamby Pararasasingam\nSuresh Premachandran\nArunasalam Ponniah Selliah\nKanapathy Selvanayagam\nS. Sivamaharajah\nJoseph George Rajenthiram\nEliyathamby Ratnasabapathy\nG. Yogasangari\nVanni\nInnasimuthu Alfred\nS. S. M. Abu Bakar\nR. Kuhaneswaran\nRasamanohari Pulendran\nA. E. Silva\nNorth Central ProvinceAnuradhapura\nJanak Mahendra Adhikari\nSompala Adhikari\nD. M. Ariyadasa\nChandrasoma Bandara\nBerty Premalal Dissanayake\nLal Dharmapriya Gamage\nThemiya Hurulle\nK. B. Ratnayake\nPolonnaruwa\nSeid Ahamed Abdul Majeed\nNelson Paththinige\nSamarasinghe Arachchilage Muthubanda\nMaithripala Sirisena\nC. A. Suriyaarachchi\nNorth Western ProvinceKurunegala\nDissanayaka Mudiyanselage Bandaranayaka\nUpali Mervin Senarath Dasanayaka\nHerath Mudiyanselage Ariyawardanage Lokubanda\nS. B. Nawinne\nUpali Piyasoma\nA.M. Munidasa Premachandra\nG. M. Premachandra\nLionel Rajapaksa\nJayasena Rajakaruna\nAmara Piyaseeli Ratnayake\nAriya Rekawa\nHerath Banda Wanninayaka\nSarathchandra Bandara Welagedara\nDiunugallage Peter Wickramasinghe\nUkkubanda Wijekoon\nPuttalam\nHarindra Jayanthi Corea\nSujatha Dharmawardana\nMilroy Fernando\nHarold Herath\nS. D. R. Jayaratne\nFestus Perera\nAshoka Wadigamangawa\nSabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle\nJagath Balasuriya\nMohamed Farook\nDharmadewa Jayasinghe\nSamantha Devi Karunaratne\nVincent Perera\nChandradasa Ranatunga\nDharmasiri Senanayake\nAthauda Seneviratne\nMano Wijeyeratne\nRatnapura\nM. L. M. Aboosally\nAthula Kularatne Attygale\nGamini Atukorale\nNanda Ellawala\nChandrasekara Gankande\nHelen Mahattaya Liyanage\nNanda Mathew\nVasudeva Nanayakkara\nJohn Seneviratne\nWimal Wickramasinghe\nSouthern ProvinceGalle\nUpali Sarath Danston Amarasiri\nNandimithra de Soyza\nAmarasiri Dodangoda\nPiyasena Gamage\nVincent Jayawardene\nNoel Kariyawasam\nRupa Karunathilake\nNanda Kumarage\nBuddhika Kurukularatne\nHemakumara Nanayakkara\nRichard Pathirana\nHambantota\nHary Abeydheera\nRanjit Atapattu\nAnanda Kularatne\nCyril Madduma Baduge\nChamal Rajapaksa\nMahinda Rajapaksa\nGunapala Tissakuttiarachchi\nMatara\nGamini Fonseka\nMadurapala Ediriweera\nH. R. Piyasiri\nMangala Samaraweera\nPeter Silva\nHewagampolage Sirisena\nDayananda Wickremasinghe\nRanjan Wijayawardhana\nMahinda Wijesekara\nUva ProvinceBadulla\nChandra Karunaratne\nW. J. M. Lokubandara\nHema Ratnayake\nRavindra Samaraweera\nLakshman Senewiratne\nMadduma Bandara Sethapenage\nEdwin Wickramarathne\nSamaraweera Weerawanni\nMonaragala\nDissanayake Mudiyanselage Ariyaratna\nDharmadasa Banda\nRanjith Madduma Bandara\nGunavathi Dissanayake\nGamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa\nWestern ProvinceColombo\nLalith Athulathmudali\nJabir Cader\nSirisena Cooray\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nTyronne Fernando\nC. V. Gunaratne\nPremaratne Gunasekera\nBandula Gunawardane\nDinesh Gunawardena\nGamini Lokuge\nWeerasinghe Mallimarachchi\nM. H. Mohamed\nJinadasa Niyathapala\nNimal Ransiri Peiris\nDickson Sarathchandra Dela\nVincent Perera\nSunethra Ranasinghe\nM. S. Sellasamy\nStanley Tillekeratne\nKingsley Wickramaratne\nGampaha\nJohn Amaratunga\nAnura Bandaranaike\nSirimavo Bandaranaike\nDonald Dissanayake\nJeyaraj Fernandopulle\nMahen Gunasekera\nLakshman Jayakody\nAriyarathna Jayathilaka\nWijayapala Mendis\nJoseph Michael Perera\nPaul Perera\nSarathchandra Rajakaruna\nReggie Ranatunga\nSardhatissa Sakalasooriya\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nMahindra Wijerathna\nKalutara\nPathirage Don Abeyratne\nSumitha Priyanganie Abeyweera\nMervin Joseph Cooray\nNeville Fernando\nIndradasa Hettiarachchi\nThilak Karunaratne\nImthiaz Bakeer Markar\nAnil Moonesinghe\nMangala Moonesinghe\nSarath Ranawaka\nPunsiri Samaranayake\nNational List (29)\nRupa Sriyani Daniel\nAlec Robertson\nS. L. Gunasekara\nTellipalai Rajaratnam\nUnfinishedvte← Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka (1994 (1994)–2000 (2000)) →\nSpeaker: K. B. Ratnayake\nPrime Minister: Chandrika Kumaratunga/Sirimavo Bandaranaike/Ratnasiri Wickremanayake\nLeader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe\nCentral ProvinceKandy\nSarath Amunugama\nTissa Attanayake\nA. R. M. Abdul Cader\nGamini Dissanayake\nAbdul Cader Shahul Hameed\nD. M. Jayaratne\nLucky Jayawardena\nLakshman Kiriella\nWilson Kuruppuarachchi\nAnuruddha Ratwatte\nIrajarathnan Sivasamy\nEdiriweera Weerawardena\nMatale\nAlick Aluwihare\nNandimithra Ekanayake\nMonty Gopallawa\nVidana Gamage Jinadasa\nJanaka Bandara Tennakoon\nNuwara Eliya\nTissa Abhayagunasekara\nP. Chandrasekaran\nS. B. Dissanayake\nRenuka Herath\nC. B. Ratnayake\nSuppaiah Sathasivam\nMuthu Sivalingam\nArumugam Thondaman\nEastern ProvinceAmpara\nM. H. M. Ashraff\nNihal Bakmeewewa\nP. Dayaratna\nChandradasa Galappaththi\nU. L. M. Mohideen\nH.M. Weerasinghe\nBatticaloa\nM. L. A. M. Hizbullah\nSeyed Ali Zahir Moulana\nJoseph Pararajasingham\nP. Selvarasa\nK. Thurairajasingam\nTrincomalee\nM. E. H. Maharoof\nM. N. Abdul Majeed\nSunil Ranaweera\nA. Thangathurai\nNorthern ProvinceJaffna\nAtputharajah Nadarajah\nMurugesu Chandrakumar\nRajendran Ramamoorthy\nUnfinished\nVanni\nS. S. M. Abu Bakar\nV. Balachandran\nRasamanohari Pulendran\nS. Shanmuganathan\nD. Siddarthan\nPremaratnage Sumathipala\nNorth Central ProvinceAnuradhapura\nSomapala Adikari\nChandrasoma Bandara\nBerty Premalal Dissanayake\nP. B. Dissanayake\nP. Harrison\nTissa Karalliyadde\nShantha Premarathna\nA. H. B. Semasinghe\nPolonnaruwa\nNandasena Herath\nT. B. Mahalekam\nH. G. P. Nelson\nRukman Senanayake\nMaithripala Sirisena\nNorth Western ProvinceKurunegala\nA.H.M Alavi\nD. M. Bandaranayake\nBandula Basnayake\nJayadeva Chandrawansha\nSalinda Dissanayake\nT. B. Ekanayake\nH.M.A. Loku Bandara\nS. B. Nawinne\nGamini Jayawickrama Perera\nMunidasa Premachandra\nAmara Piyaseeli Ratnayake\nJayasena Rajakaruna\nPiyasoma Upali\nD.P. Wickramasinghe\nAnura Priyadharshana Yapa\nPuttalam\nD. M. Dassanayake\nJoseph Fernando\nMilroy Fernando\nHarold Herath\nFestus Perera\nS. D. R. Jayaratne\nAsoka Wadigamangawa\nSabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle\nJagath Balasooriya\nY. L. M. Farook\nMaheepala Herath\nP. B. G. Kalugalla\nK. Vincent Perera\nH. R. J. Podinilame\nAthauda Seneviratne\nR.A.D. Sirisena\nMano Wijeyeratne\nRatnapura\nGamini Atukorale\nNalanda Ellawala\nU. L. Heenmahaththaya\nK. D. Nanda Mathew\nVasudeva Nanayakkara\nSusantha Punchinilame\nJayatissa Ranaweera\nJohn Seneviratne\nH. M. U. Silva\nPavithra Wanniarachchi\nSouthern ProvinceGalle\nVajira Abeywardena\nM. U. S. D. Amarasiri\nAsoka Weerasinghe de Silva\nAmarasiri Dodangoda\nPiyasena Gamage\nSarath Gunawardena\nNandadasa Gunasinghe\nH. G. N. P. Kariyawasam\nRupa Karunathilake\nRichard Pathirana\nHambantota\nMahinda Amaraweera\nAnanda Kularatne\nChamal Rajapaksa\nMahinda Rajapaksa\nNirupama Rajapaksa\nMervyn Silva\nJ. P. V. Vipulaguna\nNihal Galappaththi\nMatara\nLakshman Yapa Abeywardena\nDullas Alahapperuma\nRonnie de Mel\nChandrasiri Gajadeera\nE. A. Samarasinghe\nMangala Samaraweera\nMahinda Wijesekara\nH. R. Wimalasiri\nUva ProvinceBadulla\nW. J. M. Lokubandara\nDilan Perera\nHema Ratnayake\nR.M. Ratnayake\nRavindra Samaraweera\nLakshman Senewiratne\nSennan Veera\nSamaraweera Weerawanni\nMonaragala\nDharmadasa Banda\nRanjith Madduma Bandara\nSumedha Jayasena\nA. M. Jayawardana\nJagath Pushpakumara\nWestern ProvinceColombo\nOssie Abeygunasekera\nP. P. Devaraj\nSrimani Athulathmudali\nNawalaage Benet Cooray\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nTyronne Fernando\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nC. V. Gunaratne\nIndika Gunawardena\nKarunasena Kodituwakku\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nGamini Lokuge\nWeerasinghe Mallimarachchi\nR. Yogarajan\nM. H. Mohamed\nSusil Moonesinghe\nBharatha Lakshman Premachandra\nGunasekara Premaratne\nAmal Senalankadikara\nBernard Soysa\nKingsley Wickramaratne\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nGampaha\nJohn Amaratunga\nChandrika Kumaratunga\nJeyaraj Fernandopulle\nUpali Gunaratne\nLionel Gunawardena\nAnura Hapangama\nLakshman Jayakody\nWijayapala Mendis\nJinadasa Nandasena\nAthula Nimalasiri\nFelix Perera\nJoseph Michael Perera\nReginold Perera\nSarathchandra Rajakaruna\nSuranimala Rajapaksha\nReggie Ranatunga\nNeil Rupasinghe\nA. V. Suraweera\nKalutara\nSumithra Priyanganie Abeyweera\nImthiaz Bakeer Markar\nReginald Cooray\nThilak Karunarathna\nAnil Moonesinghe\nEdiriweera Premarathna\nSarath Ranawaka\nMahinda Samarasinghe\nKumara Welgama\nRatnasiri Wickremanayake\nNational List (29)\nSirimavo Bandaranaike\nLakshman Kadirgamar\nNeelan Tiruchelvam\nUnfinishedvte← Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2000 (2000)–2001 (2001)) →\nSpeaker: Anura Bandaranaike\nPrime Minister: Ratnasiri Wickremanayake\nLeader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe\nCentral ProvinceKandy\nMahindananda Aluthgamage\nSarath Amunugama\nTissa Attanayake\nA. R. M. Abdul Cader\nRauff Hakeem\nM. H. A. Haleem\nKeheliya Rambukwella\nAnuruddha Ratwatte\nD. M. Jayaratne\nLucky Jayawardena\nLakshman Kiriella\nEdiriweera Weerawardhana\nMatale\nAlick Aluvihare\nRanjith Aluvihare\nNandimithra Ekanayake\nMonty Gopallawa\nJanaka Bandara Tennakoon\nNuwara Eliya\nPeriyasamy Chandrasekaran\nNavin Dissanayake\nS. B. Dissanayake\nMuthu Sivalingam\nSuppiah Sathasiwam\nKrishnan Jegatheeswaran Shanmugam\nArumugam Thondaman\nEastern ProvinceAmpara\nFerial Ismail Ashraff\nA. L. M. Athaullah\nP. Dayaratna\nWimal Dissanayaka\nChandradasa Galappaththige\nMarkandu Gunasekeram\nU. L. M. Mohideen\nBatticaloa\nAbdul Cader\nS. Ganeshamoorthy\nSeyed Ali Zahir Moulana\nJoseph Pararajasingham\nNimalan Soundaranayagam\nTrincomalee\nM. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana\nM. A. M. Maharoof\nM. N. Abdul Majeed\nM. S. Thowfeek\nNorthern ProvinceJaffna\nV. Anandasangaree\nDouglas Devananda\nKarthigesu Velummylum Kugendran\nT. Maheswaran\nNadarasah Mathanarajah\nKandiah Sangaran\nMavai Senathirajah\nS. Sivamaharajah\nA. Vinayagamoorthy\nVanni\nSelvam Adaikalanathan\nR. Kuhaneswaran\nNoordeen Mashoor\nVino Noharathalingam\nSanthakumara Punchihewa\nPremaratnage Sumathipala\nNorth Central ProvinceAnuradhapura\nDuminda Dissanayake\nPunchi Banda Dissanayake\nW. B. Ekanayake\nP. Harrison\nChandrani Bandara Jayasinghe\nTissa Karalliyadde\nDon Simanralalage Shantha Premaratne\nAppuhamilage Herath Banda Semasinghe\nPolonnaruwa\nEarl Gunasekara\nNandasena Herath\nNelson Paththinige\nRukman Senanayake\nMaithripala Sirisena\nNorth Western ProvinceKurunegala\nRohitha Bogollagama\nSalinda Dissanayake\nJohnston Fernando\nJayarathna Herath\nNimal Herath\nSarath Munasinghe\nRanjith Navaratne\nS.B. Nawinne\nGamini Jayawickrama Perera\nMunidasa Premachandra\nAmara Piyaseeli Ratnayake\nNimal Bandara Rathnayake\nSomakumari Tennakoon\nPiyasoma Upali\nAnura Priyadharshana Yapa\nPuttalam\nPalitha Range Bandara\nD. M. Dassanayake\nIvon Sriyani Fernando\nMilroy Fernando\nPiyankara Jayaratne\nFestus Perera\nNeomal Perera\nDayasritha Thissera\nSabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle\nJagath Balasuriya\nLalith Dissanayake\nMahipala Herath\nJayathilaka Podinilame\nChampika Premadasa\nSirisena Rupasinghe\nAthauda Seneviratne\nRanjith Siyambalapitiya\nMano Wijeyeratne\nRatnapura\nGamini Atukorale\nSurangani Ellawala\nHeenmahaththaya Liyanage\nAbeynayaka Piyadasa\nSusantha Punchinilame\nJayatissa Ranaweera\nMahinda Ratnatilaka\nW. D. J. Senewiratne\nDharmadasa Wanniarachchi\nPavithra Wanniarachchi\nSouthern ProvinceGalle\nVajira Abeywardena\nAmarasiri Dodangoda\nPiyasena Gamage\nSarath Gunawardena\nPadmasiri Kariyawasam\nGayantha Karunathilaka\nKeerthi Mawellage\nHemakumara Nanayakkara\nRichard Pathirana\nAthula Indika Weerakoon\nHambantota\nSiri Alexander Andrahennady\nNihal Galappaththi\nAnanda Kularatne\nSajith Premadasa\nChamal Rajapaksa\nMahinda Rajapaksa\nDilip Wedaarachchi\nMatara\nLakshman Yapa Abeywardena\nMahinda Yapa Abeywardena\nDullas Alahapperuma\nChandrasiri Gajadeera\nJinadasa Kitulagoda\nSagala Ratnayaka\nMangala Samaraweera\nMahinda Wijesekara\nUva ProvinceBadulla\nNimal Siripala De Silva\nW. J. M. Lokubandara\nLakshman Senewiratne\nSethapenage Appuhamy Ralalage Madduma Bandara\nUpali Samaraweera\nRavindra Samaraweera\nRathnayake Mudiyanselage Ratnayake\nDilan Perera\nMonaragala\nRanjith Madduma Bandara\nSumedha Jayasena\nAnanda Kumarasiri\nGamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa\nJayasundara Wijekoon\nWestern ProvinceColombo\nNimal Fernando\nTyronne Fernando\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nBandula Gunawardena\nDinesh Gunawardena\nIndika Gunawardena\nRavi Karunanayake\nChandana Kathriarachchci\nJayantha Ketagoda\nKarunasena Kodituwakku\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nGamini Lokuge\nMohamed Maharoof\nM. H. Mohamed\nG. L. Peiris\nLilantha Perera\nBharatha Lakshman Premachandra\nSamson Silva\nWimal Weerawansa\nRanil Wickramasinghe\nGampaha\nJohn Amaratunga\nAnura Bandaranaike\nPandu Bandaranaike\nJeyaraj Fernandopulle\nEdward Gunasekara\nLionel Gunawardena\nVijitha Herath\nKaru Jayasuriya\nJayalath Jayawardena\nSarath Keerthirathna\nAnanda Munasinghe\nSarathchandra Peramunagamage\nFelix Perera\nJoseph Michael Perera\nSusil Premajayantha\nSuranimala Rajapaksha\nReggie Ranatunga\nNeil Rupasinghe\nKalutara\nReginold Cooray\nTuder Dayarathne\nNandana Gunathilake\nImthiaz Bakeer Markar\nEdiriweera Premarathne\nMahinda Samarasinghe\nAbeyrathne Pathirage\nRajitha Senaratne\nKumara Welgama\nRatnasiri Wickremanayake\nNational List (29)JVP\nA. R. Anjan Umma\nAnura Kumara Dissanayake\nPA\nSomaweera Chandrasiri\nRaja Collure\nBasheer Segu Dawood\nRonnie de Mel\nMonty Gopallawa\nLeslie Gunawardana\nMohamed Haneefa\nLakshman Kadirgamar\nWijayapala Mendis\nAlavi Moulana\nRizzwi Sinnalebbe\nBatty Weerakoon\nR. Yogarajan\nUNP\nA. H. M. Azwer\nNihal Bakmeewewa\nK. N. Choksy\nSirinal de Mel\nP. P. Devaraj\nK. Kanakaraj\nM. N. Abdul Majeed\nTilak Marapana\nMilinda Moragoda\nRavindra Randeniya\nM. S. Sellasamy\nDaham Wimalasenavte← Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2001 (2001)–2004 (2004)) →\nSpeaker: W. J. M. Lokubandara\nPrime Minister: Ranil Wickremesinghe\nLeader of the Opposition: Ratnasiri Wickremanayake/Mahinda Rajapaksa\nCentral ProvinceKandy\nMahindananda Aluthgamage\nSarath Amunugama\nTissa Attanayake\nDimuthu Bandara\nRauff Hakeem\nMohamed Hazim\nLucky Jayawardena\nLakshman Kiriella\nSrimathi Manthilake\nKeheliya Rambukwella\nAnuruddha Ratwatte\nThilina Bandara Tennakoon\nMatale\nAlick Aluvihare\nRanjith Aluvihare\nSanjeeva Kaviratne\nJanaka Bandara Tennakoon\nBandula Yalegama\nNuwara Eliya\nPeriyasamy Chandrasekaran\nD. M. S. K. Dassanayake\nNavin Dissanayake\nC. B. Rathnayake\nPiyadasa Kaladugoda\nMuthu Sivalingam\nArumugam Thondaman\nEastern ProvinceAmpara\nFerial Ashraff\nP. Dayaratna\nH. M. M. Harees\nAnver Ismail Mohamed Ismail \nAthaullah Ahamed Lebbe Marikkar\nA. Chandranehru\nKarunasingha Thewarapperuma\nBatticaloa\nAbdul Cader\nM. L. A. M. Hizbullah\nGnanamuththu Krishnappillai\nJoseph Pararajasingham\nT. Thangavadivel\nTrincomalee\nM. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana\nM. A. M. Maharoof\nR. Sampanthan\nK. M. Thowfeek\nNorthern ProvinceJaffna\nV. Anandasangaree\nDouglas Devananda\nT. Maheswaran\nNadarasa Matanarasa\nGajendrakumar Ponnambalam\nNadarajah Raviraj\nMavai Senathirajah\nM. K. Shivajilingam\nA. Vinayagamoorthy\nVanni\nSelvam Adaikalanathan\nSivasakthy Ananthan\nRishad Bathiudeen\nR. Kuhaneswaran\nNoordeen Mashoor\nD. Siddarthan\nNorth Central ProvinceAnuradhapura\nS. M. Chandrasena\nDuminda Dissanayake\nW. B. Ekanayake\nLal Dharmapriya Gamage\nP. Harrison\nChandrani Bandara Jayasinghe\nTissa Karalliyadda\nK. D. Lalkantha\nPolonnaruwa\nEarl Gunasekara\nNelson Paththinige\nSydney Jayarathne\nMaithreepala Sirisena\nAnanda Sarath Kumara Rathnayake\nNorth Western ProvinceKurunegala\nDissanayaka Mudiyanselage Bandranayake\nIndika Bandaranayake\nRohitha Bogollagama\nSalinda Dissanayake\nT. B. Ekanayake\nJohnston Fernando\nAnura Gopallawa\nJayarathna Herath\nS. B. Nawinne\nGamini Jayawickrama Perera\nUpali Piyasena\nBimal Rathnayake\nAmara Piyaseeli Ratnayake\nSoma Kumari Tennakoon\nAnura Priyadarshana Yapa\nPuttalam\nPalitha Range Bandara\nD. M. Dassanayake\nMilroy Fernando\nNeomal Perera\nLarine Perera\nSugath Tissera\nDayasritha Tissera\nSabaragamuwa ProvinceKegalle\nKabir Hashim\nMaheepala Herath\nJayathilaka Podinilame\nChampika Premadasa\nGamini Rathnayake\nSirisena Rupasinghe\nRukman Senanayake\nAthauda Seneviratne\nRanjith Siyambalapitiya\nRatnapura\nGamini Atukorale\nPiyadasa Abeynayake\nAchala Jagodage\nAsoka Jayawardena\nPremalal Jayasekara\nSusantha Punchinilame\nMahinda Rathnatilaka\nJohn Seneviratne\nPavithra Wanniarachchi\nA. A. Wijethunga\nSouthern ProvinceGalle\nVajira Abeywardena\nAnanda Abeywickrama\nBaddegama Samitha Thero\nAmarasiri Dodangoda\nPiyasena Gamage\nJayantha Jayaweera\nGayantha Karunathilaka\nHemakumara Nanayakkara\nRichard Pathirana\nAthula Weerakoon\nHambantota\nSiri Alexander Andrahennady\nNihal Galappaththi\nAnanda Kularatne\nSajith Premadasa\nMahinda Rajapaksa\nChamal Rajapaksa\nDilip Wedaarachchi\nMatara\nLakshman Yapa Abeywardena\nMahinda Yapa Abeywardena\nMallika de Mel\nJustin Galappathi\nJinadasa Kitulagoda\nSagala Ratnayaka\nMangala Samaraweera\nMahinda Wijesekara\nUva ProvinceBadulla\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nW. J. M. Lokubandara\nRavindra Samaraweera\nUpali Samaraweera\nLakshman Senewiratne\nMadduma Bandara Sethapenage\nK. Velayudam\nD. D. W. Wickramarathne\nMonaragala\nR. M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara\nSumedha G. Jayasena\nAnanda Kumarasiri\nA. P. Jagath Pushpakumara\nGamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa\nWestern ProvinceColombo\nTyronne Fernando\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nMano Ganeshan\nBandula Gunawardane\nDinesh Gunawardena\nSunil Handunnetti\nRavi Karunanayake\nChandana Kathriarachchi\nKarunasena Kodituwakku\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nGamini Lokuge\nMohomed Maharoof\nM. H. Mohamed\nMilinda Moragoda\nJayantha Perera\nLilantha Perera\nBharatha Lakshman Premachandra\nSusil Premajayantha\nArjuna Ranatunga\nWimal Weerawansa\nRanil Wickramasinghe\nGampaha\nJohn Amaratunga\nAnura Bandaranaike\nPandu Bandaranaike\nJeyaraj Fernandopulle\nSarana Gunawardena\nEdward Gunasekara\nVijitha Herath\nKaru Jayasuriya\nJayalath Jayawardena\nFelix Perera\nJoseph Michael Perera\nOlitha Premathiratna\nSarathchandra Rajakaruna\nSuranimala Rajapaksha\nRavindra Randeniya\nReggie Ranatunga\nNeil Rupasinghe\nA. R. Anjan Umma\nKalutara\nRohitha Abeygunawardena\nPathirage Don Abeyratne\nTudor Dayaratne\nNandana Gunathilake\nImthiaz Bakeer Markar\nMahinda Samarasinghe\nRajitha Senaratne\nKumara Welgama\nAnanda Lakshman Wijemanna\nRatnasiri Wickremanayake\nNational List (29)JVP\nRamalingam Chandrasekar\nAnura Kumara Dissanayake\nS. K. Subasinghe\nPA\nMahinda Amaraweera\nRaja Collure\nRonnie de Mel\nAjantha de Soyza\nM. H. Cegu Isadean\nD. M. Jayaratne\nAthula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe\nLakshman Kadirgamar\nDilan Perera\nV. Puththirasigamoney\nS. Sathasivam\n\nTNA\nM. Sivasithamparam (K. Thurairetnasingam)\nUNF\nA. H. M. Azwer\nA. A. M. Bawa\nA. R. M. Abdul Cader\nK. N. Choksy\nBasheer Segu Dawood\nS. B. Dissanayake\nA. L. M. Hajrath\nTilak Marapana\nMohamed Musthaffa\nG. L. Peiris\nP. Radhakrishnan\nM. S. Thowfeek\nJayasundera Wijekoon\nR. Yogarajanvte← Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2004 (2004)–2010) →\nSpeaker: W. J. M. Lokubandara\nPrime Minister: Mahinda Rajapaksa/Ratnasiri Wickremanayake\nLeader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe\nCentral Province (24)Kandy\nDimuthu Bandara Abayakoon\nA. R. M. Abdul Cader\nMahindananda Aluthgamage\nSarath Amunugama\nTissa Attanayake\nY. M. Nawaratna Banda\nM. H. A. Haleem\nD. M. Jayaratne\nLakshman Kiriella\nFaiszer Musthapha\nUdawatte Nanda Thero\nKeheliya Rambukwella\nMatale\nSujatha Alahakoon\nAlick Aluwihare\nNandimithra Ekanayake\nRanjith Aluwihare\nRohana Dissanayake\nJanaka Bandara Tennakoon\nNuwara Eliya\nP. Chandrasekaran\nSanthanam Arulsamy\nS. B. Dissanayake\nRenuka Herath\nN. D. N. P. Jayasinghe\nS. Jegadhiswaran\nC. B. Rathnayake\nMuthu Sivalingam\nArumugam Thondaman\nNorth Central Province (13)Anuradhapura\nS. M. Chandrasena\nDuminda Dissanayake\nW. B. Ekanayake\nP. Harrison\nChandrani Bandara Jayasinghe\nTissa Karalliyadde\nK. D. Lalkantha\nR. P. A. Ranaweera Pathirana\nPolonnaruwa\nSiripala Gamalath\nEarl Gunasekara\nMaithripala Sirisena\nS. K. Subasinghe\nC. A. Suriyaarachchi\nNorth Eastern Province (31)Ampara\nFerial Ashraff\nA. L. M. Athaullah\nP. Dayaratna\nCassim Faizal\nRauff Hakeem\nA. M. M. Naushad\nK. Pathmanathan\nThomas Thangathurai William\nL. G. Wasantha Piyatissa\nBatticaloa\nS. Jeyanandamoorthy\nThanmanpillai Kanagasabai\nThangeswary Kathiraman\nKingsley Rasanayagam\nP. Ariyanethiran\nAmeer Ali Shihabdeen\nJaffna\nDouglas Devananda\nS. Kajendran\nGajendrakumar Ponnambalam\nSuresh Premachandran\nNadarajah Raviraj\nN. Srikantha\nMavai Senathirajah\nM. K. Shivajilingam\nPathmini Sithamparanathan\nK. Sivanesan\nSolomon Cyril\nTrincomalee\nM. N. Abdul Majeed\nR. Sampanthan\nK. Thurairetnasingam\nJayantha Wijesekara\nVanni\nSelvam Adaikalanathan\nSivasakthy Ananthan\nRishad Bathiudeen\nS. Kanagaratnam\nS. Kishore\nVino Noharathalingam\nNorth Western Province (24)Kurunegala\nIndika Bandaranayake\nBandula Basnayake\nRohitha Bogollagama\nAnura Kumara Dissanayake\nSalinda Dissanayake\nT. B. Ekanayake\nJohnston Fernando\nJayarathna Herath\nDayasiri Jayasekara\nAkila Viraj Kariyawasam\nM. D. Namal Karunaratne\nS. B. Nawinne\nGamini Jayawickrama Perera\nBimal Rathnayaka\nAmara Piyaseeli Ratnayake\nAnura Priyadharshana Yapa\nPuttalam\nPalitha Range Bandara\nD. M. Dassanayake\nPiyankara Jayaratne\nWeerakumara Dissanayake\nMilroy Fernando\nSamansiri Herath\nLarine Perera\nNeomal Perera\nDayasritha Tissera\nSabaragamuwa Province (19)Kegalle\nKabir Hashim\nMaheepala Herath\nH. R. Mithrapala\nAnuruddha Polgampala\nLalith Dissanayake\nChampika Premadasa\nR. M. Gamini Rathnayake\nRukman Senanayake\nAthauda Seneviratne\nRanjith Siyambalapitiya\nMano Wijeyeratne\nRatnapura\nThalatha Atukorale\nDunesh Gankanda\nDeepal Gunasekara\nAchala Jagodage\nPremalal Jayasekara\nSusantha Punchinilame\nJayatissa Ranaweera\nMahinda Ratnatilaka\nJohn Seneviratne\nPavithra Devi Wanniarachchi\nSouthern Province (25)Galle\nVajira Abeywardena\nAmarasiri Dodangoda\nChandima Weerakkody\nPiyasena Gamage\nGayantha Karunathilaka\nAjith Kumara\nHemakumara Nanayakkara\nLionel Premasiri\nGunaratna Weerakoon\nChandrasena Wijesinghe\nThilakaratne Withanachchi\nHambantota\nMahinda Amaraweera\nNihal Galappaththi\nSajith Premadasa\nChamal Rajapaksa\nMahinda Rajapaksa\nNirupama Rajapaksa\nVijitha Ranaweera\nDilip Wedaarachchi\nMatara\nLakshman Yapa Abeywardena\nMahinda Yapa Abeywardena\nChandrasiri Gajadeera\nJinadasa Kitulagoda\nPemasiri Manage\nSagala Ratnayaka\nMangala Samaraweera\nMahinda Wijesekara\nUva Province (13)Badulla\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nW. J. M. Lokubandara\nDilan Perera\nRavindra Samaraweera\nM. Satchithanandan\nLakshman Senewiratne\nVadivel Suresh\nSamantha Vidyaratna\nMonaragala\nDharmadasa Banda\nR. M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara\nR. M. Padma Udhaya Shantha Gunasekera\nSumedha G. Jayasena\nA. P. Jagath Pushpakumara\nWestern Province (47)Colombo\nKotapola Amarakitti Thero\nLakshman Nipuna Arachchi\nUduwe Dhammaloka\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nMano Ganesan\nBandula Gunawardane\nDinesh Gunawardena\nSunil Handunnetti\nRavi Karunanayake\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nGamini Lokuge\nT. Maheswaran\nMohamed Rajabdeen\nMohamed Mahroof\nM. H. Mohamed\nMilinda Moragoda\nSusil Premajayantha\nArjuna Ranatunga\nKahaluwe Ratnaseeha\nAkmeemana Dayarathana Thero\nWimal Weerawansa\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nGampaha\nLasantha Alagiyawanna\nSiripala Amarasinghe\nSarath Kumara Gunaratna\nJohn Amaratunga\nAnura Bandaranaike\nSarana Gunawardena\nPandu Bandaranaike\nJeyaraj Fernandopulle\nDuleep Wijesekera\nEdward Gunasekara\nVijitha Herath\nKaru Jayasuriya\nJayalath Jayawardena\nFelix Perera\nJoseph Michael Perera\nAparekke Punnananda Thero\nSarathchandra Rajakaruna\nSripathi Sooriyarachchi\nReggie Ranatunga\nNeil Rupasinghe\nKolonnawe Sri Sumangala Thero\nAlawwe Nandaloka Thero\nA. R. Anjan Umma\nKalutara\nRohitha Abeygunawardena\nReginald Cooray\nNirmala Kotalawala\nNandana Gunathilake\nSarath Ranawaka\nAnanda Lakshman Wijemanna\nAthuraliye Rathana Thero\nMahinda Samarasinghe\nS. A. Jayantha Samaraweera\nRajitha Senaratne\nKumara Welgama\nPiyasiri Wijenayake\nNational List (29)JHU\nEllawala Medhananda Thero\nOmalpe Sobhitha\nChampika Ranawaka\nSLMC\nHasen Ali\nTNA\nM. K. Eelaventhan\nRaseen Mohammed Imam\nJoseph Pararajasingham\nC. Chandrakanthan\nUNF\nHussein Ahamed Bhaila\nK. N. Choksy\nBasheer Segu Dawood\nRauff Hakeem\nNavin Dissanayake\nAbdul Baiz Kamardeen\nSeyed Ali Zahir Moulana\nM. Mohamed Musthaffa\nG. L. Peiris\nW. P. S. Pushpakumara\nV. Puththirasigamoney\nIsmail Mohammed Quddus\nS. Nijamudeen\nP. Radhakrishnan\nM. S. Sellasamy\nUPFA\nRamalingam Chandrasekar\nD. E. W. Gunasekera\nGitanjana Gunawardena\nM. H. Cegu Isadean\nMohamed Ismail Anwar Ismail\nBasil Rajapaksa\nLakshman Kadirgamar\nDullas Alahapperuma\nJ. A. Mary Lucida\nMervyn Silva\nJanadasa Peiris\nRatnasiri Wickremanayake\nWasantha Samarasinghe\nV. Muralitharan\nPhilipps Sri Liyanage\nMohamed Mussammil\nTissa Vitharana\nWiswa Warnapala\nE. A. D. C. Weerasekera\nWijeyadasa Rajapakshevte← Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2010 (2010)–2015 (2015)) →\nSpeaker: Chamal Rajapaksa\nPrime Minister: D. M. Jayaratne/Ranil Wickremesinghe\nLeader of the Opposition: Ranil Wickremesinghe/Nimal Siripala de Silva\nWesternColombo\nSarath Fonseka (Jayantha Ketagoda)\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nPraba Ganeshan\nMohan Lal Grero\nBandula Gunawardane\nDinesh Gunawardena\nSunil Handunnetti\nRavi Karunanayake\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nGamini Lokuge\nSusil Premajayantha\nWijeyadasa Rajapakshe\nChampika Ranawaka\nSujeewa Senasinghe\nRosy Senanayake\nDuminda Silva\nThilanga Sumathipala\nWimal Weerawansa\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nGampaha\nLasantha Alagiyawanna\nJohn Amaratunga\nPandu Bandaranaike\nSudarshani Fernandopulle\nSarath Kumara Gunaratne\nSarana Gunawardena\nVijitha Herath\nKaru Jayasuriya\nJayalath Jayawardena\nAjith Mannapperuma\nFelix Perera\nBasil Rajapaksa\nRuwan Ranatunga\nAthuraliye Rathana\nWasantha Senanayake\nMervyn Silva\nUpeksha Swarnamali\nDulip Wijeysekara\nRuwan Wijewardene\nKalutara\nRohitha Abeygunawardena\nReginald Cooray\nNirmala Kotalawala\nAjith Perera\nArjuna Ranatunga\nMahinda Samarasinghe\nRajitha Senaratne\nPalitha Thewarapperuma\nKumara Welgama\nVidura Wickremenayake\nCentralKandy\nMahindananda Aluthgamage\nDilum Amunugama\nSarath Amunugama\nAbdul Cadar\nS. B. Dissanayake\nRauff Hakeem\nM. H. A. Haleem\nLakshman Kiriella\nFaiszer Musthapha\nKeheliya Rambukwella\nLohan Ratwatte\nEric Prasanna Weerawardena\nMatale\nWasantha Aluwihare\nRohana Dissanayake\nNandimithra Ekanayake\nLakshman Wasantha Perera\nJanaka Bandara Tennakoon\nNuwara Eliya\nPalani Digambaran\nNavin Dissanayake\nSri Ranga Jeyaratnam\nVelusami Radhakrishnan\nPerumal Rajathurai\nC. B. Rathnayake\nArumugam Thondaman\nSouthernGalle\nPiyasena Gamage\nSajin Vass Gunawardena\nGayantha Karunathilaka\nAjith Kumara\nNishantha Muthuhettigamage\nManusha Nanayakkara\nRamesh Pathirana\nMohan De Silva\nChandima Weerakkody\nGunaratna Weerakoon\nMatara\nLakshman Yapa Abeywardena\nMahinda Yapa Abeywardena\nWijaya Dahanayake\nChandrasiri Gajadeera\nHemal Gunasekara\nSanath Jayasuriya\nBuddhika Pathirana\nMangala Samaraweera\nHambantota\nMahinda Amaraweera\nV. K. Indika\nWehella Kankanamge Indika\nSajith Premadasa\nChamal Rajapaksa\nNamal Rajapaksa\nNirupama Rajapaksa\nDilip Wedaarachchi\nNorthernJaffna\nSilvestri Alantine\nMurugesu Chandrakumar\nDouglas Devananda\nVijayakala Maheswaran\nSuresh Premachandran\nEswarapatham Saravanapavan\nMavai Senathirajah\nSivagnanam Sritharan\nAppathurai Vinayagamoorthy\nVanni\nSelvam Adaikalanathan\nSivasakthy Ananthan\nRishad Bathiudeen\nHunais Farook\nMuthali Bawa Farook\nNoordeen Mashoor\nVino Noharathalingam\nEasternBatticaloa\nPakkiyaselvam Ariyanethiran\nAlim Mohamed Hisbulla\nBasheer Segu Dawood\nPon Selvarasa\nSeeniththamby Yogeswaran\nDigamadulla\nA. L. M. Athaullah\nP. Dayaratna\nCassim Faizal\nH. M. M. Harees\nPodiappuhamy Piyasena\nSarath Weerasekara\nSriyani Wijewickrama\nTrincomalee\nSusantha Punchinilame\nM. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana\nRajavarothiam Sampanthan\nM. S. Thowfeek\nNorth WesternKurunegala\nAshoka Abeysinghe\nK. W. Shantha Bandara\nIndika Bandaranayake\nTharanath Basnayaka\nSalinda Dissanayake\nT. B. Ekanayake\nJohnston Fernando\nJayarathna Herath\nNalin Bandara Jayamaha\nDayasiri Jayasekara\nAkila Viraj Kariyawasam\nS.B. Nawinne\nGamini Jayawickrama Perera\nNeranjan Wickramasinghe\nNimal Wijesinghe\nAnura Priyadharshana Yapa\nPuttalam\nPalitha Range Bandara\nArundika Fernando\nMilroy Fernando\nPiyankara Jayaratne\nNiroshan Perera\nNeomal Perera\nVictor Anthony Perera\nDayasritha Thissera\nNorth CentralAnuradhapura\nChandrani Bandara Jayasinghe\nS. M. Chandrasena\nDuminda Dissanayake\nP. Weerakumara Dissanayake\nW. B. Ekanayake\nP. Harrison\nTissa Karalliyadde\nSarath Chandrasiri Muthukumarana\nAsanka Shehan Semasinghe\nPolonnaruwa\nEarl Gunasekara\nRoshan Ranasinghe\nSiripala Gamalath\nMaithripala Sirisena\nJayasinghe Bandara\nC. A. Suriyaarachchi\nUvaBadulla\nLal Chamika Buddhadasa\nNimal Siripala De Silva\nHarin Fernando\nUdith Lokubandara\nDilan Perera\nRohana Pushpakumara\nLakshman Senewiratne\nAmith Thenuka Vidanagamage\nMonaragala\nVijitha Berugoda\nSumedha G. Jayasena\nR.M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara\nA. P. Jagath Pushpakumara\nGamini Vijith Wijithamuni De Zoysa\nSabaragamuwaRatnapura\nThalatha Atukorale\nDunesh Gankanda\nPremalal Jayasekara\nVasudeva Nanayakkara\nRanjan Ramanayake\nSanee Rohana Kodithuvakku\nW. D. J. Senewiratne\nRanjith de Zoysa\nPavithra Devi Wanniarachchi\nJanaka Wakkumbura\nKegalle\nJagath Balasuriya\nLalith Dissanayake\nKanaka Herath\nKabir Hashim\nH. R. Mithrapala\nChampika Premadasa\nY. G. Padmasiri\nAthauda Seneviratne\nRanjith Siyambalapitiya\nNational ListUPFA\nDullas Alahapperuma\nA.H.M. Asvar\nMalini Fonseka\nAchala Jagodage\nD. M. Jayaratne\nD. E. W. Gunasekera\nGitanjana Gunawardena\nEllawala Medhananda Thero\nVinayagamoorthy Muralitharan\nG. L. Peiris\nJanaka Priyantha Bandara\nKamala Ranathunga\nMuthu Sivalingam\nJ. R. P. Suriyapperuma\nRatnasiri Wickremanayake\nRajiva Wijesinha\nTissa Vitharana\nUNF\nHasen Ali\nM. S. M. Aslam\nTissa Attanayake\nHarsha de Silva\nAnoma Gamage\nM. Joseph Michael Perera\nD. M. Swaminathan\nEran Wickramaratne\nRamaiah Yogarajan\nDNA\nTiran Alles\nAnura Kumara Dissanayake\nTNA\nM. A. Sumanthiranvte← Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2015 (2015)–2020) →\nSpeaker: Karu Jayasuriya\nPrime Minister: Ranil Wickremesinghe\nLeader of the Opposition: R. Sampanthan/Mahinda Rajapaksa\nCentral (25)Kandy (12)\nAnanda Aluthgamage\nMahindananda Aluthgamage\nDilum Amunugama\nMayantha Dissanayake\nRauff Hakeem\nM. H. A. Haleem\nAnuradha Jayaratne\nLucky Jayawardena\nLakshman Kiriella\nKeheliya Rambukwella\nLohan Ratwatte\nM. Velu Kumar\nMatale (5)\nRanjith Aluwihare\nWasantha Aluwihare\nLakshman Wasantha Perera\nJanaka Bandara Tennakoon\nRohini Kumari Wijerathna\nNuwara Eliya (8)\nPalani Digambaran\nNavin Dissanayake\nK. K. Piyadasa\nVelusami Radhakrishnan\nC. B. Rathnayake\nMuthu Sivalingam\nM. Thilakarajah\nArumugam Thondaman\nEastern (16)Ampara (7)\nWimalaweera Dissanayake\nCassim Faizal\nDaya Gamage\nH. M. M. Harees\nK. Kodeeswaran\nMansoor Ibrahim\nSriyani Wijewickrama\nBatticaloa (5)\nSeyed Ali Zahir Moulana\nAmeer Ali Shihabdeen\nG. Sirinesan\nS. Viyalendiran\nS. Yogeswaran\nTrincomalee (4)\nImran Maharoof\nM. A. M. Maharoof\nSusantha Punchinilame\nR. Sampanthan\nNorthern (13)Jaffna (7)\nDouglas Devananda\nVijayakala Maheswaran\nE. Saravanapavan\nMavai Senathirajah\nD. Siddarthan\nS. Sritharan\nM. A. Sumanthiran\nVanni (6)\nSelvam Adaikalanathan\nSivasakthy Ananthan\nRishad Bathiudeen\nK. Kader Masthan\nCharles Nirmalanathan\nS. Sivamohan\nNorth Central (14)Anuradhapura (9)\nS. M. Chandrasena\nDuminda Dissanayake\nWeerakumara Dissanayake\nChandima Gamage\nP. Harrison\nIshak Rahuman\nChandrani Bandara Jayasinghe\nSarath Chandrasiri Muthukumarana\nAsanka Shehan Semasinghe\nPolonnaruwa (5)\nSiripala Gamalath\nSidney Jayarathna\nNalaka Kolonne\nRoshan Ranasinghe\nWasantha Senanayake\nNorth Western (23)Kurunegala (15)\nAshoka Abeysinghe\nJ. C. Alawathuwala\nIndika Bandaranayake\nTharanath Basnayaka\nSalinda Dissanayake\nT. B. Ekanayake\nJohnston Fernando\nThushara Indunil\nNalin Bandara\nDayasiri Jayasekara\nAkila Viraj Kariyawasam\nS. B. Nawinne\nGamini Jayawickrama Perera\nMahinda Rajapaksa\nAnura Priyadharshana Yapa\nPuttalam (8)\nShantha Abeysekara\nHector Appuhamy\nPalitha Range Bandara\nArundika Fernando\nPiyankara Jayaratne\nSanath Nishantha\nNiroshan Perera\nAshoka Priyantha\nSabaragamuwa (20)Kegalle (9)\nTharaka Balasuriya\nKabir Hashim\nKanaka Herath\nDushmantha Mithrapala\nSujith Sanjaya Perera\nChampika Premadasa\nSandith Samarasinghe\nRanjith Siyambalapitiya\nThusitha Wijemanne\nRatnapura (11)\nThalatha Atukorale\nRanjith de Zoysa\nDunesh Gankanda\nPremalal Jayasekara\nVasudeva Nanayakkara\nKaru Paranawithana\nJohn Seneviratne\nJanaka Wakkumbura\nPavithra Devi Wanniarachchi\nA. A. Wijethunga\nAnkumbura Withanage\nSouthern (25)Galle (10)\nVajira Abeywardena\nBandula Lal Bandarigoda\nMohan de Silva\nWijepala Hettiarachchi\nGayantha Karunathilaka\nGeetha Kumarasinghe\nPiyasena Gamage\nNishantha Muthuhettigamage\nManusha Nanayakkara\nRamesh Pathirana\nChandima Weerakkody\nHambantota (7)\nMahinda Amaraweera\nD. V. Chanaka\nNihal Galappaththi\nSajith Premadasa\nChamal Rajapaksa\nNamal Rajapaksa\nDilip Wedaarachchi\nMatara (8)\nMahinda Yapa Abeywardena\nDullas Alahapperuma\nChandrasiri Gajadeera\nBuddhika Pathirana\nNiroshan Premaratne\nSagala Ratnayaka\nMangala Samaraweera\nKanchana Wijesekera\nUva (13)Badulla (8)\nA. Aravind Kumar\nChamara Sampath Dassanayake\nLakshman Senewiratne\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nHarin Fernando\nRavindra Samaraweera\nVadivel Suresh\nAmith Thenuka Vidanagamage\nChaminda Wijesiri\nMonaragala (5)\nRanjith Madduma Bandara\nVijitha Berugoda\nPadma Udayashantha Gunasekara\nSumedha G. Jayasena\nAnanda Kumarasiri\nWestern (47)Colombo (19)\nHarsha de Silva\nAnura Kumara Dissanayake\nUdaya Gammanpila\nMano Ganesan\nMohan Lal Grero\nBandula Gunawardane\nDinesh Gunawardena\nRavi Karunanayake\nGamini Lokuge\nSaidulla Marikkar\nHirunika Premachandra\nSusil Premajayantha\nMujibur Rahman\nWijeyadasa Rajapakshe\nChampika Ranawaka\nSujeewa Senasinghe\nWimal Weerawansa\nEran Wickramaratne\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nGampaha (18)\nLasantha Alagiyawanna\nJohn Amaratunga\nIndika Anuruddha\nSudarshani Fernandopulle\nEdward Gunasekara\nVijitha Herath\nSisira Jayakody\nKavinda Jayawardena\nNimal Lanza\nAjith Mannapperuma\nHarshana Rajakaruna\nRanjan Ramanayake\nArjuna Ranatunga\nPrasanna Ranatunga\nPrasanna Ranaweera\nChathura Senaratne\nDuleep Wijesekera\nRuwan Wijewardene\nKalutara (10)\nRohitha Abeygunawardena\nPiyal Nishantha de Silva\nAjith Perera\nJayantha Samaraweera\nNalinda Jayatissa\nRajitha Senaratne\nPalitha Thewarapperuma\nKumara Welgama\nVidura Wickremenayake\nLakshman Wijemanna\nNational List (29)JVP (2)\nSunil Handunnetti\nSarath Chandrasiri Mayadunne\nBimal Rathnayaka\nTNA (2)\nShanthi Sriskantharajah\nK. Thurairetnasingam\nUNFGG (13)\nSirinal de Mel\nAnoma Gamage\nM. K. A. D. S. Gunawardana\nSarath Fonseka\nA. R. A. Hafeez\nM. S. Thowfeek\nKaru Jayasuriya\nTilak Marapana\nAshu Marasinghe\nM. H. M. Navavi\nAthuraliye Rathana Thero\nM. H. M. Salman\nMohamadu Nazeer\nMalik Samarawickrama\nD. M. Swaminathan\nJayampathy Wickramaratne\nUPFA (12)\nLakshman Yapa Abeywardena\nSarath Amunugama\nS. B. Dissanayake\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nM. L. A. M. Hizbullah\nMalith Jayathilake\nFaiszer Musthapha\nDilan Perera\nAngajan Ramanathan\nMahinda Samarasinghe\nGamini Vijith Vijithamuni Soysa\nThilanga Sumathipalavte← Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka (2020 (2020)–present)\nSpeaker: Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena\nPrime Minister: Mahinda Rajapaksa/Ranil Wickremesinghe/Dinesh Gunawardena\nLeader of the Opposition: Sajith Premadasa\nCentral (25)Kandy (12)\nDilum Amunugama\nMahindananda Aluthgamage\nLohan Ratwatte\nAnuradha Jayaratne\nKeheliya Rambukwella\nWasantha Yapa Bandara\nGunathilaka Rajapaksha\nUdayana Kirindigoda\nRauff Hakeem\nM. H. A. Haleem\nM. Velu Kumar\nLakshman Kiriella\nMatale (5)\nJanaka Bandara Tennakoon\nNalaka Kottegoda\nPramitha Tennakoon\nRohana Dissanayake\nRohini Kumari Wijerathna\nNuwara Eliya (8)\nJeevan Thondaman\nC. B. Ratnayake\nS. B. Dissanayake\nMarudapandy Rameshwaran\nNimal Piyatissa\nPalani Digambaran\nVelusami Radhakrishnan\nMailvaganam Udayakumar\nEastern (16)Ampara (7)\nWimalaweera Dissanayake\nD. Weerasingha\nThilak Rajapaksha\nH. M. M. Harees\nCassim Faizal\nMuszhaaraff Muthunabeen\nLebbe Marikkar\nBatticaloa (5)\nRahul Rajapuththiran\nKovinthan Karunakaram\nSivanesathurai Chandrakanthan\nAhamed Nazeer Zainulabdeen\nSeyed Ali Zahir Moulana\nSathasivam Viyalendiran\nTrincomalee (4)\nShariff Thowfeek\nImran Maharoof\nKapila Athukorala\nR. Sampanthan\nM. A. M. Maharoof\nSusantha Punchinilame\nNorthern (13)Jaffna (7)\nS. Sritharan\nM. A. Sumanthiran\nD. Siddarthan\nGankesar Ponnambalam\nAngajan Ramanathan\nDouglas Devananda\nVishwalingam Vickneshwaran\nVanni (6)\nCharles Nirmalanathan\nSelvam Adaikalanathan\nS. Noharathalingam\nK. Kader Masthan\nRishad Bathiudeen\nKulasingam Thileepan\nNorth Central (14)Anuradhapura (9)\nS. M. Chandrasena\nChanna Jayasumana\nUddika Premarathna\nS.C. Muthukumarana\nAsanka Shehan Semasinghe\nDuminda Dissanayake\nK. H. Nandasena\nK. P. S. Kumarasiri\nIshak Rahuman\nRohana Bandara\nPolonnaruwa (5)\nMaithripala Sirisena\nRoshan Ranasinghe\nSiripala Gamalath\nAmarakeerthi Athukorala\nJagath Samarawickrama\nKins Nelson\nNorth Western (24)Kurunegala (15)\nMahinda Rajapaksa\nJohnston Fernando\nGunapala Rathnasekara\nDayasiri Jayasekara\nAsanka Navarathna\nSamanpriya Herath\nD. B. Herath\nAnura Priyadharshana Yapa\nJayarathna Herath\nShantha Bandara\nSumith Udukumbura\nNalin Bandara\nJ. C. Alawathuwala\nAshoka Abeysinghe\nThushara Indunil\nPuttalam (9)\nSanath Nishantha\nJagath Priyankara\nPiyankara Jayaratne\nArundika Fernando\nChinthaka Mayadunne\nAshoka Priyantha\nHector Appuhamy\nNiroshan Nanayakkara\nPriyantha Perera\nAli Sabri Raheem\nSabaragamuwa (20)Kegalle (9)\nKanaka Herath\nRanjith Siyambalapitiya\nTharaka Balasuriya\nRajika Wickramasinghe\nDushmantha Mithrapala\nUdayakantha Gunathilaka\nSudath Manjula\nKabir Hashim\nSujith Sanjaya Perera\nRatnapura (11)\nPavithra Devi Wanniarachchi\nPremalal Jayasekara\nJanaka Wakkumbura\nGamini Waleboda\nAkila Ellawala\nVasudeva Nanayakkara\nMuditha Prishanthi\nJohn Seneviratne\nAnkumbura Withanage\nPriyantha Liyanage\nThalatha Atukorale\nSouthern (25)Galle (9)\nRamesh Pathirana\nChaminda Sampath\nMohan Priyadarshana De Silva\nChandima Weerakkody\nIsuru Dodangoda\nShan Wijayalal De Silva\nGeetha Kumarasinghe\nGayantha Karunathilaka\nManusha Nanayakkara\nHambantota (7)\nNamal Rajapaksa\nChanaka Dinushan\nMahinda Amaraweera\nChamal Rajapaksa\nUpul Galappaththi\nAjith Rajapakse\nDilip Wedaarachchi\nMatara (7)\nNipuna Ranawaka\nKarunadasa Kodithuwakku\nDullas Alahapperuma\nKanchana Wijesekera\nMahinda Yapa Abeywardena\nWeerasumana Weerasinghe\nBuddhika Pathirana\nUva (13)Badulla (9)\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nSudarshana Denipitiya\nAmith Thenuka Vidanagamage\nChamara Sampath Dassanayake\nDilan Perera\nChaminda Thisakutti\nVadivel Suresh\nA. Aravind Kumar\nChaminda Wijesiri\nNayana Wasalathilake\nMonaragala (6)\nShasheendra Rajapaksa\nKumarasiri Rathnayake\nVijitha Berugoda\nJagath Pushpakumara\nGayashan Nawananda\nW. H. M. Dharmasena\nWestern (47)Colombo (19)\nSarath Weerasekara\nWimal Weerawansa\nUdaya Gammanpila\nWijeyadasa Rajapakshe\nBandula Gunawardane\nPredeep Saman Kumara\nDinesh Gunawardena\nMadhura Withanage\nPremnath C. Dolawaththa\nGamini Lokuge\nSusil Premajayantha\nJagath Kumara\nSajith Premadasa\nS. M. Marikkar\nMujibur Rahman\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nHarsha de Silva\nPatali Champika Ranawaka\nM. Ganeshan\nAnura Kumara Dissanayake\nGampaha (18)\nNalaka Godahewa\nPrasanna Ranatunga\nIndika Anuruddha\nSisira Jayakody\nNimal Lanza\nSahan Pradeep Withana\nSudarshani Fernandopulle\nPrasanna Ranaweera\nHarshani Gunawardhana\nLasantha Alagiyawanna\nNalin Ruwanjiwa Fernando\nMilan Sajith Jayathilake\nUpul Mahendra Rajapaksha\nSarath Fonseka\nRanjan Ramanayake\nAjith Mannapperuma\nHarshana Rajakaruna\nKavinda Jayawardena\nVijitha Herath\nKalutara (10)\nVidura Wickremanayake\nRohitha Abeygunawardena\nSanjeeva Edirimanna\nPiyal Nishantha\nS.A. Jayantha\nAnupa Pasqual\nLalith Ellawala\nRajitha Senaratne\nMahinda Samarasinghe\nLalith Warnakumara\nKumara Welgama\nNational List (29)SLPFA (17)\nG. L. Peiris\nSagara Kariyawasam\nAjith Nivard Cabraal\nJayantha Ketagoda\nAli Sabry\nJayantha Weerasinghe\nManjula Dissanayake\nRanjith Bandara\nCharitha Herath\nGevindu Kumaratunga\nA. J. M. Muzammil\nTissa Vitharana\nYadamini Gunawardena\nSuren Raghavan\nTiran Alles\nSeetha Arambepola\nJayantha Ketagoda\nBasil Rajapaksa\nDhammika Perera\nMarjan Faleel\nSJB (7)\nHarin Fernando\nTissa Attanayake\nRanjith Madduma Bandara\nMayantha Dissanayake\nEran Wickramaratne\nImthiaz Bakeer Markar\nDiana Gamage\nMujibur Rahman\nNPP (1)\nHarini Amarasuriya\nTNA (1)\nT. Kalaiarasan\nTNPF (1)\nSelvarasa Gajenthiran\nOPPP (1)\nAthuraliye Rathana Thero\nUNP (1)\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nVajira AbeywardenavteMembers of the Sri Lankan Parliament from Colombo\nColombo Electoral District\nMulti–member (1989 – Present)\n(1989 – 1994): Lalith Athulathmudali (Until 1993)\nSirisena Cooray\nStanley Tillekeratne\nDinesh Gunawardena\nJinadasa Niyathapala\nC. V. Gunaratne\nBandula Gunawardane\nDickson Sarathchandra Dela\nGamini Lokuge\nM. H. Mohamed\nTyronne Fernando\nPremaratne Gunasekera\nVincent Perera\nWeerasinghe Mallimarachchi\nKingsley Wickramaratne\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nSunethra Ranasinghe\nM. S. Sellasamy\nMohamed Jabir Abdul Cader\nNimal Ransiri Peiris\n(1994 – 2000): Ranil Wickremesinghe\nSrimani Athulathmudali\nC. V. Gunaratne (Until 2000)\nNimal Siripala de Silva\nOssie Abeygunasekera (Until 1994)\nReplaced by P. P. Devaraj\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nKingsley Wickramaratne\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nNawalaage Benet Cooray\nBharatha Lakshman Premachandra\nSusil Moonesinghe\nIndika Gunawardena\nAmal Senalankadikara\nBernard Soysa\nGamini Lokuge\nKarunasena Kodituwakku\nM. H. Mohamed\nWeerasinghe Mallimarachchi (Until 1994)\nReplaced by R. Yogarajan\nTyronne Fernando\nGunasekara Premaratne\n(2000 – 2001): Ranil Wickremesinghe\nRavi Karunanayake\nG. L. Peiris\nDinesh Gunawardena\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nBandula Gunawardane\nIndika Gunawardena\nMohamed Mahroof\nBharatha Lakshman Premachandra\nChandana Kathriarachchci\nKarunasena Kodituwakku\nGamini Lokuge\nM. H. Mohamed\nLilantha Perera\nTyronne Fernando\nJayantha Ketagoda\nSamson Silva\nWimal Weerawansa\nNimal Fernando\n(2001 – 2004): Ranil Wickremesinghe\nMilinda Moragoda\nRavi Karunanayake\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nArjuna Ranatunga\nSusil Premajayantha\nDinesh Gunawardena\nMohamed Mahroof\nKarunasena Kodituwakku\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nGamini Lokuge\nBandula Gunawardane\nM. H. Mohamed\nBharatha Lakshman Premachandra\nChandana Kathriarachchci\nMano Ganesan\nJayantha Ketagoda\nTyronne Fernando\nLilantha Perera\nWimal Weerawansa\nSunil Handunnetti\n(2004 – 2010): Ranil Wickremesinghe\nWimal Weerawansa\nSunil Handunnetti\nLakshman Nipuna Arachchi\nSusil Premajayantha\nMilinda Moragoda\nDinesh Gunawardena\nArjuna Ranatunga\nRavi Karunanayake\nM. H. Mohamed\nT. Maheswaran (Until 2008)\nReplaced by Mohamed Rajabdeen\nBandula Gunawardane\nMohamed Mahroof\nGamini Lokuge\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nMano Ganesan\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nUduwe Dhammaloka\nKotapola Amarakitti\nKataluwe Ratanasiya (Until 2004)\nReplaced by Akmeemana Dayarathana\n(2010 – 2015): Wimal Weerawansa\nRanil Wickremesinghe\nDuminda Silva\nChampika Ranawaka\nDinesh Gunawardena\nSarath Fonseka (Until 2010)\nReplaced by Jayantha Ketagoda (From 2011)\nSunil Handunnetti\nRavi Karunanayake\nMohan Lal Grero\nRosy Senanayake\nBandula Gunawardane\nThilanga Sumathipala\nWijeyadasa Rajapakshe\nSusil Premajayantha\nSujeewa Senasinghe\nA. H. M. Fowzie\nJeewan Kumaranatunga\nGamini Lokuge\nPraba Ganesan\n(2015 – Present): Ranil Wickremesinghe\nWimal Weerawansa\nUdaya Gammanpila\nSusil Premajayantha\nDinesh Gunawardena\nSujeewa Senasinghe\nHarsha de Silva\nRavi Karunanayake\nChampika Ranawaka\nBandula Gunawardane\nSaidulla Marikkar\nMujibur Rahman\nEran Wickramaratne\nWijeyadasa Rajapakshe\nHirunika Premachandra\nMano Ganesan\nAnura Kumara Dissanayake\nMohan Lal Grero\nGamini LokugeThis article about a politician from Uva Province, Sri Lanka is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a politician from Western Province, Sri Lanka is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cabinet of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka"}]	[{"reference":"\"Sri Lanka Freedom Party appoints Nimal Siripala as acting chair, CBK as advisor\". EconomyNext. 8 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-freedom-party-appoints-nimal-siripala-as-acting-chair-cbk-as-advisor-157894","url_text":"\"Sri Lanka Freedom Party appoints Nimal Siripala as acting chair, CBK as advisor\""}]},{"reference":"\"COVER STORY - JULY 2013\". Business Today. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstoday.lk/cover_page.php?article=8331","url_text":"\"COVER STORY - JULY 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Wasantha Siriwardena (7 July 1996). \"Thursdays blast in Jaffna\". The Sunday Times - Sri Lanka. Retrieved 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sundaytimes.lk/960707/index.html","url_text":"\"Thursdays blast in Jaffna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old Nalandians elected MPs to be felicitated\". Daily News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2002. Retrieved 27 March 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020402045236/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/27/politicslead.html","url_text":"\"Old Nalandians elected MPs to be felicitated\""},{"url":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/27/politicslead.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Opposition weaker than ever before -Minister Nimal Siripala De Silva\". Sunday Observer. Retrieved 4 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/04/04/pol-spe-elec08.asp","url_text":"\"Opposition weaker than ever before -Minister Nimal Siripala De Silva\""}]},{"reference":"\"International concerns on Lanka elections unfounded: Minister\". India.com. 11 November 2018 – via PTI.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.india.com/news/agencies/international-concerns-on-lanka-elections-unfounded-minister-3423673/","url_text":"\"International concerns on Lanka elections unfounded: Minister\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India.com","url_text":"India.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India","url_text":"PTI"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ceylontoday.lk/news/new-cabinet-nimal-siripala-de-silva-appointed-minister-of-labour","external_links_name":"New Cabinet: Nimal Siripala de Silva appointed Minister of Labour"},{"Link":"https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-freedom-party-appoints-nimal-siripala-as-acting-chair-cbk-as-advisor-157894","external_links_name":"\"Sri Lanka Freedom Party appoints Nimal Siripala as acting chair, CBK as advisor\""},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.lk/en/members-of-parliament/directory-of-members/viewMember/108","external_links_name":"Hon. Nimal Siripala de Silva is a member of the biggest thieves gang in Sri lanka, M.P"},{"Link":"https://www.businesstoday.lk/cover_page.php?article=8331","external_links_name":"\"COVER STORY - JULY 2013\""},{"Link":"https://businesstoday.lk/cover_page.php?article=8331","external_links_name":"Always With The Party"},{"Link":"http://www.sundaytimes.lk/960707/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Thursdays blast in Jaffna\""},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.lk/en/members-of-parliament/directory-of-members/viewMember/108","external_links_name":"Biographies of Present Members"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020402045236/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/27/politicslead.html","external_links_name":"\"Old Nalandians elected MPs to be felicitated\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/03/27/politicslead.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/04/04/pol-spe-elec08.asp","external_links_name":"\"Opposition weaker than ever before -Minister Nimal Siripala De Silva\""},{"Link":"https://www.india.com/news/agencies/international-concerns-on-lanka-elections-unfounded-minister-3423673/","external_links_name":"\"International concerns on Lanka elections unfounded: Minister\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimal_Siripala_de_Silva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimal_Siripala_de_Silva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mere_Dead_Men	Mere Dead Men	["1 Current members","2 Partial discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 EP","3 References","4 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mere Dead Men" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mere Dead Men (often called MDM) is an English punk band. Formed in 1986 from the break-up of a number of other punk bands, MDM have released several albums, toured the UK, and played in various venues across Europe (such as in the Czech Republic and France). Current members Mandy Shaw - vocals Rag - drums (now performing as marc..in electro punk goth duo, The Webb https://www.facebook.com/TheWebb.band?ref=hl ) Richie - bass Rob - guitar Partial discography Albums Split album with Paradox U.k. Retch records Stacks, Stilettos, Make Up and Mohicans Carry on MDM United We Stand Let's Do It EP Laced Up Mary References External links 2004 interview Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Mere Dead Men (often called MDM) is an English punk band. Formed in 1986 from the break-up of a number of other punk bands, MDM have released several albums, toured the UK, and played in various venues across Europe (such as in the Czech Republic and France).","title":"Mere Dead Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.facebook.com/TheWebb.band?ref=hl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.facebook.com/TheWebb.band?ref=hl"}],"text":"Mandy Shaw - vocals\nRag - drums (now performing as marc..in electro punk goth duo, The Webb https://www.facebook.com/TheWebb.band?ref=hl )\nRichie - bass\nRob - guitar","title":"Current members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Split album with Paradox U.k. Retch recordsStacks, Stilettos, Make Up and Mohicans\nCarry on MDM\nUnited We Stand\nLet's Do It","title":"Partial discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EP","text":"Laced Up Mary","title":"Partial discography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mere+Dead+Men%22","external_links_name":"\"Mere Dead Men\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mere+Dead+Men%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mere+Dead+Men%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mere+Dead+Men%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mere+Dead+Men%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mere+Dead+Men%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/TheWebb.band?ref=hl","external_links_name":"https://www.facebook.com/TheWebb.band?ref=hl"},{"Link":"http://www.skruttmagazine.se/meredeadmeneng.htm","external_links_name":"2004 interview"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143867537","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus	Omphalotus	["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Phylogeny","1.2 Species","2 Description","3 Toxicity","4 Distribution and ecology","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Genus of fungi Omphalotus Omphalotus olearius Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Omphalotaceae Genus: OmphalotusFayod (1889) Type species Omphalotus olearius(DC.) Singer (1946) Synonyms Monadelphus Earle (1909) Species of fungus OmphalotusMycological characteristicsGills on hymeniumCap is infundibuliformHymenium is decurrentStipe is bareSpore print is yellowEcology is saprotrophicEdibility is poisonous Omphalotus is a genus of basidiomycete mushroom, in the family Omphalotaceae, formally circumscribed by Victor Fayod in 1889. Members have the traditional cap and stem structure. They are saprobic, and fruit in clumps on the ground, adjacent to host trees. The best known and type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius). Species of Omphalotus have been mistaken for chanterelles. All Omphalotus species are presumed poisonous, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. Some Omphalotus species have bioluminescent properties. Taxonomy Victor Fayod originally erected the genus with Pleurotus olearius and P. eryngii as its principal species in 1889, placing it in a tribus ("alliance") with the genera Pleurotus and Pleurotellus. The relationships of the genus have become clearer with genetic analysis. Rolf Singer placed it and the related Lampteromyces in the Boletales due to the presence of the pigment variegatic acid. More specifically the genera were placed in the family Paxillaceae. However, it was found that fungi of the genus Omphalotus break down lignin while those of the genus Paxillus break down cellulose. Since then, the genera have been found to have a close relationship with the genus Nothopanus, and the whole group to lie within the agaric family Marasmiaceae. The group has been classified in their own family Omphalotaceae. The type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) from Europe. Another eight species have been described. The seven species examined genetically form two clades. One is an illudens clade containing (O. illudens) of Europe and North America, and (O. mexicanus) from Central America. The other is an olearius clade containing O. olearius and the tsukiyotake (O. japonicus) from eastern Asia as sister species, and the western jack-o'-lantern (O. olivascens) and (O. subilludens). Since the phylogeny was published, Omphalotus flagelliformis has been described from Yunnan Province in China, which is related to O. mexicanus and O. illudens. The generic name Omphalotus is derived from the Byzantine Greek ὀμϕαλοειδής, meaning "navel". Phylogeny O. olearius O. olivascens var. olivascens O. olivascens var. indigo O. nidiformis O. japonicus O. subilludens O. illudens O. mexicanus Phylogeny and relationships of Omphalotus species based on ITS ribosomal DNA sequences. Species Image Name Year Common name Distribution Omphalotus flagelliformis Zhu L. Yang & B. Feng 2013 Yunnan Province in Southwestern China Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 1979 Jack-O'-Lantern Eastern North America, Europe Omphalotus japonicus (Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill. 2002 Tsukiyotake (月夜茸) / Moon-night mushroom Korea, China, Japan, and far Eastern Russia. Omphalotus lutescens Raithelh. 1988 Omphalotus mangensis (Jian Z.Li & X.W.Hu) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill. 2002 China Omphalotus mexicanus Guzmán & V. Mora 1984 Mexico Omphalotus nidiformis(Berk.) O.K. Mill. 1994 Ghost fungus / Australian glow fungus Southern Australia, India (Kerala) Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer 1984 Jack-O'-Lantern Europe, US Omphalotus olivascens H.E. Bigelow, O.K. Mill. & Thiers 1976 Western Jack-O'-Lantern California and Mexico Omphalotus subilludens (Murrill) H.E. Bigelow 1982 Southern Jack-O'-Lantern South / Eastern United States Description Fungi of this genus produce fleshy mushrooms with smooth or fibrous caps with gills and fleshy or fibrous stems growing in clumps on wood. O. mexicanus has dark blue fruiting bodies tinted with yellow. Toxicity Many members of the genus are known to be toxic, with consumption leading to gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting and at times diarrhea. The toxic ingredient is a sesquiterpene compound known as illudin S. Distribution and ecology The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, found in forests around the world. Its species cause a white soft rot on dead wood as they break down lignin. See also List of bioluminescent fungi References ^ "Omphalotus Fayod". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-12-12. ^ Earle, Franklin Sumner (1906). "The Genera of North American Gill Fungi". Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5: 373–451 (see p. 432). ^ Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-52229-5. ^ Fayod, Victor (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 9 (7): 181–411 (see p. 338). ^ a b Petersen, Ronald H.; Hughes, Karen W. (1997). "Mating systems in Omphalotus (Paxillaceae, Agaricales)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 211 (3–4): 217–29. doi:10.1007/bf00985360. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 29816286. ^ a b c d Kirchmair, Martin; Morandell, Sandra; Stolz, Daniela; Pöder, Reinhold; Sturmbauer (2004). "Phylogeny of the Genus Omphalotus Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA-sequences". Mycologia. 96 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142. JSTOR 3762142. PMID 21148949. ^ a b c Paul F. Cannon; P. M. Kirk; P. F. Cannon (2007). Fungal Families of the World. CAB International. pp. 247–48. ISBN 978-0851998275. ^ Yang ZL, Feng B (2013). "The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China" (PDF). Mycosystema. 32 (3): 545–56. ISSN 1672-6472. ^ "omphaloid, adj.". The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. April 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-12. (subscription required) ^ Joseph F. Ammirati; Traquair; James Alvin; Paul A. Horgen (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN 0816614075. ^ Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. 366–67. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9. ^ Nakanishi, K.; Ohashi, M.; Tada, M.; Yamada, Y. (1965). "Illudin S (lampterol)". Tetrahedron. 21 (5): 1231–1246. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(65)80065-5. PMID 5896484. ^ Anchel, M.; Herbey, A.; Robbins, W.J. (1950). "Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (5): 300–305. Bibcode:1950PNAS...36..300A. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.5.300. PMC 1063187. PMID 15417544. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Omphalotus. MushroomExpert.com Blog - Mycology Taxon identifiersOmphalotus Wikidata: Q2521208 Wikispecies: Omphalotus APNI: 122874 AusFungi: 60015136 EoL: 21410 EPPO: 1OMPLG FloraBase: 38712 Fungorum: 18154 GBIF: 2525554 iNaturalist: 64014 IRMNG: 1288712 MycoBank: 18154 NBN: NHMSYS0001491343 NCBI: 71962 NZOR: 54113992-780c-4834-af5c-ec50f289a057 Open Tree of Life: 1065745	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"basidiomycete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycete"},{"link_name":"mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom"},{"link_name":"Omphalotaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotaceae"},{"link_name":"circumscribed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Victor Fayod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Fayod"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"saprobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprobic"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Omphalotus olearius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_olearius"},{"link_name":"chanterelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellus"},{"link_name":"poisonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonous_mushroom"},{"link_name":"bioluminescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexopoulos1996-3"}],"text":"Species of fungusOmphalotus is a genus of basidiomycete mushroom, in the family Omphalotaceae, formally circumscribed by Victor Fayod in 1889. Members have the traditional cap and stem structure. They are saprobic, and fruit in clumps on the ground, adjacent to host trees. The best known and type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius). Species of Omphalotus have been mistaken for chanterelles. All Omphalotus species are presumed poisonous, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. Some Omphalotus species have bioluminescent properties.[3]","title":"Omphalotus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleurotus olearius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_olearius"},{"link_name":"P. eryngii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus_eryngii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fayod_1889-4"},{"link_name":"Pleurotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus"},{"link_name":"Pleurotellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotellus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peterson97a-5"},{"link_name":"Rolf Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Singer"},{"link_name":"Boletales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletales"},{"link_name":"variegatic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegatic_acid"},{"link_name":"Paxillaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillaceae"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"Paxillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillus"},{"link_name":"cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirchmair-6"},{"link_name":"Nothopanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothopanus"},{"link_name":"Marasmiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmiaceae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirchmair-6"},{"link_name":"Omphalotaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotaceae"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CABI-7"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Omphalotus olearius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_olearius"},{"link_name":"clades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"O. illudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_illudens"},{"link_name":"O. mexicanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_mexicanus"},{"link_name":"O. japonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_japonicus"},{"link_name":"O. olivascens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_olivascens"},{"link_name":"O. subilludens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_subilludens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirchmair-6"},{"link_name":"Omphalotus flagelliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_flagelliformis"},{"link_name":"Yunnan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_Province"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang_2013-8"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-Omphalotus-9"}],"text":"Victor Fayod originally erected the genus with Pleurotus olearius and P. eryngii as its principal species in 1889,[4] placing it in a tribus (\"alliance\") with the genera Pleurotus and Pleurotellus.[5]The relationships of the genus have become clearer with genetic analysis. Rolf Singer placed it and the related Lampteromyces in the Boletales due to the presence of the pigment variegatic acid. More specifically the genera were placed in the family Paxillaceae. However, it was found that fungi of the genus Omphalotus break down lignin while those of the genus Paxillus break down cellulose.[6]Since then, the genera have been found to have a close relationship with the genus Nothopanus, and the whole group to lie within the agaric family Marasmiaceae.[6] The group has been classified in their own family Omphalotaceae.[7]The type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) from Europe. Another eight species have been described. The seven species examined genetically form two clades. One is an illudens clade containing (O. illudens) of Europe and North America, and (O. mexicanus) from Central America. The other is an olearius clade containing O. olearius and the tsukiyotake (O. japonicus) from eastern Asia as sister species, and the western jack-o'-lantern (O. olivascens) and (O. subilludens).[6] Since the phylogeny was published, Omphalotus flagelliformis has been described from Yunnan Province in China, which is related to O. mexicanus and O. illudens.[8]The generic name Omphalotus is derived from the Byzantine Greek ὀμϕαλοειδής, meaning \"navel\".[9]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Phylogeny","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Species","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"gills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"stems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CABI-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peterson97a-5"}],"text":"Fungi of this genus produce fleshy mushrooms with smooth or fibrous caps with gills and fleshy or fibrous stems growing in clumps on wood.[7] O. mexicanus has dark blue fruiting bodies tinted with yellow.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"sesquiterpene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquiterpene"},{"link_name":"illudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illudin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin_1995-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakanishi_1965-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anchel_1950-13"}],"text":"Many members of the genus are known to be toxic, with consumption leading to gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting and at times diarrhea.[10] The toxic ingredient is a sesquiterpene compound known as illudin S.[11][12][13]","title":"Toxicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cosmopolitan distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CABI-7"},{"link_name":"lignin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"}],"text":"The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, found in forests around the world.[7] Its species cause a white soft rot on dead wood as they break down lignin.","title":"Distribution and ecology"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of bioluminescent fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bioluminescent_fungi"}]	[{"reference":"\"Omphalotus Fayod\". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=57045&Fields=All","url_text":"\"Omphalotus Fayod\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MycoBank","url_text":"MycoBank"}]},{"reference":"Earle, Franklin Sumner (1906). \"The Genera of North American Gill Fungi\". Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5: 373–451 (see p. 432).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31042604","url_text":"\"The Genera of North American Gill Fungi\""}]},{"reference":"Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-52229-5","url_text":"0-471-52229-5"}]},{"reference":"Fayod, Victor (1889). \"Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés\" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 9 (7): 181–411 (see p. 338).","urls":[{"url":"http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/Imagenes/P0044_S7_09/P0044_S7_09_0342.pdf","url_text":"\"Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés\""}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Ronald H.; Hughes, Karen W. (1997). \"Mating systems in Omphalotus (Paxillaceae, Agaricales)\". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 211 (3–4): 217–29. doi:10.1007/bf00985360. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 29816286.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00985360","url_text":"10.1007/bf00985360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2697","url_text":"0378-2697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29816286","url_text":"29816286"}]},{"reference":"Kirchmair, Martin; Morandell, Sandra; Stolz, Daniela; Pöder, Reinhold; Sturmbauer (2004). \"Phylogeny of the Genus Omphalotus Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA-sequences\". Mycologia. 96 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142. JSTOR 3762142. PMID 21148949.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mycologia.org/content/96/6/1253.full","url_text":"\"Phylogeny of the Genus Omphalotus Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA-sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3762142","url_text":"10.2307/3762142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3762142","url_text":"3762142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21148949","url_text":"21148949"}]},{"reference":"Paul F. Cannon; P. M. Kirk; P. F. Cannon (2007). Fungal Families of the World. CAB International. pp. 247–48. ISBN 978-0851998275.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw1VLSH1xnAC&pg=PA247","url_text":"Fungal Families of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851998275","url_text":"978-0851998275"}]},{"reference":"Yang ZL, Feng B (2013). \"The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China\" (PDF). Mycosystema. 32 (3): 545–56. ISSN 1672-6472.","urls":[{"url":"http://groups.kib.cas.cn/klpb/yzl/tnh_fblw/201311/P020140126481156955463.pdf","url_text":"\"The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1672-6472","url_text":"1672-6472"}]},{"reference":"\"omphaloid, adj.\". The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. April 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.oed.com/","url_text":"\"omphaloid, adj.\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph F. Ammirati; Traquair; James Alvin; Paul A. Horgen (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN 0816614075.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nhWbsGB7z4cC&pg=PA290","url_text":"Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816614075","url_text":"0816614075"}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. 366–67. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2600-9","url_text":"0-7167-2600-9"}]},{"reference":"Nakanishi, K.; Ohashi, M.; Tada, M.; Yamada, Y. (1965). \"Illudin S (lampterol)\". Tetrahedron. 21 (5): 1231–1246. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(65)80065-5. PMID 5896484.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-4020%2865%2980065-5","url_text":"10.1016/0040-4020(65)80065-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5896484","url_text":"5896484"}]},{"reference":"Anchel, M.; Herbey, A.; Robbins, W.J. (1950). \"Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (5): 300–305. Bibcode:1950PNAS...36..300A. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.5.300. PMC 1063187. PMID 15417544.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063187","url_text":"\"Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davisville_Village	Davisville Village	["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Real estate","4 Divisions","4.1 Mount Pleasant West","4.2 Mount Pleasant East","5 References"]	Coordinates: 43°42′04″N 79°23′20″W / 43.701°N 79.389°W / 43.701; -79.389 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Davisville Village" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDavisvilleNeighbourhoodSkyline of Davisville Village, 2009VicinityLocation within TorontoCoordinates: 43°42′04″N 79°23′20″W / 43.701°N 79.389°W / 43.701; -79.389Country CanadaProvince OntarioCityTorontoArea • Total3.139 km2 (1.212 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total32,837 • Density10,461/km2 (27,090/sq mi) Davisville Village is a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located near the intersection of Davisville Avenue and Yonge Street. There is a subway station named Davisville at this intersection. The area directly abuts Mount Pleasant Cemetery, and has many massive apartment and condominium complexes built between the 1970s and the 2000s, as well as a number of office buildings. The area is within Midtown Toronto between St Clair and Eglinton. Davisville Village is represented at Toronto City Council by Councillor Josh Matlow. History Davisville was founded by John Davis in 1840. Davis opened the first post office in the neighbourhood and served as the post-master. John Davis also started Davisville Pottery Company, which was the largest employer in the neighbourhood for several years. In 1911, the Davis family sold a large portion of the land to Dovercourt Development Company to be developed. Many single family homes were built between the 1920s and 1930s, and still exist today. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%200623,690— 201126,998+14.0%201628,245+4.6%202132,837+16.3% The population of Davisville Village as of 2006 was 23,690. The population of Davisville grew approximately 6.5% between 1996 and 2001, and another 8.5% between 2001 and 2006. Davisville is a densely populated neighbourhood. Given an area of approximately 3.1 km2, it has a density of approximately 7,642 people per km2. Davisville is a fairly wealthy neighbourhood. Approximately 33% of Davisville's households earn more than $60,000 per year, which is more than double Toronto, which has an approximately 16.2% of its households earning more than $60,000 per year. Davisville has a higher percentage of Canadian citizens than Toronto according to the 2006 census data. Almost 48% of Davisville residents are Canadian citizens compared to 46% in city of Toronto. Between 1961 and 1981 the immigrant population in Davisville remained fairly consistent at approximately 17% of the total population. By 1981 the immigrant population in Davisville increased rapidly and has continued to do so for the past three decades. The immigrants in Davisville come from many different countries. The country where most of Davisville's immigrants come from is the United Kingdom. In 2006 there were 955 people living in Davisville from the United Kingdom; 480 immigrants living in Davisville from the United States of America; and 470 immigrants from Iran. Other countries of origin for Davisville immigrants are China, India, Philippines, Germany, Poland, Jamaica, South Korea, Romania, and Russia. In 2024, it was reported a growth of Brazilian immigrants in the area Davisville is serviced by two TTC subway stations, Davisville and Eglinton station on the Yonge-University line. It also has regular bus service on Eglinton Ave. E. and Bayview Ave. The easy access to public transportation and the proximity to the Downtown core, results in a higher percentage of residents using public transit and self-propulsion (walking/biking). Davisville's transportation mode shows that 46.5% of residents use public transit and 11.9% walked or biked to their destination, compared to the City of Toronto's transportation mode which shows that only 34.4% of residents use public transit and 8.8% walk or bike. The 2006 census data also shows that Davisville neighbourhood has a lower percentage of vehicle users than the city of Toronto. 40.1% of residents in Davisville use car, trucks, vans, and/or motorcycles to get to their destination compared to Toronto's 55.8%. Real estate Like many of Toronto's neighbourhoods, the real estate market in Davisville has undergone incredible growth over the past several years. Davisville has actually outperformed the Toronto real estate market in general in 2015 and thus far in 2016. The average price of a detached home is now $1,365,749, an increase of 16% over 2015. This is attributed to the neighbourhood's schools, proximity to transportation and the amount shopping and restaurants available. Divisions Davisville Village and it’s neighbour to the east, Leaside, are usually seen as being a part of the same neighbourhod. The city of Toronto assigns the Davisville Village into two official neighbourhoods: Apartments surround Balliol Parkette in West Mount Pleasant. The majority of the people living in the area live in high/low-rise apartments. Mount Pleasant West Mount Pleasant West is situated West of Mount Pleasant Road, North of Merton Street, East of Yonge Street and South of Keewatin Ave. 91% of people in this neighbourhood live in low/high rise apartment and condo buildings, which makes it one of the most building-dominated neighbourhoods in Toronto (comparable to the high-rise dense downtown core). There are a number of affordable housing units in the area which factors into the lower income levels in this neighbourhood compared to the surrounding ones. Over 80% of residents are renters, which is approximately 30% over Toronto's average. In 2003 Minto proposed a plan for two high-rise condominium buildings on Yonge street, south of Eglinton avenue. A majority of Davisville residents were strongly opposed to the development. The case was taken to the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB), which agreed that in order for Minto's plans to be approved, they needed to comply with the following conditions: Reduce building height by several stories Contribute $1 million towards affordable rental housing for seniors Contribute $200,000 towards a new pedestrian walkway The Minto Quantum towers were built and completed in 2007. Mount Pleasant East Mount Pleasant East is bordered to the east by Bayview Avenue, Moore Avenue to the south, Yonge Street to the west and Blythwood to the north. The people in this neighbourhood are predominantly in their working years and enjoy house value well above the norm for the city. It is comparable to The Beaches in demographics and income. References ^ GeoSearch ^ a b c d Midtown Living (2016). "Davisville Village History". Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2016-07-19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Davisville Demographic Stats, Statistics Canada, 2006 ^ Westoll, Nick (2024-06-15). "Brazilian community growing in midtown Toronto". CityNews. Retrieved 2024-06-17.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ a b Midtown Living (2016). "Davisville Real Estate Stats". ^ a b Statistics Canada ^ Moore, 2009 ^ Coorsh, 2010 Places adjacent to Davisville Village Lytton Park Yonge and Eglinton Chaplin Estates Davisville Leaside Deer Park Moore Park vteFormer municipalities of Toronto by year of amalgamation1834Town of York1883–1912 1883: Yorkville 1884: Brockton Riverdale 1888: Seaton Village 1889: Parkdale 1890: Bedford Park Davisville 1905: Rosedale 1908: Deer Park East Toronto 1909: Bracondale West Toronto Wychwood 1910: Dovercourt Earlscourt 1912: Moore Park North Toronto 1967 Forest Hill Leaside Long Branch Mimico New Toronto Swansea Weston 1998 East York Etobicoke North York Scarborough Toronto York vteNeighbourhoods in TorontoOld Toronto Alexandra Park Allenby The Annex The Beaches Bedford Park Bickford Park Bloor West Village Bloor Street Culture Corridor Bloordale Village Bracondale Hill Brockton Village Cabbagetown Carleton Village Casa Loma Chaplin Estates Chinatown (First Chinatown) Christie Pits Church and Wellesley CityPlace Corktown Corso Italia Corso Italia-Davenport Davenport Davisville Village Deer Park Discovery District Distillery District Downtown Yonge Dovercourt Park Dufferin Grove Earlscourt East Bayfront East Chinatown East Danforth East Toronto Entertainment District Fashion District Financial District Forest Hill Garden District Gerrard India Bazaar Grange Park Greektown Harbord Village Harbourfront High Park North The Junction Junction Triangle Kensington Market Koreatown Lawrence Park Leslieville Liberty Village Little Italy Little Portugal Little Tibet Lytton Park Midtown Moore Park Moss Park Niagara North Toronto Norway Old Town Palmerston Parkdale Playter Estates Port Lands Quayside Queen Street West Railway Lands Regent Park Riverdale Roncesvalles Rosedale Runnymede St. James Town St. Lawrence Seaton Village South Hill South Core Summerhill Swansea Toronto Islands Trefann Court Trinity-Bellwoods Upper Beaches Uptown Toronto Wallace Emerson The Ward West Don Lands (Canary District) Wychwood Park Yonge–Eglinton Yorkville North York Amesbury Armour Heights Bathurst Manor Bayview Village Bayview Woods-Steeles Bermondsey Bridle Path Clanton Park Don Mills Don Valley Village Downsview Flemingdon Park Glen Park Graydon Hall Henry Farm Hillcrest Village Hoggs Hollow Humber Summit Humbermede Jane and Finch Lansing Lawrence Heights Lawrence Manor Maple Leaf Newtonbrook North York City Centre Parkway Forest Parkwoods Pelmo Park-Humberlea Pleasant View Rustic Teddington Park Victoria Village Westminster-Branson Willowdale York Mills York University Heights Scarborough Agincourt Armadale Bendale Birch Cliff Brown's Corners Clairlea Cliffcrest Cliffside Dorset Park Eglinton East Golden Mile Guildwood Highland Creek Ionview L'Amoreaux Malvern Maryvale Milliken Morningside Morningside Heights Oakridge Port Union Rouge Scarborough City Centre Scarborough Junction Scarborough Village Steeles Tam O'Shanter-Sullivan West Hill West Rouge Wexford Woburn Etobicoke Alderwood Clairville Eatonville The Elms Eringate-Centennial-West Deane Humber Heights-Westmount Humber Valley Village Humberwood Islington-City Centre West Kingsview Village The Kingsway Long Branch Markland Wood Mimico New Toronto Princess Gardens Rexdale Richview The Queensway-Humber Bay Smithfield Thistletown Thorncrest Village York Baby Point Fairbank Humewood–Cedarvale Lambton Little Jamaica Mount Dennis Oakwood Village Old Mill Rockcliffe–Smythe Silverthorn Tichester Weston East York Bermondsey Crescent Town Governor's Bridge Leaside O'Connor–Parkview Old East York Pape Village Thorncliffe Park Italics indicate neighbourhoods now defunct. For information on the evolution of each neighbourhood in general, see History of neighbourhoods in Toronto.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Yonge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street"},{"link_name":"Davisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davisville_(TTC)"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Cemetery,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"condominium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)"},{"link_name":"St Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Toronto City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Josh Matlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Matlow"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDavisville Village is a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located near the intersection of Davisville Avenue and Yonge Street. There is a subway station named Davisville at this intersection. The area directly abuts Mount Pleasant Cemetery, and has many massive apartment and condominium complexes built between the 1970s and the 2000s, as well as a number of office buildings. The area is within Midtown Toronto between St Clair and Eglinton. Davisville Village is represented at Toronto City Council by Councillor Josh Matlow.","title":"Davisville Village"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MidtownLiving-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MidtownLiving-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MidtownLiving-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MidtownLiving-2"}],"text":"Davisville was founded by John Davis in 1840. Davis opened the first post office in the neighbourhood and served as the post-master.[2] John Davis also started Davisville Pottery Company, which was the largest employer in the neighbourhood for several years.[2] In 1911, the Davis family sold a large portion of the land to Dovercourt Development Company to be developed.[2] Many single family homes were built between the 1920s and 1930s, and still exist today.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StasCan-3"}],"text":"The population of Davisville Village as of 2006 was 23,690.[3] The population of Davisville grew approximately 6.5% between 1996 and 2001, and another 8.5% between 2001 and 2006.[3] Davisville is a densely populated neighbourhood. Given an area of approximately 3.1 km2, it has a density of approximately 7,642 people per km2.[3]Davisville is a fairly wealthy neighbourhood. Approximately 33% of Davisville's households earn more than $60,000 per year, which is more than double Toronto, which has an approximately 16.2% of its households earning more than $60,000 per year.[3]Davisville has a higher percentage of Canadian citizens than Toronto according to the 2006 census data. Almost 48% of Davisville residents are Canadian citizens compared to 46% in city of Toronto.[3] Between 1961 and 1981 the immigrant population in Davisville remained fairly consistent at approximately 17% of the total population. By 1981 the immigrant population in Davisville increased rapidly and has continued to do so for the past three decades.[3]The immigrants in Davisville come from many different countries. The country where most of Davisville's immigrants come from is the United Kingdom. In 2006 there were 955 people living in Davisville from the United Kingdom; 480 immigrants living in Davisville from the United States of America; and 470 immigrants from Iran. Other countries of origin for Davisville immigrants are China, India, Philippines, Germany, Poland, Jamaica, South Korea, Romania, and Russia.[3] In 2024, it was reported a growth of Brazilian immigrants in the area[4]Davisville is serviced by two TTC subway stations, Davisville and Eglinton station on the Yonge-University line. It also has regular bus service on Eglinton Ave. E. and Bayview Ave. The easy access to public transportation and the proximity to the Downtown core, results in a higher percentage of residents using public transit and self-propulsion (walking/biking). Davisville's transportation mode shows that 46.5% of residents use public transit and 11.9% walked or biked to their destination, compared to the City of Toronto's transportation mode which shows that only 34.4% of residents use public transit and 8.8% walk or bike.[3] The 2006 census data also shows that Davisville neighbourhood has a lower percentage of vehicle users than the city of Toronto. 40.1% of residents in Davisville use car, trucks, vans, and/or motorcycles to get to their destination compared to Toronto's 55.8%.[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MidtownLivingStats-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MidtownLivingStats-5"}],"text":"Like many of Toronto's neighbourhoods, the real estate market in Davisville has undergone incredible growth over the past several years. Davisville has actually outperformed the Toronto real estate market in general in 2015 and thus far in 2016.[when?] The average price of a detached home is now $1,365,749,[5] an increase of 16% over 2015. This is attributed to the neighbourhood's schools, proximity to transportation and the amount shopping and restaurants available.[5]","title":"Real estate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Square_Spiral_Al_Green_Toronto_2010.JPG"}],"text":"Davisville Village and it’s neighbour to the east, Leaside, are usually seen as being a part of the same neighbourhod. The city of Toronto assigns the Davisville Village into two official neighbourhoods:Apartments surround Balliol Parkette in West Mount Pleasant. The majority of the people living in the area live in high/low-rise apartments.","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-6"},{"link_name":"Minto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_Group"},{"link_name":"two high-rise condominium buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_Midtown"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Mount Pleasant West","text":"Mount Pleasant West is situated West of Mount Pleasant Road, North of Merton Street, East of Yonge Street and South of Keewatin Ave. 91% of people in this neighbourhood live in low/high rise apartment and condo buildings, which makes it one of the most building-dominated neighbourhoods in Toronto (comparable to the high-rise dense downtown core).[6] There are a number of affordable housing units in the area which factors into the lower income levels in this neighbourhood compared to the surrounding ones. Over 80% of residents are renters, which is approximately 30% over Toronto's average.In 2003 Minto proposed a plan for two high-rise condominium buildings on Yonge street, south of Eglinton avenue. A majority of Davisville residents were strongly opposed to the development. The case was taken to the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB), which agreed that in order for Minto's plans to be approved, they needed to comply with the following conditions:Reduce building height by several stories\nContribute $1 million towards affordable rental housing for seniors\nContribute $200,000 towards a new pedestrian walkway[7]The Minto Quantum towers were built and completed in 2007.[8]","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc-6"},{"link_name":"The Beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beaches,_Toronto"}],"sub_title":"Mount Pleasant East","text":"Mount Pleasant East is bordered to the east by Bayview Avenue, Moore Avenue to the south, Yonge Street to the west and Blythwood to the north. The people in this neighbourhood are predominantly in their working years and enjoy house value well above the norm for the city.[6] It is comparable to The Beaches in demographics and income.","title":"Divisions"}]	[{"image_text":"Apartments surround Balliol Parkette in West Mount Pleasant. The majority of the people living in the area live in high/low-rise apartments.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Square_Spiral_Al_Green_Toronto_2010.JPG/220px-Square_Spiral_Al_Green_Toronto_2010.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Midtown Living (2016). \"Davisville Village History\". Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2016-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184801/http://www.torontomidtownliving.com/toronto-neighbourhoods/davisville-village/#history","url_text":"\"Davisville Village History\""},{"url":"http://www.torontomidtownliving.com/toronto-neighbourhoods/davisville-village/#history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davisville Demographic Stats, Statistics Canada, 2006","urls":[]},{"reference":"Westoll, Nick (2024-06-15). \"Brazilian community growing in midtown Toronto\". CityNews. Retrieved 2024-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fu-I7Pebp4Y","url_text":"\"Brazilian community growing in midtown Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"Midtown Living (2016). \"Davisville Real Estate Stats\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torontomidtownliving.com/toronto-neighbourhoods/davisville-village/#stats","url_text":"\"Davisville Real Estate Stats\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Davisville_Village&params=43.701_N_79.389_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(32837)","external_links_name":"43°42′04″N 79°23′20″W / 43.701°N 79.389°W / 43.701; -79.389"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Davisville+Village%22","external_links_name":"\"Davisville Village\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Davisville+Village%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Davisville+Village%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Davisville+Village%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Davisville+Village%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Davisville+Village%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Davisville_Village&params=43.701_N_79.389_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(32837)","external_links_name":"43°42′04″N 79°23′20″W / 43.701°N 79.389°W / 43.701; -79.389"},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/geo/geosearch-georecherche/index-eng.cfm?client=census&language=EN&DGUID=2016A000011124","external_links_name":"GeoSearch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184801/http://www.torontomidtownliving.com/toronto-neighbourhoods/davisville-village/#history","external_links_name":"\"Davisville Village History\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontomidtownliving.com/toronto-neighbourhoods/davisville-village/#history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fu-I7Pebp4Y","external_links_name":"\"Brazilian community growing in midtown Toronto\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontomidtownliving.com/toronto-neighbourhoods/davisville-village/#stats","external_links_name":"\"Davisville Real Estate Stats\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Occupations_Students_of_America	HOSA (organization)	["1 History","2 Chartered associations","3 Mission statement","4 Uniform","5 International Leadership Conferences (ILCs)","6 Competitive events","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]	Healthcare student organization HOSAFormation1976; 48 years ago (1976)TypeCareer and technical student organizationHeadquarters548 Silicon Drive, Suite 101Southlake, Texas 76092 United StatesMembership 200,000Executive DirectorJim KoeningerWebsitehttp://www.hosa.org/ HOSA – Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is an international career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post-secondary/collegiate students, along with professionals, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization that prepares students to enter healthcare and similar fields, with membership in the United States, U.S. Territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico. History HOSA youth meeting with Senator Mazie Hirono in 2013. HOSA was founded in 1976 out of a task force from the American Vocational Association in order to determine whether a new student organization accommodating healthcare students was necessary. From November 4–7, 1975, the State Department of Education and Division of Vocational Education in New Jersey with 18 representatives from Alabama, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Texas voted to form the American Health Occupations Education Student Organization. On November 10–13, 1976, in a constitutional convention in Arlington, Texas AHOESO adopted bylaws, which also changed the organization's name to Health Occupations Students of America; elected national leaders; selected colors and a motto; made plans to design an emblem; and set the first National Leadership Conference for the spring of 1978 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 2004, the organization dropped the acronym from its name, and began publishing all documents under the brand "HOSA – Future Health Professionals." Chartered associations As of 2020, HOSA has grown to more than 50 chartered associations in several countries, including the United States and its territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico. HOSA's chartered associations are: Alabama HOSA Alaska HOSA American Samoa HOSA Arizona HOSA Arkansas HOSA California HOSA Canada HOSA China HOSA Colorado HOSA Connecticut HOSA Delaware HOSA District of Columbia HOSA Florida HOSA Georgia HOSA Hawaii HOSA Idaho HOSA Illinois HOSA Indiana HOSA Iowa HOSA Kansas HOSA Kentucky HOSA Korea HOSA Louisiana HOSA Maine HOSA Maryland HOSA Massachusetts HOSA Mexico HOSA Michigan HOSA Minnesota HOSA Mississippi HOSA Missouri HOSA Montana HOSA Nebraska HOSA Nevada HOSA New Hampshire HOSA New Jersey HOSA New Mexico HOSA New York HOSA North Carolina HOSA North Dakota HOSA Ohio HOSA Oklahoma HOSA Oregon HOSA Pennsylvania HOSA Puerto Rico HOSA Rhode Island HOSA South Carolina HOSA South Dakota HOSA Tennessee HOSA Texas HOSA Utah HOSA Vermont HOSA Virginia HOSA Washington HOSA West Virginia HOSA Wisconsin HOSA Mission statement The mission of HOSA is to empower HOSA-Future Health Professionals to become leaders in the global health community through education, collaboration, and experience. Uniform The official HOSA uniform consists of a navy-blue suit with maroon accent in the form of a tie for men or a scarf for women. The HOSA emblem is affixed to the suit jacket. International Leadership Conferences (ILCs) 2003 ILC in Atlanta Members meet annually at an International Leadership Conference held in late June in cities across the United States. Selected major cities for hosting the conference rotate every few years. Over 7,500 students participate in general sessions, competitive events, and leadership experiences, all while networking with health sciences students representing nearly all 50 states and countries including Canada, China, and Mexico. Previous and scheduled upcoming ILCs Year Dates Convention center City 2002 June 26–29 Anaheim Hilton and Marriott Anaheim, California 2003 June 18–21 Atlanta Marriott, Hyatt, and Hilton Atlanta, Georgia 2004 June 23-26 Marriott World Center Orlando, Florida 2005 June 22-25 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2006 June 21-24 Anaheim Hilton and Marriott Anaheim, California 2007 June 20-23 Marriott World Center Orlando, Florida 2008 June 18-21 Adam’s Mark Hotel Dallas, Texas 2009 June 24-27 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2010 June 23-26 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2011 June 22-25 Hilton Anaheim Anaheim, California 2012 June 20-23 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2013 June 26-30 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2014 June 25-28 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2015 June 24-27 Hilton Anaheim Anaheim, California 2016 June 22-25 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2017 June 21-24 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2018 June 27-30 Dallas Convention Center Dallas, Texas 2019 June 19-22 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2020 June 24-27 Virtual ILC Virtual Conference 2021 June 23-26 Virtual ILC Virtual Conference 2022 June 22-25 Gaylord Hotel and Convention Center Nashville, Tennessee 2023 June 21-24 Dallas Convention Center Dallas, Texas 2024 June 26-29 George R. Brown Convention Center, Houston, Texas 2025 June 18-21 Gaylord Hotel and Convention Center Nashville, Tennessee 2026 June 24-27 Indianapolis Convention Center Indianapolis, Indiana 2026 June 23-26 Baltimore Convention Center Baltimore, Maryland 2028 June 28-July 1 George R. Brown Convention Center Houston, Texas Competitive events HOSA offers 82 competitive events, ranging from skill-based to leadership and team-based. The event groups are as follows: Health science, health professions, leadership, and recognition events. Members compete at the regional, state, and international levels. Those who place in the top three positions at the state level are given the opportunity to compete at the international level. References ^ a b c Student Membership Handbook, p. 6 ^ a b Davis, Kevin. "What is HOSA?". Health Occupations Students of America. Retrieved 2009-10-03. ^ Davis, Kevin. "HOSA Headquarters". Health Occupations Students of America. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2009-10-31. ^ Lauver, Lori S., et al. "Kids Into Health Careers: A Rural Initiative." The Journal of Rural Health 27.1 (2011): 114–121. ^ HOSA Handbook Section A ^ Student Membership Handbook, p. 13 ^ Student Membership Handbook, p. 10 Bibliography "Student Membership Handbook" (PDF). Health Occupations Students of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-10. External links HOSA — national website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"career and technical student organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_and_technical_student_organization"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"ACTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Career_and_Technical_Education"},{"link_name":"Southlake, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southlake,_Texas"}],"text":"HOSA – Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is an international career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post-secondary/collegiate students, along with professionals, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization that prepares students to enter healthcare and similar fields, with membership in the United States, U.S. Territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico.","title":"HOSA (organization)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mazie_Hirono_with_HOSA_%E2%80%93_Future_Health_Professionals.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mazie Hirono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazie_Hirono"},{"link_name":"State Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StudentMembershipHandbookP6-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"HOSA youth meeting with Senator Mazie Hirono in 2013.HOSA was founded in 1976 out of a task force from the American Vocational Association in order to determine whether a new student organization accommodating healthcare students was necessary.From November 4–7, 1975, the State Department of Education and Division of Vocational Education in New Jersey with 18 representatives from Alabama, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Texas voted to form the American Health Occupations Education Student Organization.On November 10–13, 1976, in a constitutional convention in Arlington, Texas AHOESO adopted bylaws, which also changed the organization's name to Health Occupations Students of America; elected national leaders; selected colors and a motto; made plans to design an emblem; and set the first National Leadership Conference for the spring of 1978 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[1]In 2004, the organization dropped the acronym from its name, and began publishing all documents under the brand \"HOSA – Future Health Professionals.\"[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HOSA_(organization)&action=edit"}],"text":"As of 2020[update], HOSA has grown to more than 50 chartered associations in several countries, including the United States and its territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico. HOSA's chartered associations are:Alabama HOSA\nAlaska HOSA\nAmerican Samoa HOSA\nArizona HOSA\nArkansas HOSA\nCalifornia HOSA\nCanada HOSA\nChina HOSA\nColorado HOSA\nConnecticut HOSA\nDelaware HOSA\nDistrict of Columbia HOSA\nFlorida HOSA\nGeorgia HOSA\nHawaii HOSA\nIdaho HOSA\nIllinois HOSA\nIndiana HOSA\nIowa HOSA\nKansas HOSA\nKentucky HOSA\nKorea HOSA\nLouisiana HOSA\nMaine HOSA\nMaryland HOSA\nMassachusetts HOSA\nMexico HOSA\nMichigan HOSA\nMinnesota HOSA\nMississippi HOSA\nMissouri HOSA\nMontana HOSA\nNebraska HOSA\nNevada HOSA\nNew Hampshire HOSA\nNew Jersey HOSA\nNew Mexico HOSA\nNew York HOSA\nNorth Carolina HOSA\nNorth Dakota HOSA\nOhio HOSA\nOklahoma HOSA\nOregon HOSA\nPennsylvania HOSA\nPuerto Rico HOSA\nRhode Island HOSA\nSouth Carolina HOSA\nSouth Dakota HOSA\nTennessee HOSA\nTexas HOSA\nUtah HOSA\nVermont HOSA\nVirginia HOSA\nWashington HOSA\nWest Virginia HOSA\nWisconsin HOSA","title":"Chartered associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StudentMembershipHandbookP6-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhatIsHOSA-2"}],"text":"The mission of HOSA is to empower HOSA-Future Health Professionals to become leaders in the global health community through education, collaboration, and experience.[1][2]","title":"Mission statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOSA_Handbook_Section_A-5"}],"text":"The official HOSA uniform consists of a navy-blue suit with maroon accent in the form of a tie for men or a scarf for women. The HOSA emblem is affixed to the suit jacket.[5]","title":"Uniform"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joel_Arvizo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"2003 ILC in AtlantaMembers meet annually at an International Leadership Conference held in late June in cities across the United States. Selected major cities for hosting the conference rotate every few years. Over 7,500 students participate in general sessions, competitive events, and leadership experiences, all while networking with health sciences students representing nearly all 50 states and countries including Canada, China, and Mexico.[6]","title":"International Leadership Conferences (ILCs)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"}],"text":"HOSA offers 82 competitive events, ranging from skill-based to leadership and team-based. The event groups are as follows: Health science, health professions, leadership, and recognition events. Members compete at the regional, state, and international levels. Those who place in the top three positions at the state level are given the opportunity to compete at the international level.[7]","title":"Competitive events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Student Membership Handbook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100710023458/http://www.hosa.org/natorg/StudentHandbookB.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hosa.org/natorg/StudentHandbookB.pdf"}],"text":"\"Student Membership Handbook\" (PDF). Health Occupations Students of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-10.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"HOSA youth meeting with Senator Mazie Hirono in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mazie_Hirono_with_HOSA_%E2%80%93_Future_Health_Professionals.jpg/220px-Mazie_Hirono_with_HOSA_%E2%80%93_Future_Health_Professionals.jpg"},{"image_text":"2003 ILC in Atlanta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Joel_Arvizo.jpg/220px-Joel_Arvizo.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Davis, Kevin. \"What is HOSA?\". Health Occupations Students of America. Retrieved 2009-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hosa.org/whatis.html","url_text":"\"What is HOSA?\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Kevin. \"HOSA Headquarters\". Health Occupations Students of America. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._242_Group_RAF	No. 242 Group RAF	["1 History","1.1 Order of Battle, 10 July 1943","2 MACAF","3 References"]	Former Royal Air Force operations group No. 242 GroupActive24 August 1942 – 14 September 1944Country United KingdomBranch Royal Air ForcePart ofNorthwest African Tactical Air ForceNorthwest African Coastal Air ForceEngagementsWorld War II • Operation HuskyMilitary unit No. 242 Group was a group of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) formed on 24 August 1942. Its first commander was Air Commodore George Lawson. History Air Commodore Kenneth Cross took over command on 22 February 1943 when the group was a sub-command of the Northwest African Tactical Air Force (NATAF) under Acting Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham. NATAF itself had just become one of the three major combat commands of the Northwest African Air Forces (NAAF) as a result of the major Allied air force reorganization that occurred at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943. At Casablanca, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder persuaded American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and their staffs to establish an air force command structure based on the previously successful coordination of No. 205 (Heavy Bomber) Group, No. 201 (Naval Co-operation) Group, and AHQ Western Desert during the North African Campaign of 1942, primarily in Egypt and Libya. The Casablanca planners saw merit in Tedder's plan and established the Mediterranean Air Command (MAC) with Tedder as Air Commander-in-Chief of the Allied air forces in the North African and Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO). NAAF under the command of Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz became the major sub-command of MAC and based on Tedder's tri-force model, was invested with three major sub-commands: Northwest African Strategic Air Force (NASAF) under Major General Jimmy Doolittle Northwest African Coastal Air Force (NACAF) under Air Vice Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd and Northwest African Tactical Air Force (NATAF) under Acting Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham. The new unified tri-force command structure was implemented and practiced during the Tunisian, Pantellerian, Sicilian, and Italian campaigns. The intended successful coordination of these tri-forces was immediately put into practice when Spaatz placed most of the strategic bombers at Coningham's disposal during a critical period of the Tunisian campaign at the end of February and the beginning of March 1943. While the subordinate commands of NASAF, NACAF, and NATAF were fixed and permanent throughout most of 1943, No. 242 Group was a major exception to this rigidity. It was the largest air force unit that was assigned to two different tri-forces: NATAF and NACAF. This unique history imparts a certain degree of flexibility, versatility, and importance to the group. During the same critical period of the Tunisian campaign mentioned above, No. 242 Group flew over 1,000 offensive sorties in just five days against ground targets as part of Coningham's NATAF. Prior to the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), No. 242 Group was transferred from NATAF to NACAF. At this time, the group consisted of the units indicated in the table below. Order of Battle, 10 July 1943 No. 242 GroupAir Commodore Kenneth Cross,Headquarters at La Marsa, Tunisia. No. 323 Wing No. 328 Wing No. 73 Squadron, Spitfire No. 14 Squadron, B-26 Marauder No. 255 Squadron, Beaufighter No. 39 Squadron, Beaufort No. II/5 Escadre (French), P-40 No. 47 Squadron, Beaufort No. II/7 Escadre (French), Spitfire No. 52 Squadron, Baltimore No. 283 Squadron (ASR), Walrus No. 144 Squadron, Beaufighter No. 284 Squadron (ASR), Walrus No. 221 Squadron (Det.), Wellington No. 458 Squadron RAAF, Wellington Notes: ASR=Air Sea Rescue; RAAF=Royal Australian Air Force. MACAF When MAC was disbanded on 10 December 1943 and the Allied air forces in the MTO were again reorganized, No. 242 Group was assigned to the Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force also commanded by Lloyd. Air Commodore G. Harcourt-Smith took over command of No. 242 Group on 24 February 1944 until the group was disbanded on 14 September 1944. References ^ a b Barrass, M. B. (2015). "Groups 200–333". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 1 May 2015. ^ a b Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L. (1983) . The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-912799-03-X. ^ a b Richards, D.; Saunders, H. (1953). The Royal Air Force 1939–1945. Vol. 2. HMSO. ^ Participation of the Ninth & Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign, Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 37. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Army Air Forces Historical Office Headquarters. 1945. vteRoyal Air ForceMinistry of Defenceformationsand unitsunits Commands Groups Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units stations Active Former Satellite Landing Grounds Regiment Wings Squadrons Flights branches andcomponents Air Force Board RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police RAF ground trades RAF Music Services RAF Search and Rescue Force RAF Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Air Cadets Operations reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve equipment List of RAF aircraft current future List of RAF missiles List of equipment of the RAF Regiment personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of notable personnel List of serving senior officers Personnel numbers appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment Warrant Officer of the RAF symbols and uniform Ensign Badge Roundels Uniform Heraldic badges associated civilorganisations Air Training Corps Combined Cadet Force (RAF section) RAF Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association RAF Museum history timeline future commons vte Royal Air Force groups United Kingdom portal • Aviation portalActive No. 1 Group RAF No. 2 Group RAF No. 11 Group RAF No. 22 Group RAF No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group Disbanded 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11/18 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51 54 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 81 82 84 85 87 88 90 (Signals) 91 92 93 100 106 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 238 241 242 246 247 300 333 1 (Indian) 2 (Indian) 3 (Indian) 4 (Indian) 'X' 'Z' Composite	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(air_force)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"George Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Maxwell_Lawson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rafweb1-1"}],"text":"Military unitNo. 242 Group was a group of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) formed on 24 August 1942. Its first commander was Air Commodore George Lawson.[1]","title":"No. 242 Group RAF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cross"},{"link_name":"Northwest African Tactical Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_African_Tactical_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Arthur Coningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Coningham_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Northwest African Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_African_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Casablanca Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Conference"},{"link_name":"Arthur Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"No. 205 (Heavy Bomber) Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._205_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 201 (Naval Co-operation) Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._201_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"AHQ Western Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"North African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1949-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF39-45-3"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"Carl Spaatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spaatz"},{"link_name":"Northwest African Strategic Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_African_Strategic_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle"},{"link_name":"Northwest African Coastal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_African_Coastal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Hugh Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Pughe_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Northwest African Tactical Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_African_Tactical_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Arthur Coningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Coningham_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Pantellerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Husky"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1949-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF39-45-3"},{"link_name":"Allied invasion of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Air Commodore Kenneth Cross took over command on 22 February 1943 when the group was a sub-command of the Northwest African Tactical Air Force (NATAF) under Acting Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham. NATAF itself had just become one of the three major combat commands of the Northwest African Air Forces (NAAF) as a result of the major Allied air force reorganization that occurred at the Casablanca Conference in January 1943. At Casablanca, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder persuaded American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and their staffs to establish an air force command structure based on the previously successful coordination of No. 205 (Heavy Bomber) Group, No. 201 (Naval Co-operation) Group, and AHQ Western Desert during the North African Campaign of 1942, primarily in Egypt and Libya.[2][3]The Casablanca planners saw merit in Tedder's plan and established the Mediterranean Air Command (MAC) with Tedder as Air Commander-in-Chief of the Allied air forces in the North African and Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO). NAAF under the command of Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz became the major sub-command of MAC and based on Tedder's tri-force model, was invested with three major sub-commands:Northwest African Strategic Air Force (NASAF) under Major General Jimmy Doolittle\nNorthwest African Coastal Air Force (NACAF) under Air Vice Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd and\nNorthwest African Tactical Air Force (NATAF) under Acting Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham.The new unified tri-force command structure was implemented and practiced during the Tunisian, Pantellerian, Sicilian, and Italian campaigns. The intended successful coordination of these tri-forces was immediately put into practice when Spaatz placed most of the strategic bombers at Coningham's disposal during a critical period of the Tunisian campaign at the end of February and the beginning of March 1943.[2]While the subordinate commands of NASAF, NACAF, and NATAF were fixed and permanent throughout most of 1943, No. 242 Group was a major exception to this rigidity. It was the largest air force unit that was assigned to two different tri-forces: NATAF and NACAF. This unique history imparts a certain degree of flexibility, versatility, and importance to the group. During the same critical period of the Tunisian campaign mentioned above, No. 242 Group flew over 1,000 offensive sorties in just five days against ground targets as part of Coningham's NATAF.[3]Prior to the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), No. 242 Group was transferred from NATAF to NACAF. At this time, the group consisted of the units indicated in the table below.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cross"}],"sub_title":"Order of Battle, 10 July 1943","text":"No. 242 GroupAir Commodore Kenneth Cross,Headquarters at La Marsa, Tunisia.Notes:\nASR=Air Sea Rescue; RAAF=Royal Australian Air Force.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Allied_Coastal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Pughe_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rafweb1-1"}],"text":"When MAC was disbanded on 10 December 1943 and the Allied air forces in the MTO were again reorganized, No. 242 Group was assigned to the Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force also commanded by Lloyd. Air Commodore G. Harcourt-Smith took over command of No. 242 Group on 24 February 1944 until the group was disbanded on 14 September 1944.[1]","title":"MACAF"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Barrass, M. B. (2015). \"Groups 200–333\". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 1 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rafweb.org/Organsation/Grp07.htm","url_text":"\"Groups 200–333\""}]},{"reference":"Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L. (1983) [First published 1949]. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-912799-03-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-03-X","url_text":"0-912799-03-X"}]},{"reference":"Richards, D.; Saunders, H. (1953). The Royal Air Force 1939–1945. Vol. 2. HMSO.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"}]},{"reference":"Participation of the Ninth & Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign, Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 37. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Army Air Forces Historical Office Headquarters. 1945.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rafweb.org/Organsation/Grp07.htm","external_links_name":"\"Groups 200–333\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chapman_(football_manager)	John Chapman (football manager)	["1 Managerial statistics","2 References","3 External links"]	Scottish footballer and manager For other people with the same name, see John Chapman (disambiguation). John ChapmanPersonal informationFull name John Albert ChapmanDate of birth (1882-03-14)14 March 1882Place of birth New Monkland, ScotlandDate of death 31 December 1948(1948-12-31) (aged 66)Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1904–1905 Rangers 1905–1906 Albion Rovers 1906–1907 Dumbarton 9 (3)Managerial career1910–1921 Airdrieonians1921–1926 Manchester United Club domestic league appearances and goals John Albert Chapman (14 March 1882 – 31 December 1948) was a Scottish football player and manager. Born in New Monkland, Lanarkshire, he began his playing career with Rangers in 1904. A year later, he moved to Albion Rovers, before another transfer in 1906 to Dumbarton, where he scored three goals in nine appearances. He later moved into management, and after 11 years as manager of Airdrieonians, he became the sixth manager in the history of Manchester United on 1 November 1921 after Jack Robson stepped down due to ill health. His first season in charge finished with United bottom of the league and relegated to the Second Division; however, Chapman guided them to second place to win promotion back to the top flight three years later. On 7 October 1926, The Football Association announced that Chapman had been suspended from "taking part in football or football management" during the 1926–27 season "for improper conduct in his position as Secretary-Manager of the Manchester United Football Club". No further explanation for the suspension was ever given. By the next match, two days later against Bolton Wanderers, Lal Hilditch had taken over on a temporary basis as player-manager. Following the end of his suspension, Chapman unsuccessfully applied to become manager of Leeds United and turned down two football management offers before taking up a position as the general manager of the Liverpool Greyhound Racing Club in August 1927. Managerial statistics Team Nat From To Record G W L D Win % Airdrieonians 14 July 1910 October 1921 Manchester United October 1921 October 1926 223 87 77 59 039.01 References ^ McAllister, Jim (2002). The Sons of the Rock - The Official History of Dumbarton Football Club. Dumbarton: J&J Robertson Printers. ^ Litster, John. Record of Pre-War Scottish League Players. Norwich: PM Publications. ^ Kelly, Steven F. (1994). Back Page United. p. 62. ISBN 1-85291-553-6. ^ Kelly (1994), p. 68 ^ "Why I Have Left Football". The Sunday Post. 24 July 1927. Retrieved 11 October 2014 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ Airdrie & Coatbridge Advertiser - Saturday 16 July 1910 External links John Chapman management career statistics at Soccerbase vteAirdrieonians F.C. (1878) – managers Walker (1905–10) Chapman (1910–21) Orr (1921–26) Martyn (1926–37) Morrison (1937–41) Hart (1941–43) Ferrier (1943–45) Ritchie (1945–50) Fotheringham (1950–54) Steel (1954–63) Wright (1963–67) Collins (1967–70) McMillan (1970–76) Stewart (1976–78) Watson (1978–82) Munro (1982–83) MacLeod (1983–85) McMillan (1985–86) Whiteford (1986–87) McQueen (1987–89) Bone (1989–91) MacDonald (1991–99) Mackay (1999–00) Archibald (2000–01) McCall (2001–02) vteManchester United F.C. – managers Albuts (1892–1900) Wests (1900–03) Mangnalls (1903–12) Bentleys (1912–14) Robson (1914–21) Chapman (1921–26) Hilditchp (1926–27) Bamlett (1927–31) Crickmer (1931–32) Duncan (1932–37) Crickmer (1937–45) Busby (1945–58) Murphyc (1958) Busby (1958–69) McGuinness (1969–70) Busby (1970–71) O'Farrell (1971–72) Docherty (1972–77) Sexton (1977–81) Atkinson (1981–86) Ferguson (1986–2013) Moyes (2013–14) Giggsp c (2014) Van Gaal (2014–16) Mourinho (2016–18) Solskjær (2018–21) Carrickc (2021) Rangnicki (2021–22) Ten Hag (2022–) (s) = secretary; (p) = player-manager; (c) = caretaker; (i) = interim.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Chapman (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chapman_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"New Monkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monklands_(district)"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Airdrieonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrieonians_F.C._(1878)"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jack Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Robson_(football_manager)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lal Hilditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Hilditch"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see John Chapman (disambiguation).John Albert Chapman (14 March 1882 – 31 December 1948) was a Scottish football player and manager. Born in New Monkland, Lanarkshire, he began his playing career with Rangers in 1904. A year later, he moved to Albion Rovers, before another transfer in 1906 to Dumbarton, where he scored three goals in nine appearances.[2]He later moved into management, and after 11 years as manager of Airdrieonians, he became the sixth manager in the history of Manchester United on 1 November 1921 after Jack Robson stepped down due to ill health.[3] His first season in charge finished with United bottom of the league and relegated to the Second Division; however, Chapman guided them to second place to win promotion back to the top flight three years later.On 7 October 1926, The Football Association announced that Chapman had been suspended from \"taking part in football or football management\" during the 1926–27 season \"for improper conduct in his position as Secretary-Manager of the Manchester United Football Club\".[4] No further explanation for the suspension was ever given. By the next match, two days later against Bolton Wanderers, Lal Hilditch had taken over on a temporary basis as player-manager.Following the end of his suspension, Chapman unsuccessfully applied to become manager of Leeds United and turned down two football management offers before taking up a position as the general manager of the Liverpool Greyhound Racing Club in August 1927.[5]","title":"John Chapman (football manager)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managerial statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McAllister, Jim (2002). The Sons of the Rock - The Official History of Dumbarton Football Club. Dumbarton: J&J Robertson Printers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Litster, John. Record of Pre-War Scottish League Players. Norwich: PM Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kelly, Steven F. (1994). Back Page United. p. 62. ISBN 1-85291-553-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85291-553-6","url_text":"1-85291-553-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Why I Have Left Football\". The Sunday Post. 24 July 1927. Retrieved 11 October 2014 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000566/19270724/092/0017","url_text":"\"Why I Have Left Football\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000566/19270724/092/0017","external_links_name":"\"Why I Have Left Football\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=788","external_links_name":"John Chapman management career statistics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._Dellums	C. L. Dellums	["1 Before and during Sleeping Car Porters","2 Fair Employment Practices Committee","3 References","4 External links"]	American labor activist C. L. DellumsDellums c. 1920sBornCottrell Laurence Dellums(1900-01-03)January 3, 1900Corsicana, Texas, U.S.DiedDecember 6, 1989(1989-12-06) (aged 89)Oakland, California, U.S.RelativesRon Dellums (nephew) Cottrell Laurence Dellums (January 3, 1900 – December 6, 1989) was an American labor activist and one of the organizers and leaders of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Dellums worked as a porter for the Pullman Company from 1924 to 1927 and was discharged in part due to his open support of unionization. In 1929, Dellums was elected a vice president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and became president in 1966. In the 1930s, Dellums was an officer in the NAACP Branch Office in Berkeley, California. Born in Corsicana, Texas, he is the uncle of former Congressman and Mayor of Oakland Ron Dellums. Before and during Sleeping Car Porters Dellums “had chosen San Francisco as the most ideal place for a Negro to live in 1923.” Dellums also stated that the Bay Area's colleges and professional schools were an important attraction: "I wanted to be a lawyer and the University of California had the best law school.” Instead, however, Dellums went to work for the Southern Pacific railroad as a Pullman porter, where he gained the respect of his black coworkers and was ultimately elected International President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Dellums became the standard bearer of a growing African American labor movement in Oakland, Richmond, and San Francisco in the aftermath of the war. As Dellums would later explain, “Negroes will have to pay for their own organization, their own fights, by their own funds as well as their own energy.” Dellums's Brotherhood and other Black railroad workers unions were built with “Negro leadership and Negro money” using the solidarity forged within sites of segregation to wage direct confrontations against racial discrimination. The union also became known for its social activism beyond the world of train porters. For many years, Dellums tackled such issues as police brutality and the miserable conditions in which black agricultural workers existed. Dellums played a leading role in launching the Oakland Voters League (OVL) in the mid-1940s. This labor-civil rights coalition temporarily wrestled control of the Oakland City Council from the conservative Republican bloc that had dominated city politics for many years. Dellums with the OVL, drew their strength from building an organization and a new notion of political community among the city's multiracial working class. Fair Employment Practices Committee A. Philip Randolph and Dellums were instrumental in opening war industries to African Americans by threatening a massive “March on Washington” if Roosevelt did not respond to black pleas for nondiscriminatory hiring in war industries. In response, Roosevelt issued an executive order establishing a Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), which urged that defense plants be opened to African Americans. Not all labor officials who favored fair employment laws supported putting the FEPC question on the ballot. Dellums opposed placing the question before voters. He later said: “We should never set a precedent that we recognize that the people have a right to vote on anything they want to vote on. The rights I have been fighting for all my life, they are now called civil rights, I call human rights, God-given rights. White people have been using their majority and their control of the law enforcing agencies and firearms to prevent us from exercising our God-given rights…. We were never really asking white people to grant or give us any rights. Only to stop using their majority and power in preventing us from exercising our God-given rights.” Dellums would play a leading role in the subsequent fourteen-year effort to win approval of the FEPC measure within the state legislature, and he was eventually appointed by Governor Pat Brown to serve on the state's first Fair Employment Practices commission in 1960. In 1964, Dellums and the California Fair Employment Practices Commission published “A Report on Oakland Schools” that provided a window into the structural problems within the district as a result of hiring discrimination being one of the biggest obstacles to making the Oakland Unified School District receptive to its growing black student body. A statue of C.L. Dellums at the Amtrak station in Jack London Square in Oakland, California References ^ De Graaf, Lawrence Brooks., Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor. Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California. Los Angeles: Autry Museum of Western Heritage, 2001. Print. pg 186 ^ "C.L. Dellums: An Oakland Civil Rights Hero". oaklandlibrary.org. 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2024-01-02. ^ a b c d HoSang, Daniel. Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 2010. Print. ^ Reed, Ishmael. Blues City: A Walk in Oakland. New York: Crown Journeys, 2003. Print. Pg 34 ^ De, Graaf Lawrence Brooks., Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor. Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California. Los Angeles: Autry Museum of Western Heritage, 2001. Print. pg 292 ^ Murch, Donna Jean. Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2010. Print. Pg 55 External links Conversation With Ron Dellums Dellums, C. L., International President of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and civil rights leader : oral history transcript / and related material, 1970-1973, University of California Libraries, 2006. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters"},{"link_name":"Pullman Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Company"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"Corsicana, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicana,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Ron Dellums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Dellums"}],"text":"Cottrell Laurence Dellums (January 3, 1900 – December 6, 1989) was an American labor activist and one of the organizers and leaders of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.Dellums worked as a porter for the Pullman Company from 1924 to 1927 and was discharged in part due to his open support of unionization. In 1929, Dellums was elected a vice president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and became president in 1966. In the 1930s, Dellums was an officer in the NAACP Branch Office in Berkeley, California.Born in Corsicana, Texas, he is the uncle of former Congressman and Mayor of Oakland Ron Dellums.","title":"C. L. Dellums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellums-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellums-3"}],"text":"Dellums “had chosen San Francisco as the most ideal place for a Negro to live in 1923.” Dellums also stated that the Bay Area's colleges and professional schools were an important attraction: \"I wanted to be a lawyer and the University of California had the best law school.” Instead, however, Dellums went to work for the Southern Pacific railroad as a Pullman porter, where he gained the respect of his black coworkers and was ultimately elected International President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.[1]Dellums became the standard bearer of a growing African American labor movement in Oakland,[2] Richmond, and San Francisco in the aftermath of the war. As Dellums would later explain, “Negroes will have to pay for their own organization, their own fights, by their own funds as well as their own energy.” Dellums's Brotherhood and other Black railroad workers unions were built with “Negro leadership and Negro money” using the solidarity forged within sites of segregation to wage direct confrontations against racial discrimination.[3]The union also became known for its social activism beyond the world of train porters. For many years, Dellums tackled such issues as police brutality and the miserable conditions in which black agricultural workers existed.[4] Dellums played a leading role in launching the Oakland Voters League (OVL) in the mid-1940s. This labor-civil rights coalition temporarily wrestled control of the Oakland City Council from the conservative Republican bloc that had dominated city politics for many years. Dellums with the OVL, drew their strength from building an organization and a new notion of political community among the city's multiracial working class.[3]","title":"Before and during Sleeping Car Porters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. Philip Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph"},{"link_name":"Fair Employment Practice Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellums-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dellums-3"},{"link_name":"Oakland Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CLDellumsStatue.JPG"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"}],"text":"A. Philip Randolph and Dellums were instrumental in opening war industries to African Americans by threatening a massive “March on Washington” if Roosevelt did not respond to black pleas for nondiscriminatory hiring in war industries. In response, Roosevelt issued an executive order establishing a Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), which urged that defense plants be opened to African Americans.[5] Not all labor officials who favored fair employment laws supported putting the FEPC question on the ballot. Dellums opposed placing the question before voters. He later said:“We should never set a precedent that we recognize that the people have a right to vote on anything they want to vote on. The rights I have been fighting for all my life, they are now called civil rights, I call human rights, God-given rights. White people have been using their majority and their control of the law enforcing agencies and firearms to prevent us from exercising our God-given rights…. We were never really asking white people to grant or give us any rights. Only to stop using their majority and power in preventing us from exercising our God-given rights.”[3]Dellums would play a leading role in the subsequent fourteen-year effort to win approval of the FEPC measure within the state legislature, and he was eventually appointed by Governor Pat Brown to serve on the state's first Fair Employment Practices commission in 1960.[3] In 1964, Dellums and the California Fair Employment Practices Commission published “A Report on Oakland Schools” that provided a window into the structural problems within the district as a result of hiring discrimination being one of the biggest obstacles to making the Oakland Unified School District receptive to its growing black student body.[6]A statue of C.L. Dellums at the Amtrak station in Jack London Square in Oakland, California","title":"Fair Employment Practices Committee"}]	[{"image_text":"A statue of C.L. Dellums at the Amtrak station in Jack London Square in Oakland, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/CLDellumsStatue.JPG/220px-CLDellumsStatue.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"C.L. Dellums: An Oakland Civil Rights Hero\". oaklandlibrary.org. 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2024-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://oaklandlibrary.org/blogs/post/c-l-dellums-an-oakland-civil-rights-hero","url_text":"\"C.L. Dellums: An Oakland Civil Rights Hero\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://oaklandlibrary.org/blogs/post/c-l-dellums-an-oakland-civil-rights-hero","external_links_name":"\"C.L. Dellums: An Oakland Civil Rights Hero\""},{"Link":"http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people/Dellums/dellums-con1.html","external_links_name":"Conversation With Ron Dellums"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/interpresbrother00dellrich","external_links_name":"International President of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and civil rights leader : oral history transcript / and related material, 1970-1973"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/179141/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38413185","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmFjGXtDXkCqtcPk6Yfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16964181v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16964181v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86836366","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Welti-Escher	Lydia Welti-Escher	["1 Life","1.1 Origins and family","1.2 Childhood and youth","1.3 Marriage with Friedrich Emil Welti","1.4 Liaison with Karl Stauffer-Bern","1.5 Stigmatization and suicide","2 Selected portraits","3 Gottfried Keller Foundation","4 Aftermath and monuments","5 In television and theater","6 Literature","7 References","8 External links"]	Swiss patron of the arts Lydia Welti-EscherPortrait of Lydia Escher-Welti by Karl Stauffer-Bern, Kunsthaus ZürichBornLydia Escher(1858-07-10)10 July 1858Zürich-EngeDied12 December 1891(1891-12-12) (aged 33)Genève-ChampelMonumentsGottfried Keller StiftungPlaque by the Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster at the Kunsthaus Zürich museumLydia Welti-Escher Hof square in ZürichNationalitySwissOther namesLydia EscherYears active1874–1891Known forSwiss MaecenasNotable workGottfried Keller FoundationSpouseFriedrich Emil WeltiPartnerKarl Stauffer-Bern Lydia Welti Escher, (née Lydia Escher, 10 July 1858 in Zürich-Enge – 12 December 1891 in Genève-Champel) was a Swiss patron of the arts. Lydia Escher was one of the richest women in Switzerland in the 19th century, a patron of the arts who most notably established the Gottfried Keller Foundation. Life Origins and family Lydia Escher was born into the Escher vom Glas family, an old and influential Zürich family dynasty. She was the daughter of Augusta Escher-Uebel (1838–1864) and Alfred Escher (1819–1882), who, among many other business interests, was one of the founders of the Gotthardbahn. A scandal surrounding Alfred Escher's immediate forebears had, however, damaged her family line's reputation. Hans Caspar Escher-Werdmüller (1731–1781) had fathered a child out of wedlock with a maidservant in 1765 and emigrated. His son Hans Caspar Escher-Keller (1755–1831) almost brought Zürich to financial ruin when he went bankrupt. Finally Alfred Escher's father Heinrich Escher (1776–1853) made a new fortune through speculative land deals and trading in Northern America. In 1814 Heinrich returned to Zürich and married Lydia Zollikofer (1797–1868) in May 1815, having two children, Clementine (1816–1886) and Alfred. In 1857 Alfred Escher married Augusta Escher-Uebel (1838–1864): Lydia was born in 1858, but her sister Hedwig (1861–1862) died while still a baby. Lydia's suicide on 12 December 1891 brought the end to Alfred Escher's family line. Childhood and youth Lydia and her father Alfred Escher, around 1865 Lydia, probably around 1875 Belvoirpark in Zürich Lydia Escher's grandfather Heinrich Escher had built the country house Belvoir on the left shore of Zürichsee in the then village of Enge, as of today a district of the city of Zürich, where Lydia grew up and lived. Heinrich Escher was able to devote himself fully to his passion for botany and his entomological collection, that also was cared for by her father, and by Lydia. At the age of four years, Lydia lost her younger sister, and Lydia's mother died in 1864. So that Alfred Escher was able to see his daughter several times a day, he rented for Lydia and her governess an apartment near his workplace in the city of Zürich. Since he was no longer married, Lydia was increasingly becoming also a close friend and started to support his work actively. Alfred Escher tried as often as possible to spend time with his daughter, and they maintained a cordial relationship. Lydia Escher's youth differed substantially from those of other young women of Zürich of bourgeois origin: Lydia conducted her father's correspondence, ran the household in the Belvoir estate, and she grew into the role of the hostess and entertainer of the numerous guests of Alfred Escher, among them the Swiss poet Gottfried Keller who was also a fatherly friend. Lydia Escher was a self-confident young woman, who read extensively, mastered several languages and gladly attended music and theatre performances. In her letters to her childhood friend, the painter Louise Breslau, she told her to take singing and piano lessons, and Lydia was inspired by her creative genius. In addition to personal attacks from political opponents, Lydia's father faced serious health problems. He suffered repeated bouts of ill health throughout his life and on many occasions was obliged to spend long periods in convalescence. During the critical phase of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel construction in the mid-1870s, Escher nearly worked himself to death. In 1878 he fell so badly ill that he was unable to leave Belvoir for weeks. His life followed a constant pattern of illness and recovery. However, in fulfilling his political and business obligations, in late November 1882 Alfred Escher fell badly ill again, and in the morning of 6 December 1882 Alfred Escher died on his Belvoir estate. Throughout, Escher has been lovingly cared for by his daughter, and she was regarded as his only confidante, who oversaw much of his correspondence and accompanied her father on his many travels. Marriage with Friedrich Emil Welti Because the relationship between Alfred Escher and his former protege Emil Welti had deteriorated before, Escher was against Lydia's engagement with Welti's son Friedrich Emil. Since the engagement had already been published, Lydia married after her father's death on 4 January 1883. Friedrich Emil Welti was the son of the Swiss Federal Councillor (Bundesrat) Emil Welti, one of the then most powerful people in Switzerland, and former companion and later opponent of Lydia's father. Welti rose in the Swiss economic circles thanks to his marriage with Lydia and sat on numerous boards of directors. Meanwhile, Lydia Welti-Escher rapidly became bored, not being fulfilled by the management of Welti's comparatively modest household, and was missing interesting guests and stimulating conversations as she had known in her father's household. Through her husband, she finally came into contact with his childhood friend Karl Stauffer-Bern, a known Swiss painter, in August 1885, and henceforth Stauffer was on occasion of his travels to Zürich a guest at the Belvoir mansion. In his own atelier in the spacious park area, Stauffer portrayed Lydia Escher, but also Lydia's fatherly friend Gottfried Keller. Lydia and Emil Welti-Escher enabled Stauffer to work in Rome. In October 1889 Lydia and her husband moved to Florence, but shortly after, Friedrich Emil Welti went back to Switzerland for financial reasons, and left his wife in care of Karl Stauffer. Liaison with Karl Stauffer-Bern Lydia and Stauffer fell in love, and Lydia told to Stauffer's mother to marry him. In 1888, still under the sponsorship of his patrons, the Welti-Escher family, Karl Stauffer-Bern went to Rome to study sculpture. While there, the liaison of Lydia Welti-Escher with him became public knowledge, the Welti family was outraged, and Lydia and Karl escaped to Rome. Even the divorce from her husband was proposed, but Welti contacted the Swiss Embassy in Rome and used his considerable influence to separate them. Lydia was placed in a public insane asylum in Rome, and Stauffer-Bern was jailed after being charged with kidnapping and rape. While staying there, Lydia posted the feminist (emancipatory) publication Gedanken einer Frau (literally: Thoughts of a woman) and planned to publish it. The document is still disappeared, as well as the majority of Lydia Escher's comprehensive correspondency was probably destroyed during this time. It is significant that still an important part of the Welti family archives is not accessible to researchers and historians. In May 1890, a full psychiatric report showed no sign of mental illness and Lydia Welti-Escher was released. She returned to her husband, although she soon filed for a divorce, which was eventually granted. In a state of despondency over the loss of his love, Karl Stauffer-Bern suffered a nervous breakdown, spent some time in the San Bonifazio mental hospital, and after his release, he attempted suicide by gun. In January 1891, unable to work and apparently suffering from persecution mania, he committed suicide. Stigmatization and suicide Tomb of Lydia Welti-Escher, Kings Cemetery, Geneva. After four months of internment in the public psychiatric hospital in Rome, Lydia Escher was finally brought back by her husband to Switzerland. She approved his wish for a divorce and a financial agreement, which committed Lydia to a payment of 1.2 million Swiss Francs 'compensation' to Welti. In the 'high society' of Zürich, Lydia was no longer accepted, and she was ostracized as an adulteress. Therefore, she moved into a house in Genève-Champel in the late summer of 1890. There Lydia Escher finished her last goal in life, the establishment of an Arts foundation, later named Gottfried Keller Stiftung, which she devoted to her fatherly friend from her youth. Lydia Welti-Escher decided to end her life on 12 December 1891; she opened the gas tap in her villa near Geneva. It was controversial discussed, whether according to Josef Jung's biography, Lydia had been examined after her detention in the psychiatric clinic in Rome, and upon returning to Switzerland (again) in the clinic of Königsfelden, if she resided there. The biographerly Willi Wottreng claimed, for a further stay in Königsfelden, there are no sources; This is important, because it shows that Lydia Welti-Escher had resisted the will of her husband and father-in-law, thus demonstrating to be an emancipated woman after the events in Italy. The recently published psychiatric report about Lydia Escher, dated 27 May 1890, showed that her internment in the clinicum in Roma and the diagnosis of systematic madness was fictitious. Also from today's perspective, the argument way of the reviewers and their conclusion, that Lydia Escher was in possession of their full mental health, convinced. Selected portraits Lydia's Mother Augusta Escher (around 1850) Lydia Welti-Escher, portrait by Karl Stauffer-Bern (date unknown) Friedrich Emil Welti, photograph (artist and date unknown) Karl Stauffer-Bern, self-portrait (date unknown) Gottfried Keller, portrait by Karl Stauffer (1886) Gottfried Keller Foundation In 1890, shortly before the end of her tragic life, Lydia Escher invested the Escher family's fortune in a foundation, which she called the Gottfried Keller-Stiftung (GKS), named after Gottfried Keller to whom her father gave consistent support. With her remaining substantial asset – Villa Belvoir and marketable securities totaling nominally 4 million Swiss Francs – Lydia Escher established the foundation's base. According to the will of Lydia Escher, the foundation was established on 6 June 1890, and was managed by the Swiss Federal Council, thus, Lydia Escher wished to accomplish a patriotic work. The foundation should also promote the independent work of women, at least in the field of the applied of Arts, according to the original intention of the founder. This purpose was adopted – but at the urging of Welti not in the deed of the foundation. The Gottfried Keller Foundation became though an important collection institution for art, but the feminist concerns of Lydia Escher but was not met. Aftermath and monuments Main article: Gottfried Keller Foundation Gottfried Keller foundation in Winterthur The Gottfried Keller foundation, as of today is based in Winterthur, and it is listed as a Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance. Lydia Escher is considered an outstanding woman of the Belle Époque in Switzerland, she blew up close social and moral standards of existence by their liaison with an artist, to which she open stood; and, on the other hand, Lydia Escher's historic achievement is in the creation of a Swiss art foundation of national importance. Lydia Escher, as a prominent patron of the arts, was honored by the Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster association on the occasion of her 150th anniversary by a commemorative plaque, located at a spot in front of the Kunsthaus Zürich. Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof The place was baptized on 20 August 2008 by the city of Zürich as Lydia Welti-Escher Hof. In television and theater 2014: Die letzten Stunden der Lydia Welti-Escher. Play after Christine Ahlborn. 2013: Die Schweizer: Kampf um den Gotthard – Alfred Escher und Stefano Franscini. Television documentary play produced by Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) Literature Willi Wottreng: Lydia Welti-Escher. Eine Frau in der Belle Epoque. Elster-Verlag, Zürich 2014, ISBN 978-3-906065-22-9. Joseph Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher (1858–1891). Mit einer Einführung von Hildegard Elisabeth Keller. NZZ Libro, Zürich 2013, ISBN 978-3-03823-852-2. Joseph Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher (1858–1891). Biographie. Quellen, Materialien und Beiträge. NZZ Libro, Zürich 2009, ISBN 978-3-03823-557-6. Willi Wottreng: Die Millionärin und der Maler: Die Tragödie Lydia Welti-Escher und Karl Stauffer-Bern. Orell Füssli, Zürich 2008, ISBN 978-3-280-06049-0. Hanspeter Landolt: Gottfried Keller-Stiftung. Sammeln für die Schweizer Museen. 1890–1990. 100 Jahre Gottfried Keller-Stiftung. Benteli, Bern 1990, ISBN 978-3716506967. Bernhard von Arx: Der Fall Stauffer. Chronik eines Skandals. Hallwag, Bern 1969, ISBN 3-7296-0408-2. Lukas Hartmann: Ein Bild von Lydia. Diogenes, Zürich 2018, ISBN 978-3-257-07012-5. Hildegard Elisabeth Keller: Lydias Fest. Edition Maulhelden, Zürich 2019, ISBN 978-3-907248-00-3. References ^ Jung: Alfred Escher. 2009, pp. 464–492; Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h "Ehrung der Kunstmäzenin Lydia Welti-Escher (press release)" (PDF) (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ a b Anna Katharina Bähler (11 October 2013). "Welti , Lydia". HDS. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ Luzius Winkler (October 2004). "Der Belvoirpark" (in German). HEV 10/2004. Retrieved 30 November 2014. ^ a b "Karl Stauffer-Bern". spartacus-educational.com. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ a b Paul Schlenther (1893). Stauffer, Karl. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). ADB. p. 527. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher. 2009, p. 146 (Psychiatrisches Gutachten); Wottreng: Die Millionärin und der Maler, p. 146; Von Arx: Der Fall Stauffer, p. 269. ^ Daniel Hell: Das Gutachten aus heutiger Sicht, in: Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher. 2009, p. 359. ^ Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher. 2009, p. 163; von Arx: Der Fall Stauffer, p. 275. ^ "A-Objekte KGS-Inventar". Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ Stadtrat von Zürich (20 August 2008). "Strassenbenennungskommission; Benennung von "Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof" (press release)" (in German). Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ "Der Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof" (in German). Gang dur Alt-Züri. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ "Frauenehrungen" (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. Retrieved 30 November 2014. ^ "Frauenehrungen der Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster" (PDF) (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2014. ^ "Eine Frau erstickt an den Zwängen ihrer Umwelt" (in German). Badische Zeitung. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014. ^ "Die Schweizer: Kampf um den Gotthard – Alfred Escher und Stefano Franscini" (in German). Swiss television SRF. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ "Lukas Hartmann Bücher" (in German). Ex Libris (bookshop). Retrieved 6 April 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydia Welti-Escher. Anna Katharina Bähler: Welti , Lydia in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 11 October 2013. Literature by and about Lydia Welti-Escher in the German National Library catalogue Gottfried Keller Stiftung, Bundesamt für Kultur (in German) Lydia Welti-Escher on the website of the Swiss Archives (Bundesarchiv) (in German) Lydia Welti-Escher in the German National Library catalogue Digital edition of Alfred Escher's correspondence (in German) Lydia Escher on the website of the Swiss television SRF (in German) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zürich-Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enge_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Genève-Champel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champel"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"patron of the arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_of_the_arts"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Keller Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Keller_Foundation"}],"text":"Lydia Welti Escher, (née Lydia Escher, 10 July 1858 in Zürich-Enge – 12 December 1891 in Genève-Champel) was a Swiss patron of the arts. Lydia Escher was one of the richest women in Switzerland in the 19th century, a patron of the arts who most notably established the Gottfried Keller Foundation.","title":"Lydia Welti-Escher"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Escher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Escher"},{"link_name":"Gotthardbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthardbahn"},{"link_name":"Northern America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Origins and family","text":"Lydia Escher was born into the Escher vom Glas family, an old and influential Zürich family dynasty. She was the daughter of Augusta Escher-Uebel (1838–1864) and Alfred Escher (1819–1882), who, among many other business interests, was one of the founders of the Gotthardbahn. A scandal surrounding Alfred Escher's immediate forebears had, however, damaged her family line's reputation. Hans Caspar Escher-Werdmüller (1731–1781) had fathered a child out of wedlock with a maidservant in 1765 and emigrated. His son Hans Caspar Escher-Keller (1755–1831) almost brought Zürich to financial ruin when he went bankrupt. Finally Alfred Escher's father Heinrich Escher (1776–1853) made a new fortune through speculative land deals and trading in Northern America. In 1814 Heinrich returned to Zürich and married Lydia Zollikofer (1797–1868) in May 1815, having two children, Clementine (1816–1886) and Alfred. In 1857 Alfred Escher married Augusta Escher-Uebel (1838–1864): Lydia was born in 1858, but her sister Hedwig (1861–1862) died while still a baby. Lydia's suicide on 12 December 1891 brought the end to Alfred Escher's family line.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Lydia_Escher.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydia_Welti_Escher.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belvoirpark_-_Hotelfachschule_2011-08-13_18-57-30.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belvoirpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoirpark"},{"link_name":"Belvoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Belvoir"},{"link_name":"Zürichsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichsee"},{"link_name":"Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enge_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"entomological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Keller"},{"link_name":"Louise Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Breslau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hds-3"},{"link_name":"Gotthard Rail Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Rail_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Belvoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Belvoir"}],"sub_title":"Childhood and youth","text":"Lydia and her father Alfred Escher, around 1865Lydia, probably around 1875Belvoirpark in ZürichLydia Escher's grandfather Heinrich Escher had built the country house Belvoir on the left shore of Zürichsee in the then village of Enge, as of today a district of the city of Zürich, where Lydia grew up and lived. Heinrich Escher was able to devote himself fully to his passion for botany and his entomological collection, that also was cared for by her father, and by Lydia. At the age of four years, Lydia lost her younger sister, and Lydia's mother died in 1864. So that Alfred Escher was able to see his daughter several times a day, he rented for Lydia and her governess an apartment near his workplace in the city of Zürich. Since he was no longer married, Lydia was increasingly becoming also a close friend and started to support his work actively. Alfred Escher tried as often as possible to spend time with his daughter, and they maintained a cordial relationship.[2]Lydia Escher's youth differed substantially from those of other young women of Zürich of bourgeois origin: Lydia conducted her father's correspondence, ran the household in the Belvoir estate, and she grew into the role of the hostess and entertainer of the numerous guests of Alfred Escher, among them the Swiss poet Gottfried Keller who was also a fatherly friend. Lydia Escher was a self-confident young woman, who read extensively, mastered several languages and gladly attended music and theatre performances. In her letters to her childhood friend, the painter Louise Breslau, she told her to take singing and piano lessons, and Lydia was inspired by her creative genius.[3]In addition to personal attacks from political opponents, Lydia's father faced serious health problems. He suffered repeated bouts of ill health throughout his life and on many occasions was obliged to spend long periods in convalescence. During the critical phase of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel construction in the mid-1870s, Escher nearly worked himself to death. In 1878 he fell so badly ill that he was unable to leave Belvoir for weeks. His life followed a constant pattern of illness and recovery. However, in fulfilling his political and business obligations, in late November 1882 Alfred Escher fell badly ill again, and in the morning of 6 December 1882 Alfred Escher died on his Belvoir estate. Throughout, Escher has been lovingly cared for by his daughter, and she was regarded as his only confidante, who oversaw much of his correspondence and accompanied her father on his many travels.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Emil Welti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Emil_Welti"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council"},{"link_name":"Emil Welti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Welti"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hev-4"}],"sub_title":"Marriage with Friedrich Emil Welti","text":"Because the relationship between Alfred Escher and his former protege Emil Welti had deteriorated before, Escher was against Lydia's engagement with Welti's son Friedrich Emil. Since the engagement had already been published, Lydia married after her father's death on 4 January 1883. Friedrich Emil Welti was the son of the Swiss Federal Councillor (Bundesrat) Emil Welti, one of the then most powerful people in Switzerland, and former companion and later opponent of Lydia's father. Welti rose in the Swiss economic circles thanks to his marriage with Lydia and sat on numerous boards of directors. Meanwhile, Lydia Welti-Escher rapidly became bored, not being fulfilled by the management of Welti's comparatively modest household, and was missing interesting guests and stimulating conversations as she had known in her father's household. Through her husband, she finally came into contact with his childhood friend Karl Stauffer-Bern, a known Swiss painter, in August 1885, and henceforth Stauffer was on occasion of his travels to Zürich a guest at the Belvoir mansion. In his own atelier in the spacious park area, Stauffer portrayed Lydia Escher, but also Lydia's fatherly friend Gottfried Keller. Lydia and Emil Welti-Escher enabled Stauffer to work in Rome. In October 1889 Lydia and her husband moved to Florence, but shortly after, Friedrich Emil Welti went back to Switzerland for financial reasons, and left his wife in care of Karl Stauffer.[2][4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Stauffer-Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Stauffer-Bern"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spartacus-stauffer-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-stauffer-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spartacus-stauffer-5"},{"link_name":"persecution mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-stauffer-6"}],"sub_title":"Liaison with Karl Stauffer-Bern","text":"Lydia and Stauffer fell in love, and Lydia told to Stauffer's mother to marry him. In 1888, still under the sponsorship of his patrons, the Welti-Escher family, Karl Stauffer-Bern went to Rome to study sculpture. While there, the liaison of Lydia Welti-Escher with him became public knowledge,[5] the Welti family was outraged, and Lydia and Karl escaped to Rome.[2] Even the divorce from her husband was proposed, but Welti contacted the Swiss Embassy in Rome and used his considerable influence to separate them. Lydia was placed in a public insane asylum in Rome, and Stauffer-Bern was jailed after being charged with kidnapping and rape.[6] While staying there, Lydia posted the feminist (emancipatory) publication Gedanken einer Frau (literally: Thoughts of a woman) and planned to publish it. The document is still disappeared,[2] as well as the majority of Lydia Escher's comprehensive correspondency was probably destroyed during this time. It is significant that still an important part of the Welti family archives is not accessible to researchers and historians.[2]In May 1890, a full psychiatric report showed no sign of mental illness and Lydia Welti-Escher was released. She returned to her husband, although she soon filed for a divorce, which was eventually granted. In a state of despondency over the loss of his love, Karl Stauffer-Bern suffered a nervous breakdown, spent some time in the San Bonifazio mental hospital, and after his release, he attempted suicide by gun.[5] In January 1891, unable to work and apparently suffering from persecution mania, he committed suicide.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombe_de_Lydia_Welti-Escher,_cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Rois,_Gen%C3%A8ve.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hds-3"},{"link_name":"Genève-Champel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champel"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Keller Stiftung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Keller_Stiftung"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"},{"link_name":"clinic of Königsfelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsfelden_Abbey"},{"link_name":"systematic madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Stigmatization and suicide","text":"Tomb of Lydia Welti-Escher, Kings Cemetery, Geneva.After four months of internment in the public psychiatric hospital in Rome,[3] Lydia Escher was finally brought back by her husband to Switzerland. She approved his wish for a divorce and a financial agreement, which committed Lydia to a payment of 1.2 million Swiss Francs 'compensation' to Welti. In the 'high society' of Zürich, Lydia was no longer accepted, and she was ostracized as an adulteress. Therefore, she moved into a house in Genève-Champel in the late summer of 1890. There Lydia Escher finished her last goal in life, the establishment of an Arts foundation, later named Gottfried Keller Stiftung, which she devoted to her fatherly friend from her youth. Lydia Welti-Escher decided to end her life on 12 December 1891; she opened the gas tap in her villa near Geneva.[2]It was controversial discussed, whether according to Josef Jung's biography, Lydia had been examined after her detention in the psychiatric clinic in Rome, and upon returning to Switzerland (again) in the clinic of Königsfelden, if she resided there. The biographerly Willi Wottreng claimed, for a further stay in Königsfelden, there are no sources; This is important, because it shows that Lydia Welti-Escher had resisted the will of her husband and father-in-law, thus demonstrating to be an emancipated woman after the events in Italy. The recently published psychiatric report about Lydia Escher, dated 27 May 1890, showed that her internment in the clinicum in Roma and the diagnosis of systematic madness was fictitious.[7] Also from today's perspective, the argument way of the reviewers and their conclusion, that Lydia Escher was in possession of their full mental health, convinced.[8][9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Auguste_Escher_Frau_von_Alfred_Escher_-_000007805_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lydia_Welti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Emil_Welti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Stauffer-Bern.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl Stauffer-Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Stauffer-Bern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stauffer-Bern_GottfriedKeller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Keller"}],"text":"Lydia's Mother Augusta Escher (around 1850)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLydia Welti-Escher, portrait by Karl Stauffer-Bern (date unknown)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFriedrich Emil Welti, photograph (artist and date unknown)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKarl Stauffer-Bern, self-portrait (date unknown)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGottfried Keller, portrait by Karl Stauffer (1886)","title":"Selected portraits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gottfried Keller-Stiftung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Keller-Stiftung"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Keller"},{"link_name":"Villa Belvoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Belvoir"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"}],"text":"In 1890, shortly before the end of her tragic life, Lydia Escher invested the Escher family's fortune in a foundation, which she called the Gottfried Keller-Stiftung (GKS), named after Gottfried Keller to whom her father gave consistent support. With her remaining substantial asset – Villa Belvoir and marketable securities totaling nominally 4 million Swiss Francs – Lydia Escher established the foundation's base. According to the will of Lydia Escher, the foundation was established on 6 June 1890, and was managed by the Swiss Federal Council, thus, Lydia Escher wished to accomplish a patriotic work. The foundation should also promote the independent work of women, at least in the field of the applied of Arts, according to the original intention of the founder. This purpose was adopted – but at the urging of Welti not in the deed of the foundation. The Gottfried Keller Foundation became though an important collection institution for art, but the feminist concerns of Lydia Escher but was not met.[2]","title":"Gottfried Keller Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winterthur_-_Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Gottfried_Keller-Stiftung,_Haldenstrasse_95_2011-09-12_14-30-18_ShiftN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgs-10"},{"link_name":"Belle Époque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque"},{"link_name":"Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_zu_Fraum%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Kunsthaus Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof_2015-11-06_16-57-46.JPG"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strassenbenennungskommission-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gangduraltz%C3%BCri-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-Frauenehrungen-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraum%C3%BCnster-awardlist-14"}],"text":"Gottfried Keller foundation in WinterthurThe Gottfried Keller foundation, as of today is based in Winterthur, and it is listed as a Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance.[10]Lydia Escher is considered an outstanding woman of the Belle Époque in Switzerland, she blew up close social and moral standards of existence by their liaison with an artist, to which she open stood; and, on the other hand, Lydia Escher's historic achievement is in the creation of a Swiss art foundation of national importance. Lydia Escher, as a prominent patron of the arts, was honored by the Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster association on the occasion of her 150th anniversary by a commemorative plaque, located at a spot in front of the Kunsthaus Zürich.[2]Lydia-Welti-Escher-HofThe place was baptized on 20 August 2008 by the city of Zürich as Lydia Welti-Escher Hof.[11][12][13][14]","title":"Aftermath and monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahlborn-15"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srf-schweizer-16"}],"text":"2014: Die letzten Stunden der Lydia Welti-Escher. Play after Christine Ahlborn.[15]\n2013: Die Schweizer: Kampf um den Gotthard – Alfred Escher und Stefano Franscini. Television documentary play produced by Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF)[16]","title":"In television and theater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-906065-22-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906065-22-9"},{"link_name":"NZZ Libro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZZ_Libro"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03823-852-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03823-852-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03823-557-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03823-557-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-280-06049-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-280-06049-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3716506967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3716506967"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7296-0408-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7296-0408-2"},{"link_name":"Lukas Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Hartmann"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-257-07012-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-257-07012-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EinBildvonLydia-17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-907248-00-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-907248-00-3"}],"text":"Willi Wottreng: Lydia Welti-Escher. Eine Frau in der Belle Epoque. Elster-Verlag, Zürich 2014, ISBN 978-3-906065-22-9.\nJoseph Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher (1858–1891). Mit einer Einführung von Hildegard Elisabeth Keller. NZZ Libro, Zürich 2013, ISBN 978-3-03823-852-2.\nJoseph Jung: Lydia Welti-Escher (1858–1891). Biographie. Quellen, Materialien und Beiträge. NZZ Libro, Zürich 2009, ISBN 978-3-03823-557-6.\nWilli Wottreng: Die Millionärin und der Maler: Die Tragödie Lydia Welti-Escher und Karl Stauffer-Bern. Orell Füssli, Zürich 2008, ISBN 978-3-280-06049-0.\nHanspeter Landolt: Gottfried Keller-Stiftung. Sammeln für die Schweizer Museen. 1890–1990. 100 Jahre Gottfried Keller-Stiftung. Benteli, Bern 1990, ISBN 978-3716506967.\nBernhard von Arx: Der Fall Stauffer. Chronik eines Skandals. Hallwag, Bern 1969, ISBN 3-7296-0408-2.\nLukas Hartmann: Ein Bild von Lydia. Diogenes, Zürich 2018, ISBN 978-3-257-07012-5.[17]\nHildegard Elisabeth Keller: Lydias Fest. Edition Maulhelden, Zürich 2019, ISBN 978-3-907248-00-3.","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Lydia and her father Alfred Escher, around 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alfred_Lydia_Escher.jpg/170px-Alfred_Lydia_Escher.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lydia, probably around 1875","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lydia_Welti_Escher.jpg/170px-Lydia_Welti_Escher.jpg"},{"image_text":"Belvoirpark in Zürich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Belvoirpark_-_Hotelfachschule_2011-08-13_18-57-30.jpg/170px-Belvoirpark_-_Hotelfachschule_2011-08-13_18-57-30.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Lydia Welti-Escher, Kings Cemetery, Geneva.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tombe_de_Lydia_Welti-Escher%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Rois%2C_Gen%C3%A8ve.jpg/170px-Tombe_de_Lydia_Welti-Escher%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Rois%2C_Gen%C3%A8ve.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gottfried Keller foundation in Winterthur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Winterthur_-_Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Gottfried_Keller-Stiftung%2C_Haldenstrasse_95_2011-09-12_14-30-18_ShiftN.jpg/170px-Winterthur_-_Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Gottfried_Keller-Stiftung%2C_Haldenstrasse_95_2011-09-12_14-30-18_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof_2015-11-06_16-57-46.JPG/170px-Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof_2015-11-06_16-57-46.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ehrung der Kunstmäzenin Lydia Welti-Escher (press release)\" (PDF) (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://fraumuenstergesellschaft-ch.site-preview.net/presse/mm_gzf_2008%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Ehrung der Kunstmäzenin Lydia Welti-Escher (press release)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_zu_Fraum%C3%BCnster","url_text":"Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster"}]},{"reference":"Anna Katharina Bähler (11 October 2013). \"Welti [-Escher], Lydia\". HDS. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D27786.php","url_text":"\"Welti [-Escher], Lydia\""}]},{"reference":"Luzius Winkler (October 2004). \"Der Belvoirpark\" (in German). HEV 10/2004. Retrieved 30 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hev-zuerich.ch/der_zuercher_hauseigentuemer/jahr-2004/ms-art-200410-18.htm","url_text":"\"Der Belvoirpark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karl Stauffer-Bern\". spartacus-educational.com. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://spartacus-educational.com/ARTstauffer.htm","url_text":"\"Karl Stauffer-Bern\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Schlenther (1893). Stauffer, Karl. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). ADB. p. 527. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Stauffer,_Karl","url_text":"Stauffer, Karl"}]},{"reference":"\"A-Objekte KGS-Inventar\". Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"\"A-Objekte KGS-Inventar\""},{"url":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stadtrat von Zürich (20 August 2008). \"Strassenbenennungskommission; Benennung von \"Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof\" (press release)\" (in German). Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/pd/de/index/das_departement/medien/medienmitteilung/2008/august/080820e.html","url_text":"\"Strassenbenennungskommission; Benennung von \"Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof\" (press release)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Der Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof\" (in German). Gang dur Alt-Züri. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alt-zueri.ch/turicum/strassen/l/lydia_welti_escher_hof/lydia_welti_escher_hof.html","url_text":"\"Der Lydia-Welti-Escher-Hof\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frauenehrungen\" (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. Retrieved 30 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fraumuenstergesellschaft.ch/#page387","url_text":"\"Frauenehrungen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_zu_Fraum%C3%BCnster","url_text":"Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster"}]},{"reference":"\"Frauenehrungen der Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster\" (PDF) (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150207162646/http://www.fraumuenstergesellschaft.ch/media/upload/aktivitaten/frauenehrung/frauenehrungen.pdf","url_text":"\"Frauenehrungen der Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster\""},{"url":"http://www.fraumuenstergesellschaft.ch/media/upload/aktivitaten/frauenehrung/frauenehrungen.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eine Frau erstickt an den Zwängen ihrer Umwelt\" (in German). Badische Zeitung. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badische-zeitung.de/theater-rezensionen/eine-frau-erstickt-an-den-zwaengen-ihrer-umwelt--38131293.html","url_text":"\"Eine Frau erstickt an den Zwängen ihrer Umwelt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badische_Zeitung","url_text":"Badische Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Schweizer: Kampf um den Gotthard – Alfred Escher und Stefano Franscini\" (in German). Swiss television SRF. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.srf.ch/player/tv/die-schweizer/video/die-schweizer-vom-28-11-2013?id=be11640f-674a-4cb2-89ad-7249fb2fef39","url_text":"\"Die Schweizer: Kampf um den Gotthard – Alfred Escher und Stefano Franscini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lukas Hartmann Bücher\" (in German). Ex Libris (bookshop). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mangual_Sr.	José Mangual Sr.	["1 Early career","2 Later career","3 Discography","4 Filmography","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Puerto Rican Latin jazz & Salsa musician Not to be confused with José Mangual Jr. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "José Mangual Sr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "José Mangual Sr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jose "Buyú" Mangual, Sr.José Mangual Sr. on bongos (left) alongside Machito on maracas and Carlos Vidal on conga at the Glen Island Casino, New York, 1947Background informationBorn(1924-03-18)March 18, 1924Juana Diaz, Puerto RicoDied(1998-09-04)September 4, 1998New York, NYGenres Afro-Cuban jazz salsa Son montuno guaguancó guaracha bolero Occupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)BongoYears active1938-1997LabelsTurnstyle, Latin Percussion, CaimanMusical artist Jose Mangual, Sr. (March 18, 1924 - September 4, 1998) was a Puerto Rican percussionist world renowned for his bongo drum performances and recordings during the 1940s and 1950s with groups such as Machito Orchestra, Charlie Parker, Buddy Rich, Flip Philips, Abbie Lane and Nancy Ames. "He set a standard in bongo playing and was considered by many to have the greatest sound on the instrument." He is the father of Jose Mangual, Jr. and Luis Mangaul who are both well-known Salsa singers and percussionists. Both were born and raised in East Harlem. Early career Mangual began playing percussion at the age of 10 and in 1938 he moved to New York at the age of 14. In 1952 he began playing timbales and percussion for Machito's Orchestra. Later career In the 1950s Mangual played with the godfather of modern-day salsa Arsenio Rodriguez and with Latin jazz pioneer Cal Tjader. Thereafter Mangual joined Erroll Gardner's band with whom he traveled the world, playing jazz for international audiences. During this time he also performed and recorded with Cannonball Adderley, Sarah Vaughn and Herbie Mann. During the mid-1950s and 60s, Mangual appeared on numerous albums including Count Basie's 'April in Paris' (1955), Miles Davis' 'Sketches of Spain' (1959), Dizzy Gillespie's 'Talkin' Verve' (1957), Tito Puente's 'Babarabatiri' (1951), Willie Bobo's 'Spanish Grease' (1965), Gato Barbieri's 'Viva Emiliano Zapata' (1974), as well as on multiple Charlie Parker's compilations. He has also performed with Dexter Gordon, Carmen McRae, Jorge Dalto, Stan Getz, Louis Jordan, Ray Charles, Tito Rodriguez, Xavier Cugat, Tito Puente and Chano Pozo. In the 1970s, Mangual recorded two instructional albums Buyú and José Mangual* & Carlos "Patato" Valdez* – Understanding Latin Rhythms Vol. 1 with Carlos "Patato" Valdez for the drum maker Latin Percussion (LP). In 1986 he co-wrote and recorded Los Mangual – Una Dinastia with his sons Jose, Jr. and Luis Mangual. In 2001 he was posthumously inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame. Discography Buyú (Turnstyle, 1977) José Mangual* & Carlos "Patato" Valdez* – Understanding Latin Rhythms Vol. 1 (LP Records, 1977) Los Mangual – Una Dinastia (Caiman Records, 1986) Filmography The Thrill of Music (1946) See also Afro-Cuban jazz Salsa References ^ Alava, S. B. (2007). Spanish Harlem's Musical Legacy: 1930-1980. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1531631130. ^ "Jose Mangual, Sr. – Biography". All About Jazz. July 2, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ "Jose Mangual, Sr.1924 – 1998". congahead. Retrieved November 2, 2022. ^ Figueroa, F. (1994). Encyclopedia of Latin American Music in New York. Pillar Publications. p. 237. ISBN 096432010X. ^ "Luis Mangual". rateyourmusic. Retrieved November 2, 2022. ^ Alava, S. B. (2007). Spanish Harlem's Musical Legacy: 1930–1980. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1531631130. ^ "Jose Mangual, Sr. – Biography". All About Jazz. July 2, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Machito ^ Solum, T. (1997). The Bongo Book. Fenton: Mell Bay. p. 59. ISBN 1513462423. ^ "Jose Mangual, Sr. – Biography". All About Jazz. July 2, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Flores, A. (December 18, 1976). "Drum Maker Moves into Disc Industry". Billboard. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Mangual Sr.. Discography at Discogs Portals: Biography Music Jazz Latin music New York City United States Puerto Rico	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Mangual Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mangual_Jr"},{"link_name":"bongo drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo_drum"},{"link_name":"Machito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machito"},{"link_name":"Charlie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker"},{"link_name":"Buddy Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Rich"},{"link_name":"Flip Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Nancy Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ames"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jose Mangual, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mangual_Jr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"East Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Harlem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not to be confused with José Mangual Jr.Musical artistJose Mangual, Sr. (March 18, 1924 - September 4, 1998) was a Puerto Rican percussionist world renowned for his bongo drum performances and recordings during the 1940s and 1950s with groups such as Machito Orchestra, Charlie Parker, Buddy Rich, Flip Philips, Abbie Lane and Nancy Ames.[1] \"He set a standard in bongo playing and was considered by many to have the greatest sound on the instrument.\"[2] He is the father of Jose Mangual, Jr. and Luis Mangaul[3] who are both well-known Salsa singers and percussionists.[4][5] Both were born and raised in East Harlem.[6]","title":"José Mangual Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Machito's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machito"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"}],"text":"Mangual began playing percussion at the age of 10 and in 1938 he moved to New York at the age of 14.[7] In 1952 he began playing timbales and percussion for Machito's Orchestra.[8][circular reference]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_music"},{"link_name":"Arsenio Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Cal Tjader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Tjader"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Erroll Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erroll_Garner"},{"link_name":"Cannonball Adderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_Adderley"},{"link_name":"Sarah Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Herbie Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Mann"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"April in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_in_Paris_(album)"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"Sketches of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketches_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Willie Bobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Bobo"},{"link_name":"Spanish Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Grease"},{"link_name":"Gato Barbieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gato_Barbieri"},{"link_name":"Charlie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dexter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Carmen McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_McRae"},{"link_name":"Jorge Dalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Dalto"},{"link_name":"Stan Getz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Getz"},{"link_name":"Louis Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Tito Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Xavier Cugat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Cugat"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Chano Pozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chano_Pozo"},{"link_name":"Carlos \"Patato\" Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_%22Patato%22_Valdes"},{"link_name":"Latin Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Percussion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jose, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mangual_Jr"},{"link_name":"International Latin Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Latin_Music_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"In the 1950s Mangual played with the godfather of modern-day salsa Arsenio Rodriguez and with Latin jazz pioneer Cal Tjader.[9] Thereafter Mangual joined Erroll Gardner's band with whom he traveled the world, playing jazz for international audiences. During this time he also performed and recorded with Cannonball Adderley, Sarah Vaughn and Herbie Mann. During the mid-1950s and 60s, Mangual appeared on numerous albums including Count Basie's 'April in Paris' (1955), Miles Davis' 'Sketches of Spain' (1959), Dizzy Gillespie's 'Talkin' Verve' (1957), Tito Puente's 'Babarabatiri' (1951), Willie Bobo's 'Spanish Grease' (1965), Gato Barbieri's 'Viva Emiliano Zapata' (1974), as well as on multiple Charlie Parker's compilations.[10]He has also performed with Dexter Gordon, Carmen McRae, Jorge Dalto, Stan Getz, Louis Jordan, Ray Charles, Tito Rodriguez, Xavier Cugat, Tito Puente and Chano Pozo.In the 1970s, Mangual recorded two instructional albums Buyú and José Mangual* & Carlos \"Patato\" Valdez* – Understanding Latin Rhythms Vol. 1 with Carlos \"Patato\" Valdez for the drum maker Latin Percussion (LP).[11]In 1986 he co-wrote and recorded Los Mangual – Una Dinastia with his sons Jose, Jr. and Luis Mangual. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_College_Application	Universal College Application	["1 Overview","2 Application","2.1 Forms","2.2 Fees","3 References","4 External links"]	US-based organization This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Universal College ApplicationUCA logoAbbreviationUCAFormation2007 (2007)FounderJoshua J. ReiterTypeFor-profitPurposeHigher-education application processingLocationBaltimore, Maryland, United StatesRegion USParent organizationApplicationsOnline, LLCWebsitewww.universalcollegeapp.com The Universal College Application (also known as the Universal College App) is a US-based organization that provides college admission applications that allows students to apply to any of the participating colleges. Overview The for-profit Universal College Application is accepted by 2 higher education institutions in the United States (as of August 2023). It was started in 2007. Varied numbers of institutions accept this application; 77 used the service in 2010. In addition to the Universal College Application, a school may have its own application materials. The Universal College Application was created for use by any size or type of higher education institution. One intention of the Universal College Application is to save time and work for students by letting them submit the same application to any of the participating colleges. This is similar to the more popular Common Application, the Universal College Application's main competitor. Most of the schools participating in the Universal College Application also accept the Common Application. Unlike some of its competitors, the Universal College Application does not try to reflect a certain educational philosophy. Besides fees, the Universal College Application's only demand for schools to participate is for them to be accredited and uphold the National Association for College Admission Counseling's Statement of Principles of Good Practice. Application Forms The Universal College App consists of five main data entry pages, which students must complete in order to submit their application online. The Universal College App also contains a page where students choose the college or colleges to which they want to apply. In addition to the Universal College App, which can be submitted online or by mail, students may be required to submit, among other things, their college admission test scores (SAT or ACT), a School Report, an Instructor Recommendation, and a Midyear Report by mail. Fees The application fees are the same as any other application accepted by a participating college. The application fees are paid directly to the selected colleges according to their requirement. There is no extra charge to apply using the Universal College Application. References ^ "Colleges". Universal College Application. ApplicationsOnline, LLC. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ a b c d Zipkin, Amy (November 7, 2010). "There's More Than One Way To Apply to College". The New York Times. p. ED24. ^ a b Weingold, Scott. "The Common Application vs. the Universal Application: The differences between the two leading generic application providers". CollegeMadeSimple.com. College Planning Network, LLC. Retrieved March 25, 2015. ^ "Applying to college: common, universal college, and individual applications". eCampusTours.com. eCampusTours. August 18, 2014. External links Universal College Application BusinessWeek - A New Standard for Online Applications? The Washington Post - Application Service To Rival Fairfax Firm The Greentree Gazette - Universal College Application: just another, or something better? AdmissionsAdvice.Com: New Online Application May Rival Common Application The Brown University Daily Herald - Common App now has rival in Universal App Yale University Daily News - Common App. faces new online rival	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college admission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_admissions_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_application"}],"text":"The Universal College Application (also known as the Universal College App) is a US-based organization that provides college admission applications that allows students to apply to any of the participating colleges.","title":"Universal College Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zipkin-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zipkin-2"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Common Application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Application"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zipkin-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollegeMadeSimple-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zipkin-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollegeMadeSimple-3"},{"link_name":"National Association for College Admission Counseling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_College_Admission_Counseling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The for-profit Universal College Application is accepted by 2[1] higher education institutions in the United States (as of August 2023). 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Most of the schools participating in the Universal College Application also accept the Common Application.[2][3]Unlike some of its competitors, the Universal College Application does not try to reflect a certain educational philosophy.[2][3] Besides fees, the Universal College Application's only demand for schools to participate is for them to be accredited and uphold the National Association for College Admission Counseling's Statement of Principles of Good Practice.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)"}],"sub_title":"Forms","text":"The Universal College App consists of five main data entry pages, which students must complete in order to submit their application online. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batignolles	Batignolles	["1 History","2 21st century","3 Metro stations","4 Education","5 Notes"]	Coordinates: 48°53′15″N 2°19′15″E / 48.88750°N 2.32083°E / 48.88750; 2.32083Administrative quarter in Paris, France This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2016) Map of the 17th arrondissement with the Quartier des Batignolles The Sainte-Marie des Batignolles Church, in the centre of Batignolles Batignolles (French pronunciation: ) is a neighbourhood of Paris, part of its 17th arrondissement. The neighbourhood is bounded on the south by the Boulevard des Batignolles, on the east by the Avenue de Clichy, on the north by Rue Cardinet and on the west by the Rue de Rome. History Batignolles was an independent village outside Paris until 1860, when the emperor, Napoleon III, annexed it to the capital. During the 19th century, Batignolles had an active cultural life, and it served as a base for the painter Édouard Manet and his friends, who became known as the Batignolles group. They painted many scenes of its café life. 21st century Pétanque, the outdoor bowling-game, as played in Batignolles Batignolles is outside the center of Paris most visited by tourists, but attractions include the Batignolles Cemetery (which is actually located in the nearby Épinettes district), and the Square des Batignolles, a small park created in 1862. It was intended that Batignolles would include the Olympic Village, had Paris hosted the 2012 Olympic Games. Former SNCF railyards were expected to be redeveloped as part of this process. It was intended that, after the Olympics (by 2015), the neighborhood would include 3,400 apartments, 30,000 square metres of shops, 140,000 square metres of office buildings and new public facilities (including a school and nursery). Moreover, major public buildings including the Palais de Justice court complex and the Police judiciaire building (previously located in the Île de la Cité), were expected to move to the new Cité judiciaire de Paris building, north of the garden. The former railyards have instead been redeveloped into a new 4.3-hectare district, centered on the Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin-Luther-King. Metro stations Batignolles is: ___ Located near the Métro stations: La Fourche, Rome, Pont Cardinet and Brochant. It is served by lines 2, 13 and 14. Education This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016) The Szkoła Narodowa Polska w Paryżu (Polish school in Paris) is in the Batignolles area. Notes ^ Archived January 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine 48°53′15″N 2°19′15″E / 48.88750°N 2.32083°E / 48.88750; 2.32083 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat 2 National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef This Paris geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_17e_arrondissement_-_Quartiers.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Sainte-Marie-des-Batignolles,_Paris_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"[batiɲɔl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"17th arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_arrondissement_of_Paris"}],"text":"Administrative quarter in Paris, FranceMap of the 17th arrondissement with the Quartier des BatignollesThe Sainte-Marie des Batignolles Church, in the centre of BatignollesBatignolles (French pronunciation: [batiɲɔl]) is a neighbourhood of Paris, part of its 17th arrondissement. The neighbourhood is bounded on the south by the Boulevard des Batignolles, on the east by the Avenue de Clichy, on the north by Rue Cardinet and on the west by the Rue de Rome.","title":"Batignolles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Batignolles group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batignolles_group"},{"link_name":"café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9"}],"text":"Batignolles was an independent village outside Paris until 1860, when the emperor, Napoleon III, annexed it to the capital.During the 19th century, Batignolles had an active cultural life, and it served as a base for the painter Édouard Manet and his friends, who became known as the Batignolles group. They painted many scenes of its café life.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petanque_batignolles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pétanque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque"},{"link_name":"Batignolles Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batignolles_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Épinettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pinettes"},{"link_name":"Square des Batignolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_des_Batignolles"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"SNCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF"},{"link_name":"Palais de Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Police judiciaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_R%C3%A9gionale_de_Police_Judiciaire_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Île de la Cité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin-Luther-King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin-Luther-King"}],"text":"Pétanque, the outdoor bowling-game, as played in BatignollesBatignolles is outside the center of Paris most visited by tourists, but attractions include the Batignolles Cemetery (which is actually located in the nearby Épinettes district), and the Square des Batignolles, a small park created in 1862.It was intended that Batignolles would include the Olympic Village, had Paris hosted the 2012 Olympic Games. Former SNCF railyards were expected to be redeveloped as part of this process. It was intended that, after the Olympics (by 2015), the neighborhood would include 3,400 apartments, 30,000 square metres of shops, 140,000 square metres of office buildings and new public facilities (including a school and nursery). Moreover, major public buildings including the Palais de Justice court complex and the Police judiciaire building (previously located in the Île de la Cité), were expected to move to the new Cité judiciaire de Paris building, north of the garden.The former railyards have instead been redeveloped into a new 4.3-hectare district,[1] centered on the Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin-Luther-King.","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_2.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_13.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_transit_icons_-_M%C3%A9tro_14.svg"}],"text":"Batignolles is:It is served by lines 2, 13 and 14.","title":"Metro stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Szkoła Narodowa Polska w Paryżu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szko%C5%82a_Narodowa_Polska_w_Pary%C5%BCu"}],"text":"The Szkoła Narodowa Polska w Paryżu (Polish school in Paris) is in the Batignolles area.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clichy-batignolles.fr/le-projet/lensemble-du-projet"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120127060212/http://www.clichy-batignolles.fr/le-projet/lensemble-du-projet"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"48°53′15″N 2°19′15″E / 48.88750°N 2.32083°E / 48.88750; 2.32083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Batignolles&params=48_53_15_N_2_19_15_E_type:city_region:FR"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575565#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/124391538"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRpTvjPJTFQ4pbq8q7xc"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMdprqHB6vrjptRQxbh3"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16239867m"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16239867m"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562367505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84237389"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/158272250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Paris_with_coat_of_arms.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batignolles&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Paris-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Paris-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ [1] Archived January 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine48°53′15″N 2°19′15″E / 48.88750°N 2.32083°E / 48.88750; 2.32083Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\n2\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRefThis Paris geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of the 17th arrondissement with the Quartier des Batignolles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Paris_17e_arrondissement_-_Quartiers.svg/280px-Paris_17e_arrondissement_-_Quartiers.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Sainte-Marie des Batignolles Church, in the centre of Batignolles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%C3%89glise_Sainte-Marie-des-Batignolles%2C_Paris_2011.jpg/280px-%C3%89glise_Sainte-Marie-des-Batignolles%2C_Paris_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pétanque, the outdoor bowling-game, as played in Batignolles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Petanque_batignolles.jpg/280px-Petanque_batignolles.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Batignolles&params=48_53_15_N_2_19_15_E_type:city_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°53′15″N 2°19′15″E / 48.88750°N 2.32083°E / 48.88750; 2.32083"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batignolles&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.clichy-batignolles.fr/le-projet/lensemble-du-projet","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127060212/http://www.clichy-batignolles.fr/le-projet/lensemble-du-projet","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Batignolles&params=48_53_15_N_2_19_15_E_type:city_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°53′15″N 2°19′15″E / 48.88750°N 2.32083°E / 48.88750; 2.32083"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124391538","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRpTvjPJTFQ4pbq8q7xc","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMdprqHB6vrjptRQxbh3","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16239867m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16239867m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562367505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84237389","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/158272250","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batignolles&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belchenflue	Belchenflue	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°21′46″N 7°48′38″E / 47.36278°N 7.81056°E / 47.36278; 7.81056Mountain in Switzerland BelchenflueThe summitHighest pointElevation1,099 m (3,606 ft)Prominence44 m (144 ft)Parent peakRuchenCoordinates47°21′46″N 7°48′38″E / 47.36278°N 7.81056°E / 47.36278; 7.81056GeographyBelchenflueLocation in Switzerland LocationBasel-Landschaft/Solothurn, SwitzerlandParent rangeJura Mountains The Belchenflue is a mountain of the Jura, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Basel-Landschaft and Solothurn, south of Eptingen. The nearby Belchenflue Pass links the two cantons. The mountain is also known as the Swiss Belchen (Schweizer Belchen) and is part of the so-called Belchen System, a group of mountains with the name "Belchen" that may have been part of a Celtic sun calendar. Distant view from the Belchenflue to the Bernese Alps in a distance of about 100 km See also Belchen Tunnel References ^ Retrieved from the Swisstopo topographic maps. The key col is located west of the summit at 1,055 metres. ^ Chevrier, Jean-François. From Basel - Herzog & de Meuron, Basel: Birkhäuser, 2016, p. 52. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belchenflue. Belchenflue on Hikr This Switzerland mountain, mountain range, or peak related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Basel-Landschaft location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Canton of Solothurn location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Basel-Landschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel-Landschaft"},{"link_name":"Solothurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn"},{"link_name":"Eptingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptingen"},{"link_name":"Belchenflue Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belchenflue_Pass"},{"link_name":"Belchen System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belchen_System"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"sun calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_calendar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernsicht_von_der_Belchenflue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernese_Alps"}],"text":"Mountain in SwitzerlandThe Belchenflue is a mountain of the Jura, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Basel-Landschaft and Solothurn, south of Eptingen. The nearby Belchenflue Pass links the two cantons.The mountain is also known as the Swiss Belchen (Schweizer Belchen) and is part of the so-called Belchen System, a group of mountains with the name \"Belchen\" that may have been part of a Celtic sun calendar.[2]Distant view from the Belchenflue to the Bernese Alps in a distance of about 100 km","title":"Belchenflue"}]	[{"image_text":"Distant view from the Belchenflue to the Bernese Alps in a distance of about 100 km","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fernsicht_von_der_Belchenflue.jpg/220px-Fernsicht_von_der_Belchenflue.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Belchen Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belchen_Tunnel"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belchenflue&params=47_21_46_N_7_48_38_E_type:mountain_region:CH_scale:100000","external_links_name":"47°21′46″N 7°48′38″E / 47.36278°N 7.81056°E / 47.36278; 7.81056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belchenflue&params=47_21_46_N_7_48_38_E_type:mountain_region:CH_scale:100000","external_links_name":"47°21′46″N 7°48′38″E / 47.36278°N 7.81056°E / 47.36278; 7.81056"},{"Link":"http://www.hikr.org/dir/Belchenflue_340/","external_links_name":"Belchenflue on Hikr"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belchenflue&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belchenflue&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belchenflue&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televidenye_Tajikistana	Televizioni Tojikiston	["1 History","2 Broadcast","3 References","4 External links"]	Television channel ТоҷикистонCountryTajikistanBroadcast areaTajikistanUnited StatesHeadquartersDushanbe, TajikistanProgrammingLanguage(s)Tajik, RussianOwnershipOwnerGovernment of TajikistanHistoryLaunchedOctober 3, 1959Former namesШабакаи Якум (Shabakai Yakum)LinksWebsitewww.tvt.tj Televizioni Tojikiston (Tajik: Телевизиони Тоҷикистон), formerly known as Shabakai Yakum (Tajik: Шабакаи Якум, meaning “Channel One”), is the national broadcaster of the Central Asian state of Tajikistan, headquartered in the capital city, Dushanbe. It began broadcasting on October 3, 1959. History Tajik Television was formed in 1959. The first programme aired by the station aired on October 3, 1959. The first programme consisted of a bilingual Tajik/Russian news bulletin followed by a movie, Light in the Mountains. The first words were spoken by Rafuat Abdusalomov. By the early 1980s, the USSR State Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting (Gosteleradio USSR) began broadcasting in the SECAM standard in the Tajik SSR's TV channels, the First and Second Programs, the State Committee of the Tajik SSR (Gosteleradio of the Tajik SSR) - the Tajik Program TV channel (aka Tajik television), State Committee of the Uzbek SSR in Dushanbe and areas of republican subordination - Uzbek program television channel (aka Uzbek television), all three committees were created in 1932. 24-hour broadcasts commenced in 2012. Most of the channel's schedule is made up of local content. External content (especially foreign movies) is aired in Russian. In June 2016, the channel's current name was adopted. On April 1, 2022, it was announced that it would be launched in HD quality, and it broadcasts programs, including films, series, and various programs, which were broadcast on the Iraqi satellite ShababSat on DMN. Broadcast Broadcasting is conducted throughout the territory of Tajikistan on meter waves. In other countries, the television channel is accessible through cable television and the Internet. The channel is owned by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and the state institution "Television Tajikistan". References ^ История телевизионного вещания в СССР Archived 2016-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Закон Республики Таджикистан "О телевидении и радиовещании" \| Контент-платформа Pandia.ru". ^ "Постановление Правительства Республики Таджикистан "О Комитете по телевидению и радио при Правительстве Республики Таджикистан" - Недействующая редакция". External links Official site	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"}],"text":"Televizioni Tojikiston (Tajik: Телевизиони Тоҷикистон), formerly known as Shabakai Yakum (Tajik: Шабакаи Якум, meaning “Channel One”), is the national broadcaster of the Central Asian state of Tajikistan, headquartered in the capital city, Dushanbe. It began broadcasting on October 3, 1959.","title":"Televizioni Tojikiston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Light in the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_in_the_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"DMN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DMN_(Iraq)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Tajik Television was formed in 1959. The first programme aired by the station aired on October 3, 1959. The first programme consisted of a bilingual Tajik/Russian news bulletin followed by a movie, Light in the Mountains. The first words were spoken by Rafuat Abdusalomov.By the early 1980s, the USSR State Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting (Gosteleradio USSR) began broadcasting in the SECAM standard[1] in the Tajik SSR's TV channels, the First and Second Programs, the State Committee of the Tajik SSR (Gosteleradio of the Tajik SSR) - the Tajik Program TV channel (aka Tajik television), State Committee of the Uzbek SSR in Dushanbe and areas of republican subordination - Uzbek program television channel (aka Uzbek television), all three committees were created in 1932.24-hour broadcasts commenced in 2012. Most of the channel's schedule is made up of local content. External content (especially foreign movies) is aired in Russian.In June 2016, the channel's current name was adopted.On April 1, 2022, it was announced that it would be launched in HD quality, and it broadcasts programs, including films, series, and various programs, which were broadcast on the Iraqi satellite ShababSat on DMN.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Broadcasting is conducted throughout the territory of Tajikistan on meter waves. In other countries, the television channel is accessible through cable television and the Internet. The channel is owned by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and the state institution \"Television Tajikistan\".[2][3]","title":"Broadcast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Закон Республики Таджикистан \"О телевидении и радиовещании\" \| Контент-платформа Pandia.ru\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pandia.ru/text/77/130/424.php","url_text":"\"Закон Республики Таджикистан \"О телевидении и радиовещании\" \| Контент-платформа Pandia.ru\""}]},{"reference":"\"Постановление Правительства Республики Таджикистан \"О Комитете по телевидению и радио при Правительстве Республики Таджикистан\" - Недействующая редакция\".","urls":[{"url":"http://base.spinform.ru/show_red.fwx?rid=36903","url_text":"\"Постановление Правительства Республики Таджикистан \"О Комитете по телевидению и радио при Правительстве Республики Таджикистан\" - Недействующая редакция\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tvt.tj/","external_links_name":"www.tvt.tj"},{"Link":"http://ria.ru/spravka/20071001/81781860.html","external_links_name":"История телевизионного вещания в СССР"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/20161003055048/http://ria.ru/spravka/20071001/81781860.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pandia.ru/text/77/130/424.php","external_links_name":"\"Закон Республики Таджикистан \"О телевидении и радиовещании\" \| Контент-платформа Pandia.ru\""},{"Link":"http://base.spinform.ru/show_red.fwx?rid=36903","external_links_name":"\"Постановление Правительства Республики Таджикистан \"О Комитете по телевидению и радио при Правительстве Республики Таджикистан\" - Недействующая редакция\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvt.tj/","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogue_Brasileiro	Dogue Brasileiro	["1 History","2 Appearance","3 Behavior","4 Use","5 External links","6 See also","7 References"]	Not to be confused with Fila Brasileiro. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dogue Brasileiro" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dog breedDogue BrasileiroDogue BrasileiroOriginBrazilBreed statusNot recognized as a breed by any major kennel club.TraitsHeight Males 54–60 cm (21–24 in) Females 50–58 cm (20–23 in)Weight Males 29–43 kg (64–95 lb) Females 23–39 kg (51–86 lb)Coat Short or medium, dense, hard and shiny coatColour Any color or combination; either solid, piebald or tricolorLife span 13 yearsKennel club standardsCBKC standardDog (domestic dog) The Dogue Brasileiro is a mastiff-type working dog breed originating in Brazil. It is neither recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) nor the American Kennel Club (AKC). However, it has the official Brazilian recognition by the Brazilian Confederation of Cynophilia (CBKC) where it belongs to the Group 11 – Breeds not recognized by the FCI. History This section relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Dogue Brasileiro" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two Bull Terriers used in the beginning of the breeding process. The original developer of the breed was a Bull Terrier breeder named Pedro Pessoa Ribeiro Dantas from Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. In 1978, his neighbor asked him to mate one of his Bull Terrier males with the neighbor's female Boxer. Pedro took one of the female puppies from this mating, and named her Tigresa after the brindle markings on her coat. As Tigresa grew, she turned out to be a very pleasant and promising individual: she was extremely affectionate, obedient, quick-to-learn, physically balanced, strong, and vigorous. Moreover, she lacked the extreme characteristics typical to the modern Bull Terrier, being much more functional and agile. She was also physically stronger than both an average Bull Terrier and an average Boxer. At the same time she was an excellent guard and very tolerant towards Pedro's Bull Terriers: when they tried to provoke her, she rather eluded the attacks by her better physical agility and balance than by using aggression. After noticing the great qualities of Tigresa, Pedro started to gather information from other people who had purchased a puppy from the same litter. The response was that the dogs had become physically vigorous and excellent guards, at the same time being gentle and affectionate towards their families. Therefore, another mating between a different Bull Terrier and a Boxer. Because the results turned out to be as positive as in the first litter, a new breeding line was decided to be established and was originally named Bull Boxer (which should not be confused with the English "designer breed" with the same name based on a Staffordshire Bull Terrier x Boxer cross). After the first generation of Bull Terrier x Boxer crosses consisting of 80 individuals, Pedro continued by occasional matings between these crosses. The qualities and health of the new puppies were followed during their growth. It was noticed that a vast majority of them possessed the following characteristics: Extremely efficient guardian Balanced temper and extremely attached to his family Physically balanced and powerful, with the extreme pain tolerance of the Bull Terrier Longevity, lifespan being approximately 13 years Although the results were promising, Pedro was not yet sure if the same results could also be achieved by using other similar kinds of breeds. Therefore, he crossed several Bull Boxers with the American Staffordshire Terrier and noticed that at least in the first generation, the characteristics remained the same. However, no more American Staffordshire Terrier crosses were made in the following generations and soon the studbook was closed to continue the breeding solely by using already existing Bull Boxers. The Brazilian Bull Boxer Club was founded in 1986 and its president is Pedro Ribeiro Dantas himself. The breed was officially accepted by the CBKC in 1999 and the today's version of the breed standard was published in 2007. Nowadays there are 2000 pure-bred dogs in the official registry of the Bull Boxer Club – however, the number also includes many dogs that have already died. There are breeders in many different states of Brazil and the breed has grown popularity since the 1990s. Although the Dogue Brasileiro is not recognized by the FCI, it does not bother Brazilian breeders and fanciers of the breed: actually, the president of the Bull Boxer Club has stated that the FCI's current principles do not meet with the breeding philosophy of the Dogue Brasileiro. Appearance The Dogue Brasileiro is a medium-sized, strong, agile and muscular dog, being massive without creating heavy or stocky impression. Males are 54 – 60 cm tall (ideal height 58 cm) and weigh 29 – 43 kg (ideal weight 39 kg); females 50 – 58 cm tall (ideal height 56 cm) and weigh 23 – 39 kg (ideal weight 33 kg). The breed is therefore lighter and athletic, which is equally tall but significantly heavier. There are two coat variants: short (less than 2.5 cm) and medium-length (from 2.5 to 4.7 cm). The texture of the shiny coat is harsh and dense. All colours and combinations are accepted. Brindle Brindle-and-white Dogues and kids Black-and-tan Behavior The Dogue Brasileiro is an active and balanced, yet alert, fearless, and watchful dog with a strong guarding instinct. Towards its family, it is obedient, gentle, and affectionate. However, it is serious towards strangers and will be ready to attack if provoked. It should not demonstrate aggressive behaviour without a clear reason – such as purposeful provocation – not even with other dogs. Instead of the more common working trial, a specific character trial is demanded for the breed to reach championship in Brazilian dog shows. Use The Dogue Brasileiro is mainly used as a guard dog and a protection sport dog. Known as The Urban Guardian, the Dogue Brasileiro is a strong and compact dog, adapted to the modern urban environment. The breed was created to be a great guard dog. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dogue Brasileiro. Bull Boxer Club Dogue brasileiro Blog (portuguese) Bull Boxer Club Official page See also Dogs portal List of dog breeds Terrier Brasileiro Campeiro Bulldog Gaucho sheepdog Fila Brasileiro References ^ a b c d e f Lopes de Castro, S. M; Cruz Setta, D. J. (June 10, 2007). "Padrão Oficial da Raça: Dogue Brasileiro" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Confederação Brasileira de Cinofilia (CBKC). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2014. ^ a b c Frawley, Ed. "História da Raça" . doguebrasileiro.com.br (self-published-source?) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014. vteDogs originating in Brazil Campeiro Bulldog Dogue Brasileiro Fila Brasileiro Gaucho Sheepdog Pampas Deerhound Rastreador Brasileiro Serrano Bulldog Terrier Brasileiro vteMastiffsExtant breeds Alano Español Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog American Bulldog Boerboel Boxer Broholmer Bulldog Bullmastiff Bully Kutta Campeiro Bulldog Cane Corso Cão Fila de São Miguel Chongqing dog Cimarrón Uruguayo Continental Bulldog Dogo Argentino Dogue Brasileiro Dogue de Bordeaux English Mastiff Fila Brasileiro French Bulldog Great Dane Kurdish Mastiff Neapolitan Mastiff Olde English Bulldogge Perro de Presa Canario Perro de Presa Mallorquin Rottweiler Saint Louis Vincent Mastiff Serrano Bulldog Tosa Extinct breeds Alaunt Bullenbeisser Cordoba fighting dog Dogo Cubano Fila da Terceira Molossus Old English Bulldog Toy Bulldog	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fila Brasileiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fila_Brasileiro"},{"link_name":"mastiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastiff"},{"link_name":"dog breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds"},{"link_name":"Fédération Cynologique Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Cynologique_Internationale"},{"link_name":"American Kennel Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Confederation of Cynophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasileira_de_Cinofilia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbkc-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Fila Brasileiro.Dog breedThe Dogue Brasileiro is a mastiff-type working dog breed originating in Brazil. It is neither recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) nor the American Kennel Club (AKC). However, it has the official Brazilian recognition by the Brazilian Confederation of Cynophilia (CBKC) where it belongs to the Group 11 – Breeds not recognized by the FCI.[1]","title":"Dogue Brasileiro"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bullterrierinicial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bull Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Terrier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbkc-1"},{"link_name":"Caxias do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_(dog)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canil-2"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire Bull Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Bull_Terrier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canil-2"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"American Staffordshire Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Staffordshire_Terrier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canil-2"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbkc-1"}],"text":"Two Bull Terriers used in the beginning of the breeding process.The original developer of the breed was a Bull Terrier breeder named Pedro Pessoa Ribeiro Dantas[1] from Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. In 1978, his neighbor asked him to mate one of his Bull Terrier males with the neighbor's female Boxer.[2][unreliable source?] Pedro took one of the female puppies from this mating, and named her Tigresa after the brindle markings on her coat. As Tigresa grew, she turned out to be a very pleasant and promising individual: she was extremely affectionate, obedient, quick-to-learn, physically balanced, strong, and vigorous. Moreover, she lacked the extreme characteristics typical to the modern Bull Terrier, being much more functional and agile. She was also physically stronger than both an average Bull Terrier and an average Boxer. At the same time she was an excellent guard and very tolerant towards Pedro's Bull Terriers: when they tried to provoke her, she rather eluded the attacks by her better physical agility and balance than by using aggression.After noticing the great qualities of Tigresa, Pedro started to gather information from other people who had purchased a puppy from the same litter. The response was that the dogs had become physically vigorous and excellent guards, at the same time being gentle and affectionate towards their families. Therefore, another mating between a different Bull Terrier and a Boxer. Because the results turned out to be as positive as in the first litter, a new breeding line was decided to be established and was originally named Bull Boxer (which should not be confused with the English \"designer breed\" with the same name based on a Staffordshire Bull Terrier x Boxer cross).After the first generation of Bull Terrier x Boxer crosses consisting of 80 individuals, Pedro continued by occasional matings between these crosses. The qualities and health of the new puppies were followed during their growth. It was noticed that a vast majority of them possessed the following characteristics:[2][unreliable source?]Extremely efficient guardian\nBalanced temper and extremely attached to his family\nPhysically balanced and powerful, with the extreme pain tolerance of the Bull Terrier\nLongevity, lifespan being approximately 13 yearsAlthough the results were promising, Pedro was not yet sure if the same results could also be achieved by using other similar kinds of breeds. Therefore, he crossed several Bull Boxers with the American Staffordshire Terrier and noticed that at least in the first generation, the characteristics remained the same. However, no more American Staffordshire Terrier crosses were made in the following generations and soon the studbook was closed to continue the breeding solely by using already existing Bull Boxers.The Brazilian Bull Boxer Club was founded in 1986 and its president is Pedro Ribeiro Dantas himself. The breed was officially accepted by the CBKC in 1999[2][unreliable source?] and the today's version of the breed standard was published in 2007.[1] Nowadays there are 2000 pure-bred dogs in the official registry of the Bull Boxer Club – however, the number also includes many dogs that have already died. There are breeders in many different states of Brazil and the breed has grown popularity since the 1990s. Although the Dogue Brasileiro is not recognized by the FCI, it does not bother Brazilian breeders and fanciers of the breed: actually, the president of the Bull Boxer Club has stated that the FCI's current principles do not meet with the breeding philosophy of the Dogue Brasileiro.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbkc-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogueataque1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedropalus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogueecrianca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogueesuadona.PNG"}],"text":"The Dogue Brasileiro is a medium-sized, strong, agile and muscular dog, being massive without creating heavy or stocky impression. Males are 54 – 60 cm tall (ideal height 58 cm) and weigh 29 – 43 kg (ideal weight 39 kg); females 50 – 58 cm tall (ideal height 56 cm) and weigh 23 – 39 kg (ideal weight 33 kg). The breed is therefore lighter and athletic, which is equally tall but significantly heavier. There are two coat variants: short (less than 2.5 cm) and medium-length (from 2.5 to 4.7 cm). The texture of the shiny coat is harsh and dense. All colours and combinations are accepted.[1]Brindle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrindle-and-white\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDogues and kids\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack-and-tan","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbkc-1"}],"text":"The Dogue Brasileiro is an active and balanced, yet alert, fearless, and watchful dog with a strong guarding instinct. Towards its family, it is obedient, gentle, and affectionate. However, it is serious towards strangers and will be ready to attack if provoked. It should not demonstrate aggressive behaviour without a clear reason – such as purposeful provocation – not even with other dogs. Instead of the more common working trial, a specific character trial is demanded for the breed to reach championship in Brazilian dog shows.[1]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protection sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protection_sports"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbkc-1"}],"text":"The Dogue Brasileiro is mainly used as a guard dog and a protection sport dog. Known as The Urban Guardian, the Dogue Brasileiro is a strong and compact dog, adapted to the modern urban environment. The breed was created to be a great guard dog.[1]","title":"Use"}]	[{"image_text":"Two Bull Terriers used in the beginning of the breeding process.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bullterrierinicial.jpg/250px-Bullterrierinicial.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Dogs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dogs"},{"title":"List of dog breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds"},{"title":"Terrier Brasileiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Terrier"},{"title":"Campeiro Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeiro_Bulldog"},{"title":"Gaucho sheepdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucho_sheepdog"},{"title":"Fila Brasileiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fila_Brasileiro"}]	[{"reference":"Lopes de Castro, S. M; Cruz Setta, D. J. (June 10, 2007). \"Padrão Oficial da Raça: Dogue Brasileiro\" [Official Breed Standard: Dogue Brasileiro] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Confederação Brasileira de Cinofilia (CBKC). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061103035922/http://www.cbkc.org/padroes/pdf/grupo11/DogueBrasileiro.pdf","url_text":"\"Padrão Oficial da Raça: Dogue Brasileiro\""},{"url":"http://www.cbkc.org/padroes/pdf/grupo11/DogueBrasileiro.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frawley, Ed. \"História da Raça\" [Breed History]. doguebrasileiro.com.br (self-published-source?) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513012537/http://www.doguebrasileiro.com.br/content/view/12/26/#","url_text":"\"História da Raça\""},{"url":"http://www.doguebrasileiro.com.br/content/view/12/26/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22","external_links_name":"\"Dogue Brasileiro\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://cbkc.org/application/views/docs/padroes/padrao-raca_221.pdf","external_links_name":"standard"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22","external_links_name":"\"Dogue Brasileiro\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dogue+Brasileiro%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://bbcdoguebrasileiro.blogspot.com.br/2009/01/bull-boxer-club-corpo-administrativo_8728.html","external_links_name":"Bull Boxer Club Dogue brasileiro Blog (portuguese)"},{"Link":"https://pt-br.facebook.com/MarciaGitirana.DogueBrasileiro","external_links_name":"Bull Boxer Club Official page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061103035922/http://www.cbkc.org/padroes/pdf/grupo11/DogueBrasileiro.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Padrão Oficial da Raça: Dogue Brasileiro\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbkc.org/padroes/pdf/grupo11/DogueBrasileiro.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513012537/http://www.doguebrasileiro.com.br/content/view/12/26/#","external_links_name":"\"História da Raça\""},{"Link":"http://www.doguebrasileiro.com.br/content/view/12/26/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piruz_Nahavandi	Abu Lu'lu'a	["1 Name","2 Biography","3 Legacy","3.1 Sanctuary in Kashan","3.2 Annual celebration","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","4.3 Other writings referred to"]	Assassin of the 2nd caliph Umar For other people named Firuz or Piruz, see Feroz (disambiguation). Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūzأبو لؤلؤة فيروز‎Shrine of Abū Luʾluʾa in Kashan, IranBornUnknown dateNahavand, Iran (likely)DiedHistorical: 644Medina, Arabia Legendary: after 644Kashan, IranOther namesBābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (16th century)Fīrūz Nahāvandī (20th century)EraEarly Islamic periodKnown forAssassinating the caliph Umar Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz (Arabic: أبو لؤلؤة فیروز, from Middle Persian: Pērōz), also known in modern Persian-language sources as Abū Luʾluʾ (ابولؤلؤ) or Fīrūz Nahāvandī (فیروز نهاوندی), was a Sasanian Persian slave who assassinated Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644), the second Islamic caliph, in November 644. After having been captured in battle during the Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia, Abu Lu'lu'a was brought to Medina, the then-capital of the Rashidun Caliphate, which was normally off-limits to non-Arab captives. However, as a highly skilled craftsman, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed entrance into the city in order to work for the caliph. His motive for killing the caliph is not entirely clear, but medieval sources generally attribute it to a tax dispute. At one point, Abu Lu'lu'a is said to have asked the caliph to lift a tax imposed upon him by his Arab master, al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba. When Umar refused to lift the tax, Abu Lu'lu'a attacked him while he was leading the congregational prayer in the mosque, stabbing him with a double-bladed dagger and leaving him mortally wounded. According to historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was either captured and executed in Medina or committed suicide there. In retaliation, Ubayd Allah ibn Umar (one of Umar's sons) killed Abu Lu'lu'a's daughter, as well as Hurmuzān (a former officer in the Sasanian army) and a Christian man from al-Hira (Iraq). However, according to later legends that were first recorded in the Safavid era, the prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali (later revered as the first Shi'ite Imam), saved Abu Lu'lu'a from his pursuers and miraculously transported him to the city of Kashan (Iran), where Abu Lu'lu'a married and lived out the rest of his life. At some point a shrine was erected for Abu Lu'lu'a in Kashan. From the 16th century onward this shrine became the focus of a yearly anti-Sunni festival celebrating Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar, whose reign Shi'ites consider to have been oppressive and unjust. In the context of this festival, which is called Omar Koshan (lit. 'the killing of Umar'), Abu Lu'lu'a received the nickname Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (بابا شجاع الدين, 'Father Courageous of the Faith'). Name Abu Lu'lu'a's name highlighted in red, MS. Leiden Or. 298, dated 866 CE Abu Lu'lu'a's given name was most likely Pērōz, a Middle Persian name meaning "Victorious" and Arabicized in the extant sources as Fīrūz or Fayrūz. However, in the early sources he is more commonly referred to by his Arabic kunya (either a teknonym or a nickname) Abū Luʾluʾa, meaning "Father of Pearl". From the 16th or 17th century onward he also received the Arabic laqab (honorific nickname) Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (lit. 'Father Courageous of the Faith'), which was associated with the annual celebrations held in his honor in early modern Iran (see below). In modern Persian-language sources he is sometimes referred to by the non-historical name Fīrūz Nahāvandī (فیروز نهاوندی). Biography Early 20th-century depiction of Abd al-Rahman (ibn Awf or ibn Abi Bakr) witnessing the purported conspiracy of Abu Lu'lu'a, Hurmuzān, and Jufayna (wrongly depicted here as a woman; the depiction of the murder weapon may also be wrong) Very little is known about his life. According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports describe him as a Christian. A highly skilled joiner and blacksmith, Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken captive by his Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba in the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought to Arabia, where he may also have converted to Islam. Other historical sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sasanian military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after his own capture by the Muslims. Although Medina was generally off-limits to non-Arab captives under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter the capital of the early caliphate, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph. When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj tax of two dirhams a day, Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest this tax. However, Umar refused to lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage. This is the reason given by most historical accounts for Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar, but Abu Lu'lu'a's true motivations are not clear. According to Wilferd Madelung in his The Succession to Muhammad, Umar's biased policies against non-Arabs may have played a prominent role in creating the climate which lead to the assassination. One day when Umar was leading the congregational prayer in the mosque of Medina, Abu Lu'lu'a stabbed him with a double-bladed dagger. There are different versions of how this happened: according to one version, he also killed Kulayb ibn al-Bukayr al-Laythi who was behind Umar, while in another version he stabbed thirteen people who tried to restrain him. According to some accounts, the caliph died on the day of the stabbing (Wednesday 26 Dhu al-Hijja of the Islamic year 23, or 6 November 644 according to the Gregorian calendar), while other accounts maintain that he survived three more days. Some historical sources report that Abu Lu'lu'a was taken prisoner and executed for his assassination of Umar, while other sources claim that he committed suicide. After Abu Lu'lu'a's death, his daughter was killed by Ubayd Allah ibn Umar, one of Umar's sons. Acting upon the claim of one man (either Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf or Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr) that they had been seen conspiring with Abu Lu'lu'a while he was holding the double-bladed dagger, Ubayd Allah also killed Hurmuzān (Umar's Persian military adviser), and Jufayna, a Christian man from al-Hira (Iraq) who had been taken to Medina to serve as a private tutor to a family in Medina. After Ubayd Allah was detained for these murders, he threatened to kill all foreign captives residing in Medina, as well as some others. Although Ubayd Allah may have been encouraged by his sister Hafsa bint Umar to avenge their father's death, his murder of Hurmuzān and Jufayna was likely the result of a mental breakdown rather than of a true conspiracy. It was regarded by his peers as a crime rather than as a legitimate act of retaliation. In early 20th-century scholarship it was sometimes supposed that Abu Lu'lu'a had really been an instrument in the hands of a conspiracy, though not a conspiracy led by Hurmuzān, but rather one led by Ali, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah. These men, who according to the historical sources were appointed by Umar himself as members of the council who would elect the next caliph, were thought by scholars to have conspired to overthrow Umar's reign and to put Ali in his place. This hypothesis, however, is rejected by more recent scholars. Nevertheless, while Ubayd Allah was subsequently acquitted of his crimes by Umar's successor Uthman (r. 644–656), who considered the execution of Ubayd Allah an excessive measure in view of his father's recent assassination, Ali, among others, did protest against this and vowed to apply the regular punishment for murder if he were ever to be caliph. Madelung in his The Succession to Muhammad has pointed out that just like Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar over something as trivial as a tax burden, Ubayd Allah's retaliatory killing of apparently random non-Arabs bears witness to the strong tensions that existed between Arabs and non-Arabs in the early Islamic caliphate. According to Tayeb El-Hibri, the 9th-century historians who recorded these events (amongst others, Ibn Sa'd, al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari) regarded them as laying the first seeds of the special affinity between Persia and the Hashimid family of the prophet (including Ali), which would later be reflected in the crucial role played by Khurasani converts in overthrowing the Umayyads and establishing the Hashimid rule of the Abbasids during the Abbasid Revolution (750 CE). Legacy Sanctuary in Kashan Main article: Shrine of Abu Lu'lu'a According to later legends, Abu Lu'lu'a did not die in Medina, but was miraculously saved from his pursuers by Ali, who transported him by means of a special prayer to Kashan (a city in central Iran), where he married and lived out the rest of his life. This story was recorded by the anti-Shi'ite polemicist Mirza Makhdum Sharifi (1540/41–1587), but Abu Lu'lu'a's connections to Kashan seem to go back further, since already in the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ (an anonymous work written c. 1126) it is mentioned that Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. At some point a shrine was dedicated to Abu Lu'lu'a in the vicinity of Kashan, which was said to be built over his tomb. The first records of Abu Lu'lu'a's tomb in Kashan appear in the works of Ghiyath al-Din Khwandamir (c. 1475 – c. 1535) and Nur Allah al-Shushtari (1549–1610). Recently, there has been some controversy over this sanctuary, with a number of Sunni institutions, such as the al-Azhar University and the International Union for Muslim Scholars, demanding the Iranian government demolish the shrine. The shrine was reportedly shut down in 2007 by Ayatollah Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri, who was known as a strong proponent of Sunni-Shi'i reconciliation. Annual celebration Main article: Omar Koshan Shrine of Abu Lu'lu'a in Kashan, Iran During the 16th-century conversion of Iran to Shia Islam under Safavid rule, a festival began being held in honor of Abu Lu'lu'a and his assassination of Umar. Named Omar-koshan (lit. 'the killing of Umar'), it was originally held around Abu Lu'lu'a's sanctuary in Kashan, on the anniversary of Umar's assassination (26 Dhu al-Hijja). Later the celebration spread elsewhere in Iran, and was sometimes held on 9 Rabi' al-Awwal rather than on 26 Dhu al-Hijja. The festival celebrated Abu Lu'lu'a, nicknamed Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (lit. 'Father Courageous of the Faith'), as a national hero who had defended the religion by killing the oppressive caliph. Umar was not only seen as a persecutor of non-Arabs, he was also thought to have threatened and injured Muhammad's daughter and Ali's wife Fatima. Because of this, Umar came to be regarded by Shi'is (who revere Fatima) as a symbol of the oppression of their sect. The establishment of the festival was related to the more general institution in early Safavid Iran of the ritual cursing of the first three Rashidun caliphs (revered by Sunnis but regarded by Shi'is as usurpers of Ali's rightful position as caliph). It involved the beating and burning of effigies of Umar, accompanied by cursing and the recitation of vilifying poetry. During the Qajar period (1789–1925), the ritual cursing and humiliation of the first three caliphs was gradually abandoned due to the improving political relations with the Sunni Ottomans. Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century, the festival of Omar Koshan had fallen into disuse in the major cities of Iran, surviving only in the countryside. This evolution was further spurred on by the rise of pan-islamism (an ideology advocating the unity of all Muslims, both Shi'is and Sunnis) in the late 19th century. It reached a peak with the Islamic Revolution in 1979, which lead to the ritual being officially banned in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Nevertheless, the festival is still celebrated in Iran, though often secretly and indoors. It is now held on the 9th day of the month of Rabi' Al-Awwal of the Islamic year, lasting until the 27th. It is a carnival-type of festival in which social roles are reversed and communal norms upturned, generally functioning as a more lighthearted counterpart to the Ta'zieh passion plays commemorating the death of the prophet Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680. Nowadays, the Umar who is scorned at the festival is sometimes taken to be Umar ibn Sa'ad, the leader of the troops who killed Husayn at Karbala, an identification which further removes the festival from its anti-Sunni origins. References Citations ^ Most sources that specify his given name mention "Fīrūz"; see Ishkevari & Nejad 2008; Pellat 1983–2011 ("Fērōz", an alternative transliteration of the same). Calmard 1996, p. 161 and Fischer 1980, p. 16 refer to him as "Firuz", while Madelung 1997, p. 75 gives his fuller name as "Abū Luʾluʾa Fayrūz" (as found in al-Tabari, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, ed. De Goeje 1:2632 = ed. Cairo 4:136, quote: "Lammā qudima bi-saby Nihāwand ilā al-Madīna, jaʿala Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz ghulām al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba lā yalqā minhum ṣaghīran illā masaḥa raʾasahu wa-bakā wa-qāla "). On the Parthian and Middle Persian origin of the name, see Chkeidze 2001–2012; on its meaning "Victorious", see Rezakhani 2017, p. 78. ^ Cf. the usage in Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011; Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70, 75, 346; El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–114 et pass. In modern Persian this becomes Abō Loʾloʾ or Abū Luʾluʾ (see Ishkevari 1994–2020), a usage sometimes also adopted elsewhere (e.g., by Torab 2007 or Ishkevari & Nejad 2008). ^ Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Calmard 1996, p. 161. ^ For example in Assemi 1964, p. 153; Joudat 1973, pp. 10, 15; Anonymous 1975, p. 537; Taqi Mustafavi 1982, p. 432; Bastani Parizi 1983, p. 274; Hatim 2004, p. 9; Sha'bani 2006, p. 102. More recently, the form Pīrūz Nahāvandī (پیروز نهاوندی) has also become popular, for example on the Persian-language Wikipedia. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 404 refers to Jufayna as "al-Naṣrānī", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like Zulfiqar), El-Hibri 2010, p. 109 describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from Tārīkhunā bi-uslūb qaṣaṣī ('Our History in a Narrative style'), a popular history book first published in Iraq in 1935. ^ Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. ^ Pellat 1983–2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007 merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan. ^ Pellat 1983–2011. ^ This is the view of Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 67. ^ See the sources cited by El-Hibri 2010, pp. 108–109 (cf. also p. 112). ^ Pellat 1983–2011; cf. Madelung 1997, p. 75, note 64. ^ Other sources speak of three dirhams a month; see Pellat 1983–2011. ^ Pellat 1983–2011; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007. As pointed out by Pellat 1983–2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a kharāj tax on his master al-Mughira. ^ Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007. ^ Pellat 1983–2011. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 75. ^ El-Hibri 2010, p. 109 describes the dagger as "unique", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". ^ Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0. Cf. El-Hibri 2010, p. 109. See also Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, p. 216. ^ El-Hibri 2010, p. 109. ^ Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011. ^ Pellat 1983–2011. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 69 (cf. p. 404, where Madelung refers to him as "Jufayna al-Naṣrānī"). ^ Madelung 1997, p. 69. ^ Caetani 1905–1926, vol. V, pp. 40–51, as reported by Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 68–70; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 1960–2007; Pellat 1983–2011. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 70. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 69–70. ^ Madelung 1997, p. 75. ^ El-Hibri 2010, pp. 107–108, cf. pp. 90–92. ^ Fischer 1980, p. 16; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. ^ In his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ, written in 1580: see Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; on Sharifi, see Ghereghlou 2016–2019. ^ Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. ^ Algar 1990; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23. ^ Ishkevari & Nejad 2008. ^ Ismail 2016, p. 93, who also refers to the Al Arabiya news report by Isma'il 2007. ^ Mavani 2016, p. 137. ^ Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 196. ^ Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; cf. Algar 1990. The festival is also mentioned by Mirza Makhdum Sharifi (1540/41–1587) in his al-Nawāqiḍ li-bunyān al-rawāfiḍ (written 1580). ^ Calmard 1996, p. 161; Algar 1990. ^ Calmard 1996, p. 161; Johnson 1994, p. 127, note 23; Torab 2007, p. 196. ^ Torab 2007, p. 195. ^ Stewart 1996, p. 47; Mavani 2016, p. 137. ^ Algar 1990. ^ Algar 1990; Torab 2007, p. 194. An example of such vilifying poetry is cited by Stewart 1996, p. 47. ^ Algar 1990. ^ Algar 1990. ^ Torab 2007, pp. 194–195. ^ Torab 2007, p. 195. ^ Torab 2007, p. 198. ^ Torab 2007, p. 194. ^ Algar 1990. ^ Torab 2007, p. 197. Sources Abu Lu'lu'a at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Algar, Hamid (1990). "Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7. Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680. Calmard, Jean (1996). "Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0. Chkeidze, Thea (2001–2012). "Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages". Encyclopædia Iranica. El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8. Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159. Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016–2019). "Maḵdum Šarifi Širāzi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). "ابو لؤلؤ". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6. (original Persian version of Ishkevari & Nejad 2008) Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). "Abū Luʾluʾ". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. (English translation of Ishkevari 1994–2020) Isma'il, Faraj (13 June 2007). "بعد تدخل الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين : السلطات الإيرانية تغلق مزار "أبو لؤلؤة المجوسي" قاتل عمر بن الخطاب". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Ismail, Raihan (2016). Saudi clerics and Shī'a Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190627508. Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889. Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). "ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707. Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7. Mavani, Hamid (2016). "Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.12816/0037430. Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). "Abū Loʾloʾa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9. Stewart, Devin J. (1996). "Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994. Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009. Other writings referred to Anonymous (1975). "". Rāhnamā-yi kitāb (in Persian). 18. Teheran: Anjuman-i Kitab. Assemi, M. (1964). "". Kaweh (in Persian) (7–15). Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim (1983). كوچه هفت پيچ: مجموعه مقالات (in Persian). انتشارات نگاه. Hatim, Ali (2004). "قهرمانانى از ديرباز". ماهنامه بیداری (Bidari Monthly Magazine) (in Persian) (7). Joudat, Hossein (1973). قيامها و شورشها: جانبازيهاى دلاوران ايرانى براى خلاصى از سلطه تازيان (in Persian). Publisher unknown. Sha'bani, Mohammad (2006). دومین شاه فراری (in Persian). Dabiran Qalam. ISBN 9789649548838. Taqi Mustafavi, Muhammad (1982). As̲ar-i tarikhi-i Tihran. Silsilah-i intishārāt-i Anjuman-i Ās̲ār-i Millī (in Persian). Vol. 153. Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̲ār-i millī.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feroz (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroz_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"Persian-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Sasanian Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Umar ibn al-Khattab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar"},{"link_name":"second Islamic caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun"},{"link_name":"Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Rashidun Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mughira"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Ubayd Allah ibn Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar"},{"link_name":"Hurmuzān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurmuz%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"al-Hira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hira"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"Shi'ite Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Kashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan"},{"link_name":"a shrine was erected for Abu Lu'lu'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Abu_Lu%27lu%27a"},{"link_name":"anti-Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Sunnism"},{"link_name":"Shi'ites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ites"},{"link_name":"Omar Koshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Koshan"}],"text":"Assassin of the 2nd caliph UmarFor other people named Firuz or Piruz, see Feroz (disambiguation).Abū Luʾluʾa Fīrūz (Arabic: أبو لؤلؤة فیروز, from Middle Persian: Pērōz), also known in modern Persian-language sources as Abū Luʾluʾ (ابولؤلؤ) or Fīrūz Nahāvandī (فیروز نهاوندی), was a Sasanian Persian slave who assassinated Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644), the second Islamic caliph, in November 644.After having been captured in battle during the Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia, Abu Lu'lu'a was brought to Medina, the then-capital of the Rashidun Caliphate, which was normally off-limits to non-Arab captives. However, as a highly skilled craftsman, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed entrance into the city in order to work for the caliph. His motive for killing the caliph is not entirely clear, but medieval sources generally attribute it to a tax dispute. At one point, Abu Lu'lu'a is said to have asked the caliph to lift a tax imposed upon him by his Arab master, al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba. When Umar refused to lift the tax, Abu Lu'lu'a attacked him while he was leading the congregational prayer in the mosque, stabbing him with a double-bladed dagger and leaving him mortally wounded.According to historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was either captured and executed in Medina or committed suicide there. In retaliation, Ubayd Allah ibn Umar (one of Umar's sons) killed Abu Lu'lu'a's daughter, as well as Hurmuzān (a former officer in the Sasanian army) and a Christian man from al-Hira (Iraq). However, according to later legends that were first recorded in the Safavid era, the prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali (later revered as the first Shi'ite Imam), saved Abu Lu'lu'a from his pursuers and miraculously transported him to the city of Kashan (Iran), where Abu Lu'lu'a married and lived out the rest of his life.At some point a shrine was erected for Abu Lu'lu'a in Kashan. From the 16th century onward this shrine became the focus of a yearly anti-Sunni festival celebrating Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar, whose reign Shi'ites consider to have been oppressive and unjust. In the context of this festival, which is called Omar Koshan (lit. 'the killing of Umar'), Abu Lu'lu'a received the nickname Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (بابا شجاع الدين, 'Father Courageous of the Faith').","title":"Abu Lu'lu'a"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu-Lu%27lu%27ah.png"},{"link_name":"Pērōz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93r%C5%8Dz"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)"},{"link_name":"teknonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknonymy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"laqab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laqab"},{"link_name":"annual celebrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Koshan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Persian-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Abu Lu'lu'a's name highlighted in red, MS. Leiden Or. 298, dated 866 CEAbu Lu'lu'a's given name was most likely Pērōz, a Middle Persian name meaning \"Victorious\" and Arabicized in the extant sources as Fīrūz or Fayrūz.[1] However, in the early sources he is more commonly referred to by his Arabic kunya (either a teknonym or a nickname) Abū Luʾluʾa, meaning \"Father of Pearl\".[2] From the 16th or 17th century onward he also received the Arabic laqab (honorific nickname) Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (lit. 'Father Courageous of the Faith'), which was associated with the annual celebrations held in his honor in early modern Iran (see below).[3] In modern Persian-language sources he is sometimes referred to by the non-historical name Fīrūz Nahāvandī (فیروز نهاوندی).[4]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg"},{"link_name":"ibn Awf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_%27Awf"},{"link_name":"ibn Abi Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Rahman_ibn_Abi_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Hurmuzān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurmuz%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian"},{"link_name":"Nahavand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahavand"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"joiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joiner"},{"link_name":"blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mughira_ibn_Shu%27ba"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nahavand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nahavand"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Battle of al-Qadisiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyya"},{"link_name":"Hurmuzān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurmuz%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar"},{"link_name":"early caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"kharāj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khar%C4%81j"},{"link_name":"dirhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wilferd Madelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung"},{"link_name":"The Succession to Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Succession_to_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"mosque of Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Medina"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dhu al-Hijja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijja"},{"link_name":"Islamic year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ubayd Allah ibn Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Abi_Bakr"},{"link_name":"al-Hira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hira"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Hafsa bint Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam"},{"link_name":"Talha ibn Ubayd Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199770-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Succession to Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Succession_to_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sa'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d"},{"link_name":"al-Baladhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baladhuri"},{"link_name":"al-Tabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari"},{"link_name":"Hashimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hashim"},{"link_name":"Khurasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurasan"},{"link_name":"Abbasids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Early 20th-century depiction of Abd al-Rahman (ibn Awf or ibn Abi Bakr) witnessing the purported conspiracy of Abu Lu'lu'a, Hurmuzān, and Jufayna (wrongly depicted here as a woman; the depiction of the murder weapon may also be wrong)[5]Very little is known about his life.[6] According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports describe him as a Christian.[7] A highly skilled joiner and blacksmith,[8] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken captive by his Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba in the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought to Arabia, where he may also have converted to Islam.[9] Other historical sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sasanian military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after his own capture by the Muslims.[10] Although Medina was generally off-limits to non-Arab captives under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter the capital of the early caliphate, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.[11]When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj tax of two dirhams a day,[12] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest this tax. However, Umar refused to lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[13] This is the reason given by most historical accounts for Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar,[14] but Abu Lu'lu'a's true motivations are not clear.[15] According to Wilferd Madelung in his The Succession to Muhammad, Umar's biased policies against non-Arabs may have played a prominent role in creating the climate which lead to the assassination.[16]One day when Umar was leading the congregational prayer in the mosque of Medina, Abu Lu'lu'a stabbed him with a double-bladed dagger.[17] There are different versions of how this happened: according to one version, he also killed Kulayb ibn al-Bukayr al-Laythi who was behind Umar,[18] while in another version he stabbed thirteen people who tried to restrain him.[19] According to some accounts, the caliph died on the day of the stabbing (Wednesday 26 Dhu al-Hijja of the Islamic year 23, or 6 November 644 according to the Gregorian calendar), while other accounts maintain that he survived three more days.[20]Some historical sources report that Abu Lu'lu'a was taken prisoner and executed for his assassination of Umar, while other sources claim that he committed suicide.[21] After Abu Lu'lu'a's death, his daughter was killed by Ubayd Allah ibn Umar, one of Umar's sons. Acting upon the claim of one man (either Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf or Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr) that they had been seen conspiring with Abu Lu'lu'a while he was holding the double-bladed dagger, Ubayd Allah also killed Hurmuzān (Umar's Persian military adviser), and Jufayna, a Christian man from al-Hira (Iraq) who had been taken to Medina to serve as a private tutor to a family in Medina.[22] After Ubayd Allah was detained for these murders, he threatened to kill all foreign captives residing in Medina, as well as some others. Although Ubayd Allah may have been encouraged by his sister Hafsa bint Umar to avenge their father's death, his murder of Hurmuzān and Jufayna was likely the result of a mental breakdown rather than of a true conspiracy. It was regarded by his peers as a crime rather than as a legitimate act of retaliation.[23]In early 20th-century scholarship it was sometimes supposed that Abu Lu'lu'a had really been an instrument in the hands of a conspiracy, though not a conspiracy led by Hurmuzān, but rather one led by Ali, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah. These men, who according to the historical sources were appointed by Umar himself as members of the council who would elect the next caliph, were thought by scholars to have conspired to overthrow Umar's reign and to put Ali in his place.[24] This hypothesis, however, is rejected by more recent scholars.[25] Nevertheless, while Ubayd Allah was subsequently acquitted of his crimes by Umar's successor Uthman (r. 644–656), who considered the execution of Ubayd Allah an excessive measure in view of his father's recent assassination,[26] Ali, among others, did protest against this and vowed to apply the regular punishment for murder if he were ever to be caliph.[27]Madelung in his The Succession to Muhammad has pointed out that just like Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar over something as trivial as a tax burden, Ubayd Allah's retaliatory killing of apparently random non-Arabs bears witness to the strong tensions that existed between Arabs and non-Arabs in the early Islamic caliphate.[28] According to Tayeb El-Hibri, the 9th-century historians who recorded these events (amongst others, Ibn Sa'd, al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari) regarded them as laying the first seeds of the special affinity between Persia and the Hashimid family of the prophet (including Ali), which would later be reflected in the crucial role played by Khurasani converts in overthrowing the Umayyads and establishing the Hashimid rule of the Abbasids during the Abbasid Revolution (750 CE).[29]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Shi'ite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ite"},{"link_name":"Mirza Makhdum Sharifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdum_Sharifi_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ghiyath al-Din Khwandamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvandamir"},{"link_name":"Nur Allah al-Shushtari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi_Nurullah_Shustari"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"al-Azhar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University"},{"link_name":"International Union for Muslim Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Muslim_Scholars"},{"link_name":"Iranian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_government"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Taskhiri"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Sanctuary in Kashan","text":"According to later legends, Abu Lu'lu'a did not die in Medina, but was miraculously saved from his pursuers by Ali, who transported him by means of a special prayer to Kashan (a city in central Iran), where he married and lived out the rest of his life.[30] This story was recorded by the anti-Shi'ite polemicist Mirza Makhdum Sharifi (1540/41–1587),[31] but Abu Lu'lu'a's connections to Kashan seem to go back further, since already in the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ (an anonymous work written c. 1126) it is mentioned that Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near Kashan.[32] At some point a shrine was dedicated to Abu Lu'lu'a in the vicinity of Kashan, which was said to be built over his tomb.[33] The first records of Abu Lu'lu'a's tomb in Kashan appear in the works of Ghiyath al-Din Khwandamir (c. 1475 – c. 1535) and Nur Allah al-Shushtari (1549–1610).[34]Recently, there has been some controversy over this sanctuary, with a number of Sunni institutions, such as the al-Azhar University and the International Union for Muslim Scholars, demanding the Iranian government demolish the shrine.[35] The shrine was reportedly shut down in 2007 by Ayatollah Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri, who was known as a strong proponent of Sunni-Shi'i reconciliation.[36]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abolulu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shrine of Abu Lu'lu'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Piruz_Nahavandi"},{"link_name":"Kashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan"},{"link_name":"conversion of Iran to Shia Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Dhu al-Hijja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijja"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Rabi' al-Awwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27_al-Awwal"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"threatened and injured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house"},{"link_name":"Fatima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Safavid Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran"},{"link_name":"Rashidun caliphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"effigies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigies"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"pan-islamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-islamism"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Islamic Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Ta'zieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27zieh"},{"link_name":"Husayn ibn Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali"},{"link_name":"Battle of Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Umar ibn Sa'ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_Sa%27ad"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Annual celebration","text":"Shrine of Abu Lu'lu'a in Kashan, IranDuring the 16th-century conversion of Iran to Shia Islam under Safavid rule, a festival began being held in honor of Abu Lu'lu'a and his assassination of Umar.[37] Named Omar-koshan (lit. 'the killing of Umar'), it was originally held around Abu Lu'lu'a's sanctuary in Kashan, on the anniversary of Umar's assassination (26 Dhu al-Hijja).[38] Later the celebration spread elsewhere in Iran, and was sometimes held on 9 Rabi' al-Awwal rather than on 26 Dhu al-Hijja.[39]The festival celebrated Abu Lu'lu'a, nicknamed Bābā Shujāʿ al-Dīn (lit. 'Father Courageous of the Faith'), as a national hero who had defended the religion by killing the oppressive caliph.[40] Umar was not only seen as a persecutor of non-Arabs, he was also thought to have threatened and injured Muhammad's daughter and Ali's wife Fatima.[41] Because of this, Umar came to be regarded by Shi'is (who revere Fatima) as a symbol of the oppression of their sect.[42] The establishment of the festival was related to the more general institution in early Safavid Iran of the ritual cursing of the first three Rashidun caliphs (revered by Sunnis but regarded by Shi'is as usurpers of Ali's rightful position as caliph).[43] It involved the beating and burning of effigies of Umar, accompanied by cursing and the recitation of vilifying poetry.[44]During the Qajar period (1789–1925), the ritual cursing and humiliation of the first three caliphs was gradually abandoned due to the improving political relations with the Sunni Ottomans. Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century, the festival of Omar Koshan had fallen into disuse in the major cities of Iran, surviving only in the countryside.[45] This evolution was further spurred on by the rise of pan-islamism (an ideology advocating the unity of all Muslims, both Shi'is and Sunnis) in the late 19th century.[46] It reached a peak with the Islamic Revolution in 1979, which lead to the ritual being officially banned in the Islamic Republic of Iran.[47]Nevertheless, the festival is still celebrated in Iran, though often secretly and indoors.[48] It is now held on the 9th day of the month of Rabi' Al-Awwal of the Islamic year, lasting until the 27th.[49] It is a carnival-type of festival in which social roles are reversed and communal norms upturned,[50] generally functioning as a more lighthearted counterpart to the Ta'zieh passion plays commemorating the death of the prophet Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680.[51] Nowadays, the Umar who is scorned at the festival is sometimes taken to be Umar ibn Sa'ad, the leader of the troops who killed Husayn at Karbala,[52] an identification which further removes the festival from its anti-Sunni origins.","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Abu Lu'lu'a's name highlighted in red, MS. Leiden Or. 298, dated 866 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abu-Lu%27lu%27ah.png/110px-Abu-Lu%27lu%27ah.png"},{"image_text":"Early 20th-century depiction of Abd al-Rahman (ibn Awf or ibn Abi Bakr) witnessing the purported conspiracy of Abu Lu'lu'a, Hurmuzān, and Jufayna (wrongly depicted here as a woman; the depiction of the murder weapon may also be wrong)[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg/190px-Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shrine of Abu Lu'lu'a in Kashan, Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Abolulu.jpg/260px-Abolulu.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fRjsrA5tfLIC","url_text":"The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1293-0","url_text":"978-0-7914-1293-0"}]},{"reference":"Algar, Hamid (1990). \"Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/7: Calendars II–Cappadocia. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 677–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-130-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Algar","url_text":"Algar, Hamid"},{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/caliphs-and-the-caliphate-as-viewed-by-the-shiites-of-persia","url_text":"\"Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-130-7","url_text":"978-0-71009-130-7"}]},{"reference":"Caetani, Leone (1905–1926). Annali dell'Islam. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Caetani","url_text":"Caetani, Leone"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annalidellislam05caetuoft","url_text":"Annali dell'Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3423680","url_text":"3423680"}]},{"reference":"Calmard, Jean (1996). \"Shi'i Rituals and Power II. The Consolidation of Safavid Shi'ism: Folklore and Popular Religion\". In Melville, Charles (ed.). Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society. Pembroke Persian Papers. Vol. 4. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 139–190. ISBN 1-86064-023-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-023-0","url_text":"1-86064-023-0"}]},{"reference":"Chkeidze, Thea (2001–2012). \"Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages\". Encyclopædia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v-","url_text":"\"Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages\""}]},{"reference":"El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ouwL4dGrTN8C&pg=PA108","url_text":"Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15082-8","url_text":"978-0-231-15082-8"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674466159.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M._J._Fischer","url_text":"Fischer, Michael M. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674466159","url_text":"9780674466159"}]},{"reference":"Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016–2019). \"Maḵdum Šarifi Širāzi\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioumars_Ghereghlou","url_text":"Ghereghlou, Kioumars"},{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/makhdum-shirazi","url_text":"\"Maḵdum Šarifi Širāzi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"}]},{"reference":"Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi (1994–2020). \"ابو لؤلؤ\". دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (Encyclopaedia Islamica). Vol. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/224996/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88-%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A4","url_text":"\"ابو لؤلؤ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Islamica"}]},{"reference":"Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008). \"Abū Luʾluʾ\". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/*-SIM_0169","url_text":"\"Abū Luʾluʾ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung","url_text":"Madelung, Wilferd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Daftary","url_text":"Daftary, Farhad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831","url_text":"1875-9831"}]},{"reference":"Isma'il, Faraj (13 June 2007). \"بعد تدخل الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين : السلطات الإيرانية تغلق مزار \"أبو لؤلؤة المجوسي\" قاتل عمر بن الخطاب\". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070615165941/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/06/13/35462.html","url_text":"\"بعد تدخل الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين : السلطات الإيرانية تغلق مزار \"أبو لؤلؤة المجوسي\" قاتل عمر بن الخطاب\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya","url_text":"Al Arabiya"}]},{"reference":"Ismail, Raihan (2016). Saudi clerics and Shī'a Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190627508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190627508","url_text":"9780190627508"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield (1994). \"Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I\". Iranian Studies. 27 (1–4): 123–133. doi:10.1080/00210869408701823. JSTOR 4310889.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310889","url_text":"\"Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti‐Sunni Activities During the Reign of Tahmasp I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210869408701823","url_text":"10.1080/00210869408701823"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310889","url_text":"4310889"}]},{"reference":"Levi Della Vida, G.; Bonner, M. (1960–2007). \"ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb\". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Levi_Della_Vida","url_text":"Levi Della Vida, G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_Bearman","url_text":"Bearman, P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis","url_text":"Bianquis, Th."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C.E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W.P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7707"}]},{"reference":"Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56181-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung","url_text":"Madelung, Wilferd"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC","url_text":"The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56181-7","url_text":"0-521-56181-7"}]},{"reference":"Mavani, Hamid (2016). \"Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions\". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.12816/0037430.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=li42DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137","url_text":"\"Sunni - Shi'i Rapprochement: Internal Contradictions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12816%2F0037430","url_text":"10.12816/0037430"}]},{"reference":"Pellat, Charles (1983–2011). \"Abū Loʾloʾa\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Charles"},{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b","url_text":"\"Abū Loʾloʾa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"}]},{"reference":"Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani","url_text":"Rezakhani, Khodadad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0029-9","url_text":"978-1-4744-0029-9"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Devin J. (1996). \"Popular Shiism in Medieval Egypt: Vestiges of Islamic Sectarian Polemics in Egyptian Arabic\". Studia Islamica. 84 (84): 35–66. doi:10.2307/1595994. JSTOR 1595994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_J._Stewart","url_text":"Stewart, Devin J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595994","url_text":"10.2307/1595994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595994","url_text":"1595994"}]},{"reference":"Torab, Azam (2007). Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Iran. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789047410546_009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047410546_009","url_text":"10.1163/9789047410546_009"}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (1975). \"[Title unknown]\". Rāhnamā-yi kitāb (in Persian). 18. Teheran: Anjuman-i Kitab.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vSDgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%22","url_text":"\"[Title unknown]\""}]},{"reference":"Assemi, M. (1964). \"[Title unknown]\". Kaweh (in Persian) (7–15).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlARAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%22","url_text":"\"[Title unknown]\""}]},{"reference":"Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim (1983). كوچه هفت پيچ: مجموعه مقالات (in Persian). انتشارات نگاه.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi","url_text":"Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ebrahim"}]},{"reference":"Hatim, Ali (2004). \"قهرمانانى از ديرباز\". ماهنامه بیداری (Bidari Monthly Magazine) (in Persian) (7).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hKVdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9","url_text":"\"قهرمانانى از ديرباز\""}]},{"reference":"Joudat, Hossein (1973). قيامها و شورشها: جانبازيهاى دلاوران ايرانى براى خلاصى از سلطه تازيان (in Persian). Publisher unknown.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Joudat","url_text":"Joudat, Hossein"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-e9tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%22","url_text":"قيامها و شورشها: جانبازيهاى دلاوران ايرانى براى خلاصى از سلطه تازيان"}]},{"reference":"Sha'bani, Mohammad (2006). دومین شاه فراری (in Persian). Dabiran Qalam. ISBN 9789649548838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789649548838","url_text":"9789649548838"}]},{"reference":"Taqi Mustafavi, Muhammad (1982). As̲ar-i tarikhi-i Tihran. Silsilah-i intishārāt-i Anjuman-i Ās̲ār-i Millī (in Persian). Vol. 153. Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̲ār-i millī.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vZgxAAAAIAAJ&q=%22%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2+%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%22","url_text":"As̲ar-i tarikhi-i Tihran"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fRjsrA5tfLIC","external_links_name":"The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/annalidellislam05caetuoft/page/216/mode/1up","external_links_name":"216"},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/caliphs-and-the-caliphate-as-viewed-by-the-shiites-of-persia","external_links_name":"\"Caliphs and the Caliphate, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/annalidellislam05caetuoft","external_links_name":"Annali dell'Islam"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3423680","external_links_name":"3423680"},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v-","external_links_name":"\"Georgia v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Keane_(fiddler)	Seán Keane (fiddler)	["1 Early life","2 Legacy","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 Solo albums","4.2 Collaborations","5 References","6 External links"]	Irish musician (1946–2023) Seán KeaneSeán Ó CatháinKeane performing in 2010Background informationBorn(1946-07-12)12 July 1946Drimnagh, Dublin, IrelandDied7 May 2023(2023-05-07) (aged 76)Rathcoole, Dublin, IrelandGenresFolk, Traditional IrishOccupation(s) Musician teacher Instrument(s)FiddleYears active1960s–2023Labels Claddagh Island RCA Shanachie Formerly of Ceoltóirí Chualann Paddy Moloney The Chieftains Matt Molloy Mick Moloney Liam O'Flynn James Keane Websitethechieftains.comMusical artist Seán Keane (Irish: Seán Ó Catháin; 12 July 1946 – 7 May 2023) was an Irish fiddler, teacher and member of The Chieftains. He was a member of Ceoltóirí Chualann in the 1960s, before joining The Chieftains in 1968. He had a unique style, especially in his use of ornamentation, perhaps influenced by the music of the uilleann pipes. Early life Seán with his brother James Keane Keane was born into a musical family in Drimnagh, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Keane's mother and father were both fiddle players from musical communities in County Longford and County Clare, respectively, and would host many traditional players who traveled from all over Ireland to perform in Dublin city. The Keane household became a landmark in Dublin's traditional music scene in the 1950s and 1960s. These guests greatly influenced Keane and his brother, James, an accordion player, as did their summer trips to Longford and Clare where they encountered much traditional music. Legacy In May 1981, Keane was profiled on RTÉ's Hand Me Down series, which looks at how traditional music is handed on from generation to generation. Each program features a traditional artist and looks at how they inherited Irish music from their family. In this extract from the program, Keane plays solo before accompanying members of the Castle Céilí Band with the Mullagh set dancers at the Willie Clancy Summer School. The Castle Céilí Band were reformed especially for the program which is now archived in the RTÉ Libraries and Archives. In March 2019, Keane was featured on Season 8 episode 1 of TG4's documentary series 'Sé Mo Laoch, which features some of Ireland's greatest traditional musicians. The 25 minute-long documentary looked at his life and career from his childhood up until the present day and is archived on TG4 Player. Personal life Keane was married and has three children, Deirdre, Páraic and Darach. Darach and Páraic are both musicians. The majority of Keane's grandchildren play: Molly, Alex and Ella play fiddle; Loulou and Clara play concertina; Ruby plays cello, while Jack plays uilleann pipes/tin whistle. His other grandchildren are Doireann, Páidí and Seán Óg. Keane died on 7 May 2023, at the age of 76. Discography See also: The Chieftains § Discography Solo albums Gusty's Frolics (1975) Seán Keane (1982) Jig it in Style (1990) Collaborations Roll Away the Reel World (with James Keane and Mick Moloney) (1980) Contentment is Wealth (with Matt Molloy) (1985) The Fire Aflame (with Matt Molloy and Liam O'Flynn) (1993) Fire in the Kitchen (with Paddy Moloney) (1998) References ^ a b c "Seán Keane". The Chieftains. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ Cogan, Agnes (25 May 1981). "Exploring Seán Keane's Genius". Hand Me Down. RTÉ. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ Ní Bhaoill, Niamh; O'Connor, Dónal (24 March 2019). "Seán Keane". 'Sé Mo Laoch. TG4. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ Crowley, Sinéad (7 May 2023). "Chieftains member Seán Keane dies aged 76". RTÉ. External links Official website Irish Traditional Music Archive Hand Me Down (RTÉ Archives) 'Sé Mo Laoch (TG4 Player) Seán Keane discography at Discogs Seán Keane at IMDb vteThe Chieftains Kevin Conneff Matt Molloy Paddy Moloney Seán Potts Michael Tubridy David Fallon Martin Fay Peadar Mercier Seán Keane Derek Bell Ronnie McShane Jeff White Studio albums The Chieftains The Chieftains 2 The Chieftains 3 The Chieftains 4 The Chieftains 5 The Chieftains 6: Bonaparte's Retreat The Chieftains 7 The Chieftains 8 The Chieftains 9: Boil the Breakfast Early The Chieftains 10: Cotton-Eyed Joe The Year of the French The Chieftains in China Ballad of the Irish Horse Celtic Wedding Irish Heartbeat (with Van Morrison) A Chieftains Celebration The Bells of Dublin Another Country The Long Black Veil Santiago Tears of Stone Down the Old Plank Road: The Nashville Sessions Further Down the Old Plank Road San Patricio (with Ry Cooder) Voice of Ages Compilations Film Cuts Fire in the Kitchen The Wide World Over The Essential Chieftains Live albums The Chieftains Live! An Irish Evening Live from Dublin: A Tribute to Derek Bell Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"fiddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"The Chieftains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chieftains"},{"link_name":"Ceoltóirí Chualann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolt%C3%B3ir%C3%AD_Chualann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"uilleann pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uilleann_pipes"}],"text":"Musical artistSeán Keane (Irish: Seán Ó Catháin; 12 July 1946 – 7 May 2023) was an Irish fiddler, teacher and member of The Chieftains. He was a member of Ceoltóirí Chualann in the 1960s, before joining The Chieftains in 1968.[1] He had a unique style, especially in his use of ornamentation, perhaps influenced by the music of the uilleann pipes.","title":"Seán Keane (fiddler)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Se%C3%A1n_and_James_Keane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drimnagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drimnagh"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"County Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Longford"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Keane_(musician)"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Seán with his brother James KeaneKeane was born into a musical family in Drimnagh, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Keane's mother and father were both fiddle players from musical communities in County Longford and County Clare, respectively, and would host many traditional players who traveled from all over Ireland to perform in Dublin city. The Keane household became a landmark in Dublin's traditional music scene in the 1950s and 1960s. These guests greatly influenced Keane and his brother, James, an accordion player, as did their summer trips to Longford and Clare where they encountered much traditional music.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RTÉ's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Willie Clancy Summer School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Clancy_Summer_School"},{"link_name":"RTÉ Libraries and Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Libraries_and_Archives"},{"link_name":"TG4's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TG4"},{"link_name":"'Sé Mo Laoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27S%C3%A9_Mo_Laoch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"TG4 Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TG4#TG4_on_demand"}],"text":"In May 1981, Keane was profiled on RTÉ's Hand Me Down series, which looks at how traditional music is handed on from generation to generation.[2] Each program features a traditional artist and looks at how they inherited Irish music from their family. In this extract from the program, Keane plays solo before accompanying members of the Castle Céilí Band with the Mullagh set dancers at the Willie Clancy Summer School. The Castle Céilí Band were reformed especially for the program which is now archived in the RTÉ Libraries and Archives.In March 2019, Keane was featured on Season 8 episode 1 of TG4's documentary series 'Sé Mo Laoch, which features some of Ireland's greatest traditional musicians.[3] The 25 minute-long documentary looked at his life and career from his childhood up until the present day and is archived on TG4 Player.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Keane was married and has three children, Deirdre, Páraic and Darach. Darach and Páraic are both musicians. The majority of Keane's grandchildren play: Molly, Alex and Ella play fiddle; Loulou and Clara play concertina; Ruby plays cello, while Jack plays uilleann pipes/tin whistle. His other grandchildren are Doireann, Páidí and Seán Óg.[1]Keane died on 7 May 2023, at the age of 76.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Chieftains § Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chieftains#Discography"}],"text":"See also: The Chieftains § Discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo albums","text":"Gusty's Frolics (1975)\nSeán Keane (1982)\nJig it in Style (1990)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Keane_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mick Moloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Moloney"},{"link_name":"Matt Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Molloy"},{"link_name":"Matt Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Molloy"},{"link_name":"Liam O'Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_O%27Flynn"},{"link_name":"Paddy Moloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Moloney"}],"sub_title":"Collaborations","text":"Roll Away the Reel World (with James Keane and Mick Moloney) (1980)\nContentment is Wealth (with Matt Molloy) (1985)\nThe Fire Aflame (with Matt Molloy and Liam O'Flynn) (1993)\nFire in the Kitchen (with Paddy Moloney) (1998)","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Seán with his brother James Keane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Se%C3%A1n_and_James_Keane.jpg/220px-Se%C3%A1n_and_James_Keane.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Seán Keane\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skegness_railway_station	Skegness railway station	["1 History","1.1 Station Masters","2 Services","3 Present day","4 Remodelling 2011","5 Local transport connections","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°08′35″N 0°20′02″E / 53.143°N 0.334°E / 53.143; 0.334Railway station in Lincolnshire, England SkegnessThe station concourseGeneral informationLocationSkegness, East LindseyEnglandCoordinates53°08′35″N 0°20′02″E / 53.143°N 0.334°E / 53.143; 0.334Grid referenceTF562631Managed byEast Midlands RailwayPlatforms6Other informationStation codeSKGClassificationDfT category EHistoryOpened1873Original companyWainfleet and Firsby RailwayPre-groupingGreat Northern RailwayPost-groupingLondon and North Eastern RailwayKey dates28 July 1873Station openedPassengers2018/19 350,8642019/20 323,2022020/21 112,5202021/22 306,6082022/23 359,744 NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road Skegness railway station serves the seaside resort of Skegness in Lincolnshire, England at the terminus of the Poacher Line. The station is now owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway, who provide all rail services that run to and from Nottingham. History Main article: Firsby to Skegness railway branch line The line to Wainfleet was opened in August 1871 by the Wainfleet and Firsby Railway. This line was then extended to Skegness; the station opened on 28 July 1873. Statue of the Jolly Fisherman Skegness was dubbed "the Blackpool of the East Coast" or "Nottingham by the Sea" and has a mascot, the Jolly Fisherman (designed by John Hassall in 1908 for the Great Northern Railway) and a slogan - "Skegness is so bracing" - a reference to the chilly prevailing north-easterly winds that can and frequently do blow off the North Sea. A statue of The Jolly Fisherman now greets passengers as they arrive at the station when entering through the main entrance. Up until 1966, the railway station had a goods yard with sheds; however, this area along with platform one was demolished between 1980 and 1983. This area is now used as a car park belonging to nearby offices. There was a Seacroft railway station located just outside Skegness, but this has also now closed. The next station on the line is Havenhouse. In 2006, all locomotive hauled services to Skegness were halted due to the weight of the locos buckling the rails frequently; however, this ban has since been lifted after Network Rail began a track renewal scheme which is now entering the final phase. Station Masters William J. Haslam 1873 - 1882 (afterwards station master at Wood Green) George Tuckerman 1881 - 1899 George Henry Dales 1900 - 1906 (afterwards stationmaster at Horncastle) George Chambers 1906 - 1921 (formerly station master at Littleworth) William Mountain 1921 - 1929 (formerly station master at Woodhall Junction) Herbert Joseph Osborn 1930 - 1943 (formerly station master at Woodhall Junction) W.E. Olle 1943 - 1953 J.H. Howden 1953 - ???? This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2017) Services As of May 2022, there is an hourly service to Nottingham (via Grantham) on weekdays and Saturdays, although certain peak services bypass Grantham and continue straight to Nottingham. On summer Sundays, some services start and terminate at Mansfield Woodhouse. In the winter, a limited service operates (four departures per day, all after midday). Preceding station National Rail Following station HavenhouseEast Midlands RailwayPoacher LineTerminus Disused railways Seacroft Great Northern RailwayFirsby to Skegness railway branch line Terminus Present day The current station has toilet facilities with a baby change and a specialist service for the disabled and a small refreshment/newsagent stall. There is 24-hour CCTV in operation at this station and there are staff patrolling the concourse area to give information when trains are due to arrive or depart. There is also a ticket office, staffed for part of the traffic day and a self-service ticket vending machine (TVM) has been installed; this also enables customers who have booked their tickets online to collect them outside office hours. Six platforms remain in place (numbered 2 to 7), however platforms 2 and 7 are now out of use and in practice only two platforms (3 and 4) are used regularly. Remodelling 2011 Network Rail and Lincolnshire County Council announced a major renovation programme costing £290,000, which has seen the derelict buildings demolished, the customer toilets being modernised and the gents relocated. There was much debate in Skegness about the old stationmaster's house being part of Skegness' heritage and should have been refurbished rather than demolished. Local transport connections Skegness railway station has good links to local public transport with a taxi rank at the front of the station. Adjacent to the railway station is the town's bus station which has services in all directions, including frequent buses up the coast as far as Mablethorpe, Louth and Alford all year round. References ^ Bradshaw's 1905, p. 112 ^ Butt 1995, p. 213 ^ "Jolly Fisherman". Archived from the original on 8 November 2005. ^ "Testimonial". Boston Guardian. England. 28 October 1882. Retrieved 1 December 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Skegness". Stamford Mercury. England. 10 November 1899. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Retired Horncastle Stationmaster". Lincolnshire Standard and Boston Guardian. England. 23 March 1929. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Mr. William Mountain". Sheffield Daily Telegraph. England. 29 August 1921. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Local Happenings". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 10 January 1930. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ Table 19 National Rail timetable, May 2022 ^ "Funds to revamp Lumley Lodge at Skegness Train Station could be in jeopardy". Skegness Standard. 16 June 2010. Bassett, Herbert (1905), Bradshaw's Railway Manual, Shareholders' Guide and Directory, Henry Blacklock & Co., Ltd. Butt, R.V.J. (1995), The Directory of Railway Stations, Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Ltd, ISBN 1-85260-508-1, R508 External links Train times and station information for Skegness railway station from National Rail 1950s video of diesel unit arriving at Skegness (at end of video) vteRailway stations in LincolnshireBarton line from Barton-on-Humber Barrow Haven New Holland Goxhill Thornton Abbey Ulceby Habrough Stallingborough Healing Great Coates Grimsby Town Grimsby Docks New Clee Cleethorpes Birmingham–Peterborough line from Birmingham New Street Stamford to Peterborough Doncaster–Lincoln line from Doncaster Gainsborough Lea Road Saxilby Lincoln Newark–Grimsby line from Newark North Gate Swinderby Hykeham Lincoln Market Rasen Habrough Grimsby Town Nottingham–Grantham line from Nottingham Grantham Nottingham–Lincoln line Lincoln Hykeham Swinderby to Nottingham Peterborough–Lincoln line Lincoln Metheringham Ruskington Sleaford Spalding to Peterborough Poacher Line Grantham Ancaster Rauceby Sleaford Heckington Swineshead Hubberts Bridge Boston Thorpe Culvert Wainfleet Havenhouse Skegness South Humberside Main Line from Cleethorpes branch to Scunthorpe via Thorne South Crowle and Althorpe Sheffield–Lincoln line from Sheffield branch to Lincoln via Gainsborough Lea Road and Saxilby Gainsborough Central Kirton Lindsey Brigg Barnetby Habrough Grimsby Town Cleethorpes Heritage railwaysLincolnshire Wolds Railway Holton-le-Clay (Proposed) Ludborough North Thoresby Fotherby (Proposed) Louth (Proposed) vteRailway stations served by East Midlands RailwayEMR Intercity London St Pancras International Kettering Corby (limited) Oakham (limited) Melton Mowbray (limited) Market Harborough Leicester Loughborough East Midlands Parkway Long Eaton Derby Belper Chesterfield Dronfield Sheffield Beeston Nottingham Lowdham (limited) Fiskerton (limited) Newark Castle (limited) Collingham (limited) Swinderby (limited) Hykeham (limited) Lincoln (limited) EMR ConnectLuton Airport Express London St Pancras International Luton Airport Parkway Luton Bedford Wellingborough Kettering Corby EMR RegionalEast Midlands Alfreton Ambergate Ancaster Aslockton Attenborough Bamford Barrow-upon-Soar Beeston Belper Bingham Bleasby Boston Bottesford Bulwell Burton Joyce Carlton Chesterfield Chinley Collingham Creswell Cromford Derby Dronfield Duffield East Midlands Parkway Edale Elton and Orston Fiskerton Gainsborough Lea Road Grantham Grindleford Hathersage Havenhouse Heckington Hope Hubberts Bridge Hucknall Hykeham Ilkeston Kirkby-in-Ashfield Langley Mill Langwith-Whaley Thorns Leicester Lincoln Long Eaton Loughborough Lowdham Mansfield Mansfield Woodhouse Market Rasen Matlock Matlock Bath Melton Mowbray Metheringham Netherfield Newark Castle Newark Northgate Newstead Nottingham Oakham Peartree Radcliffe Rauceby Rolleston Ruskington Saxilby Shirebrook Sileby Skegness Sleaford Spalding Spondon Stamford Sutton Parkway Swinderby Swineshead Syston Thorpe Culvert Thurgarton Tutbury and Hatton Wainfleet Whatstandwell Whitwell Worksop Yorkshire and the Humber Barnetby Barrow Haven Barton-on-Humber Cleethorpes Doncaster Dore & Totley Goxhill Great Coates Grimsby Docks Grimsby Town Habrough Healing New Clee New Holland Sheffield Stallingborough Thornton Abbey Ulceby East of England Attleborough Brandon Eccles Road Ely Harling Road March Norwich Peterborough Thetford Whittlesea Wymondham West Midlands Blythe Bridge Kidsgrove Longport Longton Stoke-on-Trent Uttoxeter North West England Alsager Birchwood Crewe Hazel Grove Hough Green Hunts Cross Irlam Liverpool Lime Street Liverpool South Parkway Manchester Oxford Road Manchester Piccadilly Stockport Warrington Central Widnes Rail transport in the United Kingdom	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seaside resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_resort"},{"link_name":"Skegness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skegness"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Poacher Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poacher_Line"},{"link_name":"Network Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_railway_station"}],"text":"Railway station in Lincolnshire, EnglandSkegness railway station serves the seaside resort of Skegness in Lincolnshire, England at the terminus of the Poacher Line.The station is now owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway, who provide all rail services that run to and from Nottingham.","title":"Skegness railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wainfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainfleet,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skegr05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"John Hassall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hassall_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Jolly Fisherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jolly_Fisherman"},{"link_name":"Seacroft railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacroft_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Havenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havenhouse_railway_station"}],"text":"The line to Wainfleet was opened in August 1871 by the Wainfleet and Firsby Railway.[1] This line was then extended to Skegness; the station opened on 28 July 1873.[2]Statue of the Jolly FishermanSkegness was dubbed \"the Blackpool of the East Coast\" or \"Nottingham by the Sea\" and has a mascot, the Jolly Fisherman (designed by John Hassall in 1908 for the Great Northern Railway) and a slogan - \"Skegness is so bracing\" - a reference to the chilly prevailing north-easterly winds that can and frequently do blow off the North Sea.[3] A statue of The Jolly Fisherman now greets passengers as they arrive at the station when entering through the main entrance.Up until 1966, the railway station had a goods yard with sheds; however, this area along with platform one was demolished between 1980 and 1983. This area is now used as a car park belonging to nearby offices. There was a Seacroft railway station located just outside Skegness, but this has also now closed. The next station on the line is Havenhouse.\nIn 2006, all locomotive hauled services to Skegness were halted due to the weight of the locos buckling the rails frequently; however, this ban has since been lifted after Network Rail began a track renewal scheme which is now entering the final phase.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Station Masters","text":"William J. Haslam 1873 - 1882[4] (afterwards station master at Wood Green)\nGeorge Tuckerman 1881 - 1899[5]\nGeorge Henry Dales 1900 - 1906[6] (afterwards stationmaster at Horncastle)\nGeorge Chambers 1906 - 1921 (formerly station master at Littleworth)\nWilliam Mountain 1921[7] - 1929 (formerly station master at Woodhall Junction)\nHerbert Joseph Osborn 1930[8] - 1943 (formerly station master at Woodhall Junction)\nW.E. Olle 1943 - 1953\nJ.H. Howden 1953 - ????","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Woodhouse_railway_station"}],"text":"As of May 2022, there is an hourly service to Nottingham (via Grantham) on weekdays and Saturdays, although certain peak services bypass Grantham and continue straight to Nottingham.[9]On summer Sundays, some services start and terminate at Mansfield Woodhouse. In the winter, a limited service operates (four departures per day, all after midday).","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The current station has toilet facilities with a baby change and a specialist service for the disabled and a small refreshment/newsagent stall. There is 24-hour CCTV in operation at this station and there are staff patrolling the concourse area to give information when trains are due to arrive or depart. There is also a ticket office, staffed for part of the traffic day and a self-service ticket vending machine (TVM) has been installed; this also enables customers who have booked their tickets online to collect them outside office hours.Six platforms remain in place (numbered 2 to 7), however platforms 2 and 7 are now out of use and in practice only two platforms (3 and 4) are used regularly.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Network Rail and Lincolnshire County Council announced a major renovation programme costing £290,000,[10] which has seen the derelict buildings demolished, the customer toilets being modernised and the gents relocated. There was much debate in Skegness about the old stationmaster's house being part of Skegness' heritage and should have been refurbished rather than demolished.","title":"Remodelling 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mablethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mablethorpe"},{"link_name":"Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alford,_Lincolnshire"}],"text":"Skegness railway station has good links to local public transport with a taxi rank at the front of the station.Adjacent to the railway station is the town's bus station which has services in all directions, including frequent buses up the coast as far as Mablethorpe, Louth and Alford all year round.","title":"Local transport connections"}]	[{"image_text":"Statue of the Jolly Fisherman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Skegr05.jpg/220px-Skegr05.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jolly Fisherman\". Archived from the original on 8 November 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051108093915/http://www.skegness.gov.uk/pages/jollyfisherman.htm","url_text":"\"Jolly Fisherman\""},{"url":"http://www.skegness.gov.uk/pages/jollyfisherman.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Testimonial\". Boston Guardian. England. 28 October 1882. Retrieved 1 December 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001888/18821028/126/0008","url_text":"\"Testimonial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skegness\". Stamford Mercury. England. 10 November 1899. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000237/18991110/020/0005","url_text":"\"Skegness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retired Horncastle Stationmaster\". Lincolnshire Standard and Boston Guardian. England. 23 March 1929. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001522/19290323/254/0011","url_text":"\"Retired Horncastle Stationmaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. William Mountain\". Sheffield Daily Telegraph. England. 29 August 1921. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000250/19210829/113/0003","url_text":"\"Mr. William Mountain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Happenings\". Nottingham Evening Post. England. 10 January 1930. Retrieved 4 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19300110/042/0008","url_text":"\"Local Happenings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Funds to revamp Lumley Lodge at Skegness Train Station could be in jeopardy\". Skegness Standard. 16 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skegnessstandard.co.uk/news/Funds-to-revamp-Lumley-Lodge.6366104.jp","url_text":"\"Funds to revamp Lumley Lodge at Skegness Train Station could be in jeopardy\""}]},{"reference":"Bassett, Herbert (1905), Bradshaw's Railway Manual, Shareholders' Guide and Directory, Henry Blacklock & Co., Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uJb5PVIu0FwC","url_text":"Bradshaw's Railway Manual, Shareholders' Guide and Directory"}]},{"reference":"Butt, R.V.J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerpa_(animal)	Baikal seal	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Abundance and trends","4 Reproduction and growth","5 Foraging","6 References","7 External links"]	Species of freshwater seal Baikal seal Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Clade: Pinnipedia Family: Phocidae Genus: Pusa Species: P. sibirica Binomial name Pusa sibiricaGmelin, 1788 Baikal seal range Synonyms Phoca sibirica The Baikal seal, Lake Baikal seal or nerpa (Pusa sibirica) is a species of earless seal endemic to Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia. Like the Caspian seal, it is related to the Arctic ringed seal. The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals and the only exclusively freshwater pinniped species. A subpopulation of inland harbour seals living in the Hudson Bay region of Quebec, Canada, (Lacs des Loups Marins harbour seals), as well as the Saimaa ringed seal and the Ladoga seal (both ringed seal subspecies), are also found in fresh water, but these seals are part of species that also have marine populations. The most recent population estimates are 80,000 to 100,000 animals, roughly equaling the expected carrying capacity of the lake. At present, the species is not considered threatened. Description The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals. Adults typically grow to 1.1–1.4 m (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in) in length with a body mass from 63 to 70 kg (139 to 154 lb). The maximum reported size is 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) in length and 130 kg (290 lb) in weight. There are significant annual variations in the weight, with lowest weight in the spring and highest weight, about 38–42% more, in the fall. The animals show very little sexual dimorphism; males are only slightly larger than females. They have a uniform, steely-grey coat on their backs and fur with a yellowish tinge on their abdomens. As the coat weathers, it becomes brownish. When born, the pups weigh 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb) and are about 70 cm (2 ft 4 in) long. They have coats of white, silky, natal fur. This fur is quickly shed and exchanged for a darker coat, much like that of adults. Rarely, Baikal seals can be found with spotted coats. A young seal Distribution Baikal seal in the Baikal museum The Baikal seal lives only in the waters of Lake Baikal. It is something of a mystery how Baikal seals came to live there in the first place. The skull structure of the Baikal seal suggests it is closely related to the Caspian seal. In addition, the morphological structures in both species suggest they are descended from Arctic ringed seals. They may have swum up rivers and streams or possibly Lake Baikal was linked to the ocean at some point through a large body of water, such as the Paratethys Sea, West Siberian Glacial Lake or West Siberian Plain, formed in a previous ice age. The seals are estimated to have inhabited Lake Baikal for some two million years. The areas of the lake in which the Baikal seals reside change depending on the season, as well as other environmental factors. They are solitary animals for the majority of the year, sometimes living kilometres away from other Baikal seals. In general, a higher concentration of Baikal seals is found in the northern parts of the lake, because the longer winter keeps the ice frozen longer, which is preferable for pupping. However, in recent years, migrations to the southern half of the lake have occurred, possibly to evade hunters. In winter, when the lake is frozen over, seals maintain a few breathing holes over a given area and tend to remain nearby, not interfering with the food supplies of nearby seals. When the ice begins to melt, Baikal seals tend to keep to the shoreline. Abundance and trends A Baikal seal mascot at the Nerpa Festival in Irkutsk, Baikal region, Russia Group of Baikal seals hauling out on a rock around Ushkany Islands: Barguzinsky district, Buryatia Since 2008, the Baikal seal has been listed as a Least Concern species on the IUCN Red List. This means that they are not currently threatened or endangered. In 1994, the Russian government estimated that they numbered 104,000. In 2000, Greenpeace performed its own count and found an estimated 55,000 to 65,000 seals. The most recent estimates are 80,000–100,000 animals, roughly equaling the carrying capacity of the lake. In the last century, the kill quota for hunting Baikal seals was raised several times, most notably after the fur industry boomed in the late 1970s and when official counts began indicating more Baikal seals were present than previously known. The quota in 1999, 6,000, was lowered in 2000 to 3,500, which was still nearly 5% of the population if the Greenpeace count is correct. In 2013–2014, the hunting quota was set at 2,500. In addition, new techniques, such as netting breathing holes and seal dens to catch pups, have been introduced. In 2001, a prime seal pelt would bring 1,000 rubles at market. In 2004–2006, about 2,000 seals were killed per year according to official Russian statistics, but in the same period another 1,500–4,000 are thought to have died annually due to drowning in fishing gear, poaching, and the like. In 2012–2013, it was estimated that 2,300–2,800 were hunted per year (combined legal hunting and poaching). Some groups have pressured for higher hunting quotas. Another problem at Lake Baikal is the introduction of pollutants into the ecosystem. Pesticides such as DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane, as well as industrial waste, mainly from the Baikalisk pulp and paper plant, are thought to have exacerbated several disease epidemics among Baikal seal populations. The chemicals are speculated to concentrate up the food chain and weaken the Baikal seal's immune system, making them susceptible to diseases such as canine distemper and the plague, which was the cause of a serious Baikal seal epidemic that resulted in the deaths of 5,000–6,500 animals in 1987–1988. Small numbers died as recently as 2000, but the reason for their deaths is unclear. Canine distemper is still present in the Baikal seal population, but has not caused mass deaths since the earlier outbreaks. In general, levels of DDT and non-ortho PCB have declined in the lake from the 1990s, levels of mono-ortho PCB are unchanged, and the level of perfluorochemicals have increased. Industrialization of the area near Lake Baikal is increasing and future monitoring is necessary. At present, Baikal seals show lower levels of contaminants than seals of Europe and North America, but higher than those in the Arctic. The most serious future threat to the survival of the seal may be global warming, which has the potential to seriously affect a closed cold-water ecosystem such as that of Lake Baikal. The only known natural predator of adult Baikal seals is the brown bear, but this is not believed to occur frequently. The seal pups are typically hidden in a den, but can fall prey to smaller land predators such as the red fox, the sable and the white-tailed eagle. Reproduction and growth Female Baikal seals reach sexual maturity at 3–6 years of age, whereas males achieve it around 4–7 years. The males and females are not strongly sexually dimorphic. Baikal seals mate in the water towards the end of the pupping season. With a combination of delayed implantation and a nine-month gestation period, the Baikal seals' overall pregnancy is around 11 months. Pregnant females are the only Baikal seals to haul out during the winter. The males tend to stay in the water, under the ice, all winter. Females usually give birth to one pup, but they are one of only two species of true seals with the ability to give birth to twins. Very rarely, triplets or quadruplets have been recorded. The twins often stick together for some time after being weaned. The females, after giving birth to their pups on the ice in late winter, become immediately impregnated again, and often are lactating while pregnant. Baikal seals are slightly polygamous and slightly territorial, although not particularly defensive of their territory. Males mate with around three females if given the chance. They then mark the female's den with a strong, musky odor, which can be smelled by another male if he approaches. The female raises the pups on her own; she digs them a fairly large den under the ice, up to 5 m (16 ft) in length, and more than 2 m (6 ft) wide. Pups as young as two days old then further expand this den by digging a maze of tunnels around the den. Since the pup avoids breaking the surface with these tunnels, this activity is thought to be mainly for exercise, to keep warm until they have built up an insulating layer of blubber. Baikal seal pups are weaned after 2–2.5 months, occasionally up to 3.5 months. During this time, the pups can increase their birth weight five-fold. After the pups are weaned, the mother introduces them to solid food, bringing amphipods, fish, and other food into the den. In spring, when the ice melts and the dens usually collapse, the pup is left to fend for itself. Growth continues until they are 20 to 25 years old. Every year in the late winter and spring, both sexes haul themselves out and begin to moult their coat from the previous year, which is replaced with new fur. While moulting, they refrain from eating and enter a lethargic state, during which time they often die of overheating, males especially, from lying on the ice too long in the sun. During the spring and summer, groups as large as 500 can form on the ice floes and shores of Lake Baikal. Baikal seals can live to over 50 years old, exceptionally old for a seal, although the females are presumed to be fertile only until they are around 30. Foraging Their main food source is the golomyanka, a cottoid oilfish found only in Lake Baikal. Baikal seals eat more than half of the annual produced biomass of golomyanka, some 64,000 tons. In the winter and spring, it is estimated that more than 90% of its food consists of golomyankas. The remaining food sources for this seal are various other fish species, especially Cottocomephorus (about 7% of the diet during the winter and spring) and Kessler's sculpin (about 0.3% of the diet in the winter and spring), but it may also take some invertebrates such as Epischura baikalensis, gammarids and molluscs. During the autumn the Baikal seal eats 50–67% fewer golomyankas than in the winter and spring, but significantly more Cottocomephorus, Kessler's sculpins and stone sculpins. A total of 29 fish species have been recorded in the diet. They feed mainly during twilight and at night, when golomyankas occur in depths as shallow as 10–25 m (33–82 ft). During the day, golomyankas are typically found deeper than 100 m (330 ft). Baikal seals can dive up to depths of 400 m (1,300 ft) and stay underwater for more than 40 minutes. Most dives last less than 10 minutes and generally only 2–4 minutes. Baikal seals have two litres more blood than any other seal of their size and can stay underwater for up to 70 minutes if they are frightened or need to escape danger. According to a 2020 paper, Baikal seals also seek food through the use of filter-feeding on amphipods within Lake Baikal. Baikal seals have specialized teeth that allow the seals to expel water while feeding, allowing them to gather large amounts of amphipods while swimming. According to a 2004 paper on the foraging tactics of Baikal seals, during the summer nights these seals are known to have different foraging strategies during night time and during day time. During the day, these seals use visual clues to search for their prey, which is mainly fish, while during the night they use tactile clues to hunt crustaceans. Since it is brighter during the day, the seals are able to see much better in order to hunt for the fish. Since there is no light at night, they have to hunt with tactile cues. The crustaceans they hunt at night have a diel migration, so they come up into shallower waters during the night, and swim to deeper waters during the day to escape predators. These seals were observed to dive deeper during dawn and dusk in order to get to these crustaceans as they were swimming shallower and deeper, respectively. The Baikal seal has been blamed for drops in omul numbers, but this is not the case. It is estimated that omul only comprises about 0.1% of its diet. The omul's main competitor is the golomyanka and by eating tons of these fish a year, Baikal seals cut down on the omul's competition for resources. Baikal seals have one unusual foraging habit. In early autumn, before the entire lake freezes over, they migrate to bays and coves and hunt Kessler's sculpin, a fish that lives in silty areas and, as a result, usually contains grit and silt in its digestive system. This grit scours the seals' gastrointestinal tracts and expels parasites. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Goodman, S. (2016). "Pusa sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41676A45231738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ a b Reeves, Randall R.; Stewart, Brent S.; Clapham, Phillip J.; Powell, James A. (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to the Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41141-0. ^ a b c d e f g h "Baikal Seal (Phoca Sibirica)". Seal Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Baikal seal". baikal.ru. Retrieved 1 June 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pastukhov, Vladimir D. "The Face of Baikal – Nerpa". Baikal Web World. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27. ^ a b c Schofield, James (27 July 2001). "Lake Baikal's Vanishing Nerpa Seal". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2007-09-27. ^ Endo, H.; Sakata, S.; Arai, T.; Miyazaki, N. (April 2001). "The Muscles of Mastication in the Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica)". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 31 (5): 262–265. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00372.x. PMID 12484416. S2CID 30684638. ^ Palo, Jukka U.; Väinölä, Risto (2006). "The enigma of the landlocked Baikal and Caspian seals addressed through phylogeny of phocine mitochondrial sequences". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 88 (1): 61–72. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00607.x. ^ Harrold, A. 2002. “Phoca Sibirica” (on-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed August 27, 2007. ^ "Mysterious Fish of Lake Baikal". Science First Hand. 30 September 2004. Retrieved 1 June 2017. ^ Watanabe, Yuuki Y.; Baranov, Eugene A.; Miyazaki, Nobuyuki (2020-12-08). "Ultrahigh foraging rates of Baikal seals make tiny endemic amphipods profitable in Lake Baikal". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (49): 31242–31248. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11731242W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014021117. PMC 7733859. PMID 33199633. ^ Watanabe, Yuuki (September 2004). "Foraging tactics of Baikal seals differ between day and night" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 279: 283–289. Bibcode:2004MEPS..279..283W. doi:10.3354/meps279283. ^ "Hydroacoustic measurement of the density of the Baikal macrozooplankter Macrohectopus branickii". Limnology and Oceanography. 38 (2): 425–434. 1993. Bibcode:1993LimOc..38..425.. doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0425. External links Peter Saundry. 2010. Baikal seal. Encyclopedia of Earth. topic editor: C. Michael Hogan; ed. in-chief: Cutler J. Cleveland. Washington, DC (Accessed May 21, 2010) Earth Island Institute. “The Lake Baikal Seal: Already Endangered” (on-line), Baikal Watch. (Accessed March 6, 2004; archive.org link added August 25, 2010.) vteExtant Carnivora species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Suborder FeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia African palm civet (N. binotata) Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus) Bdeogale Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda) Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni) Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes) Crossarchus Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri) Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei) Common kusimanse (C. obscurus) Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus) Cynictis Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata) Dologale Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula) Herpestes Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens) Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea) Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta) Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea) Ichneumia White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni) Mungos Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) Banded mongoose (M. mungo) Paracynictis Selous's mongoose (P. selousi) Rhynchogale Meller's mongoose (R. melleri) Suricata Meerkat (S. suricatta) Urva Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata) Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura) Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii) Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca) Javan mongoose (U. javanica) Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata) Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii) Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva) Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla) Xenogale Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso) Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta Spotted hyena (C. crocuta) Hyaena Striped hyena (H. hyaena) Parahyaena Brown hyena (P. brunnea) Proteles Aardwolf (P. cristata) FelidaeLarge family listed belowViverridaeLarge family listed belowEupleridaeSmall family listed belowFamily FelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx Cheetah (A. jubatus) Caracal African golden cat (C. aurata) Caracal (C. caracal) Catopuma Bay cat (C. badia) Asian golden cat (C. temminckii) Felis Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Domestic cat (F. catus) Jungle cat (F. chaus) African wildcat (F. lybica) Sand cat (F. margarita) Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) European wildcat (F. silvestris) Herpailurus Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) Leopardus Pampas cat (L. colocola) Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) Kodkod (L. guigna) Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita) Ocelot (L. pardalis) Oncilla (L. tigrinus) Margay (L. wiedii) Leptailurus Serval (L. serval) Lynx Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) Bobcat (L. rufus) Otocolobus Pallas's cat (O. manul) Pardofelis Marbled cat (P. marmorata) Prionailurus Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus) Puma Cougar (P. concolor) PantherinaePanthera Lion (P. leo) Jaguar (P. onca) Leopard (P. pardus) Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard (P. uncia) Neofelis Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa) PrionodontidaePrionodon Banded linsang (P. linsang) Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor) Family ViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis Binturong (A. binturong) Arctogalidia Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii) Paguma Masked palm civet (P. larvata) Paradoxurus Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis) HemigalinaeChrotogale Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni) Cynogale Otter civet (C. bennettii) Diplogale Hose's palm civet (D. hosei) Hemigalus Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus) ViverrinaeCivettictis African civet (C. civetta) Viverra Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian civet (V. zibetha) Viverricula Small Indian civet (V. indica) GenettinaeGenetta(Genets) Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica) Angolan genet (G. angolensis) Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni) Crested servaline genet (G. cristata) Common genet (G. genetta) Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni) Letaba genet (G. letabae) Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) Pardine genet (G. pardina) Aquatic genet (G. piscivora) King genet (G. poensis) Servaline genet (G. servalina) Hausa genet (G. thierryi) Cape genet (G. tigrina) Giant forest genet (G. victoriae) South African small-spotted genet (G. felina) Poiana Central African oyan (P. richardsonii) West African oyan (P. leightoni) Family EupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta Fossa (C. ferox) Eupleres Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii) Western falanouc (E. major) Fossa Malagasy civet (F. fossana) GalidiinaeGalidia Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans) Galidictis Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri) Mungotictis Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata) Salanoia Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor) Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli) Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda Giant panda (A. melanoleuca) Helarctos Sun bear (H. malayanus) Melursus Sloth bear (M. ursinus) Tremarctos Spectacled bear (T. ornatus) Ursus American black bear (U. americanus) Brown bear (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus) Asian black bear (U. thibetanus) Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks) Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii) American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus) Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus) Mephitis Hooded skunk (M. macroura) Striped skunk (M. mephitis) Mydaus Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis) Palawan stink badger (M. marchei) Spilogale(Spotted skunks) Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons) Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea) Procyonidae(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos) Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni) Northern olingo (B. gabbii) Western lowland olingo (B. medius) Olinguito (B. neblina) Bassariscus Ringtail (B. astutus) Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti) Nasua(Coatis inclusive) White-nosed coati (N. narica) South American coati (N. nasua) Nasuella(Coatis inclusive) Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis) Western mountain coati (N. olivacea) Potos Kinkajou (P. flavus) Procyon Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) Raccoon (P. lotor) Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus) AiluridaeAilurus Red panda (A. fulgens) Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae(Eared seals)(includes fur sealsand sea lions)(Pinniped inclusive)Arctocephalus South American fur seal (A. australis) Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri) Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis) Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella) Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii) Brown fur seal (A. pusillus) Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi) Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis) Callorhinus Northern fur seal (C. ursinus) Eumetopias Steller sea lion (E. jubatus) Neophoca Australian sea lion (N. cinerea) Otaria South American sea lion (O. flavescens) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri) Zalophus California sea lion (Z. californianus) Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki) Odobenidae(Pinniped inclusive)Odobenus Walrus (O. rosmarus) Phocidae(Earless seals)(Pinniped inclusive)Cystophora Hooded seal (C. cristata) Erignathus Bearded seal (E. barbatus) Halichoerus Grey seal (H. grypus) Histriophoca Ribbon seal (H. fasciata) Hydrurga Leopard seal (H. leptonyx) Leptonychotes Weddell seal (L. weddellii) Lobodon Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus) Mirounga(Elephant seals) Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) Southern elephant seal (M. leonina) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus) Neomonachus Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi) Ommatophoca Ross seal (O. rossi) Pagophilus Harp seal (P. groenlandicus) Phoca Spotted seal (P. largha) Harbor seal (P. vitulina) Pusa Caspian seal (P. caspica) Ringed seal (P. hispida) Baikal seal (P. sibirica) CanidaeLarge family listed belowMustelidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CanidaeAtelocynus Short-eared dog (A. microtis) Canis Golden jackal (C. aureus) Domestic dog (C. familiaris) Coyote (C. latrans) African wolf (C. lupaster) Wolf (C. lupus) Eastern wolf (C. lycaon) Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis) Cerdocyon Crab-eating fox (C. thous) Chrysocyon Maned wolf (C. brachyurus) Cuon Dhole (C. alpinus) Lupulella Side-striped jackal (L. adustus) Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas) Lycalopex Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes) South American gray fox (L. griseus) Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran fox (L. sechurae) Hoary fox (L. vetulus) Lycaon African wild dog (L. pictus) Nyctereutes Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides) Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus) Otocyon Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis) Speothos Bush dog (S. venaticus) Urocyon Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island fox (U. littoralis) Vulpes (Foxes) Bengal fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford's fox (V. cana) Cape fox (V. chama) Corsac fox (V. corsac) Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic fox (V. lagopus) Kit fox (V. macrotis) Pale fox (V. pallida) Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli) Swift fox (V. velox) Red fox (V. vulpes) Fennec fox (V. zerda) Family MustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis) Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti) Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata) Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis) Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata) Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca) Guloninae(Martens and wolverines)Eira Tayra (E. barbara) Gulo Wolverine (G. gulo) Martes(Martens) American marten (M. americana) Pacific marten (M. caurina) Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Beech marten (M. foina) Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) European pine marten (M. martes) Japanese marten (M. melampus) Sable (M. zibellina) Pekania Fisher (P. pennanti) Ictonychinae(African polecats and grisons)Galictis Lesser grison (G. cuja) Greater grison (G. vittata) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca) Striped polecat (I. striatus) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus) Poecilogale African striped weasel (P. albinucha) Vormela Marbled polecat (V. peregusna) Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx African clawless otter (A. capensis) Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus) Congo clawless otter (A. congicus) Enhydra Sea otter (E. lutris) Hydrictis Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis) Lontra North American river otter (L. canadensis) Marine otter (L. felina) Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis) Southern river otter (L. provocax) Lutra Eurasian otter (L. lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana) Lutrogale Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata) Pteronura Giant otter (P. brasiliensis) Melinae(Eurasian badgers)Arctonyx Northern hog badger (A. albogularis) Greater hog badger (A. collaris) Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii) Meles Japanese badger (M. anakuma) Caucasian badger (M. canescens) Asian badger (M. leucurus) European badger (M. meles) MellivorinaeMellivora Honey badger (M. capensis) Mustelinae(Weasels and minks)Mustela(Weasels and ferrets) Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis) Mountain weasel (M. altaica) Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea) Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii) Ferret (M. furo) Haida ermine (M. haidarum) Japanese weasel (M. itatsi) Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah) European mink (M. lutreola) Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina) Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes) Least weasel (M. nivalis) Malayan weasel (M. nudipes) European polecat (M. putorius) American ermine (M. richardsonii) Siberian weasel (M. sibirica) Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa) Neogale Amazon weasel (N. africana) Colombian weasel (N. felipei) Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata) American mink (N. vison) TaxidiinaeTaxidea American badger (T. taxus) Taxon identifiersPusa sibirica Wikidata: Q4535 Wikispecies: Pusa sibirica ADW: Pusa_sibirica ARKive: pusa-sibirica BOLD: 511587 CoL: 4QKSQ EoL: 1052722 GBIF: 5219368 iNaturalist: 41689 IRMNG: 11170446 ITIS: 622020 IUCN: 41676 MDD: 1005929 MSW: 14001074 NCBI: 9719 Observation.org: 80616 Open Tree of Life: 1040678 Paleobiology Database: 106337 TSA: 15189 WoRMS: 255023 Authority control databases: National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"earless seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earless_seal"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Caspian seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_seal"},{"link_name":"ringed seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringed_seal"},{"link_name":"freshwater pinniped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_pinniped"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMOTW-2"},{"link_name":"harbour seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_seal"},{"link_name":"Lacs des Loups Marins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacs_des_Loups_Marins"},{"link_name":"Saimaa ringed seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimaa_ringed_seal"},{"link_name":"Ladoga seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladoga_seal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMOTW-2"},{"link_name":"carrying capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The Baikal seal, Lake Baikal seal or nerpa (Pusa sibirica) is a species of earless seal endemic to Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia. Like the Caspian seal, it is related to the Arctic ringed seal. The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals and the only exclusively freshwater pinniped species.[2] A subpopulation of inland harbour seals living in the Hudson Bay region of Quebec, Canada, (Lacs des Loups Marins harbour seals), as well as the Saimaa ringed seal and the Ladoga seal (both ringed seal subspecies), are also found in fresh water, but these seals are part of species that also have marine populations.[2]The most recent population estimates are 80,000 to 100,000 animals, roughly equaling the expected carrying capacity of the lake.[1] At present, the species is not considered threatened.[1]","title":"Baikal seal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikal-seal_4747-pho.jpg"}],"text":"The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals. Adults typically grow to 1.1–1.4 m (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in) in length[1] with a body mass from 63 to 70 kg (139 to 154 lb).[3] The maximum reported size is 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) in length and 130 kg (290 lb) in weight.[4] There are significant annual variations in the weight, with lowest weight in the spring and highest weight, about 38–42% more, in the fall.[5] The animals show very little sexual dimorphism; males are only slightly larger than females.[3] They have a uniform, steely-grey coat on their backs and fur with a yellowish tinge on their abdomens. As the coat weathers, it becomes brownish.[5] When born, the pups weigh 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb) and are about 70 cm (2 ft 4 in) long.[1] They have coats of white, silky, natal fur. This fur is quickly shed and exchanged for a darker coat, much like that of adults. Rarely, Baikal seals can be found with spotted coats.[3]A young seal","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikal_seal_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schofield2001-6"},{"link_name":"Caspian seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_seal"},{"link_name":"ringed seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringed_seal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Paratethys Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratethys_Sea"},{"link_name":"West Siberian Glacial Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Siberian_Glacial_Lake"},{"link_name":"West Siberian Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain"},{"link_name":"ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"}],"text":"Baikal seal in the Baikal museumThe Baikal seal lives only in the waters of Lake Baikal.[6] It is something of a mystery how Baikal seals came to live there in the first place. The skull structure of the Baikal seal suggests it is closely related to the Caspian seal. In addition, the morphological structures in both species suggest they are descended from Arctic ringed seals.[7] They may have swum up rivers and streams or possibly Lake Baikal was linked to the ocean at some point through a large body of water, such as the Paratethys Sea, West Siberian Glacial Lake or West Siberian Plain, formed in a previous ice age. The seals are estimated to have inhabited Lake Baikal for some two million years.[8]The areas of the lake in which the Baikal seals reside change depending on the season, as well as other environmental factors. They are solitary animals for the majority of the year, sometimes living kilometres away from other Baikal seals. In general, a higher concentration of Baikal seals is found in the northern parts of the lake, because the longer winter keeps the ice frozen longer, which is preferable for pupping.[5] However, in recent years, migrations to the southern half of the lake have occurred, possibly to evade hunters.[3] In winter, when the lake is frozen over, seals maintain a few breathing holes over a given area and tend to remain nearby, not interfering with the food supplies of nearby seals. When the ice begins to melt, Baikal seals tend to keep to the shoreline.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nerpa_festival.JPG"},{"link_name":"Irkutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irkutsk"},{"link_name":"Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B7_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schofield2001-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"rubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ruble"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schofield2001-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"Pesticides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticides"},{"link_name":"DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT"},{"link_name":"hexachlorocyclohexane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachlorocyclohexane"},{"link_name":"pulp and paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_and_paper"},{"link_name":"food chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain"},{"link_name":"canine distemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"PCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl"},{"link_name":"perfluorochemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorochemical"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"brown bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_den"},{"link_name":"red fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable"},{"link_name":"white-tailed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_eagle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"}],"text":"A Baikal seal mascot at the Nerpa Festival in Irkutsk, Baikal region, RussiaGroup of Baikal seals hauling out on a rock around Ushkany Islands: Barguzinsky district, BuryatiaSince 2008, the Baikal seal has been listed as a Least Concern species on the IUCN Red List.[1] This means that they are not currently threatened or endangered. In 1994, the Russian government estimated that they numbered 104,000. In 2000, Greenpeace performed its own count and found an estimated 55,000 to 65,000 seals.[6] The most recent estimates are 80,000–100,000 animals, roughly equaling the carrying capacity of the lake.[1]In the last century, the kill quota for hunting Baikal seals was raised several times, most notably after the fur industry boomed in the late 1970s and when official counts began indicating more Baikal seals were present than previously known.[5] The quota in 1999, 6,000, was lowered in 2000 to 3,500, which was still nearly 5% of the population if the Greenpeace count is correct.[3] In 2013–2014, the hunting quota was set at 2,500.[1] In addition, new techniques, such as netting breathing holes and seal dens to catch pups, have been introduced. In 2001, a prime seal pelt would bring 1,000 rubles at market.[6] In 2004–2006, about 2,000 seals were killed per year according to official Russian statistics, but in the same period another 1,500–4,000 are thought to have died annually due to drowning in fishing gear, poaching, and the like.[1] In 2012–2013, it was estimated that 2,300–2,800 were hunted per year (combined legal hunting and poaching).[1] Some groups have pressured for higher hunting quotas.[1]Another problem at Lake Baikal is the introduction of pollutants into the ecosystem. Pesticides such as DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane, as well as industrial waste, mainly from the Baikalisk pulp and paper plant, are thought to have exacerbated several disease epidemics among Baikal seal populations. The chemicals are speculated to concentrate up the food chain and weaken the Baikal seal's immune system, making them susceptible to diseases such as canine distemper and the plague, which was the cause of a serious Baikal seal epidemic that resulted in the deaths of 5,000–6,500 animals in 1987–1988.[1][3] Small numbers died as recently as 2000, but the reason for their deaths is unclear.[3] Canine distemper is still present in the Baikal seal population, but has not caused mass deaths since the earlier outbreaks.[1] In general, levels of DDT and non-ortho PCB have declined in the lake from the 1990s, levels of mono-ortho PCB are unchanged, and the level of perfluorochemicals have increased.[1] Industrialization of the area near Lake Baikal is increasing and future monitoring is necessary. At present, Baikal seals show lower levels of contaminants than seals of Europe and North America, but higher than those in the Arctic.[1]The most serious future threat to the survival of the seal may be global warming, which has the potential to seriously affect a closed cold-water ecosystem such as that of Lake Baikal.[1]The only known natural predator of adult Baikal seals is the brown bear, but this is not believed to occur frequently.[1] The seal pups are typically hidden in a den, but can fall prey to smaller land predators such as the red fox, the sable and the white-tailed eagle.[4]","title":"Abundance and trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-3"},{"link_name":"sexually dimorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic"},{"link_name":"gestation period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation_period"},{"link_name":"haul out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauling-out"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"amphipods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipod"},{"link_name":"moult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moult"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity-9"}],"text":"Female Baikal seals reach sexual maturity at 3–6 years of age, whereas males achieve it around 4–7 years.[3] The males and females are not strongly sexually dimorphic. Baikal seals mate in the water towards the end of the pupping season. With a combination of delayed implantation and a nine-month gestation period, the Baikal seals' overall pregnancy is around 11 months. Pregnant females are the only Baikal seals to haul out during the winter. The males tend to stay in the water, under the ice, all winter. Females usually give birth to one pup, but they are one of only two species of true seals with the ability to give birth to twins.[5] Very rarely, triplets or quadruplets have been recorded.[4] The twins often stick together for some time after being weaned. The females, after giving birth to their pups on the ice in late winter, become immediately impregnated again, and often are lactating while pregnant.Baikal seals are slightly polygamous and slightly territorial, although not particularly defensive of their territory. Males mate with around three females if given the chance. They then mark the female's den with a strong, musky odor, which can be smelled by another male if he approaches. The female raises the pups on her own; she digs them a fairly large den under the ice, up to 5 m (16 ft) in length, and more than 2 m (6 ft) wide. Pups as young as two days old then further expand this den by digging a maze of tunnels around the den. Since the pup avoids breaking the surface with these tunnels, this activity is thought to be mainly for exercise, to keep warm until they have built up an insulating layer of blubber.Baikal seal pups are weaned after 2–2.5 months, occasionally up to 3.5 months.[1] During this time, the pups can increase their birth weight five-fold. After the pups are weaned, the mother introduces them to solid food, bringing amphipods, fish, and other food into the den.In spring, when the ice melts and the dens usually collapse, the pup is left to fend for itself. Growth continues until they are 20 to 25 years old.Every year in the late winter and spring, both sexes haul themselves out and begin to moult their coat from the previous year, which is replaced with new fur. While moulting, they refrain from eating and enter a lethargic state, during which time they often die of overheating, males especially, from lying on the ice too long in the sun.[5] During the spring and summer, groups as large as 500 can form on the ice floes and shores of Lake Baikal. Baikal seals can live to over 50 years old, exceptionally old for a seal,[5] although the females are presumed to be fertile only until they are around 30.[9]","title":"Reproduction and growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golomyanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golomyanka"},{"link_name":"cottoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottoidea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scfh-10"},{"link_name":"Cottocomephorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottocomephorus"},{"link_name":"Kessler's sculpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler%27s_sculpin"},{"link_name":"Epischura baikalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epischura_baikalensis"},{"link_name":"gammarids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammarid"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"stone sculpins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_sculpin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"diel migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"omul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omul"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zooex-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pastukhov-5"}],"text":"Their main food source is the golomyanka, a cottoid oilfish found only in Lake Baikal. Baikal seals eat more than half of the annual produced biomass of golomyanka, some 64,000 tons.[5] In the winter and spring, it is estimated that more than 90% of its food consists of golomyankas.[4][10] The remaining food sources for this seal are various other fish species, especially Cottocomephorus (about 7% of the diet during the winter and spring) and Kessler's sculpin (about 0.3% of the diet in the winter and spring), but it may also take some invertebrates such as Epischura baikalensis, gammarids and molluscs.[4] During the autumn the Baikal seal eats 50–67% fewer golomyankas than in the winter and spring, but significantly more Cottocomephorus, Kessler's sculpins and stone sculpins.[4] A total of 29 fish species have been recorded in the diet.[1] They feed mainly during twilight and at night, when golomyankas occur in depths as shallow as 10–25 m (33–82 ft).[1][4] During the day, golomyankas are typically found deeper than 100 m (330 ft).[1] Baikal seals can dive up to depths of 400 m (1,300 ft)[4] and stay underwater for more than 40 minutes.[1] Most dives last less than 10 minutes and generally only 2–4 minutes.[1] Baikal seals have two litres more blood than any other seal of their size and can stay underwater for up to 70 minutes if they are frightened or need to escape danger. According to a 2020 paper, Baikal seals also seek food through the use of filter-feeding on amphipods within Lake Baikal.[11] Baikal seals have specialized teeth that allow the seals to expel water while feeding, allowing them to gather large amounts of amphipods while swimming.According to a 2004 paper on the foraging tactics of Baikal seals,[12] during the summer nights these seals are known to have different foraging strategies during night time and during day time. During the day, these seals use visual clues to search for their prey, which is mainly fish, while during the night they use tactile clues to hunt crustaceans. Since it is brighter during the day, the seals are able to see much better in order to hunt for the fish. Since there is no light at night, they have to hunt with tactile cues. The crustaceans they hunt at night have a diel migration, so they come up into shallower waters during the night, and swim to deeper waters during the day to escape predators.[13] These seals were observed to dive deeper during dawn and dusk in order to get to these crustaceans as they were swimming shallower and deeper, respectively.The Baikal seal has been blamed for drops in omul numbers, but this is not the case. It is estimated that omul only comprises about 0.1% of its diet.[4] The omul's main competitor is the golomyanka and by eating tons of these fish a year, Baikal seals cut down on the omul's competition for resources.[5]Baikal seals have one unusual foraging habit. In early autumn, before the entire lake freezes over, they migrate to bays and coves and hunt Kessler's sculpin, a fish that lives in silty areas and, as a result, usually contains grit and silt in its digestive system. This grit scours the seals' gastrointestinal tracts and expels parasites.[5]","title":"Foraging"}]	[{"image_text":"A young seal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baikal-seal_4747-pho.jpg/220px-Baikal-seal_4747-pho.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baikal seal in the Baikal museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Baikal_seal_3.jpg/220px-Baikal_seal_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Baikal seal mascot at the Nerpa Festival in Irkutsk, Baikal region, Russia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nerpa_festival.JPG/220px-Nerpa_festival.JPG"},{"image_text":"Group of Baikal seals hauling out on a rock around Ushkany Islands: Barguzinsky district, Buryatia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%98%D0%B7_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_03.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%B7_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_03.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Goodman, S. (2016). \"Pusa sibirica\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41676A45231738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41676/45231738","url_text":"\"Pusa sibirica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en"}]},{"reference":"Reeves, Randall R.; Stewart, Brent S.; Clapham, Phillip J.; Powell, James A. (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to the Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41141-0","url_text":"0-375-41141-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Baikal Seal (Phoca Sibirica)\". Seal Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006193844/http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm","url_text":"\"Baikal Seal (Phoca Sibirica)\""},{"url":"http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baikal seal\". baikal.ru. Retrieved 1 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://baikal.ru/en/baikal/excursion/nerpa.html","url_text":"\"Baikal seal\""}]},{"reference":"Pastukhov, Vladimir D. \"The Face of Baikal – Nerpa\". Baikal Web World. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bww.irk.ru/baikalseals/baikalseals_01.html","url_text":"\"The Face of Baikal – Nerpa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025051137/http://www.bww.irk.ru/baikalseals/baikalseals_01.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schofield, James (27 July 2001). \"Lake Baikal's Vanishing Nerpa Seal\". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2007-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2001/07/27/106.html","url_text":"\"Lake Baikal's Vanishing Nerpa Seal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moscow_Times","url_text":"The Moscow Times"}]},{"reference":"Endo, H.; Sakata, S.; Arai, T.; Miyazaki, N. (April 2001). \"The Muscles of Mastication in the Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica)\". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 31 (5): 262–265. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00372.x. PMID 12484416. S2CID 30684638.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0264.2002.00372.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00372.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12484416","url_text":"12484416"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30684638","url_text":"30684638"}]},{"reference":"Palo, Jukka U.; Väinölä, Risto (2006). \"The enigma of the landlocked Baikal and Caspian seals addressed through phylogeny of phocine mitochondrial sequences\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 88 (1): 61–72. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00607.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2006.00607.x","url_text":"\"The enigma of the landlocked Baikal and Caspian seals addressed through phylogeny of phocine mitochondrial sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2006.00607.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00607.x"}]},{"reference":"\"Mysterious Fish of Lake Baikal\". Science First Hand. 30 September 2004. Retrieved 1 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://scfh.ru/en/papers/mysterious-fish-of-lake-baikal/","url_text":"\"Mysterious Fish of Lake Baikal\""}]},{"reference":"Watanabe, Yuuki Y.; Baranov, Eugene A.; Miyazaki, Nobuyuki (2020-12-08). \"Ultrahigh foraging rates of Baikal seals make tiny endemic amphipods profitable in Lake Baikal\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (49): 31242–31248. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11731242W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014021117. PMC 7733859. PMID 33199633.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733859","url_text":"\"Ultrahigh foraging rates of Baikal seals make tiny endemic amphipods profitable in Lake Baikal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11731242W","url_text":"2020PNAS..11731242W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2014021117","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.2014021117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733859","url_text":"7733859"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33199633","url_text":"33199633"}]},{"reference":"Watanabe, Yuuki (September 2004). \"Foraging tactics of Baikal seals differ between day and night\" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 279: 283–289. Bibcode:2004MEPS..279..283W. doi:10.3354/meps279283.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2004/279/m279p283.pdf","url_text":"\"Foraging tactics of Baikal seals differ between day and night\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MEPS..279..283W","url_text":"2004MEPS..279..283W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps279283","url_text":"10.3354/meps279283"}]},{"reference":"\"Hydroacoustic measurement of the density of the Baikal macrozooplankter Macrohectopus branickii\". Limnology and Oceanography. 38 (2): 425–434. 1993. Bibcode:1993LimOc..38..425.. doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0425.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..425.","url_text":"1993LimOc..38..425."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1993.38.2.0425","url_text":"10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0425"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41676/45231738","external_links_name":"\"Pusa sibirica\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006193844/http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm","external_links_name":"\"Baikal Seal (Phoca Sibirica)\""},{"Link":"http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm","external_links_name":"the 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Watch."},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pusa_sibirica/","external_links_name":"Pusa_sibirica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/baikal-seal/pusa-sibirica/","external_links_name":"pusa-sibirica"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=511587","external_links_name":"511587"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4QKSQ","external_links_name":"4QKSQ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1052722","external_links_name":"1052722"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5219368","external_links_name":"5219368"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41689","external_links_name":"41689"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11170446","external_links_name":"11170446"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=622020","external_links_name":"622020"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/41676","external_links_name":"41676"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005929","external_links_name":"1005929"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14001074","external_links_name":"14001074"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9719","external_links_name":"9719"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/80616/","external_links_name":"80616"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1040678","external_links_name":"1040678"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=106337","external_links_name":"106337"},{"Link":"http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=15189","external_links_name":"15189"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=255023","external_links_name":"255023"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536967605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_C_Champion	MV C Champion	["1 References"]	The MV C Champion of the US Military Sealift Command. History United States NameMV C Champion OwnerUnited States Military Sealift Command Launched1998 Identification IMO number: 9132284 MMSI number: 368227000 Callsign: WCX9392 Statusin active service General characteristics Class and typeSubmarine and Special Warfare Support Tonnage2,106 GT Displacement1,934 tons Length67 m (220 ft) Beam17 m (56 ft) Draft5 m (16 ft) Speed10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) Complement 12 civilian crew 30 special forces Armament2 × 0.5 in (13 mm) machine guns The MV C Champion is a submarine and special warfare support vessel in the United States Military Sealift Command. The vessel has been proposed to serve as an anti-piracy escort, where it would be armed with two fifty-caliber machine guns, and four high-speed pursuit craft. Special forces carried by the vessel would use the high speed pursuit craft to intercept or chase pirates. In 2011, it rescued a family of five in the Philippine Sea. References ^ a b c d e f William Clark; Christopher Kelley; Justin M. Bummara (May 27, 2010). "Analysis of Vessels and Acquisition Methods Utilized to Support Maritime Irregular Warfare" (PDF). Navy Postgraduate School. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010. ^ "Ships of the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command". United States Navy. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2014. ^ Laura M. Seal (June 23, 2016). "Crew aboard MSC-chartered ship rescues family of five in Philippine Sea". Military Sealift Command. Retrieved June 23, 2016.	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In 2011, it rescued a family of five in the Philippine Sea.[3]","title":"MV C Champion"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"William Clark; Christopher Kelley; Justin M. Bummara (May 27, 2010). \"Analysis of Vessels and Acquisition Methods Utilized to Support Maritime Irregular Warfare\" (PDF). Navy Postgraduate School. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723001940/http://www.acquisitionresearch.net/_beta/files/FY2010/ARP-AA-10-011.pdf","url_text":"\"Analysis of Vessels and Acquisition Methods Utilized to Support Maritime Irregular Warfare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Postgraduate_School","url_text":"Navy Postgraduate School"},{"url":"http://www.acquisitionresearch.net/_beta/files/FY2010/ARP-AA-10-011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ships of the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command\". United States Navy. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171104135849/http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/ships.asp?ship=195","url_text":"\"Ships of the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy","url_text":"United States Navy"},{"url":"http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/ships.asp?ship=195","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laura M. Seal (June 23, 2016). \"Crew aboard MSC-chartered ship rescues family of five in Philippine Sea\". Military Sealift Command. Retrieved June 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.msc.navy.mil/sealift/2011/April/rescue.htm","url_text":"\"Crew aboard MSC-chartered ship rescues family of five in Philippine Sea\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:9132284","external_links_name":"9132284"},{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/mmsi:368227000","external_links_name":"368227000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723001940/http://www.acquisitionresearch.net/_beta/files/FY2010/ARP-AA-10-011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Analysis of Vessels and Acquisition Methods Utilized to Support Maritime Irregular Warfare\""},{"Link":"http://www.acquisitionresearch.net/_beta/files/FY2010/ARP-AA-10-011.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171104135849/http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/ships.asp?ship=195","external_links_name":"\"Ships of the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command\""},{"Link":"http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/ships.asp?ship=195","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.msc.navy.mil/sealift/2011/April/rescue.htm","external_links_name":"\"Crew aboard MSC-chartered ship rescues family of five in Philippine Sea\""}]

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